- published: 09 May 2013
- views: 2115
- author: evgeshaorg's channel
Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
- Embassy
- Sas Heroes: Iranian Embassy Siege
- S.a.s.... Iranian Embassy Seige. Told By John Mcaleese.
- Christ Embassy Songs
- Embassy
- Sas Heroes: Iranian Embassy Siege
- S.a.s.... Iranian Embassy Seige. Told By John Mcaleese.
- Christ Embassy Songs
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- Ambassador
- Apostolic nunciature
- Australia
- Canada
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- Capital (political)
- Chancery (diplomacy)
- Chargé d'affaires
- Diplomacy
- Diplomatic immunity
- Diplomatic mission
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- Extraterritoriality
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- Iraq
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- Letter of credence
- Lima
- London
- Manila, Philippines
- North Korea
- Nuncio
- Paradiplomacy
- Peru
- Refugee
- Republic of China
- Rome
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- South Korea
- Sovereign state
- Stockholm
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- United Kingdom
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- WP references
- WP Verifiability
Embassy
The series portrays the eventful lives of the Australian ambassador and his staff in Ragaan, an imaginary South East Asian military dictatorship (not unlike Myanmar), with elements of office politics, Australian and Ragaan's 'real' domestic politics, diplomacy as Australia is the closest strictly western regional major power with significant economic (mainly oil) interests, corruption, drug trade and other smuggling, cultural differences, the 'consular' affairs of citizens from or going to Australia, asylum seekers...
Cast
- Bryan Marshall
- Ria Yazaki
- Jim Holt
- Gerard Maguire
- Cecilia Trandang
- Neil Melville
- James Wright
- Michael Wehbe
- Adriana Frosi-Petersen
- Carla Aquilla
- Steve Jodrell
- Anne Lucas
- Jarod A. Joseph
- Tasos Petousis
- Joseph Spano
- Lee Collins
- Nicholas Hammond
- Jerry Gerolemou
- Victor Kazan
- Matthew King
- Monroe Reimers
- Alex Pinder
- Tony Poli
- Vince D'Amico
- Chad Tyler
- Season 1
-
Episode 1: Pilot
Australia:12 September 1990...
-
Episode 2: Home Duties
Australia:13 September 1990...
-
Episode 3: The Age of Miracles
Australia:20 September 1990...
-
Episode 4: Foreign Affairs
Australia:27 September 1990...
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Episode 5: (#1.5)
Australia:4 October 1990...
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Episode 6: A Public Service
Australia:11 October 1990...
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Episode 7: With Prejudice
Australia:18 October 1990...
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Episode 8: Yesterday's Heroes
Australia:25 October 1990...
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Episode 9: Displaced Persons
Australia:1 November 1990...
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Episode 10: First Comes Marriage, Then Comes Love
Australia:8 November 1990...
- Season 2
-
Episode 3: The East Wind Blows West
Australia:13 June 1991...
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Episode 5: Spooks
Australia:4 July 1991...
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Episode 8: Next of Kin
Australia:25 July 1991...
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Episode 10: Cherchez La Femme
Australia:8 August 1991...
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Episode 11: Love and Marriage
Australia:15 August 1991...
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Episode 12: Does Anybody Know the Words?
Australia:22 August 1991...
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Episode 13: Grace Under Pressure
Australia:29 August 1991...
- Season 3
-
Episode 1: The Hand That Rocks the Cradle
Australia:21 May 1992...
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Episode 2: Divided Loyalties
Australia:28 May 1992...
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Episode 3: Pigs Might Fly
Australia:4 June 1992...
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Episode 4: (#3.4)
Australia:11 June 1992...
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Episode 5: Rules of Engagement
Australia:18 June 1992...
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Episode 6: Nice Guys Finish Last
Australia:25 June 1992...
-
Episode 7: Cultural Exchanges
Australia:2 July 1992...
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Episode 8: Times a Changing
Australia:16 July 1992...
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Episode 9: Man of Straw
Australia:23 July 1992...
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Episode 10: Crisis of Confidence
Australia:30 July 1992...
-
Episode 11: Letter of the Law
Australia:6 August 1992...
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Episode 12: Hostage
Australia:13 August 1992...
-
Episode 13: Juggernaut
Australia:20 August 1992...
- Lyrics: play full screen play karaoke
- America On Drugs (ft. Wyclef) - La The Darkman
Embassy
I left Brooklyn
what you know I took the plane to ATL
met her in the club
she said she's from California yeah
She's on the methamphetamine, methamphetamine
methamphetamine, she's on methamphetamine, methamphetamine
the methamphetamine, the methamphetamine yeah
she's on the met..
SHe's on the methamphetamine, the methamphetamine
the methamphetamine, the methamphetamine, the methamphetamine
the methamphetamine yeah
Everybody on drugs, drugs
everybody on drugs, drugs
everybody on drugs, drugs
everybody on drugs, drugs
everybody on drugs, drugs
strong lights in the club, club
drugs, drugs, a whole generation on drugs
everybody on drugs, drugs
in the VIP on them drugs
Oh Mexico, Mexico
200 and 60 million found in Mexico
not funny boy let that..get dough
and them keep west truckers and they keep the flow
the judges on the drugs ,politicians on the drugs
they put soldiers on the drugs
the student and the teachers on the drugs, drugs
everybody on drugs yeah,
nine..on the drugs conductors on the drugs
pregnant teen on drugs
so she go to a mama for some love,love
but her mama on them drugs, drugs, yeah
and I know rappers on the drugs..on the drugs
the king of pop shouldn't have died now
after taking them drugs, drugs
I wish she never takin them drugs,
but the girl over there
She's on the methamphetamine, methamphetamine
methamphetamine, she's on methamphetamine, methamphetamine
the methamphetamine, the methamphetamine yeah
she's on the met..
SHe's on the methamphetamine, the methamphetamine
the methamphetamine, the methamphetamine, the methamphetamine
the methamphetamine yeah
Everybody on drugs, drugs
everybody on drugs, drugs
everybody on drugs, drugs
everybody on drugs, drugs
everybody on drugs, drugs
strong lights in the club, club
drugs, drugs, a whole generation on drugs
everybody on drugs, drugs
in the VIP on them drugs
His name is Rhiny
Little Rhiny met a girl named Suzzie she a hottie
..seductive shawty at the party
..and take it molly little runnie
got entertain by the safari
Suzzie mean undercover ..
and induce little Rhiny and let em amphetamines
she told em hit it ain't nothing wrong with it
ever since then little Rhiny was addictive
sweet suise gave em drugs larger mounts
then ask for money out his bank account
he gave it to em, he thought he knew em
drugs made it too easier for him to screw up
both feel sex they thought it was the best
after a while little Rhiny couldn't get a rat
God Lord he want it more
ran out of money and rob the liquor store
but the store owner was a gun owner
and shot Rhiny to death
Everybody on drugs, drugs
everybody on drugs, drugs
everybody on drugs, drugs
strong lights in the club, club
drugs, drugs, a whole generation on drugs
everybody on drugs, drugs
Send this Playlist by SMS
Stephen Hendry v Paul Hunter 1999 Embassy Snooker World Championship
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 56:37
- Updated: 19 May 2013
1st session. Sorry,I don't have other frames.
http://wn.com/Stephen_Hendry_v_Paul_Hunter_1999_Embassy_Snooker_World_Championship
1st session. Sorry,I don't have other frames.
Jordan: Israeli Embassy Is Attacked!! (Vision Of Flood)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 17 May 2013
Israeli Embassy was attacked by protestors in Jordan as anger over the Temple Mount http://www.paulbegleyprophecy.com also http://www.virtualjerusalem.com al...
http://wn.com/Jordan_Israeli_Embassy_Is_Attacked!!_Vision_Of_Flood
Israeli Embassy was attacked by protestors in Jordan as anger over the Temple Mount http://www.paulbegleyprophecy.com also http://www.virtualjerusalem.com al...
- published: 09 May 2013
- views: 4403
- author: Paul Begley
DC SHOES: THE DC EMBASSY - WES KREMER
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:40
- Updated: 14 May 2013
Coming off the release of his new pro model shoe, Wes Kremer keeps the hype rolling with this edit from the DC Embassy. http://www.dcshoes.com/skate http://w...
http://wn.com/DC_SHOES_THE_DC_EMBASSY_WES_KREMER
Coming off the release of his new pro model shoe, Wes Kremer keeps the hype rolling with this edit from the DC Embassy. http://www.dcshoes.com/skate http://w...
- published: 29 Apr 2013
- author: DCshoesFILM
BREAKING NEWS: Malcolm X Grandson, Killed In Mexico - US Embassy Allegedly Confirmed!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Updated: 16 May 2013
BREAKING NEWS: Malcolm X Grandson, Allegedly Killed In Mexico - US Embassy Confirmed! Malcolm X,Malcolm Shabazz,murder,Nation of Islam,Malcolm X Murdered,gra...
http://wn.com/BREAKING_NEWS_Malcolm_X_Grandson,_Killed_In_Mexico_US_Embassy_Allegedly_Confirmed!
BREAKING NEWS: Malcolm X Grandson, Allegedly Killed In Mexico - US Embassy Confirmed! Malcolm X,Malcolm Shabazz,murder,Nation of Islam,Malcolm X Murdered,gra...
- published: 10 May 2013
- views: 1390
- author: RastafariSabbathical
Julian Assange - Chris Hedges Embassy Interview May 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:35
- Updated: 20 May 2013
Chris Hedges interviews Julian Assange Ecuadorian Embassy in London, May 2013 https://www.truthdig.com/dig/item/the_death_of_truth_20130505/ http://www.truth...
http://wn.com/Julian_Assange_Chris_Hedges_Embassy_Interview_May_2013
Chris Hedges interviews Julian Assange Ecuadorian Embassy in London, May 2013 https://www.truthdig.com/dig/item/the_death_of_truth_20130505/ http://www.truth...
- published: 06 May 2013
- views: 1033
- author: TheDigitalperipheral
The Embassy - Livin' Is Easy (Official)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:02
- Updated: 18 May 2013
Video by Thomas Hämén http://www.thomashamen.com From the album Sweet Sensation http://www.theembassy.info https://www.facebook.com/pages/The-Embassy/1407943...
http://wn.com/The_Embassy_Livin'_Is_Easy_Official
Video by Thomas Hämén http://www.thomashamen.com From the album Sweet Sensation http://www.theembassy.info https://www.facebook.com/pages/The-Embassy/1407943...
- published: 18 Feb 2013
- views: 10408
- author: embassyunlimited
Bible Seminar
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:39
- Updated: 10 May 2013
Happy Birthday Sir from:
Christ Embassy Ukraine, Christ Embassy Slovakia and Christ Embassy Czech Republic
We love you Sir
http://wn.com/Bible_Seminar
Happy Birthday Sir from:
Christ Embassy Ukraine, Christ Embassy Slovakia and Christ Embassy Czech Republic
We love you Sir
- published: 10 May 2013
- views: 17
Murrawarri Republic seeks support from United Nations
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:48
- Updated: 13 May 2013
SOURCE: JEREMY GEIA, NITV NEWS On the 3rd of April 2013 the Murrawarri Peoples Council wrote to Her Royal Highness Queen Elizabeth the Second advising her of...
http://wn.com/Murrawarri_Republic_seeks_support_from_United_Nations
SOURCE: JEREMY GEIA, NITV NEWS On the 3rd of April 2013 the Murrawarri Peoples Council wrote to Her Royal Highness Queen Elizabeth the Second advising her of...
- published: 10 May 2013
- views: 487
- author: Soveriegn Embassy
Soviet Fighters Honored in Korea
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:15
- Updated: 13 May 2013
Korean Central Television (조선중앙방송) Staff members of the Russian embassy in Pyongyang presented a wreath to the Liberation Tower here on Thursday, the 68th an...
http://wn.com/Soviet_Fighters_Honored_in_Korea
Korean Central Television (조선중앙방송) Staff members of the Russian embassy in Pyongyang presented a wreath to the Liberation Tower here on Thursday, the 68th an...
- published: 10 May 2013
- views: 716
- author: rodrigorojo1
Russian Embassy Office Call. Washington D.C. Part 1040.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:52
- Updated: 10 May 2013
http://wn.com/Russian_Embassy_Office_Call_Washington_DC_Part_1040
- published: 10 May 2013
- views: 1
Embassy Suites PURE Room Testimonial
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:30
- Updated: 10 May 2013
Janet Madden General Manager of Embassy Suites Orlando Airport gives a video testimonial on her experience with PURE Solutions. Visit www.pureroom.com for mo...
http://wn.com/Embassy_Suites_PURE_Room_Testimonial
Janet Madden General Manager of Embassy Suites Orlando Airport gives a video testimonial on her experience with PURE Solutions. Visit www.pureroom.com for mo...
- published: 10 May 2013
- views: 36
- author: Pure Room
British Embassy Morocco - Countdown to World Press Freedom Day
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:56
- Updated: 03 May 2013
To celebrate World Press Freedom Day, the British Embassy in Rabat asked 2 Moroccan journalists to answer one question: how important is press freedom to the...
http://wn.com/British_Embassy_Morocco_Countdown_to_World_Press_Freedom_Day
To celebrate World Press Freedom Day, the British Embassy in Rabat asked 2 Moroccan journalists to answer one question: how important is press freedom to the...
- published: 03 May 2013
- author: ukforeignoffice
A visit to TowerJazz in Israel's "Silicon Valley"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:00
- Updated: 15 May 2013
During his visit, Ambassador Shapiro stated that TowerJazz was a template example of how an Israeli-headquartered company can take the best parts of Israeli,...
http://wn.com/A_visit_to_TowerJazz_in_Israel's_Silicon_Valley
During his visit, Ambassador Shapiro stated that TowerJazz was a template example of how an Israeli-headquartered company can take the best parts of Israeli,...
- published: 08 May 2013
- views: 301
- author: U.S.Embassy Tel Aviv
Two Indonesians held over Burma embassy bomb plot, anger rages over Muslim deaths (5-3-13)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:01
- Updated: 15 May 2013
Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/BurmeseMuslimsEverywhere contact me (this YOUTUBE user) through Facebook @ https://www.facebook.com/kyawminnye.
http://wn.com/Two_Indonesians_held_over_Burma_embassy_bomb_plot,_anger_rages_over_Muslim_deaths_5-3-13
Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/BurmeseMuslimsEverywhere contact me (this YOUTUBE user) through Facebook @ https://www.facebook.com/kyawminnye.
- published: 03 May 2013
- author: Noor Ul Muhammad
Eytan and The Embassy - Everything Changes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:08
- Updated: 21 May 2013
Buy this video on iTunes: http://bit.ly/P64Irp Download music on iTunes: http://bit.ly/OTMk2e Buy the T-Shirt: http://bit.ly/N8BWAS Facebook: http://www.face...
http://wn.com/Eytan_and_The_Embassy_Everything_Changes
Buy this video on iTunes: http://bit.ly/P64Irp Download music on iTunes: http://bit.ly/OTMk2e Buy the T-Shirt: http://bit.ly/N8BWAS Facebook: http://www.face...
- published: 19 Jun 2012
- views: 585791
- author: EytanAndTheEmbassy
The Embassy - Stage Persona
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:06
- Updated: 05 May 2013
The Embassy - Stage Persona Directed by Marcus Söderlund.
http://wn.com/The_Embassy_Stage_Persona
The Embassy - Stage Persona Directed by Marcus Söderlund.
- published: 19 Jun 2006
- views: 75024
- author: smellyfartbum
EMBASSY | ZEMĚ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:33
- Updated: 20 May 2013
Embassy | Země Marcus Tran | Dave Csenge / Lukáš Boho mix a master: Richard Scheufller jr. scénář a režie: Marek Škarpa kamera: Mirek Souček střih: Jana Nemč...
http://wn.com/EMBASSY_|_ZEMĚ
Embassy | Země Marcus Tran | Dave Csenge / Lukáš Boho mix a master: Richard Scheufller jr. scénář a režie: Marek Škarpa kamera: Mirek Souček střih: Jana Nemč...
- published: 19 Mar 2013
- views: 11350
- author: Dave Csenge
Benghazi Gate - Investigation Into Attack On Embassy In Benghazi Continues - Wall Is Falling!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:12
- Updated: 10 May 2013
Benghazi Gate - Investigation Into Attack On Embassy In Benghazi Continues - Wall Is Falling!
http://wn.com/Benghazi_Gate_Investigation_Into_Attack_On_Embassy_In_Benghazi_Continues_Wall_Is_Falling!
Benghazi Gate - Investigation Into Attack On Embassy In Benghazi Continues - Wall Is Falling!
- published: 27 Apr 2013
- author: Massteaparty
Let's Play Skyrim | Pt. 16 - Embassy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 39:01
- Updated: 01 May 2013
In which we party like its 1499!
If you haven't heard about my vlog channel yet, you should check it out:
http://www.youtube.com/user/vloggyponcho
I also have a facebook page where I occasionally give info out early:
http://www.facebook.com/officialangryponcho
http://wn.com/Let's_Play_Skyrim_|_Pt_16_Embassy
In which we party like its 1499!
If you haven't heard about my vlog channel yet, you should check it out:
http://www.youtube.com/user/vloggyponcho
I also have a facebook page where I occasionally give info out early:
http://www.facebook.com/officialangryponcho
- published: 01 May 2013
- views: 656
Embassy - Gravity (Good Quality)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:36
- Updated: 13 May 2013
Embassy - Gravity ------------------------ This song featured in Stargate Universe Trailer that was presented at Comic-Con 2009 Enjoy ! ---------------------...
http://wn.com/Embassy_Gravity_Good_Quality
Embassy - Gravity ------------------------ This song featured in Stargate Universe Trailer that was presented at Comic-Con 2009 Enjoy ! ---------------------...
- published: 25 Jul 2009
- views: 222908
- author: AncientAz
Counting Down to Songkran with U.S. Embassy Bangkok
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:38
- Updated: 15 May 2013
ร่วมกันนับถอยหลังฉลองเทศกาลปีใหม่ไทยกับท่านทูต คริสตี้ เคนนี่ย์และชาวสถานทูตสหรัฐประจำประเทศไทย สุขสันต์วันสงกรานต์แด่พี่น้องชาวไทยทุกคนค่ะ Counting down to ...
http://wn.com/Counting_Down_to_Songkran_with_US_Embassy_Bangkok
ร่วมกันนับถอยหลังฉลองเทศกาลปีใหม่ไทยกับท่านทูต คริสตี้ เคนนี่ย์และชาวสถานทูตสหรัฐประจำประเทศไทย สุขสันต์วันสงกรานต์แด่พี่น้องชาวไทยทุกคนค่ะ Counting down to ...
- published: 10 Apr 2013
- views: 80054
- author: U.S. Embassy Bangkok
Benghazi - Obama's itinerary after terrorist attack on U.S. embassy.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:01
- Updated: 17 May 2013
You decide: concerned or not concerned? (*WARNING* Graphic Image)
http://wn.com/Benghazi_Obama's_itinerary_after_terrorist_attack_on_US_embassy
You decide: concerned or not concerned? (*WARNING* Graphic Image)
- published: 06 May 2013
- views: 158
- author: Endless Infinity
Latest World News - Car bomb explodes at French embassy in Libya
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:57
- Updated: 24 Apr 2013
http://www.youtube.com/AllNewsPlace All News Place يرجى الاشتراك للحصول على آخر المستجدات مكان الأخبار جميع France has condemned a car bomb attack on its emb...
http://wn.com/Latest_World_News_Car_bomb_explodes_at_French_embassy_in_Libya
http://www.youtube.com/AllNewsPlace All News Place يرجى الاشتراك للحصول على آخر المستجدات مكان الأخبار جميع France has condemned a car bomb attack on its emb...
- published: 24 Apr 2013
- views: 67
- author: AllNewsPlace
Send this Playlist by SMS
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason ft. Nate Ruess
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Updated: 23 May 2013
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk featuring Nate Ruess performing Just Give Me ...
http://wn.com/P!nk_Just_Give_Me_A_Reason_ft_Nate_Ruess
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk featuring Nate Ruess performing Just Give Me ...
- published: 05 Feb 2013
- views: 115299889
- author: P!nk
Rihanna - Take A Bow
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66288884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Take_A_Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66288884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 94365742
- author: Rihanna
James Arthur sings Shontelle's Impossible - The Final - The X Factor UK 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:00
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Watch judges' comments at http://itv.com/XFactor (UK ONLY) Watch James Arthur sing Impossible by Shontelle Sweeeeet! As potential Winner's Singles go, this o...
http://wn.com/James_Arthur_sings_Shontelle's_Impossible_The_Final_The_X_Factor_UK_2012
Watch judges' comments at http://itv.com/XFactor (UK ONLY) Watch James Arthur sing Impossible by Shontelle Sweeeeet! As potential Winner's Singles go, this o...
- published: 09 Dec 2012
- views: 21758989
- author: The X Factor
MACKLEMORE & RYAN LEWIS - THRIFT SHOP FEAT. WANZ (OFFICIAL VIDEO)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:53
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Thrift Shop on iTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thrift-shop-feat.-wanz-single/id556955707 The Heist physical deluxe edition: http://www.macklemoremer...
http://wn.com/MACKLEMORE_RYAN_LEWIS_THRIFT_SHOP_FEAT_WANZ_OFFICIAL_VIDEO
Thrift Shop on iTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thrift-shop-feat.-wanz-single/id556955707 The Heist physical deluxe edition: http://www.macklemoremer...
- published: 29 Aug 2012
- views: 314341008
- author: Ryan Lewis
Rihanna - Rehab ft. Justin Timberlake
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:39
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19591123. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Rehab_ft_Justin_Timberlake
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19591123. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 14 Dec 2009
- views: 52587594
- author: Rihanna
YouTube Challenge - I Told My Kids I Ate All Their Halloween Candy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:56
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Jimmy Kimmel Live - YouTube Challenge - I Told My Kids I Ate All Their Halloween Candy.
http://wn.com/YouTube_Challenge_I_Told_My_Kids_I_Ate_All_Their_Halloween_Candy
Jimmy Kimmel Live - YouTube Challenge - I Told My Kids I Ate All Their Halloween Candy.
- published: 03 Nov 2011
- views: 40611213
- author: Jimmy Kimmel Live
P!nk - Who Knew
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:33
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by P!nk performing Who Knew. (C) 2006 Zomba Recording, LLC.
http://wn.com/P!nk_Who_Knew
Music video by P!nk performing Who Knew. (C) 2006 Zomba Recording, LLC.
- published: 25 Oct 2009
- views: 38536423
- author: P!nk
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason (Official Lyric Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Updated: 23 May 2013
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Just Give Me A Reason. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of...
http://wn.com/P!nk_Just_Give_Me_A_Reason_Official_Lyric_Video
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Just Give Me A Reason. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of...
- published: 11 Sep 2012
- views: 23689073
- author: P!nk
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:58
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57208048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Hate_That_I_Love_You_ft_Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57208048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 89013011
- author: Rihanna
Nice Guys
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Behind the Scenes at http://www.youtube.com/higatv Two losers take a "how to pick up girls" class and realize that Nice Guys finish last which results in the...
http://wn.com/Nice_Guys
Behind the Scenes at http://www.youtube.com/higatv Two losers take a "how to pick up girls" class and realize that Nice Guys finish last which results in the...
- published: 31 May 2011
- views: 46155129
- author: nigahiga
Rihanna - Unfaithful
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:56
- Updated: 22 May 2013
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group #VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtu...
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group #VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtu...
- published: 23 Nov 2009
- views: 149234696
- author: Rihanna
![Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130523222910im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/T6DJcgm3wNY/default.jpg "Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]")
Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:03
- Updated: 23 May 2013
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures comes "Man of Steel", starring Henry...
http://wn.com/Man_of_Steel_Official_Trailer_3_HD_
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures comes "Man of Steel", starring Henry...
- published: 17 Apr 2013
- views: 22060639
- author: Warner Bros. Pictures
P!nk - Family Portrait
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by P!nk performing Family Portrait. (C) 2001, 2002 Arista Records, Inc.
http://wn.com/P!nk_Family_Portrait
Music video by P!nk performing Family Portrait. (C) 2001, 2002 Arista Records, Inc.
- published: 25 Oct 2009
- views: 19212158
- author: P!nk
Rihanna - Russian Roulette
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Russian_Roulette
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 05 Dec 2009
- views: 101703308
- author: Rihanna
Janet Devlin's audition - The X Factor 2011 - itv.com/xfactor
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:23
- Updated: 23 May 2013
The X Factor: Incredibly nervous 16-year-old Janet has flown over from the depths of Ireland to be at her audition. Living in a tiny village in the middle of...
http://wn.com/Janet_Devlin's_audition_The_X_Factor_2011_itvcom_xfactor
The X Factor: Incredibly nervous 16-year-old Janet has flown over from the depths of Ireland to be at her audition. Living in a tiny village in the middle of...
- published: 21 Aug 2011
- views: 10974802
- author: The X Factor
P!nk - Perfect
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:00
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by P!nk performing F**kin' Perfect. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
http://wn.com/P!nk_Perfect
Music video by P!nk performing F**kin' Perfect. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
- published: 20 Jan 2011
- views: 11229182
- author: P!nk
Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:11
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube channel features clips and recaps of every episode from the late nig...
http://wn.com/Celebrities_Read_Tweets_About_Themselves
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube channel features clips and recaps of every episode from the late nig...
- published: 22 Mar 2012
- views: 8144663
- author: Jimmy Kimmel Live
![MACKLEMORE X RYAN LEWIS - OTHERSIDE REMIX FEAT. FENCES [MUSIC VIDEO]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130523222910im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/fvDQy53eldY/default.jpg "MACKLEMORE X RYAN LEWIS - OTHERSIDE REMIX FEAT. FENCES [MUSIC VIDEO]")
MACKLEMORE X RYAN LEWIS - OTHERSIDE REMIX FEAT. FENCES [MUSIC VIDEO]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:05
- Updated: 23 May 2013
The Otherside Remix Music Video was filmed in various locations for about a year and a half throughout 2010-2011. It is the duo's second video collaboration ...
http://wn.com/MACKLEMORE_X_RYAN_LEWIS_OTHERSIDE_REMIX_FEAT_FENCES_MUSIC_VIDEO_
The Otherside Remix Music Video was filmed in various locations for about a year and a half throughout 2010-2011. It is the duo's second video collaboration ...
- published: 31 Aug 2011
- views: 24527852
- author: Ryan Lewis
P!nk - Raise Your Glass
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:23
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by P!nk performing Raise Your Glass. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
http://wn.com/P!nk_Raise_Your_Glass
Music video by P!nk performing Raise Your Glass. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
- published: 02 Nov 2010
- views: 70274909
- author: P!nk
Celebrities Read Mean Tweets #2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:23
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Mean Tweets #2 Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube channel features clips and recaps of every episode from the late night TV sho...
http://wn.com/Celebrities_Read_Mean_Tweets_2
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Mean Tweets #2 Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube channel features clips and recaps of every episode from the late night TV sho...
- published: 25 Jul 2012
- views: 14663758
- author: Jimmy Kimmel Live
Mortal Kombat: Legacy - Season 2 Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:15
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Watch Season 1 of Mortal Kombat Legacy here: http://www.youtube.com/channel/SWVkIoQKmEa4I The Mortal Kombat Legacy continues in Season 2 as Liu Kang, Kung La...
http://wn.com/Mortal_Kombat_Legacy_Season_2_Trailer
Watch Season 1 of Mortal Kombat Legacy here: http://www.youtube.com/channel/SWVkIoQKmEa4I The Mortal Kombat Legacy continues in Season 2 as Liu Kang, Kung La...
- published: 18 Feb 2013
- views: 5410987
- author: Machinima
Bromance (Official Music Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:47
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Get the song at: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/bromance-single/id512264961 Music and Lyrics by Chester See (The Singer) http://www.youtube.com/chestersee ...
http://wn.com/Bromance_Official_Music_Video
Get the song at: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/bromance-single/id512264961 Music and Lyrics by Chester See (The Singer) http://www.youtube.com/chestersee ...
- published: 21 Mar 2012
- views: 20393373
- author: nigahiga
One Direction - One Way Or Another (Teenage Kicks)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:23
- Updated: 23 May 2013
As well as releasing the Red Nose Day single, One Direction are fundraising by doing something funny for money...and they want you to join them! Get involved...
http://wn.com/One_Direction_One_Way_Or_Another_Teenage_Kicks
As well as releasing the Red Nose Day single, One Direction are fundraising by doing something funny for money...and they want you to join them! Get involved...
- published: 20 Feb 2013
- views: 101213077
- author: OneDirectionVEVO's channel
Send this Playlist by SMS
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason ft. Nate Ruess
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Updated: 23 May 2013
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk featuring Nate Ruess performing Just Give Me ...
http://wn.com/P!nk_Just_Give_Me_A_Reason_ft_Nate_Ruess
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk featuring Nate Ruess performing Just Give Me ...
- published: 05 Feb 2013
- views: 115299889
- author: P!nk
Rihanna - Take A Bow
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66288884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Take_A_Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66288884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 94365742
- author: Rihanna
James Arthur sings Shontelle's Impossible - The Final - The X Factor UK 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:00
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Watch judges' comments at http://itv.com/XFactor (UK ONLY) Watch James Arthur sing Impossible by Shontelle Sweeeeet! As potential Winner's Singles go, this o...
http://wn.com/James_Arthur_sings_Shontelle's_Impossible_The_Final_The_X_Factor_UK_2012
Watch judges' comments at http://itv.com/XFactor (UK ONLY) Watch James Arthur sing Impossible by Shontelle Sweeeeet! As potential Winner's Singles go, this o...
- published: 09 Dec 2012
- views: 21758989
- author: The X Factor
![Flo Rida - Whistle [Official Video]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130523222910im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/cSnkWzZ7ZAA/default.jpg "Flo Rida - Whistle [Official Video]")
Flo Rida - Whistle [Official Video]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Updated: 23 May 2013
2012 WMG. Get an exclusive behind-the-scenes look at the making of the Flo Rida "Whistle" music video only on http://imgstrongarmworld.com The official mus...
http://wn.com/Flo_Rida_Whistle_Official_Video_
2012 WMG. Get an exclusive behind-the-scenes look at the making of the Flo Rida "Whistle" music video only on http://imgstrongarmworld.com The official mus...
- published: 24 May 2012
- views: 223122421
- author: THE WARNER SOUND
MACKLEMORE & RYAN LEWIS - THRIFT SHOP FEAT. WANZ (OFFICIAL VIDEO)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:53
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Thrift Shop on iTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thrift-shop-feat.-wanz-single/id556955707 The Heist physical deluxe edition: http://www.macklemoremer...
http://wn.com/MACKLEMORE_RYAN_LEWIS_THRIFT_SHOP_FEAT_WANZ_OFFICIAL_VIDEO
Thrift Shop on iTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thrift-shop-feat.-wanz-single/id556955707 The Heist physical deluxe edition: http://www.macklemoremer...
- published: 29 Aug 2012
- views: 314341008
- author: Ryan Lewis
YouTube Challenge - I Told My Kids I Ate All Their Halloween Candy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:56
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Jimmy Kimmel Live - YouTube Challenge - I Told My Kids I Ate All Their Halloween Candy.
http://wn.com/YouTube_Challenge_I_Told_My_Kids_I_Ate_All_Their_Halloween_Candy
Jimmy Kimmel Live - YouTube Challenge - I Told My Kids I Ate All Their Halloween Candy.
- published: 03 Nov 2011
- views: 40611213
- author: Jimmy Kimmel Live
P!nk - Who Knew
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:33
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by P!nk performing Who Knew. (C) 2006 Zomba Recording, LLC.
http://wn.com/P!nk_Who_Knew
Music video by P!nk performing Who Knew. (C) 2006 Zomba Recording, LLC.
- published: 25 Oct 2009
- views: 38536423
- author: P!nk
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason (Official Lyric Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Updated: 23 May 2013
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Just Give Me A Reason. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of...
http://wn.com/P!nk_Just_Give_Me_A_Reason_Official_Lyric_Video
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Just Give Me A Reason. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of...
- published: 11 Sep 2012
- views: 23689073
- author: P!nk
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:58
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57208048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Hate_That_I_Love_You_ft_Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57208048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 89013011
- author: Rihanna
Nice Guys
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Behind the Scenes at http://www.youtube.com/higatv Two losers take a "how to pick up girls" class and realize that Nice Guys finish last which results in the...
http://wn.com/Nice_Guys
Behind the Scenes at http://www.youtube.com/higatv Two losers take a "how to pick up girls" class and realize that Nice Guys finish last which results in the...
- published: 31 May 2011
- views: 46155129
- author: nigahiga
Rihanna - Unfaithful
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:56
- Updated: 22 May 2013
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group #VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtu...
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group #VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtu...
- published: 23 Nov 2009
- views: 149234696
- author: Rihanna
Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:03
- Updated: 23 May 2013
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures comes "Man of Steel", starring Henry...
http://wn.com/Man_of_Steel_Official_Trailer_3_HD_
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures comes "Man of Steel", starring Henry...
- published: 17 Apr 2013
- views: 22060639
- author: Warner Bros. Pictures
P!nk - F**kin' Perfect
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:08
- Updated: 22 May 2013
Music video by P!nk performing F**kin' Perfect. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
http://wn.com/P!nk_F**kin'_Perfect
Music video by P!nk performing F**kin' Perfect. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
- published: 19 Jan 2011
- views: 52497757
- author: P!nk
![ULTIMATE ASSASSIN'S CREED 3 SONG [Music Video]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130523222910im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/12PWq22E9CQ/default.jpg "ULTIMATE ASSASSIN'S CREED 3 SONG [Music Video]")
ULTIMATE ASSASSIN'S CREED 3 SONG [Music Video]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:07
- Updated: 23 May 2013
GET THE SHIRT! http://bit.ly/DeathBlowTShirt WATCH BLOOPERS & MORE: http://bit.ly/AC3XTRAS DOWNLOAD THE SONG: http://bit.ly/AC3Clean DOWNLOAD THE UNCENSORED ...
http://wn.com/ULTIMATE_ASSASSIN'S_CREED_3_SONG_Music_Video_
GET THE SHIRT! http://bit.ly/DeathBlowTShirt WATCH BLOOPERS & MORE: http://bit.ly/AC3XTRAS DOWNLOAD THE SONG: http://bit.ly/AC3Clean DOWNLOAD THE UNCENSORED ...
- published: 26 Oct 2012
- views: 33663869
- author: Smosh
Rihanna - Russian Roulette
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Russian_Roulette
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 05 Dec 2009
- views: 101703308
- author: Rihanna
Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:11
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube channel features clips and recaps of every episode from the late nig...
http://wn.com/Celebrities_Read_Tweets_About_Themselves
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube channel features clips and recaps of every episode from the late nig...
- published: 22 Mar 2012
- views: 8144663
- author: Jimmy Kimmel Live
MACKLEMORE X RYAN LEWIS - OTHERSIDE REMIX FEAT. FENCES [MUSIC VIDEO]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:05
- Updated: 23 May 2013
The Otherside Remix Music Video was filmed in various locations for about a year and a half throughout 2010-2011. It is the duo's second video collaboration ...
http://wn.com/MACKLEMORE_X_RYAN_LEWIS_OTHERSIDE_REMIX_FEAT_FENCES_MUSIC_VIDEO_
The Otherside Remix Music Video was filmed in various locations for about a year and a half throughout 2010-2011. It is the duo's second video collaboration ...
- published: 31 Aug 2011
- views: 24527852
- author: Ryan Lewis
Skrillex & Damian "Jr. Gong" Marley - Make It Bun Dem [OFFICIAL VIDEO]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:39
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Buy the track here: http://atlr.ec/TZ8yBf Directed by Tony T. Datis.
http://wn.com/Skrillex_Damian_Jr_Gong_Marley_Make_It_Bun_Dem_OFFICIAL_VIDEO_
Buy the track here: http://atlr.ec/TZ8yBf Directed by Tony T. Datis.
- published: 06 Sep 2012
- views: 40138027
- author: SKRILLEX
![Bruno Mars - It Will Rain [OFFICIAL VIDEO]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130523222910im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/W-w3WfgpcGg/default.jpg "Bruno Mars - It Will Rain [OFFICIAL VIDEO]")
Bruno Mars - It Will Rain [OFFICIAL VIDEO]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:27
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Available now on iTunes! http://atlr.ec/vyzLjI Get the video now! http://atlr.ec/rLVANS 'Unorthodox Jukebox' available now on iTunes! http://www.smarturl.it/...
http://wn.com/Bruno_Mars_It_Will_Rain_OFFICIAL_VIDEO_
Available now on iTunes! http://atlr.ec/vyzLjI Get the video now! http://atlr.ec/rLVANS 'Unorthodox Jukebox' available now on iTunes! http://www.smarturl.it/...
- published: 10 Nov 2011
- views: 157343225
- author: Bruno Mars
![Bruno Mars - Just The Way You Are [OFFICIAL VIDEO]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130523222910im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/LjhCEhWiKXk/default.jpg "Bruno Mars - Just The Way You Are [OFFICIAL VIDEO]")
Bruno Mars - Just The Way You Are [OFFICIAL VIDEO]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:02
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Available now on iTunes! http://smarturl.it/Doo-Wops New single "Locked Out Of Heaven" available now on iTunes! http://www.smarturl.it/looh © 2011 WMG. The o...
http://wn.com/Bruno_Mars_Just_The_Way_You_Are_OFFICIAL_VIDEO_
Available now on iTunes! http://smarturl.it/Doo-Wops New single "Locked Out Of Heaven" available now on iTunes! http://www.smarturl.it/looh © 2011 WMG. The o...
- published: 08 Sep 2010
- views: 299700567
- author: Bruno Mars
![Bruno Mars - When I Was Your Man [Official Video]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130523222910im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/ekzHIouo8Q4/default.jpg "Bruno Mars - When I Was Your Man [Official Video]")
Bruno Mars - When I Was Your Man [Official Video]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:58
- Updated: 23 May 2013
2013 WMG. Directed by Cameron Duddy & Bruno Mars Bruno Mars - When I Was Your Man Download the single now: http://smarturl.it/wheniwasyourman Get Unorthodo...
http://wn.com/Bruno_Mars_When_I_Was_Your_Man_Official_Video_
2013 WMG. Directed by Cameron Duddy & Bruno Mars Bruno Mars - When I Was Your Man Download the single now: http://smarturl.it/wheniwasyourman Get Unorthodo...
- published: 05 Feb 2013
- views: 79364341
- author: Bruno Mars
Linkin Park - Numb
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:07
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Linkin Park "Numb" Directed by Mr. Hahn Subscribe for new music: http://bit.ly/RTaVFI More Linkin Park videos: http://youtube.com/linkinparktv Linkin Park on...
http://wn.com/Linkin_Park_Numb
Linkin Park "Numb" Directed by Mr. Hahn Subscribe for new music: http://bit.ly/RTaVFI More Linkin Park videos: http://youtube.com/linkinparktv Linkin Park on...
- published: 05 Mar 2007
- views: 112713097
- author: LINKIN PARK
P!nk - Raise Your Glass
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:23
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by P!nk performing Raise Your Glass. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
http://wn.com/P!nk_Raise_Your_Glass
Music video by P!nk performing Raise Your Glass. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
- published: 02 Nov 2010
- views: 70274909
- author: P!nk
Send this Playlist by SMS
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason ft. Nate Ruess
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Updated: 23 May 2013
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk featuring Nate Ruess performing Just Give Me ...
http://wn.com/P!nk_Just_Give_Me_A_Reason_ft_Nate_Ruess
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk featuring Nate Ruess performing Just Give Me ...
- published: 05 Feb 2013
- views: 115299889
- author: P!nk
Rihanna - Take A Bow
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66288884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Take_A_Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66288884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 94365742
- author: Rihanna
James Arthur sings Shontelle's Impossible - The Final - The X Factor UK 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:00
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Watch judges' comments at http://itv.com/XFactor (UK ONLY) Watch James Arthur sing Impossible by Shontelle Sweeeeet! As potential Winner's Singles go, this o...
http://wn.com/James_Arthur_sings_Shontelle's_Impossible_The_Final_The_X_Factor_UK_2012
Watch judges' comments at http://itv.com/XFactor (UK ONLY) Watch James Arthur sing Impossible by Shontelle Sweeeeet! As potential Winner's Singles go, this o...
- published: 09 Dec 2012
- views: 21758989
- author: The X Factor
MACKLEMORE & RYAN LEWIS - THRIFT SHOP FEAT. WANZ (OFFICIAL VIDEO)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:53
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Thrift Shop on iTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thrift-shop-feat.-wanz-single/id556955707 The Heist physical deluxe edition: http://www.macklemoremer...
http://wn.com/MACKLEMORE_RYAN_LEWIS_THRIFT_SHOP_FEAT_WANZ_OFFICIAL_VIDEO
Thrift Shop on iTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thrift-shop-feat.-wanz-single/id556955707 The Heist physical deluxe edition: http://www.macklemoremer...
- published: 29 Aug 2012
- views: 314341008
- author: Ryan Lewis
Rihanna - Rehab ft. Justin Timberlake
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:39
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19591123. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Rehab_ft_Justin_Timberlake
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19591123. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 14 Dec 2009
- views: 52587594
- author: Rihanna
YouTube Challenge - I Told My Kids I Ate All Their Halloween Candy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:56
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Jimmy Kimmel Live - YouTube Challenge - I Told My Kids I Ate All Their Halloween Candy.
http://wn.com/YouTube_Challenge_I_Told_My_Kids_I_Ate_All_Their_Halloween_Candy
Jimmy Kimmel Live - YouTube Challenge - I Told My Kids I Ate All Their Halloween Candy.
- published: 03 Nov 2011
- views: 40611213
- author: Jimmy Kimmel Live
P!nk - Who Knew
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:33
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by P!nk performing Who Knew. (C) 2006 Zomba Recording, LLC.
http://wn.com/P!nk_Who_Knew
Music video by P!nk performing Who Knew. (C) 2006 Zomba Recording, LLC.
- published: 25 Oct 2009
- views: 38536423
- author: P!nk
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason (Official Lyric Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Updated: 23 May 2013
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Just Give Me A Reason. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of...
http://wn.com/P!nk_Just_Give_Me_A_Reason_Official_Lyric_Video
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Just Give Me A Reason. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of...
- published: 11 Sep 2012
- views: 23689073
- author: P!nk
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:58
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57208048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Hate_That_I_Love_You_ft_Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57208048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 89013011
- author: Rihanna
Nice Guys
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Behind the Scenes at http://www.youtube.com/higatv Two losers take a "how to pick up girls" class and realize that Nice Guys finish last which results in the...
http://wn.com/Nice_Guys
Behind the Scenes at http://www.youtube.com/higatv Two losers take a "how to pick up girls" class and realize that Nice Guys finish last which results in the...
- published: 31 May 2011
- views: 46155129
- author: nigahiga
Rihanna - Unfaithful
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:56
- Updated: 22 May 2013
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group #VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtu...
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group #VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtu...
- published: 23 Nov 2009
- views: 149234696
- author: Rihanna
Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:03
- Updated: 23 May 2013
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures comes "Man of Steel", starring Henry...
http://wn.com/Man_of_Steel_Official_Trailer_3_HD_
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures comes "Man of Steel", starring Henry...
- published: 17 Apr 2013
- views: 22060639
- author: Warner Bros. Pictures
P!nk - Family Portrait
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by P!nk performing Family Portrait. (C) 2001, 2002 Arista Records, Inc.
http://wn.com/P!nk_Family_Portrait
Music video by P!nk performing Family Portrait. (C) 2001, 2002 Arista Records, Inc.
- published: 25 Oct 2009
- views: 19212158
- author: P!nk
Rihanna - Russian Roulette
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Russian_Roulette
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 05 Dec 2009
- views: 101703308
- author: Rihanna
Janet Devlin's audition - The X Factor 2011 - itv.com/xfactor
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:23
- Updated: 23 May 2013
The X Factor: Incredibly nervous 16-year-old Janet has flown over from the depths of Ireland to be at her audition. Living in a tiny village in the middle of...
http://wn.com/Janet_Devlin's_audition_The_X_Factor_2011_itvcom_xfactor
The X Factor: Incredibly nervous 16-year-old Janet has flown over from the depths of Ireland to be at her audition. Living in a tiny village in the middle of...
- published: 21 Aug 2011
- views: 10974802
- author: The X Factor
P!nk - Perfect
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:00
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by P!nk performing F**kin' Perfect. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
http://wn.com/P!nk_Perfect
Music video by P!nk performing F**kin' Perfect. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
- published: 20 Jan 2011
- views: 11229182
- author: P!nk
Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:11
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube channel features clips and recaps of every episode from the late nig...
http://wn.com/Celebrities_Read_Tweets_About_Themselves
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube channel features clips and recaps of every episode from the late nig...
- published: 22 Mar 2012
- views: 8144663
- author: Jimmy Kimmel Live
MACKLEMORE X RYAN LEWIS - OTHERSIDE REMIX FEAT. FENCES [MUSIC VIDEO]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:05
- Updated: 23 May 2013
The Otherside Remix Music Video was filmed in various locations for about a year and a half throughout 2010-2011. It is the duo's second video collaboration ...
http://wn.com/MACKLEMORE_X_RYAN_LEWIS_OTHERSIDE_REMIX_FEAT_FENCES_MUSIC_VIDEO_
The Otherside Remix Music Video was filmed in various locations for about a year and a half throughout 2010-2011. It is the duo's second video collaboration ...
- published: 31 Aug 2011
- views: 24527852
- author: Ryan Lewis
P!nk - Raise Your Glass
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:23
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by P!nk performing Raise Your Glass. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
http://wn.com/P!nk_Raise_Your_Glass
Music video by P!nk performing Raise Your Glass. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
- published: 02 Nov 2010
- views: 70274909
- author: P!nk
Celebrities Read Mean Tweets #2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:23
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Mean Tweets #2 Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube channel features clips and recaps of every episode from the late night TV sho...
http://wn.com/Celebrities_Read_Mean_Tweets_2
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Mean Tweets #2 Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube channel features clips and recaps of every episode from the late night TV sho...
- published: 25 Jul 2012
- views: 14663758
- author: Jimmy Kimmel Live
Mortal Kombat: Legacy - Season 2 Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:15
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Watch Season 1 of Mortal Kombat Legacy here: http://www.youtube.com/channel/SWVkIoQKmEa4I The Mortal Kombat Legacy continues in Season 2 as Liu Kang, Kung La...
http://wn.com/Mortal_Kombat_Legacy_Season_2_Trailer
Watch Season 1 of Mortal Kombat Legacy here: http://www.youtube.com/channel/SWVkIoQKmEa4I The Mortal Kombat Legacy continues in Season 2 as Liu Kang, Kung La...
- published: 18 Feb 2013
- views: 5410987
- author: Machinima
Bromance (Official Music Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:47
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Get the song at: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/bromance-single/id512264961 Music and Lyrics by Chester See (The Singer) http://www.youtube.com/chestersee ...
http://wn.com/Bromance_Official_Music_Video
Get the song at: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/bromance-single/id512264961 Music and Lyrics by Chester See (The Singer) http://www.youtube.com/chestersee ...
- published: 21 Mar 2012
- views: 20393373
- author: nigahiga
One Direction - One Way Or Another (Teenage Kicks)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:23
- Updated: 23 May 2013
As well as releasing the Red Nose Day single, One Direction are fundraising by doing something funny for money...and they want you to join them! Get involved...
http://wn.com/One_Direction_One_Way_Or_Another_Teenage_Kicks
As well as releasing the Red Nose Day single, One Direction are fundraising by doing something funny for money...and they want you to join them! Get involved...
- published: 20 Feb 2013
- views: 101213077
- author: OneDirectionVEVO's channel
4:03
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason ft. Nate Ruess
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/ta...
published: 05 Feb 2013
author: P!nk
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason ft. Nate Ruess
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk featuring Nate Ruess performing Just Give Me ...
- published: 05 Feb 2013
- views: 115299889
- author: P!nk
3:50
Rihanna - Take A Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66288884. (C) ...
published: 30 Nov 2009
author: Rihanna
Rihanna - Take A Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66288884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 94365742
- author: Rihanna
4:00
James Arthur sings Shontelle's Impossible - The Final - The X Factor UK 2012
Watch judges' comments at http://itv.com/XFactor (UK ONLY) Watch James Arthur sing Impossi...
published: 09 Dec 2012
author: The X Factor
James Arthur sings Shontelle's Impossible - The Final - The X Factor UK 2012
Watch judges' comments at http://itv.com/XFactor (UK ONLY) Watch James Arthur sing Impossible by Shontelle Sweeeeet! As potential Winner's Singles go, this o...
- published: 09 Dec 2012
- views: 21758989
- author: The X Factor
3:53
MACKLEMORE & RYAN LEWIS - THRIFT SHOP FEAT. WANZ (OFFICIAL VIDEO)
Thrift Shop on iTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thrift-shop-feat.-wanz-single/id55...
published: 29 Aug 2012
author: Ryan Lewis
MACKLEMORE & RYAN LEWIS - THRIFT SHOP FEAT. WANZ (OFFICIAL VIDEO)
Thrift Shop on iTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thrift-shop-feat.-wanz-single/id556955707 The Heist physical deluxe edition: http://www.macklemoremer...
- published: 29 Aug 2012
- views: 314341008
- author: Ryan Lewis
4:39
Rihanna - Rehab ft. Justin Timberlake
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19591123. (C) 2007 ...
published: 14 Dec 2009
author: Rihanna
Rihanna - Rehab ft. Justin Timberlake
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19591123. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 14 Dec 2009
- views: 52587594
- author: Rihanna
3:56
YouTube Challenge - I Told My Kids I Ate All Their Halloween Candy
Jimmy Kimmel Live - YouTube Challenge - I Told My Kids I Ate All Their Halloween Candy....
published: 03 Nov 2011
author: Jimmy Kimmel Live
YouTube Challenge - I Told My Kids I Ate All Their Halloween Candy
Jimmy Kimmel Live - YouTube Challenge - I Told My Kids I Ate All Their Halloween Candy.
- published: 03 Nov 2011
- views: 40611213
- author: Jimmy Kimmel Live
4:05
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason (Official Lyric Video)
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk pe...
published: 11 Sep 2012
author: P!nk
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason (Official Lyric Video)
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Just Give Me A Reason. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of...
- published: 11 Sep 2012
- views: 23689073
- author: P!nk
4:58
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 5720...
published: 30 Nov 2009
author: Rihanna
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57208048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 89013011
- author: Rihanna
2:50
Nice Guys
Behind the Scenes at http://www.youtube.com/higatv Two losers take a "how to pick up girls...
published: 31 May 2011
author: nigahiga
Nice Guys
Behind the Scenes at http://www.youtube.com/higatv Two losers take a "how to pick up girls" class and realize that Nice Guys finish last which results in the...
- published: 31 May 2011
- views: 46155129
- author: nigahiga
4:56
Rihanna - Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group #VEV...
published: 23 Nov 2009
author: Rihanna
Rihanna - Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group #VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtu...
- published: 23 Nov 2009
- views: 149234696
- author: Rihanna
3:03
Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warne...
published: 17 Apr 2013
author: Warner Bros. Pictures
Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures comes "Man of Steel", starring Henry...
- published: 17 Apr 2013
- views: 22060639
- author: Warner Bros. Pictures
3:50
P!nk - Family Portrait
Music video by P!nk performing Family Portrait. (C) 2001, 2002 Arista Records, Inc....
published: 25 Oct 2009
author: P!nk
P!nk - Family Portrait
Music video by P!nk performing Family Portrait. (C) 2001, 2002 Arista Records, Inc.
- published: 25 Oct 2009
- views: 19212158
- author: P!nk
4:24
Rihanna - Russian Roulette
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Grou...
published: 05 Dec 2009
author: Rihanna
Rihanna - Russian Roulette
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 05 Dec 2009
- views: 101703308
- author: Rihanna
Vimeo results:
55:05
Skinemax
STARRING KURT RUSSELL
1/17/13 Update: Watch the sequel "Memorex" here! https://vimeo.com/...
published: 03 Oct 2011
author: Smash TV
Skinemax
STARRING KURT RUSSELL
1/17/13 Update: Watch the sequel "Memorex" here! https://vimeo.com/55006097
Skinemax is Koyaanisqatsi for a generation raised on late night television and B-movie VHS tapes. It's long form entertainment for short attention spans. An hour long VJ odyssey, it will move your body and warp your mind.
A nostalgic look back at a half remembered childhood growing up in the 80s and early 90s, Skinemax takes a close look at the culture of that era. The images that motivated, delighted, and terrified us on the silver screen, set to propulsive modern music that pines for a simpler time.
Please support the original works, these are film makers and musicians that have upheld the values of originality and creativity.
This video is protected under fair use copyright law. It is presented for the purposes of entertainment, education, and criticism/commentary only. No infringement is intended.
Tracklist:
Com Truise - Norkuy
Depakote - Tummler
Martial Canterel - For Us
Fulgeance - Glamoure
Daedelus - Penny Loafers
Teebs - Why Like This
Laurel Halo - Embassy
Games - Strawberry Skies
d'Eon - Transparency
FOE - A Handsome Stranger Called Death (Com Truise Remix)
Games - Shadows In Bloom
White Car - No Better
Gatekeeper - Forgotten
The Hasbeens - You And Me
Ford & Lopatin - Emergency Room
Rainbow Arabia - Mechanical
oOoOO - Burnout Eyess
VHS Head - Motions
Outer Limits Recordings - Plastik Child
Download higher quality MP3 here:
http://www.percussionlab.com/sets/smash_tv/skinemax_video_mix
Many more DJ Mixes here:
http://www.percussionlab.com/sets?list=tag&tag;=sparkle%20motion
Blog: http://supersmashtv.tumblr.com/
Twitter: @supersmashtv
4:17
New York city portrait, HD time lapse, April 2006, music by Moby
I shot this film in april 2006 during a 3 week stay in NYC. It was an incredible time, the...
published: 20 Aug 2009
author: Max Moos
New York city portrait, HD time lapse, April 2006, music by Moby
I shot this film in april 2006 during a 3 week stay in NYC. It was an incredible time, the city holds so many surprises. I shot it with a Canon 400D (ruining it, the shutter gave out :-)
I´ve had lots of help with this project, enabling shots from the german embassy and even out of the 44th floor of the Crysler Building. It is the first of a series of city portraits , coming soon: Hong Kong, Shanghai and Istanbul so stay tuned.
7:22
Cycling For Everyone
Introducing the Dutch Cycling Embassy, the world's cycling experts sharing experiences....
published: 21 Sep 2011
author: Dutch Cycling Embassy
Cycling For Everyone
Introducing the Dutch Cycling Embassy, the world's cycling experts sharing experiences.
4:56
SoundWorks Collection: The Sound of ARGO
The SoundWorks Collection talks with Sound Supervisor and Sound Designer Erik Aadahl to di...
published: 10 Oct 2012
author: Michael Coleman
SoundWorks Collection: The Sound of ARGO
The SoundWorks Collection talks with Sound Supervisor and Sound Designer Erik Aadahl to discuss the sound of Director Ben Affleck's Argo.
In 1979, during the Iranian Revolution, Islamic militants take over the U.S. embassy in Tehran and hold 52 Americans hostage. Six other Americans escape and hide in the Canadian ambassador's home. The Central Intelligence Agency and its specialist Tony Mendez (Affleck) put together a plan to help the six Americans escape Iran. With the cover of the 6 Americans being location finders for a movie called Argo, Tony must get the hostages to play the part of the Canadian movie makers, so they can escape Teheran.
For more exclusive videos check out www.SoundWorksCollection.com
Join the SoundWorks Collection Vimeo Channel: www.vimeo.com/channels/soundworkscollection
Youtube results:
2:23
Janet Devlin's audition - The X Factor 2011 - itv.com/xfactor
The X Factor: Incredibly nervous 16-year-old Janet has flown over from the depths of Irela...
published: 21 Aug 2011
author: The X Factor
Janet Devlin's audition - The X Factor 2011 - itv.com/xfactor
The X Factor: Incredibly nervous 16-year-old Janet has flown over from the depths of Ireland to be at her audition. Living in a tiny village in the middle of...
- published: 21 Aug 2011
- views: 10974802
- author: The X Factor
4:00
P!nk - Perfect
Music video by P!nk performing F**kin' Perfect. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Mu...
published: 20 Jan 2011
author: P!nk
P!nk - Perfect
Music video by P!nk performing F**kin' Perfect. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
- published: 20 Jan 2011
- views: 11229182
- author: P!nk
3:11
Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube c...
published: 22 Mar 2012
author: Jimmy Kimmel Live
Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube channel features clips and recaps of every episode from the late nig...
- published: 22 Mar 2012
- views: 8144663
- author: Jimmy Kimmel Live
5:05
MACKLEMORE X RYAN LEWIS - OTHERSIDE REMIX FEAT. FENCES [MUSIC VIDEO]
The Otherside Remix Music Video was filmed in various locations for about a year and a hal...
published: 31 Aug 2011
author: Ryan Lewis
MACKLEMORE X RYAN LEWIS - OTHERSIDE REMIX FEAT. FENCES [MUSIC VIDEO]
The Otherside Remix Music Video was filmed in various locations for about a year and a half throughout 2010-2011. It is the duo's second video collaboration ...
- published: 31 Aug 2011
- views: 24527852
- author: Ryan Lewis
4:03
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason ft. Nate Ruess
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/ta...
published: 05 Feb 2013
author: P!nk
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason ft. Nate Ruess
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk featuring Nate Ruess performing Just Give Me ...
- published: 05 Feb 2013
- views: 115299889
- author: P!nk
3:50
Rihanna - Take A Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66288884. (C) ...
published: 30 Nov 2009
author: Rihanna
Rihanna - Take A Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66288884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 94365742
- author: Rihanna
4:00
James Arthur sings Shontelle's Impossible - The Final - The X Factor UK 2012
Watch judges' comments at http://itv.com/XFactor (UK ONLY) Watch James Arthur sing Impossi...
published: 09 Dec 2012
author: The X Factor
James Arthur sings Shontelle's Impossible - The Final - The X Factor UK 2012
Watch judges' comments at http://itv.com/XFactor (UK ONLY) Watch James Arthur sing Impossible by Shontelle Sweeeeet! As potential Winner's Singles go, this o...
- published: 09 Dec 2012
- views: 21758989
- author: The X Factor
3:55
Flo Rida - Whistle [Official Video]
2012 WMG. Get an exclusive behind-the-scenes look at the making of the Flo Rida "Whistle" ...
published: 24 May 2012
author: THE WARNER SOUND
Flo Rida - Whistle [Official Video]
2012 WMG. Get an exclusive behind-the-scenes look at the making of the Flo Rida "Whistle" music video only on http://imgstrongarmworld.com The official mus...
- published: 24 May 2012
- views: 223122421
- author: THE WARNER SOUND
3:53
MACKLEMORE & RYAN LEWIS - THRIFT SHOP FEAT. WANZ (OFFICIAL VIDEO)
Thrift Shop on iTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thrift-shop-feat.-wanz-single/id55...
published: 29 Aug 2012
author: Ryan Lewis
MACKLEMORE & RYAN LEWIS - THRIFT SHOP FEAT. WANZ (OFFICIAL VIDEO)
Thrift Shop on iTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thrift-shop-feat.-wanz-single/id556955707 The Heist physical deluxe edition: http://www.macklemoremer...
- published: 29 Aug 2012
- views: 314341008
- author: Ryan Lewis
3:56
YouTube Challenge - I Told My Kids I Ate All Their Halloween Candy
Jimmy Kimmel Live - YouTube Challenge - I Told My Kids I Ate All Their Halloween Candy....
published: 03 Nov 2011
author: Jimmy Kimmel Live
YouTube Challenge - I Told My Kids I Ate All Their Halloween Candy
Jimmy Kimmel Live - YouTube Challenge - I Told My Kids I Ate All Their Halloween Candy.
- published: 03 Nov 2011
- views: 40611213
- author: Jimmy Kimmel Live
4:05
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason (Official Lyric Video)
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk pe...
published: 11 Sep 2012
author: P!nk
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason (Official Lyric Video)
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Just Give Me A Reason. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of...
- published: 11 Sep 2012
- views: 23689073
- author: P!nk
4:58
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 5720...
published: 30 Nov 2009
author: Rihanna
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57208048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 89013011
- author: Rihanna
2:50
Nice Guys
Behind the Scenes at http://www.youtube.com/higatv Two losers take a "how to pick up girls...
published: 31 May 2011
author: nigahiga
Nice Guys
Behind the Scenes at http://www.youtube.com/higatv Two losers take a "how to pick up girls" class and realize that Nice Guys finish last which results in the...
- published: 31 May 2011
- views: 46155129
- author: nigahiga
4:56
Rihanna - Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group #VEV...
published: 23 Nov 2009
author: Rihanna
Rihanna - Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group #VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtu...
- published: 23 Nov 2009
- views: 149234696
- author: Rihanna
3:03
Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warne...
published: 17 Apr 2013
author: Warner Bros. Pictures
Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures comes "Man of Steel", starring Henry...
- published: 17 Apr 2013
- views: 22060639
- author: Warner Bros. Pictures
4:08
P!nk - F**kin' Perfect
Music video by P!nk performing F**kin' Perfect. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Mu...
published: 19 Jan 2011
author: P!nk
P!nk - F**kin' Perfect
Music video by P!nk performing F**kin' Perfect. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
- published: 19 Jan 2011
- views: 52497757
- author: P!nk
4:07
ULTIMATE ASSASSIN'S CREED 3 SONG [Music Video]
GET THE SHIRT! http://bit.ly/DeathBlowTShirt WATCH BLOOPERS & MORE: http://bit.ly/AC3XTRAS...
published: 26 Oct 2012
author: Smosh
ULTIMATE ASSASSIN'S CREED 3 SONG [Music Video]
GET THE SHIRT! http://bit.ly/DeathBlowTShirt WATCH BLOOPERS & MORE: http://bit.ly/AC3XTRAS DOWNLOAD THE SONG: http://bit.ly/AC3Clean DOWNLOAD THE UNCENSORED ...
- published: 26 Oct 2012
- views: 33663869
- author: Smosh
Vimeo results:
55:05
Skinemax
STARRING KURT RUSSELL
1/17/13 Update: Watch the sequel "Memorex" here! https://vimeo.com/...
published: 03 Oct 2011
author: Smash TV
Skinemax
STARRING KURT RUSSELL
1/17/13 Update: Watch the sequel "Memorex" here! https://vimeo.com/55006097
Skinemax is Koyaanisqatsi for a generation raised on late night television and B-movie VHS tapes. It's long form entertainment for short attention spans. An hour long VJ odyssey, it will move your body and warp your mind.
A nostalgic look back at a half remembered childhood growing up in the 80s and early 90s, Skinemax takes a close look at the culture of that era. The images that motivated, delighted, and terrified us on the silver screen, set to propulsive modern music that pines for a simpler time.
Please support the original works, these are film makers and musicians that have upheld the values of originality and creativity.
This video is protected under fair use copyright law. It is presented for the purposes of entertainment, education, and criticism/commentary only. No infringement is intended.
Tracklist:
Com Truise - Norkuy
Depakote - Tummler
Martial Canterel - For Us
Fulgeance - Glamoure
Daedelus - Penny Loafers
Teebs - Why Like This
Laurel Halo - Embassy
Games - Strawberry Skies
d'Eon - Transparency
FOE - A Handsome Stranger Called Death (Com Truise Remix)
Games - Shadows In Bloom
White Car - No Better
Gatekeeper - Forgotten
The Hasbeens - You And Me
Ford & Lopatin - Emergency Room
Rainbow Arabia - Mechanical
oOoOO - Burnout Eyess
VHS Head - Motions
Outer Limits Recordings - Plastik Child
Download higher quality MP3 here:
http://www.percussionlab.com/sets/smash_tv/skinemax_video_mix
Many more DJ Mixes here:
http://www.percussionlab.com/sets?list=tag&tag;=sparkle%20motion
Blog: http://supersmashtv.tumblr.com/
Twitter: @supersmashtv
4:17
New York city portrait, HD time lapse, April 2006, music by Moby
I shot this film in april 2006 during a 3 week stay in NYC. It was an incredible time, the...
published: 20 Aug 2009
author: Max Moos
New York city portrait, HD time lapse, April 2006, music by Moby
I shot this film in april 2006 during a 3 week stay in NYC. It was an incredible time, the city holds so many surprises. I shot it with a Canon 400D (ruining it, the shutter gave out :-)
I´ve had lots of help with this project, enabling shots from the german embassy and even out of the 44th floor of the Crysler Building. It is the first of a series of city portraits , coming soon: Hong Kong, Shanghai and Istanbul so stay tuned.
7:22
Cycling For Everyone
Introducing the Dutch Cycling Embassy, the world's cycling experts sharing experiences....
published: 21 Sep 2011
author: Dutch Cycling Embassy
Cycling For Everyone
Introducing the Dutch Cycling Embassy, the world's cycling experts sharing experiences.
4:56
SoundWorks Collection: The Sound of ARGO
The SoundWorks Collection talks with Sound Supervisor and Sound Designer Erik Aadahl to di...
published: 10 Oct 2012
author: Michael Coleman
SoundWorks Collection: The Sound of ARGO
The SoundWorks Collection talks with Sound Supervisor and Sound Designer Erik Aadahl to discuss the sound of Director Ben Affleck's Argo.
In 1979, during the Iranian Revolution, Islamic militants take over the U.S. embassy in Tehran and hold 52 Americans hostage. Six other Americans escape and hide in the Canadian ambassador's home. The Central Intelligence Agency and its specialist Tony Mendez (Affleck) put together a plan to help the six Americans escape Iran. With the cover of the 6 Americans being location finders for a movie called Argo, Tony must get the hostages to play the part of the Canadian movie makers, so they can escape Teheran.
For more exclusive videos check out www.SoundWorksCollection.com
Join the SoundWorks Collection Vimeo Channel: www.vimeo.com/channels/soundworkscollection
Youtube results:
4:24
Rihanna - Russian Roulette
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Grou...
published: 05 Dec 2009
author: Rihanna
Rihanna - Russian Roulette
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 05 Dec 2009
- views: 101703308
- author: Rihanna
3:11
Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube c...
published: 22 Mar 2012
author: Jimmy Kimmel Live
Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube channel features clips and recaps of every episode from the late nig...
- published: 22 Mar 2012
- views: 8144663
- author: Jimmy Kimmel Live
5:05
MACKLEMORE X RYAN LEWIS - OTHERSIDE REMIX FEAT. FENCES [MUSIC VIDEO]
The Otherside Remix Music Video was filmed in various locations for about a year and a hal...
published: 31 Aug 2011
author: Ryan Lewis
MACKLEMORE X RYAN LEWIS - OTHERSIDE REMIX FEAT. FENCES [MUSIC VIDEO]
The Otherside Remix Music Video was filmed in various locations for about a year and a half throughout 2010-2011. It is the duo's second video collaboration ...
- published: 31 Aug 2011
- views: 24527852
- author: Ryan Lewis
3:39
Skrillex & Damian "Jr. Gong" Marley - Make It Bun Dem [OFFICIAL VIDEO]
Buy the track here: http://atlr.ec/TZ8yBf Directed by Tony T. Datis....
published: 06 Sep 2012
author: SKRILLEX
Skrillex & Damian "Jr. Gong" Marley - Make It Bun Dem [OFFICIAL VIDEO]
Buy the track here: http://atlr.ec/TZ8yBf Directed by Tony T. Datis.
- published: 06 Sep 2012
- views: 40138027
- author: SKRILLEX
4:03
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason ft. Nate Ruess
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/ta...
published: 05 Feb 2013
author: P!nk
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason ft. Nate Ruess
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk featuring Nate Ruess performing Just Give Me ...
- published: 05 Feb 2013
- views: 115299889
- author: P!nk
3:50
Rihanna - Take A Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66288884. (C) ...
published: 30 Nov 2009
author: Rihanna
Rihanna - Take A Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66288884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 94365742
- author: Rihanna
4:00
James Arthur sings Shontelle's Impossible - The Final - The X Factor UK 2012
Watch judges' comments at http://itv.com/XFactor (UK ONLY) Watch James Arthur sing Impossi...
published: 09 Dec 2012
author: The X Factor
James Arthur sings Shontelle's Impossible - The Final - The X Factor UK 2012
Watch judges' comments at http://itv.com/XFactor (UK ONLY) Watch James Arthur sing Impossible by Shontelle Sweeeeet! As potential Winner's Singles go, this o...
- published: 09 Dec 2012
- views: 21758989
- author: The X Factor
3:53
MACKLEMORE & RYAN LEWIS - THRIFT SHOP FEAT. WANZ (OFFICIAL VIDEO)
Thrift Shop on iTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thrift-shop-feat.-wanz-single/id55...
published: 29 Aug 2012
author: Ryan Lewis
MACKLEMORE & RYAN LEWIS - THRIFT SHOP FEAT. WANZ (OFFICIAL VIDEO)
Thrift Shop on iTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thrift-shop-feat.-wanz-single/id556955707 The Heist physical deluxe edition: http://www.macklemoremer...
- published: 29 Aug 2012
- views: 314341008
- author: Ryan Lewis
4:39
Rihanna - Rehab ft. Justin Timberlake
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19591123. (C) 2007 ...
published: 14 Dec 2009
author: Rihanna
Rihanna - Rehab ft. Justin Timberlake
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19591123. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 14 Dec 2009
- views: 52587594
- author: Rihanna
3:56
YouTube Challenge - I Told My Kids I Ate All Their Halloween Candy
Jimmy Kimmel Live - YouTube Challenge - I Told My Kids I Ate All Their Halloween Candy....
published: 03 Nov 2011
author: Jimmy Kimmel Live
YouTube Challenge - I Told My Kids I Ate All Their Halloween Candy
Jimmy Kimmel Live - YouTube Challenge - I Told My Kids I Ate All Their Halloween Candy.
- published: 03 Nov 2011
- views: 40611213
- author: Jimmy Kimmel Live
4:05
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason (Official Lyric Video)
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk pe...
published: 11 Sep 2012
author: P!nk
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason (Official Lyric Video)
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Just Give Me A Reason. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of...
- published: 11 Sep 2012
- views: 23689073
- author: P!nk
4:58
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 5720...
published: 30 Nov 2009
author: Rihanna
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57208048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 89013011
- author: Rihanna
2:50
Nice Guys
Behind the Scenes at http://www.youtube.com/higatv Two losers take a "how to pick up girls...
published: 31 May 2011
author: nigahiga
Nice Guys
Behind the Scenes at http://www.youtube.com/higatv Two losers take a "how to pick up girls" class and realize that Nice Guys finish last which results in the...
- published: 31 May 2011
- views: 46155129
- author: nigahiga
4:56
Rihanna - Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group #VEV...
published: 23 Nov 2009
author: Rihanna
Rihanna - Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group #VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtu...
- published: 23 Nov 2009
- views: 149234696
- author: Rihanna
3:03
Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warne...
published: 17 Apr 2013
author: Warner Bros. Pictures
Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures comes "Man of Steel", starring Henry...
- published: 17 Apr 2013
- views: 22060639
- author: Warner Bros. Pictures
3:50
P!nk - Family Portrait
Music video by P!nk performing Family Portrait. (C) 2001, 2002 Arista Records, Inc....
published: 25 Oct 2009
author: P!nk
P!nk - Family Portrait
Music video by P!nk performing Family Portrait. (C) 2001, 2002 Arista Records, Inc.
- published: 25 Oct 2009
- views: 19212158
- author: P!nk
4:24
Rihanna - Russian Roulette
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Grou...
published: 05 Dec 2009
author: Rihanna
Rihanna - Russian Roulette
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 05 Dec 2009
- views: 101703308
- author: Rihanna
Vimeo results:
55:05
Skinemax
STARRING KURT RUSSELL
1/17/13 Update: Watch the sequel "Memorex" here! https://vimeo.com/...
published: 03 Oct 2011
author: Smash TV
Skinemax
STARRING KURT RUSSELL
1/17/13 Update: Watch the sequel "Memorex" here! https://vimeo.com/55006097
Skinemax is Koyaanisqatsi for a generation raised on late night television and B-movie VHS tapes. It's long form entertainment for short attention spans. An hour long VJ odyssey, it will move your body and warp your mind.
A nostalgic look back at a half remembered childhood growing up in the 80s and early 90s, Skinemax takes a close look at the culture of that era. The images that motivated, delighted, and terrified us on the silver screen, set to propulsive modern music that pines for a simpler time.
Please support the original works, these are film makers and musicians that have upheld the values of originality and creativity.
This video is protected under fair use copyright law. It is presented for the purposes of entertainment, education, and criticism/commentary only. No infringement is intended.
Tracklist:
Com Truise - Norkuy
Depakote - Tummler
Martial Canterel - For Us
Fulgeance - Glamoure
Daedelus - Penny Loafers
Teebs - Why Like This
Laurel Halo - Embassy
Games - Strawberry Skies
d'Eon - Transparency
FOE - A Handsome Stranger Called Death (Com Truise Remix)
Games - Shadows In Bloom
White Car - No Better
Gatekeeper - Forgotten
The Hasbeens - You And Me
Ford & Lopatin - Emergency Room
Rainbow Arabia - Mechanical
oOoOO - Burnout Eyess
VHS Head - Motions
Outer Limits Recordings - Plastik Child
Download higher quality MP3 here:
http://www.percussionlab.com/sets/smash_tv/skinemax_video_mix
Many more DJ Mixes here:
http://www.percussionlab.com/sets?list=tag&tag;=sparkle%20motion
Blog: http://supersmashtv.tumblr.com/
Twitter: @supersmashtv
4:17
New York city portrait, HD time lapse, April 2006, music by Moby
I shot this film in april 2006 during a 3 week stay in NYC. It was an incredible time, the...
published: 20 Aug 2009
author: Max Moos
New York city portrait, HD time lapse, April 2006, music by Moby
I shot this film in april 2006 during a 3 week stay in NYC. It was an incredible time, the city holds so many surprises. I shot it with a Canon 400D (ruining it, the shutter gave out :-)
I´ve had lots of help with this project, enabling shots from the german embassy and even out of the 44th floor of the Crysler Building. It is the first of a series of city portraits , coming soon: Hong Kong, Shanghai and Istanbul so stay tuned.
7:22
Cycling For Everyone
Introducing the Dutch Cycling Embassy, the world's cycling experts sharing experiences....
published: 21 Sep 2011
author: Dutch Cycling Embassy
Cycling For Everyone
Introducing the Dutch Cycling Embassy, the world's cycling experts sharing experiences.
4:56
SoundWorks Collection: The Sound of ARGO
The SoundWorks Collection talks with Sound Supervisor and Sound Designer Erik Aadahl to di...
published: 10 Oct 2012
author: Michael Coleman
SoundWorks Collection: The Sound of ARGO
The SoundWorks Collection talks with Sound Supervisor and Sound Designer Erik Aadahl to discuss the sound of Director Ben Affleck's Argo.
In 1979, during the Iranian Revolution, Islamic militants take over the U.S. embassy in Tehran and hold 52 Americans hostage. Six other Americans escape and hide in the Canadian ambassador's home. The Central Intelligence Agency and its specialist Tony Mendez (Affleck) put together a plan to help the six Americans escape Iran. With the cover of the 6 Americans being location finders for a movie called Argo, Tony must get the hostages to play the part of the Canadian movie makers, so they can escape Teheran.
For more exclusive videos check out www.SoundWorksCollection.com
Join the SoundWorks Collection Vimeo Channel: www.vimeo.com/channels/soundworkscollection
Youtube results:
2:23
Janet Devlin's audition - The X Factor 2011 - itv.com/xfactor
The X Factor: Incredibly nervous 16-year-old Janet has flown over from the depths of Irela...
published: 21 Aug 2011
author: The X Factor
Janet Devlin's audition - The X Factor 2011 - itv.com/xfactor
The X Factor: Incredibly nervous 16-year-old Janet has flown over from the depths of Ireland to be at her audition. Living in a tiny village in the middle of...
- published: 21 Aug 2011
- views: 10974802
- author: The X Factor
4:00
P!nk - Perfect
Music video by P!nk performing F**kin' Perfect. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Mu...
published: 20 Jan 2011
author: P!nk
P!nk - Perfect
Music video by P!nk performing F**kin' Perfect. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
- published: 20 Jan 2011
- views: 11229182
- author: P!nk
3:11
Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube c...
published: 22 Mar 2012
author: Jimmy Kimmel Live
Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube channel features clips and recaps of every episode from the late nig...
- published: 22 Mar 2012
- views: 8144663
- author: Jimmy Kimmel Live
5:05
MACKLEMORE X RYAN LEWIS - OTHERSIDE REMIX FEAT. FENCES [MUSIC VIDEO]
The Otherside Remix Music Video was filmed in various locations for about a year and a hal...
published: 31 Aug 2011
author: Ryan Lewis
MACKLEMORE X RYAN LEWIS - OTHERSIDE REMIX FEAT. FENCES [MUSIC VIDEO]
The Otherside Remix Music Video was filmed in various locations for about a year and a half throughout 2010-2011. It is the duo's second video collaboration ...
- published: 31 Aug 2011
- views: 24527852
- author: Ryan Lewis
photo: AP / Alastair Grant
23 May 2013
May 23, 2013 -- Updated 0227 GMT (1027 HKT). London (CNN) -- Security experts are starting to analyze events leading up to the horrific cleaver attack of a man believed to be a British soldier on the suburban streets of London. One key line of inquiry they'll be following among the many leads. How does this attack relate to other incidents around the world? ... READ. Victim hacked to death ... Terrorism expert on London attack. Cameron ... Witness ... ]....(size: 9.8Kb)
photo: AP / Jon Super
23 May 2013
The former South Africa international remarks that it would be "very strange" to see the forward in a different shirt and hopes that new boss David Moyes will carry on winning EXCLUSIVE. By Juliet Bawuah. Former Manchester United defender Quinton Fortune feels that it would be "very strange" to see Wayne Rooney playing for another club ... MANCHESTER UNITED LATEST ... "I can't see Rooney playing anywhere else," he told Goal ... ....(size: 3.0Kb)
photo: AP / Salisu Rabiu
21 May 2013
ENUGU, Nigeria (AP) — Nigeria's military said Tuesday that the West African nation would release some of the prisoners it has taken in the country's fight against Islamic extremists — including all the women now held in custody ... The leader of the Islamic extremist network Boko Haram, the main group now fighting the government, repeatedly has mentioned security agencies arresting members' women and children. In the statement, Brig. Gen ... ....(size: 4.2Kb)
photo: US Navy / Alan Radecki courtesy Northrop Grumman
21 May 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. "If the mainspring of popular government in peacetime is virtue, in revolution it is both virtue and terror. virtue without terror is fatal; terror without virtue is powerless."-Maximilien Robespierre speaking to France's National Convention, 1794. If the French Revolution gave the world a new and enlightened but terrorist means of killing, so did America's Global War on Terror....(size: 5.9Kb)
photo: AP / Charlie Riedel
22 May 2013
AP ... Scientists concluded the storm was a rare and extraordinarily powerful type of twister known as an EF5, ranking it at the top of the enhanced Fujita scale used to measure tornado strength....(size: 0.9Kb)
Edit
noodls
23 May 2013
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE May 23, 2013 The Dentsu Group's Aegis Media Acquires Social Embassy, the Leading Social Media Agency in the Netherlands ... 58,967.1 million yen) announced today that Aegis Media, one of the two entities under the umbrella of its global operating unit Dentsu Aegis Network Ltd., has acquired Social Embassy B.V. (hereinafter "Social Embassy"), the leading social media agency in the Netherlands ... Social Embassy B.V....(size: 2.4Kb)
Edit
Novosti
23 May 2013
Alexander Mamayev, the head of the Russian Embassy’s consulate department, said Moscow had been already informed about Ustinov’s detention and the embassy was assisting him ... “Our [embassy] representatives visited him in detention as requested and gave recommendations on defense attorneys.”....(size: 1.8Kb)
Edit
Newstrack India
23 May 2013
Alexander Mamayev, head of the Russian Embassy's consulate department, said Moscow has been informed about Ustinov's detention and the embassy was assisting him ... Our (embassy) representatives visited him in detention as requested and gave recommendations on defense attorneys," he said....(size: 2.0Kb)
Edit
The Washington Times
23 May 2013
Facebook. Follow @washtimes. Will a special prosecutor ultimately be needed to get to the bottom of the IRS scandal?. Login to Vote ... On Jan ... After two aerial refuelings they arrived at the embassy only to find it empty. It seems the Department of State had moved the mission to a new embassy and forgotten to update the plan. After about 30 minutes of searching, they found the new embassy ... There were two detachments at the embassy in Tripoli ... ....(size: 2.7Kb)
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U~T San Diego
23 May 2013
Whether you call it an “act of terror” or a “terrorist attack”, these things will continue to happen, and we need to provide better security to our embassies, and maybe there would have been better security if Issa and other conservatives had voted for funding for the embassies ... During the Bush years there were at least seven attacks on embassies, and people died ... Instead, let’s provide better security to our embassies and move on ... ....(size: 3.1Kb)
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New Straits/Business Times
23 May 2013
Jamaludin Ismail (left) and Azerbaijan Embassy Consul Vusal Karimov. Uzbekistan Embassy counsellor Abror Fatkhullaev (left) and its third secretary Jasur Ashurov....(size: 0.9Kb)
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Jakarta Post
23 May 2013
The Guangxi Normal University (GXNU) in Guilin, China, in collaboration with the Indonesian Embassy, has opened an Indonesian Cultural Center, the fourth such center established in the Asian superpower nation....(size: 1.2Kb)
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New Straits/Business Times
23 May 2013
The United States Embassy in Kuala Lumpur will be closed on ......(size: 0.3Kb)
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The Independent
23 May 2013
Spies might be supposed to be masters of disguise, but a British ... public today ... The embassy - where staff had been "particularly struck by his intimate knowledge of military secrets" - cabled London ... "This hardly squares with the fact that the garments and shoes fitted him," the embassy noted ... "I need hardly point out the damage this incident will do to us and The Times here," the embassy warned ... PA ....(size: 2.2Kb)
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The Independent
23 May 2013
The spy who was on his way to Egypt in October 1941, undercover as a war correspondent for The Times - when he was stopped by officers after being spotted “in a main street dressed, down to a brassiere, as a woman” - according to correspondence by British embassy staff to London ... “This hardly squares with the fact that the garments and shoes fitted him,” the embassy noted wryly....(size: 2.4Kb)
"Embassy" redirects here. For other uses, see Embassy (disambiguation).
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This article may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (November 2010) |
A diplomatic mission is a group of people from one state or an international inter-governmental organisation (such as the United Nations) present in another state to represent the sending state/organisation in the receiving state. In practice, a diplomatic mission usually denotes the permanent mission, namely the office of a country's diplomatic representatives in the capital city of another country. As well as being a diplomatic mission to the country in which it is situated, it may also be a non-resident permanent mission to one or more other countries. There are thus resident and non-resident embassies.[1][2][3][4]
Contents |
Naming[link]
A permanent diplomatic mission is typically known as an embassy, and the person in charge of the mission is known as an ambassador. The term "embassy" is often used to refer to the building or compound housing an ambassador's offices and staff. Technically, however, "embassy" refers to the diplomatic delegation itself, while the office building in which they work is known as a chancery.
Ambassadors can reside within or outside of the chancery; for example, American diplomatic missions maintain separate housing for their ambassadors apart from their embassies. Ambassadors residing outside of the chancery retain special protection from the host country's security forces and the ambassadorial residences enjoy the same rights as missions. Like embassies, such residences are considered inviolable and, in most cases, extraterritorial. The residences of high commissioner, who are similar to ambassadors, have the same rights.
All missions to the United Nations are known simply as permanent missions, while EU Member States' missions to the European Union are known as permanent representations and the head of such a mission is typically both a permanent representative and an ambassador. European Union missions abroad are known as EU delegations. Some countries have more particular naming for their missions and staff: a Vatican mission is headed by a nuncio (Latin "envoy") and consequently known as an apostolic nunciature. Under the rule of Maumar al-Gadaffi Libya's missions used the name people's bureau and the head of the mission was a secretary. Missions between Commonwealth countries are known as high commissions and their heads are high commissioners. This is because ambassadors are exchanged between foreign countries, but since the beginning of the Commonwealth, member countries have nominally maintained that they are not foreign to one another (the same reason as the naming of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office).
In the past a diplomatic mission headed by a lower-ranking official (an envoy or minister resident) was known as a legation. Since the ranks of envoy and minister resident are effectively obsolete, the designation of legation is no longer used today. (See diplomatic rank.)
A consulate is similar to (but not the same as) a diplomatic office, but with focus on dealing with individual persons and businesses, as defined by the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. A consulate or consulate general is generally a representative of the embassy in locales outside of the capital city. For instance, the United Kingdom has its Embassy of the United Kingdom in Washington, D.C., but also maintains seven consulates-general and four consulates elsewhere in the US. The person in charge of a consulate or consulate-general is known as a consul or consul-general, respectively. Similar services may also be provided at the embassy (to serve the region of the capital) in what is sometimes called a consular section.
In cases of dispute, it is common for a country to recall its head of mission as a sign of its displeasure. This is less drastic than cutting diplomatic relations completely, and the mission will still continue operating more or less normally, but it will now be headed by a chargé d'affaires (usually the deputy chief of mission) who may have limited powers. (A chargé d'affaires ad interim also heads the mission during the interim between the end of one chief of mission's term and the beginning of another).
Extraterritoriality[link]
Contrary to popular belief, diplomatic missions do not enjoy full extraterritorial status and are not sovereign territory of the represented state.[5][6] Rather, the premises of diplomatic missions remain under the jurisdiction of the host state while being afforded special privileges (such as immunity from most local laws) by the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. Diplomats themselves still retain full diplomatic immunity, and (as an adherent to the Vienna Convention) the host country may not enter the premises of the mission without permission of the represented country. The term "extraterritoriality," therefore, is often used in this broader sense when applied to diplomatic missions.
As the host country may not enter the representing country's embassy without permission, embassies are sometimes used by refugees escaping from either the host country or a third country. For example, North Korean nationals, who would be arrested and deported from China upon discovery, have sought sanctuary at various third-country embassies in China. Once inside the embassy, diplomatic channels can be used to solve the issue and send the refugees to another country. Notable violations of embassy extraterritoriality include the Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981) and the Japanese embassy hostage crisis at the ambassador's residence in Lima, Peru during 1996.
Role[link]
"The functions of a diplomatic mission consist, inter alia, in representing the sending State in the receiving State; protecting in the receiving State the interests of the sending State and of its nationals, within the limits permitted by international law; negotiating with the Government of the receiving State; ascertaining by all lawful means conditions and developments in the receiving State, and reporting thereon to the Government of the sending State; promoting friendly relations between the sending State and the receiving State, and developing their economic, cultural and scientific relations".[7]
Between members of the Commonwealth of Nations their diplomatic missions are not called embassies, but High Commissions, as Commonwealth nations share a special diplomatic relationship. It is generally expected that an embassy of a Commonwealth country in a non-Commonwealth country will do its best to provide diplomatic services to citizens from other Commonwealth countries if the citizen's country does not have an embassy in that country. Canadian and Australian nationals enjoy even greater cooperation between their respective consular services, as outlined in Canada-Australia Consular Services Sharing Agreement. The same kind of procedure is also followed multilaterally by the member states of the European Union (EU). European citizens in need of consular help in a country without diplomatic or consular representation of their own country may turn to any consular or diplomatic mission of another EU member state.
The rights and immunities (such as diplomatic immunity) of diplomatic missions are codified in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations.
Multiple missions in a city[link]
Some cities may host more than one mission from the same country. An example is Rome, where many states maintain missions to Italy and another to the Holy See. It is not customary for these missions to share premises nor diplomatic personnel. At present, only the Iraqi missions to Italy and the Holy See share premises; however, two ambassadors are appointed, one to each country. In the case of the UN's Food Agencies, the Head of Mission to the Italian Republic is usually accredited as Permanent Representative. The United States maintains a separate United States Mission to the UN Agencies in Rome whose head is the United States Ambassador to the United Nations Agencies for Food and Agriculture.
Non-Diplomatic Offices[link]
Governments of states not recognized by the receiving state and of territories that make no claim to be sovereign states may set up offices abroad that do not have official diplomatic status as defined by the Vienna Convention. Examples are the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Offices that represent the government of the Republic of China, Somaliland's Representative Offices in London, Addis Ababa, Rome, and Washington, D.C. and the Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices that represent the government of that territory. Such offices assume some of the non-diplomatic functions of diplomatic posts, such as promoting trade interests and providing assistance to its citizens and residents. They are nevertheless not diplomatic missions, their personnel are not diplomats and do not have diplomatic visas, although there may be legislation providing for personal immunities and tax privileges, as in the case of the Hong Kong offices in London and Toronto, for example.
See also[link]
- Diplomacy
- Embassy Row, District of Columbia
- List of attacks on diplomatic missions
- Lists of diplomatic missions
- List of people who took refuge in a diplomatic mission
- Paradiplomacy
References[link]
- ^ Tom Nierop, Systems and Regions in Global Politics (Wiley, John and Sons 1994 ISBN 978-0-471-94942-8), p. 67).
- ^ "The Russian Federation has diplomatic relations with a total of 187 countries, but some of them – mainly for financial reasons – maintain non-resident embassies in other countries", International Affairs, issues 4-6 (Znanye Pub. House, 2006), p. 78
- ^ "Of Chile's 109 foreign diplomatic missions in 1988, no fewer than 31 were on a non-residential basis, while 17 of the 63 missions in Santiago were non resident" (Deon Geldenhuys, Isolated States: A Comparative Analysis (University of Cambridge 1990 ISBN 0-521-40268-9), p. 158).
- ^ "America's diplomatic mission to (Saudi Arabia) was changed from non-resident to permanent Minister in Jeddah" (Fahad M. Al-Nafjan, The Origins of Saudi-American Relations, page not numbered).
- ^ 'Japan Judicial Assistance' on Travel.State.Gov.
- ^ 'Laws and Rules Regarding Extraterritoriality' on integrity-legal.com: 'There is a common misconception that Embassies and Consulates have extraterritoriality. As anecdotal evidence of this misconception, people will often say things like, “the US Embassy sits upon United States soil.” For the most part, this is not the case as extraterritoriality is not conferred upon an Embassy or Consulate, but in some situations extraterritoriality may be created by Treaty'.
- ^ Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, article 3
External links[link]
http://wn.com/Diplomatic_mission
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the snooker player. For the association football player, see Stephen Hendry (footballer). For the Hamilton Academical F.C. player, see Stephen Hendrie.
 Stephen Hendry at the 2011 Paul Hunter Classic |
|
| Born | (1969-01-13) 13 January 1969 (age 43) South Queensferry, Edinburgh |
|---|---|
| Sport country |  Scotland |
| Nickname | The Golden Boy The Maestro The Ice Man[1] The Wonder/Golden Bairn The Great One |
| Professional | 1985–2012 |
| Highest ranking | 1 (9 years) |
| Current ranking | 21 |
| Career winnings | UK£8,637,360[2] |
| Highest break | 147 (11 times) |
| Century breaks | 775 |
| Tournament wins | |
| Ranking | 36 |
| Non-ranking | 38 |
| World Champion | 1990, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1999 |
Stephen Gordon Hendry, MBE (born 13 January 1969) is a retired Scottish professional snooker player. In 1990, he was the youngest-ever snooker World Champion, at the age of 21.[3] He has won the World Championship a record seven times and was snooker's world number one for eight consecutive years between 1990 and 1998, and again in 2006/2007. Hendry has the distinction of holding the most world ranking titles (36) and leads the field of snooker players with 775 competitive century breaks. He also holds the record with Ronnie O'Sullivan for the most competitive maximum breaks, with 11.[4]
Contents |
Career[link]
Amateur years (1981–1985)[link]
Hendry started playing snooker in 1981, aged 12. Two years later he won the Scottish U-16 Championship. He also appeared on BBC's Junior version of Pot Black. The following year he won the Scottish Amateur Championship and also became the youngest ever entrant in the World Amateur Championship. In 1985, after retaining the Scottish Amateur Championship, he turned professional. At 16 years and three months old he was the youngest ever professional.
Early professional years (1986–1988)[link]
In his first season he reached the last 32 in the Mercantile Credit Classic and was the youngest ever Scottish Professional champion. He also became the youngest player ever to qualify for the World Championship, a record he held until 2012 when Luca Brecel qualified at the age of 17 years and one month.[5] He lost 8–10 to Willie Thorne who then applauded him out of the arena. In the next season he retained the Scottish Professional Championship title and reached the quarter-finals of both the Grand Prix and World Championship, losing 12–13 to defending champion Joe Johnson, and the semi-finals of the Mercantile Credit Classic. Hendry and Mike Hallett combined to win that year's World Doubles Championship. In 1987/88 Hendry won his first world ranking titles, the Grand Prix, beating Dennis Taylor 10–7 in the final, and the British Open. He also claimed three other tournament victories, retaining both the Scottish Professional Championship and the World Doubles Championship (with Hallett), and the Australian Masters. By the end of that season he was ranked world no. 4 and was voted the BBC Scotland Sports Personality of the Year.
No ranking titles came his way the following season, although he did win the New Zealand Masters and also his first Masters at Wembley.
World Champion and World Number One (1989–1999)[link]
The 1989/90 season saw the beginning of Hendry's period of dominance. That year, he won the UK Championship, Dubai Classic, Asian Open, Scottish Masters, Wembley Masters and his first World Championship, beating Jimmy White 18–12 in the final,[6] elevating him to the summit of the world rankings at the age of 21. The following season, he set a record of five world ranking titles in one season and recorded a hat-trick of Masters, beating Mike Hallett 9–8 after coming back from 7–0 and 8–2 behind in the final. However, Hendry failed to retain his world title, losing to Steve James in the quarter-finals. In 1991/92, Hendry regained the World title, winning 10 frames in a row to come from 8–14 down to defeat White 18–14, adding to the victories in both the Grand Prix and the Welsh Open. He won the Masters, too, and achieved his first competitive 147 break, in the Matchroom League. A year later, he retained both his World Championship title and a fifth consecutive Masters crown. The following season, he retained the World Championship, narrowly beating Jimmy White 18–17 in the final.
In 1994/95, after being awarded an MBE, he won three ranking events, including the World and UK Championships, both of which he would retain the following year. In the 1994 UK final, Hendry defeated Ken Doherty 10–5, making 7 centuries in the match. This performance has been described by snooker journalist David Hendon as "possibly the best anybody has ever played". His run of successes continued in 1995/96 with three titles, including the World Championship, where an 18–12 victory in the final against Peter Ebdon saw him equal the achievement of Ray Reardon and Steve Davis by notching up a sixth World crown. In 1997, he won BBC Scotland Sports Personality of the Year award for a second time and added another three ranking titles to his collection, although Ken Doherty denied him a sixth consecutive World crown by defeating him 18–12 in the final.
Hendry's dominant position in snooker appeared to be on the wane, as the only ranking event he won in the 1997/98 season was the Thailand Masters. In the 1998 Masters final at Wembley, Hendry led his good friend Mark Williams 9–6, needing just one more frame for victory. However, he then wasted numerous chances to close out the match and eventually lost 10–9 after the deciding frame went to a re-spotted black. This match is regarded by many as one of the greatest in the history of the game. He also lost his World No. 1 ranking for the first time since 1990 and was eliminated in the first round of the World Championship, losing heavily to White (4–10). 1998/99 began with an embarrassing 0–9 first-round loss in the UK Championship to unseeded Marcus Campbell. However, a resurgent Hendry won the last two events in the campaign – the Scottish Open and a record seventh World title. After beating Ronnie O'Sullivan 17–13 in their semi-final, he emerged a convincing 18–11 winner over future double World Champion Mark Williams. This was Hendry's last World Championship title.
1999–2010[link]
Hendry made a strong start to the 1999/2000 season by winning two of the first three tournaments, including the British Open, where he made the fifth 147 break of his career and the first maximum in a ranking final. However, he was surprisingly defeated in the first round of the 2000 World Championship by debutant Stuart Bingham. By Hendry's high standards the 2000/01 season was a disappointment, as he failed to win a ranking event for the first time since the 1988/1989 season and reached only one final. Still he won the European Open the next season and came close to an eighth World Championship. Having eliminated defending champion O'Sullivan in the semi-finals (17–13), he lost narrowly to Ebdon in the final (17–18). The Welsh Open in 2002/03 and British Open in 2003/04 came his way, with his victory in the 2005 Malta Cup being his most recent ranking success. However, following O'Sullivan's decision to not enter the 2006 Malta Cup, Hendry was able to regain the world no. 1 position in 2005/06 due to consistency in reaching the latter stages of tournaments without, by his own admission, reproducing his form of old.[7] He reached the final of the 2006 UK Championship in a tournament memorable for his quarter final against Ronnie O'Sullivan, in which O'Sullivan unexpectedly forfeited the match at 4–1 down following a strong start by Hendry. The Scot then came back from 7–5 behind in his semi-final to defeat then-World Champion Graeme Dott 9–7, but lost in the final, 6–10, to Peter Ebdon. Following a disappointing season in 2007/2008 Hendry unexpectedly reached his 12th semi-final at the World Championships, a new record surpassing Steve Davis' 11. In doing so aged 39 he became the oldest player to reach the semi-finals of the tournament since Terry Griffiths in 1992.
Hendry started season 2008/09 with two losses in his first matches. He was beaten 1–5 by Stephen Lee in the Northern Ireland Trophy and 4–5 by Ricky Walden in the Shanghai Masters. He had more success in the Grand Prix, however, winning his first-round match with David Gilbert 5–4, before succumbing to the eventual winner, John Higgins, 2–5 in the next round. However in the next ranking event, the Bahrain Championship, he reached the semi-final, but he lost 4–6 to Matthew Stevens. In the next 3 professional tournaments, the UK Championship, the Masters and the Welsh Open, Hendry lost in the first round to Stephen Lee, Neil Robertson and Martin Gould respectively. He found some form in China Open, beating Robert Milkins and Ricky Walden, but lost his quarter-final match to Peter Ebdon, the eventual winner of the tournament. At the World Championship Hendry beat good friend Mark Williams 10–7 in first round. This win guaranteed Hendry a place in top sixteen of the rankings for next season. He then went on to win 13–10 against Ding Junhui. In that match Hendry reached another milestone: a 1000th frame won at the Crucible (also, in that very frame Hendry scored 140 points). On 28 April, Hendry made a 147 maximum break against Shaun Murphy.[8] He eventually lost the match 13–11 to Murphy the next day to go out of the championship.[9] At the age of 40, he became the oldest player to make a maximum in a ranking tournament and only the second player (after O'Sullivan) to make more than one 147 at the Crucible. Hendry ended up at no. 10 of the world rankings, falling outside the top eight for the first time since the 1987/1988 season.
In the 2009/2010 season Hendry won his opening matches in every ranking tournament, however didn't manage to get to a quarter-final until the China Open, where he lost 4–5 to Mark Allen, despite at one time leading the match 4–2. In the Masters Hendry lost in the first round. In the first round of the World Championship, Hendry defeated China's Anda Zhang. Hendry was 7–9 down in the best-of-19 match, but managed to win 3 frames in a row for a 10–9 victory. At the press conference he confessed, that, had he lost the match, he would have seriously considered retirement.[10] He lost in the second round 5–13 against Mark Selby. Apart from the Main Tour tournaments he won the seniors invitation tournament "Legends of Snooker" beating Ken Doherty 5–3 in the final. Another important event was the much publicised challenge match with Ding Junhui played in Beijing, which Hendry lost 6–13.
Recent years (2010–2012)[link]
In the 2010/2011 season season Hendry could not maintain his unbeaten run in the first round of ranking events, as he lost it at the Shanghai Masters against Martin Gould by 2–5.[11] At the World Open in Glasgow, Hendry recorded 3–0 whitewashes against Bjorn Haneveer and Mark Davis, before he was beaten 1–3 by rival Ronnie O'Sullivan.[12] At the UK Championship in Telford, Hendry was drawn against another old rival, Jimmy White. Despite struggling with his game throughout the match Hendry came through 9–8, rolling back the years by compiling a match-winning break in the deciding frame. In the second round Hendry was defeated 6–9 by Mark Williams.[13] Afterwards Hendry expressed his frustration with his form and revealed that he has been suffering from "the yips" for the last ten years, leaving him unable to cue through the ball and causing him to miss the simplest of shots.[14] Hendry's next tournament was the Masters, where he lost 3–6 against reigning World Champion Neil Robertson.[15] He made his 10th 147 break at the 2011 Welsh Open in the opening frame of the last 16 round vs Stephen Maguire, but later lost the game. At the 2011 China Open Hendry whitewashed Matthew Stevens 5–0 in the first round, before losing to Ding Junhui 2–5 in the second round.[16] At the 2011 World Championship, he beat Joe Perry in the deciding frame of their first round tie before going out in the second round to Mark Selby 4–13.[17]
Hendry began the 2011/2012 season at the first event of the Players Tour Championship, and lost 3–4 against Kyren Wilson.[18] As a result of this he was ranked number 17 after the event, the first time out of the top 16 since the 1987/1988 season.[19] However, he moved back into the top 16 after reaching the second round of the Australian Goldfields Open.[20] In September he played Robert Milkins in the first round of the Shanghai Masters, but lost the match 1–5,[21] subsequently losing his position inside the top 16 after the first cut off point and was ranked number 21.[22] This meant that Hendry would not participate in the Masters for the first time in 23 years and that he would have to qualify to reach the main stages of all the ranking events in the snooker calendar.[23]
Hendry managed to qualify for the 2011 UK Championship after beating Gerard Greene 6–2 in the final qualifying round. It was his first qualifying match since 1989.[24][unreliable source?] However, he lost 3–6 to compatriot Stephen Maguire in the first round.[25] He reached the semi-finals of the twelfth PTC event in January 2012, but narrowly lost 3–4, once again to Maguire. Hendry needed to reach the final in order to make the top 24 of the Order of Merit and secure a place in the Finals.[26] Hendry lost 1–5 in a qualifying match against James Wattana for the German Masters and therefore did not play in a ranking tournament for the first time in 15 years.[27] He qualified for the Welsh Open by whitewashing Kurt Maflin 4–0 to reach the first round, where he played reigning Masters champion Neil Robertson and recorded the result of his season so far by triumphing 4–1.[28][29] He was then whitewashed 0–4 by Mark Allen in the following round. Hendry also played the Australian in the first round of the World Open after he defeated Mike Dunn 5–2 in qualifying, however this time he lost 3–5.[30][31] Hendry won his 4th qualifying encounter out of 5 so far this season, when he defeated Yu Delu 5–1 to seal his place for the China Open.[32] There he beat Martin Gould 5–4 in the first round on the final black.[33] He played Robertson for the third consecutive time in a ranking event in the last 16 and was beaten 3–5.[34]
Retirement[link]
Hendry ensured he would feature in his 27th consecutive World Championship when he qualified by beating Yu again, this time by a 10–6 scoreline.[35] He made a 147 on the opening day of the tournament in a match against Stuart Bingham. This was his third maximum break at the Crucible Theatre and his 11th in total, both records which he shares with Ronnie O'Sullivan. He advanced to the second round with a 10–4 win over Bingham and then crushed an out of sorts John Higgins 13–4, his first victory over his compatriot in a ranking event since 2003, to set up a last 8 meeting with Stephen Maguire. Hendry has reached 19 quarter-finals, with only eight players having played in the tournament that many times.[36] Hendry lost 2–13 to Maguire and immediately announced his retirement from the game citing dissatisfaction with his standard of play in recent years and difficulty balancing competitive, commercial and personal commitments and revealed he had made the decision three months earlier.[37]
Status[link]
Hendry won 72 professional titles putting him second on the all-time list, behind Steve Davis. However, Hendry is the record holder for the number of ranking titles won, with 36. In addition, he won four team titles as well as several amateur titles.
His other career records include: consecutive wins of a single tournament, longest consecutive winning streak (in ranking events), most centuries compiled in one match (7), most centuries compiled in one tournament (16), most years ranked world no.1, most career centuries (775) and highest total prize money. He became only the second player to compile more than one maximum at the Crucible [38] and the oldest player to make a maximum in professional competition. He also holds the records for the longest unbroken run of appearances at the World Championship (27 times) and the longest unbroken run inside the top 16 in the world rankings (23 seasons).
Playing style[link]
Hendry tends to play at a steady pace. He often uses the now universal tactic of potting the blue with pace and heavy topspin on the white ball to cannon into the pack of reds and develop them for break-building. Aside from his break-building consistency, Hendry's ability at long potting was crucial to his success, as was his knack of potting balls in the middle pocket during a break. Throughout his career he has played very aggressively, more often than not attempting quite difficult pots and trying to break open the reds early in a break rather than waiting until all open reds have been potted. In this way he has compiled more than 700 competitive century breaks.[39] However, as the standard of his break-building and long potting have declined, his aggressive instincts have given his opponents more opportunities than used to be the case. Recently however, since working with Chris Henry, the man who coached Peter Ebdon to the 2002 World Championship, Hendry has placed a greater emphasis on his safety game which has been described by Clive Everton during commentary as being better than at any stage during his career.[citation needed]
Personal life[link]
Hendry was born in South Queensferry, Edinburgh, but brought up in Fife, where he attended Inverkeithing High School. He now lives in the small town of Auchterarder with his wife Mandy, whom he married in 1995, and sons Blaine (born 1996) and Carter (born 2004). He lives close to Gleneagles and has a single-figure golf handicap. He enjoys poker and has appeared in several televised tournaments. Hendry is also keenly interested in football, supporting Scottish side Hearts.
When returning to Scotland from the Thailand Open in September 2003, Hendry had his cue broken. The cue, which he had owned since he was aged 14, having purchased it for £40, was the cue he had used when winning his 7 world titles.[40] Since the 11 September 2001 attacks, snooker players have been required to put their cues in the holds of aeroplanes, where they are susceptible to damage.[41]
In August 2011, HM Revenue and Customs successfully applied to Glasgow Sheriff Court to liquidate the assets of Stephen Hendry Snooker Ltd., following its failure to pay an £85,000 tax bill.[42]
Performance and rankings timeline[link]
| Tournament | 1985/ 1986 |
1986/ 1987 |
1987/ 1988 |
1988/ 1989 |
1989/ 1990 |
1990/ 1991 |
1991/ 1992 |
1992/ 1993 |
1993/ 1994 |
1994/ 1995 |
1995/ 1996 |
1996/ 1997 |
1997/ 1998 |
1998/ 1999 |
1999/ 2000 |
2000/ 2001 |
2001/ 2002 |
2002/ 2003 |
2003/ 2004 |
2004/ 2005 |
2005/ 2006 |
2006/ 2007 |
2007/ 2008 |
2008/ 2009 |
2009/ 2010 |
2010/ 2011 |
2011/ 2012 |
Career W-L |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ranking | UR[nb 1] | 51 | 23 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 6 | 10 | 11 | 16 | |
| UK Championship | A | A | A | F | W | W | SF | QF | F | W | W | W | F | 1R | SF | SF | QF | QF | F | 2R | SF | F | 1R | 1R | 2R | 2R | 1R | 5 / 24 |
| Masters | A | A | A | W | W | W | W | W | F | QF | W | QF | F | 1R | QF | SF | QF | F | 1R | QF | 1R | SF | 1R | 1R | 1R | 1R | A | 6 / 23 |
| World Championship | 1R | QF | 2R | SF | W | QF | W | W | W | W | W | F | 1R | W | 1R | QF | F | QF | SF | QF | 1R | 2R | SF | QF | 2R | 2R | QF | 7 / 27 |
| Performance Table Legend | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| A | did not participate in the tournament | #R | lost in the early rounds of the tournament |
| QF | advanced to but not past the quarterfinals | SF | advanced to but not past the semifinals |
| F | advanced to the final, tournament runner-up | W | won the tournament |
- ^ New players on the Main Tour don't have a ranking.
Career finals[link]
Ranking event finals: 57 (36 titles, 21 runner-ups)[link]
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http://wn.com/Stephen_Hendry
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hendry
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the snooker player. For other uses, see Paul Hunter (disambiguation).
| 250px Hunter with the Masters Trophy |
|
| Born | (1978-10-14)14 October 1978 Leeds, Yorkshire |
|---|---|
| Died | 9 October 2006(2006-10-09) (aged 27) Huddersfield |
| Sport country |  England |
| Nickname |
|
| Professional | 1995–2006 |
| Highest ranking | 4 (2004/2005)[1] |
| Career winnings | UK£1,525,050 |
| Highest break | 146 (2004 Premier League) |
| Century breaks | 114 |
| Tournament wins | |
| Ranking | 3 |
| Non-ranking | 3 |
Paul Alan Hunter (14 October 1978 – 9 October 2006) was an English professional snooker player. His media profile developed swiftly and he became known as the "Beckham of the Baize" because of his good looks and flamboyant style.[2][3]
Hunter was a three-time Masters Champion, winning the title on the deciding frame on all three occasions. Hunter compiled 114 competitive century breaks[4] in the course of his professional career, including a personal record break of 146 compiled at the 2004 Premier League.[5] Hunter also won three ranking titles, the British Open and the Welsh Open (twice).[1]
In March 2005 Hunter was diagnosed with neuroendocrine tumors,[5] and died from the disease in 2006 just before his 28th birthday. He was survived by his wife, Lindsey, and their daughter.[6]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Hunter was born in Leeds in 1978[2] and was educated at St Andrews Primary School and Cardinal Heenan High School.[7] With some encouragement from friends and family, he spent many hours practising snooker. He often travelled to Bradford to practise alongside Joe Johnson.[8] At the age of 12 Hunter was considered an "outstanding junior talent".[7] He won many junior tournaments and at the age of 14 won the English Doubles Championship with Richard Brooke.[2] With the help of former professional snooker players Jimmy Michie and Joe Johnson, Hunter made his debut among the professionals in July 1995 at the age of 16.[1][2][7]
Life and career[link]
Early career (1995–2000)[link]
Four months after his professional debut, Hunter reached the second round of the 1995 UK Championship by defeating world number six Alan McManus 9–4.[9] He followed up that achievement by becoming the youngest player to reach the last four of a ranking event when he reached the semi-finals of the 1996 Welsh Open at the age of 17 years and three months,[2] defeating Stephen Hendry on the way.[10]
Also in 1996, he reached the quarter-finals of the UK Championship, where he beat Willie Thorne 9–0, James Wattana 9–5 and Terry Murphy 9–7, before losing 5–9 against eventual champion Stephen Hendry.[11] Hunter was awarded a wildcard to play at the 1997 Masters, where he lost 1–5 against Mark Williams in the first round.[12]
He was fined £4,550 and docked 1,440 ranking points after testing positive for cannabis during an event in 1997.[8] His first ranking tournament victory came at the 1998 Welsh Open, where he defeated seven players to lift the title and claim the £60,000 winner's cheque: Paul Wykes (5–3), Neal Foulds (5–2), Steve Davis (5–3), Nigel Bond (5–4), Alan McManus (5–3) and Peter Ebdon (6–1), before defeating John Higgins 9–5 in the final. During the final, Hunter made three century breaks (108, 116 and 127). He was 2–4 down at one time, but won seven of the last eight frames to clinch the title.[13] He followed up that success by reaching the semi-finals of the 1998 UK Championship in Bournemouth[14] and was named the Snooker Writers Association's "Young Player of the Year".[7][8]
Hunter's first appearance at the Crucible came in 1999 World Championship, where he lost 8–10 in the first round to the eventual champion Stephen Hendry.[15] His form that season elevated him to no. 12 in the 1999/2000 world rankings resulting in automatic qualification into the final stages of ranking tournaments for the first time.[16]
After the 1999/2000 season, demoting him to no. 14 in the 2000/2001 world rankings,[16] he reached the quarter-final stage or better in six tournaments the following season. He was a runner-up at the Welsh Open,[17] a semi-finalist at the British Open[18] and Scottish Open[19] and a quarter-finalist at the Grand Prix[20] and China Open.[21]
Masters champion (2001–2004)[link]
In the 2001 Masters, Hunter beat his close friend and defending champion Matthew Stevens 6–5 in the last 16, Peter Ebdon 6–3 in the quarter-finals and Stephen Hendry 6–4 in the semi-finals.[22][23] In the final Hunter recovered from a 3–7 deficit against Fergal O'Brien to win 10–9. Hunter compiled four centuries in six frames,[23] and earned the £175,000 first prize.[24] In his post-match interview, Hunter caused a media sensation by admitting he resorted to "Plan B" with Lindsey, then his girlfriend, during the interval while 2–6 down. The 'B' in "Plan B" purportedly refers to the word "bonk", a British slang term for sexual intercourse. Hunter and Fell retired to their hotel room and he recalled: "Sex was the last thing on my mind. I just wasn't in the mood. But I had to do something to break the tension. It was a quick session – around 10 minutes or so – but I felt great afterwards. She jumped in the bath, I had a kip and then played like a dream. I reeled off four centuries in six frames. I won easily."[8][25]
In 2002, Hunter retained his title. He defeated Stephen Lee 6–3 in the first round, Peter Ebdon 6–5 in the quarter-finals and Alan McManus 6–5 in the semi-finals to reach the final, where defeated Mark Williams 10–9, despite at one point of the match trailing 0–5.[26] In doing so, he became only the third player in history of the Masters to retain the trophy along with Cliff Thorburn and Stephen Hendry, and in doing so he won the £190,000 prize money.[27] Hunter also won his second Welsh Open title, defeating Ken Doherty 9–2 in the final,[28] but was defeated 9–10 in the first round of the 2002 World Championship by Quinten Hann.[29]
His success was to continue at the 2002 British Open, staged in Telford, where he captured his third ranking title by beating Ian McCulloch 9–4 in the final.[30] Hunter couldn't win the Masters for the third time in row in 2003, as he lost 3–6 in the semi-finals to the previous year's runner-up and eventual champion Mark Williams.[31] His greatest success that campaign, though, was only a few months away.
In the 2003 World Championship, he beat Allister Carter 10–5, Matthew Stevens 13–6 and defending champion Peter Ebdon 13–12 to reach the semi-finals.[32][33] In his semi-final, Hunter established a 15–9 overnight lead over Ken Doherty, however he only could win one of the remaining nine frames, and lost the match 16–17.[34] As a result of his performances Hunter earned a place in the world's top eight in the 2003/2004 world rankings for the first time in his career, having been ranked number nine for the previous two seasons.[16]
In 2003/2004, Hunter won the Masters for the third time in four years, yet again by the score of 10–9. Hunter trailed Ronnie O'Sullivan throughout the entire match before pipping him to the trophy in the final frame. In fact, Hunter trailed 1–6, 2–7, 6–8 and 7–9 before reeling off the final three frames to seal the sixth title of his professional career. He made five century breaks in the match.[35][36] Hunter also reached the final of the Players Championship, but lost 7–9 against Jimmy White.[37] Hunter reached the second round of the 2004 World Championship, where he lost 12–13 against Matthew Stevens, despite leading 10–6 and 12–10 at some points of the match.[38] Hunter and Lindsey Fell, a beauty therapist, married in August 2004 in Jamaica.[39]
Hunter began the 2004/2005 season, by reaching the semi-finals of the Grand Prix, where he lost 3–6 to Ronnie O'Sullivan.[40] He then reached the quarter-finals of the China Open,[41] just days after discovering that he was suffering from cancer. His career-high ranking was number four in the world during the 2004/2005 season, which dropped to number five in 2005/2006.[16]
Later years and illness (2005–2006)[link]
On 6 April 2005, Hunter announced that he was suffering from malignant neuroendocrine tumors, the causes of which are unknown. A spokesman for the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association said at the time: "Paul will undergo treatment to cure himself of this illness. He would like to reassure his fans and supporters that, as with his snooker career, he is tenacious and positive in his fight against the disease."[42] Hunter had been receiving chemotherapy for his illness.[43][39]
Hunter returned to the circuit for the start of the 2005/2006 season, but lost to Rory McLeod in the first round of the Grand Prix.[44] Hunter's next match of the season was at the UK Championship against Jamie Burnett, in which Hunter dramatically came back from 6–8 down to win the match 9–8[45] Despite this Hunter lost in the next round 2–9 against eventual champion Ding Junhui.[46] On 26 December 2005, Lindsey gave birth to their first and only child, daughter Evie Rose,[6][39] who weighed 8 lb 2 oz (3.7 kg).[47] He lost in the first round of the World Championship 5–10 to Neil Robertson, his last ever match.[8]
He slipped from 5th to 34th in the 2006/2007 rankings.[6][16][43] Hunter admitted that he was worse than the previous year and confirmed that he had been in continuous pain.[48] On 27 July 2006, the WPBSA confirmed that, following a members' vote, the organisation's rules would be changed to allow Hunter to sit out the entire 2006/2007 season with his world ranking frozen at 34. He intended to devote the year to treatment for his cancer.[1][7]
Death and legacy[link]
Hunter died at 8:20pm on 9 October 2006 – just five days short of his 28th birthday – at the Kirkwood Hospice in Huddersfield.[49] Prior to the Premier League Snooker matches on 12 October 2006, players Jimmy White, Ronnie O'Sullivan, Ken Doherty and Ding Junhui, along with referee Alan Chamberlain and commentators Willie Thorne and Phil Yates, all stood for a moment of silence to remember Hunter.[5] His funeral took place on 19 October 2006 at Leeds Parish Church.[50] Many players attended the ceremony, and his best friend, Matthew Stevens, was a coffin-bearer at the service.[51]
Fellow professionals Stephen Hendry, Mark Williams, Jimmy White, Matthew Stevens and Ken Doherty have led calls for The Masters trophy to be named in Hunter's memory.[52]. Instead, the non-ranking, and now minor-ranking tournament, Fürth German Open was renamed the Paul Hunter Classic in his honour; a tournament first won by Paul Hunter.[53] In 2006 Hunter was posthumously awarded the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Helen Rollason Award – his widow Lindsey accepted the award on his behalf.[54] The Paul Hunter Foundation was set up after his death to give disadvantaged children places to play sport and socialise.[55]
Performance timeline[link]
| Tournaments | 1995/ 96 |
1996/ 97 |
1997/ 98 |
1998/ 99 |
1999/ 00 |
2000/ 01 |
2001/ 02 |
2002/ 03 |
2003/ 04 |
2004/ 05 |
2005/ 06 |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rankings[16] | UR[nb 1] | 78 | 43 | 24 | 12 | 14 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 4 | 5 | |||||
| Ranking tournaments | ||||||||||||||||
| British Open | LQ | LQ | 1R | 2R | 2R | SF | 2R | W | QF | 2R | NH | |||||
| Grand Prix[nb 2] | LQ | 1R | 4R | 2R | 5R | QF | 3R | QF | 3R | SF | 1R | |||||
| UK Championship | 2R | QF | 2R | SF | 4R | 6R | 3R | 3R | QF | 3R | 3R | |||||
| Irish Masters | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | SF | 2R | 2R | NH | |||||
| Players Championship[nb 3] | LQ | LQ | 4R | QF | 3R | SF | 2R | 4R | F | NH | NH | |||||
| Malta Cup[nb 4] | LQ | LQ | NH | 2R | NH | NH | 1R | QF | 2R | 1R | 1R | |||||
| Welsh Open | SF | LQ | W | 2R | 3R | F | W | SF | QF | 2R | 2R | |||||
| China Open | NH | NH | 2R | 1R | 1R | QF | 2R | NH | NH | QF | 1R | |||||
| Thailand Masters | 1R | 1R | LQ | 1R | 1R | 1R | 2R | NH | NH | NH | NH | |||||
| World Snooker Championship | LQ | LQ | LQ | 1R | 1R | 2R | 1R | SF | 2R | 1R | 1R | |||||
| Non ranking tournaments | ||||||||||||||||
| The Masters | A | WR | A | A | 1R | W | W | SF | W | 1R | 1R | |||||
| Premier League | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | RR | RR | A | |||||
| Irish Masters | A | A | A | A | A | A | 1R | Ranking Event | NH | |||||||
| Scottish Masters | A | A | A | 1R | A | A | 1R | QF | NH | NH | NH | |||||
| Performance Table Legend | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| A | did not participate in the tournament | #R | lost in the early rounds of the tournament (RR = round robin, WR = Wild Card Round) |
| QF | advanced to but not past the quarterfinals | SF | advanced to but not past the semifinals |
| F | advanced to the final, tournament runner-up | W | won the tournament |
| NH | means an event was not held | NR | means an event was no longer a ranking event |
Career finals[link]
Ranking finals: 5 (3 titles, 2 runner-ups)[link]
| Outcome | No. | Year | Championship | Opponent in the final | Score | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Winner | 1. | 1998 | Welsh Open | Higgins, JohnJohn Higgins |
9–5 | [56] |
| Runner-up | 1. | 2001 | Welsh Open |  Doherty, KenKen Doherty |
2–9 | [56] |
| Winner | 2. | 2002 | Welsh Open (2) | Doherty, KenKen Doherty |
9–7 | [56] |
| Winner | 3. | 2002 | British Open | McCulloch, IanIan McCulloch |
9–4 | [57] |
| Runner-up | 2. | 2004 | Players Championship | White, JimmyJimmy White |
7–9 | [58] |
Non-ranking finals: 3 (3 titles)[link]
| Outcome | No. | Year | Championship | Opponent in the final | Score | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Winner | 1. | 2001 | Masters | O'Brien, FergalFergal O'Brien |
10–9 | [59] |
| Winner | 2. | 2002 | Masters (2) |  Williams, MarkMark Williams |
10–9 | [59] |
| Winner | 3. | 2004 | Masters (3) | O'Sullivan, RonnieRonnie O'Sullivan |
10–9 | [59] |
Pro-am finals: 1 (1 title)[link]
| Outcome | No. | Year | Championship | Opponent in the final | Score | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Winner | 1. | 2004 | Grand Prix Fürth | Stevens, MatthewMatthew Stevens |
4–2 | [60] |
Amateur finals: 1 (1 runner-up)[link]
| Outcome | No. | Year | Championship | Opponent in the final | Score | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Runner-up | 1. | 1995 | English Amateur Championship | Gray, DavidDavid Gray |
7–8 | [61] |
Notes[link]
- ^ New players on the tour don't have a ranking.
- ^ The event run under different name as LG Cup (2001/2002-2003/2004)
- ^ The event run under different names such as International Open (1995/1996-1996/1997) and Scottish Open (1997/1998-2002/2003)
- ^ The event run under different names such as European Open (1995/1996-1996/1997 and 2001/2002-2003/2004) and Irish Open (1998/1999)
References[link]
- ^ a b c d "Player Profile of Paul Hunter". Chris Turner's Snooker Archive. http://www.cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Players/HunterP.html. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
- ^ a b c d e Gray, Sadie (11 October 2006). "Paul Hunter". London: The Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article667716.ece. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ^ "White pays tribute to Hunter". This Is London. http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard-sport/article-23370317-white-pays-tribute-to-hunter.do. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ^ Chris Turner. "Centuries". Chris Turner's Snooker Archive. http://www.cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Centuries.htm. Retrieved 13 December 2008.
- ^ a b c "Cancer victim Paul Hunter dies, aged 27". breakingnews.ie. http://www.breakingnews.ie/sport/cwidaucwidkf/. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ^ a b c Gray, Sadie (11 October 2006). "Paul Hunter". London: The Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article667716.ece?token=null&offset=12&page=2. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ^ a b c d e "Obituaries: Paul Hunter". London: The Daily Telegraph. 11 October 2006. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1531098/Paul-Hunter.html. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
- ^ a b c d e "Paul Hunter". London: The Independent. 11 October 2006. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/paul-hunter-419492.html. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ^ "Royal Liver Assurance UK Open". WWW Snooker. http://www.snooker.org/TRN/9596/uk_res.shtml. Retrieved 13 October 2010.
- ^ "World Snooker Past Players Paul Hunter". World Snooker. http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/PastPlayersArticle/0,,13165~2234091,00.html. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
- ^ "UK Championship 1996". WWW Snooker. http://www.snooker.org/TRN/9697/uk_res.shtml. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
- ^ "Benson & Hedges Masters 1997". WWW Snooker. http://www.snooker.org/trn/9697/bh_res.shtml.
- ^ "WWW Snooker: Regal Welsh Open 1998". WWW Snooker. http://www.snooker.org/trn/9798/wo98_res.shtml. Retrieved 13 December 2008.
- ^ "Liverpool Victoria UK Championship 1998". WWW Snooker. http://www.snooker.org/trn/9899/uk98_res.shtml. Retrieved 13 October 2010.
- ^ "Embassy World Championship 1999". WWW Snooker. http://www.snooker.org/trn/9899/wc99_res.shtml. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f "Ranking History". WWW Snooker. http://www.snooker.org/Rnk/history.asp.
- ^ "Regal Welsh Open 2001". WWW Snooker. http://www.snooker.org/trn/0001/wo2001_res.shtml. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
- ^ "British Open 2000". WWW Snooker. http://www.snooker.org/trn/0001/bo2000_res.shtml. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
- ^ "Regal Scottish Open 2001". WWW Snooker. http://www.snooker.org/trn/0001/so2001_res.shtml. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
- ^ "Grand Prix 2000". WWW Snooker. http://www.snooker.org/trn/0001/gp2000_res.shtml. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
- ^ "China Open 2000". WWW Snooker. http://www.snooker.org/trn/0001/co2000_res.shtml. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
- ^ "Hunter bags Hendry scalp". BBC Sport (London). 10 February 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/in_depth/2001/benson_and_hedges_masters/1163718.stm. Retrieved 14 December 2008.
- ^ a b "WWW Snooker: Benson & Hedges Masters 2001". WWW Snooker. http://www.snooker.org/trn/0001/bm2001_res.shtml. Retrieved 13 December 2008.
- ^ "Dream come true for Master Hunter". BBC Sport (London). 12 February 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/in_depth/2001/benson_and_hedges_masters/1165767.stm. Retrieved 14 December 2008.
- ^ "Interview Paul Hunter". London: guardian.co.uk. 12 April 2004. http://sport.guardian.co.uk/snooker/story/0,10158,1190031,00.html. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
- ^ "Benson & Hedges Masters 2002". WWW Snooker. http://www.snooker.org/trn/0102/bm2002_res.shtml. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
- ^ "Hunter bags second Masters". BBC Sport Media (London). 11 February 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/benson_and_hedges_masters_2002/1813295.stm. Retrieved 14 December 2008.
- ^ "Regal Welsh Open 2002". WWW Snooker. http://www.snooker.org/trn/0102/wo2002_res.shtml. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
- ^ "Embassy World Championship 2002". WWW Snooker. http://www.snooker.org/trn/0102/wc2002_res.shtml. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
- ^ "British Open 2002". WWW Snooker. http://www.snooker.org/trn/0203/bo2002_res.shtml. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
- ^ "Benson & Hedges Masters 2003". WWW Snooker. http://www.snooker.org/trn/0203/bm2003_res.shtml. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
- ^ "Embassy World Championship 2003". WWW Snooker. http://www.snooker.org/trn/0203/wc2003_res.shtml. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
- ^ Mark Orlovac (1 May 2003). "Hunter edges out Ebdon". BBC Sport Media (London). http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/2986677.stm. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
- ^ Dan Warren (3 May 2003). "Doherty wins Crucible epic". BBC Sport Media (London). http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/2997531.stm. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
- ^ "WWW Snooker: Masters 2004". WWW Snooker. http://www.snooker.org/trn/0304/m2004_res.shtml. Retrieved 13 December 2008.
- ^ Clive Jones (9 February 2004). "BBC SPORT". BBC Sport (London). http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/3471197.stm. Retrieved 13 December 2008.
- ^ "Daily Record Players Championship 2004". WWW Snooker. http://www.snooker.org/trn/0304/pc2004_res.shtml. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
- ^ Harlow, Phil (24 April 2004). "Stevens shoots down Hunter". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/snooker/3653255.stm. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
- ^ a b c Day, Elizabeth; Robertson, Peter (22 October 2006). "I took Paul's hand in mine... it was time to let him go". London: Mail Online. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-411829/I-took-Pauls-hand--time-let-go.html. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
- ^ "Grand Prix 2004". WWW Snooker. http://www.snooker.org/trn/0405/gp2004_res.shtml. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
- ^ "China Open 2005". WWW Snooker. http://www.snooker.org/trn/0405/co2005_res.shtml. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
- ^ "Hunter diagnosed with cancer". RTÉ Sport. 6 April 2005. http://www.rte.ie/sport/2005/0406/hunter.html. Retrieved 13 April 2007.
- ^ a b "Snooker star Paul Hunter dies at 27". Yorkshire Post. http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/around-yorkshire/local-stories/snooker_star_paul_hunter_dies_at_27_1_2393686. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
- ^ "Grand Prix 2005". WWW Snooker. http://www.snooker.org/trn/0506/gp2005_res.shtml. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
- ^ "Brave Hunter is winner again". Daily Mirror on TheFreeLibrary.com. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Snooker%3A+bRAVE+paul+IS+winner+again.-a0139541511. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
- ^ "Travis Perkins UK Championship 2005". WWW Snooker. http://www.snooker.org/trn/0506/uk2005_res.shtml. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
- ^ "Baby delight for cancer hit snooker ace". Daily Mirror. http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2005/12/27/baby-delight-for-cancer-hit-snooker-ace-115875-16523708/. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ^ Everton, Clive (11 October 2006). "Obituary: Paul Hunter". London: guardian.co.uk. http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2006/oct/11/guardianobituaries.obituaries1. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ^ "Doherty tribute to 'great character' Hunter". London: Mail Online. 10 October 2006. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/othersports/article-409590/Doherty-tribute-great-character-Hunter.html. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ^ "Hundreds gather at Hunter funeral". London: BBC News / West Yorkshire. 19 October 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/england/west_yorkshire/6066570.stm. Retrieved 13 April 2007.
- ^ "Hundreds gather at Hunter funera". BBC News. 19 October 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/west_yorkshire/6066570.stm. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ^ Dillon, Andrew (17 May 2007). "Fitting tribute to tragic Hunter". London: The Sun. http://www.thesun.co.uk/article/0,,3-2006470425,00.html. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
- ^ "Geschichte der PHC". SnookerStars. http://snookerstars.de/system/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=56&Itemid=60&el_mcal_month=11&el_mcal_year=2011. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
- ^ "Hunter loses battle with cancer". BBC Sport (BBC). 9 October 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/6035879.stm. Retrieved 25 January 2009.
- ^ "Official Paul Hunter Foundation Website". http://www.paulhunterfoundation.org/. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
- ^ a b c Turner, Chris. "Welsh Open". cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk. Chris Turner's Snooker Archive. http://www.cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/welshopen.html. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
- ^ Turner, Chris. "British Open (including British Gold Cup, Yamaha Organs Trophy and Yamaha International Masters)". cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk. Chris Turner's Snooker Archive. http://www.cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/brit.html. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
- ^ Turner, Chris. "Players Championship". cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk. Chris Turner'S Snooker Archive. http://www.cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/playchamp.html. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
- ^ a b c Turner, Chris. "The Masters". cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk. Chris Turner's Snooker Archvie. http://www.cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/masters.html. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
- ^ "Paul Hunter Classic History". Global Snooker. http://www.global-snooker.com/Paul-Hunter-Classic-Historic-Results.asp. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
- ^ Turner, Chris. "English Amateur Championship". cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk. Chris Turner's Snooker Archive. http://www.cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Amateur.html#English. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
Further reading[link]
- Hunter, Lindsey (2008). Unbreakable: My Life with Paul – a Story of Extraordinary Courage and Love. London: HarperElement. ISBN 0-00-726091-1. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/health/healthmain.html?in_article_id=478155&in_page_id=1774.
External links[link]
 |
Wikinews has related news: Snooker player Paul Hunter dies of cancer, age 27 |
- "Paul Hunter". WorldSnooker.com. World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association. 2007–2010 [copyright date]. "Past Players" section. http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/PastPlayersArticle/0,,13165~2234091,00.html. Retrieved 29 March 2011. Official WPBSA player profile.
- Paul Hunter at CueTracker.net: Snooker Results and Statistic Database
- BBC Sport profile for Paul Hunter
- Snooker Club profile for Paul Hunter
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Hunter, Paul |
| Alternative names | Beckham of the Baize, The Man with the Golden Cue, Snooker Spice |
| Short description | snooker player |
| Date of birth | 14 October 1978 |
| Place of birth | Leeds, Yorkshire |
| Date of death | 9 October 2006 |
| Place of death | Huddersfield |
http://wn.com/Paul_Hunter
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hunter
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the person. For other uses, see Malcolm X (disambiguation).
"Malik Shabazz" redirects here. For other people of that name, see Malik Shabazz (disambiguation).
| Malcolm X | |
|---|---|
 Malcolm X in March 1964 |
|
| Born | Malcolm Little (1925-05-19)May 19, 1925 Omaha, Nebraska, United States |
| Died | February 21, 1965(1965-02-21) (aged 39) New York City, New York, United States |
| Cause of death | Assassination (gunshot) |
| Resting place | Ferncliff Cemetery |
| Other names | El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz |
| Organization | Nation of Islam, Muslim Mosque, Inc., Organization of Afro-American Unity |
| Influenced by | Elijah Muhammad, Marcus Garvey |
| Political movement | Black nationalism, Pan-Africanism |
| Religion | Nation of Islam, (later) Sunni Islam |
| Spouse | Betty Shabazz (m. 1958) |
| Children | Attallah Shabazz Qubilah Shabazz Ilyasah Shabazz Gamilah Lumumba Shabazz Malikah Shabazz Malaak Shabazz |
| Parents | Earl Little, Louise Norton Little |
| Signature |  |
Malcolm X (
/ˈmælkəm ˈɛks/; May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965), born Malcolm Little and also known as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz[1] (Arabic: الحاجّ مالك الشباز), was an African-American Muslim minister and human rights activist. To his admirers, he was a courageous advocate for the rights of African Americans, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans. Detractors accused him of preaching racism, black supremacy, antisemitism, and violence. He has been called one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history.
Malcolm X's father died—killed by white supremacists, it was rumored—when he was young, and at least one of his uncles was lynched. When he was thirteen, his mother was placed in a mental hospital, and he was placed in a series of foster homes. In 1946, at age 20, he went to prison for breaking and entering.
In prison, Malcolm X became a member of the Nation of Islam and after his parole in 1952 he quickly rose to become one of its leaders. For a dozen years Malcolm X was the public face of the controversial group, but disillusionment with Nation of Islam head Elijah Muhammad led him to leave the Nation in March 1964. After a period of travel in Africa and the Middle East, he returned to the United States, where he founded Muslim Mosque, Inc. and the Organization of Afro-American Unity. In February 1965, less than a year after leaving the Nation of Islam, he was assassinated by three members of the group.
Malcolm X's expressed beliefs changed substantially over time. As a spokesman for the Nation of Islam he taught black supremacy and advocated separation of black and white Americans—in contrast to the civil rights movement's emphasis on integration. After breaking with the Nation of Islam in 1964—saying of his association with it, "I was a zombie then ... pointed in a certain direction and told to march"—and becoming a Sunni Muslim, he disavowed racism and expressed willingness to work with civil rights leaders, though still emphasizing black self-determination and self defense.
Contents |
Early years[link]
Malcolm Little was born on May 19, 1925, in Omaha, Nebraska, the fourth of seven children to Earl Little and Louise Norton.[2] His father was an outspoken Baptist lay speaker. He supported Pan-African activist Marcus Garvey and was a local leader of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA).[3] Malcolm never forgot the values of black pride and self-reliance that his father and other UNIA leaders preached.[4] Malcolm X later said that three of Earl Little's brothers, one of whom was lynched, died violently at the hands of white men.[5] Because of Ku Klux Klan threats, the family relocated in 1926 to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and shortly thereafter to Lansing, Michigan.[6]
Earl Little, who was dark-skinned, was born in Reynolds, Georgia.[7] He had three children from his first marriage: Ella, Mary, and Earl Jr.—and seven with his second wife, Louise: Wilfred, Hilda, Philbert, Malcolm, Reginald, Yvonne, and Wesley.[8] Louise Norton Little was born in Grenada. Because her father was Scottish, she was so light-skinned that she could have passed for white. Malcolm inherited his light complexion from his mother and maternal grandfather.[9] Initially he felt his light skin was a status symbol, but he later said he "hated every drop of that white rapist's blood that is in me."[10] Malcolm X later remembered feeling that his father favored him because he was the lightest-skinned child in the family; however, he thought his mother treated him harshly for the same reason.[11] One of Malcolm's nicknames, "Red", derived from the tinge of his hair. According to one biographer, at birth he had "ash-blonde hair ... tinged with cinnamon", and at age four, "reddish-blonde hair".[12] His hair darkened as he aged, yet he also resembled his paternal grandmother, whose hair "turned reddish in the summer sun."[2] The issue of skin and hair color took on very significant implications later in Malcolm's life.[7]
In December 1924, Louise Little was threatened by Klansmen while she was pregnant with Malcolm. She recalled that the Klansmen warned the family to leave Omaha, because Earl Little's activities with UNIA were "spreading trouble".[13] After they moved to Lansing, their house was burned in 1929; however, the family escaped without physical injury. On September 8, 1931, Earl Little was fatally struck by a streetcar in Lansing. Authorities ruled his death an accident. The police reported that Earl Little was conscious when they arrived on the scene, and he told them he had slipped and fallen under the streetcar's wheels.[14] The black community in Lansing disputed the cause of death, believing there was circumstantial evidence of assault. His family had frequently been harassed by the Black Legion, a white supremacist group that his father accused of burning down their home in 1929. Some blacks believed the Black Legion was responsible for Earl Little's death. One of the adults at the funeral told eight-year-old Philbert Little that his father had been hit from behind and shoved under the streetcar.[15]
Though Earl Little had two life insurance policies, his family received death benefits solely from the smaller policy. The insurance company of the larger policy claimed that his father had committed suicide and refused to issue the benefit.[16] The payout from the insurance policy was $1,000 (comparable to about $15,000 in 2010 dollars), and the probate court awarded Louise Little a monthly "widow's allowance" of $18. She rented space in the garden to raise more money, and her sons would hunt game for supper.[17]
In 1935 or 1936, Louise Little began dating an African-American man. A marriage proposal seemed a possibility, but the man disappeared from their lives when Louise became pregnant with his child in late 1937.[18] In December 1938, Louise Little had a nervous breakdown and was declared legally insane. The Little siblings were split up and sent to different foster homes. The state formally committed Louise Little to the state mental hospital at Kalamazoo, Michigan, where she remained until Malcolm and his siblings secured her release 24 years later.[19][20]
Malcolm Little was one of the best students in his junior high school, but he dropped out after a white eighth-grade teacher told him that his aspirations of being a lawyer were "no realistic goal for a nigger."[21] Years later, Malcolm X would laugh about the incident, but at the time it was humiliating. It made him feel that there was no place in the white world for a career-oriented black man, no matter how smart he was.[21] After living with a series of foster parents, Malcolm moved to Boston in February 1941 to live with his older half-sister, Ella Little Collins.[22][23]
Young adult years[link]
Collins lived in Roxbury, a predominantly African-American middle-class neighborhood of Boston. It was the first time Little had seen so many black people. He was drawn to the cultural and social life of the neighborhood.[24] In Boston, Little held a variety of jobs and found intermittent employment with the New Haven Railroad. Between 1943 and 1946, he drifted from city to city and job to job. He left Boston to live for a short time in Flint, Michigan. He moved to New York City in 1943. Living in Harlem, he became involved in drug dealing, gambling, racketeering, robbery, and pimping.[25] During this period, Little became known as "Detroit Red" because he came from Michigan and because of the reddish color of his hair.[26] According to recent biographies, Little occasionally engaged in sex with other men, usually for money.[27][28]
In 1943, the U.S. draft board ordered Little to register for military service.[29] He later recalled that he put on a display to avoid the draft by telling the examining officer that he could not wait to "steal us some guns, and kill us [some] crackers."[30] Military physicians classified him as "mentally disqualified for military service". He was issued a 4-F card, relieving him of his service obligations.[29] In late 1945, Little returned to Boston. With a group of associates, he began a series of elaborate burglaries targeting the residences of wealthy white families.[31] On January 12, 1946, Little was arrested for burglary while trying to pick up a stolen watch he had left for repairs at a jewelry shop.[32] The shop owner called the police because the watch was very expensive, and the police had alerted all Boston jewelers that it had been stolen. Little told the police that he had a gun on his person and surrendered so the police would treat him more leniently.[33] Three days later, Little was indicted for carrying firearms. On January 16, he was charged with larceny and breaking and entering, and eventually sentenced to eight to ten years in prison.[34]
On February 27, Little began serving his sentence at the Charlestown State Prison in Charlestown, Boston. While in prison, Little earned the nickname of "Satan" for his hostility toward religion.[35] Little met a self-educated man in prison named John Elton Bembry (referred to as "Bimbi" in The Autobiography of Malcolm X).[36] Bembry was a well-regarded prisoner at Charlestown, and Malcolm X would later describe him as "the first man I had ever seen command total respect ... with words."[37] Gradually, the two men became friends and Bembry convinced Little to educate himself.[38] Little developed a voracious appetite for reading, and he frequently read after the prison lights had been turned off.[39] In 1948, Little's brother Philbert wrote, telling him about the Nation of Islam. Like the UNIA, the Nation preached black self-reliance and, ultimately, the unification of members of the African diaspora, free from white American and European domination.[40] Little was not interested in joining until his brother Reginald wrote, saying, "Malcolm, don't eat any more pork and don't smoke any more cigarettes. I'll show you how to get out of prison."[41] Little quit smoking, and the next time pork was served in the prison dining hall, he refused to eat it.[42]
When Reginald came to visit Little, he described the group's teachings, including the belief that white people are devils. Afterward, Little thought about all the white people he had known, and he realized that he'd never had a relationship with a white person or social institution that wasn't based on dishonesty, injustice, greed, and hatred. Little began to reconsider his dismissal of all religion and he became receptive to the message of the Nation of Islam. Other family members who had joined the Nation wrote or visited and encouraged Little to join.[43] In February 1948, mostly through his sister's efforts, Little was transferred to the Norfolk Prison Colony, an experimental prison in Norfolk, Massachusetts, that had a much larger library.[44] In late 1948, he wrote a letter to Elijah Muhammad, the leader of the Nation of Islam. Muhammad advised him to atone for his crimes by renouncing his past and by humbly bowing in prayer to Allah and promising never to engage in destructive behavior again. Little, who always had been rebellious and deeply skeptical, found it very difficult to bow in prayer. It took him a week to bend his knees. Finally he prayed, and he became a member of the Nation of Islam.[45] For the remainder of his incarceration, Little maintained regular correspondence with Muhammad.[46] On August 7, 1952, Little was paroled and was released from prison.[47] He later reflected on the time he spent in prison after his conversion: "Between Mr. Muhammad's teachings, my correspondence, my visitors—usually Ella and Reginald—and my reading of books, months passed without my even thinking about being imprisoned. In fact, up to then, I had never been so truly free in my life."[48]
Nation of Islam[link]
| Part of a series on the |
| Nation of Islam |
|---|
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| Leaders |
| Wallace Fard Muhammad Elijah Muhammad · Malcolm X Warith Deen Mohammed Louis Farrakhan Tynetta Muhammad Mustapha Farrakhan Ishmael Muhammad Ava Muhammad |
| History and beliefs |
| Saviours' Day Nation of Islam and antisemitism Tribe of Shabazz · Yakub Million Man March |
| Publications |
| A Torchlight for America The Final Call How to Eat to Live Muhammad Speaks |
| Subsidiaries and offshoots |
| American Society of Muslims Fruit of Islam The Nation of Gods and Earths New Black Panther Party United Nation of Islam Your Black Muslim Bakery |
Further information: Nation of Islam
When Little was released from prison in 1952, he had more than a new religion. He also had a new name. In a December 1950 letter to his brother Philbert, Little signed his name as Malcolm X for the first time.[49] In his autobiography, he explained why: "The Muslim's 'X' symbolized the true African family name that he never could know. For me, my 'X' replaced the white slavemaster name of 'Little' which some blue-eyed devil named Little had imposed upon my paternal forebears."[50]
Shortly after his release from prison, Malcolm X visited Elijah Muhammad in Chicago, Illinois.[51] In June 1953, Malcolm X was named assistant minister of the Nation of Islam's Temple Number One in Detroit.[52][53] Soon, he became a full-time minister.[54] By late 1953, Malcolm X established Boston's Temple Number 11.[55] In March 1954, he expanded Temple Number 12 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[56] Two months later Malcolm X was selected to lead Temple Number Seven in Harlem,[57] and he rapidly expanded its membership.[58]
The FBI had opened a file on Malcolm X in 1950 after he wrote a letter to President Truman stating his opposition to the Korean War and declaring himself to be a communist.[59] It began surveillance of him in 1953, and soon the FBI turned its attention from concerns about possible Communist Party association to Malcolm X's rapid ascent in the Nation of Islam.[60]
During 1955, Malcolm X continued his successful recruitment efforts on behalf of the organization. He established temples in Springfield, Massachusetts (Number 13); Hartford, Connecticut (Number 14); and Atlanta, Georgia (Number 15). Hundreds of African Americans were joining the Nation of Islam every month.[61] Beside his skill as a speaker, Malcolm X had an impressive physical presence. He stood 6 feet 3 inches (1.91 m) tall and weighed about 180 pounds (82 kg).[62] One writer described him as "powerfully built",[63] and another as "mesmerizingly handsome ... and always spotlessly well-groomed".[62]
Johnson Hinton incident[link]
Malcolm X first came to the attention of the general public after the police beating of a Nation of Islam member named Johnson Hinton.[64][65] On April 26, 1957, two police officers were beating an African-American man with their nightsticks when three passersby who belonged to the Nation of Islam tried to intervene.[64] They shouted: "You're not in Alabama or Georgia. This is New York!"[65] One of the officers began to beat one of the passersby, Johnson Hinton. The blows were so severe, a surgeon later determined, that they caused brain contusions, subdural hemorrhaging, and scalp lacerations. All four men were arrested and taken to the police station.[64]
A woman who had seen the assault ran to the Nation of Islam's restaurant.[64] Within a few hours, Malcolm X and a small group of Muslims went to the police station and demanded to see Hinton. The police captain initially said no Muslims were being held there, but as the crowd grew to about 500, he allowed Malcolm X to speak with Hinton.[66] After a short talk, Malcolm X demanded that Hinton be taken to the hospital, so an ambulance was called and Hinton was taken to Harlem Hospital.[67]
Hinton was treated and released into the custody of the police, who returned him to the police station.[66] By this point, about 4,000 people had gathered; the police realized there was the potential for a riot and called for backup. Malcolm X went back into the police station with an attorney and made bail arrangements for the other two Muslims. The police said Hinton could not go back to the hospital until he was arraigned the following day.[67] Malcolm X realized things were at a stalemate. He stepped outside the station house and gave a hand signal.[67] The Nation of Islam members in the crowd silently walked away. The rest of the crowd dispersed minutes later. One police officer told the editor of the New York Amsterdam News: "No one man should have that much power."[67][68]
The following month, the Bureau of Special Services and Investigation of the New York Police Department (NYPD) began its surveillance of Malcolm X. The NYPD's Chief Inspector asked for information from the police department in every city where Malcolm X had lived, and from the prisons where he had served his sentence.[69] In October, when a grand jury declined to indict the officers who had beaten Hinton, Malcolm X wrote an angry telegram to the police commissioner. In response, undercover NYPD officers were placed inside the Nation of Islam.[70]
Marriage and family[link]
Malcolm X met Betty Sanders in 1955. She had been invited to listen to his lecture, and she was very impressed by him. They met again at a dinner party. Soon Sanders was attending all of Malcolm X's lectures at Temple Number Seven. In mid 1956, she joined the Nation of Islam and changed her name to Betty X.[71]
Malcolm X and Betty X did not have a conventional courtship. One-on-one dates were contrary to the teachings of the Nation of Islam. Instead, the couple shared their "dates" with dozens, or even hundreds of other members. Malcolm X frequently took groups to visit New York's museums and libraries, and he always invited Betty X.[72]
Although they had never discussed the subject, Betty X suspected that Malcolm X was interested in marriage. On January 12, 1958, he called from Detroit and asked her to marry him, and they were married two days later in Lansing, Michigan.[73][74]
The couple had six daughters. Their names were Attallah, born in 1958 and named after Attila the Hun;[75][76] Qubilah, born in 1960 and named after Kublai Khan;[77] Ilyasah, born in 1962 and named after Elijah Muhammad;[78] Gamilah Lumumba, born in 1964 and named after Patrice Lumumba;[79] and twins, Malikah and Malaak, born in 1965 after their father's assassination and named for him.[80]
[edit] The Hate That Hate Produced
After a 1959 television broadcast in New York City about the Nation of Islam, The Hate That Hate Produced, Malcolm X became known to white Americans. Representatives of the print media, radio, and television frequently asked him for comments on issues.[81] By the late 1950s, Malcolm X had acquired a new name, Malcolm Shabazz or Malik el-Shabazz, although he was still widely referred to as Malcolm X.[82]
In September 1960, Fidel Castro arrived in New York to attend the meeting of the United Nations General Assembly. He and his entourage stayed at the Hotel Theresa in Harlem. Malcolm X was a prominent member of a Harlem-based welcoming committee made up of community leaders who met with Castro.[83] Castro was so impressed by Malcolm X that he requested a private meeting with him. At the end of their two-hour meeting, Castro invited Malcolm X to visit him in Cuba.[84] During the General Assembly meeting, Malcolm X was also invited to many official embassy functions sponsored by African nations, where he met heads of state and other leaders, including Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Ahmed Sékou Touré of Guinea, and Kenneth Kaunda of the Zambian African National Congress.[85]
From his adoption of the Nation of Islam in 1952 until he broke with it in 1964, Malcolm X promoted the Nation's teachings, including that black people are the original people of the world,[86] that white people are "devils",[87] that blacks are superior to whites, and that the demise of the white race is imminent.[88] While the civil rights movement fought against racial segregation, Malcolm X advocated the complete separation of African Americans from white people. He proposed the establishment of a separate country for black people in America[89] as an interim measure until African Americans could return to Africa.[90] Malcolm X also rejected the civil rights movement's strategy of nonviolence, and instead advocated that black people use any necessary means of self-defense to protect themselves.[91] Malcolm X's speeches had a powerful effect on his audiences, generally African Americans who lived in the Northern and Western cities, who were tired of being told to wait for freedom, justice, equality and respect.[92] Many blacks felt that he articulated their complaints better than the civil rights movement did.[93][94]
Malcolm X has been widely considered the second most influential leader of the Nation of Islam after Elijah Muhammad.[95] He was largely credited with the group's dramatic increase in membership between the early 1950s and early 1960s (from 500 to 25,000 by one author's estimate,[96] or from 1,200 to 50,000 or 75,000 by another's).[97][98] He inspired the boxer Cassius Clay (later known as Muhammad Ali) to join the Nation of Islam.[99] (though like Malcolm X himself, Ali later left the group to become a Sunni Muslim).[100]
Many white people, and even some blacks, were alarmed by Malcolm X and the things he said. He and the Nation of Islam were described as hatemongers, black supremacists, racists, violence-seekers, segregationists, and a threat to improved race relations. Civil rights organizations denounced Malcolm X and the Nation as irresponsible extremists whose views were not representative of African Americans.[101][102][103] Malcolm X was accused of being antisemitic.[104]
Malcolm X was equally critical of the civil rights movement.[105] He described its leaders as "stooges" for the white establishment, and he once described Martin Luther King, Jr. as a "chump".[106][107] He criticized the 1963 March on Washington, which he called "the farce on Washington".[108] He said he did not know why so many black people were excited about a demonstration "run by whites in front of a statue of a president who has been dead for a hundred years and who didn't like us when he was alive".[109]
Leaving the Nation[link]
On December 1, 1963, when he was asked for a comment about the assassination of President Kennedy, Malcolm X said that it was a case of "chickens coming home to roost". He added that "chickens coming home to roost never did make me sad; they've always made me glad."[110] The New York Times wrote, "in further criticism of Mr. Kennedy, the Muslim leader cited the murders of Patrice Lumumba, Congo leader, of Medgar Evers, civil rights leader, and of the Negro girls bombed earlier this year in a Birmingham church. These, he said, were instances of other 'chickens coming home to roost'."[110] The remarks prompted a widespread public outcry. The Nation of Islam, which had issued a message of condolence to the Kennedy family and ordered its ministers not to comment on the assassination, publicly censured their former shining star.[111] Although Malcolm X retained his post and rank as minister, he was prohibited from public speaking for 90 days.[112]
On March 8, 1964, Malcolm X publicly announced his break from the Nation of Islam. He said that he was still a Muslim, but he felt the Nation of Islam had "gone as far as it can" because of its rigid religious teachings.[113] Malcolm X said he was going to organize a black nationalist organization that would try to "heighten the political consciousness" of African Americans.[113] He also expressed his desire to work with other civil rights leaders and said that Elijah Muhammad had prevented him from doing so in the past.[113]
One reason for the separation was growing tension between Malcolm X and Elijah Muhammad because of Malcolm X's dismay about rumors of Muhammad's extramarital affairs with young secretaries, actions that were against the teachings of the Nation. Although at first Malcolm X had ignored the rumors, after speaking with Muhammad's son Wallace and the women making the accusations, he came to believe that they were true. Muhammad confirmed the rumors in 1963 but tried to justify his actions by reference to precedents set by Biblical prophets.[114] Another reason for the separation was growing resentment by people within the Nation. As Malcolm X had become a favorite of the media, many in the Nation's Chicago headquarters felt that he was over-shadowing Muhammad. Louis Lomax's 1963 book about the Nation of Islam, When the Word Is Given, featured a picture of Malcolm X on its cover and included five of his speeches, but only one of Muhammad's, which greatly upset Muhammad. Muhammad was also envious that a publisher was interested in Malcolm X's autobiography.[115] After leaving the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X founded Muslim Mosque, Inc., a religious organization,[116][117] and the Organization of Afro-American Unity, a secular group that advocated Pan-Africanism.[118][119] On March 26, 1964, he met Martin Luther King, Jr. in Washington, D.C., after a press conference held when both men attended the Senate to hear the debate on the Civil Rights bill. This was the only time the two men ever met and their meeting lasted only one minute—just long enough for photographers to take a picture.[120][121] In April, Malcolm X made a speech titled "The Ballot or the Bullet" in which he advised African Americans to exercise their right to vote wisely.[122][123] Several Sunni Muslims encouraged Malcolm X to learn about Islam. Soon he converted to Sunni Islam, and decided to make his pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj).[124]
International travel[link]
Pilgrimage to Mecca[link]
On April 13, 1964, Malcolm X departed JFK Airport in New York for Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. His status as an authentic Muslim was questioned by Saudi authorities because of his United States passport and his inability to speak Arabic. Since only confessing Muslims are allowed into Mecca, he was separated from his group for about 20 hours.[125][126]
According to his autobiography, Malcolm X saw a telephone and remembered the book The Eternal Message of Muhammad by Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam, which had been presented to him with his visa approval. He called Azzam's son, who arranged for his release. At the younger Azzam's home, he met Azzam Pasha, who gave Malcolm his suite at the Jeddah Palace Hotel. The next morning, Muhammad Faisal, the son of Prince Faisal, visited and informed Malcolm X that he was to be a state guest. The deputy chief of protocol accompanied Malcolm X to the Hajj Court, where he was allowed to make his pilgrimage.[127]
On April 19, Malcolm X completed the Hajj, making the seven circuits around the Kaaba, drinking from the Zamzam Well, and running between the hills of Safah and Marwah seven times.[128] After completing the Hajj, he was granted an audience with Prince Faisal.[129] Malcolm X said the trip allowed him to see Muslims of different races interacting as equals. He came to believe that Islam could be the means by which racial problems could be overcome.[130]
Africa[link]
Malcolm X visited Africa on three separate occasions, once in 1959 and twice in 1964. During his visits, he met officials, gave interviews to newspapers, and spoke on television and radio in Egypt, Ethiopia, Tanganyika (now Tanzania), Nigeria, Ghana, Guinea, Sudan, Senegal, Liberia, Algeria, and Morocco.[131] Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, and Ahmed Ben Bella of Algeria invited Malcolm X to serve in their governments.[132]
In 1959, Malcolm X traveled to Egypt (then known as the United Arab Republic), Sudan, Nigeria, and Ghana to arrange a tour for Elijah Muhammad.[133] The first of the two trips Malcolm X made to Africa in 1964 lasted from April 13 until May 21, before and after his Hajj.[134] On May 8, following his speech at the University of Ibadan, Malcolm X was made an honorary member of the Nigerian Muslim Students' Association. During this reception the students bestowed upon him the name "Omowale", which means "the son who has come home" in the Yoruba language.[135] Malcolm X wrote in his autobiography that he "had never received a more treasured honor."[136]
On July 9, 1964, Malcolm X returned to Africa.[137] On July 17, he was welcomed to the second meeting of the Organization of African Unity in Cairo as a representative of the Organization of Afro-American Unity. By the time he returned to the United States on November 24, 1964, Malcolm had met with every prominent African leader and established an international connection between Africans on the continent and those in the diaspora.[132]
France and the United Kingdom[link]
On November 23, 1964, on his way home from Africa, Malcolm X stopped in Paris, where he spoke at the Salle de la Mutualité.[138][139] A week later, on November 30, Malcolm X flew to the United Kingdom, and on December 3 participated in a debate at the Oxford Union. The topic of the debate was "Extremism in the Defense of Liberty is No Vice; Moderation in the Pursuit of Justice is No Virtue", and Malcolm X argued the affirmative. Interest in the debate was so high that it was televised nationally by the BBC.[140][141]
On February 5, 1965, Malcolm X went to Europe again.[142] On February 8, he spoke in London, before the first meeting of the Council of African Organizations.[143] The next day, Malcolm X tried to go to France, but he was refused entry.[144] On February 12, he visited Smethwick, near Birmingham, which had become a byword for racial division after the 1964 general election, when the Conservative Party won the parliamentary seat after rumors that their candidate's supporters had used the slogan "If you want a nigger for your neighbour, vote Labour."[145]
Return to United States[link]
After leaving the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X spoke before a wide variety of audiences in the United States. He spoke at regular meetings of Muslim Mosque, Inc., and the Organization of Afro-American Unity. He was one of the most sought-after speakers on college campuses,[146] and one of his top aides later wrote that he "welcomed every opportunity to speak to college students."[147] Malcolm X also spoke before political groups such as the Militant Labor Forum.[148]
Tensions increased between Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam. As early as February 1964, a leader of Temple Number Seven ordered a member of the Fruit of Islam to wire explosives to Malcolm X's car.[149] In September 1964, Ebony published a photograph of Malcolm X holding an M1 Carbine and peering out a window. The photo was intended to illustrate his determination to defend himself and his family against the death threats he was receiving.[150][151]
The Nation of Islam and its leaders began making both public and private threats against Malcolm X. On March 23, 1964, Elijah Muhammad told Boston minister Louis X (later known as Louis Farrakhan) that "hypocrites like Malcolm should have their heads cut off."[152] The April 10 edition of Muhammad Speaks featured a cartoon in which his severed head was shown bouncing.[153] On July 9, John Ali, a top aide to Muhammad, answered a question about Malcolm X by saying that "anyone who opposes the Honorable Elijah Muhammad puts their life in jeopardy."[154] The December 4 issue of Muhammad Speaks included an article by Louis X that railed against Malcolm X, saying "such a man as Malcolm is worthy of death."[155]
Some threats were made anonymously. During the month of June 1964, FBI surveillance recorded two such threats. On June 8, a man called Malcolm X's home and told Betty Shabazz to "tell him he's as good as dead."[156] On June 12, an FBI informant reported getting an anonymous telephone call from somebody who said "Malcolm X is going to be bumped off."[157]
In June 1964, the Nation of Islam sued to reclaim Malcolm X's residence in Queens, New York, which they claimed to own. The suit was successful, and Malcolm X was ordered to vacate.[158] On February 14, 1965, the night before a scheduled hearing to postpone the eviction date, the house burned to the ground. Malcolm X and his family survived. No one was charged with any crime.[159]
Assassination[link]
On February 21, 1965, as Malcolm X prepared to address the Organization of Afro-American Unity in Manhattan's Audubon Ballroom, a disturbance broke out in the 400-person audience[160]—a man yelled, "Nigger! Get your hand outta my pocket!"[161][162] As Malcolm X and his bodyguards moved to quiet the disturbance,[163] a man seated in the front row rushed forward and shot him once in the chest with a double-barreled sawed-off shotgun.[164] Two other men charged the stage and fired semi-automatic handguns, hitting Malcolm X several times.[162] He was pronounced dead at 3:30 pm, shortly after he arrived at Columbia Presbyterian Hospital.[160] According to the autopsy report, Malcolm X's body had 21 gunshot wounds to his chest, left shoulder, and both arms and legs, many of them fatal; ten of the wounds were buckshot to his left chest and shoulder from the initial shotgun blast.[165]
One gunman, Nation of Islam member Talmadge Hayer (also known as Thomas Hagan) was seized and beaten by the crowd before the police arrived minutes later;[166][167] witnesses identified the others as Norman 3X Butler and Thomas 15X Johnson, also Nation members.[168] Hayer confessed at trial to have been one of the handgun shooters, but refused to identify the other assailants except to assert that they were not Butler and Johnson.[169] All three were convicted.[170]
Butler, now known as Muhammad Abdul Aziz, was paroled in 1985 and became the head of the Nation's Harlem mosque in 1998. He continues to maintain his innocence.[171] Johnson, who changed his name to Khalil Islam, rejected the Nation's teachings while in prison and converted to Sunni Islam. Released in 1987, he maintained his innocence until his death in August 2009.[172][173] Hayer, now known as Mujahid Halim,[174] was paroled in 2010.[175]
Funeral[link]
A public viewing was held at Harlem's Unity Funeral Home from February 23 through February 26, and it was estimated that between 14,000 and 30,000 mourners attended.[176] The funeral was held on February 27 at the Faith Temple Church of God in Christ in Harlem. The church was filled to capacity with more than 1,000 people.[177] Loudspeakers were set up outside the Temple so the overflowing crowd could listen[178] and a local television station broadcast the funeral live.[179]
Among the civil rights leaders attending were John Lewis, Bayard Rustin, James Forman, James Farmer, Jesse Gray, and Andrew Young.[177][180] Actor and activist Ossie Davis delivered the eulogy, describing Malcolm X as "our shining black prince".
There are those who will consider it their duty, as friends of the Negro people, to tell us to revile him, to flee, even from the presence of his memory, to save ourselves by writing him out of the history of our turbulent times. Many will ask what Harlem finds to honor in this stormy, controversial and bold young captain—and we will smile. Many will say turn away—away from this man, for he is not a man but a demon, a monster, a subverter and an enemy of the black man—and we will smile. They will say that he is of hate—a fanatic, a racist—who can only bring evil to the cause for which you struggle! And we will answer and say to them: Did you ever talk to Brother Malcolm? Did you ever touch him, or have him smile at you? Did you ever really listen to him? Did he ever do a mean thing? Was he ever himself associated with violence or any public disturbance? For if you did you would know him. And if you knew him you would know why we must honor him.[181]
Malcolm X was buried at Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York.[179] At the gravesite after the ceremony, friends took the shovels from the waiting gravediggers and completed the burial themselves.[182] Actor and activist Ruby Dee (wife of Ossie Davis) and Juanita Poitier (wife of Sidney Poitier) established the Committee of Concerned Mothers to raise funds to buy a house and pay educational expenses for Malcolm X's family.[183]
Responses to assassination[link]
Reactions to Malcolm X's assassination were varied. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. sent a telegram to Betty Shabazz, expressing his sadness over "the shocking and tragic assassination of your husband."
While we did not always see eye to eye on methods to solve the race problem, I always had a deep affection for Malcolm and felt that he had a great ability to put his finger on the existence and root of the problem. He was an eloquent spokesman for his point of view and no one can honestly doubt that Malcolm had a great concern for the problems that we face as a race.[184]
Elijah Muhammad told the annual Savior's Day convention on February 26, "Malcolm X got just what he preached," while denying any involvement with the murder.[185] "We didn't want to kill Malcolm and didn't try to kill him," Muhammad said. "We know such ignorant, foolish teachings would bring him to his own end."[186]
The New York Times wrote that Malcolm X was "an extraordinary and twisted man" who "turn[ed] many true gifts to evil purpose" and that his life was "strangely and pitifully wasted".[187] The New York Post wrote that "even his sharpest critics recognized his brilliance—often wild, unpredictable and eccentric, but nevertheless possessing promise that must now remain unrealized."[188]
The international press, particularly that of Africa, was sympathetic. The Daily Times of Nigeria wrote that Malcolm X "will have a place in the palace of martyrs."[189] The Ghanaian Times likened him to John Brown and Patrice Lumumba among "a host of Africans and Americans who were martyred in freedom's cause".[190] Guangming Daily, published in Beijing, stated that "Malcolm was murdered because he fought for freedom and equal rights",[191] while in Cuba, El Mundo described the assassination as "another racist crime to eradicate by violence the struggle against discrimination".[192]
Allegations of conspiracy[link]
Within days of the assassination, questions were raised about who bore ultimate responsibility. On February 23, James Farmer, the leader of the Congress of Racial Equality, announced at a news conference that local drug dealers, and not the Nation of Islam, were to blame.[193] Others accused the NYPD, the FBI, or the CIA, citing the lack of police protection, the ease with which the assassins entered the Audubon Ballroom, and the failure of the police to preserve the crime scene.[194][195]
In the 1970s, the public learned about COINTELPRO and other secret FBI programs directed towards infiltrating and disrupting civil rights organizations during the 1950s and 1960s.[196] John Ali, national secretary of the Nation of Islam, was identified as an FBI undercover agent.[197] Malcolm X had confided in a reporter that Ali exacerbated tensions between him and Elijah Muhammad. He considered Ali his "archenemy" within the Nation of Islam leadership.[197] On February 20, 1965, the night before the assassination, Ali met with Talmadge Hayer, one of the men convicted of killing Malcolm X.[198]
In 1977 and 1978, Talmadge Hayer submitted two sworn affidavits re-asserting his claim that Butler and Johnson were not involved in the assassination. In his affidavits Hayer named four men, all members of the Nation of Islam's Newark Temple Number 25, as having participated with him in the crime. Hayer asserted that a man, later identified as Wilbur McKinley, was the one who shouted and threw a smoke bomb to create a diversion. Hayer said that another man, later identified as William Bradley, had a shotgun and was the first to fire on Malcolm X after the diversion. Hayer asserted that he and a man later identified as Leon Davis, both armed with pistols, fired on Malcolm X immediately after the shotgun blast. Hayer also said that a fifth man, later identified as Benjamin Thomas, was involved in the conspiracy.[199][200] Hayer's statements failed to convince authorities to reopen their investigation of the murder.[201]
Some, including the Shabazz family, have accused Louis Farrakhan of being involved in the plot to assassinate Malcolm X.[202][203][204][205] In a 1993 speech, Farrakhan seemed to acknowledge the possibility that the Nation of Islam was responsible for the assassination:
Was Malcolm your traitor or ours? And if we dealt with him like a nation deals with a traitor, what the hell business is it of yours? A nation has to be able to deal with traitors and cutthroats and turncoats.[206][207]
In a 60 Minutes interview that aired during May 2000, Farrakhan stated that some of the things he said may have led to the assassination of Malcolm X. "I may have been complicit in words that I spoke", he said. "I acknowledge that and regret that any word that I have said caused the loss of life of a human being."[208] A few days later Farrakhan denied that he "ordered the assassination" of Malcolm X, although he again acknowledged that he "created the atmosphere that ultimately led to Malcolm X's assassination."[209] No consensus on who was responsible has been reached.[210]
Philosophy[link]
Except for his autobiography, Malcolm X left no published writings. His philosophy is known almost entirely from the myriad speeches and interviews he gave from 1952 until his death in 1965.[211] Many of those speeches, especially from the last year of his life, were recorded and have been published.[212]
Beliefs of the Nation of Islam[link]
Further information: Beliefs and theology of the Nation of Islam
Before he left the Nation of Islam in 1964, Malcolm X taught its beliefs in his speeches. His speeches were peppered with the phrase "The Honorable Elijah Muhammad teaches us that...".[213] It is virtually impossible to discern whether Malcolm X's beliefs diverged from the teachings of the Nation of Islam.[214][215] Malcolm X once compared himself to a ventriloquist's dummy who could only say what Elijah Muhammad told him.[213]
Malcolm X taught that black people were the original people of the world,[86] and that white people were a race of devils who were created by an evil scientist named Yakub.[87] The Nation of Islam believed that black people were superior to white people, and that the demise of the white race was imminent.[88] When he was questioned concerning his statements that white people were devils, Malcolm X said that "history proves the white man is a devil."[216] He enumerated some of the historical reasons that, he felt, supported his argument: "Anybody who rapes, and plunders, and enslaves, and steals, and drops hell bombs on people... anybody who does these things is nothing but a devil."[217]
Malcolm X said that Islam was the "true religion of black mankind" and that Christianity was "the white man's religion" that had been imposed upon African Americans by their slave-masters.[218] He said that the Nation of Islam followed Islam as it was practiced around the world, but the Nation's teachings varied from those of other Muslims because they were adapted to the "uniquely pitiful" condition of black people in America.[219] He taught that Wallace Fard Muhammad, the founder of the Nation, was Allah incarnate,[220] and that Elijah Muhammad was his Messenger, or prophet.[221]
While the civil rights movement fought against racial segregation, Malcolm X advocated the complete separation of African Americans from white people. The Nation of Islam proposed the establishment of a separate country for black people in the Southern[89] or Southwestern United States[222] as an interim measure until African Americans could return to Africa.[90] Malcolm X suggested the United States government owed reparations to black people for the unpaid labor of their enslaved ancestors.[223] He also rejected the civil rights movement's strategy of nonviolence and instead advocated that black people should protect themselves by any necessary means.[91]
Independent views[link]
After leaving the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X announced his willingness to work with leaders of the civil rights movement,[113] though he felt that it should change its focus to human rights. So long as the movement remained a fight for civil rights, its struggle would remain a domestic issue, but by framing the struggle as a fight for human rights, it would become an international issue, and the movement could bring its complaint before the United Nations. Malcolm X said the emerging nations of the world would add their support to the cause of African Americans.[224]
Malcolm X declared that he and the other members of the Organization of Afro-American Unity were determined to defend themselves from aggressors, and to secure freedom, justice and equality "by whatever means necessary", arguing that if the government was unwilling or unable to protect black people, they should protect themselves.[225]
Malcolm X stressed the global perspective he gained from his international travels. He emphasized the "direct connection" between the domestic struggle of African Americans for equal rights with the liberation struggles of Third World nations.[226] He said that African Americans were wrong when they thought of themselves as a minority; in a global context, black people were a majority, not a minority.[227]
In his speeches at the Militant Labor Forum, which was sponsored by the Socialist Workers Party, Malcolm X criticized capitalism.[148] After one such speech, when he was asked what political and economic system he wanted, he said he didn't know, but that it was no coincidence the newly liberated countries in the Third World were turning toward socialism.[228] Malcolm X still was concerned primarily with the freedom struggle of African Americans. When a reporter asked him what he thought about socialism, Malcolm X asked whether it was good for black people. When the reporter told him it seemed to be, Malcolm X told him, "Then I'm for it."[228][229]
Although he no longer called for the separation of black people from white people, Malcolm X continued to advocate black nationalism, which he defined as self-determination for the African-American community.[230] In the last months of his life, however, Malcolm X began to reconsider his support of black nationalism after meeting northern African revolutionaries who, to all appearances, were white.[231]
After his Hajj, Malcolm X articulated a view of white people and racism that represented a deep change from the philosophy he had supported as a minister of the Nation of Islam. In a famous letter from Mecca, he wrote that his experiences with white people during his pilgrimage convinced him to "rearrange" his thinking about race and "toss aside some of [his] previous conclusions".[232] In a 1965 conversation with Gordon Parks, two days before his assassination, Malcolm said:
[L]istening to leaders like Nasser, Ben Bella, and Nkrumah awakened me to the dangers of racism. I realized racism isn't just a black and white problem. It's brought bloodbaths to about every nation on earth at one time or another.
Brother, remember the time that white college girl came into the restaurant—the one who wanted to help the [Black] Muslims and the whites get together—and I told her there wasn't a ghost of a chance and she went away crying? Well, I've lived to regret that incident. In many parts of the African continent I saw white students helping black people. Something like this kills a lot of argument. I did many things as a [Black] Muslim that I'm sorry for now. I was a zombie then—like all [Black] Muslims—I was hypnotized, pointed in a certain direction and told to march. Well, I guess a man's entitled to make a fool of himself if he's ready to pay the cost. It cost me 12 years.
That was a bad scene, brother. The sickness and madness of those days—I'm glad to be free of them.[233]
Legacy[link]
Malcolm X has been described as one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history.[234][235][236] He is credited with raising the self-esteem of black Americans and reconnecting them with their African heritage.[237] He is largely responsible for the spread of Islam in the black community in the United States.[238][239][240] Many African Americans, especially those who lived in cities in the Northern and Western United States, felt that Malcolm X articulated their complaints concerning inequality better than the mainstream civil rights movement did.[93][94] One biographer says that by giving expression to their frustration, Malcolm X "made clear the price that white America would have to pay if it did not accede to black America's legitimate demands."[241]
In the late 1960s, as black activists became more radical, Malcolm X and his teachings were part of the foundation on which they built their movements. The Black Power movement,[62][242] the Black Arts Movement,[62][243] and the widespread adoption of the slogan "Black is beautiful"[244] can all trace their roots to Malcolm X.
During the late 1980s and early 1990s, there was a resurgence of interest in Malcolm X among young people, fueled in part by use of him as an icon by hip hop groups such as Public Enemy.[245][246] His image was on display in hundreds of thousands of homes, offices, and schools,[247] as well as on T-shirts and jackets.[248]
This wave peaked in 1992 with the release of the film Malcolm X,[249] an adaptation of the The Autobiography of Malcolm X which Malcolm X began in 1963 in collaboration with Alex Haley on The Autobiography of Malcolm X.[115] (Malcolm X had told Haley, "If I'm alive when this book comes out, it will be a miracle";[250] indeed Haley completed and published it some months after the assassination).[251] In 1998 Time named The Autobiography of Malcolm X one of the ten most influential nonfiction books of the 20th century.[252]
Portrayals in film and on stage[link]
Denzel Washington played the title role in Malcolm X[253]—named one of the ten best films of the 1990s by both critic Roger Ebert and director Martin Scorsese.[254] Washington had previously played the part of Malcolm X in the 1981 off-Broadway play When the Chickens Came Home to Roost.[255] Other portrayals include:
- James Earl Jones, in the 1977 film The Greatest.[256]
- Dick Anthony Williams, in the 1978 television miniseries King[257] and the 1989 American Playhouse production of the Jeff Stetson play The Meeting.[258]
- Al Freeman, Jr., in the 1979 television miniseries Roots: The Next Generations.[259]
- Morgan Freeman, in the 1981 television movie Death of a Prophet.[260]
- Ben Holt, in the 1986 opera X, The Life and Times of Malcolm X at the New York City Opera.[261]
- Gary Dourdan, in the 2000 television movie King of the World.[262]
- Joe Morton, in the 2000 television movie Ali: An American Hero.[263]
- Mario Van Peebles, in the 2001 film Ali.[264]
Memorials and tributes[link]
The Malcolm X House Site, at 3448 Pinkney Street in North Omaha, Nebraska, marks the place where Malcolm Little first lived with his family. The house where the Little family lived was torn down in 1965 by owners who did not know of its connection with Malcolm X.[265] The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 and a historic marker identifies the site because of the importance of Malcolm X to American history and national culture.[266][267] In 1987 the site was added to the Nebraska register of historic sites and marked with a state plaque.[268]
Lansing, Michigan, where Malcolm Little spent his early, formative years, is home to a Michigan Historical Marker erected in 1975 marking his homesite.[269] The city is also home to El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz Academy, a public charter school with an Afrocentric focus. The Academy is located in the building where Little attended elementary school.[270]
In cities around the world, Malcolm X's birthday (May 19) is commemorated as Malcolm X Day. The first known celebration of Malcolm X Day took place in Washington, D.C., in 1971.[271] The city of Berkeley, California, has recognized Malcolm X's birthday as a citywide holiday since 1979.[272]
Many cities have renamed streets after Malcolm X; in 1987, New York mayor Ed Koch proclaimed Lenox Avenue in Harlem to be Malcolm X Boulevard.[273] The name of Reid Avenue in Brooklyn, New York, was changed to Malcolm X Boulevard in 1985.[274][275] In 1997, Oakland Avenue in Dallas, Texas, was renamed Malcolm X Boulevard.[276] Main Street in Lansing, Michigan, was renamed Malcolm X Street in 2010.[277]
There have been dozens of schools named after Malcolm X, including Malcolm X Shabazz High School in Newark, New Jersey,[278] Malcolm Shabazz City High School in Madison, Wisconsin,[279] and Malcolm X College in Chicago, Illinois.[280] Meanwhile, the Malcolm X Library and Performing Arts Center of the San Diego Public Library system opened in 1996. It is the first library named after Malcolm X.[281]
The U.S. Postal Service issued a Malcolm X postage stamp in 1999.[282] In 2005, Columbia University announced the opening of the Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center. The memorial is located in the Audubon Ballroom, where Malcolm X was assassinated.[283] Collections of Malcolm X's papers are deposited at the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture and the Robert W. Woodruff Library.[284][285][286]
Published works[link]
- The Autobiography of Malcolm X. With the assistance of Alex Haley. New York: Grove Press, 1965. OCLC 219493184.
- Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements. George Breitman, ed. New York: Merit Publishers, 1965. OCLC 256095445.
- Malcolm X Talks to Young People. New York: Young Socialist Alliance, 1965. OCLC 81990227.
- Two Speeches by Malcolm X. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1965. OCLC 19464959.
- Malcolm X on Afro-American History. New York: Merit Publishers, 1967. OCLC 78155009.
- The Speeches of Malcolm X at Harvard. Archie Epps, ed. New York: Morrow, 1968. OCLC 185901618.
- By Any Means Necessary: Speeches, Interviews, and a Letter by Malcolm X. George Breitman, ed. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1970. OCLC 249307.
- The End of White World Supremacy: Four Speeches by Malcolm X. Benjamin Karim, ed. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1971. OCLC 149849.
- The Last Speeches. Bruce Perry, ed. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1989. ISBN 978-0-87348-543-2.
- Malcolm X Talks to Young People: Speeches in the United States, Britain, and Africa. Steve Clark, ed. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1991. ISBN 978-0-87348-962-1.
- February 1965: The Final Speeches. Steve Clark, ed. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-87348-749-8.
See also[link]
References[link]
Footnotes[link]
- ^ This name includes the honorific El-Hajj, given on completion of the Hajj to Mecca. Malise Ruthven (1997). Islam: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-19-285389-9.
- ^ a b Perry, p. 2.
- ^ Perry, p. 3.
- ^ Natambu, p. 7.
- ^ Malcolm X, Autobiography, pp. 3–4. There have been many editions of The Autobiography of Malcolm X. Page numbers cited in the notes refer to the One World trade paperback edition (1992).
- ^ Natambu, p. 3.
- ^ a b Natambu, p. 6.
- ^ Perry, pp. 3–4.
- ^ Perry, pp. 2–3.
- ^ Malcolm X, Autobiography, p. 5.
- ^ Malcolm X, Autobiography, pp. 7, 10–11.
- ^ Perry, pp. 2, 4.
- ^ DeCaro, pp. 43–44.
- ^ Perry, p. 12.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, p. 29.
- ^ Natambu, p. 10.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, p. 32. Inflation information in source.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, p. 35.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, pp. 35–36, 265.
- ^ Perry, pp. 33–34, 331.
- ^ a b Perry, p. 42.
- ^ Natambu, pp. 21–29.
- ^ Perry, pp. 32–48.
- ^ Natambu, pp. 30–31.
- ^ Perry, pp. 58–81.
- ^ Marable, pp. 37, 51–52.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, pp. 65–66.
- ^ Perry, pp. 77, 82–83.
- ^ a b Carson, p. 108.
- ^ Malcolm X, Autobiography, p. 124.
- ^ Natambu, pp. 106–109.
- ^ Perry, p. 99.
- ^ Natambu, pp. 110–111.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, pp. 67–68.
- ^ Perry, pp. 104–106.
- ^ Natambu, p. 121.
- ^ Malcolm X, Autobiography, p. 178; ellipsis in original.
- ^ Perry, pp. 108–110.
- ^ Perry, p. 118.
- ^ Natambu, pp. 127–128.
- ^ Natambu, p. 128.
- ^ Perry, p. 113.
- ^ Natambu, pp. 132–138.
- ^ Perry, pp. 113–114.
- ^ Natambu, pp. 138–139.
- ^ Perry, p. 116.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, p. 98.
- ^ Malcolm X, Autobiography, p. 199.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, p. 96.
- ^ Malcolm X, Autobiography, p. 229.
- ^ Perry, pp. 142, 144–145.
- ^ Natambu, p. 168.
- ^ The Nation of Islam numbered its Temples according to the order in which they were established. Perry, pp. 141–142.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, p. 104.
- ^ Perry, p. 147.
- ^ Perry, p. 152.
- ^ Perry, p. 153.
- ^ Perry, pp. 161–164.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, p. 95.
- ^ Carson, p. 95.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, pp. 122–123.
- ^ a b c d Marable, "Rediscovering Malcolm's Life", p. 301.
- ^ Lincoln, p. 189.
- ^ a b c d Marable, Malcolm X, p. 127.
- ^ a b Perry, p. 164.
- ^ a b Perry, p. 165.
- ^ a b c d Marable, Malcolm X, p. 128.
- ^ Perry, p. 166.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, p. 132.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, pp. 134–135.
- ^ Rickford, pp. 36–45, 50–51.
- ^ Rickford, pp. 61–63.
- ^ Shabazz, Betty, "Malcolm X as a Husband and Father", Clarke, pp. 132–134.
- ^ Rickford, pp. 73–74.
- ^ Rickford, pp. 109–110.
- ^ In a 1992 interview, Attallah Shabazz said she was not named for Attila, rather her name was Arabic for "the gift of God". Miller, Russell (November 23, 1992). "X Patriot". New York. http://books.google.com/books?id=3-QCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA30. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
- ^ Rickford, p. 122.
- ^ Rickford, p. 123.
- ^ Rickford, p. 197.
- ^ Rickford, p. 286.
- ^ Perry, pp. 174–179.
- ^ Manning, Malcolm X, pp. 135, 193.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, p. 172.
- ^ Lincoln, p. 18.
- ^ Natambu, pp. 231–233.
- ^ a b Lomax, When the Word Is Given, p. 55.
- ^ a b Perry, p. 115.
- ^ a b Lomax, When the Word Is Given, p. 57.
- ^ a b Lomax, When the Word Is Given, pp. 149–152.
- ^ a b Malcolm X, End of White World Supremacy, p. 78.
- ^ a b Lomax, When the Word Is Given, pp. 173–174.
- ^ Natambu, p. 182.
- ^ a b Cone, pp. 99–100.
- ^ a b West, Cornel (1984). "The Paradox of the Afro-American Rebellion". In Sayres, Sohnya; Stephanson, Anders; Aronowitz, Stanley et al.. The 60s Without Apology. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-8166-1336-6.
- ^ Cone, p. 91.
- ^ Lomax. When the Word Is Given. pp. 15–16. "Estimates of the Black Muslim membership vary from a quarter of a million down to fifty thousand. Available evidence indicates that about one hundred thousand Negroes have joined the movement at one time or another, but few objective observers believe that the Black Muslims can muster more than twenty or twenty-five thousand active temple people."
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, p. 123.
- ^ Clegg. p. 115. "The common response of Malcolm X to questions about numbers—'Those who know aren't saying, and those who say don't know'—was typical of the attitude of the leadership."
- ^ Natambu, pp. 296–297
- ^ Ali, Muhammad (2004). The Soul of a Butterfly: Reflections on Life's Journey. with Hana Yasmeen Ali. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-7432-5569-1.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, p. 162.
- ^ Natambu, pp. 215–216.
- ^ "The Black Supremacists". TIME. August 10, 1959. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,811191-1,00.html. Retrieved July 28, 2009. (Subscription required)
- ^ Lomax, When the Word Is Given, p. 172.
- ^ Lomax, When the Word Is Given, pp. 79–80.
- ^ Perry, p. 203.
- ^ King expressed mixed feelings toward Malcolm X. "He is very articulate... but I totally disagree with many of his political and philosophical views... I don't want to seem to sound self-righteous, ... or that I think I have the only truth, the only way. Maybe he does have some of the answer... I have often wished that he would talk less of violence, because violence is not going to solve our problem. And in his litany of articulating the despair of the Negro without offering any positive, creative alternative, I feel that Malcolm has done himself and our people a great disservice... [U]rging Negroes to arm themselves and prepare to engage in violence, as he has done, can reap nothing but grief." Haley, Alex (January 1965). "The Playboy Interview: Martin Luther King". Playboy. http://www.playboy.com/playground/interviews/playboy-interview-martin-luther-king. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
- ^ Cone, p. 113.
- ^ "Timeline". Malcolm X: Make It Plain, American Experience. PBS. May 19, 2005. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/malcolmx/timeline/timeline2.html. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
- ^ a b "Malcolm X Scores U.S. and Kennedy". The New York Times. December 2, 1963. p. 21. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0812FE35541A7B93C0A91789D95F478685F9. Retrieved July 28, 2008. (Subscription required)
- ^ Natambu, pp. 288–290.
- ^ Perry, p. 242.
- ^ a b c d Handler, M. S. (March 9, 1964). "Malcolm X Splits with Muhammad". The New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00D17FB395415738DDDA00894DB405B848AF1D3. Retrieved August 1, 2008. (Subscription required)
- ^ Perry, pp. 230–234
- ^ a b Perry, p. 214.
- ^ Perry, pp. 251–252.
- ^ Malcolm X, Malcolm X Speaks, pp. 18–22.
- ^ Perry, pp. 294–296.
- ^ Malcolm X, By Any Means Necessary, pp. 33–67.
- ^ Cone. p. 2. "There was no time for substantive discussions between the two. They were photographed greeting each other warmly, smiling and shaking hands."
- ^ Perry. p. 255. "Camera shutters clicked. The next day, the Chicago Sun-Times, the New York World Telegram and Sun, and other dailies carried a picture of Malcolm and Martin shaking hands."
- ^ Perry, pp. 257–259.
- ^ Malcolm X, Malcolm X Speaks, pp. 23–44.
- ^ Perry, p. 261.
- ^ Perry, pp. 262–263.
- ^ DeCaro, p. 204.
- ^ Perry, pp. 263–265.
- ^ Perry, pp. 265–266.
- ^ Perry, p. 267.
- ^ Malcolm X, Autobiography, pp. 388–393.
- ^ Natambu, pp. 304–305.
- ^ a b Natambu, p. 308.
- ^ Lomax, When the Word Is Given, p. 62.
- ^ Natambu, p. 303.
- ^ Perry, p. 269.
- ^ Malcolm X, Autobiography, p. 403.
- ^ Carson, p. 305.
- ^ Bethune, Lebert, "Malcolm X in Europe", Clarke, pp. 226–231.
- ^ Malcolm X, By Any Means Necessary, pp. 113–126.
- ^ Bethune, "Malcolm X in Europe", Clarke, pp. 231–233.
- ^ Malcolm X (December 3, 1964). "Malcolm X Oxford Debate". Malcolm X: A Research Site. http://www.brothermalcolm.net/2003/mx_oxford/index.html. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
- ^ Carson, p. 349.
- ^ Perry, p. 351.
- ^ Natambu, p. 312.
- ^ Kundnani, Arun (February 10, 2005). "Black British History: Remembering Malcolm's Visit to Smethwick". Independent Race and Refugee News Network. Institute of Race Relations. http://www.irr.org.uk/news/black-british-history-remembering-malcolms-visit-to-smethwick/. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
- ^ Terrill, p. 9.
- ^ Karim, p. 128.
- ^ a b Perry, pp. 277–278.
- ^ Karim, pp. 159–160.
- ^ Massaquoi, Hans J. (September 1964). "Mystery of Malcolm X". Ebony.
- ^ Lord, Lewis; Thornton, Jeannye; Bodipo-Memba, Alejandro (November 15, 1992). "The Legacy of Malcolm X". U.S. News & World Report. p. 3. http://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/921123/archive_018698.htm. Retrieved June 2, 2010.
- ^ Kondo, p. 170.
- ^ Majied, Eugene (April 10, 1964). "On My Own". Muhammad Speaks. [[|Nation of Islam]]. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ccbh/mxp/images/sourcebook_img_111.jpg. Retrieved August 1, 2008.
- ^ Evanzz, p. 248.
- ^ Evanzz, p. 264.
- ^ Carson, p. 473.
- ^ Carson, p. 324.
- ^ Perry, pp. 290–292.
- ^ Perry, pp. 352–356.
- ^ a b Kihss, Peter (February 22, 1965). "Malcolm X Shot to Death at Rally Here". The New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0A15F63F5812738DDDAB0A94DA405B858AF1D3. Retrieved August 1, 2008. (Subscription required)
- ^ Karim, p. 191.
- ^ a b Evanzz, p. 295.
- ^ In his Epilogue to The Autobiography of Malcolm X, Alex Haley wrote that Malcolm said, "Hold it! Hold it! Don't get excited. Let's cool it brothers." (p. 499.) According to a transcription of a recording of the shooting, Malcolm's only words were, "Hold it!", which he repeated 10 times. (DeCaro, p. 274.)
- ^ Perry, p. 366.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, p. 450.
- ^ Perry, pp. 366–367.
- ^ Talese, Gay (February 22, 1965). "Police Save Suspect From the Crowd". The New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20E12F63F5812738DDDAB0A94DA405B858AF1D3. Retrieved August 1, 2008. (Subscription required)
- ^ Kondo, p. 97.
- ^ Kondo, p. 110.
- ^ Rickford, p. 289.
- ^ "Malcolm X Killer Heads Mosque". BBC News. March 31, 1998. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/71838.stm. Retrieved August 1, 2008.
- ^ Jacobson, Mark (October 1, 2007). "The Man Who Didn't Shoot Malcolm X". New York. http://nymag.com/news/features/38358/. Retrieved August 1, 2008.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, p. 474.
- ^ Rickford, p. 489
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, pp. 474–475.
- ^ Perry, p. 374. Alex Haley, in his Epilogue to The Autobiography of Malcolm X, says 22,000 (p. 519).
- ^ a b Rickford, p. 252.
- ^ DeCaro, p. 291
- ^ a b Arnold, Martin (February 28, 1965). "Harlem Is Quiet as Crowds Watch Malcolm X Rites". The New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60615FD38591B7A93CAAB1789D85F418685F9. Retrieved August 2, 2008. (Subscription required)
- ^ DeCaro, p. 290.
- ^ Davis, Ossie (February 27, 1965). "Malcolm X's Eulogy". The Official Website of Malcolm X. http://www.malcolmx.com/about/eulogy.html. Retrieved September 6, 2009.
- ^ Rickford, p. 255
- ^ Rickford, pp. 261–262.
- ^ King, Jr., Martin Luther (February 26, 1965). "Telegram from Martin Luther King, Jr. to Betty al-Shabazz". The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute. http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/documentsentry/telegram_from_martin_luther_king_jr_to_betty_al_shabazz/. Retrieved March 21, 2010.
- ^ Evanzz, p. 301.
- ^ Clegg, p. 232.
- ^ "Malcolm X". The New York Times. February 22, 1965. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20E13F63F5812738DDDAB0A94DA405B858AF1D3. Retrieved August 2, 2008. (Subscription required)
- ^ Rickford, p. 247.
- ^ Evanzz, p. 305.
- ^ Kenworthy, E. W. (February 26, 1965). "Malcolm Called a Martyr Abroad". The New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20D15F73F5812738DDDAF0A94DA405B858AF1D3. Retrieved August 2, 2008. (Subscription required)
- ^ Evanzz, p. 306.
- ^ Rickford, p. 248.
- ^ Perry, p. 371.
- ^ Marable, "Rediscovering Malcolm's Life", pp. 305–306.
- ^ Perry, p. 372.
- ^ Kondo, pp. 7–39.
- ^ a b Lomax, To Kill a Black Man, p. 198.
- ^ Evanzz, p. 294.
- ^ Bush, Roderick (1999). We Are Not What We Seem: Black Nationalism and Class Struggle in the American Century. New York: New York University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-8147-1317-4.
- ^ Friedly, Michael (1992). Malcolm X: The Assassination. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 978-0-88184-922-6.
- ^ Gardell, Mattias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam. Durham, N. C.: Duke University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-8223-1845-3.
- ^ Rickford, pp. 437, 492–495.
- ^ Evanzz, pp. 298–299.
- ^ Kondo, pp. 182–183, 193–194.
- ^ Marable, "Rediscovering Malcolm's Life", p. 305.
- ^ Rickford, p. 492.
- ^ Wartofsky, Alona (February 17, 1995). "'Brother Minister: The Martyrdom of Malcolm X'". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/brotherministerthemartyrdomofmalcolmx_c0098f.htm. Retrieved August 1, 2008.
- ^ "Farrakhan Admission on Malcolm X". 60 Minutes. CBS News. May 14, 2000. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2000/05/10/60minutes/main194051.shtml. Retrieved August 2, 2008.
- ^ "Farrakhan Responds to Media Attacks". The Final Call. May 15, 2000. http://www.finalcall.com/columns/mlf/2000/mlf-60minutes05-15-2000.html. Retrieved August 2, 2008.
- ^ Natambu, pp. 315–316.
- ^ Kelley, Robin D. G. (1999). "Malcolm X". Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. New York: Basic Civitas Books. p. 1233.
- ^ Terrill, pp. 15–16.
- ^ a b Lomax, When the Word Is Given, pp. 80–81.
- ^ Terrill, p. 184.
- ^ Lomax. When the Word Is Given. p. 91. "'I'll be honest with you,' Malcolm X said to me. 'Everybody is talking about differences between the Messenger and me. It is absolutely impossible for us to differ.'"
- ^ Lomax, When the Word Is Given, p. 67.
- ^ Lomax, When the Word Is Given, p. 171.
- ^ Lomax, When the Word Is Given, pp. 24, 137–138.
- ^ Malcolm X, Speeches at Harvard, p. 119.
- ^ DeCaro, pp. 166–167.
- ^ Malcolm X told Lewis Lomax that "The Messenger is the Prophet of Allah" (Lomax, When the Word Is Given, p. 80). On another occasion, he said "We never refer to the Honorable Elijah Muhammad as a prophet" (Malcolm X, Last Speeches, p. 46).
- ^ Lincoln, p. 95.
- ^ Lincoln, p. 96.
- ^ Malcolm X, Malcolm X Speaks, pp. 33–35.
- ^ Malcolm X, By Any Means Necessary, pp. 43, 47.
- ^ Malcolm X, Malcolm X Speaks, p. 90.
- ^ Malcolm X, Malcolm X Speaks, p. 117.
- ^ a b Cone, p. 284.
- ^ Perry, p. 277.
- ^ Malcolm X, Malcolm X Speaks, pp. 38–41.
- ^ Malcolm X, Malcolm X Speaks, pp. 212–213.
- ^ Malcolm X, Autobiography, p. 391.
- ^ Parks, Gordon, "Malcolm X: The Minutes of Our Last Meeting", Clarke, p. 122.
- ^ Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amhert, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. p. 333. ISBN 978-1-57392-963-9.
- ^ Marable, Manning; Nishani Frazier, John Campbell McMillian (2003). Freedom on My Mind: The Columbia Documentary History of the African American Experience. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 251. ISBN 978-0-231-10890-4.
- ^ Salley, Columbus (1999). The Black 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential African-Americans, Past and Present. New York: Citadel Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-8065-2048-3.
- ^ Cone, pp. 291–292.
- ^ Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2002). The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity. New York: HarperCollins. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-06-073064-2.
- ^ Perry, p. 379.
- ^ Turner, Richard Brent (2004). "Islam in the African-American Experience". In Bobo, Jacqueline; Hudley, Cynthia; Michel, Claudine. The Black Studies Reader. New York: Routledge. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-415-94554-7.
- ^ Perry, p. 380.
- ^ Sales, p. 187
- ^ Woodard, Komozi (1999). A Nation Within a Nation: Amiri Baraka (LeRoi Jones) & Black Power Politics. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-8078-4761-9.
- ^ Cone, p. 291.
- ^ Marable, "Rediscovering Malcolm's Life", pp. 301–302.
- ^ Sales, p. 5.
- ^ Marable, "Rediscovering Malcolm's Life", p. 302.
- ^ Sales, p. 3.
- ^ Sales, p. 4
- ^ Haley, "Epilogue", Autobiography, p. 471.
- ^ Perry, p. 375.
- ^ Gray, Paul (June 8, 1998). "Required Reading: Nonfiction Books". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988496,00.html. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
- ^ "Malcolm X". Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0104797/. Retrieved February 26, 2009.
- ^ Anderson, Jeffrey M. "The Best Films of the 1990s". Combustible Celluloid. http://www.combustiblecelluloid.com/bestof90s.shtml. Retrieved August 2, 2008.
- ^ Rich, Frank (July 15, 1981). "The Stage: Malcolm X and Elijah Muhammad". The New York Times. http://theater2.nytimes.com/mem/theater/treview.html?res=9D0CE5DA1F38F936A25754C0A967948260. Retrieved August 2, 2008.
- ^ "The Greatest". Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0076111/. Retrieved February 26, 2009.
- ^ "King". Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0077038/. Retrieved February 26, 2009.
- ^ Goodman, Walter (May 3, 1989). "An Imaginary Meeting of Dr. King and Malcolm X". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/03/arts/review-television-an-imaginary-meeting-of-dr-king-and-malcolm-x.html. Retrieved August 2, 2008.
- ^ "Roots: The Next Generations". Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0078678/. Retrieved February 26, 2009.
- ^ "Death of a Prophet". Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0179757/. Retrieved February 26, 2009.
- ^ Henahan, Donal (September 29, 1986). "Opera: Anthony Davis's 'X (The Life and Times of Malcolm X)'". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/29/arts/opera-anthony-davis-s-x-the-life-and-times-of-malcolm-x.html. Retrieved August 9, 2008.
- ^ "King of the World". Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0219857/. Retrieved February 26, 2009.
- ^ "Ali: An American Hero". Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0229973/. Retrieved February 26, 2009.
- ^ "Ali". Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0248667/. Retrieved February 26, 2009.
- ^ McMorris, Robert (March 11, 1989). "Empty Lot Holds Dreams for Rowena Moore". Omaha World-Herald. http://www.brothermalcolm.net/2002/omaha/jpeg/moore1.jpg. Retrieved August 2, 2008.
- ^ "National Register of Historic Places – Nebraska, Douglas County". National Register of Historic Places. http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/ne/Douglas/state2.html. Retrieved August 2, 2008.
- ^ "More Nebraska National Register Sites in Douglas County". Nebraska State Historical Society. http://www.nebraskahistory.org/histpres/nebraska/douglas2.htm. Retrieved August 2, 2008.
- ^ "Nebraska Historical Marker". Malcolm X: A Research Site. http://www.brothermalcolm.net/2002/omaha/jpeg/marker1.jpg. Retrieved August 2, 2008.
- ^ "Malcolm X Homesite". Michigan Historical Markers. http://www.michmarkers.com/startup.asp?startpage=S0455.htm. Retrieved August 30, 2009.
- ^ Yancey, Patty (2000). "We Hold on to Our Kids, We Hold on Tight: Tandem Charters in Michigan". In Fuller, Bruce. Inside Charter Schools: The Paradox of Radical Decentralization. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-674-00325-5.
- ^ Gay, Kathlyn (2007). African-American Holidays, Festivals and Celebrations. Detroit: Omnigraphics. p. 284. ISBN 978-0-7808-0779-2.
- ^ Thaai, Walker (May 20, 2005). "Berkeley Honors Controversial Civil Rights Figure". San Jose Mercury News. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-132645462/berkeley-honors-controversial-civil.html. Retrieved August 28, 2009. (Subscription required)
- ^ Rickford, p. 443.
- ^ Rickford, p. 419.
- ^ Barron, James (January 18, 2009). "'Not Much of a Block,' but It's Named for a King". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/19/nyregion/19mlk.html. Retrieved August 22, 2011.
- ^ Scoville, Jen (December 1997). "The Big Beat". Texas Monthly. Archived from the original on December 29, 2004. http://web.archive.org/web/20041229062251/http://www.texasmonthly.com/ranch/bigbeat/beat.edec.97.php. Retrieved October 5, 2009.
- ^ Vela, Susan (September 14, 2010). "Malcolm X, Cesar Chavez Get Nods for Lansing Street, Plaza Names". Lansing State Journal. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/lansingstatejournal/access/2137367801.html?FMT=ABS&date=Sep+14%2C+2010. Retrieved April 23, 2011. (Subscription required)
- ^ Lee, Felicia R. (May 15, 1993). "Newark Students, Both Good and Bad, Make Do". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/15/us/newark-students-both-good-and-bad-make-do.html. Retrieved August 8, 2008.
- ^ Hunt, Lori Bona (February 26, 1991). "Malcolm X's Widow Sees Signs of Hope". Milwaukee Journal. http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19910226&id=F6AaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZiwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6890,3084158. Retrieved March 21, 2010.
- ^ Witkowsky, Kathy (Spring 2000). "A Day in the Life". National CrossTalk. http://www.highereducation.org/crosstalk/ct0500/news0500-citycollege1.shtml. Retrieved August 8, 2008.
- ^ Flynn, Pat (January 7, 1996). "Big Crowd Welcomes New Library Warmly". The San Diego Union-Tribune. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/sandiego/access/1242579811.html?dids=1242579811:1242579811&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT. Retrieved August 25, 2010. (Subscription required)
- ^ Marable, "Rediscovering Malcolm's Life", pp. 303–304.
- ^ "Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center Launches". Columbia University. May 17, 2005. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/05/05/malcolm.html. Retrieved August 8, 2008.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, p. 564.
- ^ Hendrick, Bill (September 2, 1999). "A Revelation in Letters: Educated, Tender Malcolm X". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. http://search.proquest.com/docview/413815431?accountid=35803. Retrieved January 15, 2012. (Subscription required)
- ^ Eakin, Emily (January 8, 2003). "Malcolm X Trove to Schomburg Center". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/08/arts/malcolm-x-trove-to-schomburg-center.html. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
Works cited[link]
- Carson, Clayborne (1991). Malcolm X: The FBI File. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 978-0-88184-758-1.
- Clarke, John Henrik, ed. (1990) [1969]. Malcolm X: The Man and His Times. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press. ISBN 978-0-86543-201-7.
- Clegg III, Claude Andrew (1997). An Original Man: The Life and Times of Elijah Muhammad. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 978-0-312-18153-6.
- Cone, James H. (1991). Martin & Malcolm & America: A Dream or a Nightmare. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books. ISBN 978-0-88344-721-5.
- DeCaro, Jr., Louis A. (1996). On the Side of My People: A Religious Life of Malcolm X. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-1864-3.
- Dyson, Michael Eric (1995). Making Malcolm: The Myth and Meaning of Malcolm X. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509235-6.
- Evanzz, Karl (1992). The Judas Factor: The Plot to Kill Malcolm X. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 978-1-56025-049-4.
- Karim, Benjamin; with Peter Skutches and David Gallen (1992). Remembering Malcolm. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 978-0-88184-881-6.
- Kondo, Zak A. (1993). Conspiracys: Unravelling the Assassination of Malcolm X. Washington, D.C.: Nubia Press. OCLC 28837295.
- Lincoln, C. Eric (1961). The Black Muslims in America. Boston: Beacon Press. OCLC 422580.
- Lomax, Louis E. (1987) [1968]. To Kill a Black Man: The Shocking Parallel in the Lives of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. Los Angeles: Holloway House. ISBN 978-0-87067-731-1.
- Lomax, Louis E. (1963). When the Word Is Given: A Report on Elijah Muhammad, Malcolm X, and the Black Muslim World. Cleveland: World Publishing. OCLC 1071204.
- Malcolm X; with the assistance of Alex Haley (1992) [1965]. The Autobiography of Malcolm X. New York: One World. ISBN 978-0-345-37671-8.
- Malcolm X (1989) [1970]. By Any Means Necessary: Speeches, Interviews, and a Letter by Malcolm X. George Breitman, ed. New York: Pathfinder Press. ISBN 978-0-87348-150-2.
- Malcolm X (1989) [1971]. The End of White World Supremacy: Four Speeches by Malcolm X. Benjamin Karim, ed. New York: Arcade. ISBN 978-1-55970-006-1.
- Malcolm X (1990) [1965]. Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements. George Breitman, ed. New York: Grove Weidenfeld. ISBN 978-0-8021-3213-0.
- Malcolm X (1991) [1968]. The Speeches of Malcolm X at Harvard. Archie Epps, ed. New York: Paragon House. ISBN 978-1-55778-479-7.
- Marable, Manning (2011). Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-02220-5.
- Marable, Manning (2009). "Rediscovering Malcolm's Life: A Historian's Adventures in Living History". In Marable, Manning; Aidi, Hishaam D. Black Routes to Islam. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-8400-5.
- Natambu, Kofi (2002). The Life and Work of Malcolm X. Indianapolis: Alpha Books. ISBN 978-0-02-864218-5.
- Perry, Bruce (1991). Malcolm: The Life of a Man Who Changed Black America. Barrytown, N.Y.: Station Hill. ISBN 978-0-88268-103-0.
- Rickford, Russell J. (2003). Betty Shabazz: A Remarkable Story of Survival and Faith Before and After Malcolm X. Naperville, Ill.: Sourcebooks. ISBN 978-1-4022-0171-4.
- Sales, Jr., William W. (1994). From Civil Rights to Black Liberation: Malcolm X and the Organization of Afro-American Unity. Boston: South End Press. ISBN 978-0-89608-480-3.
- Terrill, Robert (2004). Malcolm X: Inventing Radical Judgment. Lansing, Mich.: Michigan State University Press. ISBN 978-0-87013-730-3.
- Wood, Joe, ed. (1992). Malcolm X: In Our Image. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-06609-3.
Further reading[link]
- Baldwin, James (2007) [1973]. One Day, When I Was Lost: A Scenario Based on Alex Haley's "The Autobiography of Malcolm X". New York: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-307-27594-3.
- Boyd, Herb; Daniels, Ron; Karenga, Maulana et al., eds. (2012). By Any Means Necessary: Malcolm X: Real, Not Reinvented. Chicago: Third World Press. ISBN 978-0-88378-336-8.
- Breitman, George (1967). The Last Year of Malcolm X: The Evolution of a Revolutionary. New York: Pathfinder Press. ISBN 978-0-87348-004-8.
- Breitman, George; Porter, Herman; Smith, Baxter (1991) [1976]. The Assassination of Malcolm X. New York: Pathfinder Press. ISBN 978-0-87348-632-3.
- Cleage, Albert B.; Breitman, George (1968). Myths About Malcolm X: Two Views. New York: Merit. OCLC 615819.
- Collins, Rodnell P. (1998). Seventh Child: A Family Memoir of Malcolm X. Secaucus, N.J.: Birch Lane Press. ISBN 978-1-55972-491-3.
- Conyers, Jr., James L.; Smallwood, Andrew P., eds. (2008). Malcolm X: A Historical Reader. Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-89089-228-2.
- DeCaro, Louis A. (1998). Malcolm and the Cross: The Nation of Islam, Malcolm X, and Christianity. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-1932-9.
- Friedly, Michael (1995). Malcolm X: The Assassination. New York: One World. ISBN 978-0-345-40010-9.
- Gallen, David, ed. (1992). Malcolm X: As They Knew Him. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 978-0-88184-850-2.
- Goldman, Peter (1979) [1973]. The Death and Life of Malcolm X. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-00774-3.
- Jamal, Hakim A. (1972). From The Dead Level: Malcolm X and Me. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-46234-9.
- Jenkins, Robert L. (2002). The Malcolm X Encyclopedia. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-29264-4.
- Kly, Yussuf Naim, ed. (1986). The Black Book: The True Political Philosophy of Malcolm X (El Hajj Malik El Shabazz). Atlanta: Clarity Press. ISBN 978-0-932863-03-4.
- Leader, Edward Roland (1993). Understanding Malcolm X: The Controversial Changes in His Political Philosophy. New York: Vantage Press. ISBN 978-0-533-09520-9.
- Lee, Spike; with Ralph Wiley (1992). By Any Means Necessary: The Trials and Tribulations of the Making of Malcolm X. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-56282-913-1.
- Shabazz, Ilyasah; with Kim McLarin (2002). Growing Up X: A Memoir by the Daughter of Malcolm X. New York: One World. ISBN 978-0-345-44495-0.
- Strickland, William; et al. (1994). Malcolm X: Make It Plain. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-017713-8.
- Terrill, Robert, ed. (2010). The Cambridge Companion to Malcolm X. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-73157-7.
- T'Shaka, Oba (1983). The Political Legacy of Malcolm X. Richmond, Calif.: Pan Afrikan Publications. ISBN 978-1-878557-01-8.
- Wolfenstein, Eugene Victor (1989). The Victims of Democracy: Malcolm X and the Black Revolution. London: Free Association Books. ISBN 978-1-85343-111-1.
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Malcolm X |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Malcolm X |
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Wikisource has original works written by or about: |
- The Official Web Site of Malcolm X
- Malcolm X: Make It Plain
- malcolm-x.org
- Malcolm X: A Profile
- The Malcolm X Project at Columbia University
- Malcolm X Reference Archive
- Malcolm X: A Research Site
- Works by or about Malcolm X in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Interviews
- Interview with Dr. Kenneth Clark, Spring 1963
- Video interview with Herman Blake, October 1963
- Interview with Louis Lomax, from When the Word Is Given (December 1963)
- Interview with A.B. Spellman, May 1964
- CBC television interview, January 1965
- The short film OPEN MIND Special: Race Relations in Crisis 6/12/63 - 11/13/92 (1963/1992) is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
- Speeches
- Other links
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Malcolm X |
| Alternative names | Little, Malcolm; El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz |
| Short description | Nation of Islam leader |
| Date of birth | May 19, 1925 |
| Place of birth | North Omaha, Nebraska, United States |
| Date of death | February 21, 1965 |
| Place of death | New York City, New York, United States |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Julian Assange | |
|---|---|
 Assange in Copenhagen |
|
| Born | (1971-07-03) 3 July 1971 (age 40)[1][2][3] Townsville, Queensland, Australia |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Occupation | Editor-in-chief and spokesperson for WikiLeaks, talk show host |
| Awards | Economist Freedom of Expression Award (2008) Amnesty International UK Media Award (2009) Sam Adams Award (2010) Le Monde Person of the Year (2010) Sydney Peace Foundation gold medal (2011) Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism (2011) Voltaire Award of the Victorian Council for Civil Liberties (2011) Walkleys Award for Outstanding Contribution to Journalism (2011) |
Julian Paul Assange ( /əˈsɒnʒ/ ə-SONZH; born 3 July 1971) is an Australian computer programmer, political/internet activist, publisher, and[4][5] journalist.[6][7][8] He is best known as the editor in chief and founder of WikiLeaks, a media website which publishes information from whistleblowers. The site acts as a conduit for worldwide news leaks, with a stated purpose of creating open governance.
WikiLeaks has published material about extrajudicial killings in Kenya, toxic waste dumping in Côte d'Ivoire, Church of Scientology manuals, Guantanamo Bay procedures, and banks such as Kaupthing and Julius Baer.[9] In 2010, WikiLeaks published Iraq War documents and Afghan War documents about American involvement in the wars, some of which was classified material. On 28 November 2010, WikiLeaks and its five international print media partners (Der Spiegel, The New York Times, Le Monde, The Guardian and El País) began publishing U.S. diplomatic cables.[10]
Assange was a hacker-activist in his youth, before becoming a computer programmer and then becoming internationally renowned for his work with WikiLeaks.[11] He has lived in several countries and has made public appearances in many parts of the world to speak about freedom of the press, censorship, and investigative journalism. He has received numerous awards and nominations, including the 2009 Amnesty International Media Award, Readers' Choice for TIME magazine's 2010 Person of the Year, the 2011 Sydney Peace Foundation gold medal and the 2011 Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism.[12] Snorre Valen, a Norwegian parliamentarian, nominated him for the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize.[13]
In 2010, a European Arrest Warrant was issued for Assange in relation to allegations of rape and sexual assault by two women in Sweden. Assange was arrested and after ten days in Wandsworth prison was freed on bail. On 30 May 2012 Assange lost his final Supreme Court appeal in England to avoid extradition to Sweden.[14]
Contents
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Early life[link]
Assange was born in Townsville, Queensland.[15][16] When Julian was one year old, his mother Christine married theatre director Brett Assange, "who gave him his surname".[2][17][18] In 1976, the family moved to Magnetic Island where Christine had previously resided. They lived in Horseshoe Bay, in an old abandoned pineapple farm".[19] Later Assange and his mother lived in a cottage at Picnic Bay. His mother, Christine Ann Assange (née Hawkins)[15], was the daughter of Australian Army Veteran, Academic and Principal of Northern Rivers College (Southern Cross University), Dr. Warren Alfred Hawkins, who was born in Sydney, New South Wales, and Norma Joan Hawkins (née Carelton), who "was a specialist in medieval literature".[20][21][22][23][24][25] Norma Hawkins, Assange's maternal grandmother, is mentioned in the book Underground: Tales of Hacking, Madness and Obsession on the Electronic Frontier (1997).[26] Assange has reportedly claimed himself that he is of Scottish, Irish, Taiwanese, Torres Strait Islander and French ancestry: he has said that "his maternal ancestors came to Australia in the mid-nineteenth century from Scotland and Ireland"; he has also said: "my mother is French", referring to her ancestry. Referring to his paternal grandfather: "my grandfather was a Taiwanese pirate".."who settled on Thursday Island where he met and married a Thursday Islander woman". He has also said that Brett Assange "was the descendant of a Chinese immigrant who had settled on Thursday Island", "his great-great-great-grandfather was a Taiwanese pirate". The name Assange is an anglicization of "Ah Sang" – Cantonese for "Mr Sang".[27][28][29][30]
In the interview for Making Trouble, he tells about who he believes is his "biological father": "he did not meet his biological father, John Shipton, until he was 25", Manne writes; "strangely and perhaps revealingly, it [WikiLeaks] was registered under the names of two fathers, his biological one, John Shipton, and his cypherpunk political one, John Young, a New York architect who ran the intelligence leak website Cryptome, which could be seen as WikiLeaks' predecessor".[22][31][32][33] John Shipton is also referred to as an "architect", and an "Australian citizen living in Kenya", who resided in Nairobi, Kenya in 2008 at the same time as Julian.[34][35][36] He "met Assange's mother, Christine, then aged 17, at an antiques shop on his way to a Vietnam war demonstration".."little is known about the relationship, except that it had ended by the time of their son's first birthday – if not earlier"; Shipton "never took up residence or if he did only took up residence for a very short time" and "had no contact with [Assange]".[37]
Youth[link]
During Assange's upbringing Brett and Christine Assange ran a touring theatre company. His stepfather, Julian's first "real dad", described Julian as "a very sharp kid" with "a keen sense of right and wrong". "He always stood up for the underdog ... he was always very angry about people ganging up on other people."[18] In the mid-70's, Assange and his parents moved to North Lismore, New South Wales, and Assange attended Goolmangar Primary School in the nearby town of Goolmangar from 1979 to 1983.[38]
In 1979, his mother remarried "Leif Meynall — or Leif Hamilton";[39] her new husband was a musician whom Assange believed belonged to a New Age group called The Family, led by Yoga teacher Anne Hamilton-Byrne. The couple had a son, but broke up in 1982 and engaged in a custody struggle for Assange's half-brother. His divorced mother fled her boyfriend and travelled across Australia, taking both children into hiding for the next five years. Assange moved thirty times before he turned 14, attending many schools, including Goolmangar Primary School, sometimes being home-schooled.[2][40][41] In an interview conducted by Hans Ulrich Obrist, Assange stated that he had lived in 50 different towns and attended 37 different schools.[42] The family "by the time he was 16 or 17" lived in "a tiny cement bungalow in the foothills of the Dandenong Ranges, east of Melbourne", Victoria, first in the town of "Emerald and then Tecoma", now in the outer eastern suburbs of Melbourne.[43][44]
Hacking and conviction[link]
In 1987, after turning 16, Assange began hacking under the name "Mendax" (derived from a phrase of Horace: "splendide mendax", or "nobly untruthful").[2] He and two other hackers joined to form a group they named the International Subversives. Assange wrote down the early rules of the subculture: "Don't damage computer systems you break into (including crashing them); don't change the information in those systems (except for altering logs to cover your tracks); and share information".[2] The Personal Democracy Forum said he was "Australia's most famous ethical computer hacker."[45] The Australian Federal Police became aware of this group and set up "Operation Weather" to investigate their hacking. In September 1991, Mendax was discovered in the act of hacking into the Melbourne master terminal of Nortel, the Canadian telecommunications company.[2] In response the Australian Federal Police tapped Assanges' phoneline and subsequently raided his Melbourne home in 1991.[46] He was also reported to have accessed computers belonging to an Australian university,[2] the USAF 7th Command Group in the Pentagon[47] and other organisations, via modem.[48] It took three years to bring the case to court, where he was charged with 31 counts of hacking and related crimes. Nortel said his incursions cost them more than $100,000. Assange's lawyers represented his hacking as a victimless crime. He pleaded guilty to 25 charges of hacking, after six charges were dropped, and was released on bond for good conduct with a fine of A$2,100.[2][49] The judge said "there is just no evidence that there was anything other than sort of intelligent inquisitiveness and the pleasure of being able to—what's the expression—surf through these various computers"[2] and stated that Assange would have gone to jail for up to 10 years if he had not had such a disrupted childhood.[47]
In 2011, court records revealed that in 1993, Assange helped the Victoria Police Child Exploitation Unit by providing technical advice and assisted in prosecuting persons.[50]
Child custody issues[link]
In 1988–1989, Assange married, then moved out and started living with his wife, Teresa, after they had a son, Daniel Assange.[22][51] They split up before the period of Assange's arrest and conviction. They subsequently engaged in a lengthy custody struggle and did not agree on a custody arrangement until 1999.[2][52]
The entire process prompted Assange and his mother to form Parent Inquiry Into Child Protection, an activist group centered on creating a "central databank" for otherwise inaccessible legal records related to child custody issues in Australia.[52] In an interview with ABC Radio, his mother explained their "most important" issue was demanding "that there be direct access to the children's court by any member of the public for an application for protection for any child that they believe is at serious risk from abuse, where the child protection agency has rejected that notification."[53]
Computer programming and other employment[link]
In 1993, Assange was involved in starting one of the first public internet service providers in Australia, Suburbia Public Access Network.[4][54][55] Starting in 1994, he lived in Melbourne as a programmer and a developer of free software.[49] In 1995, he wrote Strobe, the first free and open source port scanner.[56][57] He contributed several patches to the PostgreSQL project in 1996.[58][59] He helped to write the book Underground: Tales of Hacking, Madness and Obsession on the Electronic Frontier (1997), which credits him as a researcher and reports his history with International Subversives.[26][60] Starting around 1997, he co-invented the Rubberhose deniable encryption system, a cryptographic concept made into a software package for Linux designed to provide plausible deniability against rubber-hose cryptanalysis;[61] he originally intended the system to be used "as a tool for human rights workers who needed to protect sensitive data in the field."[62] Other free software that he has authored or co-authored includes the Usenet caching software NNTPCache[63] and Surfraw, a command-line interface for web-based search engines. In 1998, "Assange co-founded his first and only Australian company, Earthmen Technology".[19] Assange was characterised as a "cryptographer" in a Suelette Dreyfus article published in The Independent, 15 November 1999 – "This is just between us (and the spies)", and was said to have been the moderator of "the online Australian discussion forum AUCRYPTO", and during this time Assange claimed to have found a new patent relating to the US National Security Agency's technology for monitoring calls, "while investigating NSA capabilities". Assange said that "this patent should worry people. Everyone's overseas phone calls are or may soon be tapped, transcribed and archived in the bowels of an unaccountable foreign spy agency".[64] In 1999, he registered the domain leaks.org, but he says he "didn't do anything with it."[65]
University studies[link]
From 2002 to 2005, Assange attended the University of Melbourne and University of Canberra as an undergraduate student, he started a Bachelors of Science degree, studying physics, pure mathematics, and briefly philosophy and neuroscience.[40][45][66][67] In most of his maths courses, he received the minimum "pass" grade.[68] He did not graduate; the fact that his fellow students were doing research for Pentagon's DARPA was reportedly a factor in motivating him to drop out and start WikiLeaks.[2][40][67]
Career as head of WikiLeaks[link]
Main article: WikiLeaks
WikiLeaks was founded in 2006.[2][69] That year, Assange wrote two essays setting out the philosophy behind WikiLeaks: "To radically shift regime behaviour we must think clearly and boldly for if we have learned anything, it is that regimes do not want to be changed. We must think beyond those who have gone before us and discover technological changes that embolden us with ways to act in which our forebears could not."[70][71][72] In his blog he wrote, "the more secretive or unjust an organization is, the more leaks induce fear and paranoia in its leadership and planning coterie.... Since unjust systems, by their nature, induce opponents, and in many places barely have the upper hand, mass leaking leaves them exquisitely vulnerable to those who seek to replace them with more open forms of governance."[70][73]
Assange is the most prominent media spokesman on WikiLeaks' behalf. In June 2010, he was listed alongside several others as a member of the WikiLeaks advisory board.[74][75] While newspapers have described him as a "director"[76] or "founder"[46] of WikiLeaks, Assange has said, "I don't call myself a founder";[77] he does describe himself as the editor in chief of WikiLeaks,[78] and has stated that he has the final decision in the process of vetting documents submitted to the site.[79] Assange says that WikiLeaks has released more classified documents than the rest of the world press combined: "That's not something I say as a way of saying how successful we are – rather, that shows you the parlous state of the rest of the media. How is it that a team of five people has managed to release to the public more suppressed information, at that level, than the rest of the world press combined? It's disgraceful."[69] He advocates a "transparent" and "scientific" approach to journalism, saying that "you can't publish a paper on physics without the full experimental data and results; that should be the standard in journalism."[80][81] In 2006, CounterPunch called him "Australia's most infamous former computer hacker."[82] The Age has called him "one of the most intriguing people in the world" and "internet's freedom fighter."[65] Assange has called himself "extremely cynical".[65] He has been described as being largely self-taught and widely read on science and mathematics,[49] and as thriving on intellectual battle.[83]
WikiLeaks has been involved in the publication of material documenting extrajudicial killings in Kenya, a report of toxic waste dumping on the coast of Côte d'Ivoire, Church of Scientology manuals, Guantanamo Bay procedures, the 12 July 2007 Baghdad airstrike video, and material involving large banks such as Kaupthing and Julius Baer among other documents.[9] In 2008, Assange published an article entitled "The Hidden Curse of Thomas Paine", in which he wrote "What does it mean when only those facts about the world with economic powers behind them can be heard, when the truth lays naked before the world and no one will be the first to speak without payment or subsidy?"[84]
Public appearances[link]
In addition to exercising great authority and editorial control within WikiLeaks, Assange acts as its public face. He has appeared at media conferences such as New Media Days '09 in Copenhagen,[85] the 2010 Logan Symposium in Investigative Reporting at the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism,[86] and at hacker conferences, notably the 25th and 26th Chaos Communication Congress.[87] In the first half of 2010, he appeared on Al Jazeera English, MSNBC, Democracy Now!, RT, and The Colbert Report to discuss the release of the Baghdad airstrike video by WikiLeaks. On 3 June he appeared via videoconferencing at the Personal Democracy Forum conference with Daniel Ellsberg.[88][89] Ellsberg told MSNBC "the explanation he [Assange] used" for not appearing in person in the U.S. was that "it was not safe for him to come to this country."[90] On 11 June he was to appear on a Showcase Panel at the Investigative Reporters and Editors conference in Las Vegas,[91] but there are reports that he cancelled several days prior.[92]
On 10 June 2010, it was reported that Pentagon officials were trying to determine his whereabouts.[93][94] Based on this, there were reports that U.S. officials wanted to apprehend Assange.[95] Ellsberg said that the arrest of Bradley Manning and subsequent speculation by U.S. officials about what Assange may be about to publish "puts his well-being, his physical life, in some danger now."[90] In The Atlantic, Marc Ambinder called Ellsberg's concerns "ridiculous", and said that "Assange's tendency to believe that he is one step away from being thrown into a black hole hinders, and to some extent discredits, his work."[96] In Salon.com, Glenn Greenwald questioned "screeching media reports" that there was a "manhunt" on Assange underway, arguing that they were only based on comments by "anonymous government officials" and might even serve a campaign by the U.S. government, by intimidating possible whistleblowers.
On 21 June 2010, he took part at a hearing in Brussels, Belgium, appearing in public for the first time in nearly a month.[97] He was a member on a panel that discussed Internet censorship and expressed his worries over the recent filtering in countries such as Australia. He also talked about secret gag orders preventing newspapers from publishing information about specific subjects and even divulging the fact that they are being gagged. Using an example involving The Guardian, he also explained how newspapers are altering their online archives sometimes by removing entire articles.[98][99] He told The Guardian that he does not fear for his safety but is on permanent alert and will avoid travel to America, saying "[U.S.] public statements have all been reasonable. But some statements made in private are a bit more questionable." He said "politically it would be a great error for them to act. I feel perfectly safe but I have been advised by my lawyers not to travel to the U.S. during this period."[97]
On 17 July, Jacob Appelbaum spoke on behalf of WikiLeaks at the 2010 Hackers on Planet Earth (HOPE) conference in New York City, replacing Assange due to the presence of federal agents at the conference.[100][101] He announced that the WikiLeaks submission system was again up and running, after it had been temporarily suspended.[100][102] Assange was a surprise speaker at a TED conference on 19 July 2010, in Oxford, and confirmed that WikiLeaks was now accepting submissions again.[103][104][105] On 26 July, after the release of the Afghan War Diary, he appeared at the Frontline Club for a press conference.[106]
On 14 February 2011, Assange filed for the trademark "JULIAN ASSANGE" in Europe. The trademark is to be used for "public speaking services; news reporter services; journalism; publication of texts other than publicity texts; education services; entertainment services".[107] On 15 March 2011, Assange gave a speech at the Cambridge Union Society.[108][109] After initially discouraging recording, a video of this has been made available by the Society.[110]
On 19 February 2012 the 500th episode of The Simpsons' "At Long Last Leave" was aired, which features Assange guest-starring as himself in a scene written by Australian author Kathy Lette, the wife of Assange's adviser Geoffrey Robertson QC.[111][112]
Release of U.S. diplomatic cables[link]
Main article: United States diplomatic cables leak
On 28 November 2010, WikiLeaks began releasing some of the 251,000 American diplomatic cables in their possession, of which over 53 percent are listed as unclassified, 40 percent are "Confidential" and just over six percent are classified "Secret". The following day, the Attorney-General of Australia, Robert McClelland, told the press that Australia would inquire into Assange's activities and WikiLeaks.[113] He said that "from Australia's point of view, we think there are potentially a number of criminal laws that could have been breached by the release of this information. The Australian Federal Police are looking at that".[114] McClelland would not rule out the possibility that Australian authorities will cancel Assange's passport, and warned him that he might face charges should he return to Australia.[115] The Federal Police inquiry found that Assange had not committed any crime.[116]
The United States Department of Justice launched a criminal investigation related to the leak. U.S. prosecutors are reportedly considering charges against Assange under several laws, but any prosecution would be difficult.[117] In relation to its ongoing investigations of WikiLeaks, on 14 December 2010, the U.S. Department of Justice issued a subpoena ordering Twitter to release information relating to Assange's account, amongst others.[118][119]
Pentagon Papers whistleblower Daniel Ellsberg said that Assange "is serving our democracy and serving our rule of law precisely by challenging the secrecy regulations, which are not laws in most cases, in this country." On the issue of national security considerations for the U.S., Ellsberg added, "He's obviously a very competent guy in many ways. I think his instincts are that most of this material deserves to be out. We are arguing over a very small fragment that doesn't. He has not yet put out anything that hurt anybody's national security."[120] Assange told London reporters that the leaked cables showed U.S. ambassadors around the world were ordered "to engage in espionage behaviour", which he said seemed to be "representative of a gradual shift to a lack of rule of law in U.S. institutions that needs to be exposed and that we have been exposing."[121]
The WikiLeaks diplomatic cable revelations have been credited by some commentators with being a factor in sparking the Tunisian Revolution, as such leaked cables revealed the degree of corruption in the then ruling government. Writing for Foreign Policy magazine, journalist Elizabeth Dickinson suggested that "Tunisians didn't need any more reasons to protest when they took to the streets these past weeks – food prices were rising, corruption was rampant, and unemployment was staggering. But we might also count Tunisia as the first time that WikiLeaks pushed people over the brink..."[122][123]
Recognition as a journalist[link]
Assange received the 2009 Media award from Amnesty International for Kenya: The Cry of Blood – Extra Judicial Killings and Disappearances,[8] and he has been recognized as a journalist by the Centre for Investigative Journalism.[7] Assange has been a member of the Australian journalist union, the Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance, for several years, and in 2011, was made an honorary member.[124][125] Alex Massie wrote an article in The Spectator called "Yes, Julian Assange is a journalist", but acknowledged that "newsman" might be a better description of Assange.[6] Alan Dershowitz said "Without a doubt. He is a journalist, a new kind of journalist".[126] Assange has said that he has been publishing factual material since age 25, and that it is not necessary to debate whether or not he is a journalist. He has stated that his role is "primarily that of a publisher and editor-in-chief who organises and directs other journalists".[127]
Financial developments[link]
On 6 December 2010, the Swiss bank, PostFinance, announced that it had frozen assets of Assange's totalling 31,000 euros, because he had "provided false information regarding his place of residence" when opening the account.[128] MasterCard,[129] Visa Inc.,[130] and Bank of America[131] also halted dealings with WikiLeaks. Assange described these actions as "business McCarthyism".[132] The English-language Swedish newspaper web-site "Local" quoted Assange on 27 December 2010, as saying that legal costs for the whistleblowing website and his own defence had reached £500,000. The decisions to halt donations to WikiLeaks by Visa, MasterCard and PayPal had cost £425,000, the same amount it costs the website to publish for six months. Assange said WikiLeaks had been receiving as much as £85,000 a day at its peak, before the financial blockade[133]
"Autobiography"[link]
In December 2010, Assange sold the publishing rights[134] to his proposed autobiography for over £1 million. He told The Sunday Times that he was forced to enter the deals for an autobiography due to the financial difficulties he and the site encountered, stating "I don't want to write this book, but I have to. I have already spent £200,000 for legal costs and I need to defend myself and to keep WikiLeaks afloat."[135]
A draft of this work was published, without Assange's consent, in September 2011. The book was ghostwritten by Andrew O'Hagan and was given the title Julian Assange – The Unauthorised Autobiography (2011). Assange and the publisher, Canongate, gave differing accounts of the circumstances around the publication.[136][137]
The World Tomorrow[link]
Main article: World Tomorrow
In January 2012, WikiLeaks announced that Assange would launch "a series of in-depth conversations with key political players, thinkers and revolutionaries from around the world", titled The World Tomorrow.[138] The first of twelve completed interview programs was broadcast by the state-run[139] RT network on 17 April with other networks expected to follow. The series will be broadcast on a weekly basis, and the 26-minute episodes will also be made available online.[140][141] The show's first guest was Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah.[142][143]
Commentary[link]
Comments by the Australian government[link]
The publication of Australian government briefings after a Senate request showed the government had privately discussed charging Assange with treason, which they never mentioned publicly.[144] Julia Gillard stated that Assange's actions were "illegal", which was later retracted when a Australian Federal Police commission determined he had not broken any Australian laws. They also found no grounds to withdraw his Australian passport after an investigation by the Australian Federal Police. Since then, government representatives and the major opposition, including Craig Emerson the Minister for Trade and Helen Coonan the former minister for Communications, have made statements supportive of WikiLeaks and deprecated some threats. Emerson stated on ABC's Q&A program; "We condemn absolutely the threats that have been made by some people in the United States against Julian Assange and he deserves all of the rights of being an Australian citizen."[145]
Support from Australians[link]
Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard has come under widespread condemnation and a backlash within her own party for failing to support Assange after calling the leaks "an illegal act" and suggesting that his Australian passport should be cancelled. Hundreds of lawyers, academics and journalists came forward in his support with Attorney-General Robert McClelland, unable to explain how Assange had broken Australian law. Opposition Legal Affairs spokesman, Senator George Brandis, a Queen's Counsel, accused Gillard of being "clumsy" with her language, stating, "As far as I can see, he (Assange) hasn't broken any Australian law, nor does it appear he has broken any American laws." Former Foreign Minister Kevin Rudd, who supports Assange, stated that any decision to cancel the passport would be his, not Gillard's. Queen's Counsel Peter Faris, who acted for Assange in a hacking case 15 years ago, said that the motives of Swedish authorities in seeking Assange's extradition for alleged sex offences are suspect: "You have to say: why are they [Sweden] pursuing it? It's pretty obvious that if it was Bill Bloggs, they wouldn't be going to the trouble." Following the Swedish Embassy issuing of a "prepared and unconvincing reply" in response to letters of protest, Gillard was called on to send a message to Sweden "querying the way charges were laid, investigated and dropped, only to be picked up again by a different prosecutor."[146][147][148][149][150]
On 10 December 2010, over five hundred people rallied outside Sydney Town Hall and about three hundred and fifty people gathered in Brisbane[151] where Assange's lawyer, Rob Stary, criticised Julia Gillard's position, telling the rally that the Australian government was a "sycophant" of the U.S. A petition circulated by GetUp!, who have placed full page ads in support of Assange in The New York Times and The Washington Times, received more than 50,000 signatures.[149]
Detraction by U.S. officials[link]
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Current and former U.S. government officials have accused Assange of terrorism. When asked if he saw Assange more as a high-tech terrorist or as a whistleblower, like those who released the Pentagon papers in the 1970s, U.S. Vice President Joe Biden said: "I would argue it is closer to being a high-tech terrorist than the Pentagon papers."[152] In May 2010, Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell had used the phrase, calling Assange "a high-tech terrorist", and saying "he has done enormous damage to our country. I think he needs to be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law".[153] Also in May 2010, former House Speaker Newt Gingrich said: "Information terrorism, which leads to people getting killed, is terrorism, and Julian Assange is engaged in terrorism. He should be treated as an enemy combatant."[154]
In July 2010, after WikiLeaks released classified documents related to the war in Afghanistan, Chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, Mike Mullen, said at a Pentagon news conference, "Disagree with the war all you want, take issue with the policy, challenge me or our ground commanders on the decisions we make to accomplish the mission we've been given, but don't put those who willingly go into harm's way even further in harm's way just to satisfy your need to make a point. Mr. Assange can say whatever he likes about the greater good he thinks he and his source are doing, but the truth is, they might already have on their hands the blood of some young soldier or that of an Afghan family." Assange responded later in an interview by saying, "There is, as far as we can tell, no incident of that. So it is a speculative charge. Of course, we are treating any possible revelation of the names of innocents seriously. That is why we held back 15,000 of these documents, to review that". Assange also pointed out the irony of U.S. officials and military leaders accusing him of having blood on his hands.[155]
Support in U.S.[link]
Daniel Ellsberg, who was working in the U.S. Department of Defense when he leaked the Pentagon Papers in 1971, was a signatory to a statement by an international group of former intelligence officers and ex-government officials in support of Assange's work, which was released in late December 2010. Other signatories included David MacMichael, Ray McGovern, and five recipients of annual Sam Adams Award: Frank Grevil, Katharine Gun, Craig Murray, Coleen Rowley and Larry Wilkerson.[156] Ellsberg has said, "If I released the Pentagon Papers today, the same rhetoric and the same calls would be made about me ... I would be called not only a traitor – which I was [called] then, which was false and slanderous – but I would be called a terrorist... Assange and Bradley Manning are no more terrorists than I am."[157]
Support from other governments and U.N.[link]
Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, then president of Brazil, expressed his "solidarity" with Assange following his 2010 arrest in the United Kingdom.[158][159] He further criticised the arrest of Assange as "an attack on freedom of expression".[160]
Vladimir Putin, the Prime Minister of Russia, condemned Assange's detention as "undemocratic".[146] A source within the office of Russian President Dmitry Medvedev suggested that Assange be nominated for a Nobel Prize, and said that "Public and non-governmental organisations should think of how to help him."[161]
In December 2010, the United Nations' Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Opinion and Expression, Frank LaRue, said Assange or other WikiLeaks staff should not face criminal charges for any information they disseminated, noting that "if there is a responsibility by leaking information it is of, exclusively of the person that made the leak and not of the media that publish it. And this is the way that transparency works and that corruption has been confronted in many cases."[162]
Awards[link]
He won the 2009 Amnesty International UK Media Award (New Media),[163] for exposing extrajudicial assassinations in Kenya by distributing and publicizing the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR)'s investigation The Cry of Blood – Extra Judicial Killings and Disappearances.[164][165] Accepting the award, Assange said, "It is a reflection of the courage and strength of Kenyan civil society that this injustice was documented."[166]
In 2010, Assange was awarded the Sam Adams Award,[167][168] Readers' Choice in TIME magazine's Person of the Year poll,[12] and runner-up for Person of the Year.[169] In April 2011 he was listed on the Time 100 list of most influential people.[170] An informal poll of editors at Postmedia Network named him the top newsmaker for the year after six out of 10 felt Assange had "affected profoundly how information is seen and delivered".[171]
Le Monde, one of the five publications to cooperate with WikiLeaks' publication of the recent document leaks, named him person of the year with fifty six percent of the votes in their online poll.[172][173][174]
In February 2011, it was announced that Assange had been awarded the Sydney Peace Foundation gold medal by the Sydney Peace Foundation of the University of Sydney for his "exceptional courage and initiative in pursuit of human rights."[175] There have been four recipients of the award in the foundation's fourteen year history: Nelson Mandela; the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso; Daisaku Ikeda; and Assange.[175]
In June 2011, Assange was awarded the Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism. The prize is awarded on an annual basis to journalists "whose work has penetrated the established version of events and told an unpalatable truth that exposes establishment propaganda, or 'official drivel'". The judges said, "WikiLeaks has been portrayed as a phenomenon of the hi-tech age, which it is. But it's much more. Its goal of justice through transparency is in the oldest and finest tradition of journalism."[176]
Allegations of sexual molestation[link]
Main article: Assange v The Swedish Judicial Authority
In 2010, a European Arrest Warrant was issued for Assange in response to a Swedish police request for questioning in relation to a sexual assault investigation. Assange voluntarily attended a police station in England on 7 December 2010, and was arrested and taken into custody. After ten days in Wandsworth prison, Assange was freed on bail with a residence requirement at Ellingham Hall in Norfolk, England, fitted with an electronic tag and ordered to report to police daily. Assange appealed a February 2011 decision by English courts to extradite him to Sweden, saying the allegations were "without basis".[177][178] On 2 November 2011 the High Court upheld the extradition decision and rejected all four grounds of appeal presented by Assange's legal representatives. Costs of £19000 were also awarded against Assange.
On 20 August 2010, Swedish police began an investigation into allegations concerning Assange's behaviour in separate sexual encounters involving two different women.[179][180] Assange has said the allegations are "without basis",[181] describing all the sexual encounters as consensual.[182][183] In December 2010, Assange, then in Britain, learned that the Swedish authorities had issued a European Arrest Warrant (EAW) to extradite him to Sweden for questioning.
According to published reports, the charges Sweden has lodged against Assange involve two different women. Their initial intention was reportedly to force Assange to take an HIV test. There are four charges: that on 14 August 2010 he committed "unlawful coercion" when he held complainant 1 down with his body weight in a sexual manner; that he "sexually molested" complainant 1 when he had condom-less sex with her after she insisted that he use one; that he had condom-less sex with complainant 2 on the morning of 17 August while she was asleep; and that he "deliberately molested" complainant 1 on 18 August 2010 by pressing his erect penis against her body.[184][185]
An extradition hearing took place on 7–8 and 11 February 2011 before the City of Westminster Magistrates' Court[186][187] when the extradition warrant was upheld.[188][189][190][191]
On 2 March 2011, his lawyers lodged papers at the High Court challenging the ruling to extradite Assange to Sweden.[192] After a hearing on 12 and 13 July 2011, the High Court reserved its judgment, and on 2 November 2011, dismissed his appeal.[193] On 5 December 2011 Assange's lawyers were granted permission to appeal to the Supreme Court, after the High Court certified that a point of law of general public importance, that ought to be considered by the Supreme Court, was involved in its decision.[194] The certified question is whether a prosecutor can be a judicial authority.[195][196] The Supreme Court heard argument in the appeal on 1 and 2 February 2012.[197] and reserved its judgment, [198] while Assange remained on conditional bail.[192][199] On 30 May 2012 the court dismissed the appeal by a majority of 5–2.[200] The court granted Assange two weeks to make an application to reopen the appeal on the basis that the judgments of the majority relied on an interpretation of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties which was not argued during the hearing.[201]
Residency[link]
Though an Australian citizen, Assange has not lived in Australia since he left after he started work on WikiLeaks.[5] In 2007 Assange moved to Kenya. Since 2007, he also spent time in Tanzania, stayed in Cairo, Egypt for a week,[202] Paris, France, Wiesbaden, Germany for two months,[203] and also Iceland.[204][205][206] He began renting a house in Iceland on 30 March 2010, from which he and other activists, including Birgitta Jónsdóttir, worked on the Collateral Murder video.[2]
Over the course of 2009–2010 he travelled around Europe, including the United Kingdom, Iceland, Sweden, Austria, Norway, Belgium, Denmark, Germany and Spain.[207][208][209] On 4 November 2010, Assange told Swiss public television TSR that he was seriously considering seeking political asylum in neutral Switzerland and moving the operation of the WikiLeaks foundation there.[210] In December 2010, it was reported that U.S. Ambassador to Switzerland Donald S. Beyer had warned the Swiss government against offering asylum to Assange, citing the arrest warrant issued by Interpol.[211]
In late November 2010, Kintto Lucas, the Deputy Foreign Minister of Ecuador, spoke about giving Assange residency with "no conditions... so he can freely present the information he possesses and all the documentation, not just over the Internet but in a variety of public forums".[212] Lucas believed that Ecuador may benefit from initiating a dialogue with Assange.[213] Foreign Minister Ricardo Patiño stated on 30 November that the residency application would "have to be studied from the legal and diplomatic perspective".[214] A few hours later, President Rafael Correa stated that WikiLeaks "committed an error by breaking the laws of the United States and leaking this type of information... no official offer was [ever] made."[215][216] Correa noted that Lucas was speaking "on his own behalf"; additionally, he will launch an investigation into possible ramifications Ecuador would suffer from the release of the cables.[216]
In a hearing at the City of Westminster Magistrates' Court on 7 December 2010, Assange identified a post office box as his address. When told by the judge that this information was not acceptable, he submitted "Parkville, Victoria, Australia" on a sheet of paper. His lack of permanent address and nomadic lifestyle were cited by the judge as factors in denying bail.[217] He was ultimately released, in part because journalist Vaughan Smith offered to provide Assange with an address for bail during the extradition proceedings, Smith's Norfolk mansion, Ellingham Hall.[218] He lived there for a year, then moved out in December 2011 to a "3,000-acre estate in East Sussex" - "a lodge on Lord Abergavenny's Eridge Park estate, near Tunbridge Wells".[219][220]
Political and economic views[link]
According to Assange, "It’s not correct to put me in any one philosophical or economic camp, because I’ve learned from many. But one is American libertarianism, market libertarianism. So as far as markets are concerned I’m a libertarian, but I have enough expertise in politics and history to understand that a free market ends up as monopoly unless you force them to be free."[221]
Running for Australian Senate[link]
On 17 March 2012 WikiLeaks announced on its Twitter account that Assange plans to run for the Australian Senate in the next Australian federal election.[222] In May 2012 The Sydney Morning Herald reported that in a poll of 1,000 voters, 25% of them were likely to vote for Mr Assange if he ran, which pollster John Utting said means "a very real chance of being elected to the Senate should he run.[223]
Works[link]
- Books
- Underground: Tales of Hacking, Madness and Obsession on the Electronic Frontier (1997) (Assange is credited as "researcher" for the credited principal author, Suelette Dreyfus)
- Essays
- State and Terrorist Conspiracies (2006)
- Conspiracy as Governance (2006)
- The Hidden Curse of Thomas Paine (2008)
References[link]
- ^ "Julian Assange's mother recalls Magnetic". Australia: Magnetic Times. 7 August 2010. http://www.magnetictimes.com.au/article-3554.html.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Khatchadourian, Raffi (7 June 2010). "No Secrets: Julian Assange's Mission for Total Transparency". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/06/07/100607fa_fact_khatchadourian?currentPage=all. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
- ^ ASSANGE, Julian Paul. Interpol. 30 November 2010. Archived from the original on 7 December 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5unSsyDzh.
- ^ a b Greenberg, Andy. "An Interview With WikiLeaks' Julian Assange". Forbes. http://blogs.forbes.com/andygreenberg/2010/11/29/an-interview-with-wikileaks-julian-assange/6/. Retrieved 16 December 2010.
- ^ a b Harrell, Eben (27 July 2010). "Defending the Leaks: Q&A with WikiLeaks' Julian Assange". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2006789,00.html. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
- ^ a b Alex Massie (2 November 2010). "Yes, Julian Assange Is A Journalist". The Spectator. UK. http://www.spectator.co.uk/alexmassie/6437594/yes-julian-assange-is-a-journalist.thtml. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
- ^ a b "Julian Assange". Centre for investigative journalism. http://www.tcij.org/about-2/teachers-and-speakers/julian-assange. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
- ^ a b "Amnesty announces Media Awards 2009 winners". Amnesty International. 2 June 2009. http://amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=18227. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
- ^ a b Ackland, Richard (9 April 2010). "Leaks pour forth from the Wiki well of information". The Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/politics/leaks-pour-forth-from-the-wiki-well-of-information-20100408-ruxn.html. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
- ^ "WikiLeaks cables: Live Q&A with Julian Assange". The Guardian (London). 3 December 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/blog/2010/dec/03/wikileaks-julian-assange-online. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
- ^ Gray, Sadie (11 April 2010). "Profile: Julian Assange, the man behind Wikileaks". The Sunday Times (UK). http://technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/the_web/article7094231.ece. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
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- ^ Greer, Germaine (21 April 2011). "Julian Assange, Muckraker". Time Inc.. http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2066367_2066369_2066107,00.html. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
- ^ "Assange named top newsmaker by Postmedia editors". The Gazette (Montreal). 26 December 2010. http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Assange+named+newsmaker+Postmedia+editors/4027282/story.html. Retrieved 26 December 2010. "WikiLeaks founder named newsmaker of the year". The Daily Gleaner. 30 December 2010. http://dailygleaner.canadaeast.com/opinion/article/1366104. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
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- ^ a b Hayes, Isabel (2 February 2011). "Julian Assange awarded Sydney peace medal". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australian Associated Press. http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/julian-assange-awarded-sydney-peace-medal-20110202-1ad7y.html. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
- ^ Julian Assange wins Martha Gellhorn journalism prize The Guardian 2 June 2011 Retrieved 2 June 2011
Julian Assange wins Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism, journalism.co.uk at 2 June 2011 - ^ Peter Wilson (25 February 2011). "Wikileaks boss Julian Assange immediately appeals in Swedish sex case". The Australian. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/in-depth/wikileaks/julian-assange-faces-extradition-to-sweden-will-appeal-judgement/story-fn775xjq-1226011650037.
- ^ "Wikileaks' Julian Assange to be extradited to Sweden". The BBC. 24 February 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12564865. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
- ^ Nick Davies (17 December 2010). "10 days in Sweden: the full allegations against Julian Assange". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2010/dec/17/julian-assange-sweden.
- ^ TNN (21 August 2010). "Sex accusers boasted about their 'conquest' of WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (The Times of India). http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/Sex-accusers-boasted-about-their-conquest-of-WikiLeaks-founder-Julian-Assange/articleshow/7068149.cms. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
- ^ "Swedish rape warrant for Wikileaks' Assange cancelled". BBC. 21 August 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11049316.
- ^ "WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange questioned by police". The Guardian (London). 31 August 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2010/aug/31/wikileaks-julian-assange-questioned.
- ^ David Leigh, Luke Harding, Afua Hirsch and Ewen MacAskill (30 November 2010). "WikiLeaks: Interpol issues wanted notice for Julian Assange". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2010/nov/30/interpol-wanted-notice-julian-assange. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
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- ^ Guy Rundle (12 December 2010). "Did he or didn't he? The murky politics of sex and consent". Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/national/did-he-or-didnt-he-the-murky-politics-of-sex-and-consent-20101211-18tie.html.
- ^ "Besieged Assange hires PR team". The Sydney Morning Herald. 8 January 2011. http://www.smh.com.au/world/besieged-assange-hires-pr-team-20110108-19j5f.html. Retrieved 8 January 2011.
- ^ Addley, Esther (11 January 2011). "WikiLeaks: Julian Assange 'faces execution or Guantánamo detention'". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2011/jan/11/julian-assange-wikileaks-execution-gantanamo. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
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- ^ http://wordswithmeaning.org/julian-assanges-mother-christine-in-london-awaiting-final-verdict-from-the-supreme-court/
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- ^ Cookies must be enabled | Herald Sun
- ^ http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/diary/the-feral-beast-norfolk-too-flat-for-assange-7668390.html
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- ^ Rod McGuirk WikiLeaks' Assange Plans Bid for Australian Senate.ABC News.17 March 2012
- ^ Coorey, Phillip (19 May 2012). "Popularity of an Assange run for Senate could cost Greens". The Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/political-news/popularity-of-an-assange-run-for-senate-could-cost-greens-20120518-1yvzl.html. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
External links[link]
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This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (April 2012) |
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Julian Assange |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Julian Assange |
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Wikinews has news related to: |
- Homepage of Julian Assange's web site iq.org (at the Internet Archive)
- Julian Assange at TED Conferences
- Works by or about Julian Assange in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Works by Julian Assange at Project Gutenberg
- Julian Assange collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Julian Assange collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Profile: Wikileaks founder Julian Assange at BBC News
- Interview with Julian Assange on release of Afghan war files – 1 August 2010 Russia Today via YouTube
- Frost Over the World – Julian Assange – December 2010. Al Jazeera English via YouTube
- Julian Assange interviewed by John Pilger on New Statesman January 2011
- Julian Assange: The "60 Minutes" Interview interviewed by Steve Kroft on 60 Minutes January 2011.
- Interview Julian Assange. Frontline. 4 April 2011.
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Assange, Julian |
| Alternative names | Assange, Julian Paul |
| Short description | Australian journalist, programmer and Internet activist |
| Date of birth | 3 July 1971 |
| Place of birth | Townsville, Queensland, Australia |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
