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Send this Playlist by SMS
Brazil vs Italy 2-2 All Goals & Highlights [International Friendly] - 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:38
- Updated: 06 May 2013
Acessem e curtam a página de videos esportivos da Leandro Sports no facebook : https://www.facebook.com/LeandroSportsVideos Brasil abre 2 a 0 no primeiro tem...
http://wn.com/Brazil_vs_Italy_2-2_All_Goals_Highlights_International_Friendly_2013
Acessem e curtam a página de videos esportivos da Leandro Sports no facebook : https://www.facebook.com/LeandroSportsVideos Brasil abre 2 a 0 no primeiro tem...
BBC Italy Unpacked Part 1/3 (2013) [HD] (720p) Subtitled
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 58:51
- Updated: 16 May 2013
1) The Art of the Feast Their journey begins in Bologna, the capital of Emilia-Romagna, one of the richest regions in Italy. They find out why the city is kn...
http://wn.com/BBC_Italy_Unpacked_Part_1_3_2013_HD_720p_Subtitled
1) The Art of the Feast Their journey begins in Bologna, the capital of Emilia-Romagna, one of the richest regions in Italy. They find out why the city is kn...
- published: 01 Feb 2013
- views: 22161
- author: ExclusivelyTrailers
A Tale of 3 Tractors (Life in Le Marche, Italy)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:45
- Updated: 06 May 2013
A glimpse of our life in Le Marche, Italy as 2 American expats running a farm, inn & cooking school DEEP in the Italian countryside! Without a tractor of our...
http://wn.com/A_Tale_of_3_Tractors_Life_in_Le_Marche,_Italy
A glimpse of our life in Le Marche, Italy as 2 American expats running a farm, inn & cooking school DEEP in the Italian countryside! Without a tractor of our...
- published: 28 Apr 2013
- author: La Tavola Marche
Italy shooting was 'tragic criminal gesture'
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:47
- Updated: 14 May 2013
Italy shooting was 'tragic criminal gesture' Subscribe to the Guardian HERE: http://bitly.com/UvkFpD Italy's interior minister says Sunday's shootings near t...
http://wn.com/Italy_shooting_was_'tragic_criminal_gesture'
Italy shooting was 'tragic criminal gesture' Subscribe to the Guardian HERE: http://bitly.com/UvkFpD Italy's interior minister says Sunday's shootings near t...
- published: 29 Apr 2013
- views: 602
- author: TheGuardian
Fascination Italy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 51:33
- Updated: 16 May 2013
Bella Italia! An historic picture book, from the snow covered Alps in the north to the dreamy lagoon city of Venice whose palaces are built on wooden stakes and whose "Carnevale" is world famous. From the romantic hill landscape of Tosca where the aromas once inspired Leonardo Da Vinci, to Rome, the city that during antiquity was the centre of the Roman Empire and that is now the seat of the Catholic Pope. To Sicily in the south, an island of gods and nat.
http://wn.com/Fascination_Italy
Bella Italia! An historic picture book, from the snow covered Alps in the north to the dreamy lagoon city of Venice whose palaces are built on wooden stakes and whose "Carnevale" is world famous. From the romantic hill landscape of Tosca where the aromas once inspired Leonardo Da Vinci, to Rome, the city that during antiquity was the centre of the Roman Empire and that is now the seat of the Catholic Pope. To Sicily in the south, an island of gods and nat.
- published: 06 Aug 2012
- views: 22317
- author: sjentertainmenttv
Onboard - Tom Sagar European Enduro Championship, Rd1 Italy 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:34
- Updated: 04 May 2013
Take a lap with KTM's Tom Sagar as he tackles the enduro test at round one of the European Enduro Championship in Bussi sul Tirino in Italy...
http://wn.com/Onboard_Tom_Sagar_European_Enduro_Championship,_Rd1_Italy_2013
Take a lap with KTM's Tom Sagar as he tackles the enduro test at round one of the European Enduro Championship in Bussi sul Tirino in Italy...
- published: 28 Apr 2013
- views: 9277
- author: videoenduro21
Rome Italy 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:17
- Updated: 01 May 2013
MUSIC: Focus Music - Hero's Theme David Guetta - Titanium ft. Sia.
http://wn.com/Rome_Italy_2012
MUSIC: Focus Music - Hero's Theme David Guetta - Titanium ft. Sia.
- published: 29 Apr 2013
- views: 48
- author: odys1964
The Mafia Is Trashing Italy... Literally (Part 1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 29:22
- Updated: 15 May 2013
In the city of Naples, Italy, the Mafia has controlled the waste-management industry for decades -- dumping and burning trash across its rolling hills and vi...
http://wn.com/The_Mafia_Is_Trashing_Italy_Literally_Part_1
In the city of Naples, Italy, the Mafia has controlled the waste-management industry for decades -- dumping and burning trash across its rolling hills and vi...
- published: 06 Feb 2013
- author: vice
Italy shooting: Footage of Shooter
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:12
- Updated: 01 May 2013
Video captured just minutes after a gunman shot two police officers outside Italy's presidential offices on Sunday. A man, thought to be the suspect, is held...
http://wn.com/Italy_shooting_Footage_of_Shooter
Video captured just minutes after a gunman shot two police officers outside Italy's presidential offices on Sunday. A man, thought to be the suspect, is held...
- published: 29 Apr 2013
- views: 86
- author: AppleFooFighter
Casa Fontina | Simply Italy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:06
- Updated: 29 Apr 2013
Casa Fontina, Tuscany, Italy Sleeps 21 from €261 p/p per week Casa Fontina is situated on a beautiful hill overlooking the Maremma region of Tuscany. Origina...
http://wn.com/Casa_Fontina_|_Simply_Italy
Casa Fontina, Tuscany, Italy Sleeps 21 from €261 p/p per week Casa Fontina is situated on a beautiful hill overlooking the Maremma region of Tuscany. Origina...
- published: 29 Apr 2013
- views: 1
- author: simplychateausocial
Questions Arise Around Italy's New Government
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:00
- Updated: 29 Apr 2013
Rabobank's Jane Foley breaks down the stories moving the European markets. Fox Business http://foxbusiness.com/
http://wn.com/Questions_Arise_Around_Italy's_New_Government
Rabobank's Jane Foley breaks down the stories moving the European markets. Fox Business http://foxbusiness.com/
- published: 29 Apr 2013
- views: 66
- author: yazchat
MMA ITALY: Fabrizio Caliò vs Henry Segura - Bj Tournament 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:23
- Updated: 29 Apr 2013
Henry Segura vs Fabrizio Caliò all'evento organizzato da MMA Italy: Bj Tournament 2 21 Giugno 2012 Arbitro: Basilio Tazio.
http://wn.com/MMA_ITALY_Fabrizio_Caliò_vs_Henry_Segura_Bj_Tournament_2
Henry Segura vs Fabrizio Caliò all'evento organizzato da MMA Italy: Bj Tournament 2 21 Giugno 2012 Arbitro: Basilio Tazio.
- published: 29 Apr 2013
- views: 81
- author: Valetudo666
HARLEM SHAKE - REVOLUTION LIVE - ( Molvena Italy )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:28
- Updated: 28 Apr 2013
UN HARLEM SHAKE DEGNO DI NOTA! REVOLUTION LIVE CLUB VI PROPONE ALCUNI MOMENTI E... DEMENTI. DA VEDERE! veniteci a trovare su: facebook.com/revolution live ro...
http://wn.com/HARLEM_SHAKE_REVOLUTION_LIVE_Molvena_Italy_
UN HARLEM SHAKE DEGNO DI NOTA! REVOLUTION LIVE CLUB VI PROPONE ALCUNI MOMENTI E... DEMENTI. DA VEDERE! veniteci a trovare su: facebook.com/revolution live ro...
- published: 28 Apr 2013
- views: 6
- author: REVOTUBEMUSIC
![Italy madness - [Counter-Strike Source] (Ep. 1)](http://web.archive.org./web/20130519092502im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/NLr8cVaxr9k/default.jpg "Italy madness - [Counter-Strike Source] (Ep. 1)")
Italy madness - [Counter-Strike Source] (Ep. 1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:28
- Updated: 28 Apr 2013
My audio drivers were updated recently and all my mic settings and volume got messed up so my sound sucks kinda.
http://wn.com/Italy_madness_Counter-Strike_Source_Ep_1
My audio drivers were updated recently and all my mic settings and volume got messed up so my sound sucks kinda.
- published: 28 Apr 2013
- views: 3
- author: Beikon
![Brazil vs Italy 2-2 All Goals FULL Highlights [Friendly] 2013](http://web.archive.org./web/20130519092502im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/E_JuoThjIT4/default.jpg "Brazil vs Italy 2-2 All Goals FULL Highlights [Friendly] 2013")
Brazil vs Italy 2-2 All Goals FULL Highlights [Friendly] 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:47
- Updated: 18 May 2013
Inscreva-se / Subscribe now!! http://migre.me/dX2Sl Brazil vs Italy 2-2 All Goals Full Highlights International Friendly 21/03/2013 Mario Balotelli Amazin...
http://wn.com/Brazil_vs_Italy_2-2_All_Goals_FULL_Highlights_Friendly_2013
Inscreva-se / Subscribe now!! http://migre.me/dX2Sl Brazil vs Italy 2-2 All Goals Full Highlights International Friendly 21/03/2013 Mario Balotelli Amazin...
- published: 21 Mar 2013
- views: 386234
- author: SoccerMoisess
Italy Shooting 'Gunman Angry At Politicians'
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:11
- Updated: 13 May 2013
A man is tackled to the ground after opening fire outside the new prime minister's office, injuring two policemen.A shooting outside the Italian PM's office ...
http://wn.com/Italy_Shooting_'Gunman_Angry_At_Politicians'
A man is tackled to the ground after opening fire outside the new prime minister's office, injuring two policemen.A shooting outside the Italian PM's office ...
- published: 28 Apr 2013
- views: 325
- author: Computergirls1985
Italy's constitutional crisis: An ageing problem
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:25
- Updated: 06 May 2013
Our correspondents discuss dysfunction in Italy's parliament as 87-year-old Giorgio Napolitano is re-elected as president.
http://wn.com/Italy's_constitutional_crisis_An_ageing_problem
Our correspondents discuss dysfunction in Italy's parliament as 87-year-old Giorgio Napolitano is re-elected as president.
- published: 23 Apr 2013
- views: 874
- author: EconomistMagazine
the mrbrown show: Kim Huat goes to Serravalle, Italy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:17
- Updated: 28 Apr 2013
Kim Huat goes outlet shopping for some high-end goods. A production of mrbrown.com.
http://wn.com/the_mrbrown_show_Kim_Huat_goes_to_Serravalle,_Italy
Kim Huat goes outlet shopping for some high-end goods. A production of mrbrown.com.
- published: 27 Apr 2013
- views: 1356
- author: mistabrown
Rick Steves' Lectures: Italy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 78:49
- Updated: 17 May 2013
You'll almost be able to smell the linguini and taste the vino rosso as Rick explores enchanting Italy in this 80-minute lecture. Subscribe to http://www.you...
http://wn.com/Rick_Steves'_Lectures_Italy
You'll almost be able to smell the linguini and taste the vino rosso as Rick explores enchanting Italy in this 80-minute lecture. Subscribe to http://www.you...
- published: 07 Feb 2011
- views: 159308
- author: RickSteves
Italy Gunshots Fired Outside PM Office
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:17
- Updated: 01 May 2013
Gunshots have been fired outside the prime minister's office as the new Italian government was being sworn in a kilometre away. News reports say two police o...
http://wn.com/Italy_Gunshots_Fired_Outside_PM_Office
Gunshots have been fired outside the prime minister's office as the new Italian government was being sworn in a kilometre away. News reports say two police o...
- published: 28 Apr 2013
- views: 5222
- author: Computergirls1985
WiiU - Panorama View: Ancona/Italy - *Dual Screen Wonder*
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:22
- Updated: 01 May 2013
U R AWESOME ^o^ ○Please Subscribe!!! ○Homepage (German): http://www.Nintendomination.de ○Twitter: https://twitter.com/TiLMEN ○Facebook: https://www.facebook....
http://wn.com/WiiU_Panorama_View_Ancona_Italy_*Dual_Screen_Wonder*
U R AWESOME ^o^ ○Please Subscribe!!! ○Homepage (German): http://www.Nintendomination.de ○Twitter: https://twitter.com/TiLMEN ○Facebook: https://www.facebook....
- published: 26 Apr 2013
- views: 1907
- author: NiNTENDOMiNATi0N
![Malta Vs Italy 0-2 - All Goals & Match Highlights - March 26 2013 - World Cup Qualifier - [HQ]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130519092502im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/-wYnasZcUOE/default.jpg "Malta Vs Italy 0-2 - All Goals & Match Highlights - March 26 2013 - World Cup Qualifier - [HQ]")
Malta Vs Italy 0-2 - All Goals & Match Highlights - March 26 2013 - World Cup Qualifier - [HQ]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:07
- Updated: 28 Apr 2013
Malta 0-2 Italy 03.26.2013 26.03.2013 Mario Balotelli Penalty Goal 8 Mario Balotelli Goal / Goals 45.
http://wn.com/Malta_Vs_Italy_0-2_All_Goals_Match_Highlights_March_26_2013_World_Cup_Qualifier_HQ_
Malta 0-2 Italy 03.26.2013 26.03.2013 Mario Balotelli Penalty Goal 8 Mario Balotelli Goal / Goals 45.
- published: 26 Mar 2013
- views: 25035
- author: ShivDes357
Georgia's First Three Months In Italy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:20
- Updated: 29 Apr 2013
WEP scholarship winner Georgia during her year-long student exchange program to Italy. Check out what Georgia has been up to during her first three months as...
http://wn.com/Georgia's_First_Three_Months_In_Italy
WEP scholarship winner Georgia during her year-long student exchange program to Italy. Check out what Georgia has been up to during her first three months as...
- published: 29 Apr 2013
- views: 96
- author: wepaustralia
photo: Flickr
17 May 2013
17 May 2013, 17.17. Bunga Bunga. Berlusconi 'Prostitute' In Court. Tweet. A teenage former belly dancer who denies having sex with former Italian prime minister Silvio Berlusconi has given her version of events at his allegedly raunchy "bunga bunga" parties ... In Italy, the age of consent is 14 but paying for sex with a woman under the age of 18 is considered underage prostitution and carries a three-year jail term ... She added ... She added ... town....(size: 5.8Kb)
photo: AP / Misha Japaridze
18 May 2013
The US has scolded Russia for sending missiles to the Syrian government, with plans for an international peace conference promoted by the two major powers appearing to founder on diplomatic rifts over its scope and purpose. General Martin Dempsey, the most senior US military officer, has described Russia's recent delivery of anti-ship missiles to President Bashar al-Assad as "ill-timed and very unfortunate" ... Report....(size: 7.6Kb)
photo: AP / Jerome Favre
18 May 2013
(Adds Elon Musk details in the 13th paragraph.). May 17 (Bloomberg) -- Bill Gates is once again the world’s richest person. The 57-year-old co-founder of Redmond, Washington-based Microsoft Corp. recaptured the title from Mexican investor Carlos Slim yesterday, according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index, as the software maker hit a five-year high. It is the first time Gates has held the mantle since 2007 ... He denies the accusation....(size: 4.5Kb)
photo: White House / Pete Souza
17 May 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. There appears to be a curse stalking second term presidents, specifically starting with Presidents Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon and continuing through to President Barack Obama. President Obama's malevolent shadow, namely Benghazigate, IRSgate and the more recent APgate, have almost utterly enveloped him and his administration ... President Obama's second term is also unraveling....(size: 5.6Kb)
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The Independent
19 May 2013
It is a funny time in Italy ... But, as always in Italy, there is another side to the story ... There were some successful auctions of bonds by Italy and Spain on Friday, which suggest that yields for "fringe Europe" may have further to fall ... At any rate Italy, for all its problems, scores high on this element of monetary prudence ... His particular target is to do something about youth unemployment, now at around 40 per cent in Italy....(size: 5.1Kb)
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The Washington Times
19 May 2013
Related Columns. FLORENCE, ITALY, May 18, 2013 – On a relatively quiet street, far from the madding crowds of Florence, Italy, a tiny piece of heaven nestles hidden among the multitude of buildings that line the avenue. Santa Maria Novella showroom. SEE RELATED. Siena’s Palio is the Kentucky Derby on steroids ... It is the same feeling you get when you learn that Ponte Vecchio simply means “Old Bridge.” ... SEE RELATED ... Be bold....(size: 9.5Kb)
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France24
19 May 2013
Italy is stuck in its longest recession since quarterly records began in 1970 ... Italy is stuck in its longest recession since quarterly records began in 1970, and jobless rates are close to record highs, with youth unemployment at around 38 percent ... ITALY. Italy’s new government wins final confidence vote. ITALY. Italy’s new PM Letta vows to focus on growth. ITALY. Italy approves €40 billion debt payback to help firms ... ITALY ... ITALY ... ITALY....(size: 5.8Kb)
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Star Telegram
19 May 2013
Nikita Abrosimov. Russia. Age 24. “I strongly believe that entering the competition will stimulate enormously my artistic and pianistic growth. Preparation for the competition makes me work hard and be very focused on music.”. Luca Buratto. Italy. Age 20. “I’ve always dreamed to be part of this big family, and wished one day to take part in this Olympic Games for pianists ... Sean Chen ... Italy ... Italy ... Italy ... Italy ... Italy....(size: 7.9Kb)
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Deccan Chronicle
19 May 2013
For octogenarian Snehalatha Bhoopal and family, Deccan Chronicle has been “our window to the world, ever since the pre-Independence era, when news inflow used to be restricted.” ... My father Ranga Reddy was revenue secretary in the Nizam government ... Our school had nuns from Italy and some British students. Since Britain was in the Allies camp and Italy was in Axis camp, there was surveillance on all those from Italy,” Snehalatha reveals....(size: 2.6Kb)
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Toronto Sun
19 May 2013
Lawal, a second-round pick of the Phoenix Suns in 2010, tore his ACL in early 2011 and has bounced around overseas since, eventually making his mark this season with Virtus Roma in Italy ... Indiana Pacers and Orlando Magic after averaging 13.3 points and 8.8 rebounds in Italy....(size: 1.4Kb)
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Canberra Times
19 May 2013
Ms Gillard said candidates are drawn from "across the political spectrum to get the best of skills", highlighting the role of former Liberal leader Brendan Nelson at NATO and the European Union, South Australian Liberal senator Robert Hill at the UN, and Howard government minister Amanda Vanstone in Italy ... Vanstone had been appointed to Italy....(size: 1.8Kb)
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CNBC
19 May 2013
Thousands of people protested in Rome on Saturday against austerity policies and high unemployment, urging new Prime Minister Enrico Letta to focus on creating jobs to help pull the country out of recession ... (Read More. Soros. Italy Market Calm Will Be Short-Lived) ... Italy is stuck in its longest recession since quarterly records began in 1970, and jobless rates are close to record highs, with youth unemployment at around 38 percent ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)
photo: AP / Marco Trovati
19 May 2013
Mauro Santambrogio of Italy won the 14th stage of the Giro d’Italia in rain, wind and snow Saturday on a course that was changed because of avalanche threats. His countryman Vincenzo Nibali extended his overall lead. Santambrogio won in 4 hours 42 minutes 55 seconds, beating Nibali in a final sprint. Carlos Betancur was third ... Italian Takes Giro Stage. Get Free E-mail Alerts on These Topics ... Italy's New Premier Puts Stimulus First ... ....(size: 2.7Kb)
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New Straits/Business Times
19 May 2013
A LEGACY. The late Professor Dr Abdus Salam was the first Muslim Nobel laureate in Physics ... I was privileged to have an audience with him in 1990 at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) in Tieste, Italy. He was its founding director. In 1996, Abdus Salam died at 70 of Parkinson's disease which he had suffered for several years ... Italy, being the land of Renaissance, is also a nation which venerates learning ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
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The Observer
19 May 2013
Mine's a treble. three unusual wines to test your taste buds with. Photograph. Observer ... off-dry German riesling ... Taste the Difference Aglianico del Vulture, Italy 2009 (£9.99, Sainsbury's) If, like me, you have a thing for the great red wines of Piedmont northwest Italy but don't get to drink as much as you'd like because of the prices, wines made from aglianico in southern Basilicata are worth looking out for ... Sender's name ... Share ... ....(size: 2.7Kb)
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Jakarta Post
19 May 2013
Merchants, suppliers and distributors from 95 jewelers from Hong Kong, India, Italy, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore convened from May 9-12 to tout all manner of precious gems, semi-precious gems, rough stones, gold and silver ... “Indonesia is now ready to replace Italy as the world’s jewellery hub,” he said, referencing the decrease in the number ......(size: 6.8Kb)
"Italia" redirects here. For other uses, see Italia (disambiguation).
This article is about the republic. For other uses, see Italy (disambiguation).
| Italian Republic
Repubblica italiana
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||
| Anthem: Il Canto degli Italiani The Song of the Italians  |
||||||
![Location of Italy (dark green)– in Europe (green & dark grey)– in the European Union (green) — [Legend]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130519092502/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EU-Italy.svg) Location of Italy (dark green)
– in Europe (green & dark grey) |
||||||
| Capital (and largest city) |
Rome 41°54′N 12°29′E / 41.9°N 12.483°E / 41.9; 12.483 |
|||||
| Official language(s) | Italian[1] | |||||
| Demonym | Italian | |||||
| Government | Unitary parliamentary constitutional republic | |||||
| - | President | Giorgio Napolitano | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Mario Monti | ||||
| Legislature | Parliament | |||||
| - | Upper house | Senate of the Republic | ||||
| - | Lower house | Chamber of Deputies | ||||
| Formation | ||||||
| - | Unification | 17 March 1861 | ||||
| - | Republic | 2 June 1946 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 301,338 km2 (71st) 116,346 sq mi |
||||
| - | Water (%) | 2.4 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2011 estimate | 60,681,514[2] (23rd) | ||||
| - | 2011 (preliminary results) census | 59,464,644 | ||||
| - | Density | 201.2/km2 (61st) 521.2/sq mi |
||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $1.847 trillion[3] (10th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $30,464[3] (30th) | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $2.198 trillion[3] (8th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $36,267[3] (24th) | ||||
| Gini (2006) | 32[4] | |||||
| HDI (2011) |  0.874[5] (very high) (24th) |
|||||
| Currency | Euro (€)2 (EUR) |
|||||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||||
| Drives on the | right | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | IT | |||||
| Internet TLD | .it3 | |||||
| Calling code | 394 | |||||
| 1 | French is co-official in the Aosta Valley; Slovene is co-official in the province of Trieste and the province of Gorizia; German and Ladin are co-official in the province of South Tyrol. | |||||
| 2 | Before 2002, the Italian Lira. The euro is accepted in Campione d'Italia, but the official currency there is the Swiss Franc.[6] | |||||
| 3 | The .eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states. | |||||
| 4 | To call Campione d'Italia, it is necessary to use the Swiss code +41. | |||||
Italy 
i/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic[7] or the Republic of Italy[8] (Italian: Repubblica italiana[note 1]), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance,[9] an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
Through much of its post-Roman history, Italy was fragmented into numerous city and regional states (such as the Republic of Venice and the Church State), but was unified in 1861,[10] following a tumultuous period in history known as "Il Risorgimento" ("The Resurgence"). In the late 19th century, through World War I, and to World War II, Italy possessed a colonial empire, which extended its rule to Libya, Eritrea, Somalia, Ethiopia, Albania, the Dodecanese and a concession in Tianjin, China.[11]
Modern Italy is a democratic republic. It has been ranked as the world's 24th most-developed country[5] and its Quality-of-life index has been ranked in the world's top ten in 2005.[12] Italy enjoys a very high standard of living, and has a high GDP per capita.[13][14] It is a founding member of what is now the European Union and part of the Eurozone. Italy is also a member of the G8, G20 and NATO. It has the world's third-largest gold reserves, eighth-largest nominal GDP, tenth highest GDP (PPP)[15] and the sixth highest government budget in the world.[16] It is also a member state of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, the Council of Europe, the Western European Union and the United Nations. Italy has the world's ninth-largest defence budget and shares NATO's nuclear weapons.
Italy plays a prominent role in European and global military, cultural and diplomatic affairs. The country's European political, social and economic influence make it a major regional power.[17][18] The country has a high public education level and is a highly globalised nation.[19]
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Etymology[link]
The assumptions on the etymology of the name "Italia" are very numerous and the corpus of the solutions proposed by historians and linguists is very wide.[20] According to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin: Italia,[21] was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning "land of young cattle" (cf. Lat vitulus "calf", Umb vitlo "calf").[22] The bull was a symbol of the southern Italian tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus,[23] mentioned also by Aristotle[24] and Thucydides.[25]
The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy–according to Antiochus of Syracuse, the southern portion of the Bruttium peninsula (modern Calabria: province of Reggio, and part of the provinces of Catanzaro and Vibo Valentia). But by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name "Italia" to a larger region, but it was during the reign of Emperor Augustus (end of the first century BC) that the term was expanded to cover the entire peninsula until the Alps.[26]
History[link]
Main article: History of Italy
Prehistory and antiquity[link]
Main articles: Prehistoric Italy and Ancient Rome
Excavations throughout Italy reveal a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Paleolithic period, some 200,000 years ago,[27] modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. The Ancient peoples of pre-Roman Italy – such as the Umbrians, the Latins (from which the Romans emerged), Volsci, Samnites, the Celts and the Ligures which inhabited northern Italy, and many others – were Indo-European peoples; the main historic peoples of non-Indo-European heritage include the Etruscans, the Elymians and Sicani in Sicily and the prehistoric Sardinians.
Between the 17th and the 11th century BC Mycenaean Greeks established contacts with Italy[28][29][30][31][32][33][34] and in the 8th and 7th centuries BC Greek colonies were established all along the coast of Sicily and the southern part of the Italian Peninsula became known as Magna Graecia. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily.
Ancient Rome was at first a small agricultural community founded c. the 8th century BC, that grew over the course of the centuries into a colossal empire encompassing the whole Mediterranean Sea, in which Ancient Greek and Roman cultures merged into one civilization. This civilization was so influential that parts of it survive in modern law, administration, philosophy and arts, forming the ground that Western civilization is based upon. In a slow decline since the late 2th century AD, the empire finally broke into two parts in 395 AD: the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. The western part – under the pressure of the Franks, the Vandals, the Huns, the Goths and other populations from Eastern Europe – finally dissolved in 476 AD, when the last western Emperor was deposed by the Barbarian chief Odoacer.
Middle Ages[link]
Main article: Italy in the Middle Ages
After the fall of Rome, Italy was conquered by the Germanic Tribe of the Ostrogoths, but in the 6th century the East Roman Emperor Justinian reconquered it. The invasion of another Germanic tribe (the Lombards) late in the same century reduced the Byzantine presence to a strip of land between Ravenna and Rome plus other lands in southern Italy, breaking the unity of the peninsula until 1870.
The Lombard reign of northern and central Italy was absorbed into the Frankish Empire by Charlemagne in the late 8th century. The Frankish kings also helped the formation of the Papal States in central Italy, extending from Rome to Ravenna, although for most of the Middle Ages the Papacy effectively controlled only Latium. The existence of this theocratic state hindered for centuries the unification of the peninsula. Until the 13th century, Italian politics were dominated by the relationship between the German Holy Roman Emperors and the popes, with most of the Italian cities siding for the former (Ghibellini) or for the latter (Guelfi) depending from momentary convenience.
It was during this vacuum of authority that the Italy saw the rise of a peculiar institution, the medieval commune. In the anarchic conditions that often prevailed in medieval Italian city-states, people organised themselves to restore order and disarm the feuding elites. In the 12th century, a league of comuni, the Lombard League, defeated the German emperor Frederick Barbarossa, leading to a process granting effective independence to most of northern and central Italian cities. Despite the devastation of the numerous wars, Italy maintained, especially in the north and center, a relatively developed urban civilization.
During the same period, Italy saw the rise of numerous Maritime Republics, the most notable being Venice, Genoa, Pisa and Amalfi. Heavily involved in the Crusades, they took advantage of political and trading opportunities. Venice and Genoa soon became Europe's main gateways to trade with the East, establishing colonies as far as the Black Sea and often controlling most of the trade with the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic Mediterranean world. The county of Savoy expanded its territory into the peninsula in the late Middle Ages, while Florence developed into a highly organized commercial and financial city-state, becoming for many centuries the European capital of silk, wool, banking and jewelry.
In the south, Byzantine Sicily had become an Islamic emirate in the 9th century, thriving until the Italo-Normans conquered it in the late 11th century together with most of the Lombard and Byzantine states of southern Italy. Through a complex series of events, southern Italy developed as a unified kingdom, first under the House of Hohenstaufen, then under the Capetian House of Anjou and, from the 15th century, the house of Aragon (although Sicily was a separate Aragonese kingdom from the late 13th to the 15th century). In Sardinia, the former Byzantine provinces became independent states known as giudicati, although most of the island was under Genoese or Pisan control until the Aragonese conquered it in the 15th century.
Early Modern[link]
The Black Death pandemic in 1348 left its mark on Italy by killing one third of the population.[35][36] However, the recovery from the disaster of the Black Death led to a resurgence of cities, trade and economy which greatly stimulated the successive phases of Humanism and Renaissance, cultural movements both born in the peninsula, and later spread in Europe.
In the 14th and 15th centuries, Northern and upper Central Italy were divided into a number of warring city-states, the rest of the peninsula being occupied by the larger Papal States and Naples. The strongest among these city-states annexed the surrounding territories giving birth to the Signorie, regional states led by merchant families which founded local dynasties. Dominated by merchant oligarchies, they enjoyed a relative freedom and nurtured academic and artistic advancement. Warfare between the states was common, invasion from outside Italy confined to intermittent sorties of Holy Roman Emperors. These wars were primarily fought by armies of mercenaries known as condottieri, bands of soldiers drawn from around Europe, but especially Germany and Switzerland, led largely by Italian captains.[37]
Decades of fighting eventually saw Florence, Milan and Venice emerge as the dominant players that agreed to the Peace of Lodi in 1454, which saw relative calm brought to the region for the first time in centuries. This peace would hold for the next forty years, and Venice's unquestioned hegemony over the sea also led to unprecedented peace for much of the rest of the 15th century. The Italian Renaissance peaked in the mid-16th century as foreign invasions plunged the region into the turmoil of the Italian Wars. However, the ideas and ideals of the Renaissance endured and even spread into the rest of Europe, setting off the Northern Renaissance, and the English Renaissance.
In the meantime, the discovery of the Americas, the new routes to Asia discovered by the Portuguese and the rise of the Ottoman Empire—all factors which eroded the traditional Italian dominance in trade with the East – started the economic decline of the peninsula.
Following the Italian Wars (1494 to 1559), Italy saw a long period of relative peace, first under Habsburg Spain (1559 to 1713) and then under Habsburg Austria (1713 to 1796). The plague repeatedly returned to haunt Italy throughout the 14th to 17th centuries. In the first half of the 17th century, a plague claimed some 1.7 million victims, or about 14% of Italy’s population.[38] As Spain declined in the 17th century, so did its Italian possessions in Naples, Sicily, Sardinia, and Milan. Southern Italy was impoverished, stagnant, and cut off from the mainstream of events in Europe.[39] Despite that, Italy kept making its contribution to the European culture, giving birth to the Baroque Style.
In the 18th century, as a result of the War of Spanish Succession, Austria replaced Spain as the dominant foreign power, while the House of Savoy emerged as a major regional power expanding to Piedmont and Sardinia. In this century, the ideas of the Enlightenment influenced the Italian rulers, paving the way to reforms which started an economic recovery in northern Italy and Tuscany.
During the Napoleonic Wars, the northern and central parts of the country were invaded and later partly annexed to the Empire and partly reorganized as a new Kingdom of Italy—essentially a client state of the French Empire —[40] while the southern half of the peninsula was administered by Joachim Murat, Napoleon's brother-in-law, who was crowned as King of Naples. The 1814 Congress of Vienna restored the situation of the late 18th century, but the ideals of the French Revolution could not be eradicated.
Italian unification and Liberal Italy[link]
Main articles: Italian unification and Military history of Italy during World War I
The creation of the Kingdom of Italy was the result of efforts by Italian nationalists and monarchists loyal to the House of Savoy to establish a united state encompassing the entire Italian Peninsula. In the context of the 1848 liberal revolutions that swept through Europe, an unsuccessful war was declared on Austria. The Kingdom of Sardinia again attacked the Austrian Empire in the Second Italian War of Independence of 1859, with the aid of France, resulting in liberating Lombardy.
In 1860–61, Giuseppe Garibaldi led the drive for unification in Naples and Sicily,[41] allowing the Sardinian government led by the Count of Cavour to declare a united Italian kingdom on 17 March 1861. In 1866, Victor Emmanuel II allied with Prussia during the Austro-Prussian War, waging the Third Italian War of Independence which allowed Italy to annex Venetia. Finally, as France during the disastrous Franco-Prussian War of 1870 abandoned its garrisons in Rome, the Savoy rushed to fill the power gap by taking over the Papal States.
The Sardinian Albertine Statute of 1848, extended to the whole Kingdom of Italy in 1861, provided for basic freedoms, but electoral laws excluded the non-propertied and uneducated classes from voting. The government of the new kingdom took place in a framework of parliamentary constitutional monarchy dominated by liberal forces. In 1913, male universal suffrage was adopted. As Northern Italy quickly industrialized, the South and rural areas of North remained underdeveloped and overpopulated, forcing millions of people to migrate abroad, while the Italian Socialist Party constantly increased in strength, challenging the traditional liberal and conservative establishment.
Starting from the last two decades of the 19th century, Italy developed into a colonial power by forcing Somalia, Eritrea and later Libya and the Dodecanese under its rule.[42] During World War I, Italy at first stayed neutral, but in 1915 signed the Treaty of London, entering the Entente on the promise of receiving Trento, Trieste, Gorizia and Gradisca, Istria and northern Dalmatia from the Austro-Hungarian Empire—as well as parts of the Ottoman Empire. During the war, more than 650,000 Italian soldiers died,[43] and the economy collapsed. Under the Peace Treaties of Saint-Germain, Rapallo and Rome, Italy obtained most of the promised territories, including the Hungarian harbour of Fiume, but not Dalmatia (except Zara), allowing nationalists to define the victory as "mutilated".
Fascist regime[link]
Main articles: Italian Fascism and Military history of Italy during World War II
The turbulence that followed the devastation of World War I, inspired by the Russian Revolution, led to turmoil and anarchy. The liberal establishment, fearing a socialist revolution, started to endorse the small National Fascist Party, led by Benito Mussolini. In October 1922 the fascists attempted a coup (the "March on Rome"), supported by king Victor Emmanuel III. Over the next few years, Mussolini banned all political parties and curtailed personal liberties, thus forming a dictatorship.
In 1935, Mussolini invaded Ethiopia, resulting in an international alienation and leading to Italy's withdrawal from the League of Nations. Consequently, Italy allied with Nazi Germany and Empire of Japan and strongly supported Franco in the Spanish civil war.
In 1939, Italy occupied Albania, a de facto protectorate for decades, and entered World War II in June 1940 on the side of the Axis powers. Mussolini, wanting a quick victory like Hitler's Blitzkriegs in Poland and France, invaded Greece in October 1940, but was forced to accept a humiliating stalemate after a few months. At the same time, Italy, after initially conquering British Somalia and parts of Egypt, saw an allied counter-attack lead to the loss of all possessions in the Horn of Africa and in North Africa.
Italy was then invaded by the Allies in July 1943, leading to the collapse of the Fascist regime and the fall of Mussolini. In September 1943, Italy surrendered. The country remained a battlefield for the rest of the war, as the allies were moving up from the south as the north was the base for loyalist Italian fascist and German Nazi forces, fought also by the Italian resistance movement. The hostilities ended on 2 May 1945. Nearly half a million Italians (including civilians) died in the conflict,[44] and the Italian economy had been all but destroyed; per capita income in 1944 was at its lowest point since the beginning of the 20th century.[45]
Italian Republic[link]
Main article: History of the Italian Republic
Italy became a republic after a referendum[46] held on 2 June 1946, a day celebrated since as Republic Day. This was also the first time that Italian women were entitled to vote.[47] Victor Emmanuel III's son, Umberto II, was forced to abdicate and exiled. The Republican Constitution was approved on 1 January 1948. Under the Paris Peace Treaties of 1947, the eastern border area was lost to Yugoslavia, and, later, the Free Territory of Trieste was divided between the two states.
Fears in the Italian electorate of a possible Communist takeover proved crucial for the first universal suffrage electoral outcome on 18 April 1948, when the Christian Democrats, under the leadership of Alcide De Gasperi, obtained a landslide victory. Consequently, in 1949 Italy became a member of NATO. The Marshall Plan helped to revive the Italian economy which, until the late 1960s, enjoyed a period of sustained economic growth commonly called the "Economic Miracle". In 1957, Italy was a founding member of the European Economic Community (EEC), which became the European Union (EU) in 1993.
From the late 1960s until the early 1980s, the country experienced the Years of Lead, a period characterized by economic crisis (especially after the 1973 oil crisis), widespread social conflicts and terrorist massacres carried out by opposing extremist groups, with the alleged involvement of US intelligence.[48][49][50] The Years of Lead culminated in the assassination of the Christian Democrat leader Aldo Moro in 1978, an event that deeply affected the whole country.
In the 1980s, for the first time since 1945, two governments were led by non-Christian-Democrat premiers: one liberal (Giovanni Spadolini) and one socialist (Bettino Craxi); the Christian Democrats remained, however, the main government party. During Craxi's government, the economy recovered and Italy became the world's fifth largest industrial nation, gaining entry into the G7 Group. However, as a result of his spending policies, the Italian national debt skyrocketed during the Craxi era, soon passing 100% of the GDP.
In the early 1990s, Italy faced significant challenges, as voters – disenchanted with political paralysis, massive public debt and the extensive corruption system (known as Tangentopoli) uncovered by the 'Clean Hands' investigation – demanded radical reforms. The scandals involved all major parties, but especially those in the government coalition: the Christian Democrats, who ruled for almost 50 years, underwent a severe crisis and eventually disbanded, splitting up into several factions. The Communists reorganized as a social-democratic force. During the 1990s and the 2000s (decade), centre-right (dominated by media magnate Silvio Berlusconi) and centre-left coalitions alternatively governed the country, which entered a prolonged period of economic stagnation.
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Italy
Italy is located in Southern Europe and comprises the boot-shaped Italian Peninsula and a number of islands including the two largest, Sicily and Sardinia. It lies between latitudes 35° and 47° N, and longitudes 6° and 19° E.
The country's total area is 301,230 km², of which 294,020 km² is land and 7,210 km² is water. Including the islands, Italy has a coastline and border of 7,600 km on the Adriatic, Ionian, Tyrrhenian seas (740 km), and borders shared with France (488 km), Austria (430 km), Slovenia (232 km) and Switzerland; San Marino (39 km) and Vatican City (3.2 km), both enclaves, account for the remainder.
The Apennine Mountains form the peninsula's backbone and the Alps form its northern boundary, where Italy's highest point is located on Mont Blanc (4,810 m/15,782 ft).[note 2] The Po, Italy's longest river (652 km/405 mi), flows from the Alps on the western border with France and crosses the Padan plain on its way to the Adriatic Sea. The five largest lakes are, in order of diminishing size:[51] Garda (367.94 km2/142 sq mi), Maggiore (212.51 km2/82 sq mi, shared with Switzerland), Como (145.9 km2/56 sq mi), Trasimeno (124.29 km2/48 sq mi) and Bolsena (113.55 km2/44 sq mi).
The country is situated at the meeting point of the Eurasian Plate and the African Plate, leading to considerable seismic and volcanic activity. There are 14 volcanoes in Italy, three of which are active: Etna (the traditional site of Vulcan’s smithy), Stromboli and Vesuvius. Vesuvius is the only active volcano in mainland Europe and is most famous for the destruction of Pompeii and Herculanum. Several islands and hills have been created by volcanic activity, and there is still a large active caldera, the Campi Flegrei north-west of Naples.
Although the country comprises the Italian peninsula and most of the southern Alpine basin, some of Italy's territory extends beyond the Alpine basin and some islands are located outside the Eurasian continental shelf. These territories are the comuni of: Livigno, Sexten, Innichen, Toblach (in part), Chiusaforte, Tarvisio, Graun im Vinschgau (in part), which are all part of the Danube's drainage basin, while the Val di Lei constitutes part of the Rhine's basin and the islands of Lampedusa and Lampione are on the African continental shelf.
Environment[link]
After its quick industrial growth, Italy took a long time to confront its environmental problems. After several improvements, it now ranks 84th in the world for ecological sustainability.[52] National parks cover about five percent of the country.[53] In the last decade, Italy has become one of the world's leading producers of renewable energy, ranking as the world’s fourth largest holder of installed solar energy capacity[54][55] and the sixth largest holder of wind power capacity in 2010.[56] Renewable energies now make up about 12% of the total primary and final energy consumption in Italy, with a future target share set at 17% for the year 2020.[57]
However, air pollution remains a severe problem, especially in the industrialised north, reaching the tenth highest level worldwide of industrial carbon dioxide emissions in the 1990s.[58] Italy is the twelfth largest carbon dioxide producer.[59][60] Extensive traffic and congestion in the largest metropolitan areas continue to cause severe environmental and health issues, even if smog levels have decreased dramatically since the 1970s and 1980s, and the presence of smog is becoming an increasingly rarer phenomenon and levels of sulphur dioxide are decreasing.[61]
Many watercourses and coastal stretches have also been contaminated by industrial and agricultural activity, while due to rising water levels, Venice has been regularly flooded throughout recent years. Waste from industrial activity is not always disposed of by legal means and has led to permanent health effects on inhabitants of affected areas, as in the case of the Seveso disaster. The country has also operated several nuclear reactors between 1963 and 1990 but, after the Chernobyl disaster and a referendum on the issue the nuclear program was terminated, a decision that was overturned by the government in 2008, planning up to four French nuclear power plants. This was in turn struck down by a referendum following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.[62] Deforestation, illegal building developments and poor land-management policies have led to significant erosion all over Italy's mountainous regions, leading to major ecological disasters like the 1963 Vajont Dam flood, the 1998 Sarno[63] and 2009 Messina mudslides.
Climate[link]
Main article: Climate of Italy
The climate of Italy is highly diverse and can be quite different from the stereotypical Mediterranean climate. Most of the inland northern regions of Italy, for example Piedmont, Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna, have a climate variously described as humid continental or temperate. The climate of the "Po valley region [is] continental ... with harsh winters and hot summers".[64][65] The coastal areas of Liguria and most of the peninsula south of Florence generally fit the Mediterranean stereotype (Köppen climate classification Csa). Conditions on peninsular coastal areas can be very different from the interior's higher ground and valleys, particularly during the winter months when the higher altitudes tend to be cold, wet, and often snowy. The coastal regions have mild winters and warm and generally dry summers, although lowland valleys can be quite hot in summer.
Governance[link]
Italy has been a unitary parliamentary republic since 2 June 1946, when the monarchy was abolished by a constitutional referendum. The President of the Italian Republic (Presidente della Repubblica), currently Giorgio Napolitano since 2006, is Italy's head of state. The President is elected for a single seven years mandate by the Parliament in joint session. Italy has a written democratic constitution, resulting from the work of a Constituent Assembly formed by the representatives of all the anti-fascist forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the Civil War.[66]
Government[link]
Main article: Politics of Italy
Italy has a parliamentary government based on a proportional voting system. The Parliament of Italy is perfectly bicameral: the two houses, the Chamber of Deputies (that meets in Palazzo Montecitorio) and the Senate of the Republic (that meets in Palazzo Madama), have the same powers. The Prime Minister, officially President of the Council of Ministers (Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri), is Italy's head of government. The Prime Minister and the cabinet are appointed by the President of the Republic, but must pass a vote of confidence in Parliament to become in office.
While the office is similar to those in most other parliamentary systems, the Italian prime minister has less authority than some of his counterparts. The prime minister is not authorized to request the dissolution of Parliament or dismiss ministers (that are exclusive prerogatives of the President of the Republic) and must receive a vote of approval from the Council of Ministers—which holds effective executive power—to execute most political activities.
Silvio Berlusconi, from 8 May 2008 to his resignation on 12 November 2011, was Prime Minister, leading a center-right coalition. The Italy's four major political parties are the People of Freedom, the Democratic Party, the Northern League and the Italy of Values. During the 2008 general elections these four parties won 590 out of 630 seats available in the Chamber of Deputies and 308 out of 315 seats available in the Senate of the Republic.
Most of the remaining seats were won by minor parties that only contest election in one part of Italy, like the South Tyrolean People's Party and the Movement for Autonomies. However, during the last 3 years, a so called "Third Pole" emerged, merging the Christian Democrats of UDC with some dissident MPs coming from Mr. Berlusconi's cabinet.
A peculiarity of the Italian Parliament is the representation given to Italian citizens permanently living abroad (about 3.6 million people): 12 Deputies and 6 Senators elected in four distinct overseas constituencies. In addition, the Italian Senate is characterized also by a small number of senators for life, appointed by the President "for outstanding patriotic merits in the social, scientific, artistic or literary field". Former Presidents of the Republic are ex officio life senators.
Law and criminal justice[link]
Main articles: Judiciary of Italy and Law enforcement in Italy
The Italian judicial system is based on Roman law modified by the Napoleonic code and later statutes. The Supreme Court of Cassation is the highest court in Italy for both criminal and civil appeal cases. The Constitutional Court of Italy (Corte Costituzionale) rules on the conformity of laws with the Constitution and is a post–World War II innovation. Since their appearance in the middle of the 19th century, Italian organized crime and criminal organizations have infiltrated the social and economic life of many regions in Southern Italy, the most notorious of which being the Sicilian Mafia, which would later expand into some foreign countries including the United States. The Mafia receipts may reach 9%[67][68] of Italy's GDP.[69]
A 2009 report identified 610 comuni which have a strong Mafia presence, where 13 million Italians live and 14.6% of the Italian GDP is produced.[70][71] The Calabrian 'Ndrangheta, nowadays probably the most powerful crime syndicate of Italy, accounts alone for 3% of the country's GDP.[72] However, at 0.013 per 1,000 people, Italy has only the 47th highest murder rate[73] (in a group of 62 countries) and the 43rd highest number of rapes per 1,000 people in the world (in a group of 65 countries), relatively low figures among developed countries.
Foreign relations[link]
Main article: Foreign relations of Italy
Italy is a founding member of the European Community, now the European Union (EU), and of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Italy was admitted to the United Nations in 1955, and it is a member and strong supporter of a wide number of international organizations, such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization (GATT/WTO), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the Council of Europe, and the Central European Initiative. Its recent turns in the rotating presidency of international organisations include the Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE), the forerunner of the OSCE, in 1994; G8; and the EU in 2009 and from July to December 2003.
Italy strongly supports multilateral international politics, endorsing the United Nations and its international security activities. Italy deployed troops in support of UN peacekeeping missions in Somalia, Mozambique, and East Timor and provides support for NATO and UN operations in Bosnia, Kosovo and Albania. Italy deployed over 2,000 troops in Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) from February 2003. Italy still supports international efforts to reconstruct and stabilize Iraq, but it has withdrawn its military contingent of some 3,200 troops as of November 2006, maintaining only humanitarian operators and other civilian personnel. In August 2006 Italy deployed about 2,450 troops in Lebanon for the United Nations' peacekeeping mission UNIFIL.[74]
Military[link]
Main article: Italian Armed Forces
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The Italian Army, Navy, Air Force and Gendarmerie collectively form the Italian armed forces, under the command of the Supreme Defence Council, presided over by the President of the Italian Republic. From 1999, military service is voluntary.[75] In 2010, the Italian military had 293,202 personnel on active duty,[76] of which 114,778 in the national gendarmerie.[77] Total Italian military spending in 2010 ranked tenth in the world, standing at $35.8 billion, equal to 1.7% of national GDP. As part of NATO's nuclear sharing strategy Italy also hosts 90 United States nuclear bombs, located in the Ghedi and Aviano air bases.[78]
The Italian Army is the national ground defense force, numbering 109,703 in 2008. Its best-known combat vehicles are the Dardo infantry fighting vehicle, the Centauro tank destroyer and the Ariete tank, and among its aircraft the Mangusta attack helicopter, recently deployed in UN missions. It also has at its disposal a large number of Leopard 1 and M113 armored vehicles.
The Italian Navy in 2008 had 35,200 active personnel with 85 commissioned ships and 123 aircraft.[79] It is now equipping itself with a bigger aircraft carrier, (the Cavour), new destroyers, submarines and multipurpose frigates. In modern times the Italian Navy, being a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), has taken part in many coalition peacekeeping operations around the world.
The Italian Air Force in 2008 had a strength of 43,882 and operated 585 aircraft, including 219 combat jets and 114 helicopters. As a stopgap and as replacement for leased Tornado ADV interceptors, the AMI has leased 30 F-16A Block 15 ADF and four F-16B Block 10 Fighting Falcons, with an option for more. The coming years also will see the introduction of 121 EF2000 Eurofighter Typhoons, replacing the leased F-16 Fighting Falcons. Further updates are foreseen in the Tornado IDS/IDT and AMX fleets. A transport capability is guaranteed by a fleet of 22 C-130Js and Aeritalia G.222s of which 12 are being replaced with the newly developed G.222 variant called the C-27J Spartan.
An autonomous corps of the military, the Carabinieri are the gendarmerie and military police of Italy, policing the military and civilian population alongside Italy's other police forces. While the different branches of the Carabinieri report to separate ministries for each of their individual functions, the corps reports to the Ministry of Internal Affairs when maintaining public order and security.[80]
Administrative divisions[link]
Main articles: Regions of Italy, Provinces of Italy, Municipalities of Italy, and Metropolitan cities of Italy
Italy is subdivided into 20 regions (regioni, singular regione), five of these regions having a special autonomous status that enables them to enact legislation on some of their local matters. The country is further divided into 110 provinces (province) and 8,100 municipalities (comuni). There are also 15 metropolitan cities (città metropolitane), established in 2009, but this administrative division is not yet operational.
| Region[note 3] | Capital | Area (km²) | Area (sq mi) | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abruzzo | L'Aquila | 10,763 | 4,156 | 1,342,177 |
| Aosta Valley | Aosta | 3,263 | 1,260 | 128,129 |
| Apulia | Bari | 19,358 | 7,474 | 4,090,577 |
| Basilicata | Potenza | 9,995 | 3,859 | 587,680 |
| Calabria | Catanzaro | 15,080 | 5,822 | 2,011,537 |
| Campania | Naples | 13,590 | 5,247 | 5,833,131 |
| Emilia-Romagna | Bologna | 22,446 | 8,666 | 4,429,766 |
| Friuli-Venezia Giulia | Trieste | 7,858 | 3,034 | 1,235,761 |
| Lazio | Rome | 17,236 | 6,655 | 5,724,365 |
| Liguria | Genoa | 5,422 | 2,093 | 1,616,993 |
| Lombardy | Milan | 23,844 | 9,206 | 9,909,348 |
| Marche | Ancona | 9,366 | 3,616 | 1,564,886 |
| Molise | Campobasso | 4,438 | 1,713 | 319,834 |
| Piedmont | Turin | 25,402 | 9,808 | 4,456,532 |
| Sardinia | Cagliari | 24,090 | 9,301 | 1,675,286 |
| Sicily | Palermo | 25,711 | 9,927 | 5,050,486 |
| Tuscany | Florence | 22,993 | 8,878 | 3,749,074 |
| Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol | Trento | 13,607 | 5,254 | 1,036,639 |
| Umbria | Perugia | 8,456 | 3,265 | 906,675 |
| Veneto | Venice | 18,399 | 7,104 | 4,936,197 |
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Italy
Italy has a free market economy characterized by high per capita GDP and low unemployment rates. In 2010, it was the eighth-largest economy in the world and the fourth-largest in Europe in terms of nominal GDP,[81] and the tenth-largest economy in the world and fifth-largest in Europe in terms of PPP.[82] It is a founding member of the G8, the Eurozone and the OECD.
After World War II, Italy was rapidly transformed from an agriculture based economy into one of the world's most industrialized nations[83] and a leading country in world trade and exports. It is a developed country, with the world's 8th highest quality of life in 2005[12] and the 24th Human Development Index. In spite of the recent global economic crisis, Italian per capita GDP at purchasing power parity remains approximately equal to the EU average,[84] while the unemployment rate (8.5%) stands as one of the EU's lowest.[85] The country is well known for its influential and innovative business economic sector,[86] an industrious and competitive agricultural sector[86] (Italy is the world's largest wine producer),[87] and for its creative and high-quality automobile, industrial, appliance and fashion design.[86]
Italy has a smaller number of global multinational corporations than other economies of comparable size, but there is a large number of small and medium-sized enterprises, notoriously clustered in several industrial districts, which are the backbone of the Italian industry. This has produced a manufacturing sector often focused on the export of niche market and luxury products, that if on one side is less capable to compete on the quantity, on the other side is more capable of facing the competition from China and other emerging Asian economies based on lower labour costs, with higher quality products.[88]
The country was the world's 7th largest exporter in 2009.[89] Italy's closest trade ties are with the other countries of the European Union, with whom it conducts about 59% of its total trade. Its largest EU trade partners, in order of market share, are Germany (12.9%), France (11.4%), and Spain (7.4%).[90] Finally, tourism is one of the fastest growing and profitable sectors of the national economy: with 43.6 million international tourist arrivals and total receipts estimated at $38.8 billion in 2010, Italy is both the fifth most visited country and highest tourism earner in the world.[91]
Despite these important achievements, the Italian economy today suffers from many and relevant problems. After a strong GDP growth of 5–6% per year from the 1950s to the early 1970s,[92] and a progressive slowdown in the 1980s and 1990s, the last decade's average annual growth rates poorly performed at 1.23% in comparison to an average EU annual growth rate of 2.28%.[93] The stagnation in economic growth, and the political efforts to revive it with massive government spending from the 1980s onwards, eventually produced a severe rise in public debt. According to the EU's statistics body Eurostat, Italian public debt stood at 116% of GDP in 2010, ranking as the second biggest debt ratio after Greece (with 126.8%).[94]
However, the biggest chunk of Italian public debt is owned by national subjects, a major difference between Italy and Greece.[95] In addition, Italian living standards have a considerable north-south divide. The average GDP per capita in the north exceeds by far the EU average, whilst many regions of Southern Italy are dramatically below.[96] Italy has often been referred the sick man of Europe,[97][98] characterised by economic stagnation, political instability and problems in pursuing reform programs.
More specifically, Italy suffers from structural weaknesses due to its geographical conformation and the lack of raw materials and energy resources: in 2006 the country imported more than 86% of its total energy consumption (99.7% of the solid fuels, 92.5% of oil, 91.2% of natural gas and 15% of electricity).[99][100] The Italian economy is weakened by the lack of infrastructure development, market reforms and research investment, and also high public deficit.[86] In the Index of Economic Freedom 2008, the country ranked 64th in the world and 29th in Europe, the lowest rating in the Eurozone. Italy still receives development assistance from the European Union every year. Between 2000 and 2006, Italy received €27.4 billion from the EU.[101]
The country has an inefficient state bureaucracy, low property rights protection and high levels of corruption, heavy taxation and public spending that accounts for about half of the national GDP.[102] In addition, the most recent data show that Italy's spending in R&D in 2006 was equal to 1.14% of GDP, below the EU average of 1.84% and the Lisbon Strategy target of devoting 3% of GDP to research and development activities.[103] According to the Confesercenti, a major business association in Italy, organized crime in Italy represented the "biggest segment of the Italian economy", accounting for €90 billion in receipts and 7% of Italy's GDP.[104]
Infrastructure[link]
Main article: Transport in Italy
In 2004 the transport sector in Italy generated a turnover of about 119.4 billion euros, employing 935,700 persons in 153,700 enterprises. Regarding the national road network, in 2002 there were 668,721 km (415,524 mi) of serviceable roads in Italy, including 6,487 km (4,031 mi) of motorways, state-owned but privately operated by Atlantia. In 2005, about 34,667,000 passenger cars (590 cars per 1,000 people) and 4,015,000 goods vehicles circulated on the national road network.[108]
The national railway network, state-owned and operated by Ferrovie dello Stato, in 2003 totalled 16,287 km (10,120 mi) of which 69% is electrified, and on which 4,937 locomotives and railcars circulated. The national inland waterways network comprised 1,477 km (918 mi) of navigable rivers and channels in 2002. In 2004 there were approximately 30 main airports (including the two hubs of Malpensa International in Milan and Leonardo Da Vinci International in Rome) and 43 major seaports (including the seaport of Genoa, the country's largest and second largest in the Mediterranean Sea). In 2005 Italy maintained a civilian air fleet of about 389,000 units and a merchant fleet of 581 ships.[108]
Electric Power Imports[link]
Italy is the world's largest net importer of electricity, as shown in the treemap below from the Observatory of Economic Complexity. The treemap shows those countries which are the largest net importers of electricity.
Demographics[link]
Main article: Demography of Italy
Italy has 60,626,442 inhabitants according to 1/1/2011 municipal records (Anagrafe).[109] Its population density, at 201/km² (520/sq. mile), is higher than that of most Western European countries. However the distribution of the population is widely uneven. The most densely populated areas are the Po Valley (that accounts for almost a half of the national population) and the metropolitan areas of Rome and Naples, while vast regions such as the Alps and Appennines highlands, the plateaus of Basilicata and the island of Sardinia are very sparsely populated.
The population of Italy almost doubled during the 20th century, but the pattern of growth was extremely uneven due to large-scale internal migration from the rural South to the industrial cities of the North, a phenomenon which happened as a consequence of the Italian economic miracle of the 1950-1960s. In addition, after centuries of net emigration, from the 1980s Italy has experienced large-scale immigration for the first time in modern history. According to the Italian government, there were 4,570,317 foreign residents in Italy as of January 2011.[110]
High fertility and birth rates persisted until the 1970s, after which they start to dramatically decline, leading to rapid population aging. At the end of the 2000s (decade), one in five Italians was over 65 years old.[111] However, thanks mainly to the massive immigration of the last two decades, in recent years Italy experienced a significant growth in birth rates.[112] The total fertility rate has also climbed from an all-time low of 1.18 children per woman in 1995 to 1.41 in 2008.[113]
|
Largest cities or towns of Italy ISTAT estimates for 31 December 2010 |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | City name | Region | Pop. | Rank | City name | Region | Pop. | ||
 Rome |
1 | Rome | Lazio | 2,761,477 | 11 | Venice | Veneto | 270,884 |  Naples |
| 2 | Milan | Lombardy | 1,324,110 | 12 | Verona | Veneto | 263,964 | ||
| 3 | Naples | Campania | 963,357 | 13 | Messina | Sicily | 242,503 | ||
| 4 | Turin | Piedmont | 907,563 | 14 | Padua | Veneto | 214,198 | ||
| 5 | Palermo | Sicily | 655,875 | 15 | Trieste | Friuli-Venezia Giulia | 205,535 | ||
| 6 | Genoa | Liguria | 607,906 | 16 | Brescia | Lombardy | 193,879 | ||
| 7 | Bologna | Emilia-Romagna | 380,181 | 17 | Taranto | Apulia | 191,810 | ||
| 8 | Florence | Tuscany | 371,282 | 18 | Prato | Tuscany | 188,011 | ||
| 9 | Bari | Apulia | 320,475 | 19 | Parma | Emilia-Romagna | 186,690 | ||
| 10 | Catania | Sicily | 293,458 | 20 | Reggio Calabria | Calabria | 186,547 | ||
Ethnic groups[link]
Main article: Immigration to Italy
Italy used to be a country of mass emigration from the late 19th century until the 1970s. Between 1898 and 1914, the peak years of Italian diaspora, approximately 750,000 Italians emigrated each year.[114] Italian communities once thrived in the former African colonies of Eritrea (nearly 100,000 at the beginning of World War II),[115] Somalia and Libya (150,000 Italians settled in Libya, constituting about 18% of the total population).[116]
All of Libya's Italians were expelled from the North African country in 1970.[117] In addition, after the communist occupation of Istria in 1945, up to 350,000 ethnic Italians left Titoist Yugoslavia.[118] Today, large numbers of people with full or significant Italian ancestry are found in Brazil (25 million),[119] Argentina (20 million),[120] US (17.8 million),[121] France (5 million),[122] Uruguay (1.5 million),[123] Canada (1.4 million),[124] Venezuela (900,000)[125] and Australia (800,000).[126]
As a result of the profound economic and social changes induced by postwar industrialization, including low birth rates, an aging population and thus a shrinking workforce, during the 1980s Italy became to attract rising flows of foreign immigrants. The present-day figure of about 4.6 million foreign residents, that make up some 7.5% of the total population, include more than half a million children born in Italy to foreign nationals—second generation immigrants, but exclude foreign nationals who have subsequently acquired Italian nationality; this applied to 53,696 people in 2008.[127]
The official figures also exclude illegal immigrants, the so-called clandestini, whose numbers are very difficult to determine. In May 2008 The Boston Globe quoted an estimate of 670,000 for this group.[128] Since the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, and more recently, the 2004 and 2007 enlargements of the European Union, the main waves of migration came from the former socialist countries of Eastern Europe (especially Romania, Albania, Ukraine and Poland). The second most important area of immigration to Italy has always been the neighbouring North Africa (in particular, Morocco, Egypt and Tunisia), with soaring arrivals as a consequence of the Arab Spring. Furthermore, in recent years, growing migration fluxes from the Far East (notably, China[129] and the Philippines) and Latin America (Ecuador, Peru) have been recorded.
Currently, more than one million Romanians (around one tenth of them being Roma[130]) are officially registered as living in Italy, representing thus the most important individual country of origin, followed by Albanians and Moroccans with about 500,000 people each. The number of unregistered Romanians is difficult to estimate, but the Balkan Investigative Reporting Network suggested that in 2007 that there might have been half a million or more.[131][note 4] Overall, at the end of 2000s (decade) the foreign born population of Italy was from: Europe (54%), Africa (22%), Asia (16%), the Americas (8%) and Oceania (0.06%). The distribution of immigrants is largely uneven in Italy: 87% of immigrants live in the northern and central parts of the country (the most economically developed areas), while only 13% live in the southern half of the peninsula.
| Origin | Population | Percent |
|---|---|---|
| Italian | &1000000005611809900000056,118,099 | 92.47% |
| Romanian | &100000000012000000000001,200,000 | 1.98% |
| North African | &10000000000646624000000646,624 | 1.07% |
| Albanian | &10000000000466684000000466,684 | 0.77% |
| Chinese | &10000000000188352000000188,352 | 0.28% |
| Ukrainian | &10000000000153998000000153,998 | 0.31% |
| Asian (non-Chinese) | &10000000000499013000000499,013 | 0.83% |
| Latin American | &10000000000324917000000324,917 | 0.54% |
| Sub-Saharan African | &10000000000285169000000285,169 | 0.47% |
| Other | &10000000000782549000000782,549 | 1.29% |
Languages[link]
Main article: Languages of Italy
Official language.
Secondary, widely spoken or understood.
Understood by some due to former colonisation.
Italy's official language is Italian. Ethnologue has estimated that there are about 55 million speakers of the language in Italy and a further 6.7 million outside of the country.[133] However, between 120 and 150 million people use Italian as a second or cultural language, worldwide.[134]
Italian, adopted by the state after the unification of Italy, is based on the Florentine variety of Tuscan and is somewhat intermediate between the Italo-Dalmatian languages and the Gallo-Romance languages. Its development was also influenced by the Germanic languages of the post-Roman invaders.
Italy has numerous dialects spoken all over the country and some Italians cannot speak Italian at all.[135] However, the establishment of a national education system has led to decrease in variation in the languages spoken across the country. Standardisation was further expanded in the 1950s and 1960s thanks to economic growth and the rise of mass media and television (the state broadcaster RAI helped set a standard Italian).
Several linguistic groups are legally recognized,[136] and a number of minority languages have co-official status alongside Italian in various parts of the country. French is co-official in the Valle d’Aosta—although in fact Franco-Provencal is more commonly spoken there. German has the same status in the province of South Tyrol as, in some parts of that province and in parts of the neighbouring Trentino, does Ladin. Slovene is officially recognised in the provinces of Trieste, Gorizia and Udine in Friuli Venezia Giulia.
In these regions official documents are bilingual (trilingual in Ladin communities), or available upon request in either Italian or the co-official language. Traffic signs are also multilingual, except in the Valle d’Aosta where – with the exception of Aosta itself which has retained its Latin form in Italian (as in English) – French toponyms are generally used, attempts to italianise them during the Fascist period having been abandoned. Education is possible in minority languages where such schools are operating.
Religion[link]
Main article: Religion in Italy
| Religion in Italy, 2001[137] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | Percent | |||
| Christianity |
|
91.6% | ||
| None |
|
5.8% | ||
| Islam |
|
1.9% | ||
| Buddhism |
|
0.3% | ||
| Hinduism |
|
0.2% | ||
| Sikhism |
|
0.1% | ||
| Judaism |
|
0.1% | ||
Roman Catholicism is by far the largest religion in the country, although the Catholic Church is no longer officially the state religion. The proportion of Italians that identify themselves as Roman Catholic is 87.8%,[138] although only about one-third of these described themselves as active members (36.8%). Most Italians believe in God, or a form of a spiritual life force. According to the most recent Eurobarometer Poll 2005:[139] 74% of Italian citizens responded that 'they believe there is a God', 16% answered that 'they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force' and 6% answered that 'they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force'.
- Christianity
The Italian Catholic Church is part of the global Roman Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope, curia in Rome, and the Conference of Italian Bishops. In addition to Italy, two other sovereign nations are included in Italian-based dioceses, the enclaves of San Marino and Vatican City. There are 225 dioceses in the Italian Catholic Church, see further in this article and in the article List of the Roman Catholic dioceses in Italy.
Italy has a rich Catholic culture, especially as numerous Catholic saints, martyrs and popes were Italian themselves. Roman Catholicism is the largest religion and denomination in Italy, with around 87.8% of Italians considering themselves Catholic. Italy is also home to the greatest number of cardinals in the world,[142] and is the country with the greatest number of Roman Catholic churches per capita.[143]
Even though the main Christian denomination in Italy is Roman Catholicism, there are relevant minorities of Waldensians, Eastern Orthodox and other Christian churches. In the 20th century, Pentecostalism, non-denominational Evangelicalism, were the fastest-growing Protestant churches, as well as Jehovah's Witnesses and Mormonism. Starting from the 1980s, Immigration from Subsaharan Africa has increased the size of Baptist, Anglican, Pentecostal and Evangelical communities in Italy, while immigration from Eastern Europe has established large Eastern Orthodox communities.
At the beginning of 21st century, there were more than 700,000 Eastern Orthodox Christians in Italy, including 180,000 Greek Orthodox,[144] 550,000 Pentecostals and Evangelists (0.8%), of whom 400,000 are members of the Assemblies of God, 235,685 Jehovah's Witnesses (0.4%),[145] 30,000 Waldensians,[146] 25,000 Seventh-day Adventists, 22,000 Mormons, 15,000 Baptists (plus some 5,000 Free Baptists), 7,000 Lutherans, 4,000 Methodists (affiliated with the Waldensian Church).[147]
- Other religions
The longest-established religious faith in Italy is Judaism, Jews having been present in Ancient Rome before the birth of Christ. Italy has seen many influential Italian-Jews, such as Shabbethai Donnolo (died 982), prime minister Luigi Luzzatti, who took office in 1910, and Ernesto Nathan, outstanding mayor of Rome from 1907 to 1913. During the Holocaust, Italy took in many Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany. However, with the creation of the Nazi-backed puppet Italian Social Republic, about 15% of Italy's Jews were killed, despite the Fascist government's refusal to deport Jews to Nazi death camps. This, together with the emigration that preceded and followed the Second World War, has left only a small community of around 45,000 Jews in Italy today.
Due to rising immigration, there has been an increase in non-Christian faiths. In 2009, there were 1.0 million Muslims in Italy[148] forming 1.6 percent of population, although only 50,000 hold Italian citizenship. Independent estimates put the Islamic population in Italy anywhere from 0.8 million[149] to 1.5 million.[150] There are more than 200,000 followers of faiths originating in the Indian subcontinent with some 70,000 Sikhs with 22 gurdwaras across the country,[151] 70,000 Hindus, and 50,000 Buddhists.[152] There are an estimated some 4,900 Bahá'ís in Italy in 2005.[153]
Education[link]
Main article: Education in Italy
Italy's public education is free and compulsory from 6 to 15 years of age,[155] and has a five-year primary stage and an eight-year secondary stage, divided into first-grade secondary school (middle school) and second-grade secondary school (or high school). Italy has a high public education standard, surpassing that of other comparable developed countries, such as the UK and Germany.[citation needed] The country has both public and private education systems.
According to National Science Indicators (1981–2002), a database produced by Research Services Group containing listings of output and citation statistics for more than 90 countries, Italy has an above-average output of scientific papers (in terms of number of papers written with at least one author being from Italy) in space science (9.75% of papers in the world being from Italy), mathematics (5.51% of papers in the world), computer science, neurosciences, and physics; the lowest, but still slightly above world-average, output in terms of number of papers produced is recorded in the social sciences, psychology and psychiatry, and economics and business.[156]
Italy hosts a broad variety of universities, colleges and academies. Milan's Bocconi University, has been ranked among the top 20 best business schools in the world by The Wall Street Journal international rankings, especially thanks to its M.B.A. program, which in 2007 placed it no. 17 in the world in terms of graduate recruitment preference by major multinational companies.[157] Also, Forbes has ranked Bocconi no. 1 worldwide in the specific category Value for Money.[158] In May 2008, Bocconi overtook several traditionally top global business schools in the Financial Times Executive education ranking, reaching no. 5 in Europe and no. 15 in the world.[159]
Other top universities and polytechnics include the Polytechnic University of Turin, the Politecnico di Milano (which in 2009 was ranked as the 57th technical university in the world by Top Universities, in a research conducted on behalf of Times Higher Education.[160] This was a 6-positions growth from the 63rd position in 2008. In 2009 an Italian research ranked it as the best in Italy over indicators such as scientific production, attraction of foreign students, and others[161]), the University of Rome La Sapienza (which in 2005 was Europe's 33rd best university,[162] and ranks amongst Europe's 50 and the world's 150 best colleges[163]) and the University of Milan (whose research and teaching activities have developed over the years and have received important international recognitions. The University is the only Italian member of the League of European Research Universities (LERU), a prestigious group of twenty research-intensive European Universities. It also been awarded ranking positions as such: -1st in Italy and 7th in Europe (The Leiden Ranking – Universiteit Leiden).
Italy and the Western world's oldest college is the University of Bologna.[164] In 2009, the University of Bologna is, according to The Times, the only Italian college in the top 200 World Universities.
Health[link]
Main article: Healthcare in Italy
Italy has had a public healthcare system since 1978.[165] Healthcare spending in Italy accounted for more than 9.0% of the national GDP in 2008, slightly above the OECD countries' average of 8.9%.[166] However, Italy ranks as having the world's 2nd best healthcare system,[165][167] and the world's 3rd best healthcare performance.[168]
Italy had the 12th highest worldwide life expectancy in 2010,[169] while, as in many others western countries, seeing an increase in the proportion of overweight and obese people, with 34.2% of Italians self reporting as overweight and 9.8% self reporting as obese.[170] The proportion of daily smokers was 22% in 2008.[171] Smoking in public places including bars, restaurants, night clubs and offices has been restricted to specially ventilated rooms since 2005.[172]
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture of Italy
Italy did not exist as a state until the country's unification in 1861. Due to this comparatively late unification, and the historical autonomy of the regions that comprise the Italian Peninsula, many traditions and customs that are now recognized as distinctly Italian can be identified by their regions of origin. Despite the political and social distinction of these regions, Italy's contributions to the cultural and historical heritage of Europe and the world remain immense. Italy is home to the greatest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites (47) to date, and has rich collections of art, culture and literature from many different periods. The country has had a broad cultural influence worldwide, also because numerous Italians emigrated to other places during the Italian diaspora. Furthermore, the nation has, overall, an estimated 100,000 monuments of any sort (museums, palaces, buildings, statues, churches, art galleries, villas, fountains, historic houses and archaeological remains).[173]
Architecture[link]
Main article: Architecture of Italy
Italy has a very broad and diverse architectural style, which cannot be simply classified by period, but also by region, due to Italy's division into several city-states until 1861. However, this has created a highly diverse and eclectic range in architectural designs. Italy is known for its considerable architectural achievements,[176] such as the construction of arches, domes and similar structures during ancient Rome, the founding of the Renaissance architectural movement in the late-14th to 16th century, and being the homeland of Palladianism, a style of construction which inspired movements such as that of Neoclassical architecture, and influenced the designs which noblemen built their country houses all over the world, notably in the UK, Australia and the US during the late-17th to early 20th centuries. Several of the finest works in Western architecture, such as the Colosseum, the Milan Cathedral and Florence cathedral, the Leaning Tower of Pisa and the building designs of Venice are found in Italy.
Italian architecture has also widely influenced the architecture of the world. British architect Inigo Jones, inspired by the designs of Italian buildings and cities, brought back the ideas of Italian Renaissance architecture to 17th century England, being inspired by Andrea Palladio.[177] Additionally, Italianate architecture, popular abroad since the 19th century, was used to describe foreign architecture which was built in an Italian style, especially modelled on Renaissance architecture.
Visual art[link]
Main article: Art of Italy
_-_The_Last_Supper_(1495-1498).jpg)
Over the centuries, Italian art has gone through many stylistic changes. Italian painting is traditionally characterized by a warmth of colour and light, as exemplified in the works of Caravaggio and Titian, and a preoccupation with religious figures and motifs. Italian painting enjoyed preeminence in Europe for hundreds of years, from the Romanesque and Gothic periods, and through the Renaissance and Baroque periods, the latter two of which saw fruition in Italy. Notable artists who fall within these periods include Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Donatello, Botticelli, Fra Angelico, Tintoretto, Caravaggio, Bernini, Titian and Raphael.
Thereafter, Italy was to experience a continual subjection to foreign powers which caused a shift of focus to political matters, leading to its decline as the artistic authority in Europe. Not until 20th century Futurism, primarily through the works of Umberto Boccioni and Giacomo Balla, would Italy recapture any of its former prestige as a seminal place of artistic evolution. Futurism was succeeded by the metaphysical paintings of Giorgio de Chirico, who exerted a strong influence on the Surrealists and generations of artists to follow.
Literature and theatre[link]
Main article: Literature of Italy
File:DanteDetail.jpg
Dante, poised between the mountain of purgatory and the city of Florence, displays the famous incipit Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita in a detail of Domenico di Michelino's painting, Florence 1465.
The basis of the modern Italian language was established by the Florentine poet Dante Alighieri, whose greatest work, the Divine Comedy, is considered amongst the foremost literary statements produced in Europe during the Middle Ages. There is no shortage of celebrated literary figures in Italy: Giovanni Boccaccio, Giacomo Leopardi, Alessandro Manzoni, Torquato Tasso, Ludovico Ariosto, and Petrarch, whose best-known vehicle of expression, the sonnet, was invented in Italy.
Prominent philosophers include Giordano Bruno, Marsilio Ficino, Niccolò Machiavelli, and Giambattista Vico. Modern literary figures and Nobel laureates are nationalist poet Giosuè Carducci in 1906, realist writer Grazia Deledda in 1926, modern theatre author Luigi Pirandello in 1936, poets Salvatore Quasimodo in 1959 and Eugenio Montale in 1975, satirist and theatre author Dario Fo in 1997.[179]
Italian theatre can be traced back to the Roman tradition which was heavily influenced by the Greek; as with many other literary genres, Roman dramatists tended to adapt and translate from the Greek. For example, Seneca's Phaedra was based on that of Euripides, and many of the comedies of Plautus were direct translations of works by Menander. During the 16th century and on into the 18th century, Commedia dell'arte was a form of improvisational theatre, and it is still performed today. Travelling troupes of players would set up an outdoor stage and provide amusement in the form of juggling, acrobatics, and, more typically, humorous plays based on a repertoire of established characters with a rough storyline, called canovaccio.
Music[link]
Main article: Music of Italy
From folk music to classical, music has always played an important role in Italian culture. Instruments associated with classical music, including the piano and violin, were invented in Italy, and many of the prevailing classical music forms, such as the symphony, concerto, and sonata, can trace their roots back to innovations of 16th and 17th century Italian music.
Italy's most famous composers include the Renaissance composers Palestrina and Monteverdi, the Baroque composers Alessandro Scarlatti, Corelli and Vivaldi, the Classical composers Paganini and Rossini, and the Romantic composers Verdi and Puccini. Modern Italian composers such as Berio and Nono proved significant in the development of experimental and electronic music. While the classical music tradition still holds strong in Italy, as evidenced by the fame of its innumerable opera houses, such as La Scala of Milan and San Carlo of Naples, and performers such as the pianist Maurizio Pollini and the late tenor Luciano Pavarotti, Italians have been no less appreciative of their thriving contemporary music scene.
Italy is widely known for being the birthplace of opera.[182] Italian opera was believed to have been founded in the early 17th century, in Italian cities such as Mantua and Venice.[182] Later, works and pieces composed by native Italian composers of the 19th and early 20th centuries, such as Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti, Verdi and Puccini, are amongst the most famous operas ever written and today are performed in opera houses across the world. La Scala operahouse in Milan is also renowned as one of the best in the world. Famous Italian opera singers include Enrico Caruso, Alessandro Bonci, the late Luciano Pavarotti, and Andrea Bocelli, to name a few.
Introduced in the early 1920s, jazz took a particularly strong foothold in Italy, and remained popular despite the xenophobic cultural policies of the Fascist regime. Today, the most notable centers of jazz music in Italy include Milan, Rome, and Sicily. Later, Italy was at the forefront of the progressive rock movement of the 1970s, with bands like PFM and Goblin. Italy was also an important country in the development of disco and electronic music, with Italo disco, known for its futuristic sound and prominent usage of synthesizers and drum machines, being one of the earliest electronic dance genres, as well as European forms of disco music aside from Euro disco (which later went on to influence several genres such as Eurodance and Nu-disco).
Producers/songwriters such as Giorgio Moroder, who won three Academy Awards for his music, were highly influential in the development of EDM (electronic dance music). Today, Italian pop music is represented annually with the Sanremo Music Festival, which served as inspiration for the Eurovision song contest, and the Festival of Two Worlds in Spoleto. Singers such as pop diva Mina, classical crossover artist Andrea Bocelli, Grammy winner Laura Pausini, and European chart-topper Eros Ramazzotti have attained international acclaim.
Cinema[link]
Main article: Cinema of Italy
The history of Italian cinema began a few months after the Lumière brothers began motion picture exhibitions. The first Italian film was a few seconds long, showing Pope Leo XIII giving a blessing to the camera. The Italian film industry was born between 1903 and 1908 with three companies: the Società Italiana Cines, the Ambrosio Film and the Itala Film. Other companies soon followed in Milan and in Naples. In a short time these first companies reached a fair producing quality, and films were soon sold outside Italy. Cinema was later used by Benito Mussolini, who founded Rome's renowned Cinecittà studio for the production of Fascist propaganda until World War II.[184]
After the war, Italian film was widely recognised and exported until an artistic decline around the 1980s. Notable Italian film directors from this period include Vittorio De Sica, Federico Fellini, Sergio Leone, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Luchino Visconti, Michelangelo Antonioni and Dario Argento. Movies include world cinema treasures such as La dolce vita, The Good, the Bad and the Ugly and Bicycle Thieves. The mid-1940s to the early 1950s was the heyday of neorealist films, reflecting the poor condition of post-war Italy.[185][186]
As the country grew wealthier in the 1950s, a form of neorealism known as pink neorealism succeeded, and other film genres, such as sword-and-sandal followed as spaghetti westerns, were popular in the 1960s and 1970s. In recent years, the Italian scene has received only occasional international attention, with movies like La vita è bella directed by Roberto Benigni and Il postino with Massimo Troisi.
Science[link]
Main article: Science and technology in Italy
Through the centuries, Italy has given birth to some notable scientific minds. Amongst them, and perhaps the most famous polymath in history, Leonardo da Vinci made several contributions to a variety of fields including art, biology, and technology. Galileo Galilei was a physicist, mathematician, and astronomer who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations, and support for Copernicanism. The physicist Enrico Fermi, a Nobel prize laureate, was the leader of the team that built the first nuclear reactor and is also noted for his many other contributions to physics, including the co-development of the quantum theory.
A brief overview of some other notable figures includes the astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini, who made many important discoveries about the Solar System; the physicist Alessandro Volta, inventor of the electric battery; the mathematicians Lagrange, Fibonacci, and Gerolamo Cardano, whose Ars Magna is generally recognized as the first modern treatment on mathematics, made fundamental advances to the field.
Marcello Malpighi, a doctor and founder of microscopic anatomy; the biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani, who conducted important research in bodily functions, animal reproduction, and cellular theory; the physician, pathologist, scientist, and Nobel laureate Camillo Golgi, whose many achievements include the discovery of the Golgi complex, and his role in paving the way to the acceptance of the Neuron doctrine; and Guglielmo Marconi, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention of radio.
Sport[link]
Main article: Sport in Italy
Italy has a long sporting tradition. In numerous sports, both individual and team, Italy has good representation and many successes. The most popular sport is by far football. Basketball and volleyball are the next most popular/played, with Italy having a rich tradition in both. Italy won the 2006 FIFA World Cup, and is currently the second most successful football team in the world, after Brazil, having won four FIFA World Cups.[190] Italy has also got strong traditions in cycling, tennis, athletics, fencing, winter sports and rugby. Italian Scuderia Ferrari is the oldest surviving team in Grand Prix racing, having competed since 1948, and statistically the most successful Formula One team in history with a record of 15 drivers' championships and 16 constructors' championships.
Fashion and design[link]
Main articles: Italian fashion and Italian design
Italian fashion has a long tradition, and is regarded as one of the most important in the world. Milan, Florence and Rome are Italy's main fashion capitals. According to the 2009 Global Language Monitor, Milan was nominated the true fashion capital of the world, even surpassing other major capitals, such as New York, Paris, London and Tokyo, while Rome came 4th.[191] Major Italian fashion labels, such as Gucci, Prada, Versace, Valentino, Armani, Dolce & Gabbana, Missoni, Fendi, Moschino, Max Mara and Ferragamo, to name a few, are regarded as amongst the finest fashion houses in the world. Also, the fashion magazine Vogue Italia, is considered the most important and prestigious fashion magazine in the world.[192]
Italy is also prominent in the field of design, notably interior design, architectural design, industrial design and urban design. The country has produced some well-known furniture designers, such as Gio Ponti and Ettore Sottsass, and Italian phrases such as "Bel Disegno" and "Linea Italiana" have entered the vocabulary of furniture design.[193] Examples of classic pieces of Italian white goods and pieces of furniture include Zanussi's washing machines and fridges,[194] the "New Tone" sofas by Atrium,[194] and the post-modern bookcase by Ettore Sottsass, inspired by Bob Dylan's song "Stuck Inside of Mobile with the Memphis Blues Again".[194]
Today, Milan and Turin are the nation's leaders in architectural design and industrial design. The city of Milan hosts the FieraMilano, Europe's biggest design fair.[195] Milan also hosts major design and architecture-related events and venues, such as the "Fuori Salone" and the Salone del Mobile, and has been home to the designers Bruno Munari, Lucio Fontana, Enrico Castellani and Piero Manzoni[196]
Cuisine[link]
Main article: Italian cuisine
Modern Italian cuisine has evolved through centuries of social and political changes, with its roots reaching back to the 4th century BC. Significant change occurred with the discovery of the New World, when vegetables such as potatoes, tomatoes, bell peppers, and maize became available. However, these central ingredients of modern Italian cuisine were not introduced in scale before the 18th century.[197]
Ingredients and dishes vary by region. However, many dishes that were once regional have proliferated in different variations across the country. Cheese and wine are major parts of the cuisine, playing different roles both regionally and nationally with their many variations and Denominazione di origine controllata (regulated appellation) laws. Coffee, and more specifically espresso, has become highly important to the cultural cuisine of Italy. Some famous dishes and items include pasta, pizza, lasagna, focaccia, and gelato.
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ In Italy, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous (regional) languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:
- Emilian: Ripòbblica Itaglièna;
- Friulian: Republiche Taliane;
- Ladin: Republica taliana;
- Lombard: Repùblega Taliana;
- Neapolitan: Repubbreca italiana;
- Piemontese: Repùblica Italian-a;
- Sardinian: Repubrica Italiana;
- Sicilian: Ripùbblica di Tàlia;
- Venetian: Republica Tałiana
- ^ Official French maps show the border detouring south of the main summit, and claim the highest point in Italy is Mont Blanc de Courmayeur (4,748 m), but these are inconsistent with an 1861 convention and topographic watershed analysis.
- ^ Regions in Italics have an autonomous status.
- ^ According to Mitrica, an October 2005 Romanian report estimates that 1,061,400 Romanians are living in Italy, constituting 37% of 2.8 million immigrants in that country[132] but it is unclear how the estimate was made, and therefore whether it should be taken seriously.
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- ^ "Università di Bologna (oldest university in the world)". Virtual Globetrotting. 21 October 2006. http://virtualglobetrotting.com/map/universit-di-bologna-oldest-university-in-the-world/. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
- ^ a b "Italy – Health". Dev.prenhall.com. http://dev.prenhall.com/divisions/hss/worldreference/IT/health.html. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
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- ^ "Health system attainment and performance in all Member States". ΦΩΤΗΣ ΚΟΥΤΣΟΥΚΗΣ (Photius Coutsoukis). http://www.photius.com/rankings/world_health_performance_ranks.html. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
- ^ United Nations World Population Prospects: 2006 revision – Table A.17 for 2005–2010
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- ^ World Health Organization (2008) (PDF). WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008: the MPOWER package. World Health Organization. pp. 267–288. ISBN 978-92-4-159628-2. http://www.who.int/entity/tobacco/mpower/mpower_report_full_2008.pdf. Retrieved 1 January 2008.
- ^ "Smoking Ban Begins in Italy". Deutsche Welle. 10 January 2005. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,1453590,00.html. Retrieved August 2010.
- ^ Eyewitness Travel (2005), pg. 19
- ^ "Piazza del Duomo, Pisa – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". Whc.unesco.org. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/395. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
- ^ "Leaning Tower of Pisa – Pisa, Italy". Pisa, Tuscany, Italy: Sacred-destinations.com. http://www.sacred-destinations.com/italy/pisa-leaning-tower. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
- ^ Architecture in Italy, ItalyTravel.com
- ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/jones_inigo.shtml
- ^ Vitruvian Man is referred to as "iconic" at the following websites and many others:Vitruvian Man, Fine Art Classics, Key Images in the History of Science; Curiosity and difference; The Guardian: The Real da Vinci Code
- ^ "All Nobel Prizes in Literature". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
- ^ "Quick Opera Facts 2007". OPERA America. 2007. Archived from the original on 1 October 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061001054025/http://www.operaamerica.org/pressroom/quickfacts2006.html. Retrieved 23 April 2007.
- ^ Alain P. Dornic (1995). "An Operatic Survey". Opera Glass. http://opera.stanford.edu/misc/Dornic_survey.html. Retrieved 23 April 2007.
- ^ a b Kimbell, David R. B (29 April 1994). Italian Opera. Google Books. ISBN 978-0-521-46643-1. http://books.google.com/?id=C37Gq2GagZIC&dq=Italian+opera&printsec=frontcover&q=. Retrieved 20 December 2009.
- ^ Burke and Waller, 12
- ^ "The Cinema Under Mussolini". Ccat.sas.upenn.edu. http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/italians/resources/Amiciprize/1996/mussolini.html. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
- ^ "Historical origins of italian neorealism – Neorealism – actor, actress, film, children, voice, show, born, director, son, cinema, scene". Filmreference.com. http://www.filmreference.com/encyclopedia/Independent-Film-Road-Movies/Neorealism-HISTORICAL-ORIGINS-OF-ITALIAN-NEOREALISM.html. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
- ^ "Italian Neorealism – Explore – The Criterion Collection". Criterion.com. http://www.criterion.com/explore/6-italian-neorealism. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
- ^ a b Weidhorn, Manfred (2005). The Person of the Millennium: The Unique Impact of Galileo on World History. iUniverse. p. 155. ISBN 0-595-36877-8.
- ^ Finocchiaro (2007)
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- ^ "The Global Language Monitor " Fashion". Languagemonitor.com. 20 July 2009. http://www.languagemonitor.com/popular-culture/fashion. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=pkeaOOxb_isC&pg=PA16&sig=JJmC6YC-Hmmm6Z5P2Cfbvz_jrSA#v=onepage&q=&f=false
- ^ Miller (2005) p. 486
- ^ a b c Insight Guides (2004) p.220
- ^ "Design City Milan". Wiley. http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470026839.html. Retrieved 3 January 2010.
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- Bibliography
- Italy. DK. 2005. ISBN 1-4053-0781-1.
- Miller, Judith (2005). Furniture: world styles from classical to contemporary. DK Publishing. ISBN 0-7566-1340-X.
- Northern Italy. APA Publications. 2004. ISBN 981-234-903-0.
- Hacken, Richard. "History of Italy: Primary Documents". EuroDocs: Harold B. Lee Library: Brigham Young University. http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Italy:_Primary_Documents. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- "FastiOnline: A database of archaeological excavations since the year 2000". International Association of Classical Archaeology (AIAC). 2004-2007. http://www.fastionline.org/. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- "Italy History – Italian History Index" (in Italian, English). European University Institute, The World Wide Web Virtual Library. 1995-2010. http://vlib.iue.it/hist-italy/Index.html. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
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| Rick Steves | |
|---|---|
 Rick Steves at the Mountain Hostel in Gimmelwald, Switzerland |
|
| Born | (1955-05-10) May 10, 1955 (age 57) Edmonds, Washington, U.S. |
| Occupation | Writer; television & radio host |
| Known for | Travel guides |
| Religion | Lutheran |
 |
This article relies on references to primary sources or sources affiliated with the subject, rather than references from independent authors and third-party publications. Please add citations from reliable sources. (December 2010) |
Richard "Rick" Steves (born May 10, 1955, Edmonds, Washington) is an American author and television personality focusing on European travel. He is the host of the American Public Television series Rick Steves' Europe, has a public radio travel show, Travel with Rick Steves, and has authored various location-specific travel guides.
Contents |
Career[link]
Steves started his career by teaching travel classes at his alma mater, University of Washington, and working as a tour guide in the summer. At the time, he also worked as a piano teacher (his father had owned a piano store). In 1979, based on his travel classes, he wrote the first edition of Europe Through the Back Door (ETBD), a general guide on how to travel in Europe. Steves self-published the first edition of his travel skills book ETBD in 1980. Unlike most guidebook entrepreneurs, he opened a storefront business, which at first was both travel center and piano teaching studio. He held travel classes and slide shows, did travel consulting, organized a few group tours per year, and updated his books. He did not provide ticket booking or other standard travel agency services. He incorporated his business as "Rick Steves' Europe Through the Back Door." The store was in Steves' hometown of Edmonds, Washington (a city north of Seattle). The company's headquarters are still in Edmonds.[1]
During the 1980s, his business grew slowly but steadily. He brought out more guidebooks, published by the alternative publisher John Muir Press, under the label "2 to 22 Days in ..." His group tours competed more on sincerity, small group size, and service than on price. He sold railpasses and travel gear in his store and eventually by mail order, ran a trip consulting service, and held slideshows and lectures. Gene Openshaw, a childhood friend of Steves', wrote most of the history and art material in his books. Dave Hoerlein, an architect by training, drew maps for the guidebooks and became a popular tour guide.[citation needed]
In 1991, the company had approximately five employees. That year, Steves began producing TV shows about European destinations. These shows were produced with his own funding and given to public television stations for free. The TV shows made him a nationwide figure, and his tour, guidebook, and merchandise businesses boomed. An important factor in the company's success was the information exchange possible between the various parts of the business. The tour business benefited from the yearly guidebook updating and his trip consulting businesses, and vice versa. The company is privately held by Steves.[citation needed]
Current activities[link]
File:Rick Steves' Corporate Headquarters in Edmonds, Washington.JPG
Rick Steves' corporate headquarters in Edmonds, Washington.
Steves advocates independent travel. His books and media deal with travel mainly in Europe, and are directed at an American audience. As host, writer, and producer of the popular and long running Oregon Public Broadcasting television series Rick Steves' Europe, and through his travel books, he encourages Americans to become what he calls "temporary locals." He encourages his readers and viewers to discover not only major cities, but also cozy villages away from popular tourist routes. Steves' television series, guidebooks, radio shows, mobile applications, and his company's European escorted bus tours attract fans known as "Rickniks".[2]
Steves' relationship with public television began with his first series, Travels in Europe with Rick Steves, in 1991. Since then, he has become one of public television's top pledge drive hosts, raising millions of dollars annually for stations across the U.S.[citation needed] He writes and co-produces his television programs through his own production company, Back Door Productions.
Since self-publishing his first book in 1980, Steves has written country guidebooks, city and regional guides, phrase books, and co-authored Europe 101: History and Art for Travelers. His guidebook to Italy is the bestselling international guidebook in the U.S. In 1999, he started writing in a new genre of travel writing with his anecdotal Postcards from Europe, recounting his favorite moments from his many years of travel. Steves' books are published by Avalon Travel Publishing, a member of the Perseus Books Group. In 2009, Steves published the book Travel as a Political Act, a guide to political advocacy based on his travels.
In addition to his guidebooks and television shows, Steves has expanded into radio, newspaper and mobile applications. In 2005, Steves launched a weekly public radio program, Travel with Rick Steves. Focusing on world travel, each program has a guest travel expert for interviews, followed by call-ins with questions and comments. In 2006, Steves became a syndicated newspaper columnist with his Tribune Media Services column. In 2010, he launched the mobile application Rick Steves' Audio Europe, a library of audio content (including self-guided walking tours) organized into geographic-specific playlists for the iPhone and Android.
Political advocacy[link]
Steves supports the decriminalization of marijuana among responsible adult users in the USA.[3] According to Steves:
Like most of Europe, I believe marijuana is a soft drug (like alcohol and tobacco), not a hard drug. Like alcohol and tobacco, there is no reason why it shouldn't be taxed and regulated. Crime should only enter the equation if it is abused to the point where innocent people are harmed.
Steves is currently on the Advisory Board of the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws. He is a co-sponsor of New Approach Washington, an initiative to legalize, tax, and regulate marijuana in Washington State.[4] Steves hosted an ACLU-sponsored educational program broadcast, Marijuana: It's Time for a Conversation.
Steves also supports issues of homelessness. He purchased a 24-unit apartment complex in Lynnwood, WA to house homeless mothers and their children. It is administrated by the local YWCA.[5] He raises funds for the hunger advocacy group Bread for the World.[6]
Steves also supports the arts. In 2011 he gave US$1 million to Edmonds Center for the Arts and Cascade Symphony Orchestra.[7]
Steves is an Honorary Council member of NARAL Pro-Choice Washington.[8]
Views on Terrorism[link]
In a column for the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Steves wrote about the September 11 attacks:[9]
And the United States was outraged. So much so that—three long years later—many Americans still refuse to even dignify the attack by asking, 'Why did they do it?'
A few years later in an interview with the Seattle Times, Steves said:
I think we're 300 million people and if we lose a few hundred people a year to terrorists, that doesn't change who we are and it shouldn't change the fabric of our society. Frankly I think we should get used to losing—as long as we're taking the stance in the world of being the military superpower, you're going to have people nipping at you. And if it's hundreds or thousands—we lose 15,000 people a year to have the right to bear arms and most people think that's a good deal, year after year. We spend 15,000 people for the right to bear arms. What do we spend to be as aggressive and heavy weight on this planet? We're always going to have terrorism."[10]
In a book Steves writes: "We cannot rest on the notion of the 'innocent civilian.' Morally, when it comes to a free and powerful nation like ours, I believe there are no innocent civilians. If I pay taxes, I am a combatant." [11]
Family and personal life[link]
Steves is divorced and the father of two grown children, Andy and Jackie.
In 2005 Steves purchased a 24-unit apartment complex in Lynnwood, Washington and had it fixed up to serve as transitional housing for homeless mothers and their children. Steves is allowing free use of the complex for 15 years—leaving management responsibilities to the local YWCA Pathways for Women, while Rotarians in the Edmonds Noontime Rotary Club help maintain the buildings, do grounds upkeep, and provide everything from the furniture to the flowers. In addition, the club raised $30,000 in donations to build a play structure for the children of Trinity Place.
Steves is an active Lutheran, and has written and hosted educational videos on subjects such as Martin Luther and the European Reformation of the Church. He writes "I've got no problem with hedonism ... after all, I'm a Lutheran."[12] Steves supports Liberation Theology[13].
Steves spends about a third of every year in Europe, researching guidebooks, filming TV shows, and making new discoveries for travelers. He lives and works in his hometown of Edmonds, Washington, where his office window overlooks his old junior high school.
References[link]
- ^ "Contact Us". Rick Steves' Europe Through the Back Door. http://www.ricksteves.com/about/contact.htm. Retrieved June 25, 2011.
- ^ Corbett, Sara (July 4, 2004). "Rick Steves's Not-So-Lonely Planet". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE2DC1438F937A35754C0A9629C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all. Retrieved June 25, 2011.
- ^ "Rick Steves". National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws. June 17, 2011. http://norml.org/index.cfm?Group_ID=5530. Retrieved June 25, 2011.
- ^ http://newapproachwa.org/content/sponsors
- ^ http://www.ricksteves.com/about/pressroom/activism/pathways.htm
- ^ http://www.ricksteves.com/about/pressroom/activism/activism_menu.htm
- ^ http://www.ricksteves.com/about/pressroom/cascade-symphony-orchestra.htm
- ^ Undated letter, NARAL Pro-Choice Washington
- ^ Steves, Rick (December 4, 2004). "Can we fight terrorism constructively?". Seattle Post-Intelligencer.
- ^ Postman, David (September 13, 2006). "The RIck Steves Guide to terrorism in the world". Seattle Times.
- ^ Steves, Rick (2009). Travel As a Political Act (Kindle ed.). New York: Nation Books. Kindle location 1708-14.
- ^ Steves, Rick (2009). Travel As a Political Act (Kindle ed.). New York: Nation Books. Kindle location 123-30.
- ^ Steves, Rick (2009). Travel As a Political Act (Kindle ed.). New York: Nation Books. Kindle location 1833-39.
External links[link]
- Official website
- Rick Steves at the Internet Movie Database
- Transitions Abroad interview with Clay Hubbs
- Rolf Potts interview
- Transitions Abroad columns written by Steves
- Interview: Rick Steves on Guided Tours
- Interview: Rick Steves on Baby Boomer Travel Trends
- Steves on KUOW radio program Speakers Forum
- The Rick Steves Guide to terrorism in the world
- Can we fight terrorism constructively?
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Steves, Rick |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | May 10, 1955 |
| Place of birth | Edmonds, Washington, U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
