- published: 30 Jan 2011
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- Dartmoor
- Denmark
- Derbyshire
- Devon
- Dominica
- Dorset
- Duchy of Aquitaine
- Dudley
- Durham Cathedral
- Dutch Empire
- East Midlands
- East of England
- East Sussex
- Eboracum
- England
- English Channel
- Eritrea
- Essex
- Ethiopia
- Eton College
- European Commission
- Exmoor
- Falkland Islands
- Fiji
- Finland
- Folkestone
- France
- Gateshead
- Germany
- Ghana
- Gibraltar
- Glastonbury Festival
- Gloucestershire
- Great Britain
- Great Fire of London
- Greater London
- Greater Manchester
- Greece
- Grenada
- Guam
- Guernsey
- Guyana
- Hampshire
- Harrow School
- Hebrides
- Herefordshire
- Hertfordshire
- Home Office
- Hong Kong
- House of Lords
- Hove
- Huddersfield
- Iberian Peninsula
- Iceland
- India
- Indonesia
- Inner Hebrides
- Ireland
- Irish Free State
- Irish Sea
- Ironbridge Gorge
- Isle of Man
- Isle of Wight
- Israel
- Isurium Brigantum
- Italy
- Jamaica
- Japan
- Jarrow
- Jersey
- Jurassic Coast
- Kartlis Deda
- Kent
- Kenya
- Kingdom of England
- Kingdom of Ireland
- Kiribati
- Lake District
- Lancashire
- Leeds
- Leicestershire
- Lesotho
- Liberia
- Lincoln green
- Lincolnshire
- Littlehampton
- Liverpool
- Liverpool Urban Area
- London
- London Wasps
- Long Eaton
- Lordship of Ireland
- Louisiana
- M1 motorway
- M25 motorway
- M4 motorway
- M60 motorway
- M62 motorway
- Malawi
- Malaysia
- Malta
- Manchester
- Manchester Airport
- Mangotsfield
- Marshall Islands
- Mauritius
- Mercia
- Merseyside
- Midland Metro
- Montserrat
- Mother Armenia
- Namibia
- National Gallery
- Nauru
- Netherlands
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- Newcastle upon Tyne
- Nigeria
- Niue
- Norfolk
- Norfolk Island
- North Downs
- North Shields
- North Yorkshire
- Northamptonshire
- Northern England
- Northern Ireland
- Northumberland
- Northumbria
- Norway
- Nottingham
- Nottinghamshire
- Oldham
- Orkney
- Outer Hebrides
- Oxfordshire
- Pakistan
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- Pillars of Hercules
- Pitcairn Islands
- Poland
- Port of Tilbury
- Portugal
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- Republic of Ireland
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- Roanoke Colony
- Rotherham
- Royal Albert Hall
- Royal Oak
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- Rugby School
- Russia
- Rutland
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- Saint Helena
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- Saltaire
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- Scotland
- Scottish Parliament
- Sheffield
- Sheffield Urban Area
- Sherwood Forest
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- Shropshire
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- Spanish Empire
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- Staffordshire Hoard
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- Stonehenge
- Studley Royal Park
- Sudan
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- Tate
- The Bahamas
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- Celts
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- Joshua Reynolds
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- Normans
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- Saxons
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- Ulster Scots people
- Virginia Woolf
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- Welsh people
- Wessex
- Wilfrid
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- William Dobson
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- William of Ockham
- William Shakespeare
- William Wordsworth
- Winston Churchill
- Wynkyn de Worde
- Æthelstan
I Served the King of England (2008)
Actors
Director
- Lyrics: play full screen play karaoke
- England - Jimmy Buffett
- England - P.J. Harvey
- England - Great Big Sea
- England - Adicts
- England - Ulver
- England - National
- England - The Adicts
- England - Carter The Unstoppable Sex Machine
- England - Nationalhymnen
- England - Brutal Attack
- England - British Whale
I have watched as the sun went down
I have crashed as the room spun around
Now she's gone, she can't be found
And I'm down where I've been before
Sat and watched as she bolts out the door
Can't explain why the woman's sore
It's gonna rain some more
Chorus:
Somebody told me the last word they heard her say was England
Somebody said that she mentioned the airline and the fare
Now I wonder if's she's there
'Cause she took every cent of mine
Paid it all to the Pan Am line
Though she's gone, I hope she's fine
Fly love of mine
Chorus:
Somebody told me the last word they heard her say was England
Somebody said that she mentioned the airline and the fare
Now I wonder if's she's there
So tally-ho
Jolly good show
My woman's gone to England
I live and die through England
Through England
It leaves a sadness
Remedies never were within my reach
I cannot go on as I am
Withered vine reaching from the country
That I love
England
You leave a taste
A bitter one
I have searched for your springs
But people, they stagnate with time
Like water, like air
To you, England, I cling
Undaunted, never failing love for you
We shipped on board the Maryanne
To find a better life
And we walked across the water
When she broke up on the ice
We came ashore in Carbonear
With nothing but our rights
And I wondered if I e'er again
Would see my London lights
We were far from the shores of England
Far from our children and wives
To play our hand in the Newfoundland
Where the wind cuts like a knife
We were far from the shores of England
Far from our native soil
To chase a wish and hunt the Fish
And on the rocks to toil
We were far from the shores of England
We spend our days amid the waves
Working water, hook and twine
We would go for weeks with blistered cheeks
Waiting for the sun to shine
But as long as the sky hold over us
We will not taste the brine
And we'll curse the cod
With the fear of God
As we haul in every line
Should we find Fortune's Favour
And be spared from the gale
We will live off honest labour
With our hearts as big as sails
But if I should die don't bury me
Or leave me to the sea
Please send my bones back to my home
I hate this war
Can't take any more
It's a real gas
How long does it last
I don't wanna die for England
I don't wanna die at all
I I I I OOOO
I I I I OOOO
I got my uniform
Now it's battle torn
I'm wet and I'm cold
What a way to grow old
I don't wanna die for England
England will survive
I I I I OOOO
I I I I OOOO
I I I I OOOO
I I I I OOOO
I don't wanna die for England
I don't wanna die at all
I don't wanna die for England
Mount the high horse
And dogs will follow
The scent of innocence
The wars of the roses
Sounding the charge
Down in history
The hand that offers
The heart is unfaithful
Full of broken promise
And hidden in the hollow
A blood-red coat
White to the bone
Fit for a queen
And the cloven foot
A trophy animal
Someone send a runner
Through the weather that I'm under
For the feeling that I lost today
Someone send a runner
For the feeling that I lost today
Someone send a runner
Through the weather that I'm under
For the feeling that I lost today
Someone send a runner
For the feeling that I lost today
You must be somewhere in London
You must be loving your life in the rain
You must be somewhere in London
Walking Abbey Lane
I don't even think to make
I don't even think to make
I don't even think to make corrections
Famous angels never come through England
England gets the ones you never need
I'm in a Los Angeles cathedral
Minor singing airheads sing for me
Put an ocean and a river
Between everybody else,
Between everything, yourself, and home
Put an ocean and a river
Between everything, yourself, and home
You must be somewhere in London
You must be loving your life in the rain
You must be somewhere in London
Walking Abbey Lane
I don't even think to make
I don't even think to make
I don't even think to make corrections
Famous angels never come through England
England gets the ones you never need
I'm in a Los Angeles cathedral
Minor singing airheads sing for me
Afraid of the house, stay the night with the sinners
Afraid of the house, stay the night with the sinners
Afraid of the house, 'cause they're desperate to
I hate this war
Can't take any more
It's a real gas
How long does it last
I don't wanna die for England
I don't wanna die at all
I I I I OOOO
I I I I OOOO
I got my uniform
Now it's battle torn
I'm wet and I'm cold
What a way to grow old
I don't wanna die for England
England will survive
I I I I OOOO
I I I I OOOO
I I I I OOOO
I I I I OOOO
I don't wanna die for England
I don't wanna die at all
I don't wanna die for England
Didn't hear the bugle call
I was born under a wandering star
in the second council house of virgo
Forceply removed from the belly of my ma
and raised on milk and pernod
So just lie back and think of England
Because I've slid down banisters
for judges and barristers
readers' wives' husbands
with toothless decay
I've been GBH'd and ABH'd
for a packet of B & H
I've been taken
and I've been driven away
I was fornicating
before I could read or write
and now I can't stop, sir
I graduated from the university of life
and the school of hard knocks, sir
And my telephone is always ringing
and my number is triple X directory
Call 0898 treble three
Talk dirty to me
Oh come all ye unfaithful
joyful, triumphant and pathetically weak
I've been Amsterdamned, reeperbahned
wham bam no thankyou mammed
If the spirit is willing
then the telephone's cheap
And if you want to step outside love
you can step outside love, with me
You can step outside with me
And if we ever meet again
Don't know where
and I don't care when
I'm gonna help you with your sickness like a Jehova's
witness
you'll be born again
and again, and again
Just lie back, close your eyes
and think of England
God save our gracious Queen,
Long live our noble Queen,
God save the Queen!
Send her victorious,
Happy and glorious,
Long to reign over us;
God save the Queen!
O Lord our God arise,
Scatter her enemies
And make them fall;
Confound their politics,
Frustrate their knavish tricks,
On Thee our hopes we fix,
God save us all!
Thy choicest gifts in store
On her be pleased to pour;
Long may she reign;
May she defend our laws,
And ever give us cause
To sing with heart and voice,
God save the Queen!
Not in this land alone,
But be God's mercies known,
From shore to shore!
Lord make the nations see,
That men should brothers be,
And form one family,
The wide world over.
From every latent foe,
From the assassins blow,
God save the Queen!
O'er her thine arm extend,
For Britain's sake defend,
Our mother, prince, and friend,
God save the Queen!
Lord grant that Marshal Wade
May by thy mighty aid
Victory bring.
May he sedition hush,
And like a torrent rush,
Rebellious Scots to crush.
God save the King!
As I stand up over the fields
to my right I can see the warriors the yields
to my left, lies, corruption and greed
but I know they are not of your seed
England I would die for you
despite the things that you put me through
it's not your choice who lives upon your land
but I'm gonna change it whit the power in my hands
I can see the flame starting to burn again
the blood is strong and the loyalty it remains
our enemies are gonna wish they never stood to face us
as our strength reduces their pillars to death
Fields of green and a sky so clear and blue
anyone who can turn their back must be fool
I have this feeling deep down inside of me
it tells me that pretty soon we will all be free
So lets look forward to tomorrow when we will reign
supreme
and we will be the beholders of the final dream
never again for someone else will we have toil
like the rain from the heavens our blood will feed the
England men, England women, England boys, England girls
Tears of pride will stain your faces when we conquer the world
England is the motherland of football
And the World Cup will once again be hers
Football will be our only weapon
Skill and power will be our only shield
We fought them on the beaches
Now we'll play them on the field
And once again the world will surely yield
England, England, England, England, England, England, England England, England, England, England, England, England, England
From the Tyne to the White Cliffs and the Cornish Sea
Every rolling moor and every shining city
Every town and village shouting ever so proudly
For an English victory
Our boys have got balls, all we need's a pitch
Scratching away at the 40 year itch
Pull on the England shirt, be proud of every stitch
'Cos this year's pickings will be rich
England, England, England, England, England, England, England England, England, England, England, England, England, England
England, England, England, England
Engerland
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The Difference between the United Kingdom, Great Britain and England Explained
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:15
- Updated: 09 Jun 2013
The United Kingdom vs Great Britain, England and much more. *T-Shirts for sale!* Help support more videos: http://goo.gl/1Wlnd Grey's blog: http://www.cgpgre...
http://wn.com/The_Difference_between_the_United_Kingdom,_Great_Britain_and_England_Explained
The United Kingdom vs Great Britain, England and much more. *T-Shirts for sale!* Help support more videos: http://goo.gl/1Wlnd Grey's blog: http://www.cgpgre...
England vs Brazil 2-1 Official Goals and Highlights, Wembley 06.02.13 | FATV
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:12
- Updated: 08 Jun 2013
Subscribe to the official YouTube channel of the England football team featuring exclusive news, match highlights and more at http://www.youtube.com/england ...
http://wn.com/England_vs_Brazil_2-1_Official_Goals_and_Highlights,_Wembley_060213_|_FATV
Subscribe to the official YouTube channel of the England football team featuring exclusive news, match highlights and more at http://www.youtube.com/england ...
- published: 07 Feb 2013
- views: 779219
- author: england
San Marino vs England 0-8, Road to Rio WCQ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:52
- Updated: 05 Jun 2013
Subscribe to the official YouTube channel of the England football team featuring exclusive news, match highlights and more at http://www.youtube.com/england ...
http://wn.com/San_Marino_vs_England_0-8,_Road_to_Rio_WCQ
Subscribe to the official YouTube channel of the England football team featuring exclusive news, match highlights and more at http://www.youtube.com/england ...
- published: 23 Mar 2013
- views: 200004
- author: england
The National - England
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:41
- Updated: 04 Jun 2013
"England" from the National's new album "High Violet." My favourite track from the new album!
http://wn.com/The_National_England
"England" from the National's new album "High Violet." My favourite track from the new album!
- published: 21 Jun 2010
- views: 1144829
- author: Tyler Drainville
Smithy Meets the England Football Team - Red Nose Day 2009
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:20
- Updated: 08 Jun 2013
The team behind Gavin and Stacey's bespoke sketch for comic relief's Red Nose Day 2009. Smithy stubbles into the England Football meeting, and lets rip. Feat...
http://wn.com/Smithy_Meets_the_England_Football_Team_Red_Nose_Day_2009
The team behind Gavin and Stacey's bespoke sketch for comic relief's Red Nose Day 2009. Smithy stubbles into the England Football meeting, and lets rip. Feat...
- published: 16 Mar 2009
- views: 3507545
- author: Comic Relief
England vs Brazil - Full Match - February 6th, 2013 - HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 117:06
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
http://wn.com/England_vs_Brazil_Full_Match_February_6th,_2013_HD
AMERICA VS. ENGLAND!!!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:58
- Updated: 07 Jun 2013
An enlightening interview revealing the true origins of the United States of America. Visit http://www.roosterteeth.com for more shorts a week early!
http://wn.com/AMERICA_VS_ENGLAND!!!
An enlightening interview revealing the true origins of the United States of America. Visit http://www.roosterteeth.com for more shorts a week early!
- published: 01 Jul 2011
- views: 1418970
- author: RoosterTeeth
Muslims butcher British soldier in Woolwich, England. Western media and politicians clueless
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:58
- Updated: 07 Jun 2013
Terrorism returned to the streets of Britain yesterday when a soldier was murdered by two suspected Islamists who attempted to behead and disembowel him as h...
http://wn.com/Muslims_butcher_British_soldier_in_Woolwich,_England_Western_media_and_politicians_clueless
Terrorism returned to the streets of Britain yesterday when a soldier was murdered by two suspected Islamists who attempted to behead and disembowel him as h...
- published: 23 May 2013
- views: 11632
- author: GroundZeroMosque .
This Is England - trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:59
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
www.shanemeadows.co.uk The trailer for Shane Meadows' latest film, This Is England (released in UK cinemas on the 27th April 2007).
http://wn.com/This_Is_England_trailer
www.shanemeadows.co.uk The trailer for Shane Meadows' latest film, This Is England (released in UK cinemas on the 27th April 2007).
- published: 30 Mar 2007
- views: 2859124
- author: BlueCrayon77
Montenegro vs England - 1-1 - Full Highlights | 2014 World Cup Qualification 26.03.2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:01
- Updated: 04 Jun 2013
Montenegro vs England - 1-1 - Full Highlights | 2014 World Cup Qualification 26.03.2013 Montenegro 1 vs 1 England - 1-1 - All Goals | 2014 World Cup Qualific...
http://wn.com/Montenegro_vs_England_1-1_Full_Highlights_|_2014_World_Cup_Qualification_26032013
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- published: 26 Mar 2013
- views: 67571
- author: JUNIOR BARATA
California On England
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:04
- Updated: 20 May 2013
Comedian Kassem G talks to beach goers about England. ******* FIND ME ONLINE: Instagram: gmessak http://blippy.com/kassemG http://twitter.com/kassemg http://...
http://wn.com/California_On_England
Comedian Kassem G talks to beach goers about England. ******* FIND ME ONLINE: Instagram: gmessak http://blippy.com/kassemG http://twitter.com/kassemg http://...
- published: 12 Sep 2010
- views: 2159601
- author: Kassem G
Skate World: England
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 26:13
- Updated: 31 May 2013
First, Winston Whitter gives us a history of skateboarding in London. Later, some local amateurs take us around to England's best skate spots. Originally rel...
http://wn.com/Skate_World_England
First, Winston Whitter gives us a history of skateboarding in London. Later, some local amateurs take us around to England's best skate spots. Originally rel...
- published: 02 Apr 2013
- views: 52512
- author: vice
Sweden v England - 4-2 - Official Goals and Highlights | FATV 14/11/12
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:15
- Updated: 08 Jun 2013
The official highlights to England vs Sweden Wednesday 14th November Sweden 4-2 England 7.30pm, Wednesday 14 November 2012 Friends Arena, Stockholm By Nichol...
http://wn.com/Sweden_v_England_4-2_Official_Goals_and_Highlights_|_FATV_14_11_12
The official highlights to England vs Sweden Wednesday 14th November Sweden 4-2 England 7.30pm, Wednesday 14 November 2012 Friends Arena, Stockholm By Nichol...
- published: 15 Nov 2012
- views: 1309381
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![[DOKU] Europäische Union - England will raus! (Europaskepsis)](http://web.archive.org./web/20130609053538im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/aAucDIOu9S4/default.jpg "[DOKU] Europäische Union - England will raus! (Europaskepsis)")
[DOKU] Europäische Union - England will raus! (Europaskepsis)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 50:47
- Updated: 31 May 2013
60% der Britten würden bei einem Referendum für den Austritt von Großbritannien! Original Titel: -Europa?, -Nein Danke Produktion: ARTE, ZDF.
http://wn.com/_DOKU_Europäische_Union_England_will_raus!_Europaskepsis
60% der Britten würden bei einem Referendum für den Austritt von Großbritannien! Original Titel: -Europa?, -Nein Danke Produktion: ARTE, ZDF.
- published: 12 Jan 2013
- views: 6713
- author: SwissMoneyLaundering
England U21s vs Romania 3-0
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:16
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
Subscribe to the official YouTube channel of the England football team featuring exclusive news, match highlights and more at http://www.youtube.com/england ...
http://wn.com/England_U21s_vs_Romania_3-0
Subscribe to the official YouTube channel of the England football team featuring exclusive news, match highlights and more at http://www.youtube.com/england ...
- published: 22 Mar 2013
- views: 119226
- author: england
England 2-1 Hungary - Steven Gerrard scores both goals
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:44
- Updated: 05 Jun 2013
FATV - Steven Gerrard scored twice in four second-half minutes as England came from behind to defeat Hungary in their first outing since their World Cup camp...
http://wn.com/England_2-1_Hungary_Steven_Gerrard_scores_both_goals
FATV - Steven Gerrard scored twice in four second-half minutes as England came from behind to defeat Hungary in their first outing since their World Cup camp...
- published: 12 Aug 2010
- views: 509438
- author: england
The Jersey Shore of England (Documentary)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 58:06
- Updated: 07 Jun 2013
There are more gyms and tanning salons per head in Liverpool than anywhere else in the UK. We meet the eccentrics that define Europe's capital city of beauty...
http://wn.com/The_Jersey_Shore_of_England_Documentary
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- published: 24 Jul 2012
- views: 707100
- author: vice
A Field in England - Official UK Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:01
- Updated: 04 Jun 2013
Official trailer for Ben Wheatley's upcoming film "A Field In England". More info on the official Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/AFieldInEnglandUK E...
http://wn.com/A_Field_in_England_Official_UK_Trailer
Official trailer for Ben Wheatley's upcoming film "A Field In England". More info on the official Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/AFieldInEnglandUK E...
- published: 21 May 2013
- views: 66112
- author: PicturehouseCinemas
A quick fire look at Stuart Pearce's England squad for this summer's U21s European Championship
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:39
- Updated: 05 Jun 2013
Subscribe to the official YouTube channel of the England football team featuring exclusive news, match highlights and more at http://www.youtube.com/england ...
http://wn.com/A_quick_fire_look_at_Stuart_Pearce's_England_squad_for_this_summer's_U21s_European_Championship
Subscribe to the official YouTube channel of the England football team featuring exclusive news, match highlights and more at http://www.youtube.com/england ...
- published: 14 May 2013
- views: 21810
- author: england
England U21s 4-0 Sweden U21s
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:36
- Updated: 07 Jun 2013
Goals from Tom Ince, Jonjo Shelvey and Connor Wickham extended England Under-21s' winning streak to a record seven games as they eased past Sweden. It was a ...
http://wn.com/England_U21s_4-0_Sweden_U21s
Goals from Tom Ince, Jonjo Shelvey and Connor Wickham extended England Under-21s' winning streak to a record seven games as they eased past Sweden. It was a ...
- published: 06 Feb 2013
- views: 107125
- author: england
Tottenham Hotspur's Gareth Bale takes on England cricketer Jonathan Trott...at free-kicks! Who wins?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:45
- Updated: 05 Jun 2013
Tottenham Hotspur's Gareth Bale takes on England cricketer Jonathan Trott...at free-kicks! Who wins?
http://wn.com/Tottenham_Hotspur's_Gareth_Bale_takes_on_England_cricketer_Jonathan_Trottat_free-kicks!_Who_wins?
Tottenham Hotspur's Gareth Bale takes on England cricketer Jonathan Trott...at free-kicks! Who wins?
- published: 30 Jan 2013
- views: 655521
- author: spursofficial
Highlights England v New Zealand - Day 1 Morning Session at Lord's
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:14
- Updated: 30 May 2013
Highlights from the morning session of Day 1 between England v New Zealand at Lord's in the first Investec Test.
http://wn.com/Highlights_England_v_New_Zealand_Day_1_Morning_Session_at_Lord's
Highlights from the morning session of Day 1 between England v New Zealand at Lord's in the first Investec Test.
- published: 16 May 2013
- views: 6997
- author: ecbcricket
Highlights England v New Zealand - Day 2 Afternoon Session at Headingley
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:51
- Updated: 29 May 2013
Highlights from the afternoon session of Day 2 between England v New Zealand at Headingley Carnegie in the second Investec Test.
http://wn.com/Highlights_England_v_New_Zealand_Day_2_Afternoon_Session_at_Headingley
Highlights from the afternoon session of Day 2 between England v New Zealand at Headingley Carnegie in the second Investec Test.
- published: 25 May 2013
- views: 2140
- author: ecbcricket
photo: AP / Alexei Nikolsky
07 Jun 2013
By GREGORY L. WHITE and PAUL SONNE. MOSCOW—Russian President Vladimir Putin and his wife said Thursday they are separating after nearly three decades of marriage, setting the stage for the first divorce of a Russian leader since Peter the Great and bringing an end to years of speculation about the state of the couple's union. Enlarge Image. Close. "It was our joint decision," Mr ... Mr ... Mr ... Mrs ... Asked if they were divorcing, Mrs ... Mr ... Close. Mr ... Mrs....(size: 5.6Kb)
photo: AP / Sebastian Scheiner
07 Jun 2013
The Israeli army has significantly increased its manpower on the Syrian border close to the only border crossing between the two countries, which became the scene of a battle between Syrian government and opposition fighters yesterday ... In addition to the extra military deployment, the army told local farmers to keep away from the area yesterday ... The Israeli army refused to comment on the extra deployment ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)
photo: Creative Commons
07 Jun 2013
The National Security Agency (NSA) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) are tapping directly into the central servers of nine leading US Internet companies, The Washington Post has reported. , this has allowed investigators to examine e-mails, photos and other documents of tens of millions of Americans that can be used to track people and their contacts over time ... 468 Source.. Al Jazeera and agencies ... Iran ... ....(size: 7.7Kb)
photo: AP / Reed Saxon
08 Jun 2013
SANTA MONICA, Calif.-A heavily armed gunman killed four people Friday in a terrifying rampage through the streets of Santa Monica that ended when police fatally shot him at a college library where students had been studying for exams. By Friday evening, investigators were still working to piece together the confusing string of incidents that unfolded about noon along Pico Boulevard and on the campus of Santa Monica College ... "No....(size: 6.9Kb)
photo: Creative Commons / ABr /
08 Jun 2013
SAO PAULO — Brazilian indigenous rights activists say the number of Indians killed in Latin America's biggest country has been rising since 2002. The Roman Catholic Church-backed Indigenous Missionary Council says 452 Indians were killed between 2002 and 2010 compared to 167 killed between 1995 and 2002. The council says conflicts between ranchers and Indians account for most of the killings ... Special Report ... Orientalist Artworks ... Middle5....(size: 2.9Kb)
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The Independent
09 Jun 2013
Christian Wade delivered an eye-catching debut performance as England's young players routed Argentina to give Stuart Lancaster an exciting glimpse of the future. Wade was at the heart of a thrilling attacking performance in the opening 40 minutes and was involved in the first three tries – scored by David Strettle, Billy Twelvetrees and Ben Morgan – as England took a commanding lead ... England....(size: 2.8Kb)
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The Independent
09 Jun 2013
Stuart Pearce has been talking for six years about the importance of tournament football, and last night he and his young charges were reminded of an immutable truth learnt at painful cost by many an England team down the years ... This second defeat of the week means England are out of the European Championship even before they got going and Pearce is almost certainly out of a job ... Once again, crucial breaks went against England....(size: 5.1Kb)
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York Press
09 Jun 2013
Ben Morgan, left, scored England's third try (AP). Christian Wade delivered an eye-catching debut performance as England's young guns routed Argentina 32-3 to give Stuart Lancaster an exciting glimpse into the future ... Argentina, captained by the experienced centre Felipe Contepomi, were in a similar position to England with the majority of their senior players being rested for the Rugby Championship....(size: 1.9Kb)
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TSN Canada
09 Jun 2013
A second poor performance saw England eliminated from the European U-21 Championship on Saturday, while Italy secured a place in the in the knockout stage with their second victory of the tournament. Norway picked up their first win at the U-21 Championship as they beat England 3-1, to put themselves on the verge of advancing into the second round....(size: 1.6Kb)
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South China Morning Post
09 Jun 2013
Phil Neville announced his retirement on Saturday at the age of 36, clearing the way for the former England defender to make a full-time move into coaching ... His older brother Gary, who had a one-club career with United and played 85 times for England, retired from football in 2011....(size: 1.3Kb)
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Skiddle
09 Jun 2013
The New York comic teaches the English about England.* *His England includes Scotland, Wales and often Ireland ... event info venue news Lewis Schaffer's American Guide to England details. Lineup and Details for Lewis Schaffer's American Guide to England on Sun 9th June 2013 ... *His England includes Scotland, Wales and often Ireland....(size: 1.8Kb)
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Stuff
09 Jun 2013
An England side giving five players their first starts produced a vintage first-half performance in brushing aside a disappointing Argentina by a record 32-3 at Estadio Maltearana this morning (NZT). . England won the first of two tests by halftime, when they led 25-3 with three tries showcasing adventure, superb support play and clinical finishing....(size: 2.5Kb)
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The Miami Herald
09 Jun 2013
The New England Revolution failed to continue their winning ways on Saturday as the club was held to a 0-0 draw at Gillette Stadium by last-place D.C ... The second half was more of the same for New England as Diego Fagundez got to the edge of ......(size: 1.2Kb)
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Newstrack India
09 Jun 2013
England seamer James Anderson has set new bowling standards as he overtook Darren Gough as his country's leading ODI wicket taker, even as England inflicted a crucial early psychological blow on Australia for the Ashes by defeating them in the Champions Trophy opener at Edgbaston ... The report further said that England, by humbling the Champions ......(size: 2.1Kb)
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BBC News
09 Jun 2013
Watch the best of the action as England run in four tries to beat Argentina 32-3 in Salta in the first Test of their summer tour. David Strettle, Billy Twelvetrees and Ben Morgan crossed as England kept the ball alive in an enterprising opening. Argentina rallied after the interval but England's Billy Vunipola scored the only try of a disjointed second 40 minutes with a powerful pick-and-go. Watch England in Argentina on BBC Sport....(size: 2.6Kb)
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Deccan Chronicle
09 Jun 2013
Ian Bell cracked a responsible 91 and James Anderson scalped three wickets as England dished out a disciplined allround performance to notch up a convincing 48-run victory over Australia in their Group A match of the Champions Trophy here today. Riding on Bell's half-century, England first posted a challenging 269 for six, despite some good bowling by the Australian bowlers, after electing to bat....(size: 1.8Kb)
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BBC News
09 Jun 2013
Stuart Lancaster was pleased with the margin of England's victory over Argentina in the first Test in Salta, but says his team must improve their discipline after giving away a 15-5 penalty count against the Pumas ... The England head coach was pleased with the first-half performance but admits "indiscipline and a high-penalty count" cost the visitors in the second-half. Watch England in Argentina on BBC Sport....(size: 2.7Kb)
For other uses, see England (disambiguation).
| England | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||
| Motto: Dieu et mon droit (French) "God and my right"[1][2] |
||||||
| Anthem: None (de jure) God Save the Queen (de facto) |
||||||
 Location of England (dark green)
– in the European continent (light green & dark grey) |
||||||
| Capital (and largest city) |
London 51°30′N 0°7′W / 51.5°N 0.117°W / 51.5; -0.117 |
|||||
| Official language(s) | English (de facto)[nb 1] | |||||
| Recognised regional languages | Cornish | |||||
| Ethnic groups (2009 [3][4]) |
87.5% White, 6.0% South Asian, 2.9% Black, 1.9% Mixed race, 0.8% Chinese, 0.8% Other | |||||
| Demonym | English | |||||
| Government | Non-devolved constituent country within a constitutional monarchy | |||||
| - | Monarch | Elizabeth II | ||||
| - | Prime Minister of the United Kingdom | David Cameron MP | ||||
| Legislature | Parliament of the United Kingdom | |||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 130,395 km2 50,346 sq mi |
||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2010 estimate | 52,234,000[5] | ||||
| - | 2001 census | 49,138,831 | ||||
| - | Density | 395/km2 1,023/sq mi |
||||
| Currency | Pound sterling (GBP) |
|||||
| Time zone | GMT (UTC0) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | BST (UTC+1) | ||||
| Date formats | dd/mm/yyyy (AD) | |||||
| Drives on the | left | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | GB | |||||
| Internet TLD | .uk[nb 2] | |||||
| Calling code | 44 | |||||
| Patron saint | Saint George | |||||
 |
Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
England 
i/ˈɪŋɡlənd/ is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.[6][7][8] It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, while the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separate it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world.[9] The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law—the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world—developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations.[10] The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation.[11] England's Royal Society laid the foundations of modern experimental science.[12]
England's terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north (for example, the mountainous Lake District, Pennines, and Yorkshire Dales) and in the south west (for example, Dartmoor and the Cotswolds). The former capital city of England was Winchester until London took over in 1066. Today London is the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures.[nb 3] England's population is about 51 million, around 84% of the population of the United Kingdom, and is largely concentrated in London, the South East and conurbations in the Midlands, the North West, the North East and Yorkshire, which each developed as major industrial regions during the 19th century. Meadowlands and pastures are found beyond the major cities.
The Kingdom of England—which after 1284 included Wales—was a sovereign state until 1 May 1707, when the Acts of Union put into effect the terms agreed in the Treaty of Union the previous year, resulting in a political union with the Kingdom of Scotland to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain.[13][14] In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922, the Irish Free State was established as a separate dominion, but the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 reincorporated into the kingdom six Irish counties to officially create the current United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
Contents |
[edit] Toponymy
See also: Toponymy of England
The name "England" is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means "land of the Angles".[15] The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages. The Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea.[16] According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first known use of "England" to refer to the southern part of the island of Great Britain occurs in 897, and its modern spelling was first used in 1538.[17]
The earliest attested mention of the name occurs in the 1st century work by Tacitus, Germania, in which the Latin word Anglii is used.[18] The etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars; it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape.[19] How and why a term derived from the name of a tribe that was less significant than others, such as the Saxons, came to be used for the entire country and its people is not known, but it seems this is related to the custom of calling the Germanic people in Britain Angli Saxones or English Saxons.[20] It may be worth noting that in Scottish Gaelic, another language which developed on the island of Great Britain, it was the dominant Saxon tribe who gave their name to the word for 'England' ("Sasunn").[21]
An alternative name for England is Albion. The name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo:[22] "Beyond the Pillars of Hercules is the ocean that flows round the earth. In it are two very large islands called Britannia; these are Albion and Ierne".[22] The word Albion (Ἀλβίων) or insula Albionum has two possible origins. It either derives from a cognate of the Latin albus meaning white, a reference to the white cliffs of Dover, the only part of Britain visible from the European Continent,[23] or from the phrase in Massaliote Periplus, the "island of the Albiones".[24] Albion is now applied to England in a more poetic capacity.[25] Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, and made popular by its use in Arthurian legend.
History[link]
Main article: History of England
Prehistory and antiquity[link]
Main article: Prehistoric Britain
The earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago.[26] Modern humans are known to have first inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years.[27][28] After the last ice age only large mammals such as mammoths, bison and woolly rhinoceros remained. Roughly 11,000 years ago, when the ice sheets began to recede, humans repopulated the area; genetic research suggests they came from the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula.[29] The sea level was lower than now, and Britain was connected by land to both Ireland and Eurasia.[30] As the seas rose, it was separated from Ireland 10,000 years ago and from Eurasia two millennia later.
The Beaker culture arrived around 2500 BC, introducing drinking and food vessels constructed from clay, as well as vessels used as reduction pots to smelt copper ores.[31] It was during this time that major Neolithic monuments such as Stonehenge and Avebury were constructed. By heating together tin and copper, both of which were in abundance in the area, the Beaker culture people made bronze, and later iron from iron ores. The development of iron smelting allowed the construction of better ploughs, advancing agriculture (for instance, with Celtic fields), as well as the production of more effective weapons.[32]
According to John T. Koch and others, England in the Late Bronze Age was part of a maritime trading-networked culture called the Atlantic Bronze Age that included the whole of the British Isles and much of what we now regard as France together with the Iberian Peninsula. Celtic languages developed in those areas; Tartessian may have been the earliest written Celtic language.[33][34][35]
During the Iron Age, Celtic culture, deriving from the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures, arrived from Central Europe. Brythonic was the spoken language during this time. Society was tribal; according to Ptolemy's Geographia there were around 20 different tribes in the area. However, earlier divisions are unknown because the Britons were not literate. Like other regions on the edge of the Empire, Britain had long enjoyed trading links with the Romans. Julius Caesar of the Roman Republic attempted to invade twice in 55 BC; although largely unsuccessful, he managed to set up a client king from the Trinovantes.
The Romans invaded Britain in AD 43 during the reign of Emperor Claudius, subsequently conquering much of Britain, and the area was incorporated into the Roman Empire as Britannia province.[36] The best-known of the native tribes who attempted to resist were the Catuvellauni led by Caratacus. Later, an uprising led by Boudica, Queen of the Iceni, ended with Boudica's suicide following her defeat at the Battle of Watling Street.[37] This era saw a Greco-Roman culture prevail with the introduction of Roman law, Roman architecture, sewage systems, many agricultural items, and silk.[38][39][40] In the 3rd century, Emperor Septimius Severus died at Eboracum (modern-day York), where Constantine was subsequently proclaimed emperor.[41]
There is debate about when Christianity was first introduced; it was no later than the 4th century, with probability lying much earlier. According to Bede, missionaries were sent from Rome by Eleutherius at the request of the chieftain Lucius of Britain in AD 180 to settle controverted points of differences as to Eastern and Western ceremonials which were disturbing the church. There are, however, traditions linked to Glastonbury claiming an introduction through Joseph of Arimathea, while others claim through Lucius of Britain.[42] By 410, as the Empire declined, Britain was left exposed by the withdrawal of Roman army units, to defend the frontiers in continental Europe and partake in civil wars.[43]
Middle Ages[link]
Main article: England in the Middle Ages
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Roman military withdrawals left Britain open to invasion by pagan, seafaring warriors from north-western continental Europe, chiefly the Angles, Saxons and Jutes who had long raided the coasts of the Roman province and now began to settle, initially in the eastern part of the country.[43] Their advance was contained for some decades after the Britons' victory at the Battle of Mount Badon, but subsequently resumed, over-running the fertile lowlands of Britain and reducing the area under Brythonic control to a series of separate enclaves in the more rugged country to the west by the end of the 6th century. Contemporary texts describing this period are extremely scarce, giving rise to its description as a Dark Age. The nature and progression of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain is consequently subject to considerable disagreement. Christianity had in general disappeared from the conquered territories, but was reintroduced by missionaries from Rome led by Augustine from 597 onwards and by Irish missionaries led by Aidan around the same time.[44] Disputes between the varying influences represented by these missions ended in victory for the Roman tradition.
During the settlement period the lands ruled by the incomers seem to have been fragmented into numerous tribal territories, but by the 7th century, when substantial evidence of the situation again becomes available, these had coalesced into roughly a dozen kingdoms including Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex, East Anglia, Essex, Kent and Sussex. Over the following centuries this process of political consolidation continued.[45] The 7th century saw a struggle for hegemony between Northumbria and Mercia, which in the 8th century gave way to Mercian preeminence.[46] In the early 9th century Mercia was displaced as the foremost kingdom by Wessex. Later in that century escalating attacks by the Danes culminated in the conquest of the north and east of England, overthrowing the kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia and East Anglia. Wessex under Alfred the Great was left as the only surviving English kingdom, and under his successors it steadily expanded at the expense of the kingdoms of the Danelaw. This brought about the political unification of England, first accomplished under Æthelstan in 927 and definitively established after further conflicts by Eadred in 953. A fresh wave of Scandinavian attacks from the late 10th century ended with the conquest of this united kingdom by Sweyn Forkbeard in 1013 and again by his son Cnut in 1016, turning it into the centre of a short-lived North Sea empire that also included Denmark and Norway. However the native royal dynasty was restored with the accession of Edward the Confessor in 1042.
A dispute over the succession to Edward led to the Norman conquest of England in 1066, accomplished by an army led by Duke William of Normandy.[47] The Normans themselves originated from Scandinavia and had settled in Normandy in the late 9th and early 10th centuries.[48] This conquest led to the almost total dispossession of the English elite and its replacement by a new French-speaking aristocracy, whose speech had a profound and permanent effect on the English language.[49]
The House of Plantagenet from Anjou inherited the English throne under Henry II, adding England to the budding Angevin Empire of fiefs the family had inherited in France including Aquitaine.[50] They reigned for three centuries, proving noted monarchs such as Richard I, Edward I, Edward III and Henry V.[50] The period saw changes in trade and legislation, including the signing of the Magna Carta, an English legal charter used to limit the sovereign's powers by law and protect the privileges of freemen. Catholic monasticism flourished, providing philosophers and the universities of Oxford and Cambridge were founded with royal patronage. The Principality of Wales became a Plantagenet fief during the 13th century[51] and the Lordship of Ireland was gifted to the English monarchy by the Pope.
During the 14th century, the Plantagenets and House of Valois both claimed to be legitimate claimants to House of Capet and with it France—the two powers clashed in the Hundred Years' War.[52] The Black Death epidemic hit England, starting in 1348, it eventually killed up to half of England's inhabitants.[53][54] From 1453 to 1487 civil war between two branches of the royal family occurred—the Yorkists and Lancastrians—known as the Wars of the Roses.[55] Eventually it led to the Yorkists losing the throne entirely to a Welsh noble family the Tudors, a branch of the Lancastrians headed by Henry Tudor who invaded with Welsh and Breton mercenaries, gaining victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field where the Yorkist king Richard III was killed.[56]
Early Modern[link]
During the Tudor period, the Renaissance reached England through Italian courtiers, who reintroduced artistic, educational and scholarly debate from classical antiquity.[57] During this time England began to develop naval skills, and exploration to the West intensified.[58][59]
Henry VIII broke from communion with the Catholic Church, over issues relating to divorce, under the Acts of Supremacy in 1534 which proclaimed the monarch head of the Church of England. In contrast with much of European Protestantism, the roots of the split were more political than theological.[nb 4] He also legally incorporated his ancestral land Wales into the Kingdom of England with the 1535–1542 acts. There were internal religious conflicts during the reigns of Henry's daughters, Mary I and Elizabeth I. The former brought the country back to Catholicism, while the later broke from it again, more forcefully asserting the supremacy of Anglicanism.
An English fleet under Francis Drake defeated an invading Spanish Armada during the Elizabethan period. Competing with Spain, the first English colony in the Americas was founded in 1585 by explorer Walter Raleigh in Virginia and named Roanoke. The Roanoke colony failed and is known as the lost colony, after it was found abandoned on the return of the late arriving supply ship.[61] With the East India Company, England also competed with the Dutch and French in the East. The political structure of the island was changed in 1603, when the Stuart James VI of Scotland, a kingdom which was a longtime rival, inherited the throne of England as James I—creating a personal union .[62][63] He styled himself King of Great Britain, although this had no basis in English law.[64] Under the auspices of King James VI and I the so called Authorized King James Version of the Holy Bible was published in 1611. It has not only been ranked with Shakespeare's works as the greatest masterpiece of literature in the English language, but also has been the standard version of the Bible most Christians have read for four hundred years.
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Based on conflicting political, religious and social positions, the English Civil War was fought between the supporters of Parliament and those of King Charles I, known as Roundheads and Cavaliers respectively. This was an interwoven part of the wider multifaceted Wars of the Three Kingdoms, involving Scotland and Ireland. The Parliamentarians were victorious, Charles I was executed and the kingdom replaced with the Commonwealth. Leader of the Parliament forces, Oliver Cromwell declared himself Lord Protector in 1653, a period of personal rule followed.[65] After Cromwell's death, and his son Richard's resignation as Lord Protector, Charles II was invited to return as monarch in 1660 with the Restoration. It was now constitutionally established that King and Parliament should rule together, though Parliament would have the real power. This was established with the Bill of Rights in 1689. Among the statutes set down were that the law could only be made by Parliament and could not be suspended by the King, and the King could not impose taxes or raise an army without prior approval by Parliament.[66] With the founding of the Royal Society in 1660, science was greatly encouraged.
The Great Fire of London in 1666 gutted the City of London but it was rebuilt shortly afterwards.[67] In Parliament two factions had emerged—the Tories and Whigs. The former were royalists while the latter were classical liberals. Though the Tories initially supported Catholic king James II, some of them, along with the Whigs, deposed him in the Revolution of 1688 and invited Dutch prince William III to become monarch. Some English people, especially in the north, were Jacobites and continued to support James and his sons. After the parliaments of England and Scotland agreed,[68] the two countries joined in political union, to create the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707.[62] To accommodate the union, institutions such as the law and national church of each remained separate.[69]
Late Modern and contemporary[link]
Under the newly formed Kingdom of Great Britain, output from the Royal Society and other English initiatives combined with the Scottish Enlightenment to create innovations in science and engineering. This paved the way for the establishment of the British Empire. Domestically it drove the Industrial Revolution, a period of profound change in the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of England, resulting in industrialised agriculture, manufacture, engineering and mining, as well as new and pioneering road, rail and water networks to facilitate their expansion and development.[70] The opening of Northwest England's Bridgewater Canal in 1761 ushered in the canal age in Britain.[71][72] In 1825 the world's first permanent steam locomotive-hauled passenger railway—the Stockton and Darlington Railway—opened to the public.[71]
During the Industrial Revolution, many workers moved from England's countryside to new and expanding urban industrial areas to work in factories, for instance at Manchester and Birmingham, dubbed "Warehouse City" and "Workshop of the World" respectively.[73][74] England maintained relative stability throughout the French Revolution; William Pitt the Younger was British Prime Minister for the reign of George III. During the Napoleonic Wars, Napoleon planned to invade from the south-east. However this failed to manifest and the Napoleonic forces were defeated by the British at sea by Lord Nelson and on land by the Duke of Wellington. The Napoleonic Wars fostered a concept of Britishness and a united national British people, shared with the Scots and Welsh.[75]
London became the largest and most populous metropolitan area in the world during the Victorian era, and trade within the British Empire—as well as the standing of the British military and navy—was prestigious.[76] Political agitation at home from radicals such as the Chartists and the suffragettes enabled legislative reform and universal suffrage.[77] Power shifts in east-central Europe led to World War I; hundreds of thousands of English soldiers died fighting for the United Kingdom as part of the Allies.[nb 5] Two decades later, in World War II, the United Kingdom was again one of the Allies. At the end of the Phoney War, Winston Churchill became the wartime Prime Minister. Developments in warfare technology saw many cities damaged by air-raids during the Blitz. Following the war, the British Empire experienced rapid decolonisation, and there was a speeding up of technological innovations; automobiles became the primary means of transport and Frank Whittle's development of the jet engine led to wider air travel.[79] Residential patterns were altered in England by private motoring, and by the creation of the National Health Service (NHS) in 1948. England's NHS provided publicly funded health care to all UK permanent residents free at the point of need, being paid for from general taxation. Combined, these changes prompted the reform of local government in England in the mid-20th century.[80][81]
Since the 20th century there has been significant population movement to England, mostly from other parts of the British Isles, but also from the Commonwealth, particularly the Indian subcontinent.[82] Since the 1970s there has been a large move away from manufacturing and an increasing emphasis on the service industry.[83] As part of the United Kingdom, the area joined a common market initiative called the European Economic Community which became the European Union. Since the late 20th century the administration of the United Kingdom has moved towards devolved governance in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.[84] England and Wales continues to exist as a jurisdiction within the United Kingdom.[85] Devolution has stimulated a greater emphasis on a more English-specific identity and patriotism.[86][87] There is no devolved English government, but an attempt to create a similar system on a sub-regional basis was rejected by referendum.[88]
Governance[link]
Politics[link]
Main article: Politics of England
As part of the United Kingdom, the basic political system in England is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary system.[89] There has not been a Government of England since 1707, when the Acts of Union 1707, putting into effect the terms of the Treaty of Union, joined England and Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.[68] Before the union England was ruled by its monarch and the Parliament of England. Today England is governed directly by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, although other countries of the United Kingdom have devolved governments.[90] In the House of Commons which is the lower house of the British Parliament based at the Palace of Westminster, there are 532 Members of Parliament (MPs) for constituencies in England, out of the 650 total.[91]
In the United Kingdom general election, 2010 the Conservative Party had won an absolute majority in England's 532 contested seats with 61 seats more than all other parties combined (the Speaker of the House not being counted as a Conservative). However, taking Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales into account this was not enough to secure an overall majority, resulting in a hung parliament.[92] In order to achieve a majority the Conservative party, headed by David Cameron, entered into a coalition agreement with the third largest party, the Liberal Democrats, led by Nick Clegg. Subsequently the Labour Party leader, Gordon Brown was forced to step down as prime minister[93] and leader of the Labour party, now led by Ed Miliband.
As the United Kingdom is a member of the European Union, there are elections held regionally in England to decide who is sent as Members of the European Parliament. The 2009 European Parliament election saw the regions of England elect the following MEPs: 23 Conservatives, ten Labour, nine UK Independence Party (UKIP), nine Liberal Democrats, two Greens and two British National Party (BNP).[94]
Since devolution, in which other countries of the United Kingdom—Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland—each have their own devolved parliament or assemblies for local issues, there has been debate about how to counterbalance this in England. Originally it was planned that various regions of England would be devolved, but following the proposal's rejection by the North East in a referendum, this has not been carried out.[88]
One major issue is the West Lothian question, in which MPs from Scotland and Wales are able to vote on legislation affecting only England, while English MPs have no equivalent right to legislate on devolved matters.[95] This when placed in the context of England being the only country of the United Kingdom not to have free cancer treatment, prescriptions, residential care for the elderly and free top-up university fees,[96] has led to a steady rise in English nationalism.[97] Some have suggested the creation of a devolved English parliament,[98] while others have proposed simply limiting voting on legislation which only affects England to English MPs.[99]
Law[link]
Main article: English law
The English law legal system, developed over the centuries, is the basis of common law[100] legal systems used in most Commonwealth countries[101] and the United States (except Louisiana). Despite now being part of the United Kingdom, the legal system of the Courts of England and Wales continued, under the Treaty of Union, as a separate legal system from the one used in Scotland. The general essence of English law is that it is made by judges sitting in courts, applying their common sense and knowledge of legal precedent—stare decisis—to the facts before them.[102]
The court system is headed by the Supreme Court of Judicature, consisting of the Court of Appeal, the High Court of Justice for civil cases, and the Crown Court for criminal cases.[103] The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the highest court for criminal and civil cases in England and Wales. It was created in 2009 after constitutional changes, taking over the judicial functions of the House of Lords.[104] A decision of the Supreme Court is binding on every other court in the hierarchy, which must follow its directions.[105]
Crime increased between 1981 and 1995, but fell by 42% in the period 1995–2006.[106] The prison population doubled over the same period, giving it the highest incarceration rate in Western Europe at 147 per 100,000.[107] Her Majesty's Prison Service, reporting to the Ministry of Justice, manages most prisons, housing over 80,000 convicts.[107]
Regions, counties, and districts[link]
Main article: Subdivisions of England
The subdivisions of England consist of up to four levels of subnational division controlled through a variety of types of administrative entities created for the purposes of local government. The highest tier of local government were the nine regions of England: North East, North West, Yorkshire and the Humber, East Midlands, West Midlands, East, South East, South West, and London. These were created in 1994 as Government Offices, used by the British Government to deliver a wide range of policies and programmes regionally, but there are no elected bodies at this level, except in London, and in 2011 the regional Government offices were abolished.[108] The same boundaries remain in use for electing Members of the European Parliament on a regional basis.
After devolution began to take place in other parts of the United Kingdom it was planned that referendums for the regions of England would take place for their own elected regional assemblies as a counterweight. London accepted in 1998: the London Assembly was created two years later. However, when the proposal was rejected by the northern England devolution referendums, 2004 in the North East, further referendums were cancelled.[88] The regional assemblies outside London were abolished in 2010, and their functions transferred to respective Regional Development Agencies and a new system of local authority leaders' boards.[109]
Below the regional level, all of England is divided into 48 ceremonial counties.[110] These are used primarily as a geographical frame of reference and have developed gradually since the Middle Ages, with some established as recently as 1974.[111] Each has a Lord Lieutenant and High Sheriff; these posts are used to represent the British monarch locally.[110] Outside Greater London and the Isles of Scilly, England is also divided into 83 metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties; these correspond to areas used for the purposes of local government[112] and may consist of a single district or be divided into several.
There are six metropolitan counties based on the most heavily urbanised areas, which do not have county councils.[112] In these areas the principal authorities are the councils of the subdivisions, the metropolitan boroughs. Elsewhere, 27 non-metropolitan "shire" counties have a county council and are divided into districts, each with a district council. They are typically, though not always, found in more rural areas. The remaining non-metropolitan counties are of a single district and usually correspond to large towns or sparsely populated counties; they are known as unitary authorities. Greater London has a different system for local government, with 32 London boroughs, plus the City of London covering a small area at the core, governed by the City of London Corporation.[113] At the most localised level, much of England is divided into civil parishes with councils; they do not exist in Greater London.[114]
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of England
Landscape and rivers[link]
Geographically England includes the central and southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain, plus such offshore islands as the Isle of Wight and the Isles of Scilly. It is bordered by two other countries of the United Kingdom—to the north by Scotland and to the west by Wales. England is closer to the European continent than any other part of mainland Britain. It is separated from France by a 34-kilometre (21 mi)[115] sea gap, though the two countries are connected by the Channel Tunnel near Folkestone.[116] England also has shores on the Irish Sea, North Sea and Atlantic Ocean.
The ports of London, Liverpool, and Newcastle lie on the tidal rivers Thames, Mersey and Tyne respectively. At 354 kilometres (220 mi), the Severn is the longest river flowing through England.[117] It empties into the Bristol Channel and is notable for its Severn Bore tidal waves, which can reach 2 metres (6.6 ft) in height.[118] However, the longest river entirely in England is the Thames, which is 346 kilometres (215 mi) in length.[119] There are many lakes in England; the largest is Windermere, within the aptly named Lake District.[120]
In geological terms, the Pennines, known as the "backbone of England", are the oldest range of mountains in the country, originating from the end of the Paleozoic Era around 300 million years ago.[121] Their geological composition includes, among others, sandstone and limestone, and also coal. There are karst landscapes in calcite areas such as parts of Yorkshire and Derbyshire. The Pennine landscape is high moorland in upland areas, indented by fertile valleys of the region's rivers. They contain three national parks, the Yorkshire Dales, Northumberland, and the Peak District. The highest point in England, at 978 metres (3,209 ft), is Scafell Pike in Cumbria.[120] Straddling the border between England and Scotland are the Cheviot Hills.
The English Lowlands are to the south of the Pennines, consisting of green rolling hills, including the Cotswold Hills, Chiltern Hills, North and South Downs—where they meet the sea they form white rock exposures such as the cliffs of Dover. The granite Southwest Peninsula in the West Country includes upland moorland, such as Dartmoor and Exmoor, and enjoys a mild climate; both are national parks.[122]
Climate[link]
Main article: Climate of England
England has a temperate maritime climate: it is mild with temperatures not much lower than 0 °C (32 °F) in winter and not much higher than 32 °C (90 °F) in summer.[123] The weather is damp relatively frequently and is changeable. The coldest months are January and February, the latter particularly on the English coast, while July is normally the warmest month. Months with mild to warm weather are May, June, September and October.[123] Rainfall is spread fairly evenly throughout the year.
Important influences on the climate of England are its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, its northern latitude and the warming of the sea by the Gulf Stream.[123] Rainfall is higher in the west, and parts of the Lake District receive more rain than anywhere else in the country.[123] Since weather records began, the highest temperature recorded was 38.5 °C (101.3 °F) on 10 August 2003 at Brogdale in Kent,[124] while the lowest was −26.1 °C (−15.0 °F) on 10 January 1982 in Edgmond, Shropshire.[125]
| Climate data for England | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 7 (45) |
7 (45) |
9 (48) |
12 (54) |
15 (59) |
18 (64) |
21 (70) |
21 (70) |
18 (64) |
14 (57) |
10 (50) |
7 (45) |
13 (55) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 1 (34) |
1 (34) |
2 (36) |
4 (39) |
6 (43) |
9 (48) |
11 (52) |
11 (52) |
9 (48) |
7 (45) |
4 (39) |
2 (36) |
6 (43) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 84 (3.31) |
60 (2.36) |
67 (2.64) |
57 (2.24) |
56 (2.2) |
63 (2.48) |
54 (2.13) |
67 (2.64) |
73 (2.87) |
84 (3.31) |
84 (3.31) |
90 (3.54) |
838 (32.99) |
| Source: Met Office[126] | |||||||||||||
Major conurbations[link]
See also: List of places in England
The Greater London Urban Area is by far the largest urban area in England[127] and one of the busiest cities in the world. It is considered a global city and has a population larger than other countries in the United Kingdom besides England itself.[127] Other urban areas of considerable size and influence tend to be in northern England or the English Midlands.[127] There are fifty settlements which have been designated city status in England, while the wider United Kingdom has sixty-six.
While many cities in England are quite large in size, such as Birmingham, Sheffield, Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, Newcastle, Bradford, Nottingham and others, a large population is not necessarily a prerequisite for a settlement to be afforded city status.[128] Traditionally the status was afforded to towns with diocesan cathedrals and so there are smaller cities like Wells, Ely, Ripon, Truro and Chichester.[128] According to the Office for National Statistics the ten largest, continuous built-up urban areas are:[127]
| Rank | Urban area | Population | Localities | Major localities |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Greater London Urban Area | 8,278,251 | 67 | Greater London, divided into the City of London and 32 London boroughs including Croydon, Barnet, Ealing, Bromley[129] |
| 2 | West Midlands Urban Area | 2,284,093 | 22 | Birmingham, Wolverhampton, Dudley, Walsall, Aldridge |
| 3 | Greater Manchester Urban Area | 2,240,230 | 57 | Manchester, Salford, Bolton, Stockport, Oldham |
| 4 | West Yorkshire Urban Area | 1,499,465 | 26 | Leeds, Bradford, Huddersfield, Wakefield |
| 5 | Tyneside | 879,996 | 25 | Newcastle, North Shields, South Shields, Gateshead, Jarrow |
| 6 | Liverpool Urban Area | 816,216 | 8 | Liverpool, St Helens, Bootle, Huyton-with-Roby |
| 7 | Nottingham Urban Area | 666,358 | 15 | Nottingham, Beeston and Stapleford, Carlton, Long Eaton |
| 8 | Sheffield Urban Area | 640,720 | 7 | Sheffield, Rotherham, Chapeltown, Mosborough |
| 9 | Bristol Urban Area | 551,066 | 7 | Bristol, Kingswood, Mangotsfield, Stoke Gifford |
| 10 | Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton | 461,181 | 10 | Brighton, Worthing, Hove, Littlehampton, Shoreham, Lancing |
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of England
England's economy is one of the largest in the world, with an average GDP per capita of £22,907.[132] Usually regarded as a mixed market economy, it has adopted many free market principles, yet maintains an advanced social welfare infrastructure.[133] The official currency in England is the pound sterling, whose ISO 4217 code is GBP. Taxation in England is quite competitive when compared to much of the rest of Europe—as of 2009 the basic rate of personal tax is 20% on taxable income up to £37,400, and 40% on any additional earnings above that amount.[134]
The economy of England is the largest part of the UK's economy,[132] which has the 18th highest GDP PPP per capita in the world. England is a leader in the chemical[135] and pharmaceutical sectors and in key technical industries, particularly aerospace, the arms industry, and the manufacturing side of the software industry. London, home to the London Stock Exchange, the United Kingdom's main stock exchange and the largest in Europe, is England's financial centre—100 of Europe's 500 largest corporations are based in London.[136] London is the largest financial centre in Europe, and as of 2009[update] is also the largest in the world.[137]
The Bank of England, founded in 1694 by Scottish banker William Paterson, is the United Kingdom's central bank. Originally established as private banker to the Government of England, since 1946 it has been a state-owned institution.[138] The Bank has a monopoly on the issue of banknotes in England and Wales, although not in other parts of the United Kingdom. The government has devolved responsibility to the Bank's Monetary Policy Committee for managing the monetary policy of the country and setting interest rates.[139]
England is highly industrialised, but since the 1970s there has been a decline in traditional heavy and manufacturing industries, and an increasing emphasis on a more service industry oriented economy.[83] Tourism has become a significant industry, attracting millions of visitors to England each year. The export part of the economy is dominated by pharmaceuticals, cars—although many English marques are now foreign-owned, such as Rolls-Royce, Lotus, Jaguar and Bentley—crude oil and petroleum from the English parts of North Sea oil along with Wytch Farm, aircraft engines and alcoholic beverages.[140] Agriculture is intensive and highly mechanised, producing 60% of food needs with only 2% of the labour force.[141] Two thirds of production is devoted to livestock, the other to arable crops.[142]
Science and technology[link]
Main articles: List of English inventions and discoveries and Royal Society
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Prominent English figures from the field of science and mathematics include Sir Isaac Newton, Michael Faraday, Robert Hooke, Robert Boyle, Joseph Priestley, J. J. Thomson, Charles Babbage, Charles Darwin, Stephen Hawking, Christopher Wren, Alan Turing, Francis Crick, Joseph Lister, Tim Berners-Lee, Paul Dirac, Andrew Wiles and Richard Dawkins. Some experts claim that the earliest concept of a metric system was invented by John Wilkins, the first secretary of the Royal Society, in 1668.[143] As the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, England was home to many significant inventors during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Famous English engineers include Isambard Kingdom Brunel, best known for the creation of the Great Western Railway, a series of famous steamships, and numerous important bridges, hence revolutionising public transport and modern-day engineering.[144] Thomas Newcomen's steam engine helped spawn the Industrial Revolution.[145] The physician Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine is said to have "saved more lives [...] than were lost in all the wars of mankind since the beginning of recorded history."[146][147][148]
Inventions and discoveries of the English include: the jet engine, the first industrial spinning machine, the first computer and the first modern computer, the World Wide Web along with HTML, the first successful human blood transfusion, the motorised vacuum cleaner,[149] the lawn mower, the seat belt, the hovercraft, the electric motor, steam engines, and theories such as the Darwinian theory of evolution and atomic theory. Newton developed the ideas of universal gravitation, Newtonian mechanics, and infinitesimal calculus, and Robert Hooke his eponymously named law of elasticity. Other inventions include the iron plate railway, the thermosiphon, tarmac, the rubber band, the mousetrap, "cat's eye" road marker, joint development of the light bulb, steam locomotives, the modern seed drill and many modern techniques and technologies used in precision engineering.[150]
Transport[link]
Main article: Transport in England
The Department for Transport is the government body responsible for overseeing transport in England. There are many motorways in England, and many other trunk roads, such as the A1 Great North Road, which runs through eastern England from London to Newcastle[152] (much of this section is motorway) and onward to the Scottish border. The longest motorway in England is the M6, from Rugby through the North West up to the Anglo-Scottish border.[152] Other major routes include: the M1 from London to Leeds, the M25 which encircles London, the M60 which encircles Manchester, the M4 from London to South Wales, the M62 from Liverpool via Manchester to East Yorkshire, and the M5 from Birmingham to Bristol and the South West.[152]
Bus transport across the country is widespread; major companies include National Express, Arriva and Go-Ahead Group. The red double-decker buses in London have become a symbol of England. There is a rapid rail network in two English cities: the London Underground; and the Tyne and Wear Metro in Newcastle, Gateshead and Sunderland.[153] There are several tram networks, such as the Blackpool tramway, Manchester Metrolink, Sheffield Supertram and Midland Metro, and the Tramlink system centred on Croydon in South London.[153]
Rail transport in England is the oldest in the world: passenger railways originated in England in 1825.[154] Much of Britain's 16,116 kilometres (10,014 mi) of rail network lies in England, covering the country fairly extensively, although a high proportion of railway lines were closed in the second half of the 20th century. There are plans to reopen lines such as the Varsity Line between Oxford and Cambridge. These lines are mostly standard gauge (single, double or quadruple track) though there are also a few narrow gauge lines. There is rail transport access to France and Belgium through an undersea rail link, the Channel Tunnel, which was completed in 1994.
England has extensive domestic and international aviation links. The largest airport is London Heathrow, which is the world's busiest airport measured by number of international passengers.[155] Other large airports include Manchester Airport, London Stansted Airport, Luton Airport and Birmingham Airport.[151] By sea there is ferry transport, both local and international, including to Ireland, the Netherlands and Belgium.[156] There are around 7,100 km (4,400 mi) of navigable waterways in England, half of which is owned by British Waterways (Waterscape),[156] however water transport is very limited. The Thames is the major waterway in England, with imports and exports focused at the Port of Tilbury in the Thames Estuary, one of the United Kingdom's three major ports.[156]
Healthcare[link]
Main article: Healthcare in England
The National Health Service (NHS) is the publicly funded healthcare system in England responsible for providing the majority of healthcare in the country. The NHS began on 5 July 1948, putting into effect the provisions of the National Health Service Act 1946. It was based on the findings of the Beveridge Report, prepared by economist and social reformer William Beveridge.[157] The NHS is largely funded from general taxation including National Insurance payments,[158] and it provides most of its services free at the point of use, although there are charges for some people for eye tests, dental care, prescriptions and aspects of personal care.[159]
The government department responsible for the NHS is the Department of Health, headed by the Secretary of State for Health, who sits in the British Cabinet. Most of the expenditure of the Department of Health is spent on the NHS—£98.6 billion was spent in 2008–2009.[160] In recent years the private sector has been increasingly used to provide more NHS services despite opposition by doctors and trade unions.[161] The average life expectancy of people in England is 77.5 years for males and 81.7 years for females, the highest of the four countries of the United Kingdom.[162]
Demography[link]
Population[link]
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With over 51 million inhabitants, England is by far the most populous country of the United Kingdom, accounting for 84% of the combined total.[163] England taken as a unit and measured against international states has the fourth largest population in the European Union and would be the 25th largest country by population in the world.[164] With a density of 395 people per square kilometre, it would be the second most densely populated country in the European Union after Malta.[165][166]
The English people are a British people.[3] Some genetic evidence suggests that 75–95% descend in the paternal line from prehistoric settlers who originally came from the Iberian Peninsula, as well as a 5% contribution from Angles and Saxons, and a significant Norse element.[167][168][169] However, other geneticists place the Norse-Germanic estimate up to half.[170][171][172] Over time, various cultures have been influential: Prehistoric, Brythonic,[173] Roman, Anglo-Saxon,[174] Norse Viking,[175] Gaelic cultures, as well as a large influence from Normans. There is an English diaspora in former parts of the British Empire; especially the United States, Canada, Australia, Chile, South Africa and New Zealand.[nb 6] Since the late 1990s, many English people have migrated to Spain.[180][181]
At the time of the Domesday Book, compiled in 1086, more than 90% of the English population of about two million lived in the countryside.[183] By 1801 the population had grown to 8.3 million, and by 1901 had grown to 30.5 million.[184] Due in particular to the economic prosperity of South East England, it has received many economic migrants from the other parts of the United Kingdom.[3] There has been significant Irish migration.[185] The proportion of ethnically European residents totals at 87.50%, including Germans[186] and Poles.[3]
Other people from much further afield in the former British colonies have arrived since the 1950s: in particular, 6% of people living in England have family origins in the Indian subcontinent, mostly India and Pakistan.[3][186] 2.90% of the population are black, from both the Caribbean and countries in Africa itself, especially former British colonies.[3][186] There is a significant number of Chinese and British Chinese.[3][186] As of 2007[update], 22% of primary school children in England were from ethnic minority families.[187] About half of the population increase between 1991 and 2001 was due to immigration.[188] Debate over immigration is politically prominent;[189] according to a Home Office poll, 80% of people want to cap it.[190] The ONS has projected that the population will grow by six million between 2004 and 2029.[191]
Language[link]
As its name suggests, the English language, today spoken by hundreds of millions of people around the world, originated as the language of England, where it remains the principal tongue today. It is an Indo-European language in the Anglo-Frisian branch of the Germanic family.[193] After the Norman conquest, the Old English language was displaced and confined to the lower social classes as Norman French and Latin were used by the aristocracy.
By the 15th century, English came back into fashion among all classes, though much changed; the Middle English form showed many signs of French influence, both in vocabulary and spelling. During the English Renaissance, many words were coined from Latin and Greek origins.[194] Modern English has extended this custom of flexibility, when it comes to incorporating words from different languages. Thanks in large part to the British Empire, the English language is the world's unofficial lingua franca.[195]
English language learning and teaching is an important economic activity, and includes language schooling, tourism spending, and publishing. There is no legislation mandating an official language for England,[196] but English is the only language used for official business. Despite the country's relatively small size, there are many distinct regional accents, and individuals with particularly strong accents may not be easily understood everywhere in the country.
Cornish, which died out as a community language in the 18th century, is being revived,[197][198][199][200] and is now protected under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.[201] It is spoken by 0.1% of people in Cornwall,[202] and is taught to some degree in several primary and secondary schools.[203][204] State schools teach students a second language, usually French, German or Spanish.[205] Due to immigration, it was reported in 2007 that around 800,000 school students spoke a foreign language at home,[187] the most common being Punjabi and Urdu.[206]
Religion[link]
Main article: Religion in England
Christianity is the most widely practised religion in England, as it has been since the Early Middle Ages, although it was first introduced much earlier, in Gaelic and Roman times. It continued through Early Insular Christianity, and today about 72% of English people identify as Christians.[207] The largest form practised in the present day is Anglicanism,[208] dating from the 16th century Reformation period, with the 1536 split from Rome over Henry VIII wanting to divorce Catherine of Aragon, and the need for the Bible in the English tongue. The religion regards itself as both Catholic and Reformed.
There are High Church and Low Church traditions, and some Anglicans regard themselves as Anglo-Catholics, after the Tractarian movement. The monarch of the United Kingdom is a titular leader of the Church, acting as its Supreme Governor. It has the status of established church in England. There are around 26 million adherents to the Church of England and they form part of the Anglican Communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury acting as the symbolic worldwide head.[209] Many cathedrals and parish churches are historic buildings of significant architectural importance, such as Westminster Abbey, York Minster, Durham Cathedral and Salisbury Cathedral.
The second largest Christian practice is the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church, which traces its formal, corporate history in England to the 6th century with Augustine's mission and was the main religion on the entire island for around a thousand years. Since its reintroduction after the Catholic Emancipation, the Church has organised ecclesiastically on an England and Wales basis where there are 4.5 million members (most of whom are English).[210] There has been one Pope from England to date, Adrian IV; while saints Bede and Anselm are regarded as Doctors of the Church.
A form of Protestantism known as Methodism is the third largest Christian practice and grew out of Anglicanism through John Wesley.[211] It gained popularity in the mill towns of Lancashire and Yorkshire, and amongst tin miners in Cornwall.[212] There are other non-conformist minorities, such as Baptists, Quakers, Congregationalists, Unitarians and The Salvation Army.[213]
The patron saint of England is Saint George; he is represented in the national flag, as well as the Union Flag as part of a combination.[214][214] There are many other English and associated saints; some of the best known include: Cuthbert, Alban, Wilfrid, Aidan, Edward the Confessor, John Fisher, Thomas More, Petroc, Piran, Margaret Clitherow and Thomas Becket. There are non-Christian religions practised. Jews have a history of a small minority on the island since 1070.[215] They were expelled from England in 1290 following the Edict of Expulsion, only to be allowed back in 1656.[215]
Especially since the 1950s, Eastern religions from the former British colonies have begun to appear, due to foreign immigration; Islam is the most common of these, accounting for around 3.1% of the population in England.[207] Hinduism, Sikhism and Buddhism are next in number, adding up to 2% combined,[207] introduced from India and South East Asia.[207] Around 14.6% have no religion.[207]
Education[link]
Main articles: Education in England and List of universities in England
The Department for Education is the government department responsible for issues affecting people in England up to the age of 19, including education.[216] State-run and -funded schools are attended by approximately 93% of English schoolchildren.[217] Of these, a minority are faith schools, primarily Church of England or Catholic. Between three and four is nursery school, 4 and 11 is primary school, and 11 to 16 is secondary school. After finishing compulsory education, pupils take a GCSE examination, following which they may decide to continue in further education for two years. Further education colleges, such as sixth form colleges are either separate or attached to the secondary school institution and prepare students to sit A-Level examinations, for higher education at universities.
Although most English secondary schools are comprehensive, in some areas there are selective intake grammar schools, to which entrance is subject to passing the eleven plus exam. Around 7.2% of English schoolchildren attend private schools, which are funded by private sources.[218] Standards in state schools are monitored by the Office for Standards in Education, and in private schools by the Independent Schools Inspectorate.[219]
Students normally enter universities in the United Kingdom from 18 onwards, where they study for an academic degree. There are over 90 universities England, all but one of which are public. The Department for Business, Innovation and Skills is the government department responsible for higher education in England.[220] Students are generally entitled to student loans for maintenance.[nb 7] The first degree offered to undergraduates is the Bachelor's degree, which usually takes three years to complete. Students are then eligible for a postgraduate degree, a Master's degree, taking one year, or a Doctorate degree, which takes three.
England's universities include some of the highest-ranked universities in the world; the University of Cambridge, Imperial College London, the University of Oxford and University College London are all ranked in the global top 10 in the 2010 QS World University Rankings.[221] The London School of Economics has been described as the world's leading social science institution for both teaching and research.[222] The London Business School is considered one of the world's leading business schools and in 2010 its MBA programme was ranked best in the world by the Financial Times.[223] Academic degrees in England are usually split into classes: first class (I), upper second class (II:1), lower second class (II:2) and third (III), and unclassified (below third class).
The King's School, Canterbury and King's School, Rochester are the oldest schools in the English-speaking world.[224] Many of England's better-known schools, such as Winchester College, Eton College, St Paul's School, Rugby School, and Harrow School are fee-paying institutions.[225]
Culture[link]
Main articles: Culture of England and English Renaissance
Architecture[link]
Many ancient standing stone monuments were erected during the prehistoric period, amongst the best known are Stonehenge, Devil's Arrows, Rudston Monolith and Castlerigg.[226] With the introduction of Ancient Roman architecture there was a development of basilicas, baths, amphitheaters, triumphal arches, villas, Roman temples, Roman roads, Roman forts, stockades and aqueducts.[227] It was the Romans who founded the first cities and towns such as London, Bath, York, Chester and St Albans. Perhaps the best known example is Hadrian's Wall stretching right across northern England.[227] Another well preserved example is the Roman Baths at Bath, Somerset.[227]
Early Medieval architecture's secular buildings were simple constructions mainly using timber with thatch for roofing. Ecclesiastical architecture ranged from a synthesis of Hiberno—Saxon monasticism,[228][229] to Early Christian basilica and architecture characterised by pilaster-strips, blank arcading, baluster shafts and triangular headed openings. After the Norman conquest in 1066 various Castles in England were created so law lords could uphold their authority and in the north to protect from invasion. Some of the best known medieval castles include the Tower of London, Warwick Castle, Durham Castle and Windsor Castle amongst others.[230]
Throughout the Plantagenet era an English Gothic architecture flourished—the medieval cathedrals such as Canterbury Cathedral, Westminster Abbey and York Minster are prime examples.[230] Expanding on the Norman base there was also castles, palaces, great houses, universities and parish churches. Medieval architecture was completed with the 16th century Tudor style; the four-centred arch, now known as the Tudor arch, was a defining feature as were wattle and daub houses domestically. In the aftermath of the Renaissance a form of architecture echoing classical antiquity, synthesised with Christianity appeared—the English Baroque style, architect Christopher Wren was particularly championed.[231]
Georgian architecture followed in a more refined style, evoking a simple Palladian form; the Royal Crescent at Bath is one of the best examples of this. With the emergence of romanticism during Victorian period, a Gothic Revival was launched—in addition to this around the same time the Industrial Revolution paved the way for buildings such as The Crystal Palace. Since the 1930s various modernist forms have appeared whose reception is often controversial, though traditionalist resistance movements continue with support in influential places.[nb 8]
Folklore[link]
Main article: English folklore
English folklore developed over many centuries. Some of the characters and stories are present across England, but most belong to specific regions. Common folkloric beings include pixies, giants, elfs, bogeymen, trolls, goblins and dwarves. While many legends and folk-customs are thought to be ancient, for instance the tales featuring Offa of Angel and Wayland the Smith,[233] others date from after the Norman invasion; Robin Hood and his Merry Men of Sherwood and their battles with the Sheriff of Nottingham being, perhaps, the best known.[234]
During the High Middle Ages tales originating from Brythonic traditions entered English folklore—the Arthurian myth.[235][236][237] These were derived from Anglo-Norman, French and Welsh sources,[236] featuring King Arthur, Camelot, Excalibur, Merlin and the Knights of the Round Table such as Lancelot. These stories are most centrally brought together within Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae.[nb 9] Another early figure from British tradition, King Cole, may have been based on a real figure from Sub-Roman Britain. Many of the tales and pseudo-histories make up part of the wider Matter of Britain, a collection of shared British folklore.
Some folk figures are based on semi or actual historical people whose story has been passed down centuries; Lady Godiva for instance was said to have ridden naked on horseback through Coventry, Hereward the Wake was a heroic English figure resisting the Norman invasion, Herne the Hunter is an equestrian ghost associated with Windsor Forest and Great Park and Mother Shipton is the archetypal witch.[239] On 5 November people make bonfires, set off fireworks and eat toffee apples in commemoration of the foiling of the Gunpowder Plot centred around Guy Fawkes. The chivalrous bandit, such as Dick Turpin, is a recurring character, while Blackbeard is the archetypal pirate. There are various national and regional folk activities, participated in to this day, such as Morris dancing, Maypole dancing, Rapper sword in the North East, Long Sword dance in Yorkshire, Mummers Plays, bottle-kicking in Leicestershire, and cheese-rolling at Cooper's Hill.[240] There is no official national costume, but a few are well established such as the Pearly Kings and Queens associated with cockneys, the Royal Guard, the Morris costume and Beefeaters.[241]
Cuisine[link]
Main article: English cuisine
Since the Early Modern Period the food of England has historically been characterised by its simplicity of approach and a reliance on the high quality of natural produce.[242] During the Middle Ages and through the Renaissance period, English cuisine enjoyed an excellent reputation, though a decline began during the Industrial Revolution with the move away from the land and increasing urbanisation of the populace. The cuisine of England has, however, recently undergone a revival, which has been recognised by the food critics with some good ratings in Restaurant's best restaurant in the world charts.[243] An early book of English recipes is the Forme of Cury from the royal court of Richard II.[244]
Traditional examples of English food include the Sunday roast, featuring a roasted joint, usually beef, lamb or chicken, served with assorted boiled vegetables, Yorkshire pudding and gravy.[245] Other prominent meals include fish and chips and the full English breakfast—consisting of bacon, grilled tomatoes, fried bread, black pudding, baked beans, fried mushrooms, sausages and eggs. Various meat pies are consumed such as steak and kidney pie, cottage pie, Cornish pasty and pork pie, the last of which is eaten cold.[245]
Sausages are commonly eaten, either as bangers and mash or toad in the hole. Lancashire hotpot is a well known stew. Some of the most popular cheeses are Cheddar and Wensleydale. Many Anglo-Indian hybrid dishes, curries, have been created such as chicken tikka masala and balti. Sweet English dishes include apple pie, mince pies, spotted dick, scones, Eccles cakes, custard and sticky toffee pudding. Common drinks include tea, whose popularity was increased by Catherine of Braganza,[246] while alcoholic drinks include wines, ciders and English beers such as bitter, mild, stout, and brown ale.[247]
Visual arts[link]
Main articles: English art and Arts Council England
The earliest known examples are the prehistoric rock and cave art pieces, most prominent in North Yorkshire, Northumberland and Cumbria, but also feature further south, for example at Creswell Crags.[248] With the arrival of Roman culture in the 1st century, various forms of art utilising statues, busts, glasswork and mosaics were the norm. There are numerous surviving artefacts, such as those at Lullingstone and Aldborough.[249] During the Early Middle Ages the style was sculpted crosses and ivories, manuscript painting, gold and enamel jewellery, demonstrating a love of intricate, interwoven designs such as in the Staffordshire Hoard discovered in 2009. Some of these blended Gaelic and Anglian styles, such as the Lindisfarne Gospels and Vespasian Psalter.[250] Later Gothic art was popular at Winchester and Canterbury, examples survive such as Benedictional of St. Æthelwold and Luttrell Psalter.[251]
The Tudor era saw prominent artists as part of their court, portrait painting which would remain an enduring part of English art, was boosted by German Hans Holbein, natives such as Nicholas Hilliard built on this.[251] Under the Stuarts, Continental artists were influential especially the Flemish, examples from the period include—Anthony van Dyck, Peter Lely, Godfrey Kneller and William Dobson.[251] The 18th century was a time of significance with the founding of the Royal Academy, a classicism based on the High Renaissance prevailed—Thomas Gainsborough and Joshua Reynolds became two of England's most treasured artists.[251]
The Norwich School continued the landscape tradition, while the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood with their vivid and detailed style revived the Early Renaissance style—Holman Hunt, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and John Everett Millais were leaders.[251] Prominent amongst 20th century artists was Henry Moore, regarded as the voice of British sculpture, and of British modernism in general.[252] Contemporary painters include Lucian Freud, whose work Benefits Supervisor Sleeping in 2008 set a world record for sale value of a painting by a living artist.[253]
Literature, poetry and philosophy[link]
Main article: English literature
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Early authors such as Bede and Alcuin wrote in Latin.[254] The period of Old English literature provided the epic poem Beowulf and the secular prose of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle,[255] along with Christian writings such as Judith, Cædmon's Hymn and hagiographies.[254] Following the Norman conquest Latin continued amongst the educated classes, as well as an Anglo-Norman literature.
Middle English literature emerged with Geoffrey Chaucer, author of The Canterbury Tales, along with Gower, the Pearl Poet and Langland. William of Ockham and Roger Bacon, who were Franciscans, were major philosophers of the Middle Ages. Julian of Norwich, who wrote Revelations of Divine Love, was a prominent Christian mystic. With the English Renaissance literature in the Early Modern English style appeared. William Shakespeare, whose works include Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, and A Midsummer Night's Dream, remains one of the most championed authors in English literature.[256]
Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spenser, Philip Sydney, Thomas Kyd, John Donne, and Ben Jonson are other established authors of the Elizabethan age.[257] Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes wrote on empiricism and materialism, including scientific method and social contract.[257] Filmer wrote on the Divine Right of Kings. Marvell was the best known poet of the Commonwealth,[258] while John Milton authored Paradise Lost during the Restoration.
This royal throne of kings, this sceptred isle, this earth of majesty, this seat of Mars, this other Eden, demi-paradise; this fortress, built by nature for herself. This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England.
Some of the most prominent philosophers of the Enlightenment were John Locke, Thomas Paine, Samuel Johnson and Jeremy Bentham. More radical elements were later countered by Edmund Burke who is regarded as the founder of conservatism.[260] The poet Alexander Pope with his satirical verse became well regarded. The English played a significant role in romanticism: Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, John Keats, Mary Shelley, Percy Bysshe Shelley, William Blake and William Wordsworth were major figures.[261]
In response to the Industrial Revolution, agrarian writers sought a way between liberty and tradition; William Cobbett, G. K. Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc were main exponents, while the founder of guild socialism, Arthur Penty, and cooperative movement advocate G. D. H. Cole are somewhat related.[262] Empiricism continued through John Stuart Mill and Bertrand Russell, while Bernard Williams was involved in analytics. Authors from around the Victorian era include Charles Dickens, the Brontë sisters, Jane Austen, George Eliot, Rudyard Kipling, Thomas Hardy, H. G. Wells, Lewis Carroll and Evelyn Underhill.[263] Since then England has continued to produce novelists such as C. S. Lewis, George Orwell, D. H. Lawrence, Virginia Woolf, Enid Blyton, Aldous Huxley, Agatha Christie, Terry Pratchett, J. R. R. Tolkien, and J. K. Rowling.[264]
Performing arts[link]
Main articles: Folk music of England and Music of the United Kingdom
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The traditional folk music of England is centuries old and has contributed to several genres prominently; mostly sea shanties, jigs, hornpipes and dance music. It has its own distinct variations and regional peculiarities. Wynkyn de Worde printed ballads of Robin Hood from the 16th century are an important artefact, as are John Playford's The Dancing Master and Robert Harley's Roxburghe Ballads collections.[265] Some of the best known songs are The Good Old Way, Pastime with Good Company, Maggie May and Spanish Ladies amongst others. Many nursery rhymes are of English origin such as Twinkle Twinkle Little Star, Roses are red, Jack and Jill, Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush and Humpty Dumpty.[266]
Early English composers in classical music include Renaissance artists Thomas Tallis and William Byrd, followed up by Henry Purcell from the Baroque period. German-born George Frideric Handel became a British subject[267] and spent most of his composing life in London, creating some of the most well-known works of classical music, The Messiah, Water Music, and Music for the Royal Fireworks. There was a revival in the profile of composers from England in the 20th century led by Benjamin Britten, Frederick Delius, Edward Elgar, Gustav Holst, Ralph Vaughan Williams and others.[268] Present-day composers from England include Michael Nyman, best known for The Piano.
In the field of popular music many English bands and solo artists have been cited as the most influential and best-selling musicians of all time. Acts such as The Beatles, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, Elton John, Queen, Rod Stewart and The Rolling Stones are among the highest selling recording artists in the world.[269] Many musical genres have origins or strong associations with England, such as British invasion, hard rock, glam rock, heavy metal, mod, britpop, drum and bass, progressive rock, punk rock, indie rock, gothic rock, shoegazing, acid house, UK garage, trip hop and dubstep.[270]
Large outdoor music festivals in the summer and autumn are popular, such as Glastonbury, V Festival, Reading and Leeds Festivals. The most prominent opera house in England is the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden.[271] The Proms, a season of orchestral classical music concerts held at the Royal Albert Hall, is a major cultural event held annually.[271] The Royal Ballet is one of the world's foremost classical ballet companies, its reputation built on two prominent figures of 20th century dance, prima ballerina Margot Fonteyn and choreographer Frederick Ashton.
Museums, libraries, and galleries[link]
Further information: Museums in England
English Heritage is a governmental body with a broad remit of managing the historic sites, artefacts and environments of England. It is currently sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. The charity National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty holds a contrasting role. 17 of the 25 United Kingdom UNESCO World Heritage Sites fall within England.[272] Some of the best known of these include; Hadrian's Wall, Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites, Tower of London, Jurassic Coast, Saltaire, Ironbridge Gorge, Studley Royal Park and various others.[273]
There are many museums in England, but the most notable is London's British Museum. Its collection of more than seven million objects[274] is one of the largest and most comprehensive in the world,[275] sourced from every continent, illustrating and documenting the story of human culture from its beginning to the present. The British Library in London is the national library and is one of the world's largest research libraries, holding over 150 million items in all known languages and formats; including around 25 million books.[276] The most senior art gallery is the National Gallery in Trafalgar Square, which houses a collection of over 2,300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900.[277] The Tate galleries house the national collections of British and international modern art; they also host the famously controversial Turner Prize.[278]
Sports[link]
Main article: Sport in England
England has a strong sporting heritage, and during the 19th century codified many sports that are now played around the world. Sports originating in England include association football,[280] cricket, rugby union, rugby league, tennis, badminton, squash,[281] rounders,[282] hockey, boxing, snooker, billiards, darts, table tennis, bowls, netball, thoroughbred horseracing and fox hunting. It has helped the development of sailing and Formula One. Football is the most popular of these sports. The England national football team, whose home venue is Wembley Stadium, won the 1966 FIFA World Cup against the Germany national football team where they won it 4–2 in extra time helped by the fact that Geoff Hurst scored a hatrick.[283] That was the year the country hosted the competition.
At club level England is recognised by FIFA as the birth-place of club football, due to Sheffield FC founded in 1857 being the oldest club.[280] The Football Association is the oldest of its kind, FA Cup and The Football League were the first cup and league competitions respectively. In the modern day the Premier League is the world's most lucrative football league[284] and amongst the elite.[285] The European Cup (now the UEFA Champions League) has been won by Liverpool, Manchester United, Nottingham Forest, Aston Villa and Chelsea, while Arsenal, and Leeds United have reached the final.[286]
Cricket is generally thought to have been developed in the early medieval period among the farming and metalworking communities of the Weald.[287] The England cricket team is a composite England and Wales team. One of the game's top rivalries is The Ashes series between England and Australia, contested since 1882. The finale of the 2009 Ashes was watched by nearly 2 million people, although the climax of the 2005 Ashes was viewed by 7.4 million as it was available on terrestrial television.[288] England are the current holders of the trophy and are ranked 1st in Test and 4th in One Day International cricket.[289]
England has hosted four Cricket World Cups (1975, 1979, 1983, 1999) and the ICC World Twenty20 in 2009. There are several domestic level competitions, including the County Championship in which Yorkshire are by far the most successful club having won the competition 31 times.[290] Lord's Cricket Ground situated in London is sometimes referred to as the "Mecca of Cricket".[291] William Penny Brookes was prominent in organising the format for the modern Olympic Games. London hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1908 and 1948, and will host them again in 2012. England competes in the Commonwealth Games, held every four years. Sport England is the governing body responsible for distributing funds and providing strategic guidance for sporting activity in England. A Grand Prix is held at Silverstone.[292]
The England rugby union team won the 2003 Rugby World Cup, the country was one of the host nations of the competition in the 1991 Rugby World Cup and is set to host the 2015 Rugby World Cup.[293] The top level of club participation is the English Premiership. Leicester Tigers, London Wasps, Bath Rugby and Northampton Saints have had success in the Europe-wide Heineken Cup. In another form of the sport—rugby league which was born in Huddersfield in 1895, the England national rugby league team are ranked third in the world and first in Europe.
Since 2008 England has been a full test nation in lieu of the Great Britain national rugby league team, which won three World Cups but is now retired. Club sides play in Super League, the present-day embodiment of the Rugby Football League Championship. Some of the most successful clubs include Wigan Warriors, St Helens, Leeds Rhinos and Huddersfield Giants; the former three have all won the World Club Challenge previously. The United Kingdom is to host the 2013 Rugby League World Cup.[294] In tennis, the Wimbledon Championships are the oldest tennis tournament in the world and is widely considered the most prestigious.[295][296]
National symbols[link]
Main article: National symbols of England
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The St George's Cross has been the national flag of England since the 13th century. Originally the flag was used by the maritime Republic of Genoa. The English monarch paid a tribute to the Doge of Genoa from 1190 onwards, so that English ships could fly the flag as a means of protection when entering the Mediterranean. A red cross was a symbol for many Crusaders in the 12th and 13th centuries. It became associated with Saint George, along with countries and cities, which claimed him as their patron saint and used his cross as a banner.[297] Since 1606 the St George's Cross has formed part of the design of the Union Flag, a Pan-British flag designed by King James I.[214]
_Rose.jpg)
There are numerous other symbols and symbolic artefacts, both official and unofficial, including the Tudor rose, the nation's floral emblem, the White Dragon, and the Three Lions featured on the Royal Arms of England. The Tudor rose was adopted as a national emblem of England around the time of the Wars of the Roses as a symbol of peace.[298] It is a syncretic symbol in that it merged the white rose of the Yorkists and the red rose of the Lancastrians—cadet branches of the Plantagenets who went to war over control of the nation. It is also known as the Rose of England.[299] The oak tree is a symbol of England, representing strength and endurance. The term Royal Oak alludes to the escape of King Charles II from the grasp of the parliamentarians after his father's execution: he hid in an oak tree to avoid detection before safely reaching exile.
The Royal Arms of England, a national coat of arms featuring three lions, originated with its adoption by Richard the Lionheart in 1198. It is blazoned as gules, three lions passant guardant or and it provides one of the most prominent symbols of England; it is similar to the traditional arms of Normandy. England does not have an official designated national anthem, as the United Kingdom as a whole has God Save the Queen. However, the following are often considered unofficial English national anthems: Jerusalem, Land of Hope and Glory (used for England during the 2002 Commonwealth Games),[300] and I Vow to Thee, My Country. England's National Day is 23 April which is St George's Day: St George is the patron saint of England.[301]
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ English is established by de facto usage.
- ^ Assigned on a United Kingdom basis, not constituent country
- ^ According to the European Statistical Agency, London is the largest Larger Urban Zone which uses conurbations and areas of high population as its definition. A ranking of population within municipal boundaries places London first. However, the University of Avignon in France claims that Paris is first and London second when including the whole urban area and hinterland, that is the outlying cities as well.
- ^ As Roger Scruton explains, "The Reformation must not be confused with the changes introduced into the Church of England during the 'Reformation Parliament' of 1529–36, which were of a political rather than a religious nature, designed to unite the secular and religious sources of authority within a single sovereign power: the Anglican Church did not until later make substantial change in doctrine".[60]
- ^ Figure of 550,000 military deaths is for England and Wales[78]
- ^ For instance, in 1980 around 50 million Americans claimed English ancestry.[176] In Canada there are around 6.5 million Canadians who claim English ancestry.[177] Around 70% of Australians in 1999 denoted their origins as Anglo-Celtic, a category which includes all peoples from Great Britain and Ireland.[178] Chileans of English descent are somewhat of an anomaly in that Chile itself was never part of the British Empire, but today there are around 420,000 people of English origins living there.[179]
- ^ Students attending English universities now have to pay tuition fees towards the cost of their education, as do English students who choose to attend university in Scotland. Scottish students attending Scottish universities have their fees paid by the devolved Scottish Parliament.[96]
- ^ While people such as Norman Foster and Richard Rogers represent the modernist movement, Prince Charles since the 1980s has voiced strong views against it in favour of traditional architecture and put his ideas into practice at his Poundbury development in Dorset.[232] Architects like Raymond Erith, Francis Johnson and Quinlan Terry continued to practice in the classical style.
- ^ These tales may have come to prominence, at least in part, as an attempt by the Norman ruling elite to legitimise their rule of the British Isles, finding Anglo-Saxon history ill-suited to the task during an era when members of the deposed House of Wessex, especially Edgar the Ætheling and his nephews of the Scottish House of Dunkeld, were still active in the isles.[236][238] Also Michael Wood explains; "Over the centuries the figure of Arthur became a symbol of British history—a way of explaining the matter of Britain, the relationship between the Saxons and the Celts, and a way of exorcising ghosts and healing the wounds of the past."[235]
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External links[link]
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 Gerrard playing for Liverpool |
|||
| Personal information | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Full name | Steven George Gerrard[1] | ||
| Date of birth | (1980-05-30) 30 May 1980 (age 32)[1] | ||
| Place of birth | Whiston, England | ||
| Height | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)[2] | ||
| Playing position | Midfielder | ||
| Club information | |||
| Current club | Liverpool | ||
| Number | 8 | ||
| Youth career | |||
| 1987–1998 | Liverpool | ||
| Senior career* | |||
| Years | Team | Apps† | (Gls)† |
| 1998– | Liverpool | 405 | (89) |
| National team‡ | |||
| 1999 | England U21 | 4 | (1) |
| 2000– | England[3] | 91 | (19) |
| * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 18:00, 25 May 2012 (UTC). † Appearances (Goals). |
|||
Steven George Gerrard MBE (
/ˈdʒɛrɑrd/; born 30 May 1980) is an English footballer who plays for and captains Premier League club Liverpool. He also has 91 caps for the England national team. He has played much of his career in a centre midfield role, but he has also been used as a second striker and right winger.[4]
Gerrard, who has spent his entire career at Anfield, made his début in 1998 and cemented his place in the first team in 2000, succeeding Sami Hyypiä as team captain in 2003. His honours include two FA Cups, three League Cups, one UEFA Champions League, one UEFA Cup, and two Super Cups. In 2005, Gerrard came third in voting for the Ballon d'Or.
Gerrard made his international debut in 2000 and has represented England at the Euro 2000 and Euro 2004, as well as the 2006 World Cup where he was the team's top goalscorer with two goals. Gerrard first captained his country at the 2010 World Cup in the absence of regular captain Rio Ferdinand, who missed the tournament through injury.[5] He was named again as England captain for the Euro 2012.
Gerrard is widely regarded as one of the greatest English footballers ever. Gerrard came second only to Kenny Dalglish in the "100 Players Who Shook The Kop" - a Liverpool fan poll.[6] Zinedine Zidane said in 2009 that he considered Gerrard one of the best footballers in the world.[7] In 2010, The Guardian named Gerrard to their World XI team, which compiled the greatest footballers of all time onto one squad.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Born in Whiston, Merseyside,[1] Gerrard started out playing for hometown team Whiston Juniors, where he was noticed by Liverpool scouts. He joined the Reds' youth academy at the age of nine.[8] Gerrard then had trials with various clubs at fourteen, but his success wasn't immediate — Gerrard never made it into the England Schoolboys team. Gerrard's trials included Manchester United, which he claimed in his 2006 autobiography was "to pressure Liverpool into giving me a YTS contract."[9] He signed his first professional contract with Liverpool on 5 November 1997.[9]
Liverpool career[link]
Beginnings (1998-2003)[link]
Gerrard made his Liverpool first-team debut on 29 November 1998 in a match against Blackburn Rovers as a last minute substitute for Vegard Heggem.[10] He made thirteen appearances in his debut season, filling in the midfield position for injured captain Jamie Redknapp[8] and playing on the right wing, but he scarcely contributed in the short on-pitch time he received, due to nervousness affecting his play.[11] Gerrard recalled in a November 2008 interview with The Guardian, "I was out of position and out of my depth." The Liverpool hierarchy nonetheless remained convinced that he would improve.[11] Gerrard saw himself as a defensive player primarily, looking to make key tackles rather than push the team forward.[10]
Gerrard partnered Redknapp in central midfield for the 1999–00 season. After starting the derby match against Everton on the bench, he replaced Robbie Fowler in the second half but received his first career red card for a late foul on Everton's Kevin Campbell.[12] Later that season, Gerrard scored his first senior goal in a 4–1 victory over Sheffield Wednesday.[13] However, he began to suffer from nagging back problems, which sports consultant Hans-Wilhelm Müller-Wohlfahrt later diagnosed as a result of accelerated growth, coupled with excessive playing, during his teenage years.[9] He was then beset by groin injuries that required four separate operations.[9]
In 2000–01, he made fifty starts in all competitions and scored ten goals as Liverpool won the League Cup, FA Cup, and the 2001 UEFA Cup.
Struggles and uncertainty (2003-2004)[link]
Gerrard replaced Sami Hyypiä as Liverpool captain in October 2003, as manager Gérard Houllier said that he recognised Gerrard had demonstrated leadership qualities early on, but needed to mature.[14] He chose to extend his contract at the club, signing a new four-year deal.[15]
Houllier quit after a trophyless 2003–04 campaign, and Gerrard was linked with a move to Chelsea during the offseason. He admitted he was not "happy with the progress Liverpool has made", and that "for the first time in my career I've thought about the possibility of moving on."[16] In the end, Gerrard turned down a £20 million offer from Chelsea to stay with Liverpool and new coach Rafael Benítez.[17]
Breakthrough and trophies (2004-2007)[link]
Liverpool were wracked with injury early in the 2004–05 season, and a foot injury suffered in a September league match against Manchester United shelved Gerrard until late November. He returned to score in the last five minutes of a Champions League group stage match against Olympiacos to secure Liverpool's advancement to the knockout round.[18] He claimed that this was his most important, if not his best, goal for Liverpool to date.[19] However, Gerrard netted an own goal during the 2005 League Cup final on 27 February, which proved decisive in Liverpool's 3–2 loss to Chelsea.[20]
During a six-minute stretch in the second half of the 2005 Champions League final against A.C. Milan, Liverpool came back from a three-goal deficit to tie the match at 3–3 after extra time, with Gerrard scoring one of the goals. Liverpool's third goal was gained as a penalty from a foul awarded to Liverpool when Gennaro Gattuso fouled Gerrard in Milan's penalty box. Gerrard did not participate in the penalty shootout, which Liverpool won 3–2 as they claimed their first Champions League trophy in twenty years,[21] though he was named the Man of the Match, and later received the UEFA Club Footballer of the Year award.[22]
In regards to his contract issues with Liverpool, Gerrard told the press after the final, "How can I leave after a night like this?"[23] But negotiations soon stalled and on 5 July 2005, after Liverpool turned down another lucrative offer from Chelsea, Gerrard rejected a club-record £100,000-a-week offer. Liverpool chief executive Rick Parry conceded the club had lost Gerrard, saying, "Now we have to move on. We have done our best, but he has made it clear he wants to go and I think it looks pretty final."[24] The next day, Gerrard signed a new four-year deal as Parry blamed the earlier breakdown of talks on miscommunication between the two sides.[25][26]
Gerrard scored 23 goals in 53 appearances in 2005–06, and in April became the first Liverpool player since John Barnes in 1988 to be voted the PFA Player of the Year.[27] He scored twice in the 2006 FA Cup final against West Ham United, including an equalizer that sent the match into extra time, and Liverpool won their second consecutive major trophy on penalties. The goals made him the only player to have scored in the FA Cup, League Cup, UEFA Cup and Champions League finals.[28] Gerrard netted a penalty as Liverpool eliminated league rival Chelsea in the 2006–07 Champions League semi-finals to return to their second final in three seasons, which they lost 2–1 to Milan.[29][30]
Gerrard suffered a hairline toe fracture in an August 2007 Champions League qualifier against Toulouse F.C.,[31] but returned four days later to play the entirety of a 1–1 league draw against Chelsea.[32] On 28 October 2007, Gerrard played his 400th game for Liverpool in a league match against Arsenal, in which he scored.[33][34] He scored in all but one of Liverpool's domestic and European matches during the month of November, and after scoring the only goal in a Champions League away tie against Olympique de Marseille on 11 December, he became the first Liverpool player since John Aldridge in 1989 to score in seven consecutive games in all competitions.[35]
Continued success and stardom (2007-)[link]
Gerrard made his 300th Premier League appearance on 13 April 2008 in a match against Blackburn Rovers, scoring the opening goal,[36][37] and finished the season with twenty-one goals in all competitions, surpassing his total from the 2006–07 season. Gerrard was selected for the PFA Team of the Year and he was also one of the nominees or the PFA Player of the Year, alongside teammate Fernando Torres.[38][39]
Gerrard needed to undergo groin surgery at the beginning of the 2008–09 season, but the problem was not serious and he quickly returned to training.[40] He scored what appeared to be his hundredth career Liverpool goal against Stoke City on 20 September, but it was disallowed after Dirk Kuyt was ruled offside.[41] He achieved the milestone eleven days later in a 3–1 Champions League group stage win over PSV.[42]
He made his 100th appearance in European club competition for Liverpool on 10 March 2009 against Real Madrid and scored twice in a 4–0 win.[43] Four days after the impressive victory over Real, Gerrard would score at Old Trafford for the first time from the penalty spot, putting Liverpool ahead on their way to a 4–1 victory over Manchester United.[44] Following these results, three-time FIFA World Player of the Year Zinedine Zidane hailed the Liverpool skipper, saying "Is he the best in the world? He might not get the attention of Messi and Ronaldo but yes, I think he might be."[45] On 22 March 2009, Gerrard scored his first ever hat-trick in the Premier League, against Aston Villa, in a 5–0 victory.[46] On 13 May 2009, Gerrard was named as the 2009 Football Writers' Association Footballer of the Year, becoming the first Liverpool player to win the award in nineteen years. Gerrard had pipped Manchester United duo Ryan Giggs and Wayne Rooney in the poll voted for by journalists, beating Ryan Giggs by just 10 votes. Upon receiving the award, he was quoted as saying "I'm delighted but I'm a little bit surprised", he commented. "When you look at the quality of the players there are in this league, it's a great privilege to win this kind of award."[47] He ended the 2009–10 season with a total of 12 goals and 9 assists from 46 matches.
Following the 2009–10 season, Rafael Benítez departed Liverpool after six years and was succeeded as manager by Roy Hodgson, who quickly assured fans that Gerrard would not be sold.[2] To further eliminate any speculation surrounding his future at the club, Gerrard made a statement emphasising his excitement at the coming season with Liverpool and praising the signing of Joe Cole.[48] Gerrard soon played his first pre-season match of the 2010–11 season against Borussia Mönchengladbach on 1 August 2010 alongside new signing Joe Cole.[49]
Gerrard scored his first goal of the 2010–11 season from the penalty spot in a Europa League qualifier against Macedonian side FK Rabotnički on 5 August 2010.[50]
His next two goals came on 19 September at Old Trafford in a 3–2 loss against Manchester United; he scored from a penalty kick in the 64th minute and a free-kick 6 minutes later to level the game at 2–2.[51] He followed this up with the equaliser in a 2–2 home draw with Sunderland.[52] 11 days later Gerrard came off the bench to score a second-half hat-trick in a 3–1 win over Napoli in the Europa League.[53]
Gerrard missed the start of English Premier League season 2011–2012 due to groin injury which had kept him away for much of the 2010–2011 season as well.[54] Gerrard made his first start for Liverpool squad in the October match at Anfield against fierce rivals Manchester United. Gerrard scored the club's only goal in the match, from a free kick, which ended in a 1-1 draw. On October 29, Gerrard underwent a treatment to clear an infection in his right ankle, which was placed in a protective plaster cast. He was forced to miss Liverpool's league match against West Bromwich that day and was ruled out for at least the following week's match against Swansea the following week and England's friendly matches against Sweden and Spain the week after.[55] After a prolonged ankle injury recuperation, Gerrard returned to first team action in the match against Blackburn Rovers, coming off the bench. On 30 December, Gerrard came off the bench against Newcastle United and scored a fine goal.[56] Gerrard helped Liverpool reach their first cup final at Wembley Stadium in 18 years as Liverpool prevailed 3-2 on aggregate over Manchester City. Gerrard fired home a penalty during both legs to secure a trip to the Carling Cup Final against Cardiff in February 2012, which Liverpool won on penalties.
On his 400th league appearance for Liverpool, Gerrard scored a hat-trick to give Liverpool a 3-0 victory over rivals Everton in the Merseyside Derby on 13 March 2012.
International career[link]
Gerrard made his international debut against Ukraine on 31 May 2000.[57] That summer, he was called up for Euro 2000, making only one appearance as a substitute in a 1–0 win over Germany before England were eliminated in the group stage.[58][59] Gerrard scored his first international goal in the famous 5–1 victory over Germany in a 2002 World Cup qualifier in September 2001, and while England qualified, Gerrard was forced to pull out of the squad due to his ongoing groin problems after pulling up in Liverpool's final match of the season against Ipswich.[60]
He was a regular starter in Euro 2004, scoring once – against Switzerland – before England were eliminated by Portugal in the quarter-finals on penalties.[61] He participated in his first World Cup in 2006 and two goals, both in the group stage, against Trinidad & Tobago and Sweden, although his spot kick was one of three saved by goalkeeper Ricardo as England again bowed out to Portugal in the quarter-finals on penalties.[62] He was England's top scorer in the tournament.
Gerrard was made vice-captain of the England team by coach Steve McClaren,[63] and while he filled in for John Terry as captain, England suffered back-to-back losses to Russia and Croatia that ended their Euro 2008 qualifying hopes.[64] After new coach Fabio Capello took over the team in early 2008, Gerrard was given a trial run as captain but Capello settled on Terry for the role.[65][66] Gerrard was subsequently replaced as England vice-captain by Rio Ferdinand.[67]
Gerrard helped England qualify for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, scoring two goals in England's 5–1 win over Croatia.[68]
John Terry was replaced by Rio Ferdinand as captain in 2010, following revelations about the former's private life,[69] and Gerrard subsequently became vice-captain again. When the England team left for the 2010 World Cup, Gerrard was the most experienced player in the squad with 80 caps. During preparations for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, however, Rio Ferdinand was injured, meaning that Gerrard was appointed by Capello as captain for the tournament.[5] After the tournament Gerrard, part of a group of England players dubbed the "Golden Generation", confirmed that he would continue to be available for selection, despite suggestions from Capello that he would seek to re-build the team.[70]
In August 2010, Gerrard scored twice in a friendly match against Hungary and helped England to a 2–1 win.[71] Due to Ferdinand's continued absence through injury, Gerrard retained the captaincy for the opening match of the Euro 2012 qualifying campaign against Bulgaria, which England won 4–0. He was later named captain by new coach Roy Hodgson
International goals[link]
- Scores and results list England's goal tally first.
| # | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 September 2001 | Olympiastadion, Germany |  Germany |
2–1 | 5–1 | 2002 FIFA World Cup Qualifying[72] |
| 2 | 16 October 2002 | St Mary's Stadium, England |  Macedonia |
2–2 | 2–2 | UEFA Euro 2004 Qualifying[73] |
| 3 | 3 June 2003 | Walkers Stadium, England |  Serbia and Montenegro |
1–0 | 2–1 | Friendly[74] |
| 4 | 17 June 2004 | Estádio Cidade de Coimbra, Portugal |  Switzerland |
3–0 | 3–0 | UEFA Euro 2004[75] |
| 5 | 4 September 2004 | Ernst-Happel-Stadion, Austria |  Austria |
2–0 | 2–2 | 2006 FIFA World Cup Qualifying[76] |
| 6 | 30 March 2005 | St James' Park, England |  Azerbaijan |
1–0 | 2–0 | 2006 FIFA World Cup Qualifying[77] |
| 7 | 30 May 2006 | Old Trafford, England |  Hungary |
1–0 | 3–1 | Friendly[78] |
| 8 | 15 June 2006 | Frankenstadion, Germany |  Trinidad and Tobago |
2–0 | 2–0 | 2006 FIFA World Cup[79] |
| 9 | 20 June 2006 | RheinEnergie Stadion, Germany |  Sweden |
2–1 | 2–2 | 2006 FIFA World Cup[80] |
| 10 | 2 September 2006 | Old Trafford, England |  Andorra |
2–0 | 5–0 | UEFA Euro 2008 Qualifying[81] |
| 11 | 28 March 2007 | Olympic Stadium, Spain | Andorra |
1–0 | 3–0 | UEFA Euro 2008 Qualifying[82] |
| 12 | 2–0 | |||||
| 13 | 28 May 2008 | Wembley Stadium, England |  United States |
2–0 | 2–0 | Friendly[83] |
| 14 | 15 October 2008 | Dinamo Stadium, Belarus |  Belarus |
1–0 | 3–1 | 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualifying[84] |
| 15 | 9 September 2009 | Wembley Stadium, England |  Croatia |
2–0 | 5–1 | 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualifying |
| 16 | 4–0 | |||||
| 17 | 12 June 2010 | Royal Bafokeng Stadium, South Africa | United States |
1–0 | 1–1 | 2010 FIFA World Cup |
| 18 | 11 August 2010 | Wembley Stadium, England | Hungary |
1–1 | 2–1 | Friendly[85] |
| 19 | 2–1 |
Personal life[link]
Gerrard is a practising Catholic.[86] He and his wife, fashion journalist Alex Curran, married in a Catholic[86] ceremony at the Cliveden mansion in Buckinghamshire on 16 June 2007.[87][88] He has an older brother, Paul (not to be confused with former Everton goalkeeper Paul Gerrard), and his cousin Anthony plays for Cardiff. Steven and Alex have three daughters, Lilly-Ella (born 23 February 2004), Lexie (9 May 2006) and Lourdes (born 2 November 2011).[89]
In September 2006, Gerrard published his autobiography, Gerrard: My Autobiography, ghost-written by journalist Henry Winter, which went on to win the Sports Book of the Year honour at the British Book Awards.[90]
The autobiography ends with "I play for Jon-Paul." Gerrard's cousin, Jon-Paul Gilhooley, was killed in the 1989 Hillsborough Tragedy, when Gerrard was eight. Jon-Paul, who was 10 when he died, was the youngest of the 96 victims of the tragedy.[91]"It was difficult knowing one of your cousins had lost his life", Gerrard said. "Seeing his family's reaction drove me on to become the player I am today."[92]
On 1 October 2007, Gerrard was involved in a low-speed collision in Southport when the car he was driving hit a ten-year-old cyclist, who had shot into the street and inadvertently crossed Gerrard's path. He later visited the boy in the hospital and presented him with a pair of boots signed by Wayne Rooney, the boy's favourite player, after which he stayed to sign autographs for other young patients.[93]
Councillors of Knowsley voted to make Gerrard a Freeman of the Borough on 13 December 2007,[94] and two weeks later, he was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire by The Queen in The Queen's New Year Honours List, for services to sport.[95] He received an honorary fellowship from Liverpool John Moores University on 26 July 2008 as recognition for his contribution to sport.[96]
On 29 December 2008, Gerrard was taken into custody outside the Lounge Inn in Southport on suspicion of a section 20 assault.[97] He and two others were later charged with assault occasioning actual bodily harm and affray, relating to an incident which left the bar's disc jockey with a broken tooth and cuts to his forehead.[98][99] The three men were given police to court bail and were required to appear at North Sefton Magistrates' Court on 23 January 2009,[99] where they all pleaded not guilty.[100] The case was adjourned until 20 March when the assault charge was dropped but Gerrard was required to attend Liverpool Crown Court to face trial for affray.[101] On 3 April, Gerrard pleaded not guilty.[102]
The case went to trial in Liverpool Crown Court. Gerrard's co-defendants pleaded guilty before the trial but Gerrard maintained his innocence. Gerrard admitted hitting Marcus McGee but claimed it was in self defence and on July 24, Gerrard was found not guilty by the jury. Following the verdict, Gerrard said he was looking forward to getting back to playing football and putting the experience behind him.[103]
In 2011 Gerrard appeared in the film Will.
A newly opened hotel located in Indonesia in 2011 was named Stevie G in honour of him by the Liverpool supporting owners.[104]
Career statistics[link]
- As of 25 May 2012
| Club performance | League | Cup | League Cup | Continental | Total | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Season | Club | League | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| England | League | FA Cup | League Cup | Europe | Total | |||||||
| 1998–99 | Liverpool | Premier League | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 13 | 0 |
| 1999–2000 | 29 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 31 | 1 | ||
| 2000–01 | 33 | 7 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 9 | 2 | 50 | 10 | ||
| 2001–02 | 28 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 1 | 45 | 4 | ||
| 2002–03 | 34 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 2 | 11 | 0 | 54* | 7 | ||
| 2003–04 | 34 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 2 | 47 | 6 | ||
| 2004–05 | 30 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 10 | 4 | 43 | 13 | ||
| 2005–06 | 32 | 10 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 12 | 7 | 53^ | 23^ | ||
| 2006–07 | 36 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 12 | 3 | 51* | 11 | ||
| 2007–08 | 34 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 13 | 6 | 52 | 21 | ||
| 2008–09 | 31 | 16 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 7 | 44 | 24 | ||
| 2009–10 | 33 | 9 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 13 | 2 | 49 | 12 | ||
| 2010–11 | 21 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 24 | 8 | ||
| 2011–12 | 18 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 | - | 25 | 9 | |||
| Country | England | 405 | 89 | 32 | 11 | 24 | 9 | 116 | 38 | 581 | 149 | |
| Total | 405 | 89 | 32 | 11 | 24 | 9 | 116 | 38 | 581 | 149 | ||
* Includes appearance in FA Community Shield that season
^ Includes two appearances and one goal in FIFA Club World Championship
Honours[link]
- FA Cup (2): 2000–01, 2005–06
- League Cup (3): 2000–01, 2002–03, 2011–12
- FA Community Shield (2): 2001, 2006
- UEFA Champions League (1): 2004–05
- UEFA Cup (1): 2000–01
- UEFA Super Cup (2): 2001, 2005
Individual[link]
- FWA Footballer of the Year: 2009
- PFA Players' Player of the Year: 2006
- PFA Young Player of the Year: 2001
- PFA Fans' Player of the Year: 2001, 2009
- PFA Team of the Year: 2001, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009
- FA Premier League Player of the Month: March 2001, March 2003, December 2004, April 2006, March 2009
- Liverpool Top Goalscorer: 2004–05, 2005–06, 2008–09
- UEFA Club Footballer of the Year: 2005
- UEFA Champions League Final Man of the Match: 2005
- UEFA Team of the Year: 2005, 2006, 2007
- FIFA/FIFPro World XI: 2007, 2008, 2009[105]
- FA Cup Final Man of the Match: 2006
- Goal of the Season: 2006
- England Player of the Year: 2007
- Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE): 2007
- Honorary Fellowship from Liverpool John Moores University: 2008
- BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award 3rd Place: 2005
Awards[link]
Gerrard has been nominated on numerous occasions for the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year Award.
Ballon d'Or[link]
FIFA World Player of the Year[link]
References[link]
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- ^ McNulty, Phil (22 March 2009). "Liverpool 5–0 Aston Villa". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/7937107.stm. Retrieved 23 March 2009.
- ^ "Gerrard delight at writers' award". BBC Sport. 13 May 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/l/liverpool/8047236.stm. Retrieved 13 May 2009.
- ^ Nakrani, Sachin (2010-07-20). "Steven Gerrard all but confirms he is staying at Liverpool". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2010/jul/20/steven-gerrard-liverpool.
- ^ . http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest-news/our-complete-german-squad.
- ^ Ashenden, Mark (2010-08-05). "Liverpool 2–0 Rabotnicki Skopje (agg 4–0)". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/8886506.stm. Retrieved 2010-08-05.
- ^ McNulty, Phil (2010-09-19). "Manchester United 3–2 Liverpool". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/9000606.stm. Retrieved 2010-11-21.
- ^ Sanghera, Mandeep (2010-09-25). "Liverpool 2–2 Sunderland". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/9020950.stm. Retrieved 2010-11-21.
- ^ Sanghera, Mandeep (2010-11-04). "Liverpool 3–1 Napoli". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/9154975.stm. Retrieved 2010-11-21.
- ^ Short, Paul (2011-07-31). "Gerrard out for six weeks with injury". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/gerrard-out-for-six-weeks-with-injury-2329130.html. Retrieved 2011-08-22.
- ^ "Gerrard ankle placed in cast". Soccernet. 1 November 2011. http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story/_/id/977977/gerrard-ankle-placed-in-protective-plaster-cast?campaign=rss&source=soccernet&cc=5901.
- ^ . http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest-news/bellamy-brace-sinks-magpies.
- ^ "Victorious farewell for England". BBC Sport. 2000-05-31. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/euro2000/teams/england/771951.stm. Retrieved 2007-05-28.
- ^ "Keegan names Euro 2000 squad". BBC Sport. 2000-06-01. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/euro2000/teams/england/772145.stm. Retrieved 2007-05-28.
- ^ "England beat Germany – at last". BBC Sport. 2000-06-17. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/euro2000/795342.stm. Retrieved 2007-05-28.
- ^ "Gerrard ruled out of World Cup". BBC Sport. 2002-05-14. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/worldcup2002/hi/team_pages/england/newsid_1983000/1983928.stm. Retrieved 2007-05-28.
- ^ "Portugal break England hearts". BBC Sport. 2004-06-24. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/euro_2004/3830451.stm. Retrieved 2007-05-28.
- ^ "England beaten on penalties again". BBC Sport. 2006-07-01. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2006/4991618.stm. Retrieved 2007-05-28.
- ^ "Terry named new England skipper". BBC Sport. 2006-08-10. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/4780745.stm. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
- ^ Stevenson, Johnathon (2007-11-21). "England 2–3 Croatia". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/internationals/7103110.stm. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
- ^ Hodges, Vicki (2008-02-05). "Fabio Capello names Steven Gerrard captain". London: The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/international/england/2291016/Fabio-Capello-names-Steven-Gerrard-captain.html. Retrieved 2008-12-19. [dead link]
- ^ "Capello names Terry as captain". The Independent (London). 2008-11-19. http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/internationals/capello-names-terry-as-captain-902324.html. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
- ^ Pearson, James (2007-12-13). "Terry keen to keep armband". Sky Sports. http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12040_2966102,00.html. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
- ^ McNulty, Phil (2009-09-09). "England 5–1 Croatia". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/8244218.stm. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
- ^ "Rio Ferdinand out of England World Cup squad". BBC News. 2010-06-04. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/world_cup_2010/8722236.stm. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
- ^ "Steven Gerrard eager to prolong England career". BBC News. 2010-07-11. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/world_cup_2010/8792940.stm. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
- ^ Fletcher, Paul (2010-08-11). "England 2–1 Hungary BBC report". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/8902576.stm. Retrieved 2010-08-11.
- ^ "Awesome England thrash Germany". BBC Sport. 2001-09-01. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/1515667.stm. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
- ^ "Macedonia hold ragged England". BBC Sport. 2002-10-16. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/england/2331911.stm. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
- ^ "England seal late win". BBC Sport. 2003-06-04. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/england/2954284.stm. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
- ^ "England 3–0 Switzerland". BBC Sport. 2004-06-17. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/euro_2004/3787495.stm. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
- ^ "Austria 2–2 England". BBC Sport. 2004-09-04. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/3613302.stm. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
- ^ "England 2–0 Azerbaijan". BBC Sport. 2005-03-30. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/4387711.stm. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
- ^ "England 3–1 Hungary". BBC Sport. 2006-05-30. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/world_cup_2006/teams/england/5029634.stm. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
- ^ "England 2–0 Trinidad and Tobago". BBC Sport. 2006-06-15. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/world_cup_2006/4853008.stm. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
- ^ "Sweden 2–2 England". BBC Sport. 2006-06-20. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/world_cup_2006/4853282.stm. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
- ^ "England 5–0 Andorra". BBC Sport. 2006-09-02. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/5289630.stm. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
- ^ McNulty, Phil (2007-03-28). "Andorra 0–3 England". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/6497817.stm. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
- ^ "England beats United States 2–0". International Herald Tribune. 2008-05-29. http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/05/29/sports/socfrienldly29.php. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
- ^ "Belarus 1–3 England FT". The FA. 2008-10-15. http://www.thefa.com/England/SeniorTeam/NewsAndFeatures/Postings/BelEng_minbymin.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-19. [dead link]
- ^ Winter, Henry (2010-08-11). "England 2–1 Hungary FT". London: The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/england/7939331/England-2-Hungary-1-match-report.html. Retrieved 2010-08-13.
- ^ a b Lyons Powell, Hannah (November 2, 2011). "Steven Gerrard and Alex Curran welcome baby girl called Lourdes". Glamour. http://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/celebrity/celebrity-news/2011/11/02/steven-gerrard-alex-curran-baby-girl-called-lourdes. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
- ^ Fletcher, Ewan; Beabey, Keith; Slater, Ross (2007-06-18). "Nice day for a WAG wedding! Neville, Gerrard and Carrick get hitched". London: The Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-462430/Nice-day-WAG-wedding-Neville-Gerrard-Carrick-hitched.html. Retrieved 2009-05-10.
- ^ Roberts, Brian (2007-03-10). "Exclusive: Carrick in wedding clash". The Daily Mirror. http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/topstories/tm_method=full%26objectid=18732839%26siteid=89520-name_page.html. Retrieved 2008-07-30.
- ^ "It's another girl! Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-2056402/Steven-Gerrard-wife-Alex-welcome-daughter-Lourdes.html". Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-2056402/Steven-Gerrard-wife-Alex-welcome-daughter-Lourdes.html.
- ^ "British Book Awards – Winners 2007". Galaxy British Book Awards. 2007. http://www.britishbookawards.co.uk/pnbb_winners2007.asp?#10.
- ^ [1]
- ^ Gerrard pays Hillsborough tribute, BBC Sport, April 11, 2009
- ^ "Gerrard's gifts for hospital boy". BBC Sport. 2007-10-02. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/merseyside/7024589.stm. Retrieved 2008-07-30.
- ^ "Gerrard honoured by home borough". BBC Sport. 2006-12-14. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/merseyside/6178009.stm. Retrieved 2008-07-30.
- ^ Woodward, Will (2006-12-30). "Rod and Zara winners in politics-free New Year honours". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/frontpage/story/0,,1980243,00.html. Retrieved 2008-07-30.
- ^ "Footballer gets university honour". BBC Sport. 2008-07-26. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/merseyside/7525297.stm. Retrieved 2008-07-27.
- ^ "Gerrard arrested in assault probe". BBC News. 29 December 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/merseyside/7802932.stm. Retrieved 29 December 2008.
- ^ Harris, Rob (30 December 2008). "Gerrard charged with assault after incident at bar". Associated Press. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28418086/. Retrieved 30 December 2008. [dead link]
- ^ a b "Charged Gerrard offered support". BBC News. 30 December 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/merseyside/7804056.stm. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
- ^ "Gerrard denies nightclub assault". BBC News. 23 January 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/merseyside/7846753.stm. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
- ^ "Gerrard assault charge is dropped". BBC News. 2009-03-20. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/merseyside/7954599.stm. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
- ^ "Steven Gerrard pleads not guilty to affray", Liverpool Echo, 3 April 2009.
- ^ "Gerrard cleared after bar brawl". BBC News. 2009-07-24. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/merseyside/8167000.stm. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
- ^ "Indonesia hotel named after Liverpools Steven Gerrard" Belfast Telegraph 24 February 2012
- ^ "FIFA/FIFPro World XI". http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/awards/gala/besteleven.html. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
- ^ "Lionel Messi wins Ballon d'Or by record margin as Barcelona dominate voting". The Guardian (London). 2009-12-01. http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2009/dec/01/lionel-messi-ballon-dor-barcelona. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
- ^ "Short lists for FIFA World Player awards revealed". http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/releases/newsid=1125630.html. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Steven Gerrard |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Steven Gerrard |
- Steven Gerrard – FIFA competition record
- Official LFC profile
- BBC Sport profile
- Steven Gerrard career stats at Soccerbase
- Steven Gerrard profile at Carling.com
- Profile and stats at LFChistory.net
- ESPN profile
| Sporting positions | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Sami Hyypiä |
Liverpool F.C. Captain 2003– |
Succeeded by Incumbent |
| Preceded by John Terry |
England national football team captain 2012– |
Succeeded by Incumbent |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Gerrard, Steven George |
| Alternative names | Gerrard, Steven |
| Short description | English footballer |
| Date of birth | 30 May 1980 |
| Place of birth | Whiston, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Steven_Gerrard
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Gerrard
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 |
|||
| Personal information | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Full name | Stuart Pearce[1] | ||
| Date of birth | (1962-04-24) 24 April 1962 (age 50) | ||
| Place of birth | Hammersmith, England | ||
| Height | 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) | ||
| Playing position | Defender | ||
| Club information | |||
| Current club | Great Britain Olympic (manager) England U21 (manager) |
||
| Senior career* | |||
| Years | Team | Apps† | (Gls)† |
| 1978–1983 | Wealdstone | 176 | (10) |
| 1983–1985 | Coventry City | 52 | (4) |
| 1985–1997 | Nottingham Forest | 401 | (63) |
| 1997–1999 | Newcastle United | 37 | (1) |
| 1999–2001 | West Ham United | 42 | (2) |
| 2001–2002 | Manchester City | 38 | (3) |
| Total | 746 | (83) | |
| National team | |||
| 1986 | England U21 | 1 | (0) |
| 1987–1999 | England | 78 | (5) |
| Teams managed | |||
| 1996–1997 | Nottingham Forest (caretaker) | ||
| 2001–2005 | Manchester City (coach) | ||
| 2005–2007 | Manchester City | ||
| 2007– | England U21 | ||
| 2011– | Great Britain Olympic | ||
| 2012 | England (caretaker) | ||
| * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only. † Appearances (Goals). |
|||
Stuart Pearce MBE (born 24 April 1962) is an English football manager and former player. He is currently manager of the England national under-21 team and most recently been made manager of the Great Britain Olympic football team.[2][3] As a player, Pearce captained both the England national football team and Nottingham Forest, turning out 78 times for England between 1987 and 1999.
He retired as a player in 2002 while at Manchester City. He remained with the club as a coach under Kevin Keegan's managership until being promoted to the manager's job in 2005. He was manager of the club for two years before being dismissed. He is now full-time manager of the England U-21 team, a position he previously held part-time while still Manchester City manager.
Contents |
Playing career[link]
Early career[link]
Born in Shepherds Bush, London, Pearce first attended Fryent Primary School in Kingsbury, North West London before attending Claremont High School in Kenton. He failed a trial at Queens Park Rangers and then rejected an offer from Hull City, instead settling into a career in the non-league game with his local side, Wealdstone, while training and working as an electrician and plumber. For almost five years, he was the first choice full back for the team, then amongst the biggest names of non-league football in the Alliance Premier League.
Coventry City[link]
In 1983 Wealdstone received an unexpected offer of £30,000 (then a huge sum for a semi-professional player) for Pearce from then top-flight club Coventry City. Sky Blues manager Bobby Gould had been to watch Wealdstone, and was impressed by Pearce's determination and combative attitude. Pearce agreed to the step up in clubs reluctantly – making his professional debut for Coventry immediately. He established himself as an uncompromising left back who played hard but fair.
Nottingham Forest[link]
Two years later he was brought to Nottingham Forest by manager Brian Clough as the makeweight in a £300,000 deal which also saw Coventry's centre back Ian Butterworth move to Forest. Indeed, so unsure was Pearce of his footballing future that, after the transfer, he actually advertised his services as an electrician in Forest's match-day programme.
Pearce spent 12 years at Forest, most of it as club captain. During his playing career he won two League Cups and the Full Members Cup, while also scoring from a free kick in the 1991 FA Cup final, when Forest were beaten by Tottenham Hotspur. In his time at the City Ground, Pearce was one of the Forest players who had to cope with the horrors of the Hillsborough disaster during the opening minutes of their FA Cup semi-final against Liverpool. Pearce played in the rescheduled game at Old Trafford, which Liverpool won 3–1. He helped them finish third in the league that year (as they had done a year earlier), and also contributed to their victories in the Football League Cup and Full Members Cup. He helped them retain the Football League Cup a year later and in 1991 he had his first crack at the FA Cup, and despite giving Forest an early lead against Tottenham Hotspur in a game most remembered for the knee injury suffered by Pearce's opponent Paul Gascoigne, Pearce ended up on the losing side as Spurs came back to win 2–1. He was on the losing side at Wembley again the following year when Forest lost 1–0 to Manchester United in the Football League Cup final. [4]
Despite their relegation from the top flight in 1993, Pearce decided to stay, helping Forest to gain promotion the following season, including scoring a header to secure promotion, under new manager Frank Clark following the retirement of Brian Clough after 18 years at the helm. He helped Forest finish third in the Premier League in the season following promotion and reach the UEFA Cup quarter-finals a year later.
He was appointed caretaker player-manager of Forest in December 1996, after Clark resigned with Forest bottom of the Premier League. His first game was at home to Arsenal. He admitted in an interview with Match of the Day, that in his first attempt at picking a starting eleven, he did not realise until it was pointed out to him by his wife that he had omitted goalkeeper Mark Crossley. However Forest won the game 2–1, coming from behind after an Ian Wright goal with 2 goals from Alf-Inge Haaland.[5] Despite winning manager of the month in January 1997, the club were relegated from the Premier League. He had relinquished managerial duties in March 1997 on the appointment of Dave Bassett.
He opted to leave the club at the end of the 1996–97 season after twelve years at the City Ground.
Later career[link]
Pearce joined Newcastle United along with fellow veterans John Barnes and Ian Rush in the 1997-98 season under Kenny Dalglish and played in the 1998 FA Cup Final, though again he emerged on the defeated side. He scored once during his spell at Newcastle, in a Champions League tie against Dynamo Kiev.[6] Eventually Pearce was isolated, along with other players including Rob Lee and John Barnes upon Kenny Dalglish's sacking after Ruud Gullit took over. A number of players were treated coldly by Gullit, and Pearce along with Barnes and Lee were made to train with the reserves despite cumulatively having over 150 England caps between them. Both Pearce and Barnes assert in their autobiographies Gullit felt threatened by the senior players in the squad, and they felt they were being sidelined to prevent them challenging him for the manager's position should it arise. Pearce claims also that he once kicked Gullit up in the air during a training session, and a number of other players sniggered at this due to Gullit's poor relationship with them.[7]
He went on to play for West Ham United, a year after falling out of favour with Newcastle manager Ruud Gullit. In 2001 he joined Manchester City for what would be the final season in his career. He captained the club to the First Division championship. In the final game of his career, against Portsmouth, he had the aim to reach 100 career goals.[8] He took a penalty kick for City four minutes into injury time, but missed it along with the chance to reach his target.[9]
Throughout his career, he was given the nickname of "Psycho" for his unforgiving style of play. This was initially a tag afforded to him only by Forest fans, though later it was adopted by England supporters too. Former England Team mate Matthew Le Tissier has since described him as his scariest opponent in his book Taking Le Tiss. Former Nottingham Forest team mate Roy Keane said he was a "Man amongst boys" at Forest. In recognition of his talents and his support for various charities, he was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II in January 1999.[10]
England career[link]
Debut[link]
He made his debut for England against Brazil in a 1-1 friendly draw at Wembley on 19 May 1987 at the age of 25, at the end of his second season with Nottingham Forest and his fourth as a Football League player.
He would soon become the first choice left back for his country, in so doing wresting the number three jersey from Kenny Sansom prior to Sansom's thirtieth birthday. Injury robbed him of a place as Sansom's back-up in England's squad for the 1988 European Championships, but after the tournament, coach Bobby Robson decided to make Pearce his first choice left back. He ultimately became Forest's most capped player and ended up with 78 international appearances to his name.
He finally found the net for England in his 21st senior appearance for the nation on 25 April 1990, scoring in a 4-2 friendly win over Czechoslovakia at Wembley.
1990 World Cup[link]
At the 1990 World Cup, Pearce had a goal ruled out from a free kick during a group game against the Netherlands, but played well throughout the tournament, setting up a goal for David Platt in the quarter-finals and operating as a more attacking left back than normal as England deployed a sweeper system. England progressed to the semi-finals, and Pearce was one of two players (the other being Chris Waddle) to miss a penalty in the shoot-out against West Germany after the match had ended in a 1–1 draw. Pearce left the field in tears.
The following summer, on 8 June 1991, he scored his second England goal in a 2-0 win over New Zealand during the England side's tour of Oceania. This game was his 40th appearance for England.[11]
Euro 92[link]
Pearce played in an unsuccessful Euro 92 campaign for England, when they failed to win any of their group games. He had a free kick strike the underside of the crossbar and bounce away from goal in a drawn game against France.
1994 World Cup[link]
England's failure to qualify for the 1994 FIFA World Cup in the United States included a mistake by Pearce, when his underhit back pass allowed forward Davide Gualtieri to score for San Marino (who at the time had never won an international game) inside the first eight seconds of their qualifier. England still won the game 7–1, but qualification was highly unlikely anyway as England needed Poland to defeat the Netherlands, but the Dutch won the game 3–1 and England were knocked out.
Euro 96[link]
When Terry Venables became England coach later in 1994, Pearce lost his place to Graeme Le Saux but then regained it after Le Saux suffered a broken leg. Pearce stayed in the side into the Euro 96 competition, laying his ghosts to rest with a successful penalty in a quarter-final shoot-out against Spain, which England won. His forceful, emotional celebration in front of an ecstatic Wembley crowd became one of English football's most celebrated images. He repeated the feat in the semi-final shoot-out against Germany but once again the Germans emerged victorious.
After the tournament, Pearce joined fellow England penalty missers Chris Waddle and Gareth Southgate (who missed in Euro 96) in a light-hearted commercial for Pizza Hut in which they poked fun at their own misfortunes.
International retirement[link]
Pearce had intended to retire from international football after Euro 96,[citation needed] but new national coach Glenn Hoddle persuaded him to change his mind and he continued his international career for a few more seasons. He was not selected for the 1998 World Cup, but the appointment of Kevin Keegan to the England job and Pearce's form for West Ham prompted a recall for the 37-year-old for two qualifying games for Euro 2000. Pearce's broken leg later put paid to further international chances and he ended his international career in 1999 with 78 caps, which for a time put him in the all-time top ten appearance makers for England.
His last appearance for England was in a goalless draw in Poland on 8 September 1999 in the Euro 2000 qualifiers. His last goal had come on 8 September 1993 (when he was playing outside the top flight at club level following Nottingham Forest's relegation) in a 3-0 World Cup qualifier win over Poland.[12]
At 37 years and 137 days, he was the third-oldest outfield player ever to appear for England (only Stanley Matthews and Leslie Compton, plus five goalkeepers, have been older).
During his one match tenure, Peter Taylor appointed Pearce as assistant manager. England played, and lost to, Italy in Turin.
Coaching career[link]
Manchester City[link]
After ending his playing career with Manchester City, he remained at the club as a coach under manager Kevin Keegan. In March 2005, less than three years after retiring, he was appointed caretaker of City after Keegan left the club.[13] After a successful run of form, which put the club close to UEFA Cup qualification, Pearce was given the job on a permanent basis.[14] However, they missed the opportunity to reach Europe on the final game of the season by drawing 1–1 with Middlesbrough. Robbie Fowler missed a penalty in the last minute which, if it had gone in, would have given City a UEFA Cup place.
Despite a successful start to the 2005–06 season, Man City finished 15th in the Premiership due to losing nine of the last ten games. They were also eliminated from the League Cup by League One side Doncaster Rovers. Pearce developed the reputation as being unusually fair and honest by refusing to criticise referees for mistakes they may have made.[15] He was also touted as a potential successor for England manager Sven-Göran Eriksson.[16]
Pearce failed to bring about an improvement in the 2006–07 season which saw Man City come close to relegation.[17] The club were again eliminated from the League Cup by a League One team, this time by Chesterfield. The side also scored just 10 goals at home in the league, and none after New Years Day in 2007, a record low in top-flight English football.[18] Pearce was sacked at the end of the season in May 2007.[19]
England Under 21s[link]
In February 2007, before his sacking by Man City, Pearce had been appointed manager of the England Under-21 team,[20] initially part-time in conjunction with his role at Man City. Under his guidance, England reached the semi-finals of the 2007 UEFA Under-21 Championships but were eliminated on penalties by the hosts, the Netherlands. This success, coupled with the ending of his job at Man City, saw him appointed as the full-time manager of the England Under-21 team in July 2007.[21]
His role in the England set-up was extended in January 2008 when new manager Fabio Capello appointed Pearce as a coach for the senior England team in addition to his Under-21 duties.[22]
In June 2009, he guided the England Under 21's to the final of the 2009 UEFA Under-21 Championships where they lost 4–0 to Germany.[23]
Great Britain Olympic football team[link]
On 20 October 2011, Pearce was named as the coach for the Great Britain Olympic football team.[24] He began his role by writing to 191 players informing them of his interest in selecting them for the team. Only seven of these players ruled themselves out of contention. The players under the age of 23 who have ruled themselves in include Gareth Bale (Tottenham/Wales), Aaron Ramsey (Arsenal/Wales), Daniel Sturridge (Chelsea/England), Jack Rodwell (Everton/England), Jack Butland (Birmingham City/England), Josh McEachran (Chelsea/England), Nathaniel Clyne (Crystal Palace/England), James Forrest (Celtic/Scotland), Adam Matthews (Celtic/Wales) and Jordan Rhodes (Huddersfield/Scotland). The players over the age of 23 who have ruled themselves include David Beckham (LA Galaxy/England), Ryan Giggs (Manchester United/Wales), Craig Bellamy (Liverpool/Wales), Chris Brunt (West Brom/Northern Ireland), Steven Fletcher (Wolves/Scotland), Joe Cole (Lille/England), Scott Brown (Celtic/Scotland), Michael Mancienne (Hamburg/England) and Craig Gordon (Sunderland/Scotland).[25][26][27][28] A further cut was announced in April 2012, with the shortlist of eligible players reduced to around 80.[29][30]
England[link]
On 8 February 2012, it was announced by David Bernstein that, following the resignation of Fabio Capello, Pearce would take charge of England's home friendly against the Netherlands on 29th February 2012. The match ended in a defeat for England, losing the game 3-2 after coming from 2-0 down late on to draw level, only for a late Arjen Robben goal to win the game for the Dutch.[31]
Personal life[link]
Pearce is a devotee of punk rock and is visible as one of the members of a frenetic audience featured on the cover of a live album by one of his favourite bands, The Lurkers. Additionally, he has met The Stranglers nearly 30 times, and has had a record label named after him by the band, Psycho Records. He also enjoys reading, going to the theatre and owns racehorses with his wife, Liz.[citation needed]
In 1994, Pearce was accused of directing a racial slur in Paul Ince's direction during a Nottingham Forest-Manchester United match.[32] It was alleged Pearce called Ince an arrogant black c**t.[33] Pearce has since admitted the offence, saying "it wasn't appropriate at the time".[34]
In 1998, Pearce was involved in a serious car crash, when the car he was driving was crushed by a lorry overturning and landing on the roof of the car. Pearce escaped with only minor hand injuries and a stiff back.[35]
His autobiography, Psycho, was released in 2001 and became a Sunday Times best seller.[citation needed]
His brother Dennis is a British National Party activist and was third on the BNP list for London for the European Parliament election, 2009. However, in a brief statement through the FA – which has a strong anti-racism stance – Pearce said: "My brother's views are his own and do not in any way reflect mine.".[36]
Career statistics[link]
| Club | Season | League | FA Cup | League Cup | Other | Total | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | ||
| Wealdstone | 1978–1983 | 176 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 242 | 16 |
| Total | 176 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 242 | 16 | |
| Coventry City | 1983–84 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 0 |
| 1984–85 | 28 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 4 | |
| Total | 51 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 53 | 4 | |
| Nottingham Forest | 1985–86 | 30 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 34 | 1 |
| 1986–87 | 39 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 44 | 8 | |
| 1987–88 | 34 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 41 | 6 | |
| 1988–89 | 36 | 6 | 5 | 0 | 8 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 54 | 11 | |
| 1989–90 | 34 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 47 | 9 | |
| 1990–91 | 33 | 11 | 10 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 49 | 16 | |
| 1991–92 | 30 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 9 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 48 | 9 | |
| 1992–93 | 23 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 2 | |
| 1993–94 | 42 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 50 | 6 | |
| 1994–95 | 36 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 40 | 10 | |
| 1995–96 | 31 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 0 | 44 | 6 | |
| 1996–97 | 33 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 37 | 5 | |
| Total | 401 | 63 | 34 | 8 | 57 | 11 | 24 | 6 | 522 | 92 | |
| Newcastle Utd | 1997–98 | 25 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 34 | 1 |
| 1998–99 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 15 | 0 | |
| Total | 37 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 52 | 1 | |
| West Ham Utd | 1999–2000 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 |
| 2000–01 | 34 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 42 | 3 | |
| Total | 42 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 3 | |
| Manchester City | 2001–02 | 38 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43 | 3 |
| Total | 38 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43 | 3 | |
| Career Total | 1985–2002 | 746 | 83 | 52 | 10 | 69 | 11 | 30 | 7 | 962 | 119 |
Honours[link]
As a player[link]
- Football League Centenary Tournament (1): 1988
- Football League Cup (2): 1988–89, 1989–90
- Full Members Cup (2): 1989, 1992
- Intertoto Cup (1): 1999
- Premier League Player of the Month (1): February 2001
- Individual
- Domestic Team of the Decade – Premier League 10 Seasons Awards (1992/3 – 2001/2)
- Nottingham Forest Player of the Year (3): 1988–89, 1990–91, 1995–96
As a manager[link]
- UEFA European Under-21 Championship third place: 2007
- UEFA European Under-21 Championship Runner up: 2009
Managerial statistics[link]
| Team | From | To | Record | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| G | W | D | L | Win % | |||
| Nottingham Forest (caretaker) | 20 December 1996 | 8 May 1997 | &1000000000000002300000023 | &100000000000000070000007 | &100000000000000090000009 | &100000000000000070000007 | &1000000000000003042999930.43 |
| Manchester City | 11 March 2005 | 14 May 2007 | &1000000000000009700000097 | &1000000000000003400000034 | &1000000000000002000000020 | &1000000000000004300000043 | &1000000000000003504999935.05 |
| England U21[37] | 1 February 2007 | Present | &1000000000000004100000041 | &1000000000000002300000023 | &1000000000000001300000013 | &100000000000000050000005 | &1000000000000005610000056.10 |
| England (caretaker) | 8 February 2012 | 1 May 2012 | &100000000000000010000001 | &100000000000000000000000 | &100000000000000000000000 | &100000000000000010000001 | &0&100000000000000000000000.00 |
| Total | &10000000000000162000000162 | &1000000000000006400000064 | &1000000000000004200000042 | &1000000000000005600000056 | &1000000000000003950999939.51 | ||
References[link]
- ^ Hugman, Barry J., ed. (2005). The PFA Premier & Football League Players' Records 1946–2005. Queen Anne Press. p. 485. ISBN 1-85291-665-6.
- ^ Moffatt, Colin. "Hearts v Celtic: As it Happened". BBC Sport. http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/16952336. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
- ^ "FA appoints Team GB Head Coaches". The FA. 20 October 2011. http://www.thefa.com/TheFA/NewsAndFeatures/2011/Pearce-Powell-London-2012.aspx. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
- ^ http://www.sporting-heroes.net/football-heroes/displayhero_club.asp?HeroID=42765
- ^ http://www.soccerbot.com/fa/results/ukprem97.htm
- ^ Turnbull, Simon (10 December 1997). "Newcastle finish campaign in the right vein". London: BBC. http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-champions-league-newcastle-finish-campaign-in-the-right-vein-1288179.html. Retrieved 3 November 2009.
- ^ http://www.amazon.co.uk/Psycho-Autobiography-Stuart-Pearce/dp/0747264821/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1316061950&sr=8-1
- ^ "Retiring Pearce hunts ton". BBC Sport. 19 April 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_1/1939915.stm. Retrieved 24 February 2008.
- ^ "Pearce left red-faced". BBC Sport. 21 April 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_1/1935818.stm. Retrieved 24 February 2008.
- ^ "Pearce to hang up boots". BBC Sport. 21 April 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/photo_galleries/football/1941813.stm. Retrieved 24 February 2008.
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ "Keegan ends his reign at Man City". BBC Sport. 11 March 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man_city/4338665.stm. Retrieved 24 February 2008.
- ^ "Man City unveil Pearce as manager". BBC Sport. 12 May 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man_city/4503717.stm. Retrieved 24 February 2008.
- ^ Manchester Evening News – Pearce backs ref over penalty claim Accessed 21 December 2006[dead link]
- ^ "Butcher backs Pearce for England". BBC Sport. 23 March 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/4836044.stm. Retrieved 23 February 2008.
- ^ "Hughes defends under-fire Pearce". BBC Sport. 12 March 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa_cup/6441009.stm. Retrieved 23 February 2008.
- ^ Man City sacking: Football365.com website, Accessed 14 May 2007
- ^ Manchester City FC official website accessed 14 May 2007[dead link]
- ^ "Pearce named as England U21 boss". BBC Sport. 1 February 2007-02-01. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/6320801.stm. Retrieved 14 May 2007.
- ^ "Pearce named England U21 manager". BBC Sport. 19 July 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/6906465.stm. Retrieved 23 February 2008.
- ^ "Capello gives Pearce coaching job". BBC Sport. 30 January 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/7218046.stm. Retrieved 23 February 2008.
- ^ McIntyre, David (29 June 2009). "Germany U21 4–0 England U21". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/internationals/8122457.stm. Retrieved 29 June 2009.
- ^ "Stuart Pearce and Hope Powell to lead GB Olympic teams". BBC Sport. 20 October 2011. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics/15382675.stm. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
- ^ "David Beckham, Aaron Ramsey and Gareth Bale on the list for Team GB". BBC Sport. 24 November 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/15880455. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- ^ "Celtic trio receive Team GB Olympic invites". BBC Sport. 22 December 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/16306435. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- ^ "London 2012 Olympics seven players snub GB Olympic football interest as 184 realise opportunity". Daily Telegraph. 17 January 2012. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/9019825/London-2012-Olympics-seven-players-snub-GB-Olympic-football-interest-as-184-realise-opportunity.html. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
- ^ "Ryan Giggs and David Beckham keen to play for Olympic football team". The Guardian. 17 January 2012. http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2012/jan/17/ryan-giggs-david-beckham-olympics. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- ^ "David Beckham on course for London 2012 football team". BBC Sport. 18 April 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17753784. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- ^ "Gareth Bale and Craig Bellamy included in Olympics Team GB shortlist". Wales Online. 18 April 2012. http://www.walesonline.co.uk/sports/london-olympics-2012/2012/04/18/football-gareth-bale-and-craig-bellamy-included-in-olympics-team-gb-shortlist-91466-30786313/. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- ^ http://www.englandstats.com/matches.php?mid=903
- ^ Updated, Last. The Sun (London). http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/sport/football/4150034/Pearce-sorry-for-race-slur-at-Ince.html.
- ^ Winter, Henry (9 February 2012). "FA expecting backlash from anti-racism campaigners after naming Stuart Pearce as caretaker manager". London: Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/england/9073139/FA-expecting-backlash-from-anti-racism-campaigners-after-naming-Stuart-Pearce-as-caretaker-manager.html.
- ^ Rumsby, Ben (23 February 2012). The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/stuart-pearce-regrets-racial-abuse-of-paul-ince-7422606.html.
- ^ "Psycho nets new motor after crash". BBC News. 7 August 1998. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/147259.stm.
- ^ http://www.people.co.uk/news/tm_headline=psycho-s-fury-at-racist-brother&method=full&objectid=20709099&siteid=93463-name_page.html
- ^ Results for Pearce's record in the U21 job from here [3], here [4] and here [5].
External links[link]
- Stuart Pearce career stats at Soccerbase
- Stuart Pearce management career stats at Soccerbase
- Stuart Pearce profile at the League Managers Association
| Sporting positions | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Gary Lineker |
England football captain 1992–1993 |
Succeeded by David Platt |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Pearce, Stuart |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Football player and manager |
| Date of birth | 24 April 1962 |
| Place of birth | Hammersmith, London, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Stuart_Pearce
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Pearce
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 |
|||
| Personal information | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Full name | Gareth Frank Bale[1] | ||
| Date of birth | (1989-07-16) 16 July 1989 (age 22)[1] | ||
| Place of birth | Cardiff, Wales | ||
| Height | 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in)[2] | ||
| Playing position | Left winger / Left back | ||
| Club information | |||
| Current club | Tottenham Hotspur | ||
| Number | 3 | ||
| Youth career | |||
| 2005–2006 | Southampton | ||
| Senior career* | |||
| Years | Team | Apps† | (Gls)† |
| 2006–2007 | Southampton | 40 | (5) |
| 2007– | Tottenham Hotspur | 113 | (21) |
| National team‡ | |||
| 2005–2006 | Wales U17 | 7 | (1) |
| 2006 | Wales U19 | 1 | (?) |
| 2006–2008 | Wales U21 | 4 | (?) |
| 2006– | Wales | 33 | (6) |
| * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 12:25, 13 May 2012 (UTC). † Appearances (Goals). |
|||
Gareth Frank Bale (born 16 July 1989) is a Welsh footballer who plays for English Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur and the Wales national team as a winger.
Bale began his professional career at Southampton, playing at left back, earning acclaim as a free kick specialist. Since transferring to Spurs in 2007, managerial and tactical shifts have seen him transform into a more offensively-oriented player. Recently, Bale has played an integral role in Tottenham's success domestically and in the Champions League.[3][4][5]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Bale was born in Cardiff to parents Frank, a school caretaker, and Debbie, an operations manager;[6] he attended Eglwys Newydd Primary School at Whitchurch.[7] He is the nephew of former Cardiff City footballer Chris Pike.[8] It was while at this school he first came to the attention of Southampton at age nine, when he was playing in a six-a-side tournament with his first club, Cardiff Civil Service Football Club.[9] Growing up his football hero was fellow Welshman and Manchester United legend Ryan Giggs.[10]
Bale then attended Whitchurch High School in Cardiff.[11] He was a keen athlete and played football alongside Wales flanker and captain Sam Warburton[12], rugby, hockey and excelled at athletics.[13] As a 14 year old he says that he ran the 100 metre sprint in 11.4 seconds.[10] Because of his superior footballing skill, the school's PE teacher, Gwyn Morris, had to write special rules which restricted Bale to playing one-touch football and not using his left foot.[12] Whilst at Whitchurch, Bale trained at Southampton's satellite academy in Bath, although there was initially some doubt if Southampton would give him a scholarship due to his height.[6]
Despite being only 16 at the time, he helped the school's under-18 side win the Cardiff & Vale Senior Cup. He left school in the summer of 2005 with a Grade A in PE amongst his GCSE results. In his final year at school, he was awarded the PE department's prize for services to sport. In the presentation, Morris commented:
"Gareth has a fierce determination to succeed and has the character and qualities to achieve his personal goals. He is one of the most unselfish individuals that I have had the pleasure to help educate."[14]
Club career[link]
Southampton[link]
On 17 April 2006, at the age of 16 years and 275 days, Bale became the second youngest player ever to play for Southampton (after Theo Walcott, who was 132 days younger) when he made his debut in the Saints' 2–0 victory against Millwall. On 6 August, Bale scored his first league goal, a free kick, to level the score at 1–1 against Derby County. The final score at Pride Park was 2–2.[15]
He scored again, at St. Mary's, against Coventry City[16] in the team's second game of the 2006–07 season with another free kick. Bale further developed his reputation as a free kick specialist when he struck the post from one against West Bromwich Albion.[17] By 16 December 2006, Bale's goal count had risen to five, thanks to a late equaliser against Sunderland[18] and free-kicks away to Hull[19] and at home to Norwich City.
In December 2006, he won the Carwyn James Award for the BBC Wales Young Sports Personality of the Year,[20] and was named the Football League Young Player of the Year on 4 March 2007.[21] This capped what was described in the local press as an "incredible" first full season as a professional footballer in which he was one of the Saints' "most creative players even (though operating) from the left-back position whilst his defending improved immeasurably as the season progressed."[22]
His final game for Southampton was in the first leg of the Championship play-off semi-final against Derby County on 12 May 2007. Bale suffered an injury during the second half, preventing him from appearing in the second leg.[23][24] In total, he made 45 appearances for Southampton, scoring five goals.
Tottenham Hotspur[link]
On 25 May 2007, Bale signed a four year deal with Tottenham Hotspur with Spurs paying an initial £5 million for Bale, potentially rising to £10 million based on appearances and success.[25] However, Tottenham paid Southampton an early settlement payment of £2 million in 2008 to reduce the final fee to £7 million and allow the Saints the immediate cash that they desperately needed.
2007–08[link]
He played his first game for Spurs in a friendly against St. Patrick's Athletic on 12 July 2007, but was substituted on the 80th minute with a minor dead-leg. He made his competitive debut for Tottenham Hotspur on 26 August away against Manchester United. In just his second Spurs appearance, he scored his first goal for Tottenham in the 3–3 draw with Fulham on 1 September when he latched on to Robbie Keane's flick, charged down the left flank unopposed and coolly slotted past goalkeeper Antti Niemi.[26] Bale went on to score again against Arsenal in the North London Derby, scoring a free kick inside the near post.[27] He then scored in the League Cup home tie against Middlesbrough,[28] making it three goals in four starts for the then 18-year-old. He also set up Spurs' goal against Anorthosis Famagusta in the UEFA Cup.
Bale was substituted after sustaining an injury resulting from a tackle from Fabrice Muamba in the league fixture against Birmingham City on 2 December 2007. A scan revealed that Bale had suffered ligament damage to his right ankle, consigning him to an extended period on the sidelines. Spurs' sporting director Damien Comolli announced in February 2008 that Bale would miss the rest of the season through injury.[29]
2008–09[link]
He signed a new four-year deal with the club in August 2008.[30] Bale was given the number 3 shirt for the 2008-09 season, which left previous number 3 Lee Young-Pyo without a squad number. After some poor performances, Bale was dropped in favour of Benoît Assou-Ekotto and the latter remained first-choice for most of the season.
2009–10[link]
After playing a record 24 Premier League games for Spurs without being on the winning side,[31][32] Bale's first ever involvement in a Premier League victory came against Burnley on 26 September 2009 – more than two years after signing for Spurs – when he came on as an 85th minute substitute.[33]
In June 2009, Bale underwent surgery for a knee injury, ruling him out for over two months. He missed pre-season matches and it was projected that he would miss the first few weeks of the 2009–10 season.[34] On 26 September, he made his comeback as a substitute in the Spurs' 5–0 thrashing of Burnley. However, he endured a frustrating time on the bench as Benoît Assou-Ekotto was in good form. When Assou-Ekotto was sidelined with an injury, manager Harry Redknapp decided to give Bale a chance and he impressed in the Spurs' FA Cup third-round 4–0 win over Peterborough.[35] He finally tasted victory for the first time as a starter in a league game in the 2–0 win over London rivals Fulham on 26 January 2010.[36] His good form continued and he was named Player of the Round after helping the Spurs to a 3–1 win in the sixth round replay of the FA Cup against Fulham.[37] In April 2010, Bale scored another goal against Arsenal after a pass from Defoe he tapped the ball past the Arsenal keeper.[38] Three days later, Bale slammed in Tottenham's second with his weaker right foot in a 2–1 victory over leaders Chelsea and was named Man of the Match.[39] He was named Barclays Player of the Month for April.[40] He signed a new four-year contract at White Hart Lane on 7 May 2010 as a reward for helping the club reach the Champions League qualification place.[41]
2010–11[link]
On 21 August, Bale scored twice in a 2–1 win at Stoke City, the second of which was a head-high volley into the top right hand corner of the goal.[42] On 25 August, Bale set up all four goals to help Spurs overcome Young Boys 4–0 (6–3 agg.) in a Champions League play-off at White Hart Lane.[43] Although Assou-Ekotto had already returned from injury, Bale continued his good form and cemented his place in the starting eleven, moving forward to left wing to accommodate Assou-Ekotto at left back. On 29 September 2010, Bale scored his first Champions League goal for Tottenham in a 4–1 home win against Dutch champions FC Twente in their second game of the group stages. In recognition, he was named Welsh Player of the Year by the FAW.[44] On 20 October, Bale scored his first senior hat trick against European champions Internazionale at the San Siro in the Champions League. Tottenham lost the match 4–3, having been 4–0 down inside the first 35 minutes and playing with ten men for over 80 minutes of the match after goalkeeper Heurelho Gomes had been sent off in the eighth minute for a professional foul on Inter's Jonathan Biabiany.[45] In the return match at White Hart Lane on 2 November, Bale provided a man of the match performance, setting up goals for Peter Crouch and Roman Pavlyuchenko to earn Spurs a memorable 3–1 win.[46]
On 4 November, Bale stated that he intended to remain at Tottenham for the remainder of his recently-signed four-year contract, despite reported interest from other clubs.[47] On 19 March 2011, Tottenham announced Bale had extended his stay at the club until 2015.[48]
On 17 April 2011, Bale was honoured with the PFA Player of the Year award, as voted for by his peers.[49] Amidst rumours linking him with Chelsea, Barcelona and a host of clubs, Bale decided to stay at White Hart Lane.
2011–12[link]
He scored his first goal of the season on 24 September 2011, in an away game against Wigan Athletic.[50] The game ended in a 2–1 victory for Tottenham. He added his second and third goals of the season on 30 October with two goals against Queens Park Rangers in a 3–1 home win.[51] He continued his good form with the first goal in a 3–1 victory over Fulham the following week, whilst also setting up Aaron Lennon who made it 2–0 on the stroke of half time.[52] The first goal against Fulham was later ruled by the "dubious goals committee" to be an own goal by Chris Baird.[53]
On 3 December, Bale scored the first goal in Tottenham's 3–0 victory over Bolton Wanderers. He marked the goal with a tribute to Gary Speed by holding up his left boot, with "R.I.P Gary Speed" stitched on it, in front of the Bolton fans.[54] On 27 December, Bale scored twice to give Tottenham a 2–0 win against Norwich City.[55] On 5 January 2012, Bale was announced as one of the players voted into the UEFA Team of the Year 2011. He scored his third brace of the season as he scored twice against Wigan on 31 January to take his tally to ten goals for the season.[56] In January 2012 he was announced as the January Premier League Player of the Month for the second time in his career, after three goals and two assists in the Premier League for the month.[57]
Style of play[link]
Bale originally started out playing as left back, but because of his great pace and dribbling skills, he was moved forward to play as a left winger.[citation needed]
On 2 November 2010, after a Champions League group stage match against Internazionale, teammate Rafael van der Vaart said, "Everyone is scared of him [Bale]. Maicon is one of the best defenders in the world, and he's killed him."[58][59]
In a report of the same match, Spanish newspaper El Mundo said:
Bale combines the height and build of an 800-metre runner like Steve Ovett with the acceleration and directness of a rugby winger like Bryan Habana. And, when he gets to the byline, he delivers curling crosses like a Brazilian. Big words? Yes, but that's what Bale is like – easily the greatest sensation in the opening month and a half of the Champions League. Ask Maicon what he thinks after the two exhibitions Bale turned in against Inter. Yesterday he left Maicon for dead and then a wily old fox like Lúcio was left in his wake like someone trying to follow the vapour trail of an aeroplane. Three goals and two assists — against the European champions. His performances have been stunning.[60]
Following Bale's two goals against Norwich City on 27 December 2011, manager Harry Redknapp said:
If we sell him, we've had it haven't we? It would only be a Barcelona, a Man City or a Real Madrid who would be able to pay for him. He's an amazing player. He's got everything, there's not a weakness in his make-up. He can head the ball, he's as strong as an ox, he can run, dribble and shoot. Most important of all, he's a smashing lad.[5][61]
Speaking at an interview in 2012, Manchester City fullback Micah Richards revealed that Gareth Bale was one of his toughest opponents he had ever faced, saying that:
"He made me feel an inch tall. Took me to pieces. He just doesn’t stop running. It's ridiculous."[62]
International career[link]
Wales[link]
Bale was selected by Wales at the end of the 2005–06 season and made his international debut on 27 May 2006.[63] He first appeared as a substitute in a 2–1 win over Trinidad and Tobago, making him the youngest ever player to play for Wales.[64] Bale, who was just 16 years and 315 days, assisted the winning goal scored by Robert Earnshaw.
Brian Flynn commented that Bale was potentially a future star of the game, comparing his technical ability to that of Ryan Giggs.[65] On 7 October 2006, Bale became the youngest player ever to score a goal for the full Welsh national team in the Euro 2008 qualification match against Slovakia with a trademark free kick.[66] He scored his second goal for Wales in a 3–0 win over San Marino on 28 March 2007.
Bale was eligible to play for England through his grandmother, but he stated in 2007 that:
"It is an honour to play for Wales... Nobody ever got in touch with me personally from England, only through my agent."[67]
After a long injury lay-off, he returned and started in the World Cup qualifier against Finland on 10 October 2009.[68] On 14 October, he played a part in Wales' final World Cup qualifier by setting up David Vaughan to score the opening goal against Liechtenstein and won the free kick that led to the second, Aaron Ramsey's first at senior level.[69]
In December 2010, Bale was awarded the BBC Cymru Sports Personality of the Year trophy.[70]
Bale was called up to the Wales squad for the first time under Gary Speed to play against Australia on 10 August 2011. He previously missed the last four internationals with injury.[71]
Great Britain[link]
Bale, who meets the age criteria to play in the 2012 London Olympics, said he would "love to play in the Olympics" for the Great Britain Olympic football team, in defiance of the Welsh FA.[72] On 28 October 2011 Bale became the first player to be photographed modelling the British 2012 London Olympics football supporters' shirt. In response, Football Association of Wales chief executive Jonathan Ford said: "Our position remains unchanged. We are not for Team GB. Gareth can make his own choices and make his own decisions. But we are not going to stop anyone playing." On behalf of Gareth Bale a spokesman said "while he is 100% Welsh, he is also British".[73]
International goals[link]
- Scores and results list. Wales' goal tally first.
| Goal | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | 7 October 2006 | Millennium Stadium, Cardiff, Wales |  Slovakia |
1 – 2 | 1 – 5 | Euro 2008 qualifying |
| 2. | 28 March 2007 | Millennium Stadium, Cardiff, Wales |  San Marino |
2 – 0 | 3 – 0 | Euro 2008 qualifying |
| 3. | 12 October 2010 | St. Jakob-Park, Basel, Switzerland | Switzerland |
1 – 1 | 1 – 4 | Euro 2012 qualifying |
| 4. | 7 October 2011 | Liberty Stadium, Swansea, Wales | Switzerland |
2 – 0 | 2 – 0 | Euro 2012 qualifying |
| 5. | 11 October 2011 | Vasil Levski National Stadium, Sofia, Bulgaria |  Bulgaria |
1 – 0 | 1 – 0 | Euro 2012 qualifying |
| 6. | 12 November 2011 | Cardiff City Stadium, Cardiff, Wales |  Norway |
1 – 0 | 4 – 1 | Friendly |
Career statistics[link]
- As of 13 May 2012[74]
| Club | Season | League | FA Cup | League Cup | Europe | Other1 | Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | ||
| Southampton | 2005–06 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| 2006–07 | 38 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 43 | 5 | |
| Total | 40 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 45 | 5 | |
| Tottenham Hotspur | 2007–08 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 3 |
| 2008–09 | 16 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 0 | |
| 2009–10 | 23 | 3 | 8 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 34 | 3 | |
| 2010–11 | 30 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 42 | 11 | |
| 2011–122 | 36 | 9 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 42 | 12 | |
| Total | 113 | 21 | 15 | 2 | 9 | 1 | 23 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 160 | 29 | |
| Career Total | 153 | 26 | 16 | 2 | 12 | 1 | 23 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 205 | 34 | |
1 Includes Football League Championship play-offs
2 The Spurs goal tally excludes the "goal" scored against Fulham on 6 November 2011, later ruled as an "own goal".[53]
Honours[link]
Club[link]
- Southampton Academy
Individual[link]
- PFA Championship Team of the Year: 2006–07
- Football League Young Player of the Year: 2007
- FAW Young Player of the Year: 2007[75]
- E.ON Player of the Round: 2009–10 5th Round[76]
- Premier League Player of the Month: April 2010,[77] January 2012
- Tottenham Hotspur Football Club 'Young Player Of The Year': 2009–10,[78] 2010–11
- Wales Player of the Year Award: 2010,[79] 2011[80]
- BBC Wales Sports Personality of the Year 2010[81]
- BBC Wales Carwyn James Junior Sportsman of the Year Award 2006[20]
- PFA Premier League Team of the Year: 2010–11, 2011–12
- PFA Players' Player of the Year: 2010–11[49]
- UEFA Team of the Year 2011
References[link]
- ^ a b Hugman, Barry J., ed. (2010). The PFA Footballers' Who's Who 2010–11. Mainstream Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 9781845966010.
- ^ "Gareth Bale player profile". UEFA. http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/season=2012/clubs/player=102225/index.html. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ "Riise: Bale is world's best left winger". ESPN Soccernet. 10 November 2011. http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story/_/id/982258/john-arne-riise:-gareth-bale-the-best-left-sided-player-in-world?cc=5901. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
- ^ "Fabio - Bale is world's best". Sky Sports. 9 March 2011. http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11661_6803404,00.html. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
- ^ a b "Gareth Bale has everything says Tottenham manager Harry Redknapp". BBC Sport. 28 December 2011. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/16342814.stm. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
- ^ a b Rollings, Grant. "Bale Model". London: The Sun. http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/features/3211208/Meet-Gareth-Bale-the-new-Premier-League-pin-up.html. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
- ^ "Hall Of Fame". Eglwys Newydd Primary School. http://www.eglwysnewyddprm.cardiff.sch.uk/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op=view_page&PAGE_id=33&MMN_position=53:53. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
- ^ "Bluebirds of a feather are flocking together". South Wales Echo. Wales Online. http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2008/12/08/bluebirds-of-a-feather-are-flocking-together-in-91466-22425013/. Retrieved 8 December 2008.
- ^ "Mentor’s advice to Gareth could come to fruition as foreign legion close in". Wales Online. 22 October 2010. http://www.walesonline.co.uk/footballnation/football-in-wales/2010/10/22/mentor-s-advice-to-gareth-could-come-to-fruition-as-foreign-legion-close-in-91466-27521941/. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
- ^ a b Harvey, Chris (31 January 2011). "Gareth Bale interview: born to run". London: The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/tottenham-hotspur/8286070/Gareth-Bale-interview-born-to-run.html. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
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- ^ "Rugby World Cup 2011: Cardiff-born Gareth Bale and Sam Warburton were stars from the start, reflects coach". telegraph.co.uk. 14 October 2011. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/wales/8825107/Rugby-World-Cup-2011-Cardiff-born-Gareth-Bale-and-Sam-Warburton-were-stars-from-the-start-reflects-coach.html.
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- ^ "Tottenham complete Bale transfer". BBC Sport. 25 May 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/t/tottenham_hotspur/6693839.stm. Retrieved 18 April 2010.
- ^ Mercer, Nathan (1 September 2007). "Fulham 3–3 Tottenham". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/6963700.stm. Retrieved 2 September 2007.
- ^ "Tottenham 1–3 Arsenal". BBC Sport. 15 September 2007. http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/6984884.stm. Retrieved 2 September 2009.
- ^ "Tottenham 2–0 Middlesbrough". BBC Sport. 26 September 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league_cup/7008022.stm. Retrieved 2 September 2009.
- ^ "Injury rules out Bale for season". BBC Sport. 4 February 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/t/tottenham_hotspur/7226918.stm. Retrieved 9 February 2008.
- ^ "Bale signs new Tottenham contract". BBC Sport. 13 August 2008. http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/t/tottenham_hotspur/7558883.stm. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
- ^ Wilson, Steve (15 January 2009). "The curse of Tottenham's Gareth Bale". London: Telegraph. http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/sport/stevewilson/8108247/The_curse_of_Tottenhams_Gareth_Bale/. Retrieved 10 May 2009.
- ^ Soneji, Pranav (9 May 2009). "Everton 0–0 Tottenham". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/8023046.stm. Retrieved 10 May 2009.
- ^ "Report: Tottenham Hotspur vs Burnley – English Premier League". ESPN Soccernet. 26 September 2009. http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=269779&cc=3436. Retrieved 27 September 2009.
- ^ Gareth Bale could miss start of next season after knee surgery The Guardian, 3 June 2009
- ^ Hytner, David (13 January 2010). "Tottenham manager challenges Gareth Bale to claim a starting place". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2010/jan/13/gareth-bale-harry-redknapp-tottenham. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
- ^ "Tottenham 2–0 Fulham". BBC Sport. 26 January 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/8467865.stm.
- ^ "Gareth wins award". Tottenham Hotspur F.C.. 1 March 2010. http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/articles/gareth-wins-award-010310.html.
- ^ "Unforgettable night!". Tottenham Hotspur F.C.. 14 April 2010. http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/articles/unforgettable-night-140410.html. Retrieved 18 April 2010.
- ^ "The dream derby double!". Tottenham Hotspur F.C.. 17 April 2010. http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/articles/report-170410.html. Retrieved 18 April 2010.
- ^ "Gareth named Player of the Month". Tottenham Hotspur F.C.. 30 April 2010. http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/articles/gareth-awarded-player-of-the-month-for-april-300410.html. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
- ^ "Gareth Bale signs new four-year Tottenham contract". BBC News. 7 May 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/t/tottenham_hotspur/8667580.stm. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
- ^ Lyon, Sam (21 August 2010). "Stoke 1–2 Tottenham". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/8928595.stm. Retrieved 21 August 2010.
- ^ "Tottenham 4–0 Young Boys (agg 6–3)". BBC Sport. 25 August 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/8939577.stm. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
- ^ "Brains FAW Awards Evening 2010". Football Association of Wales. 4 October 2010. http://www.faw.org.uk/news/1904.
- ^ "Inter Milan 4-3 Tottenham". BBC Sport. 20 October 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/9102192.stm. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
- ^ "Tottenham 3-1 Inter Milan". BBC Sport. 2 November 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/9145936.stm. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
- ^ Lawton, Matt (4 November 2010). "Gareth Bale: I'm staying at Spurs as boss Harry Redknapp warns off Barcelona and Inter Milan". London: Daily Telegraph. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-1326448/Gareth-Bale-Im-staying-Spurs-boss-Harry-Redknapp-warns-Barcelona-Inter-Milan.html?ITO=1490. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
- ^ "New deal for Bale". New deal for Bale. Tottenham Hotspur. http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/articles/new-deal-for-bale-190311.html. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
- ^ a b "Spurs' Gareth Bale wins PFA player of the year award". BBC Sport. 18 April 2011. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/13110874.stm. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
- ^ "Wigan 1-2 Tottenham" BBC Sport. 24 September 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
- ^ "Tottenham 3-1 QPR" BBC Sport. 30 October 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
- ^ " Fulham 1-3 Tottenham" BBC Sport. 6 November 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
- ^ a b "Twenty-five goals between 12 October to 21 December are ruled on". Dubious Goals Panel rulings. Premier League. 12 January 2012. http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/news/news/dubious-goals-panel-ruling.html. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
- ^ Chowdhury, Saj (3 December 2011). "Tottenham 3–0 Bolton". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/15901689.stm. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
- ^ "Norwich 0-2 Tottenham" BBC Sport. 27 December 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
- ^ Lillywhite, Jamie (31 January 2012). "Tottenham 3 – 1 Wigan". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/16695945.stm. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
- ^ "Swansea boss Brendan Rogers & Tottenham's Gareth Bale rewarded" BBC Sport. 4 February 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
- ^ Jason Burt, Redknapp happy to talk as Figo drools over wonder winger, The Daily Telegraph, 3 November 2010, p. S3.
- ^ "Van der Vaart: Bale 'killed' Maicon in Spurs win". soccernet. 2 November 2010. http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=838445&sec=uefachampionsleague&cc=5901. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
- ^ Christenson, Marcus (3 November 2010). "Gareth Bale hailed by European press for 'destroying' Maicon". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2010/nov/03/gareth-bale-hailed-european-press. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
- ^ Winter, Henry (29 December 2011). "Tottenham Hotspur's Gareth Bale flourishing in inside role as club chase Premier League glory". London: The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/tottenham-hotspur/8981305/Tottenham-Hotspurs-Gareth-Bale-flourishing-in-inside-role-as-club-chase-Premier-League-glory.html. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ Ladyman, Ian (10 April 2012). "EXCLUSIVE: When United pulled clear of City I wanted to cry... Richards reveals torment". London: Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-2127889/Micah-Richards-When-Manchester-United-pulled-clear-City-I-wanted-cry.html. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
- ^ "Bale savours record Wales debut". BBC Sport. 28 May 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/5024788.stm. Retrieved 21 January 2007.
- ^ "Injured Bale out for three months". BBC Sport. 10 December 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/t/tottenham_hotspur/7137122.stm. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
- ^ "The £10 million man". Wales Online. http://icwales.icnetwork.co.uk/0600soccer/0200news/tm_headline=the--10-million-man&method=full&objectid=18493835&siteid=50082-name_page.html. Retrieved 21 January 2007.
- ^ Davies, Sean (7 October 2006). "Wales 1–5 Slovakia". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/5361822.stm. Retrieved 21 January 2007.
- ^ "Bale: I could have played for England but playing for Wales is an honour". The Daily Mail (London). 3 August 2007. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-472869/Bale-I-played-England-playing-Wales-honour.html. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
- ^ "Wales whimper in Helsinki". Sky Sports. 10 October 2009. http://www.skysports.com/football/match_report/0,19764,11065_2939006,00.html. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
- ^ "Liechtenstein 0–2 Wales". BBC Sport. 14 October 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/8305789.stm. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
- ^ BBC Sport
- ^ "Gary Speed welcomes Gareth Bale's Wales return". BBC Sport. 10 August 2011. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/14463519.stm. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ Draper, Rob (26 December 2010). "Aaron Ramsey and Gareth Bale move closer to Olympic contention with Great Britain team". London: Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-1341570/Aaron-Ramsey-Gareth-Bale-closer-Olympic-contention.html. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
- ^ Pearce, James (28 October 2011). "London 2012: Gareth Bale wears Olympic football shirt". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics/15494228.stm. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
- ^ "Gareth Bale All time playing career". Soccerbase. http://www.soccerbase.com/players_details.sd?playerid=43700. Retrieved 31 January 2012.
- ^ "17th Football Presentation Awards Evening". Football Association of Wales. 13 November 2007. http://www.faw.org.uk/news/889.
- ^ "Bale claims public vote". Football Association. 1 March 2010. http://www.thefa.com/TheFACup/FACompetitions/TheFACup/NewsAndFeatures/2010/BalePOTR5RP.aspx. Retrieved 12 March 2010.
- ^ "Bale scoops Player of the Month award". Premier League (Premier League). 30 April 2010. http://www.premierleague.com/page/Headlines/0,,12306~2040185,00.html. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
- ^ "Gareth, Daws scoop awards". Tottenham Hotspur F.C. (Tottenham Hotspur F.C.). 3 May 2010. http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/articles/daws-bale-scoop-awards-030510.html?. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
- ^ "Gareth Bale named Wales' player of the year". BBC Sport. 4 October 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league_of_wales/9060367.stm?. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
- ^ "Gareth Bale retains FA of Wales player of the year award". BBC Sport. 4 October 2011. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/15172903.stm?. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
- ^ "Gareth Bale wins BBC Wales Sports Personality award". BBC Sport. 6 December 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/wales/9261532.stm.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Gareth Bale |
- Gareth Bale at National-Football-Teams.com
- Gareth Bale – FIFA competition record
- Gareth Bale – UEFA competition record
- Gareth Bale career stats at Soccerbase
- Wales profile
- Tottenham Hotspur profile
- Premier League profile
- BBC profile
- ESPN Soccernet Profile
- Transfermarkt Profile
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| Awards | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Ryan Giggs |
BBC Wales Sports Personality of the Year 2010 |
Succeeded by Chaz Davies |
| Preceded by Wayne Rooney |
PFA Players' Player of the Year 2011 |
Succeeded by Robin van Persie |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Bale, Gareth Frank |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Footballer |
| Date of birth | 16 July 1989 |
| Place of birth | Cardiff, Wales |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Gareth_Bale
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Bale
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 |
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| Personal information | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full name | Ian Jonathan Leonard Trott | |||
| Born | (1981-04-22) 22 April 1981 (age 31) Cape Town, Cape Province, South Africa |
|||
| Nickname | Trotters, Booger, Leon[1] | |||
| Height | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) | |||
| Batting style | Right-handed | |||
| Bowling style | Right-arm medium | |||
| Role | Top-order batsman | |||
| Relations | Kenny Jackson (half-brother), Tom Dollery (grandfather-in-law) | |||
| International information | ||||
| National side | England | |||
| Test debut (cap 645) | 20 August 2009 v Australia | |||
| Last Test | 26 March 2012 v Sri Lanka | |||
| ODI debut (cap 211) | 27 August 2009 v Ireland | |||
| Last ODI | 21 February 2012 v Pakistan | |||
| ODI shirt no. | 4 | |||
| Domestic team information | ||||
| Years | Team | |||
| 2000–2001 | Boland | |||
| 2001–2002 | Western Province | |||
| 2002–present | Warwickshire (squad no. 9) | |||
| 2005–2006 | Otago | |||
| Career statistics | ||||
| Competition | Test | ODI | FC | LA |
| Matches | 27 | 44 | 177 | 207 |
| Runs scored | 2,250 | 1,836 | 11,737 | 7,309 |
| Batting average | 53.57 | 48.31 | 44.79 | 45.96 |
| 100s/50s | 7/8 | 3/15 | 28/56 | 14/50 |
| Top score | 226 | 137 | 226 | 137 |
| Balls bowled | 336 | 183 | 4,646 | 1,552 |
| Wickets | 3 | 2 | 58 | 54 |
| Bowling average | 75.66 | 83.00 | 45.94 | 27.01 |
| 5 wickets in innings | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 10 wickets in match | 0 | n/a | 0 | n/a |
| Best bowling | 1/5 | 2/31 | 7/39 | 4/55 |
| Catches/stumpings | 11/- | 11/– | 161/– | 65/– |
| Source: ESPNcricinfo, 29 March 2012 | ||||
Ian Jonathan Leonard Trott (born 22 April 1981) is a South African-born England Test cricketer. Domestically, he plays for Warwickshire and he has also played in South Africa and New Zealand. He was an ECB Cricketer of the Year in 2011.[2]
A right-handed top order batsman and occasional medium-pace bowler, he played two Twenty20 Internationals for England in 2007. Good performances for his county in 2008 and 2009, as well as a productive tour in 2008–09 with the England Lions, led to a call-up to the senior England Test squad in August 2009 for the fifth Ashes Test. He scored a century in that Test, becoming the 18th England player to do so on his Test debut. 18 months later, he scored another century at the MCG to set up the victory which saw England retain the Ashes. His highest England score in a Test match is 226, made against Bangladesh at Lord's on 28 May 2010, and he took his first Test wicket in the same match.
Contents |
Personal and family life[link]
![[icon]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130609053538/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} |
This section requires expansion. |
His half-brother, Kenny Jackson, represented the Netherlands and Western Province.[3] Trott was born in Cape Town to a South African family of English descent. Educated at Rondebosch Boys' High School and Stellenbosch University, he played for South Africa at both under-15 and under-19 level.[3]
In April 2009 he married Warwickshire's press officer Abi Dollery, grand-daughter of former Warwickshire captain Tom Dollery. Their daughter, Lily, was born in October 2010.
Cricket[link]
Warwickshire[link]
As he holds a British passport, Trott was not considered an overseas player in County cricket. On his Warwickshire second-XI debut in 2002, he compiled a record score of 245;[3] the following year he scored 134 on County Championship debut for Warwickshire,[4] and in the same season claimed a haul of 7 for 39 with his occasional seam bowling,[5] his maiden first-class five-wicket haul.
Trott hit four first class centuries for Warwickshire during the 2005 season, bettering his previous career best to 152 against Glamorgan before taking it to 210 against Sussex three weeks later. His 1,161 first class runs of 2005 was the second-highest tally of the Warwickshire season, only behind Nick Knight.[6] Before his first international Test call-up, Trott had hit 8,121 first class runs at an average of just under 44.
He has also found success in one-day cricket. As of August 2010, he has the highest List A average of any English cricketer with 46.16[7] and the highest Twenty20 average of any English batsmen with 37.83.[8]
International[link]
Twenty20 International debut[link]
Although he played for South Africa at U19 level, Trott is eligible to play for England as a result of his grandparents being English. Following a good season in 2007 he was selected in June 2007 for England's one day squad for the series against the West Indies. He was given the nickname Leon, after Marxist theorist Leon Trotsky by the England team.[1] Trott shook off a hand injury and played in both Twenty20 Internationals against the West Indies but failed to contribute in double figures and the series ended 1–1.[9]
2009 Ashes[link]
On 4 August 2009, during a strong county season for Warwickshire during which he was averaging over 97, it was announced that Trott would be included in the 14 man Ashes squad, to play against Australia in the fourth Test at Headingley. Trott did not feature in that match, but was then named in the team for the decisive Ashes Test at the Oval and made his debut.[10][11] Trott batted solidly during the first innings, scoring 41 runs before being run out by Simon Katich.[12] He scored 119 in the second innings, becoming the 18th England player to score a hundred on debut, the first to do so against Australia since Graham Thorpe in 1993, and the highest scoring Warwickshire batsman on Test debut.[13] England went on to win the Test, and the Ashes series.[14] After that Test Series, Tottenham Hotspur, the football team he supported when he was a boy, gave him a signed shirt by Harry Redknapp to congratulate him on winning the Ashes and a Test century.[15]
Trott was then selected to play in the rain-affected two-match Twenty20 International matches, although the weather prevented him from playing any more than a scoreless four deliveries.[16] He was not selected for the ODI series, returning to Warwickshire to score 93 against Worcestershire,[17] though on 11 September it was announced that he had been awarded an "incremental contract" with England.[18]
England in South Africa, 2009/10[link]
Trott earned selection for the tour to South Africa that winter,[19] thanks to his Ashes efforts and his batting form which helped Warwickshire to the Second Division 2009 Pro40 title.[20] However, on the eve of the tour former captain Michael Vaughan announced in his biography his disappointment in seeing Trott celebrating with the South African cricket team after their victory over England the previous year.[21] Trott rejected the claims, and was supported by captain Andrew Strauss. Both were disappointed by Vaughan's comments.[22]
In the second One Day International in South Africa at Centurion Park, Trott was promoted to open the innings alongside Strauss and he responded by producing an innings of 87, that along with a century from Paul Collingwood, with whom he shared a substantial partnership, helped England win the game.
Bangladesh home and away, 2010[link]
Trott then toured Bangladesh in early 2010 for two away Tests, followed by two home Tests against the same nation. While in Bangladesh, he had a quiet series. In the first of the home series however, at Lords on 28 May, he scored his second Test century – a career best 226 and took his first test wicket.[23] After his double century at Lord's, Trott scored just three runs in the second and final Test at Old Trafford.
Trott's next international match was against Bangladesh in the second of three ODIs. This was a historic match as Bangladesh, despite a gutsy 94 from 130 deliveries from Trott, defeated England for the first time in any form of the game. After this defeat however, England fought back to win the series in the third ODI in which Trott scored 110 off 121 deliveries and he shared in a second-wicket stand of 250 along with England captain Andrew Strauss. This stand helped England up to a massive 347 for 7 in their 50 overs.
Pakistan 2010[link]
Pakistan toured England for England's final series of the summer. England won the first two games with ease, by 354 runs and 9 wickets respectively, with Trott making two half-centuries in the second. After losing the third Test, England and Trott fought back in the final Test at Lord's. After seeing England collapse to 102–7 in their first innings, Trott scored 184 to see England to 446 all out. This included a Test record eighth-wicket partnership of 332 with Stuart Broad, who scored a similarly-notable 169. That stand was the turning point in the match as it turned a near-disaster into a solid innings performance that allowed top-form English bowling and fielding to dismantle Pakistan and earn an innings victory. Trott was named England's Man of the Series for his strong batting performance during the series.
2010–11 Ashes[link]
In the drawn 1st Test of the 2010–11 Ashes at The Gabba, Trott scored 135 not out in England's second innings in an unbeaten second wicket partnership of 329 with Alastair Cook who recorded a Test Match record innings at The Gabba of 235 not out. Trott's century meant he scored centuries in successive Test Matches against Australia following his 119 at The Oval in the 5th Test of the 2009 Ashes in England.
In the second Test, Trott ran-out Simon Katich in the first over of the match to start a top-order collapse which saw Australia lose 3 wickets for just 2 runs. He then made a strong 78 off 144 balls in a partnership with Alastair Cook in the first innings, contributing notably to England's 620–5d and eventual innings victory.
He continued his fine form against Australia with a century at the MCG in the fourth Test. After England bowled Australia out for just 98, he scored his third century against them (his fifth overall in Test cricket). Ably supported by Kevin Pietersen (51) and Matt Prior (85), Trott finished not out on 168 as England were bowled out for 513. England won by an innings and 157 runs to retain the Ashes, and Trott was named Man of the Match.[24]
Having played his sixth Test against Australia, he now averages 86.42 against them and 61.53 in all Test cricket, and had scored centuries in the two matches that won and retained the Ashes for England.[25]
2011 ICC World Cup[link]
Following the Ashes, Trott played 7 ODIs against Australia. Although England lost the series 6–1, he scored two centuries which meant he went to the 2011 World Cup as England's most in-form one-day batsman.
Although Trott didn't score any further centuries, he did score five half-centuries as England reached the quarter finals where they lost by 10 wickets to Sri Lanka. A total of 422 runs meant Trott was the tournament's top run scorer when England departed. In addition to the 459 runs he scored against Australia, his World Cup haul saw him reach fifth place in the ICC ODI player rankings.
Sri Lanka 2011[link]
Sri Lanka toured England in May and June. In the first Test in Cardiff, Trott participated in of partnerships of 251 and 160 on his way to making 203, his second Test double-century, thereby increasing his remarkable batting average to 66.77. This score of 203, set the highest individual score by an English player against Sri Lanka, breaking Graham Gooch's score of 174. He also took his second test wicket on day five of the second test.
Achievements and honours[link]
- Ashes winner: 2009, 2010/11
- 18th English cricket player to make a century on Test debut (5th Ashes Test, 2009)[26]
- World record 8th wicket partnership in Test Cricket of 332 (with Stuart Broad v Pakistan at Lord's, 2010)[27]
- Joint 1st in the quickest players to get to 1000 One Day International runs (21 matches) with Viv Richards and Kevin Pietersen
- Wisden Cricketer of the Year 2011
- Highest score for an English batsman against Sri Lanka 203 (29 May 2011)
- Awarded England Cricketer of the Year for 2011
- Awarded ICC Cricketer of the Year for 2011
Man of the match awards[link]
| Man of the Match Awards – International Cricket[28] | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jonathan Trott has won 2 Man of the Match awards in Test cricket. | ||||||||||
| No | Test | Versus | Date | City/Country | Venue | Runs | Bowling | Result | ||
| 1 | Fourth Test |  Australia |
26–29 December 2010 | Melbourne, Australia |
MCG | 168* | – |  England won by an innings and 157 runs |
||
| 2 | First Test |  Sri Lanka |
26–30 May 2011 | Cardiff,  Wales |
SWALEC Stadium | 203 | 6–0–29–0; | England won by an innings and 14 runs |
||
Man of the match awards[link]
| Man of the Match Awards – International Cricket[28] | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jonathan Trott has won 1 Man of the Match awards in ODI cricket. | ||||||||||
| No | ODI | Versus | Date | City/Country | Venue | Runs | Bowling | Result | ||
| 1 | [1] | Sri Lanka |
9 July 2011 | Old Trafford, ENG |
Old Trafford cricket ground | 72 | – | England won by 16 runs |
||
Man of the series awards[link]
| No | Date | Format | Opponent | Home/Away | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | July–August 2010 | Test |  Pakistan |
Home | England won the series 3–1 |
Test Cricket centuries[link]
| Jonathan Trott's Test Cricket International centuries | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Runs | Match | Against | City/Country | Venue | Year |
| 1 | 119 | 1 | Australia |
London, England | The Oval | 2009 |
| 2 | 226 | 7 |  Bangladesh |
London, England | Lord's Cricket Ground | 2010 |
| 3 | 184 | 13 | Pakistan |
London, England | Lord's Cricket Ground | 2010 |
| 4 | 135* | 14 | Australia |
Brisbane, Australia | The Gabba | 2010 |
| 5 | 168* | 17 | Australia |
Melbourne, Australia | Melbourne Cricket Ground | 2010 |
| 6 | 203 | 19 | Sri Lanka |
Cardiff, Wales | SWALEC Stadium | 2011 |
| 7 | 112 | 27 | Sri Lanka |
Galle, Sri Lanka | Galle International Stadium | 2012 |
One Day International centuries[link]
| Jonathan Trott's One Day International centuries | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Runs | Match | Against | City/Country | Venue | Year |
| 1 | 110 | 6 | Bangladesh |
Birmingham, England | Edgbaston | 2010 |
| 2 | 102 | 15 | Australia |
Adelaide, Australia | Adelaide Oval | 2011 |
| 3 | 137 | 17 | Australia |
Sydney, Australia | Sydney Cricket Ground | 2011 |
Notes[link]
- ^ a b England's latest Ashes batsman, Channel4, Retrieved on 19 August 2009
- ^ "Trott named ECB's cricketer of the year". Cricinfo. 1 June 2011. http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/story/517410.html. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
- ^ a b c Luke, Will (August 2009). "Player Profile: Jonathan Trott". CricInfo. http://www.cricinfo.com/southafrica/content/player/47623.html. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
- ^ Warwickshire v Sussex, 2003
- ^ Kent v Warwickshire, 2003
- ^ 2005 First-Class Averages – Warwickshire, Cricinfo, Retrieved on 19 August 2009
- ^ Records / List A matches / Batting records / Highest career batting average
- ^ Records / Twenty20 matches / Batting records / Highest career batting average
- ^ "Trott fitness boost for England". BBC News (BBC). 27 June 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/6242854.stm. Retrieved 20 August 2009.
- ^ Miller, Andrew (19 August 2009). "Ponting piles pressure onto Trott". CricInfo. http://www.cricinfo.com/engvaus2009/content/story/420410.html. Retrieved 20 August 2009.
- ^ England v Australia at the Oval, 5th Test, 2009
- ^ English, Peter (20 August 2009). "Trott stays calm during pressure debut". CricInfo. http://www.cricinfo.com/engvaus2009/content/current/story/420635.html. Retrieved 20 August 2009.
- ^ Miller, Andrew (23 August 2009). "Trott buries Australia with debut ton". CricInfo. http://www.cricinfo.com/engvaus2009/content/current/story/421236.html. Retrieved 22 August 2009.
- ^ "Victorious England regain Ashes". BBC News (BBC). 23 August 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/8217035.stm. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
- ^ Custis, Shaun (26 August 2009). "Trottenham Hotspur!". The Sun (London). http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/sport/cricket/2606610/Trottenham-Hotspur.html. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
- ^ "Australia in England T20I Series – 1st T20I England v Australia". CricInfo. 30 August 2009. http://www.cricinfo.com/engvaus2009/engine/match/350050.html. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
- ^ Dobell, George (3 September 2009). "Trott produces a masterclass". CricInfo. http://www.cricinfo.com/countycricket2009/content/story/423377.html. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
- ^ Brown, Alex (11 September 2009). "Harmison and Panesar lose contracts". CricInfo. http://www.cricinfo.com/england/content/current/story/424535.html. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
- ^ "Harmison and Bopara miss out". CricInfo. 8 October 2009. http://www.cricinfo.com/rsaveng09/content/story/428799.html. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
- ^ "Trott helps Warwickshire to Division Two title". CricInfo. 27 September 2009. http://www.cricinfo.com/countycricket2009/content/story/426921.html. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
- ^ "Jonathan Trott denies Vaughan 'party' claims". CricInfo. 31 October 2009. http://www.cricinfo.com/rsaveng09/content/story/432260.html. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
- ^ "Andrew Strauss sure of Jonathan Trott's commitment". CricInfo. 31 October 2009. http://www.cricinfo.com/rsaveng09/content/story/432350.html. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
- ^ "Shahadat takes five as England reach 505". Cricinfo. http://www.cricinfo.com/england-v-bangladesh-2010/content/current/story/461184.html. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ "4th Test: Australia v England at Melbourne, Dec 26–29, 2010". Cricinfo. http://www.espncricinfo.com/the-ashes-2010-11/engine/current/match/428752.html. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ "Batting records for Jonathan Trott". Cricinfo. http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/47623.html?class=1;template=results;type=batting. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
- ^ "Records / Test matches / Batting records / Hundred on debut". Publisher. http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/239555.html?team=1. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ "Records / Test matches / Partnership records / Highest partnership for the eighth wicket". Cricinfo. http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283560.html. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ a b "Matches in which Jonathan Trott won an award". Cricket Archive. http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/10/10284/match_awards.html. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
External links[link]
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Trott, Jonathan |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | English cricketer |
| Date of birth | 1981-04-22 |
| Place of birth | Cape Town, Cape Province |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Jonathan_Trott
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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