- published: 24 Oct 2011
- views: 1865271
- author: Travel Alberta, Canada
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- 120th meridian west
- 49th parallel north
- 60th parallel north
- Air Canada
- Airdrie, Alberta
- Al-Rashid Mosque
- Alaska
- Alberta
- Alberta (song)
- Alberta Act
- Alberta Highway 1
- Alberta Highway 11
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- Athabasca University
- Athabasca, Alberta
- Atlantic Canada
- Badlands
- Baitun Nur
- Balsam poplar
- Banff Centre
- Banff National Park
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- Bank of Canada
- Banking in Canada
- Baptists
- Bearpaw Formation
- Bee
- Beehive (beekeeping)
- Beekeeping
- Belly River Group
- Bering Strait
- Beringia
- Bighorn sheep
- Biome
- Bitumen
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- Bone bed
- Bonnyville, Alberta
- Book Canada
- Boreal forest
- British America
- British Columbia
- Brook trout
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- Brown rat
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- Bull riding
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- Byzantine Rite
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- Calgary
- Calgary Region
- Calgary Stampede
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- Camrose, Alberta
- Canada
- Canada 1996 Census
- Canada 2001 Census
- Canada 2006 Census
- Canadian art
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- Canadian dollar
- Canadian Forces
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- Canadian identity
- Canadian literature
- Canadian nationalism
- Canadian postal code
- Canadian Prairies
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- Canadian Rockies
- Canadian Shield
- Canadians
- CANAMEX Corridor
- Canidae
- Canmore, Alberta
- Canola
- Canyon
- Capital Ex
- Cardston, Alberta
- Caribbean
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- Caroline, Alberta
- Carway, Alberta
- Category Alberta
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- Census Agglomeration
- Census in Canada
- Central Alberta
- Central Canada
- Cereal
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- Chilkoot Pass
- China
- Chinatown
- Chinese Canadian
- Chinese languages
- Chinook wind
- Chinook winds
- Chipewyan
- Cinema of Canada
- Clover
- Coast Mountains
- Coastal Migration
- Cold Lake, Alberta
- Columbia Icefield
- Columbia Mountains
- Commonwealth Games
- Conifer
- Continental climate
- Continental Divide
- Conventional oil
- Coutts, Alberta
- Coyote
- Cree language
- Crime in Canada
- Crop yield
- Crow
- Crowchild Trail
- Culture of Alberta
- Culture of Canada
- Dairy farming
- Deciduous
- Deerfoot Trail
- Desert
- DeVry University
- Dinosaur
- District of Alberta
- Domestic sheep
- Donald Ethell
- Drumheller
- Duck
- Dutch language
- Eagle
- Economic freedom
- Economy of Alberta
- Economy of Canada
- Edinburgh
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- Edmonton Clinic
- Edmonton LRT
- Education in Alberta
- Education in Canada
- Elections in Canada
- Elk
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- Evapotranspiration
- Facies
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- Felidae
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- Fly
- Foremost Formation
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- Geologic formation
- German Canadian
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- Gold mining
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- Great Horned Owl
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- Grizzly bear
- Gyeongsangnam-do
- Hail
- Hawk
- Head of state
- Heilongjiang
- Herbivorous
- High River
- Hiking
- Hindu
- History of Alberta
- History of Canada
- Hokkaido
- Hoodoo (geology)
- Hudson Bay
- Hudson's Bay Company
- Hungarian language
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- Icefields Parkway
- In situ
- Interior Plateau
- Interstate 15
- Inuit
- Irish Canadian
- ISO 3166-2 CA
- Jack pine
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- Japan
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- Jasper National Park
- Jasper, Alberta
- Judith River Group
- Korean language
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- Lacrosse
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- Lamb (food)
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- Languages of Canada
- Last ice age
- Late Cretaceous
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- Lesser Slave Lake
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- List of Canadians
- Lloydminster
- Lodgepole Pine
- Lodgepole pine
- Louisiana Purchase
- Lumber
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- Mackenzie River
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- Marine transgression
- Maritimes
- Marmot Basin
- Mayo Clinic
- Medicare (Canada)
- Medicine Hat
- Mennonites
- Methye Portage
- Mexico
- Milk River Formation
- Mixed farming
- Monarchy in Alberta
- Monarchy of Canada
- Montana
- Montreal
- Moose
- Moraine Lake
- Mosquito
- Mount Alberta
- Mountain goat
- Mountain lion
- Mountains of Alberta
- Mpumalanga
- Mule deer
- Music of Alberta
- Music of Canada
- Métis in Alberta
- Nakiska
- Name of Canada
- Neuquén
- New Brunswick
- New France
- Newsprint
- Non-religious
- North West Company
- Northern Canada
- Norwegian people
- Nova Scotia
- Numbered Treaties
- Nunavut
- Obesity in Canada
- Oil field
- Oil refinery
- Oil sands
- Okotoks
- Oldman Formation
- Ontario
- Orographic lifting
- Outline of Canada
- Owl
- Pachyrhinosaurus
- Pacific Northwest
- Pacific Rim
- Paleo-Indians
- Palliser Triangle
- Paper birch
- Parliament of Canada
- Parliamentary
- Peace River (Canada)
- Peace River Country
- Peace River, Alberta
- Pelican
- Persian language
- Peter Pond
- Petrochemical
- Petrochemicals
- Petroleum
- Phil Currie
- Pike (fish)
- Pincher Creek
- Plains Cree
- Plains Indian
- Plywood
- Polish Canadians
- Polish language
- Politics of Alberta
- Politics of Canada
- Pollination
- Polyethylene
- Poplar
- Porcupine
- Portal Alberta
- Portal Canada
- Portuguese language
- Poverty in Canada
- Prairie
- Premier of Alberta
- Prince Edward Island
- Progressive taxation
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- Punjabi language
- Quality of life
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- Quebec
- Queen Elizabeth II
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- Rain shadow
- Rainbow trout
- Ralph Klein
- Ranching
- Rattlesnake
- Red Deer River
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- Refinery
- Religion in Canada
- Rocky Mountain House
- Rocky Mountaineer
- Rocky Mountains
- Rosa acicularis
- Rugby union
- Rupert's Land
- Russia
- Sagebrush
- SAIT Polytechnic
- Salamander
- Sales tax
- Saskatchewan
- Scandinavia
- Scollard Formation
- Scottish Canadian
- Sediments
- Semi-arid
- Semi-arid climate
- Senate of Canada
- Sherwood Park
- Shortgrass prairie
- Siberia
- Sikh
- Ski resort
- Skiing
- Skunk
- Slave River
- Smoking in Canada
- Social Credit
- Softwood
- South Africa
- South Korea
- Southern Ontario
- Sports in Canada
- Spruce
- Spruce Grove
- Squirrel
- St. Albert, Alberta
- Standard Hindi
- Statistics Canada
- Stephen Avenue
- Steppe
- Stettler, Alberta
- Stoney Trail
- Strathmore, Alberta
- Stratigraphic
- Sturgeon
- Subarctic climate
- Sunflower
- Sunshine Village
- Surface mining
- Swan
- Sweet clover
- Sylvan Lake, Alberta
- Symbols of Alberta
- Synthetic crude
- Tagalog language
- Taiga
- Talk Alberta
- Tall tales
- Tamarack
- Taxa
- Taxation in Canada
- Temperate
- Theatre of Canada
- Thunderstorm
- Time in Canada
- Tommy Douglas
- Tornadoes
- Tourism in Alberta
- Tourism in Canada
- Trans-Canada Highway
- Transport in Canada
- Trophy
- Trout
- Type specimens
- Tyumen
- Ukrainian Canadian
- Ukrainian language
- Unconventional oil
- UNESCO
- Unicameral
- United States
- Urdu
- Venomous snake
- Via Rail
- Vietnamese language
- Vinyl
- Visible minorities
- Volcanism of Canada
- Walleye
- Wapiti Formation
- Warner elevator row
- Wasp
- Water resources
- Water sports
- West Edmonton Mall
- Western Canada
- Western honey bee
- WestJet
- Wetaskiwin
- White Christmas
- White-tail deer
- Wikipedia Link rot
- Wild West
- Willow
- Wolf
- Wood pulp
- Woodland Cree
- Wool
- World heritage site
- Yamalo-Nenets
- Yellowhead Highway
- Yukon
- Alaska
- Alberta
- Argentina
- Athabasca University
- Atlantic Canada
- Baitun Nur
- Banff Centre
- Banff National Park
- Bering Strait
- British Columbia
- Calgary
- Calgary Region
- Calgary Stampede
- Canada
- Caribbean
- Central Alberta
- Central Canada
- China
- Coast Mountains
- Columbia Icefield
- District of Alberta
- Drumheller
- Edinburgh
- Edmonton
- Fort McMurray
- Fort Saskatchewan
- Grande Prairie
- Great Lakes
- Heilongjiang
- High River
- Hokkaido
- Interior Plateau
- Jalisco
- Japan
- Lethbridge
- Lloydminster
- Manitoba
- Maritimes
- Mayo Clinic
- Medicine Hat
- Methye Portage
- Mexico
- Montana
- Montreal
- Mpumalanga
- New Brunswick
- Northern Canada
- Nova Scotia
- Nunavut
- Okotoks
- Ontario
- Parliament of Canada
- Prince Edward Island
- Quebec
- Russia
- SAIT Polytechnic
- Saskatchewan
- Sherwood Park
- Siberia
- South Africa
- South Korea
- Southern Ontario
- Spruce Grove
- Stephen Avenue
- Tyumen
- United States
- West Edmonton Mall
- Wetaskiwin
- Yukon
- Lyrics: play full screen play karaoke
- Alberta - Eric Clapton
- Alberta - Doc Watson
- Alberta - Pernell Roberts
(traditional)
Alberta, Alberta,
Where you been so long?
Alberta, Alberta,
Where you been so long?
Ain't had no loving
Since you've been gone.
Alberta, Alberta,
Where'd you stay last night?
Alberta, Alberta
Where'd you stay last night?
Come home this morning,
Clothes don't fit you right
Alberta, Alberta,
Girl, you're on my mind.
Alberta, Alberta,
Girl, you're on my mind.
Ain't had no loving
Such a great long time.
Alberta, Alberta,
Where you been so long?
Alberta, Alberta,
Where you been so long?
Ain't had no loving
Since you've been gone.
Alberta let your hair hang low
I saw her first on an april morn'
As she walked through the mist in a field of hay
Her hair lit the world with its golden glow
And the smile on her face burned my heart away
Alberta let your hair hang low
Alberta let your hair hang low
I'll give you more gold than your apron can hold
if you'll only let your hair hang low
I thought my golden time would last
But the field of hay was soon cut down
In a short few weeks it all was past
And my golden girl just a painful song
Alberta what's on your mind
Alberta what's on your mind
My heart is so sad 'cause you treat me so bad
Alberta what's on your mind
Alberta, let your hair hang low,
Alberta, let your hair hang low,
I'll give you more gold than your apron can hold,
If you'll only let your hair hang low.
I saw her first on an April one,
as she walked through the mist in a field of hay,
Her hair hit the world with its golden glow,
and her smile on her face burnt my heart away.
Alberta, what's on your mind ?
Alberta, what's on your mind ?
My heart's so sad 'cause you treat me so bad,
Alberta, what's on your mind ?
I tought my golden time would last,
But the field of hay was soon cut down,
A short few weeks and all was past,
And my golden girl... just a pain goes on.
Alberta, let your hair hang low,
Alberta, let your hair hang low,
I'll give you more gold than your apron can hold,
Send this Playlist by SMS
(remember to breathe) Alberta - Travel Alberta
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:00
- Updated: 25 May 2013
Shot on location throughout Alberta. This spot features some of the breathtaking landscapes and authentic experiences from across the province. See all the c...
http://wn.com/remember_to_breathe_Alberta_Travel_Alberta
Shot on location throughout Alberta. This spot features some of the breathtaking landscapes and authentic experiences from across the province. See all the c...
Sunshine Village Banff, Alberta & BC Travis Pierre Armando April 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:14
- Updated: 11 May 2013
http://wn.com/Sunshine_Village_Banff,_Alberta_BC_Travis_Pierre_Armando_April_2013
Alberta Mixer - Honkers, Specs and Snows
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:45
- Updated: 28 Apr 2013
Incredible mixed bag of geese on this Black Dog Outfitters evening hunt.
http://wn.com/Alberta_Mixer_Honkers,_Specs_and_Snows
Incredible mixed bag of geese on this Black Dog Outfitters evening hunt.
- published: 28 Apr 2013
- views: 1
- author: 1jaygoble
Eric Clapton- Alberta (live)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:40
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Eric Clapton- Alberta (live), from the album Unplugged.
http://wn.com/Eric_Clapton_Alberta_live
Eric Clapton- Alberta (live), from the album Unplugged.
- published: 01 Jan 1970
- views: 284020
- author: Aqualung1989
Travel Alberta (remember to breathe) - "There Is" - Travel Alberta
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:58
- Updated: 25 May 2013
We hope you enjoy this new video highlighting more of the breathtaking experiences located throughout the Province of Alberta, Canada. Song/Artist: There is ...
http://wn.com/Travel_Alberta_remember_to_breathe_There_Is_Travel_Alberta
We hope you enjoy this new video highlighting more of the breathtaking experiences located throughout the Province of Alberta, Canada. Song/Artist: There is ...
- published: 22 Oct 2012
- views: 183047
- author: Travel Alberta, Canada
Eric Clapton - Alberta Unplugged (10/14)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Updated: 24 May 2013
Eric Clapton MTV Unplugged 1992 MTV MUSIC TELEVISION ©MTV NETWOKRS 1992.
http://wn.com/Eric_Clapton_Alberta_Unplugged_10_14
Eric Clapton MTV Unplugged 1992 MTV MUSIC TELEVISION ©MTV NETWOKRS 1992.
- published: 09 Sep 2011
- views: 133581
- author: Rock, Blues, Rap and Clapton.
Med School Musical - A Disney Parody - University of Alberta
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:48
- Updated: 25 May 2013
For all business/media inquiries, please contact jianchen@ualberta.ca. Hey everyone! This is the longest music video I've EVER directed/filmed/edited/produce...
http://wn.com/Med_School_Musical_A_Disney_Parody_University_of_Alberta
For all business/media inquiries, please contact jianchen@ualberta.ca. Hey everyone! This is the longest music video I've EVER directed/filmed/edited/produce...
- published: 22 Mar 2013
- views: 134626
- author: THE JIAN C YOUTUBE CHANNEL! D
GeoDiscover Alberta: Our provincial Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:00
- Updated: 10 May 2013
For almost as long as humans have been around, we've been using maps. Maps answer many questions for us: Where am I? What's happening around me? How do I get...
http://wn.com/GeoDiscover_Alberta_Our_provincial_Spatial_Data_Infrastructure_SDI
For almost as long as humans have been around, we've been using maps. Maps answer many questions for us: Where am I? What's happening around me? How do I get...
- published: 12 Apr 2013
- views: 447
- author: YourAlberta
2013 Alberta Taekwondo (MARTIAL ARTS) Open Tournament photo.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:38
- Updated: 29 Apr 2013
2013 Alberta Taekwondo Open Tournament photo. TAEGEUK EDMONTON, TAEKWONDO EDMONTON (http://www.taegeuktaekwondo.com) 780-756-0321.
http://wn.com/2013_Alberta_Taekwondo_MARTIAL_ARTS_Open_Tournament_photo
2013 Alberta Taekwondo Open Tournament photo. TAEGEUK EDMONTON, TAEKWONDO EDMONTON (http://www.taegeuktaekwondo.com) 780-756-0321.
- published: 27 Apr 2013
- views: 49
- author: JAY KING
Grand Rapids Wilderness Adventures - Travel Alberta - Alberta Story
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:44
- Updated: 04 May 2013
Come for the adventure. Leave with your inner state reset to serene. The remote beauty of northern Alberta liberates your creative side and relaxes you to th...
http://wn.com/Grand_Rapids_Wilderness_Adventures_Travel_Alberta_Alberta_Story
Come for the adventure. Leave with your inner state reset to serene. The remote beauty of northern Alberta liberates your creative side and relaxes you to th...
- published: 24 Apr 2013
- views: 991
- author: TravelAlbertaCanada
Thomas Lukaszuk, Minister of Enterprise and Advanced Education, Alberta
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:53
- Updated: 04 May 2013
Deputy Premiere, Minister of Enterprise and Advanced Education - Alberta.
http://wn.com/Thomas_Lukaszuk,_Minister_of_Enterprise_and_Advanced_Education,_Alberta
Deputy Premiere, Minister of Enterprise and Advanced Education - Alberta.
- published: 25 Apr 2013
- views: 665
- author: BIOchannel
2013 Alberta Taekwondo Open Tournament sparring(MARTIAL ARTAS)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:53
- Updated: 29 Apr 2013
2013 Alberta Taekwondo Open Tournament sparring TAEGEUK EDMONTON , TAEKWONDO EDMONTON TAEGEUK TAEKWONDO EDMONTON MARTIAL ARTS TAEKWONDO EDMONTON MARTIAL ART...
http://wn.com/2013_Alberta_Taekwondo_Open_Tournament_sparringMARTIAL_ARTAS
2013 Alberta Taekwondo Open Tournament sparring TAEGEUK EDMONTON , TAEKWONDO EDMONTON TAEGEUK TAEKWONDO EDMONTON MARTIAL ARTS TAEKWONDO EDMONTON MARTIAL ART...
- published: 27 Apr 2013
- views: 175
- author: JAY KING
Right Here - Calgary Alberta Canada
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:40
- Updated: 25 May 2013
Today's Calgary will surprise and inspire you. It's a vibrant centre that combines the best of all worlds: cosmopolitan with casual, outdoorsy with urban. To...
http://wn.com/Right_Here_Calgary_Alberta_Canada
Today's Calgary will surprise and inspire you. It's a vibrant centre that combines the best of all worlds: cosmopolitan with casual, outdoorsy with urban. To...
- published: 10 Apr 2013
- views: 13217
- author: Tourism Calgary
University of Alberta 2013 MMI Interview video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:33
- Updated: 17 May 2013
University of Alberta's Medicine Interview video for 2013. This video was made possible by the efforts of the entire class of 2016. We do not claim to own an...
http://wn.com/University_of_Alberta_2013_MMI_Interview_video
University of Alberta's Medicine Interview video for 2013. This video was made possible by the efforts of the entire class of 2016. We do not claim to own an...
- published: 24 Mar 2013
- views: 5301
- author: UofA MSA
Calgary - Alberta / Canada
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:47
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Pour d'autres découvertes, c'est ici / You enjoy ? Check out more videos here : http://www.youtube.com/user/acifvadm Plus de photos et commentaires ici / Rea...
http://wn.com/Calgary_Alberta_Canada
Pour d'autres découvertes, c'est ici / You enjoy ? Check out more videos here : http://www.youtube.com/user/acifvadm Plus de photos et commentaires ici / Rea...
- published: 02 May 2012
- views: 12317
- author: Travel and Nature videos
Bobsleighs and Ziplines at Canada Olympic Park - Travel Alberta - Alberta Story
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:17
- Updated: 10 May 2013
At Canada Olympic Park in Calgary, Alberta you can bobsleigh like an Olympian at 100 km/hr and drop 100 vertical metres on a zipline. For more information on...
http://wn.com/Bobsleighs_and_Ziplines_at_Canada_Olympic_Park_Travel_Alberta_Alberta_Story
At Canada Olympic Park in Calgary, Alberta you can bobsleigh like an Olympian at 100 km/hr and drop 100 vertical metres on a zipline. For more information on...
- published: 23 Apr 2013
- views: 876
- author: TravelAlbertaCanada
16x9 - Wild West: Alberta's ugly horse controversy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:43
- Updated: 14 May 2013
Horses still roam free in Alberta's foothills. They seem like a natural throwback to Alberta's western past. But in Wild West, 16:9 correspondent Carolyn Jar...
http://wn.com/16x9_Wild_West_Alberta's_ugly_horse_controversy
Horses still roam free in Alberta's foothills. They seem like a natural throwback to Alberta's western past. But in Wild West, 16:9 correspondent Carolyn Jar...
- published: 29 Aug 2012
- views: 2186
- author: 16x9onglobal
Elk Island National Park - Travel Alberta - Alberta Story
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:39
- Updated: 03 May 2013
In Elk Island National Park, less than an hour east of Edmonton, Alberta, get close enough to the bison to look them in the eye. For more information on Elk ...
http://wn.com/Elk_Island_National_Park_Travel_Alberta_Alberta_Story
In Elk Island National Park, less than an hour east of Edmonton, Alberta, get close enough to the bison to look them in the eye. For more information on Elk ...
- published: 20 Mar 2013
- views: 1632
- author: TravelAlbertaCanada
University of Alberta MMI 2013 Video (Director's Cut)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 33:45
- Updated: 21 May 2013
University of Alberta's Medicine Interview video for 2013. This is the director's cut version that's twice the length of the original! This video was made po...
http://wn.com/University_of_Alberta_MMI_2013_Video_Director's_Cut
University of Alberta's Medicine Interview video for 2013. This is the director's cut version that's twice the length of the original! This video was made po...
- published: 25 Mar 2013
- views: 6605
- author: dskuby9
H2Oil - Les Sables Bitumineux de l'Alberta {2009}
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 50:52
- Updated: 13 May 2013
L'Alberta se trouve sur l'une des plus grandes taches de pétrole récupérables dans le monde, juste derrière l'Arabie Saoudite. Il couvre 149, 000 kilomètres ...
http://wn.com/H2Oil_Les_Sables_Bitumineux_de_l'Alberta_2009_
L'Alberta se trouve sur l'une des plus grandes taches de pétrole récupérables dans le monde, juste derrière l'Arabie Saoudite. Il couvre 149, 000 kilomètres ...
- published: 04 Sep 2012
- views: 1410
- author: Simplicité DuSavoir
mountain biking-edmonton alberta
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:07
- Updated: 28 Apr 2013
this was filmed in Edmonton alberta with my dogs chew toy.. mean my gopro hd hero2 im on my 2008 Norco Katmandu and my buddy was on his giant.
http://wn.com/mountain_biking-edmonton_alberta
this was filmed in Edmonton alberta with my dogs chew toy.. mean my gopro hd hero2 im on my 2008 Norco Katmandu and my buddy was on his giant.
- published: 28 Apr 2013
- author: DRRMTBS
Alberta Canada Small Town Rodeo - Travel Alberta - Alberta Stories
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:41
- Updated: 10 May 2013
Small town rodeo in Alberta, Canada has a down home intimacy that makes you feel like you're part of all the wild west action. For more information on rodeos...
http://wn.com/Alberta_Canada_Small_Town_Rodeo_Travel_Alberta_Alberta_Stories
Small town rodeo in Alberta, Canada has a down home intimacy that makes you feel like you're part of all the wild west action. For more information on rodeos...
- published: 15 Mar 2013
- author: TravelAlbertaCanada
Discover Canada - Calgary (Alberta) (1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:17
- Updated: 23 May 2013
SORRY FOR THE MISTAKES IN THE VIDEO. I HAVE MADE A NEW UPLOAD UNDER THE NAME: DISCOVER CANADA - CALGARY(ALBERTA) (2) were the mistakes are corrected. The lin...
http://wn.com/Discover_Canada_Calgary_Alberta_1
SORRY FOR THE MISTAKES IN THE VIDEO. I HAVE MADE A NEW UPLOAD UNDER THE NAME: DISCOVER CANADA - CALGARY(ALBERTA) (2) were the mistakes are corrected. The lin...
- published: 19 Feb 2013
- views: 4701
- author: Leen Smit
photo: AP / Bogdan Maran
25 May 2013
There has been a huge increase in anti-Muslim incidents since the murder of a British soldier in Woolwich, an inter-faith charity has said. Faith Matters, which runs a helpline, said they had received more than 150 calls since Wednesday's attack, up from a daily average of six. A number of people have been arrested after allegedly offensive comments were made on social media websites ... 'Significant online activity' ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
photo: Creative Commons
25 May 2013
LONDON — The streets of Stockholm were quieter late Friday after five consecutive nights of rioting that rocked the Swedish capital and shook the Scandinavian country's self-image as a tolerant, liberal place. Since Sunday, sections of northwest and south Stockholm have been lighted up with the glow of fires started by rock-throwing rioters, apparently protesting a fatal shooting by police last week ... Copyright © 2013,. 0 ... ... ....(size: 6.5Kb)
photo: AP / Elias Asmare
26 May 2013
China was thanked yesterday for its massive wave of investment across Africa as the continent's leaders opened extravagant celebrations for the 50th anniversary of the African Union ... Today's 54-member AU is the successor of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), established in 1963 in the heady days when independence from colonial rule was sweeping the continent ... ....(size: 3.7Kb)
photo: AP / Alastair Grant
24 May 2013
Police in London have arrested a man and a woman in connection with the murder of a British soldier near a military barrack. Detectives said on Thursday they had arrested the unidentified suspects, both aged 29, over the murder of Drummer Lee Rigby, 25, who was hacked to death in Woolwich on Wednesday ... "Many lines of inquiry are being followed by detectives and the investigation is progressing well." ... 824 Source. ... UK....(size: 9.2Kb)
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CBC
26 May 2013
The mother of an Edmonton toddler killed when an SUV crashed into a restaurant patio last week has met privately with Premier Alison Redford ... Morin is pushing for harsher impaired driving penalties ... ....(size: 1.0Kb)
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Newstrack India
26 May 2013
A pilot study by Yagesh Bhambhani, a professor in the Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, and his graduate student Mayank Rehani, showed that drivers who talk using a hands-free cellular ......(size: 1.2Kb)
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CBC
26 May 2013
In Alberta, most of the polls were not able to gauge the slide of the Wildrose Party through the final weekend, nor predict or project that Alison Redford's Tories would win a majority ... In both Alberta and B.C., it was clear many people made up their minds in the final week, the final day, or in the hours or minutes before they actually voted.Messages and mistakes....(size: 4.8Kb)
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noodls
26 May 2013
was incorporated under the Business Corporations Act (Alberta) on April 8, 1998 and on June 17, 1998 filed Articles of Amendment to remove certain private corporation restrictions ... The Company's current portfolio consists of 4 properties located in Northern Alberta and in British Columbia. In Northern Alberta, the flagship property is Tri-City Mall located in Cold Lake, Alberta with gross lease area of 142,208 sq ... Paul, Alberta....(size: 28.2Kb)
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Star Telegram
26 May 2013
Here’s what’s new in bookstores this week. ... Michener Fellow) and a residence in Austin ... Meet the author at 7 p.m ... • by Carol Shaben (Grand Central Publishing, $25) — This true story follows four survivors of a plane crash that killed six on an icy night in October 1984 in northern Alberta, Canada ... Why? One of the survivors was her father, Larry Shaben, a prominent politician in the Alberta Legislature....(size: 2.2Kb)
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CBC
26 May 2013
“And they don’t know how to protect themselves, they’re going to go out there…when you’re not hitting, you have your head down.”Ban in Alberta. Hockey Night in Canada host Ron MacLean brought up the fact Hockey Canada had found that Alberta — which has already banned bodychecking in its province — had hitting in peewee but still had as many player ......(size: 2.5Kb)
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CBC
26 May 2013
Alberta Premier Alison Redford says the Opposition Wildrose party showed its true colours by being fined this week for making ......(size: 0.6Kb)
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Boston Herald
26 May 2013
The NHL approved the sale of the Phoenix Coyotes to a group of Canadian-led investors, but the deal is contingent on reaching a lease agreement with the city of Glendale, two people familiar with the situation told The Associated Press ... The NHL bought the Coyotes out of U.S ... Gosbee, a banker and financier, is chairman, president and chief executive officer of Alberta-based AltaCorp Capital Inc ... More On.. NHL. Phoenix Coyotes ... Author(s). ... ....(size: 2.7Kb)
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North Shore News
26 May 2013
Dear Editor.. Mayor Derek Corrigan's claims regarding P3s (private public partnerships) in his May 15 letter, Waste Waters Muddied with Misinformation, are largely erroneous. Firstly, a P3 is not "privatization." In a privatization, the government sells an asset to the private sector (or investors), transferring ownership. Thereafter, there is generally no long contractual relationship between the government and the buyer ... and Alberta ... ....(size: 3.0Kb)
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New Straits/Business Times
26 May 2013
OLYMPIA, Washington ... Hersman said NTSB investigators planned to measure the load on a flat surface to confirm its height ... While the Washington state Department of Transportation gave Alberta, Canada-based Mullen Trucking, the company that employs the trucker, a permit to carry an oversize load at a height of 15 feet, 9 inches, the state does not provide operators with the vertical limit of each bridge along a route, Hersman said ... ....(size: 3.6Kb)
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China Daily
26 May 2013
OLYMPIA, Wash ... Hersman said NTSB investigators planned to measure the load on a flat surface to confirm its height ... While the Washington state Department of Transportation gave Alberta, Canada-based Mullen Trucking, the company that employs the trucker, a permit to carry an oversize load at a height of 15 feet, 9 inches, the state does not provide operators with the vertical limit of each bridge along a route, Hersman said ... ....(size: 3.4Kb)
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The Miami Herald
26 May 2013
Black flies are especially prevalent at Necedah, northeast of Tomah, where whooping cranes were reintroduced in 2001 in the hope they would once again inhabit - and potentially flourish in - the eastern United States ... Most of the 600 or so whooping cranes in existence are part of the only other migrating population, which winters along the Texas Gulf Coast and spends summers at Wood Buffalo National Park in northern Alberta, Canada ... .....(size: 3.5Kb)
For other uses, see Alberta (disambiguation).
| Alberta |
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|
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| Motto: Latin: Fortis et liber ("Strong and free") |
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 |
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| Capital | Edmonton | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Largest city | Calgary | ||||
| Largest metro | Calgary Region | ||||
| Official languages | English | ||||
| Demonym | Albertan | ||||
| Government | |||||
| Type | Constitutional monarchy | ||||
| Lieutenant-Governor | Don Ethell | ||||
| Premier | Alison Redford (PC) | ||||
| Legislature | Legislative Assembly of Alberta | ||||
| Federal representation | In Canadian parliament | ||||
| House seats | 28 of 308 (9.1%) | ||||
| Senate seats | 6 of 105 (5.7%) | ||||
| Confederation | September 1, 1905 (split from Northwest Territories) (11th) | ||||
| Area | Ranked 6th | ||||
| Total | 661,848 km2 (255,541 sq mi) | ||||
| Land | 640,081 km2 (247,137 sq mi) | ||||
| Water (%) | 19,531 km2 (7,541 sq mi) (3%) | ||||
| Proportion of Canada | 6.6% of 9,984,670 km2 | ||||
| Population | Ranked 4th | ||||
| Total (2011) | 3,645,257 [1] | ||||
| Density (2011) | 5.69 /km2 (14.7 /sq mi) | ||||
| GDP | Ranked 3rd | ||||
| Total (2009) | C$178.225 billion[2] | ||||
| Per capita | C$49,563 (3rd) | ||||
| Abbreviations | |||||
| Postal | AB | ||||
| ISO 3166-2 | CA-AB | ||||
| Time zone | UTC-7 | ||||
| Postal code prefix | T | ||||
| Flower |  Wild rose |
||||
| Tree | Lodgepole Pine | ||||
| Bird | Great Horned Owl | ||||
| Website | www.alberta.ca | ||||
| Rankings include all provinces and territories | |||||
Alberta /ælˈbɜrtə/ is a province of Canada. It had a population of 3,645,257 in 2011,[1] making it the most populous of Canada's three prairie provinces. Alberta and its neighbour, Saskatchewan, were established as provinces on September 1, 1905.[3]
Alberta is located in western Canada, bounded by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east, the Northwest Territories to the north, and the US state of Montana to the south. Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces and territories to border only a single U.S. state and is also one of only two provinces that are landlocked.
Edmonton, the capital city of Alberta, is located near the geographic centre of the province and is the primary supply and service hub for Canada's oil sands and other northern resource industries. Approximately 300 kilometres (190 mi) south of the capital is Calgary, Alberta's largest city and a major distribution and transportation hub. Calgary and Edmonton centre Alberta's two census metropolitan areas, both of which have populations exceeding 1 million.[4] Census agglomerations in the province include Lethbridge, Red Deer, Medicine Hat, Wood Buffalo (includes Fort McMurray), Grande Prairie, Lloydminster, Okotoks, Brooks, Camrose, Cold Lake, High River, Sylvan Lake, Wetaskiwin, Strathmore, Canmore, and Lacombe.[5] Notable tourist destinations in the province include Canmore, Sylvan Lake, Drumheller, Banff, and Jasper.
The current Premier of the province is Alison Redford.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
Alberta is named after Princess Louise Caroline Alberta (1848–1939),[6] the fourth daughter of Victoria, the Queen of Canada until 1901, and Albert, Prince Consort. Princess Louise was the wife of the Marquess of Lorne, Governor General of Canada from 1878 to 1883. Lake Louise, the Village of Caroline, and Mount Alberta were also named in honour of Princess Louise.
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Alberta
Alberta, with an area of 661,848 square kilometres (255,500 sq mi)[7] is the fourth largest province after Quebec, Ontario, and British Columbia. To the south, the province borders on the 49th parallel north, separating it from the U.S. state of Montana, while on the north the 60th parallel north divides it from the Northwest Territories. To the east the 110th meridian west separates it from the province of Saskatchewan, while on the west its boundary with British Columbia follows the 120th meridian west south from the Northwest Territories at 60°N until it reaches the Continental Divide at the Rocky Mountains, and from that point follows the line of peaks marking the Continental Divide in a generally southeasterly direction until it reaches the Montana border at 49°N.
The province extends 1,223 kilometres (760 mi) north to south and 660 kilometres (410 mi) east to west at its maximum width. Its highest point is 3,747 metres (12,293 ft) at the summit of Mount Columbia in the Rocky Mountains along the southwest border, while its lowest point is 152 metres (499 ft) on the Slave River in Wood Buffalo National Park in the northeast.[8]
With the exception of the semi-arid steppe of the southeastern section, the province has adequate water resources. There are numerous rivers and lakes used for swimming, fishing and a range of water sports. There are three large lakes, Lake Claire (1,436 square kilometres (554 sq mi)) in Wood Buffalo National Park, Lesser Slave Lake (1,168 square kilometres (451 sq mi)), and Lake Athabasca (7,898 square kilometres (3,049 sq mi)) which lies in both Alberta and Saskatchewan. The longest river in the province is the Athabasca River which travels 1,538 kilometres (956 mi) from the Columbia Icefield in the Rocky Mountains to Lake Athabasca.[9] The largest river is the Peace River with an average flow of 2161 m3/s. The Peace River originates in the Rocky Mountains of northern British Columbia and flows through northern Alberta and into the Slave River, a tributary of the Mackenzie River.
Alberta's capital city, Edmonton, is located approximately in the geographic centre of the province. It is the most northerly major city in Canada, and serves as a gateway and hub for resource development in northern Canada. The region, with its proximity to Canada's largest oil fields, has most of western Canada's oil refinery capacity. Calgary is located approximately 280 kilometres (170 mi) south of Edmonton and 240 kilometres (150 mi) north of Montana, surrounded by extensive ranching country. Almost 75% of the province's population lives in the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor.
Most of the northern half of the province is boreal forest, while the Rocky Mountains along the southwestern boundary are largely forested (see Alberta Mountain forests and Alberta-British Columbia foothills forests). The southern quarter of the province is prairie, ranging from shortgrass prairie in the southeastern corner to mixed grass prairie in an arc to the west and north of it. The central aspen parkland region extending in a broad arc between the prairies and the forests, from Calgary, north to Edmonton, and then east to Lloydminster, contains the most fertile soil in the province and most of the population. Much of the unforested part of Alberta is given over either to grain or to dairy farming, with mixed farming more common in the north and centre, while ranching and irrigated agriculture predominate in the south.[10]
The Alberta badlands are located in southeastern Alberta, where the Red Deer River crosses the flat prairie and farmland, and features deep canyons and striking landforms. Dinosaur Provincial Park, near Brooks, Alberta, showcases the badlands terrain, desert flora, and remnants from Alberta's past when dinosaurs roamed the then lush landscape.
Climate[link]
Alberta has a dry continental climate with warm summers and cold winters. The province is open to cold arctic weather systems from the north, which often produce extremely cold conditions in winter. As the fronts between the air masses shift north and south across Alberta, temperature can change rapidly. Arctic air masses in the winter produce extreme minimum temperatures varying from −54 °C (−65 °F) in northern Alberta to −46 °C (−51 °F) in southern Alberta. In the summer, continental air masses produce maximum temperatures from 32 °C (90 °F) in the mountains to 40 °C (104 °F) in southern Alberta.[11]
Alberta extends for over 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) from north to south; its climate, therefore, varies considerably. Average temperatures in January range from −8 °C (18 °F) in the south to −24 °C (−11 °F) in the north, and in July from 24 °C (75 °F) in the south to 16 °C (61 °F) in the north. The climate is also influenced by the presence of the Rocky Mountains to the southwest, which disrupt the flow of the prevailing westerly winds and cause them to drop most of their moisture on the western slopes of the mountain ranges before reaching the province, casting a rain shadow over much of Alberta. The northerly location and isolation from the weather systems of the Pacific Ocean cause Alberta to have a dry climate with little moderation from the ocean. Annual precipitation ranges from 300 millimetres (12 in) in the southeast to 450 millimetres (18 in) in the north, except in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains where rainfall can reach 600 millimetres (24 in) annually.[8][12]
In the summer, the average daytime temperatures range from around 21 °C (70 °F) in the Rocky Mountain valleys and far north to 27 °C (81 °F) in the dry prairie of the southeast. The northern and western parts of the province experience higher rainfall and lower evaporation rates caused by cooler summer temperatures. The south and east-central portions are prone to drought-like conditions sometimes persisting for several years, although even these areas can receive heavy precipitation. Alberta is a sunny province. Annual bright sunshine totals range between 1900 and 2500 hours per year. Northern Alberta receives about 18 hours of daylight in the summer.[11]
In southwestern Alberta, the cold winters are frequently interrupted by warm, dry chinook winds blowing from the mountains, which can propel temperatures upward from frigid conditions to well above the freezing point in a very short period. During one chinook recorded at Pincher Creek, temperatures soared from −18.9 °C (−2.0 °F) to 3.3 °C (38 °F) in one hour.[8] The region around Lethbridge has the most chinooks, averaging 30 to 35 chinook days per year, while Calgary has a white Christmas only 59% of the time as a result of these winds.[citation needed]
Northern Alberta is mostly covered by boreal forest and has a subarctic climate. The agricultural area of southern Alberta have a semi-arid steppe climate because the annual precipitation is less than the water that evaporates or is used by plants. The southeastern corner of Alberta, part of the Palliser Triangle, experiences greater summer heat and lower rainfall than the rest of the province, and as a result suffers frequent crop yield problems and occasional severe droughts. Western Alberta is protected by the mountains and enjoys the mild temperatures brought by winter chinook winds. Central and parts of northwestern Alberta in the Peace River region are largely aspen parkland, a biome transitional between prairie to the south and boreal forest to the north.
After Southern Ontario, Central Alberta is the most likely region in Canada to experience tornadoes. Thunderstorms, some of them severe, are frequent in the summer, especially in central and southern Alberta. The region surrounding the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor is notable for having the highest frequency of hail in Canada, which is caused by orographic lifting from the nearby Rocky Mountains, enhancing the updraft/downdraft cycle necessary for the formation of hail.
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Winter climate at Banff Trail station in Calgary.
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Satellite image of wildfires in Alberta.
| City | July (°C) | July (°F) | January (°C) | January (°F) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medicine Hat | 27/12 | 81/54 | 2514 !−5/−16 | 5333 !23/3 |
| Brooks | 26/11 | 79/52 | 2413 !−6/−17 | 5131 !21/1 |
| Airdrie | 26/11 | 79/52 | 2715 !−3/−15 | 5735 !27/5 |
| Lethbridge | 26/10 | 79/50 | 2715 !−3/−15 | 5735 !27/5 |
| Edmonton | 23/12 | 73/54 | 2213 !−8/−17 | 4831 !18/1 |
| Fort Saskatchewan | 23/11 | 73/52 | 2211 !−8/−19 | 4828 !18/−2 |
| Lloydminster | 23/11 | 73/52 | 2011 !−10/−19 | 4428 !14/−2 |
| Cold Lake | 23/11 | 73/52 | 1908 !−11/−22 | 4222 !12/−8 |
| Fort McMurray | 23/10 | 73/50 | 1606 !−14/−24 | 3719 !7/−11 |
| Red Deer | 23/10 | 73/50 | 2413 !−6/−17 | 5131 !21/1 |
| Calgary | 23/9 | 73/48 | 2715 !−3/−15 | 5735 !27/5 |
| Camrose | 22/11 | 72/52 | 2211 !−8/−19 | 4828 !18/−2 |
| Spruce Grove | 22/11 | 72/52 | 2314 !−7/−16 | 4933 !19/3 |
| St. Albert | 22/10 | 72/50 | 2213 !−8/−17 | 4831 !18/1 |
| Leduc | 22/10 | 72/50 | 2211 !−8/−19 | 4828 !18/−2 |
| Lacombe | 22/9 | 72/48 | 2312 !−7/−18 | 4930 !19/−0 |
| Grande Prairie | 22/9 | 72/48 | 2009 !−10/−21 | 4424 !14/−6 |
| Wetaskiwin | 21/9 | 70/48 | 2514 !−5/−16 | 5333 !23/3 |
Ecology[link]
Flora[link]
In central and northern Alberta the arrival of spring brings the prairie crocus anemone, the three flowered avens, golden bean, wild rose and other early flowers. The advancing summer introduces many flowers of the sunflower family, until in August the plains are one blaze of yellow and purple. The southern and east central parts of Alberta are covered by a short, nutritious grass, which dries up as summer lengthens, to be replaced by hardy perennials such as the prairie coneflower, fleabane, and sage. Both yellow and white sweet clover fill the ditches with their beauty and aromatic scents.
The trees in the parkland region of the province grow in clumps and belts on the hillsides. These are largely deciduous, typically aspen, poplar, and willow. Many species of willow and other shrubs grow in virtually any terrain. On the north side of the North Saskatchewan River evergreen forests prevail for hundreds of thousands of square kilometres. Aspen poplar, balsam poplar (or cottonwood), and paper birch are the primary large deciduous species. Conifers include Jack pine, Rocky Mountain pine, Lodgepole pine, both white and black spruce, and the deciduous conifer tamarack.
Fauna[link]
The four climatic regions (alpine, boreal forest, parkland, and prairie) of Alberta are home to many different species of animals. The south and central prairie was the land of the bison, commonly known as buffalo, its grasses providing pasture and breeding ground for millions of buffalo. The buffalo population was decimated during early settlement, but since then buffalo have made a comeback, living on farms and in parks all over Alberta.
Alberta is home to many large carnivores. Among them are the grizzly and black bears, which are found in the mountains and wooded regions. Smaller carnivores of the canine and feline families include coyotes, wolves, fox, lynx, bobcat and mountain lion (cougar).
Herbivorous animals are found throughout the province. Moose, mule deer, elk, and white-tail deer are found in the wooded regions, and pronghorn can be found in the prairies of southern Alberta. Bighorn sheep and mountain goats live in the Rocky Mountains. Rabbits, porcupines, skunks, squirrels and many species of rodents and reptiles live in every corner of the province. Alberta is home to only one variety of venomous snake, the prairie rattlesnake.
File:Mill woods edmonton waterfowl.JPG
Water birds in Edmonton
Central and northern Alberta and the region farther north is the nesting ground of many migratory birds. Vast numbers of ducks, geese, swans and pelicans arrive in Alberta every spring and nest on or near one of the hundreds of small lakes that dot northern Alberta. Eagles, hawks, owls and crows are plentiful, and a huge variety of smaller seed and insect-eating birds can be found. Alberta, like other temperate regions, is home to mosquitoes, flies, wasps, and bees. Rivers and lakes are populated with pike, walleye, whitefish, rainbow, speckled, and brown trout, and even sturgeon. Bull Trout, native to the province, is the Alberta's provincial fish. Turtles are found in some water bodies in the southern part of the province. Frogs and salamanders are a few of the amphibians that make their homes in Alberta.
Alberta is the only province in Canada—as well as one of the few places in the world—that is free of Norwegian rats.[14] Since the early 1950s, the government of Alberta has operated a rat-control program, which has been so successful that only isolated instances of wild rat sightings are reported, usually of rats arriving in the province aboard trucks or by rail. In 2006, Alberta Agriculture reports zero findings of wild rats; the only rat interceptions have been domesticated rats that have been seized from their owners. It is illegal for individual Albertans to own or keep Norwegian rats of any description; the animals can be kept in the province by only zoos, universities and colleges, and recognized research institutions. In 2009, several rats were found and captured, in small pockets in Southern Alberta,[15] putting Alberta's rat-free status in jeopardy.
Paleontology[link]
Alberta has one of the greatest diversities and abundances of Late Cretaceous dinosaur fossils in the world.[16] Taxa are represented by complete fossil skeletons, isolated material, microvertebrate remains, and even mass graves.[16] At least 38 dinosaur type specimens are known from the province.[16] The Foremost Formation, Oldman Formation and Dinosaur Park Formations collectively comprise the Judith River Group and are the most thoroughly studied dinosaur bearing strata in Alberta.[16] The stratigraphy of the Judith River Group has a confusing history due partly to the use of the Montana-Alberta border as an artificial division between equivalent strata.[16] The modern Judith River Group stratigraphy was not finalized until 1993 when Eberth and Hamblin divided the Oldman Formation in two to create the new Dinosaur Park Formation.[16] The resulting paleontological confusion was resolved by Phil Currie who relocated old quarries dinosaurs had been found in and determined their distribution within the modern stratigraphic framework.[16]
Dinosaur-bearing strata are distributed widely throughout Alberta.[16] The Dinosaur Provincial Park area contains outcrops of the Dinosaur Park Formation and Oldman Formation.[16] In the central and southern regions of Alberta are intermittent Scollard Formation outcrops.[16] In the Drumheller Valley and Edmonton regions there are exposed Horseshoe Canyon facies. Other formations have been recorded as well, like the Milk River and Foremost Formations.[16] However, these latter two have a lower diversity of documented dinosaurs, primarily due to their lower total fossil quantity and neglect from collectors who are hindered by the isolation and scarcity of exposed outcrops.[16] Their dinosaur fossils are primarily teeth recovered from microvertebrate fossil sites.[16] Additional geologic formations that have produced only few fossils are the Belly River Group and St. Mary River Formations of the southwest and the northwestern Wapiti Formation.[16] The Wapiti Formations contains two Pachyrhinosaurus bone beds that break its general trend of low productivity, however.[16] The Bearpaw Formation represents strata deposited during a marine transgression.[16] Dinosaurs are known from this Formation, but represent specimens washed out to sea or reworked from older sediments.[16]
History[link]
Main article: History of Alberta
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The first people in Alberta were Paleo-Indians who arrived in Alberta at least 10,000 years ago, toward the end of the last ice age. They probably migrated from Siberia to Alaska on a land bridge across the Bering Strait, and then may have moved down the east side of the Rocky Mountains through Alberta to settle the Americas. Alternatively they may have migrated down the coast of British Columbia and then moved inland.[17] Over time they differentiated into various First Nations peoples, including the Plains Indian tribes of southern Alberta such as those of the Blackfoot Confederacy and the Plains Cree, who generally lived by hunting buffalo (American bison), and the more northerly tribes such as the Woodland Cree and Chipewyan who hunted, trapped, and fished for a living.[18]
After the British arrival in Canada, approximately half of the province of Alberta, south of the Athabasca River drainage, became part of Rupert's Land which consisted of all land drained by rivers flowing into Hudson Bay. This area was granted by Charles II of England to the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) in 1670, and rival fur trading companies were not allowed to trade in it. After the arrival of French Canadians in the west around 1731, they settled near fur trading posts, establishing communities such as Lac La Biche and Bonnyville. Fort La Jonquière was established near what is now Calgary in 1752.
The Athabasca River and the rivers north of it were not in HBC territory because they drained into the Arctic Ocean instead of Hudson Bay, and they were prime habitat for fur-bearing animals. The first explorer of the Athabasca region was Peter Pond, who learned of the Methye Portage, which allowed travel from southern rivers into the rivers north of Rupert's Land. Fur traders formed the North West Company (NWC) of Montreal to compete with the HBC in 1779. The NWC occupied the northern part of Alberta territory. Peter Pond built Fort Athabasca on Lac la Biche in 1778. Roderick Mackenzie built Fort Chipewyan on Lake Athabasca ten years later in 1788. His cousin, Sir Alexander Mackenzie, followed the North Saskatchewan River to its northernmost point near Edmonton, then setting northward on foot, trekked to the Athabasca River, which he followed to Lake Athabasca. It was there he discovered the mighty outflow river which bears his name—the Mackenzie River—which he followed to its outlet in the Arctic Ocean. Returning to Lake Athabasca, he followed the Peace River upstream, eventually reaching the Pacific Ocean, and so he became the first white man to cross the North American continent north of Mexico.[19]
The extreme southernmost portion of Alberta was part of the French (and Spanish) territory of Louisiana, sold to the United States in 1803; in 1818, the portion of Louisiana north of the Forty-Ninth Parallel was ceded to Great Britain.
Fur trade expanded in the north, but bloody battles occurred between the rival HBC and NWC, and in 1821 the British government forced them to merge to stop the hostilities. The amalgamated Hudson's Bay Company dominated trade in Alberta until 1870, when the newly formed Canadian Government purchased Rupert's Land. Northern Alberta was included in the North-Western Territory until 1870, when it and Rupert's land became Canada's Northwest Territories.
The district of Alberta was created as part of the North-West Territories in 1882. As settlement increased, local representatives to the North-West Legislative Assembly were added. After a long campaign for autonomy, in 1905 the district of Alberta was enlarged and given provincial status, with the election of Alexander Cameron Rutherford as the first premier.
Demographics[link]
Main article: Demographics of Alberta
File:Alberta population.svg
Alberta's population has grown steadily for over a century.
Alberta has enjoyed a relatively high rate of growth in recent years, mainly because of its burgeoning economy. Between 2003 and 2004, the province had high birthrates (on par with some larger provinces such as British Columbia), relatively high immigration, and a high rate of interprovincial migration when compared to other provinces.[20]
Approximately 81% of the population live in urban areas and only about 19% live in rural areas. The Calgary-Edmonton Corridor is the most urbanized area in the province and is one of the most densely populated areas of Canada.[21] Many of Alberta's cities and towns have also experienced very high rates of growth in recent history. Over the past century, Alberta's population rose from 73,022 in 1901 to 2,974,807 in 2001[22] and 3,290,350 according to the 2006 census.[23]
The 2006 census found that English, with 2,576,670 native speakers, was the most common mother tongue of Albertans, representing 79.99% of the province's population. The next most common mother tongues were various Chinese languages with 97,275 native speakers (3.02%), followed by German with 84,505 native speakers (2.62%) and French with 61,225 (1.90%).[25]
Other mother tongues (in decreasing order) include: Punjabi, with 36,320 native speakers (1.13%); Tagalog, with 29,740 (0.92%); Ukrainian, with 29,455 (0.91%); Spanish, with 29,125 (0.90%); Polish, with 21,990 (0.68%); Arabic, with 20,495 (0.64%); Dutch, with 19,980 (0.62%); and Vietnamese, with 19,350 (0.60%). The most common aboriginal language is Cree 17,215 (0.53%). Other common mother tongues include Italian with 13,095 speakers (0.41%); Urdu with 11,275 (0.35%); and Korean with 10,845 (0.33%); then Hindi 8,985 (0.28%); Persian 7,700 (0.24%); Portuguese 7,205 (0.22%); and Hungarian 6,770 (0.21%).
(Figures shown are for the number of single language responses and the percentage of total single-language responses.)[25]
Alberta has considerable ethnic diversity. In line with the rest of Canada, many immigrants originated from England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales, but large numbers also came from other parts of Europe, notably Germans, French, Ukrainians and Scandinavians.[26] According to Statistics Canada, Alberta is home to the second highest proportion (two percent) of Francophones in western Canada (after Manitoba). Despite this, relatively few Albertans claim French as their mother tongue. Many of Alberta's French-speaking residents live in the central and northwestern regions of the province.
As reported in the 2001 census, the Chinese represented nearly four percent of Alberta's population, and East Indians represented more than two percent. Both Edmonton and Calgary have historic Chinatowns, and Calgary has Canada's third largest Chinese community. The Chinese presence began with workers employed in the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s. Aboriginal Albertans make up approximately three percent of the population.
In the 2006 Canadian census, the most commonly reported ethnic origins among Albertans were: 885,825 English (27.2%); 679,705 German (20.9%); 667,405 Canadian (20.5%); 661,265 Scottish (20.3%); 539,160 Irish (16.6%); 388,210 French (11.9%); 332,180 Ukrainian (10.2%); 172,910 Dutch (5.3%); 170,935 Polish (5.2%); 169,355 North American Indian (5.2%); 144,585 Norwegian (4.4%); and 137,600 Chinese (4.2%). (Each person could choose as many ethnicities as were applicable.)[27]
Amongst those of British origins, the Scots have had a particularly strong influence on place-names, with the names of many cities and towns including Calgary, Airdrie, Canmore, and Banff having Scottish origins.
Alberta is the third most diverse province in terms of visible minorities after British Columbia and Ontario with 13.9% of the population consisting of visible minorities.[28] Nearly one-fourth of the populations of Calgary and Edmonton belong to a visible minority group.[29]
Aboriginal Identity Peoples make up 5.8% of the population, about half of whom consist of North American Indians and the other half are Metis. There are also small number of Inuit people in Alberta.[30] The number of Aboriginal Identity Peoples have been increasing at a rate greater than the population of Alberta.[30]
As of the Canada 2001 Census the largest religious group was Roman Catholic, representing 25.7% of the population. Alberta had the second highest percentage of non-religious residents in Canada (after British Columbia) at 23.1% of the population. Of the remainder, 13.5% of the population identified themselves as belonging to the United Church of Canada, while 5.9% were Anglican. Lutherans made up 4.8% of the population while Baptists comprised 2.5%.
The remainder belonged to a wide variety of different religious affiliations, none of which constituted more than 2% of the population. The Mormons of Alberta reside primarily in the extreme south of the province and made up 1.7% of the population. Alberta has a population of Hutterites, a communal Anabaptist sect similar to the Mennonites (Hutterites represented 0.4% of the population while Mennonites were 0.8%), and has a significant population of Seventh-day Adventists at 0.3%. Alberta is home to several Byzantine Rite Churches as part of the legacy of Eastern European immigration, including the Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Edmonton, and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada's Western Diocese which is based in Edmonton. [31]
Muslims, Sikhs, and Hindus live in Alberta. Muslims constituted 1.7% of the population, Sikhs 0.8% and Hindus 0.5%. Many of these are recent immigrants, but others have roots that go back to the first settlers of the prairies.[31] Canada's oldest mosque, the Al-Rashid Mosque is located in Edmonton,[32] whereas the Canada's largest mosque, the Baitun Nur mosque is located in Calgary.[33] Jews constituted 0.4% of Alberta's population. Most of Alberta's 13,000 Jews live in Calgary (7,500) and Edmonton (5,000).[34]
Municipalities[link]
Main article: List of communities in Alberta
- Largest metro areas and municipalities by population as of 2006
| Census metropolitan areas: | 2011 [4] | 2006 [35] | 2001 [36] | 1996 [37] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calgary CMA | 1,214,839 | 1,079,310 | 951,395 | 821,628 |
| Edmonton CMA | 1,159,869 | 1,034,945 | 937,845 | 862,597 |
| Urban municipalities (10 largest): | 2011 [38] | 2006 [39] | 2001 [40] | 1996 [41] |
| Calgary | 1,096,833 | 988,193 | 878,866 | 768,082 |
| Edmonton | 812,201 | 730,372 | 666,104 | 616,306 |
| Red Deer | 90,564 | 82,772 | 67,707 | 60,080 |
| Lethbridge | 83,517 | 78,713 | 68,712 | 64,938 |
| St. Albert (included in Edmonton CMA) | 61,466 | 57,719 | 53,081 | 46,888 |
| Medicine Hat | 60,005 | 56,997 | 51,249 | 46,783 |
| Grande Prairie | 55,032 | 47,076 | 36,983 | 31,353 |
| Airdrie (included in Calgary CMA) | 42,564 | 28,927 | 20,382 | 15,946 |
| Spruce Grove (included in Edmonton CMA) | 26,171 | 19,496 | 15,983 | 14,271 |
| Okotoks | 24,511 | 17,145 | 11,689 | 8,528 |
| Specialized/rural municipalities (5 largest): | 2011 [38] | 2006 [39] | 2001 [40] | 1996 [41] |
| Strathcona County (included in Edmonton CMA) | 92,490 | 82,511 | 71,986 | 64,176 |
| Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo | 65,565 | 51,496 | 42,581 | 35,213 |
| Rocky View County (included in Calgary CMA) | 36,461 | 34,171 | 29,925 | 23,326 |
| Parkland County (included in Edmonton CMA) | 30,568 | 29,265 | 27,252 | 24,769 |
| Municipal District of Foothills No. 31 | 21,258 | 19,736 | 16,764 | 13,714 |
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Alberta
Alberta's economy is one of the strongest in Canada, supported by the burgeoning petroleum industry and to a lesser extent, agriculture and technology. The per capita GDP in 2007 was by far the highest of any province in Canada at C$74,825. This was 61% higher than the national average of C$46,441 and more than twice that of some of the Atlantic provinces. In 2006 the deviation from the national average was the largest for any province in Canadian history.[42] According to the 2006 census,[43] the median annual family income after taxes was $70,986 in Alberta (compared to $60,270 in Canada as a whole).
The Calgary-Edmonton Corridor is the most urbanized region in the province and one of the densest in Canada. The region covers a distance of roughly 400 kilometres north to south. In 2001, the population of the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor was 2.15 million (72% of Alberta's population).[44] It is also one of the fastest growing regions in the country. A 2003 study by TD Bank Financial Group found the corridor to be the only Canadian urban centre to amass a U.S. level of wealth while maintaining a Canadian style quality of life, offering universal health care benefits. The study found that GDP per capita in the corridor was 10% above average U.S. metropolitan areas and 40% above other Canadian cities at that time.
The Fraser Institute states that Alberta also has very high levels of economic freedom and rates Alberta as the freest economy in Canada,[45] and the second freest economy amongst U.S. states and Canadian provinces.[46]
Industry[link]
Alberta is the largest producer of conventional crude oil, synthetic crude, natural gas and gas products in the country. Alberta is the world’s 2nd largest exporter of natural gas and the 4th largest producer.[47] Two of the largest producers of petrochemicals in North America are located in central and north-central Alberta. In both Red Deer and Edmonton, world class polyethylene and vinyl manufacturers produce products shipped all over the world, and Edmonton's oil refineries provide the raw materials for a large petrochemical industry to the east of Edmonton.
The Athabasca oil sands have estimated unconventional oil reserves approximately equal to the conventional oil reserves of the rest of the world, estimated to be 1.6 trillion barrels (254 km3). With the development of new extraction methods such as steam assisted gravity drainage, which was developed in Alberta, bitumen and synthetic crude oil can be produced at costs close to those of conventional crude.[dubious – discuss] Many companies employ both conventional strip mining and non-conventional in situ methods to extract the bitumen from the oil sands. With current technology and at current prices, about 315 billion barrels (50 km3) of bitumen are recoverable. Fort McMurray, one of Canada's fastest growing cities, has grown enormously in recent years because of the large corporations which have taken on the task of oil production. As of late 2006 there were over $100 billion in oil sands projects under construction or in the planning stages in northeastern Alberta.[48]
Another factor determining the viability of oil extraction from the oil sands is the price of oil. The oil price increases since 2003 have made it profitable to extract this oil, which in the past would give little profit or even a loss.
With concerted effort and support from the provincial government, several high-tech industries have found their birth in Alberta, notably patents related to interactive liquid crystal display systems.[49] With a growing economy, Alberta has several financial institutions dealing with civil and private funds.
Agriculture and forestry[link]
Agriculture has a significant position in the province's economy. The province has over three million head of cattle,[50] and Alberta beef has a healthy worldwide market. Nearly one half of all Canadian beef is produced in Alberta. Alberta is one of the prime producers of plains buffalo (bison) for the consumer market. Sheep for wool and mutton are also raised.
Wheat and canola are primary farm crops, with Alberta leading the provinces in spring wheat production; other grains are also prominent. Much of the farming is dryland farming, often with fallow seasons interspersed with cultivation. Continuous cropping (in which there is no fallow season) is gradually becoming a more common mode of production because of increased profits and a reduction of soil erosion. Across the province, the once common grain elevator is slowly being lost as rail lines are decreasing; farmers typically truck the grain to central points.
Alberta is the leading beekeeping province of Canada, with some beekeepers wintering hives indoors in specially designed barns in southern Alberta, then migrating north during the summer into the Peace River valley where the season is short but the working days are long for honeybees to produce honey from clover and fireweed. Hybrid canola also requires bee pollination, and some beekeepers service this need.
The vast northern forest reserves of softwood allow Alberta to produce large quantities of lumber, oriented strand board (OSB) and plywood, and several plants in northern Alberta supply North America and the Pacific Rim nations with bleached wood pulp and newsprint.
Tourism[link]
Main article: Tourism in Alberta
File:Stephen Avenue.jpg
Stephen Avenue, Calgary
Alberta has been a tourist destination from the early days of the twentieth century, with attractions including outdoor locales for skiing, hiking and camping, shopping locales such as West Edmonton Mall, Calgary Stampede, outdoor festivals, professional athletic events, international sporting competitions such as the Commonwealth Games and Olympic Games, as well as more eclectic attractions. There are also natural attractions like Elk Island National Park, Wood Buffalo National Park, and the Columbia Icefield.
According to Alberta Economic Development, Calgary and Edmonton both host over four million visitors annually. Banff, Jasper and the Rocky Mountains are visited by about three million people per year.[51] Alberta tourism relies heavily on Southern Ontario tourists, as well as tourists from other parts of Canada, the United States, and many international countries.
Alberta's Rocky Mountains include well known tourist destinations Banff National Park and Jasper National Park. The two mountain parks are connected by the scenic Icefields Parkway. Banff is located 128 km (80 mi) west of Calgary on Highway 1, and Jasper is located 366 km (227 mi) west of Edmonton on Yellowhead Highway. Five of Canada's fourteen UNESCO World heritage sites are located within the province: Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks, Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, Wood Buffalo National Park, Dinosaur Provincial Park and Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump.
About 1.2 million people visit the of Calgary Stampede,[52] a celebration of Canada's own Wild West and the cattle ranching industry. About 700,000 people enjoy Edmonton's Capital Ex (formerly Klondike Days).[53] Edmonton was the gateway to the only all-Canadian route to the Yukon gold fields, and the only route which did not require gold-seekers to travel the exhausting and dangerous Chilkoot Pass.
Another tourist destination that draws more than 650,000 visitors each year is the Drumheller Valley, located northeast of Calgary. Drumheller, "Dinosaur Capital of The World", offers the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology. Drumheller also had a rich mining history being one of Western Canada's largest coal producers during the war years. The Canadian Badlands has much to offer in the way of attractions, cultural events, celebrations, accommodations and service.
Located in east-central Alberta is Alberta Prairie Railway Excursions, a popular tourist attraction operated out of Stettler. It boasts one of the few operable steam trains in the world, offering trips through the rolling prairie scenery. Alberta Prairie Railway Excursions caters to tens of thousands of visitors every year.
Alberta is an important destination for tourists who love to ski and hike; Alberta boasts several world-class ski resorts such as Sunshine Village, Lake Louise, Marmot Basin, Norquay and Nakiska. Hunters and fishermen from around the world are able to take home impressive trophies and tall tales from their experiences in Alberta's wilderness.
Government and politics[link]
Main articles: Politics of Alberta and Monarchy in Alberta
See also: List of Alberta Premiers, List of Alberta general elections, and Executive Council of Alberta
The government of Alberta is organized as a parliamentary democracy with a unicameral legislature. Its unicameral legislature—the Legislative Assembly—consists of eighty-seven members elected first past the post (FPTP) from single-member constituencies. [54]
Locally municipal governments and school boards are elected and operate separately. Their boundaries do not necessarily coincide. Municipalities where the same body act as both local government and school board are formally referred to as "counties" in Alberta.
As Canada's head of state, Queen Elizabeth II is the head of state for the Government of Alberta. Her duties in Alberta are carried out by Lieutenant Governor Donald Ethell. Although the lieutenant governor is technically the most powerful person in Alberta, he is in reality a figurehead whose actions are restricted by custom and constitutional convention. The government is therefore headed by the premier. The current premier is Alison Redford who was elected as leader of the governing Progressive Conservatives on October 1, 2011. Redford was sworn in as the 14th Premier of Alberta on October 7, 2011.
The Premier is a Member of the Legislative Assembly, and she draws all the members of her Cabinet from among the members of the Legislative Assembly.
The City of Edmonton is the seat of the provincial government—the capital of Alberta.
Alberta's elections tend to yield results which are much more conservative than those of other Canadian provinces. Alberta has traditionally had three political parties, the Progressive Conservatives ("Conservatives" or "Tories"), the Liberals, and the social democratic New Democrats. A fourth party, the strongly conservative Social Credit Party, was a power in Alberta for many decades, but fell from the political map after the Progressive Conservatives came to power in 1971. Since that time, no other political party has governed Alberta. In fact, only four parties have governed Alberta: the Liberals, from 1905 to 1921; the United Farmers of Alberta, from 1921 to 1935; the Social Credit Party, from 1935 to 1971, and the currently governing Progressive Conservative Party, from 1971 to the present.
Alberta has had occasional surges in separatist sentiment. Even during the 1980s, when these feelings were at their strongest, there has never been enough interest in secession to initiate any major movements or referendums. There are several currently active groups wishing to promote the independence of Alberta in some form.
In the 2008 provincial election, held on March 3, 2008, the Progressive Conservative Party was re-elected as a majority government with 72 of 83 seats, the Alberta Liberal Party was elected as the Official Opposition with nine members, and two Alberta New Democratic Party members were elected.[55]
The April 23, 2012 election returned the Progressive Conservative Party to government, making leader Alison Redford Alberta's first elected female premier.[56] In the 2012 provincial election, held on April 23, 2012, the Progressive Conservative Party was re-elected as a majority government and party leader Alison Redford retained as premier with 43.9% of the vote and 61 of 87 seats (The Legislative Assembly added 4 seats, increasing the total to 87, with the 2012 election), the Wildrose Party led by Danielle Smith was elected as the Official Opposition with 34.3% of the vote and 17 members (replacing the Liberal Party), five Liberals were elected with 9.9% of the vote and four NDP members were elected with 9.8% of the vote. [57]
Taxation[link]
Government revenue comes mainly from royalties on non-renewable natural resources (30.4%), personal income taxes (22.3%), corporate and other taxes (19.6%), and grants from the federal government primarily for infrastructure projects (9.8%).[58] Albertans are the lowest-taxed people in Canada, and Alberta is the only province in Canada without a provincial sales tax (but residents are still subject to the federal sales tax, the Goods and Services Tax of 5%). It is also the only Canadian province to have a flat tax for personal income taxes, which is 10% of taxable income.[59]
The Alberta personal income tax system maintains a progressive character by granting residents personal tax exemptions of $16,977, in addition to a variety of tax deductions for persons with disabilities, students, and the aged.[60] Alberta's municipalities and school jurisdictions have their own governments which (usually) work in co-operation with the provincial government.
Alberta also privatized alcohol distribution. The privatization increased outlets from 304 stores to 1,726; 1,300 jobs to 4,000 jobs; and 3,325 products to 16,495 products.[61] Tax revenue also increased from $400 million to $700 million.
Albertan municipalities raise a significant portion of their income through levying property taxes.[62] The value of assessed property in Alberta was approximately $727 billion in 2011.[63] Most real property is assessed according to its market value.[62] The exceptions to market value assessment are farmland, railways, machinery & equipment and linear property, all of which is assessed by regulated rates.[64] Depending on the property type, property owners may appeal a property assessment to their municipal 'Local Assessment Review Board', 'Composite Assessment Review Board,' or the Alberta Municipal Government Board.[62][65]
Transportation[link]
Alberta has over 181,000 km (112,468 mi) of highways and roads, of which nearly 41,000 km (25,476 mi) are paved.[66] The main north-south corridor is Highway 2, which begins south of Cardston at the Carway border crossing and is part of the CANAMEX Corridor. Highway 4, which effectively extends Interstate 15 into Alberta and is the busiest U.S. gateway to the province, begins at the Coutts border crossing and ends at Lethbridge. Highway 3 joins Lethbridge to Fort Macleod and links Highway 4 to Highway 2. Highway 2 travels northward through Fort Macleod, Calgary, Red Deer, and Edmonton.
North of Edmonton, the highway continues to Athabasca, then northwesterly along the south shore of Lesser Slave Lake into High Prairie, north to Peace River, west to Fairview and finally south to Grande Prairie, where it ends at an interchange with Highway 43. The section of Highway 2 between Calgary and Edmonton has been named the Queen Elizabeth II Highway to commemorate the visit of the monarch in 2005. Highway 2 is supplemented by two more highways that run parallel to it: Highway 22, west of Highway 2, known as Cowboy Trail, and Highway 21, east of Highway 2. Highway 43 travels northwest into Grande Prairie and the Peace River Country; Highway 63 travels northeast to Fort McMurray, the location of the Athabasca Oil Sands.
Alberta has two main east-west corridors. The southern corridor, part of the Trans-Canada Highway system, enters the province near Medicine Hat, runs westward through Calgary, and leaves Alberta through Banff National Park. The northern corridor, also part of the Trans-Canada network and known as the Yellowhead Highway (Highway 16), runs west from Lloydminster in eastern Alberta, through Edmonton and Jasper National Park into British Columbia. One of the most scenic drives is along the Icefields Parkway, which runs for 228 km (142 mi) between Jasper and Lake Louise, with mountain ranges and glaciers on either side of its entire length.
Another major corridor through central Alberta is Highway 11 (also known as the David Thompson Highway), which runs east from the Saskatchewan River Crossing in Banff National Park through Rocky Mountain House and Red Deer, connecting with Highway 12 20 km (12 mi) west of Stettler. The highway connects many of the smaller towns in central Alberta with Calgary and Edmonton, as it crosses Highway 2 just west of Red Deer.
Urban stretches of Alberta's major highways and freeways are often called trails. For example, Highway 2, the main north-south highway in the province, is called Deerfoot Trail as it passes through Calgary but becomes Calgary Trail (for southbound traffic) and Gateway Boulevard (for northbound traffic) as it enters Edmonton and then turns into St. Albert Trail as it leaves Edmonton for the City of St. Albert. Calgary, in particular, has a tradition of calling its largest urban expressways trails and naming many of them after prominent First Nations individuals and tribes, such as Crowchild Trail, Deerfoot Trail, and Stoney Trail.
Calgary, Edmonton, Red Deer, Medicine Hat, and Lethbridge have substantial public transit systems. In addition to buses, Calgary and Edmonton operate light rail transit (LRT) systems. Edmonton LRT, which is underground in the downtown core and on the surface outside of it, was the first of the modern generation of light rail systems to be built in North America, while the Calgary C-Train has one of the highest number of daily riders of any LRT system in North America.
Alberta is well-connected by air, with international airports in both Calgary and Edmonton. Calgary International Airport and Edmonton International Airport are the fourth and fifth busiest in Canada respectively. Calgary's airport is a hub for WestJet Airlines and a regional hub for Air Canada. Calgary's airport primarily serves the Canadian prairie provinces (Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba) for connecting flights to British Columbia, eastern Canada, 15 major US centres, nine European airports, one Asian airport and four destinations in Mexico and the Caribbean.[67] Edmonton's airport acts as a hub for the Canadian north and has connections to all major Canadian airports as well as 10 major US airports, 3 European airports and 6 Mexican and Caribbean airports.[68]
There are more than 9,000 km (5,592 mi) of operating mainline railway; the Canadian Pacific Railway and Canadian National Railway companies operate railway freight across the province. Passenger trains include Via Rail's Canadian (Toronto-Vancouver) or Jasper-Prince Rupert trains, which use the CN mailine and pass through Jasper National Park and parallel the Yellowhead Highway during at least part of their routes. The Rocky Mountaineer operates two sections: one from Vancouver to Banff and Calgary over CP tracks, and a section that travels over CN tracks to Jasper. These trains provide some the most scenic train rides in the world.
Photo gallery[link]
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: Calgary Transit C-Train Siemens SD-160 car.
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The Athabaska River and the Yellowhead Highway(#16) through Jasper National Park.
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Approaching the Canadian Rocky Mountains of Jasper National Park, Alberta, as seen from the dome car of the Canadian.
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Health care[link]
See also: Health care in Canada
As with all Canadian provinces, Alberta provides for all citizens and residents through a publicly funded health care system. Alberta became Canada's second province (after Saskatchewan) to adopt a Tommy Douglas-style program in 1950, a precursor to the modern medicare system.
Alberta's health care budget is currently $13.2 billion during the 2008–2009 fiscal year (approximately 36% of all government spending), making it the best funded health care system per-capita in Canada. Every hour more than $1.7 million is spent on health care in the province.[69]
A highly educated population and burgeoning economy have made Alberta a national leader in health education, research, and resources. Many notable facilities include the Foothills Medical Centre, the Peter Lougheed Centre, Rockyview General Hospital, Alberta Children's Hospital, Grace Women's Health Centre, The University of Calgary Medical Centre (UCMC), Tom Baker Cancer Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, in Calgary; In Edmonton, the University of Alberta Hospital, the Royal Alexandra Hospital, the Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, the Lois Hole Hospital for Women, the Stollery Children's Hospital, the Alberta Diabetes Institute, the Cross Cancer Institute, and the Rexall Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research in Edmonton. Currently under construction in Edmonton is the new $909 million Edmonton Clinic, which will provide a similar research, education, and care environment as the Mayo Clinic in the United States.[70]
All public health care services funded by the Government of Alberta are delivered operationally by Alberta Health Services. AHS is the province's single health authority established on July 1, 2008 which replaced nine local health authorities. AHS also funds all ground ambulance services in the province, as well as the province-wide STARS (Shock Trauma Air Rescue Society) air ambulance service.[71]
Education[link]
Main article: Education in Alberta
As with any Canadian province, the Alberta Legislature has (almost) exclusive authority to make laws respecting education. Since 1905 the Legislature has used this capacity to continue the model of locally elected public and separate school boards which originated prior to 1905, as well as to create and/or regulate universities, colleges, technical institutions and other educational forms and institutions (public charter schools, private schools, home schooling).
Elementary schools[link]
There are forty-two public school jurisdictions in Alberta, and seventeen operating separate school jurisdictions. Sixteen of the operating separate school jurisdictions have a Catholic electorate, and one (St. Albert) has a Protestant electorate. In addition, one Protestant separate school district, Glen Avon, survives as a ward of the St. Paul Education Region. The City of Lloydminster straddles the Alberta/Saskatchewan border, and both the public and separate school systems in that city are counted in the above numbers: both of them operate according to Saskatchewan law.
For many years the provincial government has funded the greater part of the cost of providing K–12 education. Prior to 1994 public and separate school boards in Alberta had the legislative authority to levy a local tax on property, as supplementary support for local education. In 1994 the government of the province eliminated this right for public school boards, but not for separate school boards. Since 1994 there has continued to be a tax on property in support of K–12 education; the difference is that the mill rate is now set by the provincial government, the money is collected by the local municipal authority and remitted to the provincial government. The relevant legislation requires that all the money raised by this property tax must go to the support of K–12 education provided by school boards. The provincial government pools the property tax funds from across the province and distributes them, according to a formula, to public and separate school jurisdictions and Francophone authorities.
Public and separate school boards, charter schools, and private schools all follow the Program of Studies and the curriculum approved by the provincial department of education (Alberta Education). Home schoolers may choose to follow the Program of Studies or develop their own Program of Studies. Public and separate schools, charter schools, and approved private schools all employ teachers who are certificated by Alberta Education, they administer Provincial Achievement Tests and Diploma Examinations set by Alberta Education, and they may grant high school graduation certificates endorsed by Alberta Education.
Universities[link]
Main article: Higher education in Alberta
The University of Alberta, established in Edmonton in 1908, is Alberta's oldest and largest university. The University of Calgary, once affiliated with the University of Alberta, gained its autonomy in 1966 and is now the second largest university in Alberta. There is also Athabasca University, which focuses on distance learning, and the University of Lethbridge, both of which are located in their title cities.
In early September 2009, Mount Royal University became Calgary's second public university, and in late September 2009, a similar move made Grant MacEwan University Edmonton's second public university. There are 15 colleges that receive direct public funding, along with two technical institutes, Northern Alberta Institute of Technology and Southern Alberta Institute of Technology.[72]
There is also a large and active private sector of post-secondary institutions, mostly Christian Universities, bringing the total number of universities to twelve, plus a DeVry University in Calgary, the only location in Canada. Students may also receive government loans and grants while attending selected private institutions. There has been some controversy in recent years over the rising cost of post-secondary education for students (as opposed to taxpayers). In 2005, Premier Ralph Klein made a promise that he would freeze tuition and look into ways of reducing schooling costs.[73][74] So far, no plan has been released by the government of Alberta.
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture of Alberta
See also: Festivals in Alberta
Summer brings many festivals to the province of Alberta, especially in Edmonton. The Edmonton Fringe Festival is the world's second largest after Edinburgh's. Both Calgary and Edmonton host a number of annual festivals and events including folk music festivals. With a large number of summer and winter events, Edmonton prides itself as being the "Festival City". The city's "heritage days" festival sees the participation of over 70 ethnic groups. Edmonton's Churchill Square is home to a large number of the festivals, including the large Taste of Edmonton & The Works Art & Design Festival throughout the summer months.
The City of Calgary is also famous for its Stampede, dubbed "The Greatest Outdoor Show on Earth." The Stampede is Canada's biggest rodeo festival and features various races and competitions, such as calf roping and bull riding. In line with the western tradition of rodeo are the cultural artisans that reside and create unique Alberta western heritage crafts.
The Banff Centre hosts a range of festivals and other events including the international Mountain Film Festival. These cultural events in Alberta highlight the province's cultural diversity. Most of the major cities have several performing theatre companies who entertain in venues as diverse as Edmonton's Arts Barns and the Francis Winspear Centre for Music. Both Calgary and Edmonton are home to Canadian Football League and National Hockey League teams. Soccer, rugby union and lacrosse are also played professionally in Alberta.
Friendship partners[link]
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This section may need to be updated. Please update this section to reflect recent events or newly available information, and remove this template when finished. Please see the talk page for more information. (September 2011) |
Alberta has relationships with several provinces, states, and other entities worldwide.[75]
Jalisco, Mexico, Special Relationships
Hokkaido, Japan, Special Relationships
Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea, Special Relationships
Khanty–Mansi, Russia, Special Relationships- Yamalo-Nenets, Russia, Special Relationships
Neuquén, Argentina, Economic MOUs
Mpumalanga, South Africa, Governance Projects
Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China, Special Relationships- Tyumen, Russia, Special Relationships
Montana, United States, Transboundary Partnerships- Gangwon-do, South Korea, Special Relationships
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ a b "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, 2011 and 2006 censuses". Statistics Canada. January 24, 2012. http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=101&S=50&O=A. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
- ^ Statistics Canada (November 11, 2009). "Real gross domestic product, expenditure-based, by province and territory 2004–2008". http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/econ50-eng.htm. Retrieved December 5, 2009.
- ^ "Alberta becomes a Province". Alberta Online Encyclopedia. http://www.abheritage.ca/abpolitics/events/becoming_province.html. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
- ^ a b "Population and dwelling counts, for census metropolitan areas, 2011 and 2006 censuses". Statistics Canada. http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=205&S=3&RPP=50. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
- ^ "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations, 2011 and 2006 censuses (Alberta)". Statistics Canada. 2012-02-08. http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=202&SR=1&S=0&O=D&RPP=50&CMA=0&PR=48. Retrieved 2012-04-22.
- ^ "History". Government of Alberta. http://alberta.ca/home/182.cfm. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
- ^ Statistics Canada (February 2005). "Land and freshwater area, by province and territory". http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/phys01.htm. Retrieved March 7, 2007.
- ^ a b c "Climate and Geography". About Alberta. Government of Alberta. 2008. http://www.alberta.ca/home/90.cfm. Retrieved October 1, 2008.
- ^ "Athabasca River". The Canadian Heritage Rivers System. 2011. http://www.chrs.ca/Rivers/Athabasca/Athabasca-F_e.php. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
- ^ "Alberta". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Foundation of Canada. 2008. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1SEC902060#SEC902074. Retrieved October 1, 2008.
- ^ a b "Climate of Alberta". Agroclimatic Atlas of Alberta. Government of Alberta. 2003. http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/sag6299. Retrieved October 1, 2008.
- ^ "Alberta Weather and Climate Data". Government of Alberta, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development. 2012. http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/cl12944.
- ^ "National Climate Data and Information Archive". Environment Canada. http://www.climate.weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca/Welcome_e.html. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
- ^ Alberta Department of Agriculture. "The History of Rat Control in Alberta". http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex3441?opendocument. Retrieved January 11, 2007.
- ^ Markusoff, Jason (September 1, 2009). "Rodents defying Alberta's rat-free claim". Calgary Herald. http://www2.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/story.html?id=e2e136e9-fa2d-45ab-91dc-fe9951d40c3e&p=2. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Ryan, M. J., and Russell, A. P., 2001. Dinosaurs of Alberta (exclusive of Aves): In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, pp. 279–297.
- ^ "Canada's First Nations". Applied History. University of Calgary. 2000. http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/firstnations/theories.html. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
- ^ "First Nations". History. Government of Alberta. 1995–2011. http://alberta.ca/home/182.cfm#Nations. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
- ^ Dictionary of Canadian Biography. "Alexander Mackenzie Biography". http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=2521. Retrieved January 5, 2006.
- ^ "Components of population growth, by province and territory". Statistics Canada. http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo33c.htm. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
- ^ Alberta Municipal Affairs (May 16, 2006). "Types of Municipalities in Alberta". Archived from the original on December 14, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061214100557/http://www.municipalaffairs.gov.ab.ca/ms_TypesMunicipalitiesAlberta.htm. Retrieved December 18, 2006.
- ^ "Population urban and rural, by province and territory". Statistics Canada. http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo62j.htm. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
- ^ "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, 2006 and 2001 censuses – 100% data". Statistics Canada. http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/popdwell/Table.cfm?T=101. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
- ^ "Language Highlight Tables". 2006 Census. Statistics Canada. 2008. http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/Language/Index.cfm. Retrieved August 19, 2008.
- ^ a b "Detailed Mother Tongue (186), Knowledge of Official Languages (5), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 and 2006 Censuses – 20% Sample Data". Statistics Canada. http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=838045&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=89201&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
- ^ "Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada Highlight Tables". 2006 Census. Statistics Canada. 2008. http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/index.cfm?Lang=E. Retrieved August 19, 2008.
- ^ "Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories – 20% sample data". Statistics Canada. http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=48&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
- ^ "Canada's Ethnocultural Mosaic, 2006 Census: Provinces and territories". Statistics Canada. http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97-562/p14-eng.cfm. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
- ^ "Visible minority groups, percentage distribution (2006), for Canada and census subdivisions (municipalities) with 5,000-plus population – 20% sample data". Statistics Canada. http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=CSD&Code=01&Table=1&Data=Dist&StartRec=1&Sort=5&Display=Page&CSDFilter=5000. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
- ^ a b "Aboriginal identity population by age groups, median age and sex, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories – 20% sample data". Statistics Canada. http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/Aboriginal/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=1&Data=Count&Sex=1&Age=1&StartRec=1&Sort=5&Display=Page. Retrieved August 9, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ a b "Selected Religions, for Canada, Provinces and Territories – 20% Sample Data". Statistics Canada. http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/Religion/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&View=1a&Code=48&Table=1&StartRec=1&Sort=2&B1=48&B2=All. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
- ^ "Al-Rashid Mosque". Canadian Islamic Congress. http://muslim-canada.org/alrashidmosque.html. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
- ^ "Politicians and faithful open Canada’s largest mosque". July 5, 2008. http://www.canada.com/topics/news/story.html?id=c1ce5c3b-de23-4093-85b8-36162ac636a6. Retrieved September 2, 2010.
- ^ AM Yisrael—The Jewish Communities of Canada
- ^ "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations, 2006 and 2001 censuses – 100% data (Alberta)". Statistics Canada. 2006. http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census06/data/popdwell/Table.cfm?T=202&SR=1&S=3&O=D&RPP=50&PR=48. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
- ^ "Population and Dwelling Counts, for Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 and 1996 Censuses – 100% Data". Statistics Canada. 2001. http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census01/products/standard/popdwell/Table-CMA-N.cfm?T=1&SR=1&S=3&O=D. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
- ^ "Population and Dwelling Counts, for Census Metropolitan Areas in Decreasing Order of 1996 Population, 1991 and 1996 Censuses – 100% Data". Statistics Canada. 1996. http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census96/data/popdwell/Table.cfm?T=205. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
- ^ a b "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2011 and 2006 censuses (Alberta)". Statistics Canada. http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=302&SR=1&S=51&O=A&RPP=9999&PR=48&CMA=0. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
- ^ a b "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2006 and 2001 censuses – 100% data (Alberta)". Statistics Canada. 2006. http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=302&SR=1&S=3&O=D&RPP=9999&PR=48. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
- ^ a b "Population and Dwelling Counts, for Canada, Provinces and Territories, and Census Subdivisions (Municipalities), 2001 and 1996 Censuses – 100% Data (Alberta)". Statistics Canada. 2001. http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census01/products/standard/popdwell/Table-CSD-P.cfm?T=1&SR=1&PR=48&S=3&O=D. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
- ^ a b "Community Profiles". Statistics Canada. 1996. http://www12.statcan.ca/english/Profil/PlaceSearchForm1.cfm. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
- ^ Statistics Canada (September 2006). "The Alberta economic Juggernaut:The boom on the rose" (PDF). http://www.statcan.ca/english/ads/11-010-XPB/pdf/sep06.pdf. Retrieved February 2, 2007.
- ^ "Median earnings for economic families with earnings, both senior and non-senior families, for Canada, provinces and territories – 20% sample data". Statistics Canada. http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/income/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=5&Data1=1&Data2=1&StartRec=1&Sort=2&Display=Page. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
- ^ "Calgary-Edmonton corridor". Statistics Canada, 2001 Census of Population. January 20, 2003. http://geodepot.statcan.ca/Diss/Highlights/Page9/Page9d_e.cfm. Retrieved March 22, 2007.
- ^ The Fraser Institute (November 2006). "Alberta Rated as Best Investment Climate". http://oldfraser.lexi.net/media/media_releases/2001/20010626.html. Retrieved March 2, 2007.
- ^ The Fraser Institute (2008). Economic Freedom of North America 2008 Annual Report. ISBN 0-88975-213-3. http://www.freetheworld.com/efna.html. Retrieved August 1, 2008.
- ^ "Alaska and Alberta – An Overview". Government of Alaska. Archived from the original on December 15, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061215031033/http://www.gov.state.ak.us/trade/2003/tad/canada/canadaalberta.htm. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
- ^ "Canada Oilsands Opportunities". U.S. Commercial Service. http://www.buyusa.gov/montana/canadaoilsands.html. Retrieved August 9, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ Interactive display system—US Patent U.S. Patent No. 5,448,263; U.S. Patent for Touch Sensitive Technology[dead link]—SMART Technologies
- ^ "Alberta Livestock Inspections – October 2011". Government of Alberta. November 24, 2011. http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$Department/deptdocs.nsf/all/rsb13754. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
- ^ "Living in Canada : Alberta". AKCanada. http://www.akcanada.com/lic_alberta.cfm. Retrieved November 8, 2009.
- ^ "History of the Stampede". Calgary Stampede. Archived from the original on November 16, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071116223219/http://www.stampede.coolattractions.com/history.html. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
- ^ "About". Northlands. http://www.capitalex.ca/about. Retrieved March 29, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ http://www.assembly.ab.ca/net/index.aspx?p=mla_home
- ^ "2008 Alberta Election Results". CTV. http://www.ctv.ca/mini/albertaElection2008/. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
- ^ "2012 Alberta Election Results". CTV. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/albertavotes2012/story/2012/04/23/albertavotes2012-election-results.html. Retrieved April 23, 2012. }}
- ^ http://results.elections.ab.ca/wtResultsPGE.htm
- ^ "Budget 2009, Building On Our Strength". Government of Alberta. Archived from the original on May 3, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080503001735/http://alberta.ca/budget2008/#. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
- ^ "What are the income tax rates in Canada for 2009?". Canada Revenue Agency. http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/tx/ndvdls/fq/txrts-eng.html. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
- ^ "Alberta Tax and Credits". Government of Alberta. http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/tx/ndvdls/tpcs/ncm-tx/rtrn/cmpltng/prvncl/09-eng.html. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
- ^ "The Right Way to Sell Booze in New Brunswick". Taxpayer. http://www.taxpayer.com/atlantic/right-way-sell-booze-new-brunswick. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
- ^ a b c Alberta Queen's Printer. "Municipal Government Act". http://www.qp.alberta.ca/574.cfm?page=m26.cfm&leg_type=Acts&isbncln=9780779756155. Retrieved 2012-04-22.
- ^ Alberta Municipal Affairs. "Provincial 2012 Equalized Assessment Report (page 19)". http://www.municipalaffairs.alberta.ca/documents/as/2012_Provincial_Equalized_Assessment.pdf. Retrieved 2012-04-28.
- ^ Alberta Municipal Affairs. "2011 Regulated Property Minister's Guidelines". http://www.municipalaffairs.alberta.ca/mc_property_assessment_and_taxation_legislation.cfm. Retrieved 2012-04-28.
- ^ Alberta Municipal Affairs. "Assessment Complaints and Appeals". http://www.municipalaffairs.alberta.ca/mc_assessment_complaints_and_appeals.cfm. Retrieved 2012-04-28.
- ^ "Roads and highways". Government of Alberta. http://albertacanada.com/about-alberta/roads-and-highways.html. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
- ^ "Calgary Airport Authority". Calgary Airport Authority. http://www.yyc.com/. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
- ^ "EIA". Edmonton International Airport. http://www.flyeia.com/. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
- ^ "Health funding – Allocations for 2011–2012". Government of Alberta. http://www.health.alberta.ca/about/health-funding.html. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
- ^ "Edmonton Clinic". Alberta Health Services; University of Alberta. http://www.edmontonclinic.ca/. Retrieved August 31, 2009.
- ^ "STARS; About Us". STARS. http://www.stars.ca/bins/content_page.asp?cid=2. Retrieved August 31, 2009.
- ^ "Service Centres". Government of Alberta. http://aet.alberta.ca/technology/actionplan/servicecentres.aspx. Retrieved August 9, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Advocacy". University of Alberta Students Unions. Archived from the original on October 11, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061011224154/http://www.su.ualberta.ca/su/student_government/advocacy/. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
- ^ Bellamy, Marshall (February 16, 2005). "Klein promises tuition freeze". The Gazette. http://www.gazette.uwo.ca/article.cfm?section=FrontPage&articleID=276&month=2&day=16&year=2005. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
- ^ "Alberta Twinning Relationships". Retrieved on August 12, 2011.
Further reading[link]
- Berry, Susan; Jack Brink (2004). Aboriginal Cultures in Alberta: Five Hundred Generations. Provincial Museum of Alberta. ISBN 0-7785-2852-9. http://books.google.ca/books?id=jZjtB0gAMBwC&lpg=PP1&dq=Alberta&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Cavanaugh, Catherine Anne; Michael Payne; Donald Wetherell; Catherine Cavanaugh (2006). Alberta formed, Alberta transformed, Volume 1. University of Alberta Press. ISBN 1-55238-194-3. http://books.google.ca/books?id=V_XNCXJcjlkC&lpg=PP1&dq=Alberta&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Connors, Richard; John M. Law, (2005). Forging Alberta's constitutional framework. University of Alberta – Centre for Constitutional Studies. ISBN 0-88864-457-4. http://books.google.ca/books?id=fH8e7dOAWPgC&lpg=PP3&dq=Alberta&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Holt, Faye Reineberg (2009). Alberta: A History in Photographs. Heritage House ; Lancaster : Gazelle. ISBN 978-1-894974-87-5. http://books.google.ca/books?id=Lgy0_OaTZWYC&lpg=PP1&dq=Alberta&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Melnyk, George (1999). The literary history of Alberta. University of Alberta Press. ISBN 0-88864-296-2. http://books.google.ca/books?id=IzxkKWp99CQC&lpg=PP1&dq=Alberta&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Taylor, Alison (2001). The politics of educational reform in Alberta. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-4813-7. http://books.google.ca/books?id=HQ5ZQ9YjqEYC&lpg=PP1&dq=Alberta&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
External links[link]
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- Government of Alberta website
- Alberta at the Open Directory Project
- Provincial Archives of Alberta website
- Travel Alberta
- Alberta Encyclopedia
- CBC Digital Archives—Striking Oil in Alberta
- CBC Digital Archives—Electing Dynasties: Alberta Campaigns 1935 to 2001
- CBC Digital Archives—Alberta @ 100
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Coordinates: 54°30′N 115°00′W / 54.5°N 115°W / 54.5; -115
http://wn.com/Alberta
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Eric Patrick Clapton, CBE, (born 30 March 1945) is an English guitarist and singer-songwriter. Clapton is the only three-time inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: once as a solo artist, and separately as a member of The Yardbirds and Cream. Clapton has been referred to as one of the most important and influential guitarists of all time.[2] Clapton ranked second in Rolling Stone magazine's list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time"[3] and fourth in Gibson's Top 50 Guitarists of All Time.[4]
In the mid 1960s, Clapton departed from the Yardbirds to play blues with John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers. In his one-year stay with Mayall, Clapton gained the nickname "Slowhand". Immediately after leaving Mayall, Clapton formed Cream, a power trio with drummer Ginger Baker and bassist Jack Bruce in which Clapton played sustained blues improvisations and "arty, blues-based psychedelic pop." For most of the 1970s, Clapton's output bore the influence of the mellow style of J.J. Cale and the reggae of Bob Marley. His version of Marley's "I Shot the Sheriff" helped reggae reach a mass market.[5] Two of his most popular recordings were "Layla", recorded by Derek and the Dominos, another band he formed and Robert Johnson's "Crossroads", recorded by Cream. A recipient of seventeen Grammy Awards,[6] in 2004 Clapton was awarded a CBE for services to music.[7] In 1998, Clapton, a recovering alcoholic and drug addict, founded the Crossroads Centre on Antigua, a medical facility for recovering substance abusers.[8]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Eric Patrick Clapton was born in Ripley, Surrey, England, the son of 16-year-old Patricia Molly Clapton (b. 7 January 1929 d. March 1999) and Edward Walter Fryer (21 March 1920 – 15 May 1985), a 25-year-old soldier from Montreal, Quebec.[9] Fryer shipped off to war prior to Clapton's birth and then returned to Canada. Clapton grew up with his grandmother, Rose, and her second husband, Jack Clapp, who was stepfather to Patricia Clapton and her brother Adrian, believing they were his parents and that his mother was actually his older sister. The similarity in surnames gave rise to the erroneous belief that Clapton's real surname is Clapp (Reginald Cecil Clapton was the name of Rose's first husband, Eric Clapton's maternal grandfather).[10] Years later, his mother married another Canadian soldier and moved to Germany,[11] leaving young Eric with his grandparents in Surrey.[12]
Clapton received an acoustic Hoyer guitar, made in Germany, for his thirteenth birthday, but the inexpensive steel-stringed instrument was difficult to play and he briefly lost interest.[12] Two years later Clapton picked it up again and started playing consistently.[12] Clapton was influenced by the blues from an early age, and practised long hours to learn the chords of blues music by playing along to the records.[13] He preserved his practice sessions using his portable Grundig reel-to-reel tape recorder, listening to them over and over until he felt he'd got it right.[13][14]
After leaving Hollyfield School, in Surbiton, in 1961, Clapton studied at the Kingston College of Art but was dismissed at the end of the academic year because his focus remained on music rather than art. His guitar playing was so advanced that by the age of 16 he was getting noticed.[14] Around this time Clapton began busking around Kingston, Richmond, and the West End.[15] In 1962, Clapton started performing as a duo with fellow blues enthusiast David Brock in pubs around Surrey.[14] When he was seventeen years old Clapton joined his first band, an early British R&B group, "The Roosters", whose other guitarist was Tom McGuinness. He stayed with this band from January through August 1963.[16] In October of that year, Clapton did a seven-gig stint with Casey Jones & The Engineers.[16]
Career[link]
1960s[link]
The Yardbirds and the Bluesbreakers[link]
Main articles: The Yardbirds and John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers
In October 1963 Clapton joined The Yardbirds, a blues-influenced rock and roll band, and stayed with them until March 1965. Synthesising influences from Chicago blues and leading blues guitarists such as Buddy Guy, Freddie King, and B. B. King, Clapton forged a distinctive style and rapidly became one of the most talked-about guitarists in the British music scene.[17] The band initially played Chess/Checker/Vee-Jay blues numbers and began to attract a large cult following when they took over the Rolling Stones' residency at the Crawdaddy Club in Richmond. They toured England with American bluesman Sonny Boy Williamson II; a joint LP album, recorded in December 1963, was issued in 1965.
It was during this time period that Clapton's Yardbirds rhythm guitarist, Chris Dreja, recalled that whenever Clapton broke a guitar string during a concert, he would stay on stage and replace it. The English audiences would wait out the delay by doing what is called a "slow handclap". Clapton told his official biographer, Ray Coleman, that, "My nickname of 'Slowhand' came from Giorgio Gomelsky. He coined it as a good pun. He kept saying I was a fast player, so he put together the slow handclap phrase into Slowhand as a play on words".[18]
In March 1965 the Yardbirds had their first major hit, "For Your Love", on which Clapton played guitar. The Yardbirds elected to move toward a pop-oriented sound, in part because of the success of "For Your Love", written by pop songwriter-for-hire Graham Gouldman, who had also written hit songs for Herman's Hermits and The Hollies. Still musically devoted to the blues, Clapton was opposed to the move, and left the band. He recommended fellow guitarist Jimmy Page as his replacement, but Page was at that time unwilling to relinquish his lucrative career as a freelance studio musician, so Page in turn recommended Clapton's successor, Jeff Beck.[17] While Beck and Page played together in the Yardbirds, the trio of Beck, Page, and Clapton were never in the group together. However, the trio did appear on the 12-date benefit tour for Action for Research into Multiple Sclerosis in 1983, as well as on the album Guitar Boogie.
Clapton joined John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers in April 1965, only to quit a few months later. In the summer of 1965 he left for Greece with a band called The Glands, which included his old friend Ben Palmer on piano. In November 1965 he rejoined John Mayall. During his second Bluesbreakers stint, Clapton gained a reputation as the best blues guitarist on the club circuit. Although Clapton gained world fame for his playing on the influential album, Blues Breakers – John Mayall – With Eric Clapton, this album was not released until Clapton had left the Bluesbreakers for the last time. Having swapped his Fender Telecaster and Vox AC30 amplifier for a 1960 Gibson Les Paul Standard guitar and Marshall amplifier, Clapton's sound and playing inspired a well-publicised graffiti that deified him with the famous slogan "Clapton is God". The phrase was spray-painted by an admirer on a wall in an Islington Underground station in the autumn of 1967. The graffiti was captured in a now-famous photograph, in which a dog is urinating on the wall. Clapton is reported to have been embarrassed by the slogan, saying in his The South Bank Show profile in 1987, "I never accepted that I was the greatest guitar player in the world. I always wanted to be the greatest guitar player in the world, but that's an ideal, and I accept it as an ideal". The phrase began to appear in other areas of Islington throughout the mid 1960s.[19]
Cream[link]
Main article: Cream (band)
Clapton left the Bluesbreakers in July 1966 (to be replaced by Peter Green) and formed Cream, one of the earliest supergroups, with Jack Bruce on bass (also of Manfred Mann, the Bluesbreakers, and the Graham Bond Organisation) and Ginger Baker on drums (another member of the Graham Bond Organisation). Before the formation of Cream, Clapton was not well known in the United States; he left the Yardbirds before "For Your Love" hit the American Top Ten, and had yet to perform there.[20] During his time with Cream, Clapton began to develop as a singer, songwriter, and guitarist, though Bruce took most of the lead vocals and wrote the majority of the material with lyricist Pete Brown.[17] Cream's first gig was an unofficial performance at the Twisted Wheel Club in Manchester on 29 July 1966 before their full debut two nights later at the National Jazz and Blues Festival in Windsor. Cream established its enduring legend with the high-volume blues jamming and extended solos of their live shows.
In early 1967 Clapton's status as Britain's top guitarist was rivalled by the emergence of Jimi Hendrix, an acid rock-infused guitarist who used wailing feedback and effects pedals to create new sounds for the instrument. Hendrix attended a performance of the newly-formed Cream at the Central London Polytechnic on 1 October 1966, during which Hendrix sat in on a double-timed version of "Killing Floor". Top UK stars including Clapton, Pete Townshend, and members of The Rolling Stones and The Beatles avidly attended Hendrix's early club performances. Hendrix's arrival had an immediate and major effect on the next phase of Clapton's career, although Clapton continued to be recognised in UK music polls as the premier guitarist.
Clapton first visited the United States while touring with Cream. In March 1967, Cream performed a nine-show stand at the RKO Theater in New York. They recorded Disraeli Gears in New York from 11–15 May 1967. Cream's repertoire varied from hard rock ("I Feel Free") to lengthy blues-based instrumental jams ("Spoonful"). Disraeli Gears featured Clapton's searing guitar lines, Bruce's soaring vocals and prominent, fluid bass playing, and Baker's powerful, polyrhythmic jazz-influenced drumming. Together, Cream's talents secured them as an influential power trio.
In 28 months, Cream had become a commercial success, selling millions of records and playing throughout the U.S. and Europe. They redefined the instrumentalist's role in rock and were one of the first blues-rock bands to emphasise musical virtuosity and lengthy jazz-style improvisation sessions. Their U.S. hit singles include "Sunshine of Your Love" (#5, 1968), "White Room" (#6, 1968) and "Crossroads" (#28, 1969) – a live version of Robert Johnson's "Cross Road Blues". Though Cream was hailed as one of the greatest groups of its day, and the adulation of Clapton as a guitar hero reached new heights, the supergroup was short-lived. Drug and alcohol use escalated tension between the three members, and conflicts between Bruce and Baker eventually led to Cream's demise. A strongly critical Rolling Stone review of a concert of the group's second headlining U.S. tour was another significant factor in the trio's demise, and it affected Clapton profoundly.[21]
Cream's farewell album, Goodbye, featuring live performances recorded at The Forum, Los Angeles, 19 October 1968, was released shortly after Cream disbanded; it also featured the studio single "Badge", co-written by Clapton and George Harrison. Clapton met Harrison and became friends with him after the Beatles shared a bill with the Clapton-era Yardbirds at the London Palladium. The close friendship between Clapton and Harrison resulted in Clapton's playing on Harrison's "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" from the Beatles' White Album (1968). Harrison also released his solo debut album, Wonderwall Music, in 1968. It became the first of many Harrison solo records to feature Clapton on guitar. Clapton would go largely uncredited for his contributions to Harrison's albums due to contractual restraints. The pair would often play live together as each other's guest. A year after Harrison's death in 2001, Clapton helped organise a tribute concert, for which he was musical director.[22]
Cream briefly reunited in 1993 to perform at the ceremony inducting them into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame; a full reunion took place in May 2005, with Clapton, Bruce, and Baker playing four sold-out concerts at London's Royal Albert Hall,[23] and three shows at New York's Madison Square Garden that October.[24] Recordings from the London shows, Royal Albert Hall London May 2-3-5-6, 2005, were released on CD, LP, and DVD in September/December 2005.[25]
Blind Faith and Delaney and Bonnie and Friends[link]
Main articles: Blind Faith and Delaney and Bonnie and Friends
Clapton's next group, Blind Faith (1969), was composed of Cream drummer Ginger Baker, Steve Winwood of Traffic, and Ric Grech of Family, and yielded one LP and one arena-circuit tour. The supergroup debuted before 100,000 fans in London's Hyde Park on 7 June 1969. They performed several dates in Scandinavia and began a sold-out American tour in July before their only album was released. The LP Blind Faith consisted of just six songs, one of them a 15-minute jam entitled "Do What You Like". The album's jacket image of a topless pubescent girl was deemed controversial in the United States and was replaced by a photograph of the band. Blind Faith dissolved after less than seven months.
Clapton subsequently toured as a sideman for an act that had opened for Blind Faith, Delaney and Bonnie and Friends. He also played two dates as a member of The Plastic Ono Band that autumn, including a recorded performance at the Toronto Rock and Roll Revival in September 1969 released as the album Live Peace in Toronto 1969.[26] On 15 December 1969 Clapton performed with John Lennon, George Harrison, and others as the Plastic Ono Band at a fundraiser for UNICEF in London.[26]
Delaney Bramlett encouraged Clapton in his singing and writing. During the summer of 1969, Clapton and Bramlett contributed to the Music From Free Creek "supersession" project. Clapton, appearing as "King Cool" for contractual reasons, played with Dr. John on three songs, joined by Bramlett on two tracks.
Using the Bramletts' backing group and an all-star cast of session players (including Leon Russell and Stephen Stills), Clapton recorded his first solo album during two brief tour hiatuses, fittingly named Eric Clapton. Delaney Bramlett co-wrote six of the songs with Clapton,[27] and Bonnie Bramlett co-wrote "Let It Rain".[28] The album yielded the unexpected U.S. #18 hit, J. J. Cale's "After Midnight". Clapton went with Delaney and Bonnie from the stage to the studio with the Dominos to record George Harrison's All Things Must Pass in spring 1970. During this busy period, Clapton also recorded with other artists including Dr. John, Leon Russell, Plastic Ono Band, Billy Preston, and Ringo Starr.
1970s[link]
Derek and the Dominos[link]
Main article: Derek and the Dominos
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With the intention to counteract the "star" cult faction that had begun to form around him, Clapton assembled a new band composed of Delaney and Bonnie's former rhythm section, Bobby Whitlock as keyboardist and vocalist, Carl Radle as the bassist, and drummer Jim Gordon, with Clapton playing guitar. It was his intention to show that he need not fill a starring role, and functioned well as a member of an ensemble.[29] Naming the band, "Eric Clapton and Friends" at first, the name "Derek and the Dominos" was a fluke. It occurred when the band's provisional name of "Del and the Dynamos" was misread as Derek and the Dominos.[30] Clapton's biography states that Tony Ashton of Ashton, Gardner and Dyke told Clapton to call the band "Del and the Dominos", since "Del" was his nickname for Eric Clapton. Del and Eric were combined and the final name became "Derek and the Dominos".[31]
Clapton's close friendship with George Harrison brought him into contact with Harrison's wife, Pattie Boyd, with whom he became deeply infatuated. When she spurned his advances, Clapton's unrequited affections prompted most of the material for the Dominos' album, Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs (1970). Heavily blues-influenced, the album features the twin lead guitars of Duane Allman and Clapton, with Allman's slide guitar as a key ingredient of the sound. Working at Criteria Studios in Miami with Atlantic Records producer Tom Dowd, who had worked with Clapton on Cream's Disraeli Gears, the band recorded a double album.
The album features the hit love song "Layla", inspired by the classical poet of Persian literature, Nizami Ganjavi's The Story of Layla and Majnun, a copy of which Ian Dallas had given to Clapton. The book moved Clapton profoundly, as it was the tale of a young man who fell hopelessly in love with a beautiful, unavailable woman and who went crazy because he could not marry her.[32][33] The two parts of "Layla" were recorded in separate sessions: the opening guitar section was recorded first, and for the second section, laid down several months later, drummer Jim Gordon composed and played the piano part.[31]
The Layla LP was actually recorded by a five-piece version of the group, thanks to the unforeseen inclusion of guitarist Duane Allman of The Allman Brothers Band. A few days into the Layla sessions, Dowd—who was also producing the Allmans—invited Clapton to an Allman Brothers outdoor concert in Miami. The two guitarists met first on stage, then played all night in the studio, and became friends. Duane first added his slide guitar to "Tell the Truth" and "Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out". In four days, the five-piece Dominos recorded "Key to the Highway", "Have You Ever Loved a Woman" (a blues standard popularised by Freddie King and others), and "Why Does Love Got to be So Sad". In September, Duane briefly left the sessions for gigs with his own band, and the four-piece Dominos recorded "I Looked Away", "Bell Bottom Blues", and "Keep on Growing". Duane returned to record "I am Yours", "Anyday", and "It's Too Late". On 9 September, they recorded Hendrix's "Little Wing" and the title track. The following day, the final track, "It's Too Late", was recorded.[34]
Tragedy dogged the group throughout its brief career. During the sessions, Clapton was devastated by news of the death of Jimi Hendrix; eight days previously the band had cut a cover of "Little Wing" as a tribute to Hendrix. On 17 September 1970, one day before Hendrix's death, Clapton had purchased a left-handed Fender Stratocaster that he had planned to give to Hendrix as a birthday gift. Adding to Clapton's woes, the Layla album received only lukewarm reviews upon release. The shaken group undertook a U.S. tour without Allman, who had returned to the Allman Brothers Band. Despite Clapton's later admission that the tour took place amidst a veritable blizzard of drugs and alcohol, it resulted in the live double album In Concert.[35] The band had recorded several tracks for a second album in London during the spring of 1971 (five of which were released on the Eric Clapton box-set Crossroads), but the results were mediocre.
A second record was in the works when a clashing of egos took place and Clapton walked, thus disbanding the group. Allman was killed in a motorcycle accident on 29 October 1971. Although Radle would remain Clapton's bass player until the summer of 1979 (Radle died in May 1980 from the effects of alcohol and narcotics), it would be 2003 before Clapton and Whitlock appeared together again (Clapton guested on Whitlock's appearance on the Later with Jools Holland show). Another tragic footnote to the Dominos story was the fate of drummer Jim Gordon, who was an undiagnosed schizophrenic and years later murdered his mother during a psychotic episode. Gordon was confined to 16-years-to-life imprisonment, later being moved to a mental institution, where he remains today.[17]
Solo career[link]
Clapton's career successes in the 1970s were in stark contrast with his personal life, which was troubled by romantic longings and drug and alcohol addiction.[36] While suffering his (temporarily) unrequited and intense attraction to Pattie Boyd, he withdrew from recording and touring to isolation in his Surrey, England, residence. There he nursed his heroin addiction, which resulted in a career hiatus interrupted only by the Concert for Bangladesh in August 1971 (where he passed out on stage, was revived, and continued his performance).[17] In January 1973, The Who's Pete Townshend organised a comeback concert for Clapton at London's Rainbow Theatre, aptly titled the "Rainbow Concert", to help Clapton kick his addiction. Clapton would return the favour by playing 'The Preacher' in Ken Russell's film version of The Who's Tommy in 1975; his appearance in the film (performing "Eyesight to the Blind") is notable as he is clearly wearing a fake beard in some shots, the result of deciding to shave off his real beard after the initial takes in an attempt to force the director to remove his earlier scene from the movie and leave the set.[31]
In 1974, now partnered with Pattie (they would not actually marry until 1979) and no longer using heroin (although starting to drink heavily), Clapton put together a more low-key touring band that included Radle, Miami guitarist George Terry, keyboardist Dick Sims (who died in 2011 [37]), drummer Jamie Oldaker, and vocalists Yvonne Elliman and Marcy Levy (also known as Marcella Detroit). With this band Clapton recorded 461 Ocean Boulevard (1974), an album with an emphasis on more compact songs and fewer guitar solos; the cover version of "I Shot The Sheriff" was Clapton's first #1 hit and was important in bringing reggae and the music of Bob Marley to a wider audience. The 1975 album There's One in Every Crowd continued this trend. The album's original title, The World's Greatest Guitar Player (There's One In Every Crowd), was changed before pressing, as it was felt its ironic intention would be misunderstood. The band toured the world and subsequently released the 1975 live LP, E.C. Was Here.[38] Clapton continued to release albums and toured regularly. Highlights of the period include No Reason to Cry (a collaboration with Bob Dylan and The Band); Slowhand, which featured "Wonderful Tonight" (another song inspired by Boyd);[39] and a second J.J. Cale cover, "Cocaine". In 1976 he performed, alongside a string of notable guests, to pay tribute to the farewell performance of The Band, filmed in a Martin Scorsese documentary called the Last Waltz.
1980s[link]
In 1981 Clapton was invited by producer Martin Lewis to appear at the Amnesty International benefit The Secret Policeman's Other Ball. Clapton accepted the invitation and teamed up with Jeff Beck to perform a series of duets—reportedly their first-ever billed stage collaboration. Three of the performances were released on the album of the show, and one of the songs was featured in the film. The performances heralded a return to form and prominence for Clapton in the new decade. Many factors had influenced Clapton's comeback, including his "deepening commitment to Christianity", to which he had converted prior to his heroin addiction.[40][41]
After an embarrassing fishing incident, Clapton finally called his manager and admitted he was an alcoholic. In January 1982 Roger and Clapton flew to Minneapolis – St. Paul; Clapton would be checked in at Hazelden Treatment Center, located in Center City, Minnesota. On the flight over, Clapton indulged in a large number of drinks, for fear he would never be able to drink again. Clapton is quoted as saying from his autobiography, "In the lowest moments of my life, the only reason I didn't commit suicide was that I knew I wouldn't be able to drink any more if I was dead. It was the only thing I thought was worth living for, and the idea that people were about to try and remove me from alcohol was so terrible that I drank and drank and drank, and they had to practically carry me into the clinic."[42]
After being discharged, it was recommended by doctors of Hazelden that Clapton not partake in any activities that would act as triggers for his alcoholism or stress, until he was fully situated back at Hurtwood. A few months after his discharge, Clapton began working on his next album, against the Hazelden doctors' orders. Working with Tom Dowd, Clapton produced what he thought as his "most forced" album to date, Money and Cigarettes.
In 1984 he performed on Pink Floyd member Roger Waters' solo album, The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking, and went on tour with Waters following the release of the album. Since then Waters and Clapton have had a close relationship. In 2005 they performed together for the Tsunami Relief Fund. In 2006 they performed at the Highclere Castle, in aid of the Countryside Alliance, playing two set pieces of "Wish You Were Here" and "Comfortably Numb". Clapton, now a seasoned charity performer, played at the Live Aid concert on 13 July 1985.[43] When offered a slot close to peak viewing hours, he was apparently flattered. As Clapton recovered from his addictions, his album output continued in the 1980s, including two produced with Phil Collins, 1985's Behind the Sun, which produced the hits "Forever Man" and "She's Waiting", and 1986's August.
August was suffused with Collins's trademark drum and horn sound, and became Clapton's biggest seller in the UK to date, matching his highest chart position, number 3. The album's first track, the hit "It's In The Way That You Use It", was featured in the Tom Cruise – Paul Newman movie The Color of Money. The horn-peppered "Run" echoed Collins' "Sussudio" and rest of the producer's Genesis/solo output, while "Tearing Us Apart" (with Tina Turner) and the unimpressed "Miss You" echoed Clapton's angry sound. This rebound kicked off Clapton's two-year period of touring with Collins and their August collaborates, bassist Nathan East and keyboard player/songwriter Greg Phillinganes. While on tour for August, two concert videos were recorded of the four-man band, Eric Clapton Live from Montreux and Eric Clapton and Friends. Clapton later remade "After Midnight" as a single and a promotional track for the Michelob beer brand, which had also marketed earlier songs by Collins and Steve Winwood. Clapton won a British Academy Television Award for his collaboration with Michael Kamen on the score for the 1985 BBC Television thriller serial Edge of Darkness. In 1989, Clapton released Journeyman, an album which covered a wide range of styles including blues, jazz, soul and pop. Collaborators included George Harrison, Phil Collins, Daryl Hall, Chaka Khan, Mick Jones, David Sanborn and Robert Cray.
In 1984, while still married to Pattie Boyd, Clapton began a year-long relationship with Yvonne Kelly. The two had a daughter, Ruth, who was born in January 1985, but her existence was kept a secret by her parents. She was not publicly revealed as his child until 1991.[44] Boyd criticised Clapton because he had not revealed the child's existence.[45]
At the 1987 Brit Awards in London, Clapton picked up the prize for Outstanding Contribution to Music.[46] Hurricane Hugo hit Montserrat in 1989, and this resulted in the closure of Sir George Martin and John Burgess's recording studio AIR Montserrat, where Kelly was Managing Director. Kelly and Ruth moved back to England, and stories about Eric's secret daughter began as a result of newspaper articles published at the time.[44] Clapton and Boyd divorced in 1988 following his affair with Italian model Lory Del Santo, who gave birth to their son, Conor, on 21 August 1986.[47] Boyd was never able to conceive children, despite attempts at in vitro fertilisation.[45][47] Their divorce was granted on grounds of "infidelity and unreasonable behaviour."[45]
Clapton was known to date a host of beautiful women, including Krissy Wood (ex-wife of Ron Wood), actress Charlotte Martin, socialite Alice Ormsby-Gore, Paula Boyd (the younger sister of his future wife Pattie), singer Janis Joplin, singer Marianne Faithfull, rock muses Catherine James, Cyrinda Fox, and Geraldine Edwards, the inspiration for Penny Lane in Almost Famous, singer Rosanne Cash, the First Lady of France and former model Carla Bruni, and actresses Patsy Kensit, Sharon Stone, and Alicia Witt.[48]
1990s[link]
The 1990s brought a series of 32 concerts to the Royal Albert Hall, such as the 24 Nights series of concerts that took place around January through February 1990, and February through March 1991. On 27 August 1990, fellow blues guitarist Stevie Ray Vaughan, who was touring with Clapton, and three members of their road crew were killed in a helicopter crash between concerts. Then, on 20 March 1991, Clapton's four-year-old son, Conor, died after falling from the 53rd-floor window of his mother's friend's New York City apartment at 117 East 57th Street. He landed on the roof of an adjacent four-story building. Clapton's grief was expressed in the song "Tears in Heaven", which was co-written by Will Jennings. At the 35th Grammy Awards, Clapton received six Grammy Awards for the single "Tears in Heaven" and his Unplugged album.[49] The album reached number one on the Billboard 200, and has since been certified Diamond by the RIAA for selling over 10 million copies in the United States.[50] On 9 September 1992, Clapton performed "Tears in Heaven" at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards in Los Angeles, and won the award for Best Male Video.[51][52]
In October 1992 Clapton was among the dozens of artists performing at Bob Dylan's 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration. Recorded at Madison Square Garden in New York City, the live two-disk CD/DVD captured a show full of celebrities performing classic Dylan songs, before ending with a few performances from Dylan himself. Despite the presence of 10 other guitarists on stage, including George Harrison, Neil Young, Roger McGuinn, Steve Cropper, Tom Petty, and Dylan, Clapton played the lead on a nearly 7-minute version of Dylan's "Knockin' on Heaven's Door" as part of the finale.
While Unplugged featured Clapton playing acoustic guitar, his 1994 album From the Cradle contained new versions of old blues standards, highlighted by his electric guitar playing.[53] Clapton's 1996 recording of the Wayne Kirkpatrick/Gordon Kennedy/Tommy Sims tune "Change the World" (featured in the soundtrack of the movie Phenomenon) won the Grammy Award for Song of the Year in 1997, the same year he recorded Retail Therapy (an album of electronic music with Simon Climie under the pseudonym TDF). The following year, Clapton released the album Pilgrim, the first record featuring new material for almost a decade.[41] Clapton finished the twentieth century with collaborations with Carlos Santana and B. B. King.
In 1996 Clapton had a relationship with singer/songwriter Sheryl Crow. They remain friends, and Clapton appeared as a guest on Crow's Central Park Concert. The duo performed a Cream hit single, "White Room". Later, Clapton and Crow performed an alternate version of "Tulsa Time" with other guitar legends at the Crossroads Guitar Festival in June 2007.
In 1998 Clapton, then 53, met 22-year-old administrative assistant Melia McEnery in Columbus, Ohio, at a party given for him after a performance. He quietly dated her for a year, and went public with the relationship in 1999. They married on 1 January 2002 at St Mary Magdalene church in Clapton's birthplace, Ripley. As of 2005 they have three daughters, Julie Rose (13 June 2001), Ella May (14 January 2003), and Sophie Belle (1 February 2005).
At the 41st Grammy Awards on 24 February 1999, Clapton received his third Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance, for his song "My Father's Eyes".[54] In October 1999, the compilation album, Clapton Chronicles: The Best of Eric Clapton, was released, which contained a new song, "Blue Eyes Blue", that also appears in soundtrack for the film, Runaway Bride.[55][56]
2000s[link]
Following the release of the 2001 record Reptile, in June 2002, Clapton performed "Layla" and "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" at the Party at the Palace concert in the grounds of Buckingham Palace.[57] On 29 November 2002, the Concert for George was held at the Royal Albert Hall, a tribute to George Harrison, who had died a year earlier of cancer.[58] Clapton was a performer and the musical director. The concert featured Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr, Jeff Lynne, Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, Ravi Shankar, Gary Brooker, Billy Preston, Joe Brown and Dhani Harrison.[58] In 2004, Clapton released two albums of covers of songs by bluesman Robert Johnson, Me and Mr. Johnson and Sessions for Robert J. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked Clapton #53 on their list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time".[59]
On 22 January 2005, Clapton performed in the Tsunami Relief Concert held at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, in aid of the victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. In May 2005 Eric Clapton, Jack Bruce, and Ginger Baker reunited as Cream for a series of concerts at the Royal Albert Hall in London. Concert recordings were released on CD and DVD. Later, Cream performed in New York at Madison Square Garden. Back Home, Clapton's first album of new original material in nearly five years, was released on Reprise Records on 30 August. In 2006 he invited Derek Trucks and Doyle Bramhall II to join his band for his 2006–2007 world tour. Trucks is the third member of the Allman Brothers Band to tour supporting Clapton, the second being pianist/keyboardist Chuck Leavell, who appeared on the MTV Unplugged album and the 24 Nights performances at the Royal Albert Hall theatre of London in 1990 and 1991, as well as Clapton's 1992 U.S. tour.
On 20 May 2006, Clapton performed with Queen drummer Roger Taylor and former Pink Floyd bassist/songwriter Roger Waters at the Highclere Castle, Hampshire, in support of the Countryside Alliance.[60] On 13 August 2006, Clapton made a guest appearance at the Bob Dylan concert in Columbus, Ohio, playing guitar on three songs in Jimmie Vaughan's opening act.[61] A collaboration with guitarist J. J. Cale, titled The Road to Escondido, was released on 7 November 2006, featuring Derek Trucks and Billy Preston. The 14-track CD was produced and recorded by the duo in August 2005 in California. The chemistry between Trucks and Clapton convinced him to invite The Derek Trucks Band to open for Clapton's set at his 2007 Crossroads Guitar Festival. Trucks remained on set afterward, performed with Clapton's band throughout his performances, and later embarked on a world tour with him.
The rights to Clapton's official memoirs, written by Christopher Simon Sykes and published in 2007, were sold at the 2005 Frankfurt Book Fair for US$4 million.[62]
On 26 February 2008, it was reported that North Korean officials had invited Clapton to play a concert in the communist state.[63] Clapton's management received the invitation and passed it on to the singer, who agreed in principle and suggested it take place sometime in 2009.[64] Kristen Foster, a spokesperson, said, "Eric Clapton receives numerous offers to play in countries around the world," and "[t]here is no agreement whatsoever for him to play in North Korea."[65]
In 2007 Clapton learned more about his father, a Canadian soldier who left the UK after the war. Although Clapton's grandparents eventually told him the truth about his parentage, he only knew that his father's name was Edward Fryer. This was a source of disquiet for Clapton, as witnessed by his 1998 song "My Father's Eyes". A Montreal journalist named Michael Woloschuk researched Canadian Armed Forces service records and tracked down members of Fryer's family, and finally pieced together the story. He learned that Clapton's father was Edward Walter Fryer, born 21 March 1920, in Montreal and died 15 May 1985 in Newmarket, Ontario. Fryer was a musician (piano and saxophone) and a lifelong drifter who was married several times, had several children, and apparently never knew that he was the father of Eric Clapton.[66] Clapton thanked Woloschuk in an encounter at Macdonald Cartier Airport, in Ottawa, Canada.[67]
In February 2008 Clapton performed with his long-time friend Steve Winwood at Madison Square Garden and guested on his recorded single, "Dirty City", on Winwood's album Nine Lives. The two former Blind Faith bandmates met again for a series of 14 concerts throughout the United States in June 2009.
Clapton's 2008 Summer Tour began on 3 May at the Ford Amphitheatre, Tampa Bay, Florida, and then moved to Canada, Ireland, England, Norway, Iceland, Denmark, Poland, Germany, and Monaco. On 28 June 2008, he headlined Saturday night for Hard Rock Calling 2008 in London's Hyde Park (previously Hyde Park Calling) with support from Sheryl Crow and John Mayer.[68][69] In September 2008 Clapton performed at a private charity fundraiser for The Countryside Alliance at Floridita in Soho, London, that included such guests as the London Mayor Boris Johnson.
In March 2009, the Allman Brothers Band (amongst many notable guests) celebrated their 40th year, dedicating their string of concerts to the late Duane Allman on their annual run at the Beacon Theatre. Eric Clapton was one of the performers, with drummer Butch Trucks remarking that the performance was not the typical Allman Brothers experience, given the number and musical styles of the guests who were invited to perform. Songs like "In Memory of Elizabeth Reed" were punctuated with others, including "The Weight", with Levon Helm; Johnny Winter sitting in on Hendrix's "Red House"; and "Layla". On 4 May 2009 Clapton appeared as a featured guest at the Royal Albert Hall, playing "Further on Up the Road" with Joe Bonamassa.
Clapton was scheduled to be one of the performers at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 25th anniversary concert in Madison Square Garden on 30 October 2009, but cancelled due to gallstone surgery.[70] Van Morrison (who also cancelled)[71] said in an interview that he and Clapton were to do a "couple of songs", but that they would do something else together at "some other stage of the game".[72]
2010s[link]
Clapton performed a two-night show with Jeff Beck at London's O2 Arena on 13–14 February 2010.[73] The two former Yardbirds extended their 2010 tour with stops at Madison Square Garden,[74] the Air Canada Centre in Toronto, and the Bell Centre in Montreal.[75] Clapton performed a series of concerts in 11 cities throughout the United States from 25 February to 13 March 2010, including Roger Daltrey as opening act. His third European tour with Steve Winwood began on 18 May and ended 13 June, including Tom Norris as opening act. He then began a short North American tour lasting from 26 June to 3 July, starting with his third Crossroads Guitar Festival on 26 June at Toyota Park in Bridgeview, Illinois. Clapton released a new studio album, Clapton, on 27 September 2010 in the United Kingdom and 28 September 2010 in the United States. On 17 November 2010, Clapton performed as guest on the Prince's Trust rock gala held at the Royal Albert Hall, supported by the house band for the evening, which included Jools Holland, Midge Ure and Mark King.[76]
On 24 June 2011 Clapton was in concert with Pino Daniele in Cava de' Tirreni stadium, Italy, with an audience of 15,000 people before performing a series of concerts in South America from 6 to 16 October 2011. He spent the November and December 2011 touring Japan with Steve Winwood, playing 13 shows in various cities throughout the country. On 24 February 2012 Clapton, Keith Richards, Gary Clark Jr., Derek Trucks, Doyle Bramhall II, Kim Wilson and other artists performed together in the Howlin' For Hubert Tribute concert held at the Apollo Theater of NYC honoring blues guitarist Hubert Sumlin who died at age 80 in 4 December.
Influences[link]
Clapton cites Freddie King, B.B. King, Albert King, Buddy Guy, and Hubert Sumlin as guitar playing influences. Clapton stated blues musician Robert Johnson to be his single most important influence. In 2004 Clapton released CDs and DVDs entitled Sessions for Robert Johnson, featuring Clapton covering Robert Johnson songs using electric and acoustic guitars.[77]
Clapton co-authored with others the book Discovering Robert Johnson, in which Clapton said Johnson was[78]
"...the most important blues musician who ever lived. He was true, absolutely, to his own vision, and as deep as I have gotten into the music over the last 30 years, I have never found anything more deeply soulful than Robert Johnson. His music remains the most powerful cry that I think you can find in the human voice, really. ... it seemed to echo something I had always felt."
Legacy[link]
Clapton has been referred to as one of the most important and influential guitarists of all time.[2][79][80][81] Clapton is the only three-time inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: once as a solo artist, and separately as a member of The Yardbirds and Cream.[82] He ranked second in Rolling Stone magazine's list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time"[3] and fourth in Gibson's Top 50 Guitarists of All Time.[4]
Guitarists influenced by Clapton include Richie Sambora, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Gary Moore, Duane Allman, Derek Trucks,[83] Eddie Van Halen, Brian May, Tony Iommi, Lenny Kravitz, Slash, Orianthi,Vince Gill, Brad Paisley, Jonny Buckland, Joe Don Rooney, Alex Lifeson, Jonny Lang, John Mayer, Joe Satriani, Joe Bonamassa, Davy Knowles, and George Harrison.
Guitars[link]
Clapton's choice of electric guitars has been as notable as the man himself; alongside Hank Marvin, The Beatles and Jimi Hendrix, Clapton exerted a crucial and widespread influence in popularising particular models of electric guitar.[84] With the Yardbirds, Clapton played a Fender Telecaster, a Fender Jazzmaster, a double-cutaway Gretsch 6120, and a 1964 Cherry-Red Gibson ES-335. He became exclusively a Gibson player for a period beginning in mid-1965, when he purchased a used sunburst Gibson Les Paul guitar from a guitar store in London. Clapton commented on the slim profile of the neck, which would indicate it was a 1960 model.[85]
Early during his stint in Cream, Clapton's first Les Paul Standard was stolen. He continued to play Les Pauls exclusively with Cream (one bought from Andy Summers was almost identical to the stolen guitar)[86] until 1967, when he acquired his most famous guitar in this period, a 1964 Gibson SG.[87] Just before Cream's first U.S. appearance in 1967, Clapton's SG, Bruce's Fender VI, and Baker's drum head were all repainted in psychedelic designs created by the visual art collective known as The Fool. In 1968 Clapton bought a Gibson Firebird and started using the 1964 Cherry-Red Gibson ES-335 again.[87] The aforementioned 1964 ES-335 had a storied career. Clapton used it at the last Cream show in November 1968 as well as with Blind Faith, played it sparingly for slide pieces in the 1970s, used it on "Hard Times" from Journeyman, the Hyde Park live concert of 1996, and the From the Cradle sessions and tour of 1994–95. It was sold for US$847,500 at a 2004 auction.[88] Gibson produced a limited run of 250 "Crossroads 335" replicas. The 335 was only the second electric guitar Clapton bought.[89]
In July 1968 Clapton gave George Harrison a 1957 'goldtop' Gibson Les Paul that been refinished with a red colour. The following September, Clapton played the guitar on the Beatles' studio recording of "While My Guitar Gently Weeps". His SG found its way into the hands of George Harrison's friend Jackie Lomax, who subsequently sold it to musician Todd Rundgren for US$500 in 1972. Rundgren restored the guitar and nicknamed it "Sunny", after "Sunshine of Your Love". He retained it until 2000, when he sold it at an auction for US$150,000.[87] At the 1969 Blind Faith concert in Hyde Park, London Clapton played a Fender Custom Telecaster, which was fitted with "Brownie"'s neck.
In late 1969 Clapton made the switch to the Fender Stratocaster. "I had a lot of influences when I took up the Strat. First there was Buddy Holly, and Buddy Guy. Hank Marvin was the first well known person over here in England who was using one, but that wasn't really my kind of music. Steve Winwood had so much credibility, and when he started playing one, I thought, oh, if he can do it, I can do it."[90] The first—used during the recording of Eric Clapton—was "Brownie", which in 1974 became the backup to the most famous of all Clapton's guitars, "Blackie". In November 1970 Eric bought six Fender Stratocasters from the Sho-bud guitar shop in Nashville, Tennessee while on tour with the Dominos. He gave one each to George Harrison, Steve Winwood, and Pete Townshend.
Clapton assembled the best components of the remaining three to create "Blackie", which was his favourite stage guitar until its retirement in 1985. It was first played live 13 January 1973 at the Rainbow Concert.[91] Clapton called the 1956/57 Strat a "mongrel".[92] On 24 June 2004, Clapton sold "Blackie" at Christie's Auction House, New York, for US$959,500 to raise funds for his Crossroads Centre for drug and alcohol addictions. "Brownie" is now on display at the Experience Music Project.[93] The Fender Custom Shop has since produced a limited run of 275 'Blackie' replicas, correct in every detail right down to the 'Duck Brothers' flight case, and artificially aged using Fender's 'Relic' process to simulate years of hard wear. One was presented to Eric upon the model's release and was used for three numbers during a concert at the Royal Albert Hall on 17 May 2006.[94]
In 1981 Clapton gave his signed Fender Lead II guitar to the Hard Rock Cafe to designate his favourite bar stool. Pete Townshend also donated his own Gibson Les Paul guitar, with a note attached: "Mine's as good as his! Love, Pete."[95]
In 1988 Fender honoured Clapton with the introduction of his signature Eric Clapton Stratocaster.[96] These were the first two artist models in the Stratocaster range. Since then, the artist series has grown to include models inspired by Clapton's contemporaries such as Rory Gallagher, Mark Knopfler, Jeff Beck, and Stevie Ray Vaughan, and by those who have influenced him, such as Buddy Guy. Clapton uses Ernie Ball Slinky and Super Slinky strings, gauge .10 to.46.[97] Clapton has been honoured with several signature-model 000-sized acoustic guitars made by the American firm of C.F. Martin & Company. The first, of these, introduced in 1995, was a limited edition 000-42EC Eric Clapton signature model with a production run of 461. As of December 2007, Martin had produced seven EC signature models.[98] His 1939 000-42 Martin that he played on the Unplugged album sold for US$791,500 at auction.[88] Clapton plays a custom 000-ECHF Martin these days.
In 1999, Clapton auctioned off some of his guitar collection to raise more than US$5 million for continuing support of the Crossroads Centre in Antigua, which he founded in 1997.[99] The Crossroads Centre is a treatment base for addictive disorders such as drugs and alcohol. In 2004 Clapton organised and participated in the Crossroads Guitar Festival to benefit the Centre. A second guitar auction, including the "Cream" of Clapton's collection – as well as guitars donated by famous friends – was held on 24 June 2004. His Lowden acoustic guitar sold for US$41,825. The revenue garnered by this auction at Christie's was US$7,438,624.[88]
In 2010 Eric Clapton announced that he would be auctioning off over 150 items at a New York auction in 2011. Proceeds will benefit his Crossroads Centre in Antigua. Items include Clapton's guitar from the Cream reunion tour in 2005, speaker cabinets used in the early 1970s from his days with Derek and the Dominoes, and some guitars from Jeff Beck, J.J. Cale, and Joe Bonamassa.[100] In March 2011 Clapton raised more than US$2.15 million when he auctioned off key items, including a 1984 Gibson hollow body guitar, a Gianni Versace suit from his 1990 concert at the Royal Albert Hall, and a replica of the famous Fender Stratocaster known as "Blackie", which fetched more than $30,000. All proceeds from the auction were donated to Clapton's Crossroads drug and rehabilitation centre in Antigua.
The "woman tone" is the informal term used by Clapton to refer to his distinctive mid- to late-1960s electric guitar sound, created using his Gibson SG solid body guitar (with Humbucker pick-ups) and a Marshall tube amplifier.[101] It is an overdriven sound that is articulate yet thick. It is characterised by being quite distorted (or even achieved with a fuzz) but muted, in contrast to the bright and twangy distortion that most guitarists were using at the time. Many players have tried to duplicate it, usually without success, in part because Clapton's playing technique had a lot to do with the tone.
Among the techniques used to replicate Clapton's sound is a technique by which the amplifier's volume is turned up to full, while the guitar's tone knob is turned down to zero or one.[102]
Perhaps the best example of the "woman tone" is Clapton's famous riff and solo from Cream's 1967 hit "Sunshine of Your Love". Clapton has explained that he obtained the tone with his Gibson's tone control rolled all the way down, switching to the neck pick-up (closest to the fretboard) and the volume all the way up, with his distortion turned all the way up. The treble, mids and bass controls on the amplifier were also maxed out. Some versions of the "woman tone" may also have involved strategic positioning of Clapton's wah-wah pedal.
Other media appearances[link]
Clapton frequently appears as a guest on the albums of other musicians. For example, he is credited on Dire Straits's Brothers in Arms album, as he lent Mark Knopfler one of his guitars. He played lead guitar and synthesiser on The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking, Roger Waters' debut solo album. Other media appearances include the Toots & the Maytals album True Love, where he played guitar on the track "Pressure Drop". He can also be heard at the beginning of Frank Zappa's album, We're Only in It for the Money, repeating the phrase, "Are you hung up?" over and over again. In 1985, Clapton appeared on the charity concert Live Aid in Philadelphia with Phil Collins, Tim Renwick, Chris Stainton, Jamie Oldaker, Marcy Levy, Shaun Murphy, and Donald 'Duck' Dunn. In 1988 he played with Dire Straits and Elton John at the Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute at Wembley Stadium and the Prince's Trust rock gala at the Royal Albert Hall. On 30 June 1990, Dire Straits, Clapton, and Elton John made a guest appearance in the Nordoff-Robbins charity show held at Knebworth.[103] In 1991 Clapton was featured on Richie Sambora's album, Stranger In This Town, in a song dedicated to him, called "Mr. Bluesman". He contributed guitar and vocals to "Runaway Train", a duet with Elton John on the latter's The One album the following year.
On 12 September 1996 Clapton played a party for Armani at New York City's Lexington Armory with Greg Phillinganes, Nathan East, and Steve Gadd. Sheryl Crow appeared on one number, performing "Tearing Us Apart", a track from August, which was first performed by Tina Turner during the Prince's Trust All-Star Rock show in 1986. It was Clapton's sole US appearance that year, following the open-air concert held at Hyde Park.[104] The concert was taped and the footage was released both on VHS video cassette and later, on DVD.[104]
Clapton was featured in the movie version of Tommy, the first full length rock opera, written by The Who. The movie version gave Clapton a cameo appearance as The Preacher, performing Sonny Boy Williamson's song, "Eyesight to the Blind". He appeared in Blues Brothers 2000 as one of the Louisiana Gator Boys. In addition to being in the band, he had a small speaking role. Clapton has appeared in an advertisement for the Mercedes-Benz G-Wagen. In March 2007 Clapton appeared in an advertisement[105] for RealNetwork's Rhapsody online music service. In 2010 Clapton started appearing as a spokesman for T-Mobile, advertising their MyTouch Fender cell phone.
Eric Clapton was compared to God's image in the episode "Holy Crap!" of season two of That '70s Show when characters Eric Forman and Steven Hyde are asked by their minister to draw a picture of God.
Political views and advocacy[link]
Clapton is a supporter of the Countryside Alliance, he has played in concerts to raise funds for the organisation and he publicly opposed the Labour Party’s ban on fox hunting. A spokesperson for Clapton said, "Eric supports the Countryside Alliance. He doesn't hunt himself, but does enjoy rural pursuits such as fishing and shooting. He supports the Alliance's pursuit to scrap the ban on the basis that he doesn't agree with the state's interference with people's private pursuits."[106]
In 2008, he donated a song to Aid Still Required's CD to assist with the restoration of the devastation done to Southeast Asia from the 2004 Tsunami.
Controversy over remarks on immigration[link]
On 5 August 1976 Clapton provoked an uproar and lingering controversy when he spoke out against increasing immigration during a concert in Birmingham. Visibly intoxicated, Clapton voiced his support of controversial political candidate Enoch Powell, and announced on stage that Britain was in danger of becoming a "black colony". Clapton was quoted as saying, "I think Enoch's right ... we should send them all back. Throw the wogs out! Keep Britain white!"[107] The latter phrase was at the time a British National Front slogan.[108] Clapton continued:
"I used to be into dope, now I’m into racism. It’s much heavier, man. Fucking wogs, man. Fucking Saudis taking over London. Bastard wogs. Britain is becoming overcrowded and Enoch will stop it and send them all back. The black wogs and coons and Arabs and fucking Jamaicans and fucking [indecipherable] don’t belong here, we don’t want them here. This is England, this is a white country, we don’t want any black wogs and coons living here. We need to make clear to them they are not welcome. England is for white people, man. We are a white country. I don’t want fucking wogs living next to me with their standards. This is Great Britain, a white country, what is happening to us, for fuck's sake? We need to vote for Enoch Powell, he’s a great man, speaking truth. Vote for Enoch, he’s our man, he’s on our side, he’ll look after us. I want all of you here to vote for Enoch, support him, he’s on our side. Enoch for Prime Minister! Throw the wogs out! Keep Britain white!"[109]
This incident, along with some explicitly pro-fascism remarks made around the same time by David Bowie as well as uses of Nazi-related imagery by Sid Vicious and Siouxsie Sioux, were the main catalysts for the creation of Rock Against Racism, which occurred on 30 April 1978.[110]
In response to the comments, rock photographer Red Saunders and others published an open letter in NME, Melody Maker, Sounds, and the Socialist Worker. It read "Come on Eric... Own up. Half your music is black. You're rock music's biggest colonist". It concluded, "P.S. Who shot the Sheriff, Eric? It sure as hell wasn't you!"[110]
In an interview from October 1976 with Sounds magazine, Clapton remarked, "I thought it was quite funny actually. I don't know much about politics. I don't even know if it would be good or bad for him to get in. I don't even know who the Prime Minister is now. I just don't know what came over me that night. It must have been something that happened in the day but it came out in this garbled thing... I thought the whole thing was like Monty Python. There's this rock group playing on-stage and the singer starts talking about politics. It's so stupid. Those people who paid their money sittin' listening to this madman dribbling on and the band meanwhile getting fidgety thinking 'oh dear'."[111]
In a 2004 interview with Uncut, Clapton referred to Powell as "outrageously brave", and stated that his "feeling about this has not changed", because the UK is still "... inviting people in as cheap labour and then putting them in ghettos." In 2004 Clapton told an interviewer for Scotland on Sunday, "There's no way I could be a racist. It would make no sense".[112] In his 2007 autobiography, Clapton called himself "deliberately oblivious to it all" and wrote, "I had never really understood or been directly affected by racial conflict ... when I listened to music, I was disinterested in where the players came from or what colour their skin was. Interesting, then, that 10 years later, I would be labelled a racist ... Since then, I have learnt to keep my opinions to myself. Of course, it might also have had something to do with the fact that Pattie had just been leered at by a member of the Saudi royal family."[113] In a December 2007 interview with Melvyn Bragg on The South Bank Show, Clapton reiterated his support for Enoch Powell and again denied that Powell's views were "racist".[114]
Wealth and assets[link]
In 2009 Surrey Life Magazine ranked Eric Clapton as number 17 in their list of richest Surrey residents, estimating Clapton's fortune at £120 million in assets. This was a compilation of property and income which include a £9 million yacht, "Va Bene" (previously owned by Bernie Ecclestone), his back music catalogue, his touring income, and his Marshbrook holding company, which had earned him £110 million since 1989.[115] In 2003, he purchased a 50 per cent share of gentleman's outfitters Cordings Piccadilly.[116] At the time, owner Noll Uloth was trying to save the shop from closure and thought 'I will go and talk to my best client". He is reported to have contacted Eric and within five minutes he had a reply saying 'I can't let this happen."[116]
Awards and honours[link]
| Year | Award / Recognition |
|---|---|
| 1983 |
|
| 1985 |
|
| 1993 |
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| 1994 | |
| 2000 |
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| 2004 |
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| 2006 |
|
Football[link]
In 1982 he performed a concert before West Bromwich Albion player John Wile's testimonial game at the Hawthorns, and it is often reported by various sources that Clapton is an Albion supporter. Credence for this notion can be taken from the cover pictures to the "Backless" solo album, where he is seen on the front cover to be wearing a football scarf; the rear cover photograph reveals the slogan "ALBION" on the scarf. It has been reported that the club rejected his offer to invest cash in the club around this time, and that he has since expressed more of an interest in Chelsea.[124]
Clapton's music in film and TV[link]
- Mean Streets (1973) – "I Looked Away"
- Private Lessons (1981 film) (1981) – Next Time You See Her
- Purple Haze (1983) – "I Feel Free"
- The Hit (1984) – Score
- Miami Vice (1984–1989) – Four songs over the course of the show's five seasons: "Wonderful Tonight", "Knock On Wood", "She's Waiting", and "Layla"
- Back to the Future (1985) – "Heaven Is One Step Away"
- Edge of Darkness (1985) – Soundtrack
- The Color of Money (1986) – "It's In The Way That You Use It"
- SpaceCamp (1986 film) – "Forever Man" plays when Tate Donovan's character arrives at the Space Camp
- The German car manufacturer Opel and Vauxhall in the UK used the guitar riff of Clapton's "Layla" in its advertising campaign throughout in 1987–95.
- Lethal Weapon (1987) – Soundtrack with Michael Kamen
- Lethal Weapon 2 (1989) – "Knockin' On Heaven's Door"
- Goodfellas (1990) – "Layla" and "Sunshine of Your Love"[125]
- Rush (1991) – Clapton wrote the score
- Wayne's World (1992) – "Loving your Loving"
- Peter's Friends (1992) – "Give Me Strength"
- Lethal Weapon 3 (1992) – Clapton contributed to the score and co-wrote and co-performed the song "It's Probably Me" with Sting and "Runaway Train" with Elton John.
- True Lies (1994) – "Sunshine of Your Love"
- The Simpsons episode "Mother Simpson" (1995) – "Sunshine of Your Love"
- Twister (1996) – "Motherless Child"
- Phenomenon (1996) – "Change the World"
- The Van (1996) – Soundtrack
- Happy Gilmore (1996) – "Wonderful Tonight"
- Patch Adams (1998) – "Let It Rain"
- Lethal Weapon 4 (1998) – "Pilgrim"
- City of Angels (1998) – "Further On Up The Road"
- Buffy the Vampire Slayer episodes "Band Candy" and "Forever" (1998) – "Tales of Brave Ulysses"
- Runaway Bride (1999) – "Blue Eyes Blue"
- The Story of Us (1999) – "(I) Get Lost" (featured multiple times)
- Friends episode "The One with the Proposal, Part 2" (2000) – "Wonderful Tonight"
- Dancing At The Blue Iguana (2000) – "River of Tears"
- A Knight's Tale (2001) – "Further On Up The Road"
- Blow (2001) – "Strange Brew"
- Friends episode "The One Where Rachel Has a Baby, Part Two" (2002) – "River of Tears"
- Futurama episode "The 30% Iron Chef" (2002) – "Sunshine of Your Love"
- The Sopranos episode "Whitecaps" (2002) – Tony Soprano is seen listening to "Layla" in his Suburban.
- School Of Rock (2003) – "Sunshine of Your Love"
- Starsky & Hutch (2004) – "Cocaine"
- Anger Management (2004) – "Strange Brew"
- Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004) – "Cocaine"
- Bad News Bears (2005) – "Cocaine"
- Lords of Dogtown (2005) – "Strange Brew"
- Lord of War (2005) – "Cocaine"
- United States of Tara episode – "Cocaine"
- Community episode – "Layla"
- The Good Guys Episode Silvio's Way – "Layla"
- Due Date (2010) – "White Room"
- Shameless (U.S. TV series) (2011) – "White Room"
Discography[link]
Main article: Eric Clapton discography
References[link]
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- ^ a b c Schumacher, Michael (1992)
- ^ William McKeen, "Rock and roll is here to stay: an anthology", Published by W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. pg 127: "Clapton poured all he had into Layla's title track, which was inspired by the Persian love story he had read, the story of Layla and Majnun.
- ^ Gene Santoro, "Dancing in Your Head: Jazz, Blues, Rock, and Beyond", Published by Oxford University Press US, 1995. Excerpt page 62: "At the time, he started to read The story of Layla and Majnun by the Persian poet Nizami Ganjavi
- ^ "The Layla Sessions" CD liner notes.
- ^ The Layla Sessions liner notes, page 12.
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- ^ Legends of Rock Guitar: The Essential Reference of Rock's Greatest Guitarists p.69. Hal Leonard Corporation, 1 Mar 1997
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- ^ a b c Published 18 March 2004 9:09 PM. (18 March 2004). "Strat Collector News Desk: Eric Clapton Guitar Auction, 24 June 2004: More Information and Images". Stratcollector.com. http://www.stratcollector.com/newsdesk/archives/000180.html. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ Published 27 June 2004 6:03 PM. (27 June 2004). "Strat Collector News Desk: 2004 Eric Clapton Crossroads Guitar Auction: the Auction, the Burst Brothers, and Lee Dickson". Stratcollector.com. http://www.stratcollector.com/newsdesk/archives/000257.html. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ Tom Wheeler (2004) The Stratocaster chronicles: Fender : celebrating 50 years of the Fender Strat p.8. Hal Leonard Corporation, 2004
- ^ Published 28 June 2004 8:08 PM. (28 June 2004). "Strat Collector News Desk: An Interview with Eric Clapton Guitar Technician Lee Dickson". Stratcollector.com. http://www.stratcollector.com/newsdesk/archives/000259.html. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ "The Eric Clapton FAQ – Guitars". Xs4all.nl. 3 September 2001. http://www.xs4all.nl/~slowhand/ecfaq/guitars.html. Retrieved 22 August 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "Rock Memorabilia Market Booms: Eric Clapton". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/ericclapton/articles/story/8928554/rock_memorabilia_market_booms. Retrieved 22 August 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "Eric Clapton's Blackie – Guitar Center". Gc.guitarcenter.com. http://gc.guitarcenter.com/clapton/detail.cfm. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ Clapton's guitar: watching Wayne Henderson build the perfect instrument p.164. Simon and Schuster, 2005
- ^ Snogod. "Eric Clapton – ClaptonWeb.com – E.C. Mainline Florida". Claptonweb.com. http://www.claptonweb.com/guitares_ang.php. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ "Ernie Ball – Artists". Ernie Ball. Archived from the original on 5 August 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080805040814/http://www.ernieball.com/artists.php. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
- ^ Where's Eric! Magazine (2010). Martin Guitars: Eric Clapton Acoustic Models. Retrieved on: 18 August 2011.
- ^ Christie's – Eric Clapton Guitars[dead link]
- ^ "Eric Clapton Will Auction Vintage Guitars & Amps For His Crossroads Centre". http://iknowjack.radio.com/2010/12/10/eric-clapton-will-auction-vintage-guitars-amps-for-his-crossroads-centre/.
- ^ Ted Drozdowski (9 January 2009). "How to Get Clapton's Classic 'Woman Tone'". Lifestyle. Gibson.com. http://www.gibson.com/en-us/Lifestyle/ProductSpotlight/Tone-Tips/how-to-get-claptons-classic/. Retrieved 6 August 2010.
- ^ "Eric Clapton Shows Some Guitar Skills". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rq6r23-le5o. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ Tobler, John: Who's who in rock & roll p.1988. Crescent Books, 1991
- ^ a b Live in Hyde Park (Video/DVD) All music. Retrieved 29 December 2011
- ^ "Rhapsody.com Eric Clapton advert". 2007. http://play.rbn.com/?url=realguide/music/ads/clapton.smi. Retrieved 23 March 2007.
- ^ "Clapton headlines pro-hunt concert". http://www.contactmusic.com/new/xmlfeed.nsf/story/clapton-headlines-pro-hunt-concert_30_04_2006.
- ^ Bainbridge, Luke (14 October 2007). "The ten right-wing rockers". The Guardian (London). http://observer.guardian.co.uk/print/0,,330925087-111639,00.html. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
- ^ Hall, John (19 August 2009). "Dabbling in right wing politics – David Bowie, Brian Ferry and Eric Clapton". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/the-ten-worst-rocknroll-career-moves-1774270.html?action=Popup&ino=3. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
- ^ Rebel Rock by J. Street. First Edition (1986).Oxford Press Basil Blackwell.pp.74–75.
- ^ a b Manzoor, Sarfraz (20 April 2008). "The year rock found the power to unite". The Observer (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/apr/20/popandrock.race. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
- ^ Charone, Barbara (October 1976, (again, 1996)). "Eric Clapton: Farther On Up The Road". Reprint for the web, article from Sounds Magazine. Sounds Magazine. http://theband.hiof.no/articles/clapton_interview_sounds_oct_1976.html. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
- ^ "dead link". Scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com. http://scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com/review.cfm?id=408192004. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ "The gospel according to God". The Guardian (London). 21 October 2007. http://observer.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,2195792,00.html. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
- ^ "Eric Clapton". The South Bank Show. 2 December 2007. ITV.
- ^ Beresford, Philip (June 2009). "Surrey's Richest 50; The Top Ten". Rank of the wealthiest residents of Surrey, England. Surrey Life Magazine. http://surrey.greatbritishlife.co.uk/article/surreys-richest-50-the-top-ten-2497/. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
- ^ a b "Clapton rescues gentlemen's shop". BBC. 2 August 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/3528296.stm.
- ^ Michael Schumacher, Crossroads: The Life and Music of Eric Clapton. Consulted on 12 August 2007.
- ^ "Awards Database – The BAFTA site". BAFTA. http://www.bafta.org/awards-database.html?year=1985&category=Television&award=Original+Television+Music. Retrieved 10 October 2009.
- ^ "1993 Grammy Winners". Newspaper Article (New York Times). 26 February 1993. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE3DB133CF935A15751C0A965958260. Retrieved 20 August 2008.
- ^ "Eric Clapton: Blues guitar legend". BBC News. 31 December 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/3356959.stm. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ "Clapton's Hall of Fame hat-trick". BBC News. 8 December 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/555396.stm. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ "CBEs – full list". BBC News. 31 December 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3357011.stm. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ "Musician Clapton delighted by CBE". BBC News. 3 November 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3977571.stm. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ "BOING: The rich and famous celebrities who support West Bromwich Albion FC". Baggies.com. 12 June 2005. http://www.baggies.com/celebrities/. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ "Soundtracks for Goodfellas". Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0099685/soundtrack. Retrieved 17 February 2007.
Further reading[link]
- On Eric Clapton's career:
-
- Robin Bextor, Eric Clapton: Now & Then, Carlton Books, 2006, 144 pp.
- Eric Clapton, Clapton, The Autobiography, 2007 and 2008, Broadway Books, 352 pp. / Arrow, 400 pages / Century, 384 pp.
- Eric Clapton, Derek Taylor and Peter Blake, 24 Nights, Genesis Publications, 2 volumes, 1992, 198 and 64 pp. Eric Clapton's signed limited edition books, in a Solander box with 2 live CD
- Ray Coleman, Clapton!: The Authorized Biography, Warner Books, 368 pp, or Futura, 336 pages, 1986; originally publ. as "Survivor: The Authorized Biography", Sidgwick & Jackson, 1985, 300 pp.
- Geoffrey Giuliano, Brenda Giuliano and Deborah Lynn Black, The Illustrated Eric Clapton, Sunburst Books, 1994, 96 pp.
- George Harrison, Eric Clapton & al, Live in Japan: A celebration of George Harrison’s ‘Rock Legends’ Tour with Eric Clapton Band, Genesis Publications, 1993, 274 pp. George Harrison's signed limited black leather edition book, in a box with 2 live CD.
- Christopher Hjort w/ a foreword by John Mayall, Strange brew: Eric Clapton and the British Blues Boom, 1965–1970, Jawbone, 2007, 352 pp.
- John Pidgeon, Eric Clapton: A Biography, Panther, 1976, ... pages; rev. & upd. Vermilion, 1985 or 1987, 123 pp.
- Marc Roberty, Eric Clapton: The Complete Recording Sessions 1963–1992, Blandford or St. Martin’s Press, 1993, 192 pp.
- Marc Roberty, Slowhand: The Life & Music of Eric Clapton, Octopus or Harmony, 1991, 176 pp; upd. ed. Crown, 1993, 192 pp.
- Marc Roberty, Eric Clapton in His Own Words, Omnibus Press, 1993, 96 pp.
- Marc Roberty, Eric Clapton: The New Visual Documentary, Omnibus Press, 1990, 128 pp.; rev. ed., 1994, ...pp.; originally publ. as Eric Clapton: A Visual Documentary, 1986, ... pp.
- Marc Roberty, Clapton: The Complete Chronicle, Pyramid, 1991, 176 pp. / Mitchell Beazley 1993, 192 pp.
- Marc Roberty, Eric Clapton: The Man, the Music and the Memorabilia, Paper Tiger-Dragon’s World, 1994, 226 pp.
- Marc Roberty, The Complete Guide to the Music of Eric Clapton, Omnibus Press, 1995, 152 pp. CD format; rev. ed., 2005, 128 pp.
- Marc Roberty, Eric Clapton, CD Books, Orion, 1994, ...pp or MBS (Miami), 1996, 120 pp. CD format
- Marc Roberty and Chris Welch, Eric Clapton: The Illustrated Disco/Biography, Omnibus Press, 1984, 80 pp. or Beekman (New York), 1990, ...pp.
- Christopher Sandford, Clapton: Edge of Darkness, Victor Gollancz, 1994, 322 pp.
- Michael Schumacher, Crossroads: The Life and Music of Eric Clapton, Hyperion, 1995, 388 pp.; rev. ed, Time Warner p'backs, 1998, 411 pp.; new ed. titled Eric Clapton, Sphere, 2008, 432 pp.
- Harry Shapiro, Eric Clapton: Lost in The Blues, Guinness Books or Muze, 1992, 256 pp.; rev. ed. Da Capo press, 1193, 225 pp.; originally publ. as Slowhand: The Story of Eric Clapton, Proteus Books, 1985, 160 pp.
- Dave Thompson, Cream: The World's First Supergroup, Virgin Books, 2005, 256 pp.; rev., upd. & illustr. ed. titled Cream: How Eric Clapton Took the World By Storm, 2006, 320 pp.
- Steve Turner, Conversations with Eric Clapton, London: Abacus, 1976, 116 pp.
- Fred Weiler, Eric Clapton, Smithmark-Penguin or Bison Books, 1992, ... pp.
- Chris Welch, Cream: Stange Brew, Castle Communications or Sanctuary or Penguin, 1994, 176 pp.; Backbeat Books, 2000, 192 pp.
- About Clapton's playing and sound:
-
- David M. Brewster (2003). "Eric Clapton". Introduction to Guitar Tone & Effects. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-634-06046-5.
- H. P. Newquist and Richard Maloof (2003). "Eric Clapton". The Blues-Rock Masters. Backbeat Books. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-87930-735-6.
- Pete Prown and Lisa Sharken (2003). "Eric Clapton". Gear Secrets of the Guitar Legends. Backbeat Books. p. 6. ISBN 0-87930-751-X.
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Eric Clapton |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Eric Clapton |
- Official website
- Eric Clapton discography at MusicBrainz
- Eric Clapton at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Eric Clapton in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Eric Clapton collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Eric Clapton collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Eric Clapton and Steve Winwood at Bucharest (review)
- An Interview with Eric Clapton guitar technician Lee Dickson
- Article on Bluesbreakers Les Paul[dead link]
- Gibson article on obtaining the "Woman Tone"
- Review: Eric Clapton at Floridita
- Eric Clapton FAQ[dead link]
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Clapton, Eric |
| Alternative names | Clapton, Eric Patrick; Slowhand |
| Short description | guitarist, singer, and composer |
| Date of birth | 30 March 1945 |
| Place of birth | Ripley, Surrey, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Eric_Clapton
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Clapton
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Thomas Lukaszuk | |
|---|---|
| File:Thomas Lukaszuk in 2008.jpg | |
| Deputy Premier of Alberta | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office May 8, 2012 |
|
| Preceded by | Doug Horner |
| MLA for Edmonton-Castle Downs | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office March 12, 2001 |
|
| Preceded by | Pamela Paul |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1969-04-05) April 5, 1969 (age 43) Gdynia, Poland |
| Political party | Progressive Conservative |
| Residence | Edmonton, Alberta |
| Alma mater | University of Alberta |
| Occupation | Teacher |
| Website | http://www.thomasmla.com |
Thomas A. Lukaszuk (born April 5, 1969) is a Canadian politician and current Member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta representing the constituency of Edmonton-Castle Downs as a Progressive Conservative. He is currently the Minister of Education (formerly the Minister of Employment and Immigration).
Contents |
Early life[link]
Lukaszuk was raised in north Edmonton and went on to earn a bachelor's degree in education from the University of Alberta and became a teacher with the Edmonton Catholic School District before starting up Injured Workers Advocates Inc. (IWA), a firm designed to assist injured workers with work-related injury claims. He was also active in policymaking, serving on the Social Care Facilities Review Committee; the Citizens Appeal Panel (chair), which led to government policy changes to social benefits; and the Alberta Lotteries Review Committee. He conducted a review of Alberta daycares, foster homes, group homes and homeless shelters for the Minister of Children's Services.[1]
Political career[link]
Former Edmonton-Castle Downs MLA Pamela Paul retirement opened the door for Lukaszuk to win the constituency. Garnering 5,971 votes in the 2001 provincial election, he was able to increase the Progressive Conservative vote share to 51 per cent, up from the 40 per cent Ihor Broda polled in losing to Paul in 1997. Upon his election, he became the first ever Polish-born person to be elected to a Canadian legislature.[2]
In his first term in office, Lukaszuk sponsored Bill 204, a private members bill known as the Blood Samples Act, which passed third reading on March 31, 2004 and was passed into law on May 11, 2004. The act granted authority to Good Samaritans, front-line emergency workers, police officers, fire fighters, correctional officers, and health service providers to seek an order from the justice system to take a blood sample from a person who has refused to give their consent. The act intended to protect individuals who believe they had come into contact with the body fluid of a person who is infected with a virus that causes a prescribed communicable disease.[3]
In the 2004 provincial election, Lukaszuk was originally declared defeated by the Liberals' Chris Kibermanis, a former draft pick of the NHL's Winnipeg Jets. Election night results showed Kibermanis winning by a five-vote margin over Lukaszuk. An automatic judicial recount confirmed Kibermanis's win by three votes rather than five, and Kibermanis was declared the winner by the Legislative Assembly of Alberta. However, the Progressive Conservative Party appealed the recount to the Alberta Court of Appeals, which disputed a number o previously rejected ballots, giving Lukaszuk a three-vote margin of victory.[2] The ordeal earned Lukaszuk the moniker "Landslide Lukaszuk," which has been ascribed to him in the local media. Kibermanis again challenged Lukaszuk in the 2008 provincial election, but was defeated by 2,080 votes.[4][5]
In his time as an MLA, Lukaszuk has served on a total of 21 legislative committees, chairing six of them. After being elected to his third term in 2008, Premier Ed Stelmach named him parliamentary assistant to Municipal Affairs Minister Ray Danyluk. On January 13, 2010, Lukaszuk was appointed as Minister of Employment and Immigration and on October 12, 2011 was appointed as Minister of Education by Premier Alison Redford.
Personal life[link]
Lukaszuk enjoys travelling, reading and participating in child-based activities. He coached soccer through the Edmonton Northwood Community League, has been a Scout leader and is a strong supporter of the Hope Foundation. He is a past president of the Youth Friendship Society and a Knight of Columbus. He has been decorated with the Queens Golden Jubilee Medal for his community service and the Alberta Centennial Medal for his contributions to the province.[1]
Election results[link]
| 2008 Alberta general election results ( Edmonton-Castle Downs ) | Turnout 40.3% | |||
| Affiliation | Candidate | Votes | % | |
| Progressive Conservative | Thomas Lukaszuk | 7,159 | 51.6% | |
| Liberal | Chris Kibermanis | 5,090 | 36.7% | |
| Greens | Bob Reckhow | 297 | 2.1% | |
| NDP | Ali Haymour | 1,341 | 9.7% | |
| 2004 Alberta general election results ( Edmonton-Castle Downs ) | Turnout 41.3% | |||
| Affiliation | Candidate | Votes | % |
|
| Progressive Conservative | Thomas Lukaszuk | 5,022 | 41.8% | |
| Liberal | Chris Kibermanis | 5,019 | 41.8% | |
| Alberta Alliance | Colin Presizniuk | 586 | 4.9% | |
| NDP | Peter Cross | 1,314 | 10.9% | |
| Social Credit | Ross Korpi | 78 | 0.6% | |
| 2001 Alberta general election results ( Edmonton-Castle Downs ) | Turnout 46.9% | |||
| Affiliation | Candidate | Votes | % |
|
| Progressive Conservative | Thomas Lukaszuk | 5,971 | 51.1% | |
| Liberal | Boris Yaremko | 4,479 | 38.3% | |
| NDP | Michael Charrois | 1,235 | 10.6% | |
External links[link]
References[link]
- ^ a b "Lukaszuk's Legislative Assembly of Alberta biography". http://www.assembly.ab.ca/net/index.aspx?p=mla_bio&rnumber=27.
- ^ a b O'Brien, Chris. "Castle Downs MLA demonstrates mythical spirit". http://www.thomasmla.com/news/feb05.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-11. [dead link]
- ^ "Bill Status Report for the 25th Legislature - 4th Session (2004)". http://www.assembly.ab.ca/pro/bills/s-bill04.htm.
- ^ Markusoff, Jason (2008-02-05). "Edmonton provincial election ridings". Edmonton Journal. http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/story.html?id=c18adfb3-11e6-42aa-b6da-d32ceb128c7f. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
- ^ Thompson, Graham (2008-02-09). "Local Tory MLAs say there are no shoo-ins". Edmonton Journal. http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/business/story.html?id=3df01ea6-190f-476d-a9dc-167b44b700cc&k=86843. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
| Order of precedence | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Ambassadors and High Commissioners accredited to Canada |
Order of precedence in Alberta as of 2012[update] |
Succeeded by Doug Horner |
|
||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Lukaszuk, Thomas |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Canadian politician |
| Date of birth | April 5, 1969 |
| Place of birth | Gdynia, Poland |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Thomas_Lukaszuk
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Lukaszuk
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
