- published: 16 Oct 2007
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- Lyrics: play full screen play karaoke
- 1980 - Brazzaville
- 1980 - RX Bandits
- 1980 - Rehab
- 1980 - Chaos Z
- 1980 - Estelle
- 1980 - Dirt Nasty
- 1980 - Pierre Rapsat
Long drives
Over the veldt
Head full of songs
Boxcars
Old European
Occupied zones
Grey day
Welfare hotel
Lost in the stars
With her
All of my fears
Melt in the dawn
Milk tea
Under the midnight sun
Not sure
Why we were ever born
Storm clouds
In the afternoon
Lonely
In my hotel room
Late June
Lost latitudes
The transistor hums
Street cars
Indigo blue
Roll through the slums
Milk tea… etc.
And it's your only day, do you got all the truth?
oh you never feel the way you were...
I must have seen it, it's so familiar
oh she looks so familiar
must have seen it, oh you look so familiar
I must have seen her face before, I fell in love when I was born
now they hide her with a whisper, it's over
So it goes, never been a better time might as well make it now?
Oh it's your only day & you got all the truth
oh you'll never feel the way you were
now it's your only day is it all the truth?
Oh you never feel the way you were
The dead hand of the past only wishes to control your future
I must have seen it, it's so familiar
oh it looks so familiar
Hey, there, pretty little girl (hey, man),
With your long brown sexy curls (uh, uh).
You're a hottie, body tight,
Good, god almighty.
Alright, son, hold up,
You need to slow your roll.
We've been talking for a while
Now she ain't no hoe.
She got class, style, pizzazz, and jazz,
Each smile as a matter of fact.
She has me twisted just like she did back then,
When the game of gab could be played among friends.
That's all it was about,
And now to represent.
We talked last night around 10.
And I told her.
Listen up, cause I love you, lady.
We go back, like, 1980.
Lord knows you're the one to change me,
You love me cause I'm so crazy.
You'll see, it'll be, you and me,
Always, always.
I told her look,
I know a lot of folks around town,
Probably been telling you that,
"Danny just a crook."
I definitely done some things that I shouldn't be proud of,
But we can do it by the book.
We've known each other for a long time,
I know you the strong kind of woman with the strong mind,
And that's what got me hooked.
I got some crazy homies,
Whatchu you talking about?
You got some crazy homies.
Yo, quit fronting and lolly gagging,
We can have a baby daughter,
Maybe call her Maggie.
We've known each other since the 9th grade,
We make each other laugh,
Best friends, let's do this the right way.
Listen up, cause I love you, lady.
We go back, like, 1980.
Lord knows you're the one to change me,
You love me cause I'm so crazy.
You'll see, it'll be, you and me,
Always, always.
Listen up, cause I love you, lady.
We go back, like, 1980.
Lord knows you're the one to change me,
You love me cause I'm so crazy.
You'll see, it'll be, you and me,
Always, always.
I know I'm still crazy,
But I've changed a lot.
and, I've cleaned up a little,
And you're still hot.
But if I ain't the one,
I hope you find true love.
And if not, I'm here when push comes to shove.
Just know if you walk down that aisle,
With another dude to take those vows,
How I'll react,
There ain't no telling.
I might bust in the back of the church and start yelling.
Listen up, cause I love you, lady.
We go back, like, 1980.
Lord knows you're the one to change me,
You love me cause I'm so crazy.
You'll see, it'll be, you and me,
Always, always.
Listen up, cause I love you, lady.
We go back, like, 1980.
Lord knows you're the one to change me,
You love me cause I'm so crazy.
You'll see, it'll be, you and me,
Always, always.
Always, always, always.
1980
Chaos Z
Schlachrtufe BRD
Pharmazie, Pharmazie
Es muß gehen irgendwie
Autobahn, Autobahn
Ich krieg gleich den Straßenwahn
Depression, Depression
Der Wahnsinn ist ein Megaphon
Arbeitslos, Arbeitslos
Das geht heut' ganz rigoros
Militär, Militär
Ist so herrlich autoritär
Neonlicht, Neonlicht
Kaltes, blaues Strahlgesicht
Kidnapping, Kidnapping
Das wird jetzt das große Ding
Kontrolle, Kontrolle
Fall bloß nicht aus der Rolle
Alltagstrott, Alltagstrott
Wenn Du nicht mehr kannst,
kommst Du zum Schrott.
Steuergeld, Steuergeld
I grew up in the 1980's
In a 4-bedroom house
My family, my Grandma,
3 or 4 Aunties
Uncles and Brothers
In and out of prison daily
At certain times when there was no heat
We stay under covers
There was life like u never seen
Grandma taking extra people in
Come dinner time It was tippin' 18
Boil a big pot of water on the stove to take a bath
Rub my face with Olive Oil
All my mates used to laugh
All my Cousin's moved out
We all got divided
As i started to get older I seen God providing
I've seen £50 last 3 months solid
I got my first pair of nikes we were still eating porridge
Me and my cousin used to play Mel & Kim
Practising dancin'
Coming down the stairs and ting
I touched Africa and came back darker
Knowing myself
Feeling my roots a little bit harder
1980 year that God made me
89 i started to get by
99 i started to write rhymes
walk with me reminice my life
So then we moved up
I thought I was the Fresh Prince
Dynasty was re-runs and Dallas was faded
With 3 beds this time and 6 kids
we got a doggy that dog loved to shit
My brother got his first pair of LA Gears
He thought they were to take pictures of instead of wear
I started hanging out and my jeans got tighter
My weird neighbours set their own house on fire
Church was All day every day and every week
That's where i learned how to sing
Hearing that pastor Preach
Benediction was all we went for
So we could run home and play connect 4
Mum worked late and we learnt to cook
Rice peas chicken and stew pea soup
In the room watching Kung-Fu films
And Cleopatra joans
Wishing we were cosby kids and the match stick girls.
The man downstairs was dead for 3 weeks
His own cat started eating him
The house starts to wreak
That's when we moved out
And our house was bigger
We had a large garage and the attic was killer
We used to pray for 3 hours in the mornin'
Sitting on the school bus
Believe we was yawning
All our hair was stuck down to our foreheads
Jam curls, splits, dorags and pin curls yes
Sexy boys walking round showing interest
In what i don't know coz we all had flat chests
Don't think we never mastered the Kid n Play steps
Doowop for days in the bogle yep
But this is just the beginning of my life right,
9 kids a house and one life time
Yo, the beginning of my life right
[Jack Nicholson:]
"What Happened to your queer party frends? "
[Dirt Nasty:]
I got a gold chain,
I'm on cocaine,
I'm like 'yo, man(e)',
What, what, what, what?
I rolled in, straight from Oakland,
Holdin' my dick like a U.S. Open
Trophy.
What up to *hyphy*,
Ya'll don't know me, Dirt Nasty.
Ass cheeks, spread wide,
G-String, to the side.
One drink, Courvoisier,
Two drink, vodka Straight,
Three drink, I'm in the sink,
Throwin' up on my brand new mink
Coat.
And I'm doin' coke,
Y'all can't hold my donkey rope. (nope)
Call the pope, pray for me,
Gold Rolls Royce for your lady. (ding!)
I lived through the 80's,
And shit was crazy.
Everybody wanna know my name,
Bring the pain and pop the champagne,
Every girl wanna hold my chain,
When I fuck their brains out on the Mustang.
I got a gold chain,
(Like it was 1980)
I'm on cocaine,
(Like it was 1980)
I'm like 'yo, man(e)',
(Like it was 1980)
It sure does seem that way to me,
And tell your girl to stop pagin' me,
(What, what, what, what?)
I rolled in, stoned as hell,
White lines, gold gazelles.
Hotel on sunset,
Young hoes get undressed, (you bet)
Done dick ain't done yet,
Insert the clip, and get the gun wet, (chick, chick)
Nuff' said, I'm radical,
T-shirt say party animal, (Rawr!)
I ain't no amateur,
This ain't no Hands Across America,
I shine like Morrissey on Hennessy on Christmas Eve (Nope)
Naw, more like Morris Day, on hella yay, dressin gay (Ding!)
I lived through the 80's,
And shit was crazy,
Everybody wanna know my name,
Bring the pain and pop the champagne,
Every girl wanna hold my chain,
When I fuck their brains out on the mustang,
I got a gold chain,
(Like it was1980)
I'm on cocaine,
(Like it was 1980)
I'm like 'yo, man(e)',
(Like it was 1980),
It sure does seem that way to me,
And tell your girl to stop pagin' me,
What, what, what, what?
(What happened to your queer party friends?)
I got a gold chain,
I'm on cocaine,
I'm like yo man(e)',
What, what, what, what, what...
(I got a, I got a, I got a, got a, got a)
Gold chain,
(Like it was 1980)
I'm on cocaine,
(Like it was 1980)
I'm like 'yo, man(e)',
(Like it was 1980),
It sure does seem that way to me,
And tell your girl to stop pagin' me
What, what, what, what?
Gold chain
(Like it was 1980)
I'm on gold chain
(Like it was 1980)
I'm on gold chain
(Like it was 1980)
(I'm On)
It sure does seem that way to me,
1980 by Pierre Rapsat
Premiers bruits
Des poubelles
Pour les villes
Au réveil ;
Tu sors de ta nuit !
Premiers mots
Au café
Au métro...
"Année 80"
T'as vraiment pas la gueule
Des imaginations
Des vieux livres science-fiction !
Tu n'as pas plein de spoutnick, d'androïdes
On fabrique pas des soucoupes chez Plymouth
On dîne pas aux pilules
On vit pas dans des bulles !
"1980"
Tu es cet écran
Où sont projetés
Nos espoirs-succès
Amours en question
Et nouvelles chansons !
Tous les plans d'une paix
Qui dorment empagés
Départs de folie
Pour Gallipolli !
De nouveaux romans
De nouveaux présidents
En flash-backs
Tu nous rassures
Pour le futur
Dans le lin
Le strass et Chopin !
Les journaux imprimeront
Nos jours sous ton nom !
Malgré les machines
Les enfants feront
Encore sur leurs doigts
Toutes leurs additions !
Les autruches ne gouvernent pas notre terre
On fait pas nos lunes de miel en stellaire !
Pas de Club sur Pluton
On n'est pas des mutants !
"1980"
Malgré l'synthétique
On rêvera encore
En films, en musiques
On fera l'amour
Mais non-télépathique !
Décomprime
Nos envies, nos déprimes
"1980"
T'es notre starting-block
Pour la course dans l'époque !
"1980"
T'as notre starting-block
Pour la course dans l'époque !
"1980"
Send this Playlist by SMS
Dirt Nasty - "1980"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Updated: 19 May 2013
Directed by Nicholaus Goossen. Featuring Mickey Avalon, Andre Legacy, Cisco Adler, Shwayze, DJ AM, Evidence, and ALF.
http://wn.com/Dirt_Nasty_1980
Directed by Nicholaus Goossen. Featuring Mickey Avalon, Andre Legacy, Cisco Adler, Shwayze, DJ AM, Evidence, and ALF.
Final Minute of the "Miracle on Ice"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:57
- Updated: 18 May 2013
On February 22, 1980, the United States Olympic hockey team pulled off one of the greatest upsets in sports history, defeating the Soviet Union, 4-3. Back in...
http://wn.com/Final_Minute_of_the_Miracle_on_Ice
On February 22, 1980, the United States Olympic hockey team pulled off one of the greatest upsets in sports history, defeating the Soviet Union, 4-3. Back in...
- published: 06 Feb 2010
- views: 754713
- author: Railfan2103
Volcano Eruption Mount St. Helens May 18, 1980 USGS
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:31
- Updated: 19 May 2013
http://www.FunToWatch.TV Produced by Stephen M. Wessells. USGS scientists recount their experiences before, during and after the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mou...
http://wn.com/Volcano_Eruption_Mount_St_Helens_May_18,_1980_USGS
http://www.FunToWatch.TV Produced by Stephen M. Wessells. USGS scientists recount their experiences before, during and after the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mou...
- published: 26 Jan 2011
- views: 847560
- author: Stan Atamanchuk
1980 USA Miracle on Ice. Best Quality.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:25
- Updated: 19 May 2013
The Final minute of the USA Vs USSR 1980 Olympic match.
http://wn.com/1980_USA_Miracle_on_Ice_Best_Quality
The Final minute of the USA Vs USSR 1980 Olympic match.
- published: 24 Dec 2009
- views: 562543
- author: buzbeto
History of Microsoft -- 1980
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:21
- Updated: 09 May 2013
For Microsoft, 1980 means a new decade and new technology. Microsoft introduces the Z-80 SoftCard, Steve Ballmer joins the company and we announce XENIX OS, ...
http://wn.com/History_of_Microsoft_-_1980
For Microsoft, 1980 means a new decade and new technology. Microsoft introduces the Z-80 SoftCard, Steve Ballmer joins the company and we announce XENIX OS, ...
- published: 16 Jan 2011
- views: 18004
- author: jonpaulmoen
Kids of Today vs 1980's Technology (HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:35
- Updated: 19 May 2013
Kids of today meet the toys of yesterday. Can today's Kids figure out the Technology of the 1980's? Edited by Jeremy Auten P.S. This was a fun story about th...
http://wn.com/Kids_of_Today_vs_1980's_Technology_HD
Kids of today meet the toys of yesterday. Can today's Kids figure out the Technology of the 1980's? Edited by Jeremy Auten P.S. This was a fun story about th...
- published: 10 Mar 2011
- views: 1230885
- author: JeremySeanA
John McEnroe vs Bjorn Borg Wimbledon 1980 Final 1080p Highlights
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:00
- Updated: 16 May 2013
http://wn.com/John_McEnroe_vs_Bjorn_Borg_Wimbledon_1980_Final_1080p_Highlights
1980 Presidential Candidate Debate: Governor Ronald Reagan and President Jimmy Carter - 10/28/80
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 94:52
- Updated: 18 May 2013
The full-length 1980 Presidential Candidate Debate between Governor Ronald Reagan and President Jimmy Carter on 10/28/80. For more information on the ongoing...
http://wn.com/1980_Presidential_Candidate_Debate_Governor_Ronald_Reagan_and_President_Jimmy_Carter_10_28_80
The full-length 1980 Presidential Candidate Debate between Governor Ronald Reagan and President Jimmy Carter on 10/28/80. For more information on the ongoing...
- published: 23 Apr 2009
- views: 323719
- author: ReaganFoundation
Foxes (1980)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 105:28
- Updated: 18 May 2013
A group of friends come of age in the asphalt desert of the San Fernando Valley starring Jodie Foster, Sally Kellerman, Randy Quaid and Scott Baio.
http://wn.com/Foxes_1980
A group of friends come of age in the asphalt desert of the San Fernando Valley starring Jodie Foster, Sally Kellerman, Randy Quaid and Scott Baio.
- published: 23 Jun 2012
- views: 63969
- author: SeattleMarksJoint5
US wins Olympic Ice Hockey Gold Medal 1980
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Updated: 14 May 2013
On Sunday, February 24, 1980, the United States men's Olympic ice hockey team defeated Finland by a score of 4-2. The win gave the US the gold medal for the ...
http://wn.com/US_wins_Olympic_Ice_Hockey_Gold_Medal_1980
On Sunday, February 24, 1980, the United States men's Olympic ice hockey team defeated Finland by a score of 4-2. The win gave the US the gold medal for the ...
- published: 20 Apr 2011
- views: 74276
- author: Railfan2103
1980-A PIECE BY PINA BAUSCH (another excerpt)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:39
- Updated: 10 May 2013
Here is another excerpt from the superb work entitled "1980-A PIECE BY PINA BAUSCH" which was filmed at The Sadlers Wells Theatre in London. The music is : O...
http://wn.com/1980-A_PIECE_BY_PINA_BAUSCH_another_excerpt
Here is another excerpt from the superb work entitled "1980-A PIECE BY PINA BAUSCH" which was filmed at The Sadlers Wells Theatre in London. The music is : O...
- published: 23 Sep 2011
- views: 19142
- author: kissmequick8
Reagan 1980 Are you better off than you were four years ago?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:05
- Updated: 15 May 2013
Next Tuesday is Election Day. Next Tuesday all of you will go to the polls, will stand there in the polling place and make a decision. I think when you make ...
http://wn.com/Reagan_1980_Are_you_better_off_than_you_were_four_years_ago?
Next Tuesday is Election Day. Next Tuesday all of you will go to the polls, will stand there in the polling place and make a decision. I think when you make ...
- published: 03 Oct 2008
- views: 128953
- author: njloetz
Best Reagan Clips from 1980 Carter debate
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:17
- Updated: 17 May 2013
October 28, 1980, Debate between Governor Ronald Reagan and then President Jimmy Carter. Reaganomics vs. Obamanomics: http://www.investors.com/NewsAndAnalysi...
http://wn.com/Best_Reagan_Clips_from_1980_Carter_debate
October 28, 1980, Debate between Governor Ronald Reagan and then President Jimmy Carter. Reaganomics vs. Obamanomics: http://www.investors.com/NewsAndAnalysi...
- published: 15 Dec 2008
- views: 423448
- author: ensignbay
Asteroid Discovery - 1980-2012 - UHDTV
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:14
- Updated: 19 May 2013
The latest update to the asteroid discovery video, now at UHDTV resolutions and with a voiceover explaining what's going on. Thanks to the Lowell Observatory...
http://wn.com/Asteroid_Discovery_1980-2012_UHDTV
The latest update to the asteroid discovery video, now at UHDTV resolutions and with a voiceover explaining what's going on. Thanks to the Lowell Observatory...
- published: 06 Sep 2012
- views: 81670
- author: Scott Manley
1980 USA HOCKEY TEAM STORY(1/3)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:41
- Updated: 18 May 2013
Documentary on the 1980 USA hockey team.part 1 of 3.
http://wn.com/1980_USA_HOCKEY_TEAM_STORY1_3
Documentary on the 1980 USA hockey team.part 1 of 3.
- published: 27 Jun 2011
- views: 135663
- author: jayfey77
Miracle on Ice - USA vs USSR - Ice Hockey - Lake Placid 1980 Olympic Winter Games
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:46
- Updated: 15 May 2013
The Ice Hockey tournament at the Lake Placid Olympics was decided in a final group stage including United States, Soviet Union, Sweden and Finland. And, alth...
http://wn.com/Miracle_on_Ice_USA_vs_USSR_Ice_Hockey_Lake_Placid_1980_Olympic_Winter_Games
The Ice Hockey tournament at the Lake Placid Olympics was decided in a final group stage including United States, Soviet Union, Sweden and Finland. And, alth...
- published: 20 Feb 2013
- author: olympic
Virus (1980) - US Version
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 103:04
- Updated: 16 May 2013
A plane carrying biological warfare crashes, causing a deadly virus to be released, killing off most of the world's population. A handful of surviving scient...
http://wn.com/Virus_1980_US_Version
A plane carrying biological warfare crashes, causing a deadly virus to be released, killing off most of the world's population. A handful of surviving scient...
- published: 23 Jun 2009
- views: 526698
- author: LuckyStrike502
Moscow 1980 Olympic Games Highlights
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:01
- Updated: 16 May 2013
Nadia Comaneci, Alexander Dityatin, Seb Coe vs Steve Ovett, Steve Ovett vs Seb Coe, Miruts "The Shifter" Yifter, Teofilo Stevenson, the unforgetable Misha, t...
http://wn.com/Moscow_1980_Olympic_Games_Highlights
Nadia Comaneci, Alexander Dityatin, Seb Coe vs Steve Ovett, Steve Ovett vs Seb Coe, Miruts "The Shifter" Yifter, Teofilo Stevenson, the unforgetable Misha, t...
- published: 11 Jun 2012
- views: 10681
- author: olympic
Women's fashions: year by year: 1949-1980
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:48
- Updated: 17 May 2013
Year by year images of women's fashions, 1949-1980, with 4 frames per year - more or less arbitrary selection- pics not in any chronological order within eac...
http://wn.com/Women's_fashions_year_by_year_1949-1980
Year by year images of women's fashions, 1949-1980, with 4 frames per year - more or less arbitrary selection- pics not in any chronological order within eac...
- published: 19 Mar 2009
- views: 112387
- author: wallygreeninker
Moscow Olympics 1980 Closing ceremony with Misha!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:57
- Updated: 05 May 2013
Closing ceremony of the Moscow Olympic Games with mascot Misha bear...touching!
http://wn.com/Moscow_Olympics_1980_Closing_ceremony_with_Misha!
Closing ceremony of the Moscow Olympic Games with mascot Misha bear...touching!
- published: 08 Jun 2012
- author: Gordao44
Emanuelle's Daughter (1980)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Updated: 27 Apr 2013
http://wn.com/Emanuelle's_Daughter_1980
Mt. St. Helens Eruption May 18, 1980 720p HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:28
- Updated: 17 May 2013
May 18, 1980 Mt. St. Helens Expodes.
http://wn.com/Mt_St_Helens_Eruption_May_18,_1980_720p_HD
NBC News Decision 1980 Reagan Wins
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:39
- Updated: 17 May 2013
NBC news projects at about 8:15 PM that Ronald Reagan is elected President. The early NBC projections sparked controversies inside and outside the media. A m...
http://wn.com/NBC_News_Decision_1980_Reagan_Wins
NBC news projects at about 8:15 PM that Ronald Reagan is elected President. The early NBC projections sparked controversies inside and outside the media. A m...
- published: 16 Mar 2009
- views: 214248
- author: haiker16
photo: Flickr
17 May 2013
17 May 2013, 17.17. Bunga Bunga. Berlusconi 'Prostitute' In Court. Tweet. A teenage former belly dancer who denies having sex with former Italian prime minister Silvio Berlusconi has given her version of events at his allegedly raunchy "bunga bunga" parties ... Prosecutors claim that Miss El Mahroug was 17 when she was paid by the politician for sex and he is on trial separately in relation to that accusation ... She added ... She added ... She said....(size: 5.8Kb)
photo: AP / Misha Japaridze
18 May 2013
The US has scolded Russia for sending missiles to the Syrian government, with plans for an international peace conference promoted by the two major powers appearing to founder on diplomatic rifts over its scope and purpose. General Martin Dempsey, the most senior US military officer, has described Russia's recent delivery of anti-ship missiles to President Bashar al-Assad as "ill-timed and very unfortunate" ... Report....(size: 7.6Kb)
photo: AP / Jerome Favre
18 May 2013
(Adds Elon Musk details in the 13th paragraph.). May 17 (Bloomberg) -- Bill Gates is once again the world’s richest person. The 57-year-old co-founder of Redmond, Washington-based Microsoft Corp. recaptured the title from Mexican investor Carlos Slim yesterday, according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index, as the software maker hit a five-year high. It is the first time Gates has held the mantle since 2007 ... He denies the accusation....(size: 4.5Kb)
photo: White House / Pete Souza
17 May 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. There appears to be a curse stalking second term presidents, specifically starting with Presidents Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon and continuing through to President Barack Obama ... His "enemies list" and the Watergate scandal forced him to resign ... Along with the 1980 Irangate, other political scandals and social crises caused the sun to set on the Reagan regime....(size: 5.6Kb)
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The News Tribune
19 May 2013
The volcano remained shrouded in clouds throughout the day, disappointing several hundred visitors who made the trip up the Spirit Lake Memorial Highway on the 33rd anniversary of the mountain’s cataclysmic eruption on May 18, 1980 ... Helens seized the world’s attention on May 18, 1980, when the largest landslide in history peeled off the ......(size: 2.7Kb)
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Xinhua
19 May 2013
• Israel would return the lands of a settlement back to its original Palestinian owners. • The announcement came after a petition filed by the Palestinian land owners in a Supreme Court. • Homesh, a 0.7 square km settlement, was established in 1980 on lands of Palestinian residents ... Homesh, a 0.7 square km settlement, was established in 1980 on lands belonging to residents of the nearby Palestinian village of Burka ... Related. ... Full story ... ....(size: 3.2Kb)
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Herald Tribune
19 May 2013
She said her group — the Natural Resources and Environmental Affairs Department — was “like the ‘red headed stepchild.”’ Even a series of increasingly urgent reports from an Army lab at Fort McPherson, Ga., beginning in late 1980, failed to prompt any real action ... So, from late 1980 through the summer of 1982, the former employee told investigators, “this issue simply laid there....(size: 25.7Kb)
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WPXI
19 May 2013
Even a series of increasingly urgent reports from an Army lab at Fort McPherson, Ga., beginning in late 1980, failed to prompt any real action ... One base employee told the fact-finding group that in 1980, "they simply did not have the money nor capacity" to test every drinking-water well on the base ... So, from late 1980 through the summer of 1982, the former employee told investigators, "this issue simply laid there....(size: 12.0Kb)
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The Examiner
19 May 2013
Depending upon one's outlook, it's arguable that the current winning era ended when the St ... It was in the middle of those great moments that Dallas Green led an iconic team to an unbelievable 1980 National League Pennant victory over a strong Houston Astros' squad ... Fast-forwarding to modern times. In 2008, Brad Lidge's mirror-imaged Tug McGraw's final 1980 pitch and then fell to the ground in front of a defeated Tampa Bay Rays' team ... ....(size: 5.8Kb)
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Deccan Chronicle
19 May 2013
Though Abdul Wahab Bari our former renowned left arm bowler, a true Hyderabadi, once claimed that he was born here, if Santa Claus ever visited Hyderabad, then it must have been in 1938 for that year was a year of gifts ... T.C ... He arrived in Hyderabad in 1980 and altered forever the way we looked at cricket. In his own words he says, “When I moved to Hyderabad from Bombay in 1980 it was a city of fun and joy. ... ....(size: 5.9Kb)
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The Examiner
19 May 2013
The Pack lost 6-4 to the Fresno State Bulldogs Saturday night and will now bring a seven-game losing streak into the postseason tournament starting Wednesday night ... San Diego State will meet Air Force in the first game of the tournament on Wednesday (3 p.m.) ... Jameson's .111 winning percentage is also the lowest for a Pack pitcher with at least five decisions in a season since at least 1980 (Pack records before 1980 are unavailable) ... ....(size: 5.9Kb)
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San Francisco Chronicle
19 May 2013
6 — Preakness (1980 Codex; 1985 Tank's Prospect; 1994 Tabasco Cat; 1995 Timber Country; 1999 Charismatic; 2013 Oxbow)....(size: 0.7Kb)
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Denver Post
19 May 2013
(Joe Vaccarelli, Your Hub). "Welcome to the Dollhouse." (.) ... Sunday, 5.30 p.m. at the Montview Presbyterian Church, 1980 Dahlia St. tickets.coloradosymphony.org ... Friday-May 26. downtowndenverartsfestival.com ... ....(size: 1.0Kb)
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Starpulse
19 May 2013
Happy Birthday to.. Star Wars' Chewbacca, Peter Mayhew (1944). Singer Jordan Pruitt (1991). British model Lily Cole (1988). Actor Eric Lloyd (1986). Actor Drew Fuller (1980) ... 2001) ... 2012) ... ....(size: 1.1Kb)
This article is about the year 1980. For other uses, see 1980 (disambiguation).
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 19th century – 20th century – 21st century |
| Decades: | 1950s 1960s 1970s – 1980s – 1990s 2000s 2010s |
| Years: | 1977 1978 1979 – 1980 – 1981 1982 1983 |
| 1980 by topic: |
| Subject |
| By country |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Works and introductions categories |
| Gregorian calendar | 1980 MCMLXXX |
| Ab urbe condita | 2733 |
| Armenian calendar | 1429 ԹՎ ՌՆԻԹ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6730 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 136–137 |
| Bengali calendar | 1387 |
| Berber calendar | 2930 |
| British Regnal year | 28 Eliz. 2 – 29 Eliz. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2524 |
| Burmese calendar | 1342 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7488–7489 |
| Chinese calendar | 己未年十一月十四日 (4616/4676-11-14) — to —
庚申年十一月廿五日(4617/4677-11-25) |
| Coptic calendar | 1696–1697 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1972–1973 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5740–5741 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 2036–2037 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1902–1903 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5081–5082 |
| Holocene calendar | 11980 |
| Iranian calendar | 1358–1359 |
| Islamic calendar | 1400–1401 |
| Japanese calendar | Shōwa 55 (昭和55年) |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4313 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 69 民國69年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2523 |
| Unix time | 315532800–347155199 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1980 |
1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year that started on a Tuesday (link will display the 1980 Gregorian calendar). It is the 1980th year of the Common Era, or A.D.; the 980th year of the 2nd millennium; the 80th year of the 20th century; and the 1st year of the 1980s decade.
Events[link]
January[link]
- January 1 – Changes to the Swedish Act of Succession make Princess Victoria of Sweden first in line to the throne ("heir apparent") and therefore Crown Princess, ahead of her younger brother.
- January 4 – U.S. President Jimmy Carter proclaims a grain embargo against the USSR with the support of the European Commission.
- January 6
- Global Positioning System time epoch begins at 00:00 UTC.
- The president of Sicily, Piersanti Mattarella, is killed by the Mafia.
- January 7 – U.S. President Jimmy Carter signs legislation approving $1.5 billion in loan guarantees to bail out the Chrysler Corporation.
- January 9 – In Saudi Arabia, 63 Muslim fanatics are beheaded for their part in the siege of the Great Mosque in Mecca in November, 1979.
- January 11 – Nigel Short, 14, becomes the youngest chess player to be awarded the degree of International Master.
- January 20 – Cuba recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).
- January 21
- The London Gold Fixing hits its highest price ever (adjusted for inflation), at US$850 a troy ounce.[clarification needed]
- The MS Athina B is beached at Brighton, becoming a temporary tourist attraction.
- At least 200 people were killed when the Corralejas Bullring collapsed at Sincelejo, Colombia.
- January 22 – Andrei Sakharov, Soviet scientist and human rights activist, is arrested in Moscow.
- January 24 – The Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroad is ordered liquidated due to bankruptcy, and debt owed to creditors.
- January 26 – Israel and Egypt establish diplomatic relations.[1]
- January 27 – Canadian caper: Six United States diplomats, posing as Canadians, manage to escape from Tehran, Iran as they board a flight to Zürich, Switzerland.
- January 31 – The Spanish Embassy in Guatemala is invaded and set on fire, killing 36 people. It is called "Spain's own Tehran", similar to the 1979–80 Iran American U.S. Embassy Hostages of Americans.
February[link]
- February 2 – Abscam: FBI personnel target members of the Congress of the United States in a sting operation.[citation needed]
- February 2–February 3 – The New Mexico State Penitentiary Riot takes place; 33 inmates are killed and more than 100 inmates injured.
- February 4 – Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini names Abolhassan Banisadr as president of Iran.
- February 13 – The 1980 Winter Olympics open in Lake Placid, New York.
- February 15 – In Vanuatu, followers of John Frum's cargo cult on the island of Tanna declare secession as the nation of Tafea.
- February 16 – A total solar eclipse seen in North Africa and West Asia.
- February 22 – The United States Olympic Hockey Team defeats the Soviet Union in the semifinals of the Winter Olympics, in the Miracle on Ice.
- February 23 – Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini states that Iran's parliament will decide the fate of the American embassy hostages.
- February 25 – A coup in Suriname ousts the government of Henck Arron; leaders Desi Bouterse and Roy Horb replace it with a National Military Council.
- February 27
- M-19 guerrillas begin the Dominican embassy siege in Colombia, holding 60 people hostage, including 14 ambassadors.
- Iran recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).
March[link]
- March 1
- The Commonwealth Trade Union Council is established.
- The Voyager 1 probe confirms the existence of Janus, a moon of Saturn.
- March 3 – Pierre Trudeau returns to office as Prime Minister of Canada.
- March 4 – Robert Mugabe is elected Prime Minister of Zimbabwe.
- March 8 – The Soviet Union's first rock music festival starts.
- March 14 – In Poland, a plane crashes during an emergency landing near Warsaw, killing a 14-man American boxing team and 73 others.
- March 18 – Fifty people are killed at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia, when a Vostok-2M rocket explodes on its launch pad during a fueling operation.
- March 20 – The Mi Amigo, the ship that housed pirate radio station Radio Caroline, sinks (Radio Caroline returns aboard a new ship in 1983).
- March 21
- U.S. President Jimmy Carter announces that the United States will boycott the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.
- Mafioso Angelo Bruno is murdered in Philadelphia.
- March 22 – The Georgia Guidestones are erected in Elbert County, Georgia.
- March 24
- The Australia Olympic Committee announces it will send an Olympic delegation to Moscow, despite objections by Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser.
- Archbishop Óscar Romero is killed by gunmen while celebrating Mass in San Salvador. At his funeral 6 days later, 42 people are killed amid gunfire and bombs.
- March 26 – A mine lift cage at the Vaal Reef gold mine in South Africa falls 1.2 miles (1.9 kilometers), killing 23.
- March 27
- The Norwegian oil platform Alexander L. Kielland collapses in the North Sea, killing 123 of its crew of 212.
- The Silver Thursday market crash occurs.
- Sierra Leone recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).
- March 28 – Talpiot Tomb is found in Jerusalem.
- March 31 – Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad operates its final train.
April[link]
- April 1
- The Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) is formed in Lusaka, Zambia.
- The Mariel boatlift from Cuba begins.
- New York City's Transport Works Union Local 100 goes on strike, which continues for 11 days.
- April 2 – The St Pauls riot breaks out in Bristol.
- April 7 – The United States severs diplomatic relations with Iran and imposes economic sanctions, following the taking of American hostages on November 4, 1979.
- April 10 – Spain and the United Kingdom agree to reopen the border between Gibraltar and Spain, closed since 1969.
- April 12
- Samuel Kanyon Doe takes over Liberia in a coup d'état, ending over 130 years of democratic presidential succession in that country.
- Terry Fox begins his Marathon of Hope from St. Johns, Newfoundland, Canada.
- April 14 – Iron Maiden's debut self titled album Iron Maiden is released.
- April 15 – Libya and Syria recognize the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).
- April 18 – Zimbabwe gains independence from the United Kingdom; Robert Mugabe becomes Prime Minister.
- April 21 – Rosie Ruiz wins the Boston Marathon, but is later exposed as a fraud and stripped of her award.
- April 24 – Pennsylvania Lottery Scandal: the Pennsylvania Lottery is rigged by 6 men including the host of the live TV drawing, Nick Perry.
- April 24–April 25 – Operation Eagle Claw, a commando mission in Iran to rescue American embassy hostages, is aborted after mechanical problems ground the rescue helicopters. Eight United States troops are killed in a mid-air collision during the failed operation.
- April 25 – Dan-Air Flight 1008 crashes in Tenerife, killing all 146 occupants and marking the worst air disaster involving a British-registered aircraft in terms of loss of life.
- April 26 – Louise and Charmian Faulkner disappear from outside their flat in St Kilda, Victoria, Australia.
- April 27 – The Dominican embassy siege ends with all hostages released and the guerrillas flying to Cuba.
- April 28 – Swaziland recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).
- April 30
- Iranian Embassy Siege: Six Iranian-born terrorists take over the Iranian embassy in London, UK. SAS retakes the Embassy on May 5; 1 terrorist survives.
- Queen Juliana of the Netherlands abdicates, and her daughter Beatrix accedes to the throne.
May[link]
- May 4 – Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito dies. The funeral ceremony later becomes the world's biggest diplomatic meeting and media event ever, with more than 140 state delegations in Belgrade from all over the world (only the funeral of Pope John Paul II in April 2005 will have more news coverage and a higher number of delegations).
- May 7 – Paul Geidel, convicted of second-degree murder in 1911, is released from prison in Beacon, New York, after 68 years and 245 days (the longest-ever time served by an inmate).
- May 9
- In Florida, the Liberian freighter Summit Venture hits the Sunshine Skyway Bridge over Tampa Bay. A 1,400-foot section of the bridge collapses and 35 people (most in a bus) are killed.
- The Norco shootout takes place in California.
- James Alexander George Smith "Jags" McCartney the Turks and Caicos Islands’ first Chief Minister, is killed in a plane crash over New Jersey.
- May 11 – Mobster Henry Hill is arrested for drug possession.
- May 14 – Botswana recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).
- May 17
- A Tampa, Florida court acquits 4 white police officers of killing Arthur McDuffie, a black insurance executive, provoking 3 days of race riots in Miami.
- Internal conflict in Peru: On the eve of presidential elections, Maoist guerrilla group Shining Path attacks a polling location in the town of Chuschi, Ayacucho.
- May 18
- Mount St. Helens erupts in Washington, killing 57 and causing US$3 billion in damage.
- Ian Curtis, singer/songwriter of acclaimed post punk band Joy Division, is found hanged.
- May 18–May 27 – Gwangju Massacre: Students in Gwangju, South Korea begin demonstrations, calling for democratic reforms.
- May 20 – 1980 Quebec referendum: Voters in Quebec reject by a vote of 60% a proposal to seek independence from Canada.
- May 21 – Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back is released.
- May 22 – Pac-Man (the best-selling arcade game of all time) is released.
- May 24
- The International Court of Justice calls for the release of U.S. Embassy hostages in Tehran.
- The New York Islanders win their first Stanley Cup, from a goal by Bobby Nystrom in overtime of game six of the Stanley Cup playoffs's final round.
- May 25 – Indianapolis 500: Johnny Rutherford wins for a third time in car owner Jim Hall's revolutionary ground effect Chaparral car; the victory is Hall's second as an owner.
- May 26
- John Frum supporters in Vanuatu storm government offices on the island of Tanna. Vanuatu government troops land the next day and drive them away.
- In South Korea, military government forces and pro-democracy protesters clash; 2,000 protesters die.
- Vernon Jordan is shot and critically injured in an assassination attempt in Fort Wayne, Indiana by Joseph Paul Franklin (the first major news story for CNN).
June[link]
- June 1 – The Cable News Network (CNN) is officially launched.
- June 3 – A series of deadly tornadoes strikes Grand Island, Nebraska, causing over $300m in damage, killing 5 people and injuring over 250.
- June 9 – In Los Angeles, comedian Richard Pryor is badly burned trying to freebase cocaine.
- June 10
- Apartheid: The African National Congress in South Africa publishes a statement by their imprisoned leader Nelson Mandela.[2]
- A Unabomber bomb injures United Airlines president Percy Wood in Lake Forest, Illinois.
- June 20 – Augusta AVA becomes the first federally recognized American Viticultural Area.
- June 23–September 6 – The 1980 United States heat wave claims 1,700 lives.
- June 25 – A Muslim Brotherhood assassination attempt against Syrian president Hafez al-Assad fails. Assad retaliates by sending the army against them.
- June 26 – Aerolinee Itavia Flight 870 crashes into the sea near Palermo after an explosion occurs in the air; 81 people die. A bomb or a missile is suspected to be the cause of the accident but no culprits are ever found.
- June 27 – U.S. President Jimmy Carter signs Proclamation 4771, requiring 18- to 25-year-old males to register for a peacetime military draft, in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
- June 29 – Vigdis Finnbogadottir is elected president of Iceland, making her the first woman democratically elected as head of state.
July[link]
- July 4 – Chad and Mali recognize the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).
- July 8 – A wave of strikes begins in Lublin, Poland
- July 9
- Pope John Paul II visits Brazil; 7 people are crushed to death in a crowd meeting him.
- Zimbabwe recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).
- July 15 – A severe and destructive thunderstorm strikes 4 counties in western Wisconsin, including the city of Eau Claire. It causes over $250m in damage, and 1 person is killed.
- July 16 – Former California Governor and actor Ronald Reagan is nominated for U.S. President, at the Republican National Convention in Detroit, Michigan. Influenced by the Religious Right, the convention also drops its long standing support for the Equal Rights Amendment, dismaying moderate Republicans.
- July 19 – Former Turkish Prime Minister Nihat Erim is killed by 2 gunmen in Istanbul, Turkey.
- July 19–August 3 – The 1980 Summer Olympics are held in Moscow, Soviet Union.
- July 25 – The album Back in Black is released by the Australian band AC/DC.
- July 27 – Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, deposed Shah of Iran, dies in Cairo.
- July 30
- Vanuatu gains independence.
- Israel's Knesset passes the Jerusalem Law.
August[link]
- August 2 – A terrorist bombing at the railway station in Bologna, Italy kills 85 people and wounds more than 200.
- August 7–August 31 – Lech Wałęsa leads the first of many strikes at the Gdańsk Shipyard.
- August 10 – Hurricane Allen (category 3) pounds southeastern Texas.
- August 14 – U.S. President Jimmy Carter defeats Senator Edward Kennedy to win renomination, at the 1980 Democratic National Convention in New York City.
- August 17 – In Australia, baby Azaria Chamberlain disappears from a campsite at Ayers Rock (Uluru), reportedly taken by a dingo.
- August 19 – In one of aviation's worst disasters, 301 people are killed when Saudia Flight 163 catches fire in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- August 31 – Victory of the strike in Gdańsk Shipyard, Poland. Gdańsk Agreement is signed, opening a way to start the first in the communist block free organization not controlled by regime "Solidarność" i.e. Solidarity.
September[link]
- September 1 – Terry Fox is forced to end his Marathon of Hope run outside of Thunder Bay, Ontario, after finding that the cancer has spread to his lungs.
- September 2 – Ford Europe launches the Escort MK3, a new front-wheel drive hatchback.
- September 5 – The St. Gotthard Tunnel opens in Switzerland as the world's longest highway tunnel at 10.14 miles (16.32 km), stretching from Göschenen to Airolo.
- September 12 – Kenan Evren stages a military coup in Turkey. It stops political gang violence, but begins stronger state violence leading to the execution of many young activists.
- September 17
- After weeks of strikes at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk, Poland, the nationwide independent trade union Solidarity is established.
- Former Nicaraguan President Anastasio Somoza Debayle is killed in Asunción, Paraguay.
- September 21 – Bülent Ulusu, ex admiral, forms the new government of Turkey (44th government, composed mostly of technocrats)
- September 22
- The command council of Iraq orders its army to "deliver its fatal blow on Iranian military targets," initiating the Iran–Iraq War.
- Youth riots in the capital of the Soviet Republic of Estonia are quickly forced down.
- September 26 – The Mariel Boatlift officially ends.
- September 29 – The Washington Post publishes Janet Cooke's story of Jimmy, an 8-year-old heroin addict (later proven to be fabricated).
- September 30 – Digital Equipment Corporation, Intel and Xerox introduce the DIX standard for Ethernet, which is the first implementation outside of Xerox, and the first to support 10 Mbit/s speeds.
October[link]
- October 1 – Associated Newspapers announces that The Evening News will close and merge with the Evening Standard.
- October 1 – The main-belt asteroid 2404 Antarctica was discovered by Antonin Mrkos at Klet', South Bohemian Region, Czech Republic.
- October 5 – British Leyland launches its new Metro, a three-door entry-level hatchback which is designed as the eventual replacement for the Mini. It gives BL a long-awaited modern competitor for the likes of the Ford Fiesta and Vauxhall Chevette.
- October 10
- El Asnam, Algeria is destroyed by an earthquake, which claims more than 2,600 lives. After the quake, El Asnam is rebuilt and changes its name to the city of Chlef.
- British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher delivers her famous 'The lady's not for turning' speech.
- October 14 – The Staggers Rail Act is enacted, deregulating American railroads.
- October 15
- James Callaghan announces his resignation as Leader of the British Labour Party.
- James Hoskins forces his way into WCPO's television studio in Cincinnati, holding 9 employees hostage for several hours before releasing them and taking his own life.
- October 18 – The Fraser Government is re-elected for a third consecutive term in Australia with a reduced majority.
- October 21 – World Series: The Philadelphia Phillies beat the Kansas City Royals 4–2 in game 6.
- October 22 – The Thomson Corporation says that The Times and all associated supplements will close in March 1981 if no buyer can be found.
- October 25 – Proceedings on the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction conclude at The Hague.
- October 27 – Six Provisional Irish Republican Army prisoners in Maze prison refuse food and demand status as political prisoners; the hunger strike lasts until December.
- October 30
- El Salvador and Honduras sign a peace treaty to put the border dispute fought over in 1969's Football War before the International Court of Justice.
- Costa Rica recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).
- October 31
- The Polish government recognizes Solidarity.
- Reza Pahlavi, eldest son of the shah of Iran, proclaims himself the rightful successor to the Peacock Throne.
November[link]
- November – Duration of the CESDAP plan extended indefinitely.
- November 4 – United States presidential election, 1980: Republican challenger and former Governor Ronald Reagan of California defeats incumbent Democratic President Jimmy Carter, exactly 1 year after the beginning of the Iran hostage crisis.
- November 10 – November 12 – Voyager program: The NASA space probe Voyager I makes its closest approach to Saturn, when it flies within 77,000 miles of the planet's cloud-tops and sends the first high resolution images of the world back to scientists on Earth.
- November 20
- The Gang of Four trial begins in China.
- A Texaco oil rig breaks through to a mine under Lake Peigneur.
- November 21
- A fire at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip kills 85 people.
- A then-record number of viewers (for an entertainment program) tune into the U.S. TV soap opera Dallas to learn who shot lead character J.R. Ewing. The "Who shot J.R.?" event is an international obsession.
- November 23 – Italy Earthquake of 1980: a magnitude 7 earthquake in southern Italy kills approximately 4,800 people and leaves 300,000 homeless.
- November 27 – Vanuatu recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).
December[link]
- December 2 – American missionary Jean Donovan and three Roman Catholic nuns are murdered by a military death squad in El Salvador while volunteering to do charity work during the country's civil war.
- December 8 – John Lennon, an English musician and peace activist, is murdered in New York City.
- December 11 – CERCLA is enacted by the U.S. Congress.
- December 14- Four people were murdered at Bob's Big Boy on La Cienga Blvd. in Los Angeles and four others were injured by two armed robbers, in what was one of the city's brutalest crimes ever.
- December 15 – The Academia de la Llingua Asturiana (Academy of the Asturian Language) is created.
- December 16 – During a summit on the island of Bali, OPEC decides to raise the price of petroleum by 10%.
Date unknown[link]
- The Right Livelihood Award is founded by Jakob von Uexkull. Hassan Fathy and Plenty International / Stephen Gaskin are its first winners.
World population[link]
| World population | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1980 | 1975 | 1985 | |||||
 World |
4,434,682,000 | 4,068,109,000 |  366,573,000 |
4,830,979,000 | 396,297,000 |
||
 Africa |
469,618,000 | 408,160,000 | 61,458,000 |
541,814,000 | 72,196,000 |
||
 Asia |
2,632,335,000 | 2,397,512,000 | 234,823,000 |
2,887,552,000 | 255,217,000 |
||
 Europe |
692,431,000 | 675,542,000 | 16,889,000 |
706,009,000 | 13,578,000 |
||
|
361,401,000 | 321,906,000 | 39,495,000 |
401,469,000 | 40,068,000 |
||
|
256,068,000 | 243,425,000 | 12,643,000 |
269,456,000 | 13,388,000 |
||
 Oceania |
22,828,000 | 21,564,000 | 1,264,000 |
24,678,000 | 1,850,000 |
||
Births[link]
January[link]
- January 1
- Elin Nordegren, Swedish model
- Mark Nichols, Canadian curler
- January 8
- Adam Goodes, Australian rules footballer
- Rachel Nichols, American actress
- January 9 – Sergio García, Spanish golfer
- January 10 – Sarah Shahi, American actress of Iranian and Spanish descent
- January 11 – Lovieanne Jung, American softball player
- January 12 – Ameriie, American singer
- January 13 – LaKisha Jones, American singer
- January 14
- Ossama Haidar, Lebanese footballer
- Hiroshi Tamaki, Japanese actor, model, and singer
- Cory Gibbs, American footballer
- Sosuke Sumitani, Japanese announcer
- January 16
- Albert Pujols, Dominican Major League Baseball player
- Michelle Wild, Hungarian actress
- January 17
- Maksim Chmerkovskiy, Ukrainian dance champion, choreographer, and instructor
- Zooey Deschanel, American actress
- January 18
- Julius Peppers, American football player
- Jason Segel, American actor
- January 19
- Arvydas Macijauskas, Lithuanian basketball player
- Jenson Button, British racecar driver
- January 21 – Nana Mizuki, Japanese Voice Actress and Singer
- Kevin McKenna, Canadian footballer
- January 22 – Jake Grove, American football player
- January 24 – Nyncke Beekhuyzen, Dutch actress
- January 25
- Christian Olsson, Swedish athlete
- Xavi, Spanish footballer
- Michelle McCool, American professional wrestler
- January 27 – Marat Safin, Russian tennis player
- January 28 – Nick Carter, American pop singer (Backstreet Boys)
- January 29
- Yael Bar-Zohar, Israeli actress and model
- Jason James Richter, American actor
- January 30 – Wilmer Valderrama, Venezuelan/Colombian-American comedian
February[link]
- February 2
- Zhang Jingchu, Chinese actress
- Gucci Mane, American rapper (birthname Radric Davis)
- February 5
- Jo Swinson, British MP
- Robin Vik, Czech tennis player
- Paul DelVecchio, American reality show personality
- February 6
- Kim Poirier, Canadian actress
- Luke Ravenstahl, American mayor of Pittsburgh
- February 8 – Yang Wei, Chinese gymnast
- February 10
- César Izturis, Venezuelan Major League Baseball player
- Steve Tully, English footballer
- February 11 – Matthew Lawrence, American actor (Boy Meets World)
- February 12
- Juan Carlos Ferrero, Spanish tennis player
- Christina Ricci, American actress
- February 14 – Michelle Ye, Hong Kong actress
- February 15 – Conor Oberst, American singer/songwriter
- February 16 – Ashley Lelie, American football player
- February 17 – Jason Ritter, American actor
- February 18 – Regina Spektor, Russian-born American singer-songwriter
- February 19
- Mike Miller, American basketball player
- Ma Lin, Chinese table-tennis player
- February 20
- Imanol Harinordoquy, French rugby player
- Artur Boruc, Polish football (soccer) goalkeeper
- February 21
- Brad Fast, Canadian ice hockey player
- Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, King of Bhutan
- February 24 – Emma Johnson, Australian swimmer
- February 25 – Chris and Christy Knowings, American actors
- February 26 – Júlio César da Silva e Souza, Brazilian footballer
- February 27 – Chelsea Clinton, daughter of former U.S. President Bill Clinton and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton
- February 28
- Tayshaun Prince, American basketball player
- Piotr Giza, Polish footballer
- February 29 – Simon Gagné, Canadian hockey player
March[link]
- March 2
- Chris Barker, English footballer
- Lance Cade, American professional wrestler (d. 2010)
- March 4
- Jung Da Bin, Korean actress (d. 2007)
- Omar Bravo, Mexican footballer
- Jack Hannahan, American baseball infielder
- March 7 – Laura Prepon, American actress
- March 13 – Caron Butler, American basketball player
- March 14 – Aaron Brown, English footballer
- March 16 – Todd Heap, American football player
- March 18 – Alexei Yagudin, Russian figure skater
- March 19
- Agnes Pihlava, Finnish pop singer
- Johan Olsson, Swedish cross country skier
- March 20 – Jamal Crawford, American basketball player
- March 21
- Marit Bjørgen, Norwegian cross-country skier
- Ronaldinho, Brazilian footballer
- March 23
- Russell Howard, English comedian
- Deryck Whibley, Canadian singer, songwriter, and musician (Sum 41)
- March 30 – Yalin, Turkish pop singer and songwriter
- March 31 – Chien-Ming Wang, Taiwanese Major League Baseball player
April[link]
- April 1
- Bijou Phillips, American actress and socialite
- Randal Keith Orton, American professional wrestler
- Yūko Takeuchi, Japanese actress
- April 4 – Björn Wirdheim, Swedish race car driver
- April 8 – Ben Freeman, British actor
- April 9
- Rachel Specter, American actress
- Arlen Escarpeta, Belizean actor
- April 10
- Sean Avery, Canadian ice hockey player
- Kasey Kahne, American race car driver
- Charlie Hunnam, English actor
- April 11 – Mark Teixeira, American baseball player
- April 12 – Brian McFadden, Irish rock singer (Westlife)
- April 15 – Natalie Casey, English actress
- April 16 – Paul London, American professional wrestler
- April 17
- Brenda Villa, American water polo player
- Lee Hyun-il, South Korean badminton player
- Alaina Huffman, Canadian film and television actress
- April 18 – Justin Amash, U.S. Representative
- April 20 – Jasmin Wagner, German singer
- April 21
- Tony Romo, American football player
- Vincent Lecavalier, Canadian hockey player
- April 22 – Nicolas Douchez, French footballer
- April 24
- Austin Nichols, American actor
- Karen Asrian, Armenian chess Grandmaster (d. 2008)
- April 25 – Kazuhito Tadano, Japanese baseball player
- April 26
- Jordana Brewster, American actress
- Stana Katic, American film actress
- Marlon King, Jamaican footballer
- Channing Tatum, American actor and model
- April 27 – Zayed Khan, Indian actor
- April 28 – Josh Howard, American Basketball player
- April 29 – Kian Egan, Irish singer (Westlife)
- April 30 – Luis Scola, Argentine basketball player
May[link]
- May 2
- Tim Borowski, German footballer
- Ellie Kemper, American actress
- Zat Knight, English footballer
- May 3 – Marcel Vigneron, American chef
- May 5 – Maia Hirasawa, Swedish pop singer
- May 6
- Taebin, Korean hip-hop artist (1TYM)
- Kelly van der Veer, Dutch reality TV star
- Dimitris Diamantidis, Greek basketball player
- May 7 – Johan Kenkhuis, Dutch swimmer
- May 8 – Benny Yau, Canadian entertainer
- May 9
- Grant Hackett, Australian swimmer
- Norihiro Nishi, Japanese footballer
- May 10 – Pete Gray, Australian environmental activist (d. 2011)
- May 15 – Josh Beckett, American baseball player
- May 19 – Dean Heffernan, Australian footballer
- May 22 – Lucy Gordon, British actress (d. 2009)
- May 24 – Cecilia Cheung, Hong Kong actress
- May 28 –
- Mark Feehily, Irish singer (Westlife)
- Jørgen Strickert, Norwegian comedian
- May 29 – Michael Stasko, Canadian actor
- May 30 – Steven Gerrard, English footballer
June[link]
- June 1
- Oliver James, British actor
- Damien Fahey, American MTV VJ, television host, and drummer
- June 2 – Lindsey Yamasaki, Japanese-American basketball player
- June 5 – Mike Fisher, Canadian hockey player
- June 7 – Henkka Seppälä, Finnish bassist (Children of Bodom)
- June 10
- Francelino Matuzalem, Brazilian footballer
- Wang Yuegu, Singaporean Olympic table tennis player
- June 13
- Sarah Connor, German singer
- Juan Carlos Navarro, Spanish basketball player
- June 15 – Almudena Cid Spanish rhythmic gymnast
- June 16
- Brad Gushue, Canadian curler
- Joey Yung, Hong Kong singer
- June 17
- Kimeru, Japanese singer
- Venus Williams, American tennis player
- Jeph Jacques, American webcomic writer
- June 19 – Jason White, American football player
- June 22 – Ilya Bryzgalov, Russian ice hockey player
- June 23
- Ramnaresh Sarwan, West Indian cricketer
- Manus Boonjumnong, Thai boxer
- Francesca Schiavone, Italian tennis player
- Jessica Taylor, English singer (Liberty X)
- June 24
- Liane Balaban, Canadian actress
- Minka Kelly, American actress
- June 25 – Nozomi Takeuchi, Japanese actress
- June 26 – Michael Vick, American football player
- June 29
- Katherine Jenkins, Welsh soprano
- Martin Truex Jr, American race car driver
July[link]
- July 1 – Patrick Aufiero, American ice hockey player
- July 3
- Roland Mark Schoeman, South African swimmer
- Olivia Munn, American actress and model
- July 5 – Eva Green, French actress and model
- July 5 – Paul "DJ Pauly D" DelVecchio, American reality TV star
- July 6 – Pau Gasol, Spanish basketball player
- July 7 – Michelle Kwan, American figure skater
- July 8
- Robbie Keane, Irish footballer
- Yang Tae-Young, South Korean gymnast
- July 9 – Kathia Rodriguez, Puerto Rican actress
- July 10
- Adam Petty, American race car driver (d. 2000)
- Jessica Simpson, American singer
- James Rolfe, American director, actor and writer (on the Internet)
- July 15
- Jasper Pääkkönen, Finnish actor and film producer
- Reggie Abercrombie, American baseball player
- JW-Jones, Canadian blues musician
- July 16
- Adam Scott, Australian golfer
- Svetlana Feofanova, Russian pole-vaulter
- July 17 – Ryan Miller, American ice hockey goaltender
- July 18 – Kristen Bell, American actress
- July 19
- Mark Webber, American actor
- Michelle Heaton, English singer (Liberty X)
- July 20 – Gisele Bündchen, Brazilian supermodel
- July 22
- July 23 – Michelle Williams, American singer, actress, (Destiny's Child)
- July 25 – Rebeka Dremelj, Slovenian singer
- July 27 – Nick Nemeth, American professional wrestler
- July 28 – Noel Sullivan, Welsh singer (Hear'Say) and actor
- July 29 – Fernando González, Chilean tennis player
- July 30 – Diam's, French rapper
August[link]
.jpg)
- August 2 – Dingdong Dantes, Filipino Actor
- August 3 – Dominic Moore, Canadian ice hockey player
- August 5 – Wayne Bridge, English footballer
- August 9
- Charlie David, Canadian actor
- Dominic Tabuna, Nauruan politician
- August 10 – Pua Magasiva, Samoan actor
- August 11 – Monika Pyrek, Polish pole vaulter
- August 12 – Maggie Lawson, American actress
- August 14 – Roy Williams, American football player
- August 16 – Julien Absalon, French mountain biker
- August 17
- David Legwand, American ice hockey player
- Lene Marlin, Norwegian singer and musician
- August 18 – Damion Stewart, Jamaican footballer
- August 21 – Jon Lajoie, Canadian comedian
- August 23 – Rex Grossman, American football player
- August 24 – Rachael Carpani, Australian actress
- August 26
- Macaulay Culkin, American actor
- Chris Pine, American actor
- August 27 – Derrick Strait, American football player
- August 28 – Debra Lafave, American teacher
- August 29
- Nicholas Tse, Hong Kong singer
- David Desrosiers, bassist and backing vocalist for (Simple Plan)
September[link]
- September 2 – Dany Sabourin, French Canadian ice hockey goaltender
- September 3 – Jennie Finch, American softball player
- September 5 – Kevin Simm, English singer (Liberty X)
- September 6
- Joseph Yobo, Nigerian footballer
- Samuel Peter, Nigerian boxer & heavyweight champion
- Kerry Katona, English TV presenter and former pop star (Atomic Kitten)
- September 7
- Gabriel Milito, Argentine footballer
- Mark Prior, American baseball player
- September 8 – Eric Hutchinson, American singer-songwriter
- September 9 – Michelle Williams, American actress
- September 10 – Phoemela Baranda, Filipina model, actress and Entertainment news anchor
- September 11 – Mike Comrie, Canadian ice hockey player
- September 12
- Sean Burroughs, American baseball player
- Yao Ming, Chinese basketball player
- September 13
- Ben Savage, American actor (Boy Meets World)
- Daisuke Matsuzaka, Japanese baseball player
- September 15 – Jolin Tsai, Taiwanese singer
- September 19 - Tegan and Sara Quin, Canadian singer/songwriters
- September 21
- Kareena Kapoor, Indian actress
- Autumn Reeser, American actress
- September 24 – Victoria Pendleton, English cyclist
- September 25 – T.I. (Clifford Harris), American rap artist, film and music producer, actor and author
- September 26 – Daniel and Henrik Sedin, Swedish ice hockey players
- September 29
- Patrick Agyemang, Ghanaian footballer
- Zachary Levi, American actor
- Dallas Green, Musician (Alexisonfire, City and Colour)
- September 30
- Martina Hingis, Swiss tennis player
- Guillermo Rigondeaux, Cuban boxer
- Emily Kokal, vocalist/guitarist of all-girl band Warpaint
October[link]
- October 3 – Danny O'Donoghue, Irish singer-songwriter (The Script)
- October 4
- Kristina Lenko, Canadian champion ice skater
- Tomáš Rosický, Czech footballer
- Me'Lisa Barber, American athlete
- October 5 – James Toseland, English motorcycle racer
- October 8
- Michael Mizanin, American professional wrestler
- Nick Cannon, American actor, comedian, rapper, entrepreneur, record producer, radio, and television personality
- October 10 – Sherine, Egyptian singer
- October 12
- Ledley King, English footballer
- Nadzeya Astapchuk, Belarusian athlete
- October 13 – Scott Parker, English footballer
- October 14
- Terrence McGee, American football player
- Ben Whishaw, English actor
- October 16
- Sue Bird, American basketball player
- Timana Tahu, Australian Rugby League player
- October 17 – Ekaterina Gamova, Russian volleyball player
- October 18 – Reetinder Sodhi, Indian cricket player
- October 21 – Kim Kardashian, American television personality
- October 24
- Monica Arnold, American singer
- Casey Wilson, American actress and comedienne
- October 28
- Alan Smith, English footballer
- Christy Hemme, American professional wrestler
November[link]
- November 4 – Sabrina Colie, Jamaican actress
- November 5 – Christoph Metzelder, German footballer
- November 7 – Gervasio Deferr, Spanish gymnast
- November 10 – Calvin Chen, Taiwanese pop singer
- November 11 – Willie Parker, American football player
- November 12 – Ryan Gosling, Canadian actor
- November 13 – Monique Coleman, American actress
- November 16 – Kayte Christensen, American basketball player
- November 17 – Isaac Hanson, American musician
- November 18
- Denny Hamlin, American race car driver
- Dustin Kensrue, Canadian Singer
- François Duval, Belgian rally driver
- Junichi Okada, Japanese singer
- Luke Chadwick, English footballer
- Mathew Baynton, English actor and writer
- Minori Chihara, Japanese voice actress and singer
- November 19 – Adele Silva, English actress and model
- November 21
- Hank Blalock, American baseball player
- Hiroyuki Tomita, Japanese gymnast
- Elaine Yiu, Hong Kong actress
- November 25
- John-Michael Liles, American hockey player
- Nick Swisher, American baseball player
- November 26 – Satoshi Ohno, Japanese singer
- November 28 – Lisa Middelhauve, German singer (Xandria)
December[link]
.jpg)
- December 1 – Joel A. Sutherland, Canadian author
- December 3
- Anna Chlumsky, American actress
- Jim Sorgi, American football player
- December 5
- Ibrahim Maalouf, Lebanese-born French trumpeter
- Shizuka Itou, Japanese Actor
- December 6
- Steve Lovell, English footballer
- Kei Yasuda, Japanese singer
- December 7 – John Terry, English footballer
- December 9 – Ryder Hesjedal, Canadian professional cyclist
- December 10
- Marina Orlova, Internet celebrity
- Sarah Chang, American violinist
- December 13
- Satoshi Tsumabuki, Japanese actor
- Bosco Wong, Hong Kong actor
- December 18 – Christina Aguilera, American singer
- December 19 – Jake Gyllenhaal, American actor
- December 20
- Ashley Cole, English footballer
- Fitz Hall, English footballer
- December 22 – Chris Carmack, American actor
- December 27 – Bernard Berrian, American football player
- December 30 – Eliza Dushku, American actress
- December 31 – Richie McCaw, New Zealand rugby player
Deaths[link]
January[link]
- January 1 – Adolph Deutsch, American composer (b. 1897)
- January 3 – Joy Adamson, Austrian-born conservationist and author (b. 1910)
- January 7 – Simone Mathieu, French tennis champion (b. 1908)
- January 8 – John Mauchly, American physicist and inventor (b. 1907)
- January 10 – George Meany, American labor leader (b. 1894)
- January 11 – Barbara Pym, English novelist (b. 1913)
- January 13 – Andre Kostelanetz, Russian-born conductor and arranger (b. 1901)
- January 17 – Barbara Britton, American actress (b. 1919)
- January 18 – Sir Cecil Beaton, English photographer (b. 1904)
- January 19 – William O. Douglas, American Supreme Court Justice (b. 1898)'
- January 21 – Georges Painvin, French cryptographer (b. 1886)
- January 24 – Lil Dagover, German actress (b. 1887)
- January 28 – Franco Evangelisti, Italian composer (b. 1926)
- January 29 – Jimmy Durante, American actor, singer, and comedian (b. 1893)
- January 30 – Professor Longhair, American musician (b. 1918)
February[link]
- February 2
- Hanna Rovina, Russian-born Israeli actress (b. 1889)
- William Howard Stein, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
- February 6 – Albert Kotin, American abstract expressionist painter (b. 1907)
- February 9 – Tom Macdonald, Welsh journalist and novelist (b. 1900)
- February 12 – Muriel Rukeyser, American poet (b. 1913)
- February 13 – David Janssen, American actor (b. 1931)
- February 14 – Luitkonwar Rudra Baruah, Assamese composer and actor
- February 17
- Jerry Fielding, American conductor and music director (b. 1922)
- Graham Sutherland, English artist (b. 1903)
- February 18 – Gale Robbins, American singer and actress (b. 1921)
- February 19 – Bon Scott, Scottish-born rock singer (AC/DC) (b. 1946)
- February 20
- Joseph Banks Rhine, American parapsychologist (b. 1895)
- Alice Longworth, U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt's daughter, wife of Nicholas Longworth (b. 1884)
- February 22 – Oskar Kokoschka, Austrian painter and poet (b. 1886)
- February 24 – Clement Martyn Doke, South African linguist (b. 1893)
- February 27 – George Tobias, American actor (b. 1901)
March[link]
- March 1
- Dixie Dean, English football player (b. 1907)
- Wilhelmina, Dutch-born American high-fashion model and owner of model agency (b. 1940)
- Daniil Khrabrovitsky, Soviet film director (b. 1923)
- March 5
- Jay Silverheels, Native American actor (b. 1912)
- Winifred Wagner, German daughter-in-law of Richard Wagner, close friend of Adolf Hitler (b. 1897)
- March 10 – Herman Tarnower, American doctor and murder victim (b. 1910)
- March 11 – Maud Hart Lovelace, American author (b. 1892)
- March 14
- Anna Jantar, Polish singer (b. 1950)
- Mohammad Hatta, Indonesia's first vice president (b. 1902)
- March 16 – Tamara de Lempicka, Polish-born painter (b. 1898)
- March 18
- Jessica Dragonette, American singer (b. 1900)
- Erich Fromm, German-born psychologist and philosopher (b. 1900)
- Louise Lovely, Australian actress (b. 1895)
- March 21 – Peter Stoner, American mathematician, astronomer and Christian apologist (b. 1888)
- March 24
- John Barrie, British actor (b. 1917)
- Pierre Etchebaster, French real tennis player (b. 1893)
- Oscar Romero, El Salvador Roman Catholic archbishop (b. 1917)
- March 25
- Roland Barthes, French literary critic and writer (b. 1915)
- Walter Susskind, Czech conductor (b. 1913)
- James Wright, American poet (b. 1927)
- Milton H. Erickson, American psychiatrist (b.1901)
- March 28 – Dick Haymes, Argentine actor and singer (b. 1916)
- March 29 – Mantovani, Italian-born conductor and arranger (b. 1905)
- March 31
- Vladimír Holan, Czech poet (b. 1905)
- Jesse Owens, African-American athlete (b. 1913)
April[link]
- April 4 – Red Sovine, American country & folk singer & songwriter (b. 1917)
- April 6 – John Collier, English writer (b. 1901)
- April 10 – Kay Medford, American actress (b. 1914)
- April 11 – Ümit Kaftancıoğlu, Turkish writer (b. 1935)
- April 12 – Clark McConachy, New Zealand snooker and billiards player (b. 1895)
- April 15
- Raymond Bailey, American actor (b. 1904)
- Marshall Reed, American film and television actor (b. 1917)
- Jean-Paul Sartre, French philosopher and writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1905)
- April 19 – Tony Beckley, English character actor (b. 1927)
- April 20 – Katherine Kennicott Davis, American composer (b. 1892)
- April 21 – Sohrab Sepehri, Persian poet and painter (b. 1928)
- April 22 – Jane Froman, American singer and actress (b. 1907)
- April 24 – Alejo Carpentier, Cuban writer (b. 1904)
- April 26 – Cicely Courtneidge, British actress (b. 1893)
- April 27 – John Culshaw, British recording producer and musicologist (b. 1924)
- April 29 – Alfred Hitchcock, British suspense film director (b. 1899)
- April 30 – Luis Muñoz Marín, Puerto Rican poet, journalist, and politician (b. 1898)
May[link]
- May 2 – George Pal, Hungarian-born animator and producer (b. 1904)
- May 4
- Kay Hammond, English actress (b. 1909)
- Josip Broz Tito, President of Yugoslavia (b. 1892)
- May 5 – Isabel Briggs Myers, American psychological theorist and co-creator of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (b. 1897)
- May 8 – Geoffrey Baker, English field marshal (b. 1912)
- May 12 – Lillian Roth, American actress (b. 1910)
- May 14 – Hugh Griffith, Welsh actor (b. 1912)
- May 16 – Marin Preda, Romanian writer (b. 1922)
- May 18
- David A. Johnston, American volcanologist (b. 1949)
- Ian Curtis, British musician and singer (Joy Division) (b. 1956)
- May 21 – Ida Kaminska, Polish actress (b. 1899)
- May 28 – Rolf Nevanlinna, Finnish mathematician (b. 1895)
June[link]
- June 1 – Rube Marquard, American baseball player (b. 1886)
- June 7
- Henry Miller, American writer (b. 1891)
- Elizabeth Craig, British chef and writer (b. 1883)
- Philip Guston, American painter (b. 1912)
- June 12
- Masayoshi Ohira, Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1910)
- Billy Butlin, South African–born Canadian founder of Butlins Holiday Camps (b. 1899)
- Milburn Stone, American actor (b. 1904)
- June 13 – Walter Rodney, Guyanese historian and political figure (b. 1942)
- June 20 – Amy Key Clarke, English mystical poet (b. 1892)
- June 21 – Bert Kaempfert, German orchestra leader and songwriter (b. 1923)
- June 23
- Clyfford Still, American painter (b. 1904)
- John Laurie, British actor (b. 1897)
- Sanjay Gandhi, Indian son of Indira Gandhi (air crash) (b. 1946)
- June 24 – Boris Kaufman, Russian cinematographer (b. 1897)
- June 27 – Carey McWilliams, American author, editor, and lawyer (b. 1905)
- June 28 – José Iturbi, Spanish conductor and musician (b. 1895)
July[link]
- July – Robert Brackman, American painter (b. 1898)
- July 1 – C. P. Snow, British physicist and novelist (b. 1905)
- July 4 – Gregory Bateson, British anthropologist, anthropologist, social scientist, linguist, semiotician and cyberneticist (b. 1904)
- July 6 – Gail Patrick, American actress (b. 1911)
- July 7
- Reginald Gardiner, English actor (b. 1903)
- Dore Schary, American film writer, director, and producer (b. 1905)
- July 9 – Vinicius de Moraes, Brazilian writer, poet and diplomat (b. 1913)
- July 15 – Ben Selvin, American orchestra leader & recording artist (b. 1898)
- July 17
- Don "Red" Barry, American actor (b. 1912)
- Boris Delaunay, Russian mathematician (b. 1890)
- July 23 – Keith Godchaux, American musician of the band The Grateful Dead (b. 1948)
- July 24
- Uttam Kumar (Arun Kumar Chatterjee), Bengali actor (b. 1926)
- Peter Sellers, English comedian and actor (b. 1925)
- July 25 – Vladimir Vysotsky, Russian singer-songwriter, poet, actor (b. 1938)
- July 26
- Allen Hoskins, American actor (b. 1920)
- Kenneth Tynan, English theatre critic (b. 1927)
- July 27 – Muhammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran (b. 1919)
- July 31
- Pascual Jordan, German physicist (b. 1902)
- Mohammed Rafi, Indian singer (b. 1924)
- Bobby Van, American actor (b. 1928)
August[link]
- August 1 – Patrick Depailler, French racing driver (b. 1944)
- August 2 – Donald Ogden Stewart, American writer (b. 1894)
- August 7 – Jackie Cochran, American pilot (b. 1906)
- August 9 – Elliott Nugent, American actor (b. 1896)
- August 10 – Yahya Khan, President of Pakistan (b. 1917)
- August 14 – Dorothy Stratten, Canadian model (murdered) (b. 1960)
- August 19 – Otto Frank, German father of Jewish diarist Anne Frank (b. 1889)
- August 20 – Joe Dassin, French singer (b. 1938)
- August 22 – Norman Shelley, British actor (b. 1903)
- August 24 – Yootha Joyce, British actress (b. 1927)
- August 25 – Gower Champion, American theatre director, choreographer, and dancer (b. 1919)
- August 26
- Tex Avery, American cartoonist (b. 1908)
- Miliza Korjus, Estonian-Polish opera singer (b. 1909)
September[link]
- September 3
- Barbara O'Neil, American actress (b. 1909)
- Dirch Passer, Danish actor (b. 1926)
- Duncan Renaldo, American actor (b. 1904)
- September 8 – Willard Libby, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1908)
- September 12 – Lillian Randolph, American actress (b. 1898)
- September 15 – Bill Evans, American jazz pianist (b. 1929)
- September 16 – Jean Piaget, Swiss psychologist (b. 1896)
- September 17 – Anastasio Somoza Debayle, former President of Nicaragua (b. 1925)
- September 18 – Katherine Anne Porter, American author (b. 1890)
- September 19 – Sol Lesser, American film producer (b. 1890)
- September 25
- John Bonham, British rock drummer (Led Zeppelin) (b. 1948)
- Lewis Milestone, American film director (b. 1895)
- Marie Under, Estonian poet (b. 1883)
October[link]
- October 6 – Hattie Jacques, British actress (b. 1922)
- October 7 – Sydney Gordon Russell, English designer and craftsman (b. 1892)
- October 10 – Billie Thomas, American actor (Buckwheat, Our Gang) (b. 1931)
- October 20 – Lady Isobel Barnett, British television personality (b. 1918)
- October 21 – Hans Asperger, Austrian pediatrician after whom Asperger syndrome was named (b. 1906)
- October 25
- Sahir Ludhianvi, Urdu/Hindustani poet and Hindi film lyricist (b. 1921)
- Virgil Fox, American organist (b. 1912)
- Victor Galindez, Argentine boxer (race car accident) (b. 1948)
- October 27
- Steve Peregrin Took, British rock musician (T. Rex) (b. 1949)
- John Hasbrouck van Vleck, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1899)
November[link]
- November 4
- Elsie MacGill, Canadian aeronautical engineer (b. 1904)
- Johnny Owen, Welsh professional boxer (b. 1956)
- November 7 – Steve McQueen, American actor (b. 1930)
- November 9
- Gloria Guinness, Mexican-born American fashion icon (b. 1912)
- Carmel Myers, American actress (b. 1899)
- Victor Sen Yung, American actor (b. 1915)
- November 16 – Boris Aronson, Russian set designer (b. 1898)
- November 18 – Conn Smythe, Canadian NHL coach (b. 1895)
- November 20 – John McEwen, 18th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1900)
- November 22
- Norah McGuinness, Northern Irish painter and illustrator (b. 1901)
- Mae West, American actress (b. 1893)
- November 24 – George Raft, American actor (b. 1901)
- November 26 – Rachel Roberts, British actress (b. 1927)
- November 27 – F. Burrall Hoffman, American architect (b. 1882)
- November 29
- Dorothy Day, American social progressive (b. 1897)
- Babe London, American actress and comedian (b. 1901)
December[link]
- December 2 – Romain Gary, Lithuanian-born writer (b. 1914)
- December 3 – Sir Oswald Mosley, British fascist leader (b. 1896)
- December 4
- Francisco Sá Carneiro, Prime Minister of Portugal (b. 1934)
- Stanislawa Walasiewicz, Polish-born runner (b. 1911)
- December 7 – Darby Crash, American rock songwriter, singer (The Germs) (b. 1958)
- December 8 – John Lennon, British singer, songwriter, and guitarist (The Beatles) (b. 1940)
- December 16
- Colonel Sanders, American fast food entrepreneur (b. 1890)
- Hellmuth Walter, German engineer and inventor (b. 1900)
- December 18 – Alexei Kosygin, Russian politician, Premier of the Soviet Union (b. 1904)
- December 21 – Marc Connelly, American playwright (b. 1890)
- December 23 – Frank Norman, English novelist, playwright and autobiographer (b. 1930)
- December 24
- Karl Dönitz, German admiral and briefly President of Germany (b. 1891)
- Siggie Nordstrom, American model, actress, entertainer, socialite and lead singer (The Nordstrom Sisters) (b. 1893)
- December 25 – Victoria Drummond, first woman marine engineer in Britain (b. 1894)
- December 26 – Richard Chase, American serial killer (b. 1950)
- December 28 – Sam Levene, American actor (b. 1905)
- December 29 – Tim Hardin, American musician (b. 1941)
- December 31
- Raoul Walsh, American film director (b. 1887)
- Marshall McLuhan, Canadian author and professor (b. 1911)
Nobel Prizes[link]
- Physics – James Watson Cronin, Val Logsdon Fitch
- Chemistry – Paul Berg, Walter Gilbert, Frederick Sanger
- Medicine – Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset, George D. Snell
- Literature – Czesław Miłosz
- Peace – Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
- Economics – Lawrence Klein
Templeton Prize[link]
References[link]
http://wn.com/1980
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 |
|
| Country | United States |
|---|---|
| Residence | New York City |
| Born | (1959-02-16) February 16, 1959 (age 53) Wiesbaden, West Germany |
| Height | 5 ft 11 in (180 cm)[1] |
| Weight | 165 lb (75 kg) |
| College | Stanford Cardinal |
| Turned pro | 1978, international debut in 1976 |
| Retired | 1992 |
| Plays | Left-handed (one-handed backhand) |
| Career prize money | US$12,547,797 |
| Int. Tennis HOF | 1999 (member page) |
| Singles | |
| Career record | 875–198 (81.55%) |
| Career titles | 104 including 77 listed by the ATP |
| Highest ranking | No. 1 (March 3, 1980) |
| Grand Slam Singles results | |
| Australian Open | SF (1983) |
| French Open | F (1984) |
| Wimbledon | W (1981, 1983, 1984) |
| US Open | W (1979, 1980, 1981, 1984) |
| Other tournaments | |
| Tour Finals | Masters W (1978, 1983, 1984) WCT W (1979, 1981, 1983, 1984, 1989) |
| Doubles | |
| Career record | 530–103 (83.73%) |
| Career titles | 71[1] |
| Highest ranking | No. 1 (January 3, 1983) |
| Grand Slam Doubles results | |
| Australian Open | SF (1989) |
| French Open | QF (1992) |
| Wimbledon | W (1979, 1981, 1983, 1984, 1992) |
| US Open | W (1979, 1981, 1983, 1989) |
| Mixed Doubles | |
| Grand Slam Mixed Doubles results | |
| French Open | W (1977) |
| Last updated on: July 6, 2006. | |
John Patrick McEnroe, Jr. (born February 16, 1959) is a former world no. 1 professional tennis player from the United States. During his career, he won seven Grand Slam singles titles (three at Wimbledon and four at the US Open), nine Grand Slam men's doubles titles, and one Grand Slam mixed doubles title. McEnroe also won a record eight season ending championships, comprising five WCT Finals titles and three Masters Grand Prix titles from twelve final appearances at these two events, a record he shares with Ivan Lendl. He posted the best single season win-loss record in the Open Era in 1984 at 96.47% (82/3). In addition he won 19 Championship Series top tier events of the Grand Prix Tour that were the precursors to the current Masters 1000.
He is best remembered for his shot-making artistry and superb volleying; for his famous rivalries with Björn Borg, Jimmy Connors and Ivan Lendl; for his confrontational on-court behavior which frequently landed him in trouble with umpires and tennis authorities; and for the catchphrase "You cannot be serious!" directed toward an umpire during a match at Wimbledon in 1981. He was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1999, and is regarded as one of the greatest tennis players of all time.[2]
McEnroe is the older brother of Patrick McEnroe, who is also a former professional tennis player and the former Captain of the United States Davis Cup team, a position in which John served previously. They also both are now often commentators for Grand Slam tennis television coverage in the United States, and John McEnroe is also a commentator on Wimbledon for the BBC.
Contents |
Early life[link]
McEnroe was born in Wiesbaden, West Germany, to Kay (née Tresham) and John Patrick McEnroe, Sr.[3] His father, who is of Irish descent, was at the time stationed with the United States Air Force.[3] In 1960, the family moved to the New York City area, where McEnroe's father worked daytime as an advertising agent while attending Fordham Law School[4] by night. He has two younger brothers: Mark (born 1964), and former professional tennis player Patrick (born 1966).
McEnroe grew up in Douglaston, Queens. He started playing tennis when he was eight years old at the nearby Douglaston Club with his brothers. When he was nine, his parents enrolled him in the Eastern Lawn Tennis Association, and he soon started playing regional tournaments. He then began competing in national juniors tournaments, and at twelve—when he was ranked seven in his age group—he joined the Port Washington Tennis Academy, Long Island, New York.[5] McEnroe attended Trinity School and graduated in 1977.
Career[link]
As an 18-year-old amateur in 1977, McEnroe won the mixed doubles at the French Open with Mary Carillo, and then made it through the qualifying tournament and into the main draw at Wimbledon, where he lost in the semifinals to Jimmy Connors in four sets. It was the best performance by a qualifier at a Grand Slam tournament[6] and a record performance by an amateur in the open era.[6]
After Wimbledon in 1977, McEnroe entered Stanford University and won the National Collegiate Athletic Association singles and team titles in 1978. Later in 1978, he joined the ATP tour and signed his first professional endorsement deal, with Sergio Tacchini. He won five titles that year, including his first Masters Grand Prix, beating Arthur Ashe in straight sets.
In 1979, McEnroe won his first Grand Slam singles title at the US Open. He defeated his good friend Vitas Gerulaitis in straight sets in the final to become the youngest male winner of the singles title at the US Open since Pancho Gonzales, who was also 20 in 1948.[7] He also won the prestigious season-ending WCT Finals, beating Björn Borg in four sets. McEnroe won 10 singles and 17 doubles titles that year (for a total of 27 titles, which marked an open-era record).[citation needed]
At Wimbledon, McEnroe reached the 1980 Wimbledon Men's Singles final—his first final at Wimbledon—where he faced Björn Borg, who was gunning for his fifth consecutive Wimbledon title. At the start of the final, McEnroe was booed by the crowd as he entered Centre Court following heated exchanges with officials during his semifinal victory over Jimmy Connors. In a fourth-set tiebreaker that lasted 20 minutes, McEnroe saved five match points and eventually won 18–16. McEnroe, however, could not break Borg's serve in the fifth set, which the Swede won 8–6. This match was called the best Wimbledon final by ESPN's countdown show "Who's Number One?"
McEnroe exacted revenge two months later, beating Borg in the five-set final of the 1980 US Open.
McEnroe remained controversial when he returned to Wimbledon in 1981. Following his first-round match against Tom Gullikson, McEnroe was fined U.S. $1,500 and came close to being thrown out after he called umpire Ted James "the pits of the world" and then swore at tournament referee Fred Hoyles. He also made famous the phrase "you cannot be serious", which years later would become the title of McEnroe's autobiography, by shouting it after several umpires' calls during his matches.[8] This behavior was in sharp contrast to that of Borg, who was painted by the tabloid press as an unflappable "ice man."[citation needed] Nevertheless, in matches played between the two, McEnroe never lost his temper.[4]
However, despite the controversy and merciless criticism from the British press (Ian Barnes of the Daily Express nicknamed him "SuperBrat"), McEnroe again made the Wimbledon men's singles final against Borg. This time, McEnroe prevailed in four sets to end the Swede's run of 41 consecutive match victories at the All England Club. TV commentator Bud Collins quipped after the Independence Day battle, paraphrasing "Yankee Doodle", "Stick a feather in his cap and call it 'McEnroe-ni'!".[9]
The controversy, however, did not end there. In response to McEnroe's on-court outbursts during the Championships, the All England Club did not accord McEnroe honorary club membership, an honor normally given to singles champions after their first victory. McEnroe responded by not attending the traditional champions' dinner that evening. He told the press: "I wanted to spend the evening with my family and friends and the people who had supported me, not a bunch of stiffs who are 70–80 years old, telling you that you're acting like a jerk." The honor was eventually accorded to McEnroe after he won the championship again.
Borg and McEnroe had their final confrontation in the final of the 1981 US Open. McEnroe won in four sets, becoming the first male player since the 1920s to win three consecutive US Open singles titles. Borg never played another Grand Slam event. McEnroe also won his second WCT Final, beating Johan Kriek in straight sets.
McEnroe lost to Jimmy Connors in the 1982 Wimbledon final. McEnroe lost only one set (to Johan Kriek) going into the final; however, Connors won the fourth-set tiebreak and the fifth set.
In 1983, McEnroe reached his fourth consecutive Wimbledon final, dropping only one set throughout the tournament (to Florin Segărceanu) and sweeping aside the unheralded New Zealander Chris Lewis in straight-sets. He also played at the Australian Open for the first time, making it to the semifinals, before being defeated in four sets by Mats Wilander. He made the WCT Final for the third time and beat Ivan Lendl in an epic five setter. He took the Masters Grand Prix title for the second time, again beating Lendl in straight sets.
At the 1984 French Open, McEnroe lost a close final match to Ivan Lendl. McEnroe was on the verge of beating Lendl after winning the first two sets, but Lendl's decision to use more topspin lobs and cross-court backhand passing shots, as well as fatigue and temperamental outbursts, got the better of McEnroe, allowing Lendl to win a dramatic five-setter. The loss ended a 42-match winning streak since the start of the season and was the closest McEnroe ever came to winning the French Open. In his autobiography, McEnroe described this loss as his bitterest defeat and conveyed the impression that this was a shadow on his career that could never be chased off.
In the 1984 Wimbledon final, McEnroe played a virtually flawless match to defeat Connors in just 80 minutes, 6–1, 6–1, 6–2. That was McEnroe's third and final Wimbledon singles title. Again McEnroe had won Wimbledon while dropping just one set throughout the entire tournament, this time to Paul McNamee.
McEnroe won his fourth US Open title in 1984 by defeating Lendl in straight sets in the final, after defeating Connors in a five-set semifinal.
He won his fourth WCT Final, defeating Connors in five sets, and took his third Masters Grand Prix, beating Ivan Lendl in straight sets.
1984 was McEnroe's best year on the tennis tour, as he compiled an 82–3 record[4] and won a career-high 13 singles tournaments, including Wimbledon and the US Open. He also was on the winning US World Team Cup and runner-up Davis Cup teams. The only male who has come close to matching McEnroe's 1984 win-loss record since then was Roger Federer in 2005. Federer was 81–3 before losing his last match of the year to David Nalbandian in five sets.
McEnroe's 1984 season did not end without controversy. While playing and winning the tournament in Stockholm, McEnroe had an on-court outburst that became notorious in sports highlight reels. After questioning a call made by the chair umpire, McEnroe demanded, "Answer the question, jerk!" McEnroe then slammed his racquet into a juice cart beside the court. He was suspended for 21 days for exceeding a $7,500 limit on fines that had been created because of his behavior.[4]
In 1985, McEnroe reached his last Grand Slam singles final at the US Open. This time, he was beaten in straight sets by Lendl.
Taking time out[link]
By 1986, the pressures of playing at the top had become too much for McEnroe to handle, and he took a six-month break from the tour. It was during this sabbatical that on August 1, 1986, he married actress Tatum O'Neal, with whom he had already had a son, Kevin (born May 23, 1986). They had two more children, Sean (born September 23, 1987) and Emily (born May 10, 1991), before divorcing in 1994. When he returned to the tour later in 1986, he won three ATP tournaments, but in 1987 he failed to win a title for the first time since turning pro. He took a seven-month break from the game following the US Open, where he was suspended for two months and fined US$17,500 for misconduct and verbal abuse.
Style of play[link]
A left hander, McEnroe played a Continental forehand, which by the 1980s had almost completely disappeared from the professional tour due to the high level of touch needed to master this shot, especially in on-the-run situations. His backhand was similarly Continental and one-handed. His serve was unique in tennis. McEnroe would stand at least a meter from the center of the court with his back almost entirely to his opponent, thereby frustrating attempts at guessing whether he would pull the serve wide or jam his opponent. Few, including Pete Sampras, have managed to generate the extreme slice which sent his serve skidding low and wide. McEnroe was not known for a power game, but rather for his serve and volley mastery, a style of play that faded in the 2000s with the advent of rackets and courts that enhanced the return of serve and made approaches to the net following a serve problematic for even the finest exponents of the craft. He possesses an excellent net game, in which he can redirect powerful shots from his opponents to the open court or use his finesse to execute drop-volleys.
World No. 1 ranking[link]
According to the Association of Tennis Professionals, McEnroe became the top-ranked singles player in the world on March 3, 1980.[10] He was the top ranked player on 14 separate occasions between 1980 and 1985 and finished the year ranked World No. 1 four straight years from 1981 through 1984. He spent a total of 170 weeks at the top of the rankings.
Success in doubles[link]
McEnroe has been called "the greatest doubles player of all time" and "possibly the greatest team player never to have played a team sport."[4] He was ranked the World No. 1 in doubles for 270 weeks. He formed a powerful partnership with Peter Fleming, with whom he won 57 men's doubles titles, including four at Wimbledon and three at the US Open. (Fleming was always very modest about his own contribution to the partnership – he once said "the best doubles partnership in the world is McEnroe and anybody.")[4] McEnroe won a fourth US Open men's doubles title in 1989 with Mark Woodforde, and a fifth Wimbledon men's doubles title in 1992 with Michael Stich. He also won the 1977 French Open mixed doubles title with childhood friend Mary Carillo. McEnroe got along well with his childhood friend Mary Carillo.
Davis Cup[link]
More than any other player in his era, McEnroe was responsible for reviving U.S. interest in the Davis Cup,[4] which had been shunned by Jimmy Connors and other leading U.S. players, and had not seen a top U.S. player regularly compete since Arthur Ashe (Connors' refusal to play Davis Cup in lieu of lucrative exhibitions became a source of enmity between him and Ashe). In 1978, McEnroe won two singles rubbers in the final as the U.S. captured the cup for the first time since 1972, beating the United Kingdom in the final. McEnroe continued to be a mainstay of U.S. Davis Cup teams for the next 14 years and was part of U.S. winning teams in 1979, 1981, 1982, and 1992. He set numerous U.S. Davis Cup records, including years played (12), ties (30), singles wins (41), and total wins in singles and doubles (59). He played both singles and doubles in 13 series, and he and Peter Fleming won 14 of 15 Davis Cup doubles matches together.
An epic performance was McEnroe's 6-hour, 22-minute victory over Mats Wilander in the deciding rubber of the 3–2 quarterfinal win over Sweden in 1982, played in St. Louis, Missouri. McEnroe won the match, at the time the longest in Davis Cup history, 9–7, 6–2, 15–17, 3–6, 8–6.
McEnroe nearly broke that record in a 6-hour, 20-minute loss to Boris Becker five years later. Becker won their match, the second rubber in a 3–2 loss to West Germany in World Group Relegation play, 4–6, 15–13, 8–10, 6–2, 6–2.
McEnroe also helped the U.S. win the World Team Cup in 1984 and 1985.
Final years on the tour[link]
McEnroe struggled to regain his form after his 1986 sabbatical. He lost three times in Grand Slam tournaments to Ivan Lendl, losing straight-set quarterfinals at both the 1987 US Open and the 1989 Australian Open and a long four-set match, played over two days, in the fourth round of the 1988 French Open. Rumors of drug abuse had begun during his second sabbatical. McEnroe denied them at the time, but acknowledged that he had used cocaine during his career in a 2000 interview that implied that the use occurred during this period, although he denied that the drug affected his play.[4]
Nevertheless McEnroe had multiple notable victories in the final years of his career. In the 1988 French Open, McEnroe crushed 16-year old Michael Chang 6–0, 6–3, 6–1 in the third round; Chang would go on to win the title the next year. In 1989, McEnroe won a record fifth title at the World Championship Tennis Finals (the championship tournament of the WCT tour, which was being staged for the last time), defeating top-ranked Lendl in the semifinals. At Wimbledon, he defeated Mats Wilander in a four-set quarterfinal before losing to Stefan Edberg in a semifinal. He won the RCA Championships in Indianapolis and reached the final of the Canadian Open, where he lost to Lendl. He also won both of his singles rubbers in the quarterfinal Davis Cup tie with Sweden.
Controversy was never far from McEnroe, however; in his fourth round match against Mikael Pernfors at the 1990 Australian Open, McEnroe was ejected from the tournament[4] for swearing at the umpire, supervisor, and referee. He was warned by the umpire for intimidating a lineswoman, and then docked a point for smashing a racket. McEnroe was apparently unaware that a new Code of Conduct, which had been introduced just before the tournament, meant that a third code violation would not lead to the deduction of a game but instead would result in immediate disqualification; therefore, when McEnroe unleashed a volley of abuse at umpire Gerry Armstrong, he was defaulted. He was fined $65,000 for the incidents.
Later that year, McEnroe reached the semifinals of the US Open, losing to the eventual champion, Pete Sampras in four sets. He also won the Davidoff Swiss Indoors in Basel, defeating Goran Ivanišević in a five-set final. The last time McEnroe was ranked in the world top ten was on October 22, 1990, when he was ranked 9th. His end-of-year singles ranking was 13th.
In 1991, McEnroe won the last edition of the Volvo Tennis-Chicago tournament by defeating his brother Patrick in the final. He won both of his singles rubbers in the quarterfinal Davis Cup tie with Spain. And he reached the fourth round at Wimbledon (losing to Edberg) and the third round at the US Open (losing to Chang in a five-set night match). His end-of-year singles ranking was 28th in the world.
In 1992, McEnroe defeated third-ranked and defending champion Boris Becker in the third round of the Australian Open 6–4, 6–3, 7–5 before a sell-out crowd. In the fourth round, McEnroe needed 4 hours 42 minutes to defeat ninth ranked Emilio Sánchez 8–6 in the fifth set. He lost to Wayne Ferreira in the quarterfinals. At Wimbledon, McEnroe reached the semifinals where he lost in straight sets to the eventual champion Andre Agassi. McEnroe teamed with Michael Stich to win his fifth Wimbledon men's doubles title in a record-length 5 hour 1 minute final, which the pair won 5–7, 7–6, 3–6, 7–6, 19–17. At the end of the year, he teamed with Sampras to win the doubles rubber in the Davis Cup final, where the U.S. defeated Switzerland 3–1.
McEnroe retired from the professional tour at the end of 1992. He ended his singles career ranked 20th in the world.
After retirement from the tour[link]
McEnroe separated from O'Neal in 1992, and divorced in 1994. He married musician Patty Smyth in April 1997, with whom he has two daughters, Anna (16) and Ava (13), and one stepdaughter, Ruby (26) from Smyth's previous marriage to rock star Richard Hell.
McEnroe met Smyth while pursuing his post-tour goal of becoming a rock star. He had learned to play guitar with the help of friends like Eddie Van Halen and Eric Clapton. During his divorce, McEnroe formed The Johnny Smyth Band with himself as lead singer and guitarist, began writing songs, and played small gigs in cities where he played with the senior tour. Although Lars Ulrich complimented his "natural instinct for music", a bar owner where McEnroe's band played said that "he couldn't sing to save his life." The band toured for two years, but McEnroe suddenly quit in 1997 just before finishing his first album.[4]
McEnroe was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1999. He now works as a sports commentator in tennis and has regularly appeared in US national telecasts of Grand Slam tennis matches on such networks as CBS, NBC, USA, and ESPN, as has his brother Patrick. He also commentates on Wimbledon for the BBC in the UK.
McEnroe became the U.S. Davis Cup captain in September 1999. His team barely escaped defeat in their first two outings in 2000, beating Zimbabwe and the Czech Republic in tight 3–2 encounters. They were then defeated 5–0 by Spain in the semifinals. McEnroe resigned in November 2000 after 14 months as captain, citing frustration with the Davis Cup schedule and format as two of his primary reasons. His brother Patrick took over the job.
In July 2004, McEnroe began a CNBC talk show entitled McEnroe. The show, however, was unsuccessful, twice earning a 0.0 Nielsen rating, and was cancelled within five months. He also hosted The Chair quiz show in both the U.K. and the U.S., but this venture also was unsuccessful. In 2002, McEnroe played himself in Mr. Deeds and again in 2008 in You Don't Mess with the Zohan. McEnroe played himself in the 2004 movie Wimbledon.
McEnroe is active in philanthropy and tennis development. For years he has co-chaired the CityParks Tennis charity benefit, an annual fundraiser produced by the City Parks Foundation. The charitable event raises crucial funds for New York City's largest municipal youth tennis programs. He collects American contemporary art, and opened a gallery in Manhattan in 1993.[4]
McEnroe still plays regularly on the ATP Champions Tour. His most recent victory came at the Jean-Luc Lagardere Trophy in Paris in 2010, where he defeated Guy Forget in the final. Playing on the Champions Tour allows him to continue his most iconic rivalries with old adversaries Ivan Lendl and Bjorn Borg.
He is a TV commentator at major tournaments. In charity events and World Team Tennis, he has beaten many top players, including Mardy Fish and Mark Philippoussis.
In 2007, McEnroe appeared on the NBC comedy 30 Rock as the host of a game show called "Gold Case" in which he uttered his famous line "You cannot be serious!" when a taping went awry. McEnroe also appeared on the HBO comedy Curb Your Enthusiasm.
In 2009, McEnroe appeared on 30 Rock again, in the episode Gavin Voloure, where Steve Martin (playing the title character) invites him to dinner because he is of the world of "Art critique and yelling."
During the 2009 US Open, McEnroe and Serbian star Novak Djokovic shared a comic on-court moment after Djokovic's fourth-round win over Radek Štěpánek. Djokovic, known for his off-court impersonations of other star players (many of them his friends), mimicked McEnroe's pre-service ritual and some of his best-known antics before motioning McEnroe to come down from the press box to join him. McEnroe loosened his shirt, grabbed a racquet, and then proceeded to mimic Djokovic's pre-serve ritual. The two then played a few points, ending with McEnroe hitting a winning cross-court volley; they then congratulated one another at the net.[11]
Return to the tour[link]
McEnroe returned to the ATP Tour in 2006 to play two doubles tournaments.
In his first tournament, he teamed with Jonas Björkman to win the title at the SAP Open in San Jose.[12] This was McEnroe's first title since capturing the Paris Indoor doubles title in November 1992 with his brother Patrick. The win meant that McEnroe had won doubles titles in four different decades and surpassed Tom Okker for the second highest number (71) of doubles titles in history (trailing Todd Woodbridge).
In his second tournament, McEnroe and Björkman lost in the quarter-finals of the tournament in Stockholm.
Career statistics[link]
Main article: John McEnroe career statistics
Grand Slam singles tournament timeline[link]
- Key
| W | F | SF | QF | #R | RR | Q# | A | P | Z# | PO | SF-B | F | NMS |
Won tournament, or reached Final, Semifinal, Quarterfinal, Round 4, 3, 2, 1, played in Round Robin or lost in Qualification Round 3, Round 2, Round 1, Absent from a tournament or Participated in a team event, played in a Davis Cup Zonal Group (with its number indication) or Play-off, won a bronze or silver match at the Olympics. The last is for a Masters Series/1000 tournament that was relegated (Not a Masters Series).
| Tournament | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 | 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | SR | W–L | Win % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grand Slam tournaments | |||||||||||||||||||
| Australian Open | SF | QF | NH | QF | 4R | QF | 0 / 5 | 18–5 | 78.26 | ||||||||||
| French Open | 2R | 3R | QF | QF | F | SF | 1R | 4R | 1R | 1R | 0 / 10 | 25–10 | 71.43 | ||||||
| Wimbledon | SF | 1R | 4R | F | W | F | W | W | QF | 2R | SF | 1R | 4R | SF | 3 / 14 | 59–11 | 84.29 | ||
| US Open | 4R | SF | W | W | W | SF | 4R | W | F | 1R | QF | 2R | 2R | SF | 3R | 4R | 4 / 16 | 66–12 | 84.62 |
| Win–Loss | 9–3 | 5–2 | 9–1 | 15–2 | 18–1 | 11–2 | 18–3 | 20–1 | 18–4 | 0–1 | 4–2 | 5–3 | 10–3 | 8–3 | 5–3 | 12–4 | 7 / 45 | 168–38 | 81.55 |
| Year End Championships | |||||||||||||||||||
| The Masters | W | SF | RR | SF | F | W | W | 1R | SF | 3 / 9 | 19–11 | 63.33 | |||||||
| WCT Finals | W | F | W | F | W | W | QF | F | W | 5 / 9 | 21–4 | 84.00 | |||||||
| Win–Loss | 8–0 | 4–3 | 3–3 | 4–3 | 5–1 | 6–0 | 3–1 | 0–1 | 2–1 | 5–2 | 8 / 18 | 40–15 | 72.73 | ||||||
| Year End Ranking | 21 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 14 | 10 | 11 | 4 | 13 | 28 | 20 | $12,547,797 | ||
Records[link]
- These records were attained in the Open Era of tennis.
- Combined tours include the Association of Tennis Professionals, the Grand Prix Circuit and World Championship Tennis.
| Championship | Years | Record accomplished | Player tied |
| US Open | 1979–89 | 8 singles and doubles titles | Stands alone |
| Grand Slam | 1984 | 89.9% (62–7) sets winning percentage in 1 season | Stands alone |
| Combined year end championships WCT ATP | 1980–88 | 12 singles finals overall | Ivan Lendl |
| Combined year end championships | 1979–88 | 8 singles titles overall | Stands alone |
| Grand Prix Tour Finals | 1983 | Won championship without losing a set | Ivan Lendl |
| WCT Tour Finals | 1979–85 | 5 titles overall | Stands alone |
| WCT Tour Finals | 1983–84 | 2 consecutive titles | Ken Rosewall |
| WCT Tour Finals | 1979–89 | 8 finals overall | Stands alone |
| WCT Tour Finals | 1979–84 | 6 consecutive finals | Stands alone |
| Combined Tours | 1978–92 | 148 singles and doubles titles | Stands alone |
| Grand Prix Championship Series | 1982 | Carpet Triple (London, Philadelphia and Tokyo) | Stands alone |
| Grand Prix Championship Series | 1984 | Hard Triple (Forest Hills, Toronto and Stockholm) | Stands alone |
| Grand Prix Tour | 1979 | 27 singles and doubles titles in 1 season | Stands alone |
| Grand Prix Tour | 1979 | 16 doubles titles in 1 season | Stands alone |
| Grand Prix Tour Wembley | 1978–84 | 5 titles overall | Stands alone |
| Grand Prix Tour | 1981–82 | 8 consecutive titles | Ivan Lendl |
| Grand Prix Tour | 1984 | 96.47% (82–3) single season match winning percentage | Stands alone |
| Grand Prix Tour | 1978–91 | 346 carpet court match wins | Stands alone |
| Grand Prix Tour | 1983–85 | 66 consecutive carpet court match victories | Ivan Lendl |
| Grand Prix Tour | 1978–91 | 84.18% (346–64) carpet court match winning percentage[13] | Stands alone |
| Grand Prix Tour | 1978–91 | 85.34% (419–72) indoor court match winning percentage[14] | Stands alone |
| Grand Prix Tour | 1982–89 | 19 finals against same player (Ivan Lendl) | Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal |
| No. 1 Ranking | 1982–84 | 108 consecutive weeks at No. 1 in doubles | Stands alone |
| No. 1 Ranking | 1984 | Achieved both singles and doubles simultaneously | Stands alone |
| No. 1 Ranking | 1978–92 | Achieved both singles and doubles | Stefan Edberg |
| Most consecutive wins from beginning of season | 1984 | 42 consecutive matches won | Stands alone |
| Time span | Record with Peter Fleming | Players matched |
|---|---|---|
| 1978–84 | 7 Grand Prix Tour Finals doubles titles consecutive and overall | Peter Fleming |
| 1978–84 | 7 Grand Prix Tour Finals doubles titles consecutive and overall as a team | Stands alone |
| 1979 | 14 doubles titles in 1 season as a team | Stands alone |
Professional awards[link]
- ITF World Champion:1981, 1983, 1984
- ATP player of the year: 1981, 1983, 1984
- ATP most improved player: 1978
- World Number 1 Male Player
Pop-culture appearances[link]
- McEnroe's fiery temper led to him being parodied in pop culture. In 1982, British impressionist Roger Kitter made a record called "Chalk Dust: The Umpire Strikes Back" in which he parodied McEnroe losing his temper during a match. Kitter made the record as "The Brat" and it reached the UK Top 20.
- His bursts of rage were parodied in the satirical British program Spitting Image, on which he and wife Tatum frequently screamed and threw things at each other. He was also lampooned in the Australian The Paul Hogan Show, in which Paul Hogan played "John MacEnhoax" who used a handshake to fling his opponent, destroying a tennis court.
- Punk band End of a Year references his famous temper in the song "McEnroe".
Television and filmography[link]
| Year | Production | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1996 | Arliss | Himself | Episode: "Crossing the Line" |
| 1997 | Suddenly Susan | Himself | Episode: "I'll See That and Raise You Susan" |
| 1998 | Frasier | Patrick (radio show caller) | Episode: "Sweet Dreams" |
| 2002 | The Chair | Himself | Hosted for 13 episodes |
| Mr. Deeds | Himself | ||
| 2003 | Anger Management | Himself | |
| Saturday Night Live | Himself | Episode 552, broadcast November 8 | |
| 2004 | Wimbledon | Himself/commentator | |
| 2006 | Parkinson | Himself | broadcast December 16 |
| 2007 | 30 Rock | Himself | Episode: “The Head and the Hair” |
| WFAN Breakfast Show | Himself | Co-hosted with brother Patrick on May 8 and 9 | |
| CSI: NY | Himself | Episode: “Comes Around”[15] | |
| Curb Your Enthusiasm | Himself | Episode: “The Freak Book” | |
| 2008 | 30 Rock | Himself | Episode: "Gavin Volure" |
| You Don't Mess with the Zohan | Himself | ||
| 2009 | Penn & Teller: Bullshit! | Himself | “Stress” |
| 2010 | Saturday Night Live | Uncredited | Episode 692, broadcast December 18 |
| 2010 | The Lonely Island | Himself | "I Just Had Sex" |
| 2012 | 30 Rock | Himself | Episode: “Dance Like Nobody's Watching” |
| 2012 | Saturday Night Live | Himself | Episode 719, broadcast March 10 |
| 2012 | "Jack & Jill" | Himself
See also[link]
- MacCAM, an instant replay system used by CBS and other networks, named after McEnroe.
- World number one male tennis player rankings.
- Tennis male players statistics.
- List of Grand Slam Men's Singles champions
- Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame
- Borg-McEnroe rivalry
- Connors-McEnroe rivalry
References[link]
 |
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2009) |
- ^ a b Player Profile
- ^ "Top 10 Men's Tennis Players of All Time". Sports Illustrated. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/multimedia/photo_gallery/1009/top.ten.tennis/content.1.html. Retrieved September 23, 2010.
- ^ a b McEnroe, with Kaplan, 2002, Serious, p. 17-18.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Rubinstein, Julian. "Being John McEnroe" The New York Times Magazine, January 30, 2000.
- ^ McEnroe, with Kaplan, 2002, Serious, p. 24-25.
- ^ a b "ATP Player Profile". ATP. http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Mc/J/John-Mcenroe.aspx. Retrieved April 15, 2012.
- ^ Pete Sampras eventually became the youngest US Open Champion at 19 years old.
- ^ "John McEnroe: 'I am being deadly serious... Murray is a kindred spirit'". The Independent. June 15, 2011. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/john-mcenroe-i-am-being-deadly-serious-murray-is-a-kindred-spirit-2297421.html. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
- ^ ESPN Classic – McEnroe was McNasty on and off the court
- ^ "Player Profile. John McEnroe (USA)". ATPWorldTour.com. http://www.atpworldtour.com/tennis/5/en/players/playerprofiles/default.asp?playernumber=M047. Retrieved April 17, 2009.
- ^ Slater, Jim, AFP (September 8, 2009). "Djokovic, McEnroe share magic mimic moment". Google News. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hwoHMdD0jBE0w1mvFUSVX9QN1Sbg. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
- ^ "McEnroe hasn't lost his touch or tongue". The Hindu. February 21, 2006. http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/21/stories/2006022100112100.htm. Retrieved April 17, 2009.
- ^ "FedEx ATP Reliability Index – Winning percentage on Carpet". ATPWorldTour.com. http://www.atpworldtour.com/Reliability-Zone/Reliability-Carpet-Career-List.aspx. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
- ^ "FedEx ATP Reliability Index – Winning percentage Indoor". ATPWorldTour.com. http://www.atpworldtour.com/Reliability-Zone/Reliability-Indoor-Career-List.aspx. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
- ^ Episode "Comes Around" –Season 3, Episode 23
Further reading[link]
- McEnroe, John; with Kaplan, James (2002). You Cannot Be Serious. London: Time Warner Paperbacks. ISBN 0-7515-3454-4.
- Shifrin, Joshua (2005). 101 Incredible Moments in Tennis. Virtualbookworm.com Publishing. ISBN 1-58939-820-3.
- Adams, Tim (2005). On Being John McEnroe. New York: Crown. ISBN 1-4000-8147-5.
- Evans, Richard I. (1990). McEnroe, Taming the Talent. Lexington, Massachusetts: S. Greene. ISBN 0-8289-0791-9.
- Evans, Richard; written in cooperation with John McEnroe (1984). McEnroe: A Rage for Perfection: A Biography. New York: Sidgwick & Jackson. ISBN 0-450-05586-8.
- Long, Cathy; Scanlong, Bill; Long, Sonny (2004). Bad News for McEnroe : Blood, Sweat, and Backhands with John, Jimmy, Ilie, Ivan, Bjorn, and Vitas. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-33280-7.
Video[link]
- The Wimbledon Collection – Legends of Wimbledon – John McEnroe Standing Room Only, DVD Release Date: September 21, 2004, Run Time: 52 minutes, ASIN: B0002HOD9U
- The Wimbledon Collection – The Classic Match – Borg vs. McEnroe 1981 Final Standing Room Only, DVD Release Date: September 21, 2004, Run Time: 210 minutes, ASIN: B0002HODAE
- The Wimbledon Collection – The Classic Match – Borg vs. McEnroe 1980 Final Standing Room Only, DVD Release Date: September 21, 2004, Run Time: 240 minutes; ASIN: B0002HOEK8
- Charlie Rose with John McEnroe (February 4, 1999) Charlie Rose, DVD Release Date: September 18, 2006, ASIN: B000IU3342
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: John McEnroe |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: John McEnroe |
- John McEnroe at the Association of Tennis Professionals
- John McEnroe at the International Tennis Federation
- John McEnroe at the Davis Cup
- John McEnroe at the International Tennis Hall of Fame
- Official Wimbledon website profile
- BBC profile
- John McEnroe's ESPN Bio
- John McEnroe at the Internet Movie Database
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | McEnroe, John |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American tennis player |
| Date of birth | February 16, 1959 |
| Place of birth | Wiesbaden, West Germany |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/John_McEnroe
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McEnroe
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
"Reagan" redirects here. For other uses, see Reagan (disambiguation).
| Ronald Reagan | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| 40th President of the United States | |
| In office January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989 |
|
| Vice President | George H. W. Bush |
| Preceded by | Jimmy Carter |
| Succeeded by | George H. W. Bush |
| 33rd Governor of California | |
| In office January 2, 1967 – January 6, 1975 |
|
| Lieutenant | Robert Finch Edwin Reinecke John Harmer |
| Preceded by | Pat Brown |
| Succeeded by | Jerry Brown |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Ronald Wilson Reagan (1911-02-06)February 6, 1911 Tampico, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | June 5, 2004(2004-06-05) (aged 93) Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Resting place | Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, Simi Valley, California, U.S. 34°15′35.5896″N 118°49′11.301″W / 34.259886°N 118.81980583°W / 34.259886; -118.81980583 |
| Political party | Republican (1962–2004) |
| Other political affiliations |
Democratic (Before 1962) |
| Spouse(s) | Jane Wyman (1940–1949) Nancy Davis (1952–2004) |
| Children | Maureen Christine Michael Patti Ron |
| Alma mater | Eureka College |
| Religion | Disciples of Christ later Presbyterian |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Service/branch | United States Army United States Army Air Forces |
| Years of service | 1937–45 |
| Rank | Captain |
Ronald Wilson Reagan (
/ˈrɒnəld ˈwɪlsən ˈreɪɡən/; February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States, serving from 1981 to 1989. Prior to that, he was the 33rd Governor of California from 1967 to 1975 and a radio, film and television actor.
Born in Tampico, Illinois and raised in Dixon, Reagan was educated at Eureka College, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics and sociology. After his graduation, Reagan moved first to Iowa to work as a radio broadcaster and then in to Los Angeles in 1937 where he began a career as an actor, first in films and later television. Some of his most notable films include Knute Rockne, All American, Kings Row, and Bedtime for Bonzo. Reagan served as president of the Screen Actors Guild, and later as a spokesman for General Electric (GE); his start in politics occurred during his work for GE. Originally a member of the Democratic Party, his positions began shifting rightward in the late 1950s, and he switched to the Republican Party in 1962. After delivering a rousing speech in support of Barry Goldwater's presidential candidacy in 1964, he was persuaded to seek the California governorship, winning two years later and again in 1970. He was defeated in his run for the Republican presidential nomination in 1968 as well as 1976, but won both the nomination and general election in 1980, defeating incumbent Jimmy Carter.
As president, Reagan implemented sweeping new political and economic initiatives. His supply-side economic policies, dubbed "Reaganomics", advocated reducing tax rates to spur economic growth, controlling the money supply to reduce inflation, deregulation of the economy, and reducing government spending. In his first term he survived an assassination attempt, took a hard line against labor unions, and ordered an invasion of Grenada. He was reelected in a landslide in 1984, proclaiming that it was "Morning in America." His second term was primarily marked by foreign matters, such as the ending of the Cold War, the 1986 bombing of Libya, and the revelation of the Iran-Contra affair. Publicly describing the Soviet Union as an "evil empire,"[1] he supported anti-communist movements worldwide and spent his first term forgoing the strategy of détente by ordering a massive military buildup in an arms race with the USSR. Reagan negotiated with Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev, culminating in the INF Treaty and the decrease of both countries' nuclear arsenals.
Reagan left office in 1989. In 1994, the former president disclosed that he had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease earlier in the year; he died ten years later at the age of 93. He ranks highly in public opinion polls of U.S. Presidents and is credited for generating an ideological renaissance on the American political right.
Contents
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Early life[link]
Ronald Wilson Reagan was born in an apartment on the second floor of a commercial building in Tampico, Illinois on February 6, 1911, to Jack Reagan and Nelle Wilson Reagan.[2] Reagan's father was a salesman and a storyteller, the grandson of Irish Catholic immigrants from County Tipperary[3] while his mother had Scots and English ancestors.[4] Reagan had one sibling, his older brother, Neil (1908–1996), who became an advertising executive.[5] As a boy, Reagan's father nicknamed his son "Dutch", due to his "fat little Dutchman"-like appearance, and his "Dutchboy" haircut;[6] the nickname stuck with him throughout his youth.[6] Reagan's family briefly lived in several towns and cities in Illinois, including Monmouth, Galesburg and Chicago, until 1919, when they returned to Tampico and lived above the H.C. Pitney Variety Store.[2] After his election as president, residing in the upstairs White House private quarters, Reagan would quip that he was "living above the store again".[7]
According to Paul Kengor, author of God and Ronald Reagan, Reagan had a particularly strong faith in the goodness of people, which stemmed from the optimistic faith of his mother, Nelle,[8] and the Disciples of Christ faith,[8] which he was baptized into in 1922.[9] For the time, Reagan was unusual in his opposition to racial discrimination, and recalled a time in Dixon when the local inn would not allow black people to stay there. Reagan brought them back to his house, where his mother invited them to stay the night and have breakfast the next morning.[10]
Following the closure of the Pitney Store in late 1920, the Reagans moved to Dixon;[11] the midwestern "small universe" had a lasting impression on Reagan.[12] He attended Dixon High School,[13] where he developed interests in acting, sports, and storytelling.[14] His first job was as a lifeguard at the Rock River in Lowell Park, near Dixon, in 1927. Reagan performed 77 rescues as a lifeguard, noting that he notched a mark on a wooden log for every life he saved.[14] Reagan attended Eureka College, where he became a member of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity, a cheerleader,[15] and majored in economics and sociology. He developed a reputation as a jack of all trades, excelling in campus politics, sports and theater. He was a member of the football team, captain of the swim team and was elected student body president. As student president, Reagan led a student revolt against the college president after he tried to cut back the faculty.[16]
Entertainment career[link]
Further information: Ronald Reagan filmography
Radio and film[link]
After graduating from Eureka in 1932, Reagan drove himself to Iowa, where he auditioned for a job at many small-town radio stations.[17] The University of Iowa hired him to broadcast home football games for the Hawkeyes. He was paid $10 per game.[17] Soon after, a staff announcer's job opened at radio station WOC in Davenport, and Reagan was hired, now earning $100 per month.[17] Aided by his persuasive voice,[17] he moved to WHO radio in Des Moines as an announcer for Chicago Cubs baseball games.[18] His specialty was creating play-by-play accounts of games that the station received by wire.[17]
While traveling with the Cubs in California, Reagan took a screen test in 1937 that led to a seven-year contract with Warner Brothers studios.[19] He spent the first few years of his Hollywood career in the "B film" unit, where, Reagan joked, the producers "didn't want them good, they wanted them Thursday".[17] While sometimes overshadowed by other actors, Reagan's screen performances did receive many good reviews.[17]
His first screen credit was the starring role in the 1937 movie Love Is on the Air, and by the end of 1939 he had already appeared in 19 films,[20] including Dark Victory. Before the film Santa Fe Trail in 1940, he played the role of George "The Gipper" Gipp in the film Knute Rockne, All American; from it, he acquired the lifelong nickname "the Gipper".[21] In 1941 exhibitors voted him the fifth most popular star from the younger generation in Hollywood.[22]
Reagan's favorite acting role was as a double amputee in 1942's Kings Row,[23] in which he recites the line, "Where's the rest of me?", later used as the title of his 1965 autobiography. Many film critics considered Kings Row to be his best movie,[24] though the film was condemned by New York Times critic Bosley Crowther.[25][26]
Although, Reagan called Kings Row the film that "made me a star",[27] he was unable to capitalize on his success because he was ordered to active duty with the U.S. Army at San Francisco two months after its release, and never regained "star" status in motion pictures.[27] In the post-war era, after being separated from almost four years of World War II stateside service with the 1st Motion Picture Unit in December 1945, Reagan co-starred in such films as, The Voice of the Turtle, John Loves Mary, The Hasty Heart, Bedtime for Bonzo, Cattle Queen of Montana, Tennessee's Partner, Hellcats of the Navy and The Killers (his final film) in a 1964 remake.[28] Throughout his film career, his mother often answered much of his fan mail.[29]
Military service[link]
After completing fourteen home-study Army Extension Courses, Reagan enlisted in the Army Enlisted Reserve[30] on April 29, 1937, as a private assigned to Troop B, 322nd Cavalry at Des Moines, Iowa.[31] He was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the Officers Reserve Corps of the Cavalry on May 25, 1937.[32]
Reagan was ordered to active duty for the first time on April 18, 1942. Due to his nearsightedness, he was classified for limited service only, which excluded him from serving overseas.[33] His first assignment was at the San Francisco Port of Embarkation at Fort Mason, California, as a liaison officer of the Port and Transportation Office.[34] Upon the approval of the Army Air Force (AAF), he applied for a transfer from the Cavalry to the AAF on May 15, 1942, and was assigned to AAF Public Relations and subsequently to the First Motion Picture Unit (officially, the "18th AAF Base Unit") in Culver City, California.[34] On January 14, 1943 he was promoted to First Lieutenant and was sent to the Provisional Task Force Show Unit of This Is The Army at Burbank, California.[34] He returned to the First Motion Picture Unit after completing this duty and was promoted to Captain on July 22, 1943.[31]
In January 1944, Captain Reagan was ordered to temporary duty in New York City to participate in the opening of the sixth War Loan Drive. He was re-assigned to the First Motion Picture Unit on November 14, 1944, where he remained until the end of World War II.[31] He was recommended for promotion to Major on February 2, 1945, but this recommendation was disapproved on July 17 of that year.[35] He returned to Fort MacArthur, California, where he was separated from active duty on December 9, 1945.[35] By the end of the war, his units had produced some 400 training films for the AAF.[31]
Reagan never left the United States during the war, though he kept a film reel, obtained while in the service, depicting the liberation of Auschwitz, as he believed that someday doubts would arise as to whether the Holocaust had occurred.[36] It has been alleged that he was overheard telling Israeli foreign minister Yitzhak Shamir in 1983 that he had filmed that footage himself and helped liberate Auschwitz,[36][37] though this purported conversation was disputed by Secretary of State George Shultz.[38]
SAG president and television[link]
Reagan was first elected to the Board of Directors of the Screen Actors Guild in 1941, serving as an alternate. Following World War II, he resumed service and became 3rd vice-president in 1946.[39] The adoption of conflict-of-interest bylaws in 1947 led the SAG president and six board members to resign; Reagan was nominated in a special election for the position of president and subsequently elected.[39] He was subsequently chosen by the membership to serve seven additional one-year terms, from 1947 to 1952 and in 1959.[39] Reagan led SAG through eventful years that were marked by labor-management disputes, the Taft-Hartley Act, House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) hearings and the Hollywood blacklist era.[39]
Amid the Red Scare in the late 1940s, Reagan provided the FBI with names of actors whom he believed to be communist sympathizers within the motion picture industry.[40] Reagan testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee on the subject as well.[41] A fervent anti-communist, he reaffirmed his commitment to democratic principles, stating, "I never as a citizen want to see our country become urged, by either fear or resentment of this group, that we ever compromise with any of our democratic principles through that fear or resentment."[41]
Though an early critic of television, Reagan landed fewer film roles in the late 1950s and decided to join the medium.[17] He was hired as the host of General Electric Theater, a series of weekly dramas that became very popular.[17] His contract required him to tour GE plants sixteen weeks out of the year, often demanding of him fourteen speeches per day.[17] He earned approximately $125,000 per year (about $1.07 million in 2010 dollars) in this role. His final work as a professional actor was as host and performer from 1964 to 1965 on the television series Death Valley Days.[28][better source needed] Reagan and Nancy Davis appeared together several times, including an episode of GE Theater in 1958 called A Turkey for the President.[42][better source needed]
Marriages and children[link]
In 1938, Reagan co-starred in the film Brother Rat with actress Jane Wyman (1917–2007). They were engaged at the Chicago Theatre,[43] and married on January 26, 1940, at the Wee Kirk o' the Heather church in Glendale, California.[44] Together they had two biological children, Maureen (1941–2001) and Christine (who was born in 1947 but only lived one day), and adopted a third, Michael (born 1945).[45] Following arguments about Reagan's political ambitions, Wyman filed for divorce in 1948,[46] citing a distraction due to her husband's Screen Actors Guild union duties; the divorce was finalized in 1949.[21] He is the only US president to have been divorced.[47]
Reagan met actress Nancy Davis (born 1921)[48] in 1949 after she contacted him in his capacity as president of the Screen Actors Guild to help her with issues regarding her name appearing on a communist blacklist in Hollywood (she had been mistaken for another Nancy Davis). She described their meeting by saying, "I don't know if it was exactly love at first sight, but it was pretty close."[49] They were engaged at Chasen's restaurant in Los Angeles and were married on March 4, 1952, at the Little Brown Church in the San Fernando Valley.[50] Actor William Holden served as best man at the ceremony. They had two children: Patti (born October 21, 1952) and Ron (born May 20, 1958).
Observers described the Reagans' relationship as close, authentic and intimate.[51] During his presidency they were reported to frequently display their affection for one another; one press secretary said, "They never took each other for granted. They never stopped courting."[49][52] He often called her "Mommy" she called him "Ronnie".[52] He once wrote to her, "Whatever I treasure and enjoy ... all would be without meaning if I didn't have you."[53] When he was in the hospital in 1981, she slept with one of his shirts to be comforted by his scent.[54] In a letter to U.S. citizens written in 1994, Reagan wrote "I have recently been told that I am one of the millions of Americans who will be afflicted with Alzheimer's disease.... I only wish there was some way I could spare Nancy from this painful experience,"[49] and in 1998, while Reagan was stricken by Alzheimer's, Nancy told Vanity Fair, "Our relationship is very special. We were very much in love and still are. When I say my life began with Ronnie, well, it's true. It did. I can't imagine life without him."[49]
Early political career[link]
Reagan began his political career as a liberal Democrat, admirer of Franklin D. Roosevelt, and an active supporter of New Deal policies. In the early 1950s, as his relationship with Republican actress Nancy Davis grew,[55][56] he shifted to the right and, while remaining a Democrat, endorsed the presidential candidacies of Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956 as well as Richard Nixon in 1960.[57] The last time Reagan actively supported a Democratic candidate was in 1950 when he helped Helen Gahagan Douglas in her unsuccessful Senate campaign against Richard Nixon.[58] After being hired in 1954 to host the General Electric Theater, a TV drama series,[59] Reagan soon began to embrace the conservative views of the sponsoring company's officials.[59][60] His many GE speeches—which he wrote himself—were non-partisan but carried a conservative, pro-business message; he was influenced by Lemuel Boulware, a senior GE executive. Boulware, known for his tough stance against unions and his innovative strategies to win over workers, championed the core tenets of modern American conservatism: free markets, anticommunism, lower taxes, and limited government.[61] Eventually, the ratings for Reagan's show fell off and GE dropped Reagan in 1962.[62] In August of that year Reagan formally switched to the Republican Party, stating, "I didn't leave the Democratic Party. The party left me."[63]
In the early 1960s Reagan opposed certain civil rights legislation, saying that "if an individual wants to discriminate against Negroes or others in selling or renting his house, it is his right to do so."[64] In his rationale, he cited his opposition to government intrusion into personal freedoms, as opposed to racism; he strongly denied having racist motives and later reversed his opposition to voting rights and fair housing laws.[65] When legislation that would become Medicare was introduced in 1961, Reagan created a recording for the American Medical Association warning that such legislation would mean the end of freedom in America. Reagan said that if his listeners did not write letters to prevent it, "we will awake to find that we have socialism. And if you don't do this, and if I don't do it, one of these days, you and I are going to spend our sunset years telling our children, and our children's children, what it once was like in America when men were free."[66][67][68] He also joined the National Rifle Association and would become a lifetime member.[69]
Reagan endorsed the campaign of conservative presidential contender Barry Goldwater in 1964. Speaking for Goldwater, Reagan stressed his belief in the importance of smaller government. He revealed his ideological motivation in a famed speech delivered on October 27, 1964: "The Founding Fathers knew a government can't control the economy without controlling people. And they knew when a government sets out to do that, it must use force and coercion to achieve its purpose. So we have come to a time for choosing."[70] He also said, "You and I are told we must choose between a left or right, but I suggest there is no such thing as a left or right. There is only an up or down. Up to man's age-old dream – the maximum of individual freedom consistent with order – or down to the ant heap of totalitarianism."[70][71] This "A Time for Choosing" speech raised $1 million for Goldwater's campaign[17] and is considered the event that launched Reagan's political career.[72]
Governor of California, 1967–1975[link]
Main article: Governorship of Ronald Reagan
California Republicans were impressed with Reagan's political views and charisma after his "Time for Choosing" speech,[73] and nominated him for Governor of California in 1966. In Reagan's campaign, he emphasized two main themes: "to send the welfare bums back to work", and, in reference to burgeoning anti-war and anti-establishment student protests at the University of California at Berkeley, "to clean up the mess at Berkeley".[74] He was elected, defeating two-term governor Edmund G. "Pat" Brown, and was sworn in on January 2, 1967. In his first term, he froze government hiring and approved tax hikes to balance the budget.[75]
Shortly after the beginning of his term, Reagan tested the presidential waters in 1968 as part of a "Stop Nixon" movement, hoping to cut into Nixon's Southern support[76] and be a compromise candidate[77] if neither Nixon nor second-place Nelson Rockefeller received enough delegates to win on the first ballot at the Republican convention. However, by the time of the convention Nixon had 692 delegate votes, 25 more than he needed to secure the nomination, followed by Rockefeller with Reagan in third place.[76]
Reagan was involved in high-profile conflicts with the protest movements of the era. On May 15, 1969, during the People's Park protests at UC Berkeley, Reagan sent the California Highway Patrol and other officers to quell the protests, in an incident that became known as "Bloody Thursday", resulting in the death of student James Rector and the blinding of carpenter Alan Blanchard.[78][79] Reagan then called out 2,200 state National Guard troops to occupy the city of Berkeley for two weeks in order to crack down on the protesters.[78] A year after "Bloody Thursday", Reagan responded to questions about campus protest movements saying, "If it takes a bloodbath, let's get it over with. No more appeasement."[80] When the Symbionese Liberation Army kidnapped Patty Hearst in Berkeley and demanded the distribution of food to the poor, Reagan joked, "It's just too bad we can't have an epidemic of botulism."[81]
Early in 1967, the national debate on abortion was beginning. Democratic California state senator Anthony Beilenson introduced the "Therapeutic Abortion Act," in an effort to reduce the number of "back-room abortions" performed in California.[78] The State Legislature sent the bill to Reagan's desk where, after many days of indecision, he signed it.[82] About two million abortions would be performed as a result, most because of a provision in the bill allowing abortions for the well-being of the mother.[82] Reagan had been in office for only four months when he signed the bill, and stated that had he been more experienced as governor, it would not have been signed. After he recognized what he called the "consequences" of the bill, he announced that he was pro-life.[82] He maintained that position later in his political career, writing extensively about abortion.[83]
Despite an unsuccessful attempt to recall him in 1968,[84] Reagan was re-elected in 1970, defeating "Big Daddy" Jesse Unruh. He chose not to seek a third term in the following election cycle. One of Reagan's greatest frustrations in office concerned capital punishment, which he strongly supported.[23] His efforts to enforce the state's laws in this area were thwarted when the Supreme Court of California issued its People v. Anderson decision, which invalidated all death sentences issued in California prior to 1972, though the decision was later overturned by a constitutional amendment. The only execution during Reagan's governorship was on April 12, 1967, when Aaron Mitchell's sentence was carried out by the state in San Quentin's gas chamber.[85]
In 1969, Reagan, as Governor, signed the Family Law Act which was the first no fault divorce legislation in the United States.[86]
Reagan's terms as governor helped to shape the policies he would pursue in his later political career as president. By campaigning on a platform of sending "the welfare bums back to work", he spoke out against the idea of the welfare state. He also strongly advocated the Republican ideal of less government regulation of the economy, including that of undue federal taxation.[87]
Reagan did not seek re-election to a third term as governor in 1974 and was succeeded by Democratic California Secretary of State Jerry Brown on January 6, 1975.
1976 presidential campaign[link]
In 1976, Reagan challenged incumbent President Gerald Ford in a bid to become the Republican Party's candidate for president. Reagan soon established himself as the conservative candidate with the support of like-minded organizations such as the American Conservative Union which became key components of his political base, while President Ford was considered a more moderate Republican.[88]
Reagan's campaign relied on a strategy crafted by campaign manager John Sears of winning a few primaries early to damage the inevitability of Ford's likely nomination. Reagan won North Carolina, Texas, and California, but the strategy failed, as[89] he ended up losing New Hampshire, Florida, and his native Illinois.[90] The Texas campaign lent renewed hope to Reagan, when he swept all ninety-six delegates chosen in the May 1 primary, with four more awaiting at the state convention. Much of the credit for that victory came from the work of three co-chairmen, including Ernest Angelo, the mayor of Midland, and Ray Barnhart of Houston, whom President Reagan tapped in 1981 as director of the Federal Highway Administration.[91]
However, as the GOP convention neared, Ford appeared close to victory. Acknowledging his party's moderate wing, Reagan chose moderate Senator Richard Schweiker of Pennsylvania as his running mate if nominated. Nonetheless, Ford prevailed with 1,187 delegates to Reagan's 1,070.[90] Ford would go on to lose the 1976 Presidential election to the Democrat Jimmy Carter.
Reagan's concession speech emphasized the dangers of nuclear war and the threat posed by the Soviet Union. Though he lost the nomination, he received 307 write-in votes in New Hampshire, 388 votes as an Independent on Wyoming's ballot, and a single electoral vote from a faithless elector in the November election from the state of Washington,[92] which Ford had won over Democratic challenger Jimmy Carter.
1980 presidential campaign[link]
Main articles: Ronald Reagan presidential campaign, 1980 and United States presidential election, 1980
The 1980 presidential campaign between Reagan and incumbent President Jimmy Carter was conducted during domestic concerns and the ongoing Iran hostage crisis. His campaign stressed some of his fundamental principles: lower taxes to stimulate the economy,[93] less government interference in people's lives,[94] states' rights,[95] a strong national defense,[94] and restoring the U.S. Dollar to a gold standard.[96][97]
Reagan launched his campaign by declaring "I believe in states' rights," in Philadelphia, Mississippi, known at the time for the murder of three civil rights workers who had been trying to register African-Americans to vote during the civil rights movement.[98][99][100] After receiving the Republican nomination, Reagan selected one of his primary opponents, George H.W. Bush, to be his running mate. His showing in the October televised debate boosted his campaign. Reagan won the election, carrying 44 states with 489 electoral votes to 49 electoral votes for Carter (representing six states and Washington, D.C.). Reagan received 50.7% of the popular vote while Carter took 41%, and Independent John B. Anderson (a liberal Republican) received 6.7%.[101] Republicans captured the Senate for the first time since 1952, and gained 34 House seats, but the Democrats retained a majority.
During the presidential campaign, questions were raised by reporters on Reagan's stance on the Briggs Initiative, also known as Proposition 6, a ballot initiative in Reagan's home state of California where he was governor, which would have banned gays, lesbians, and supporters of LGBT rights from working in public schools in California. His opposition to the initiative was instrumental in its landslide defeat by Californian voters. Reagan published an editorial in which he stated "homosexuality is not a contagious disease like the measles..." and that prevailing scientific opinion was that a child's sexual orientation cannot be influenced by someone else.[102]
Presidency, 1981–1989[link]
Main articles: Electoral history of Ronald Reagan, Domestic policy of the Ronald Reagan administration, Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration, Presidency of Ronald Reagan, and Reagan Doctrine
During his Presidency, Reagan pursued policies that reflected his personal belief in individual freedom, brought changes domestically, both to the U.S. economy and expanded military, and contributed to the end of the Cold War.[103] Termed the Reagan Revolution, his presidency would reinvigorate American morale[104][105] and reduce the people's reliance upon government.[103] As president, Reagan kept a series of diaries in which he commented on daily occurrences of his presidency and his views on the issues of the day. The diaries were published in May 2007 in the bestselling book, The Reagan Diaries.[106]
First term, 1981–1985[link]
To date, Reagan is the oldest man elected to the office of the presidency (at 69). In his first inaugural address on January 20, 1981, which Reagan himself wrote,[107] he addressed the country's economic malaise arguing: "In this present crisis, government is not the solution to our problems; government is the problem."
The Reagan Presidency began in a dramatic manner; as Reagan was giving his inaugural address, 52 U.S. hostages, held by Iran for 444 days were set free.[108]
Assassination attempt[link]
Main article: Reagan assassination attempt
On March 30, 1981, only 69 days into the new administration, Reagan, his press secretary James Brady, Washington police officer Thomas Delahanty, and Secret Service agent Timothy McCarthy were struck by gunfire from would-be assassin John Hinckley, Jr. outside the Washington Hilton Hotel. Although "close to death" during surgery,[109] Reagan recovered and was released from the hospital on April 11, becoming the first serving U.S. President to survive being shot in an assassination attempt.[110] The attempt had great influence on Reagan's popularity; polls indicated his approval rating to be around 73%.[111] Reagan believed that God had spared his life so that he might go on to fulfill a greater purpose.[112]
Air traffic controllers' strike[link]
Main article: Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (1968)
In summer 1981 PATCO, the union of federal air traffic controllers went on strike, violating a federal law prohibiting government unions from striking.[113] Declaring the situation an emergency as described in the 1947 Taft Hartley Act, Reagan stated that if the air traffic controllers "do not report for work within 48 hours, they have forfeited their jobs and will be terminated."[114] They did not return and on August 5, Reagan fired 11,345 striking air traffic controllers who had ignored his order, and used supervisors and military controllers to handle the nation's commercial air traffic until new controllers could be hired and trained.[115] As a leading reference work on public administration concluded, "The firing of PATCO employees not only demonstrated a clear resolve by the president to take control of the bureaucracy, but it also sent a clear message to the private sector that unions no longer needed to be feared."[116]
"Reaganomics" and the economy[link]
Main article: Reaganomics
During Jimmy Carter's last year in office (1980), inflation averaged 12.5%, compared with 4.4% during Reagan's last year in office (1988).[117] During Reagan's administration, the unemployment rate declined from 7.5% to 5.4%, with the rate reaching highs of 10.8% in 1982 and 10.4% in 1983, averaging 7.5% over the eight years.[118][119]
Reagan implemented policies based on supply-side economics and advocated a classical liberal and laissez-faire philosophy,[120] seeking to stimulate the economy with large, across-the-board tax cuts.[121][122] He also supported returning the U.S. to some sort of gold standard, and successfully urged Congress to establish the U.S. Gold Commission to study how one could be implemented. Citing the economic theories of Arthur Laffer, Reagan promoted the proposed tax cuts as potentially stimulating the economy enough to expand the tax base, offsetting the revenue loss due to reduced rates of taxation, a theory that entered political discussion as the Laffer curve. Reaganomics was the subject of debate with supporters pointing to improvements in certain key economic indicators as evidence of success, and critics pointing to large increases in federal budget deficits and the national debt. His policy of "peace through strength" (also described as "firm but fair") resulted in a record peacetime defense buildup including a 40% real increase in defense spending between 1981 and 1985.[123]
During Reagan's presidency, federal income tax rates were lowered significantly with the signing of the bipartisan Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981[124] which lowered the top marginal tax bracket from 70% to 50% and the lowest bracket from 14% to 11%, however other tax increases passed by Congress and signed by Reagan, ensured that tax revenues over his two terms were 18.2% of GDP as compared to 18.1% over the 40 year period 1970-2010.[125] Then, in 1982 the Job Training Partnership Act of 1982 was signed into law, initiating one of the nation's first public/private partnerships and a major part of the president's job creation program. Reagan's Assistant Secretary of Labor and Chief of Staff, Al Angrisani, was a primary architect of the bill. The Tax Reform Act of 1986, another bipartisan effort championed by Reagan, further reduced the top rate to 28%, raised the bottom bracket from 11% to 15%, and, cut the number of tax brackets to 4.
Conversely, Congress passed and Reagan signed into law tax increases of some nature in every year from 1981 to 1987 to continue funding such government programs as Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 (TEFRA), Social Security, and the Deficit Reduction Act of 1984 (DEFRA).[126][127] Despite the fact that TEFRA was the "largest peacetime tax increase in American history," Reagan is better known for his tax cuts and lower-taxes philosophy.[127][128][129][130] Real gross domestic product (GDP) growth recovered strongly after the early 1980s recession ended in 1982, and grew during his eight years in office at an annual rate of 3.85% per year.[131] Unemployment peaked at 10.8% monthly rate in December 1982—higher than any time since the Great Depression—then dropped during the rest of Reagan's presidency.[132] Sixteen million new jobs were created, while inflation significantly decreased.[133] The net effect of all Reagan-era tax bills was a 1% decrease in government revenues when compared to Treasury Department revenue estimates from the Administration's first post-enactment January budgets.[134] However, federal Income Tax receipts increased from 1980 to 1989, rising from $308.7 billion to $549 billion.[135]
During the Reagan Administration, federal receipts grew at an average rate of 8.2% (2.5% attributed to higher Social Security receipts), and federal outlays grew at an annual rate of 7.1%.[136][137] Reagan also revised the tax code with the bipartisan Tax Reform Act of 1986.[138]
Reagan's policies proposed that economic growth would occur when marginal tax rates were low enough to spur investment,[139] which would then lead to increased economic growth, higher employment and wages. Critics labeled this "trickle-down economics"—the belief that tax policies that benefit the wealthy will create a "trickle-down" effect to the poor.[140] Questions arose whether Reagan's policies benefited the wealthy more than those living in poverty,[141] and many poor and minority citizens viewed Reagan as indifferent to their struggles.[141] These views were exacerbated by the fact that Reagan's economic regimen included freezing the minimum wage at $3.35 an hour, slashing federal assistance to local governments by 60%, cutting the budget for public housing and Section 8 rent subsidies in half, and eliminating the antipoverty Community Development Block Grant program.[142] The widening gap between the rich and poor had already begun during the 1970s before Reagan's economic policies took effect.[143] Along with Reagan's 1981 cut in the top regular tax rate on unearned income, he reduced the maximum capital gains rate to only 20% – its lowest level since the Hoover administration.[144] Reagan later set tax rates on capital gains at the same level as the rates on ordinary income like salaries and wages, with both topping out at 28%.[145] President Reagan, has remained popular as an antitax hero despite raising taxes eleven times over the course of his presidency, all in the name of fiscal responsibility.[146] According to Paul Krugman, "Over all, the 1982 tax increase undid about a third of the 1981 cut; as a share of G.D.P., the increase was substantially larger than Mr. Clinton's 1993 tax increase."[147] According to historian and domestic policy adviser Bruce Bartlett, Reagan's tax increases over the course of his presidency took back half of the 1981 tax cut.[148]
Further following his less-government intervention views, Reagan cut the budgets of non-military[149] programs[150] including Medicaid, food stamps, federal education programs[149] and the EPA.[151] While he protected entitlement programs, such as Social Security and Medicare,[152] his administration attempted to purge many people with disabilities from the Social Security disability rolls.[153]
The administration's stance toward the Savings and Loan industry contributed to the Savings and loan crisis.[154] It is also suggested, by a minority of Reaganomics critics, that the policies partially influenced the stock market crash of 1987,[155] but there is no consensus regarding a single source for the crash.[156] In order to cover newly spawned federal budget deficits, the United States borrowed heavily both domestically and abroad, raising the national debt from $997 billion to $2.85 trillion.[157] Reagan described the new debt as the "greatest disappointment" of his presidency.[133]
He reappointed Paul Volcker as Chairman of the Federal Reserve, and in 1987 he appointed monetarist Alan Greenspan to succeed him. Reagan ended the price controls on domestic oil which had contributed to energy crises in the early 1970s.[158][159] The price of oil subsequently dropped, and the 1980s did not see the fuel shortages that the 1970s had.[160] Reagan also fulfilled a 1980 campaign promise to repeal the Windfall profit tax in 1988, which had previously increased dependence on foreign oil.[161] Some economists, such as Nobel Prize winners Milton Friedman and Robert A. Mundell, argue that Reagan's tax policies invigorated America's economy and contributed to the economic boom of the 1990s.[162] Other economists, such as Nobel Prize winner Robert Solow, argue that the deficits were a major reason why Reagan's successor, George H. W. Bush, reneged on a campaign promise and raised taxes.[162]
During Reagan's presidency, a program was initiated within the US intelligence community to ensure America's economic strength. The program, Project Socrates, developed and demonstrated the means required for the US to generate and lead the next evolutionary leap in technology acquisition and utilization for a competitive advantage—automated innovation. To ensure that the US acquired the maximum benefit from automated innovation, President Reagan, during his second term, had an executive order drafted to create a new Federal agency to implement the Project Socrates results on a nation-wide basis. However, President Reagan's term came to end before the executive order could be coordinated and signed, and the incoming Bush administration, labeling Project Socrates as "industrial policy", had it terminated.[163][164]
Lebanon and Operation Urgent Fury (Grenada), 1983[link]
Main articles: Beirut barracks bombing and Invasion of Grenada
American peacekeeping forces in Beirut, a part of a multinational force during the Lebanese Civil War who had been earlier deployed by Reagan, were attacked on October 23, 1983. The Beirut barracks bombing resulted in the deaths of 241 American servicemen and the wounding of more than 60 others by a suicide truck bomber. Reagan sent a White House team to the site four days later, led by his Vice President, George H.W. Bush. Reagan called the attack "despicable", pledged to keep a military force in Lebanon, and planned to target the Sheik Abdullah barracks in Baalbek, Lebanon, training ground for Hezbollah fighters,[165][166] but the mission was later aborted. On February 7, 1984, President Reagan ordered the Marines to begin withdrawal from Lebanon. In April 1984, as his keynote address to the 20,000 attendees of the Rev. Jerry Falwell's "Baptist Fundamentalism '84" convention in Washington, D.C., he read a first hand account of the bombing, written by Navy Chaplain (Rabbi) Arnold Resnicoff, who had been asked to write the report by Bush and his team.[167] Osama bin Laden would later cite Reagan's withdrawal of forces as a sign of American weakness.[168]
On October 25, 1983, only two days later, Reagan ordered U.S. forces to invade Grenada, code named Operation Urgent Fury, where a 1979 coup d'état had established an independent non-aligned Marxist-Leninist government. A formal appeal from the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) led to the intervention of U.S. forces; President Reagan also cited an allegedly regional threat posed by a Soviet-Cuban military build-up in the Caribbean and concern for the safety of several hundred American medical students at St. George's University as adequate reasons to invade. Operation Urgent Fury was the first major military operation conducted by U.S. forces since the Vietnam War, several days of fighting commenced, resulting in a U.S. victory,[169] with 19 American fatalities and 116 wounded American soldiers.[170] In mid-December, after a new government was appointed by the Governor-General, U.S. forces withdrew.[169]
Escalation of the Cold War[link]
See also: Cold War and Cold War (1979–1985)
Reagan escalated the Cold War, accelerating a reversal from the policy of détente which began in 1979 following the Soviet war in Afghanistan.[171] Reagan ordered a massive buildup of the United States Armed Forces[123] and implemented new policies towards the Soviet Union: reviving the B-1 Lancer program that had been canceled by the Carter administration, and producing the MX missile.[172] In response to Soviet deployment of the SS-20, Reagan oversaw NATO's deployment of the Pershing missile in West Germany.[173]
Together with the United Kingdom's prime minister Margaret Thatcher, Reagan denounced the Soviet Union in ideological terms.[175] In a famous address on June 8, 1982 to the British Parliament in the Royal Gallery of the Palace of Westminster, Reagan said, "the forward march of freedom and democracy will leave Marxism-Leninism on the ash-heap of history."[176][177] On March 3, 1983, he predicted that communism would collapse, stating, "Communism is another sad, bizarre chapter in human history whose last pages even now are being written."[178] In a speech to the National Association of Evangelicals on March 8, 1983, Reagan called the Soviet Union "an evil empire".[179]
After Soviet fighters downed Korean Air Lines Flight 007 near Moneron Island on September 1, 1983, carrying 269 people, including Georgia congressman Larry McDonald, Reagan labeled the act a "massacre" and declared that the Soviets had turned "against the world and the moral precepts which guide human relations among people everywhere".[180] The Reagan administration responded to the incident by suspending all Soviet passenger air service to the United States, and dropped several agreements being negotiated with the Soviets, wounding them financially.[180] As result of the shootdown, and the cause of KAL 007's going astray thought to be inadequacies related to its navigational system, Reagan announced on September 16, 1983 that the Global Positioning System would be made available for civilian use, free of charge, once completed in order to avert similar navigational errors in future.[181][182]
Under a policy that came to be known as the Reagan Doctrine, Reagan and his administration also provided overt and covert aid to anti-communist resistance movements in an effort to "rollback" Soviet-backed communist governments in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.[183] Reagan deployed the CIA's Special Activities Division to Afghanistan and Pakistan. They were instrumental in training, equipping and leading Mujaheddin forces against the Soviet Army.[184][185] President Reagan's Covert Action program has been given credit for assisting in ending the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan,[186] though the US funded armaments introduced then would later pose a threat to US troops in the 2000s (decade) war in Afghanistan.[187] However, in a break from the Carter policy of arming Taiwan under the Taiwan Relations Act. Reagan also agreed with the communist government in China to reduce the sale of arms to Taiwan.[188]
In March 1983, Reagan introduced the Strategic Defense Initiative, a defense project[189] that would have used ground and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles.[190] Reagan believed that this defense shield could make nuclear war impossible,[189][191] but disbelief that the technology could ever work led opponents to dub SDI "Star Wars" and argue that the technological objective was unattainable.[189] The Soviets became concerned about the possible effects SDI would have;[192] leader Yuri Andropov said it would put "the entire world in jeopardy".[193] For those reasons, David Gergen, former aide to President Reagan, believes that in retrospect, SDI hastened the end of the Cold War.[194]
Critics labeled Reagan's foreign policies as aggressive, imperialistic, and chided them as "warmongering," though they were supported by leading American conservatives who argued that they were necessary to protect U.S. security interests.[192] A reformer, Mikhail Gorbachev, would later rise to power in the Soviet Union in 1985, implementing new policies for openness and reform that were called glasnost and perestroika.
1984 presidential campaign[link]
Main article: United States presidential election, 1984
Reagan accepted the Republican nomination in Dallas, Texas, on a wave of positive feeling. He proclaimed that it was "morning again in America,"[17] regarding the recovering economy and the dominating performance by the U.S. athletes at the 1984 Summer Olympics, among other things. He became the first American president to open an Olympic Games held in the United States.[195]
Reagan's opponent in the 1984 presidential election was former Vice President Walter Mondale. With questions about Reagan's age, and a weak performance in the first presidential debate, his ability to perform the duties of president for another term was questioned. His apparent confused and forgetful behavior was evident to his supporters; they had previously known him clever and witty. Rumors began to circulate that he had Alzheimer's disease.[196][197] Reagan rebounded in the second debate, and confronted questions about his age, quipping, "I will not make age an issue of this campaign. I am not going to exploit, for political purposes, my opponent's youth and inexperience," which generated applause and laughter, even from Mondale himself.[198]
That November, Reagan was re-elected, winning 49 of 50 states.[199] The president's overwhelming victory saw Mondale carry only his home state of Minnesota (by 3800 votes) and the District of Columbia. Reagan won a record 525 electoral votes, the most of any candidate in United States history,[200] and received 58.8% of the popular vote to Mondale's 40.6%.[199]
Second term, 1985–1989[link]
Reagan was sworn in as president for the second time on January 20, 1985, in a private ceremony at the White House. Because January 20 fell on a Sunday, a public celebration was not held but took place in the Capitol Rotunda the following day. January 21 was one of the coldest days on record in Washington, D.C.; due to poor weather, inaugural celebrations were held inside the Capitol. In the coming weeks he shook up his staff somewhat, moving White House Chief of Staff James Baker to Secretary of the Treasury and naming Treasury Secretary Donald Regan, a former Merrill Lynch officer, Chief of Staff.[201][201]
In 1985, Reagan visited a German military cemetery in Bitburg to lay a wreath with West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl. It was determined that the cemetery held the graves of forty-nine members of the Waffen-SS. Reagan issued a statement that called the Nazi soldiers buried in that cemetery as themselves "victims," a designation which ignited a stir over whether Reagan had equated the SS men to victims of the Holocaust; Pat Buchanan, Reagan's Director of Communications, argued that the president did not equate the SS members with the actual Holocaust.[202] Now strongly urged to cancel the visit,[203] the president responded that it would be wrong to back down on a promise he had made to Chancellor Kohl. He ultimately attended the ceremony where two military generals laid a wreath.[204]
The disintegration of the Space Shuttle Challenger on January 28, 1986, proved a pivotal moment in Reagan's presidency. All seven astronauts aboard were killed.[205] On the night of the disaster, Reagan delivered a speech, written by Peggy Noonan, in which he said:
The future doesn't belong to the fainthearted; it belongs to the brave... We will never forget them, nor the last time we saw them, this morning, as they prepared for their journey and waved goodbye and 'slipped the surly bonds of Earth' to 'touch the face of God.'[206]
War on Drugs[link]
Main article: War on Drugs
Midway into his second term, Reagan declared more militant policies in the War on Drugs. He said that "drugs were menacing our society" and promised to fight for drug-free schools and workplaces, expanded drug treatment, stronger law enforcement and drug interdiction efforts, and greater public awareness.[207][208]
In 1986, Reagan signed a drug enforcement bill that budgeted $1.7 billion to fund the War on Drugs and specified a mandatory minimum penalty for drug offenses.[209] The bill was criticized for promoting significant racial disparities in the prison population[209] and critics also charged that the policies did little to reduce the availability of drugs on the street, while resulting in a great financial burden for America.[210] Defenders of the effort point to success in reducing rates of adolescent drug use.[211][212] First Lady Nancy Reagan made the War on Drugs her main priority by founding the "Just Say No" drug awareness campaign, which aimed to discourage children and teenagers from engaging in recreational drug use by offering various ways of saying "no". Mrs. Reagan traveled to 65 cities in 33 states, raising awareness about the dangers of drugs including alcohol.[213]
Libya bombing[link]
Main article: 1986 Bombing of Libya
Relations between Libya and the U.S. under President Reagan were continually contentious, beginning with the Gulf of Sidra incident in 1981; by 1982, Gaddafi was considered by the CIA to be, along with USSR leader Leonid Brezhnev and Cuban leader Fidel Castro,[214] part of a group known as the "unholy trinity"[214] and was also labeled as "our international public enemy number one" by a CIA official.[214] These tensions were later revived in early April 1986, when a bomb exploded in a Berlin discothèque, resulting in the injury of 63 American military personnel and death of one serviceman.[215] Stating that there was "irrefutable proof" that Libya had directed the "terrorist bombing", Reagan authorized the use of force against the country.[215] In the late evening of April 15, 1986, the U.S. launched a series of air strikes on ground targets in Libya.[215][216] The UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher allowed the US Air Force to use Britain's air bases to launch the attack, on the justification that the UK was supporting America's right to self-defense under Article 51 of the United Nations Charter.[216] The attack was designed to halt Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi's "ability to export terrorism", offering him "incentives and reasons to alter his criminal behavior".[215] The president addressed the nation from the Oval Office after the attacks had commenced, stating, "When our citizens are attacked or abused anywhere in the world on the direct orders of hostile regimes, we will respond so long as I'm in this office."[216] As early as 1981, Reagan had referred to Gaddafi as "the mad dog of the Middle East"[217] and considered him to be public enemy number one.[218]
Immigration[link]
Reagan signed the Immigration Reform and Control Act in 1986. The act made it illegal to knowingly hire or recruit illegal immigrants, required employers to attest to their employees' immigration status, and granted amnesty to approximately three million illegal immigrants who entered the United States prior to January 1, 1982, and had lived in the country continuously. Critics argue that the employer sanctions were without teeth and failed to stem illegal immigration.[219] Upon signing the act at a ceremony held beside the newly refurbished Statue of Liberty, Reagan said, "The legalization provisions in this act will go far to improve the lives of a class of individuals who now must hide in the shadows, without access to many of the benefits of a free and open society. Very soon many of these men and women will be able to step into the sunlight and, ultimately, if they choose, they may become Americans."[220] Reagan also said, "The employer sanctions program is the keystone and major element. It will remove the incentive for illegal immigration by eliminating the job opportunities which draw illegal aliens here."[220]
Iran-Contra affair[link]
In 1986, a scandal shook the administration stemming from the use of proceeds from covert arms sales to Iran to fund the Contras in Nicaragua, which had been specifically outlawed by an act of Congress.[221][222] The Iran-Contra affair became the largest political scandal in the United States during the 1980s.[223] The International Court of Justice, whose jurisdiction to decide the case was disputed,[224] ruled that the U.S. had violated international law in Nicaragua due to its obligations not to intervene in the affairs of other states.[225]
President Reagan professed ignorance of the plot's existence. He appointed two Republicans and one Democrat (John Tower, Brent Scowcroft and Edmund Muskie, known as the "Tower Commission") to investigate the scandal. The commission could not find direct evidence that Reagan had prior knowledge of the program, but criticized him heavily for his disengagement from managing his staff, making the diversion of funds possible.[226] A separate report by Congress concluded that "If the president did not know what his national security advisers were doing, he should have."[226] Reagan's popularity declined from 67% to 46% in less than a week, the greatest and quickest decline ever for a president.[227] The scandal resulted in fourteen indictments within Reagan's staff, and eleven convictions.[228]
Many Central Americans criticize Reagan for his support of the Contras, calling him an anti-communist zealot, blinded to human rights abuses, while others say he "saved Central America".[229] Daniel Ortega, Sandinistan and president of Nicaragua, said that he hoped God would forgive Reagan for his "dirty war against Nicaragua".[229] In 1986 the USA was found guilty by the International Court of Justice (World Court) of war crimes against Nicaragua.[230]
End of the Cold War[link]
See also: Cold War (1985–1991)
By the early 1980s, many people in the US perceived that the USSR military capabilities were gaining on that of the United States. Previously, the U.S. had relied on the qualitative superiority of its weapons to essentially frighten the Soviets, but the gap had been narrowed.[231] Although the Soviet Union did not accelerate military spending after President Reagan's military buildup,[232] their large military expenses, in combination with collectivized agriculture and inefficient planned manufacturing, were a heavy burden for the Soviet economy.[233] At the same time, Saudi Arabia increased oil production,[234] which resulted in a drop of oil prices in 1985 to one-third of the previous level; oil was the main source of Soviet export revenues.[233] These factors gradually brought the Soviet economy to a stagnant state during Gorbachev's tenure.[233]
Reagan recognized the change in the direction of the Soviet leadership with Mikhail Gorbachev, and shifted to diplomacy, with a view to encourage the Soviet leader to pursue substantial arms agreements.[235] Reagan's personal mission was to achieve "a world free of nuclear weapons", which he regarded as "totally irrational, totally inhumane, good for nothing but killing, possibly destructive of life on earth and civilization".[236][237][238] He was able to start discussions on nuclear disarmament with General Secretary Gorbachev.[238] Gorbachev and Reagan held four summit conferences between 1985 and 1988: the first in Geneva, Switzerland, the second in Reykjavík, Iceland, the third in Washington, D.C., and the fourth in Moscow.[239] Reagan believed that if he could persuade the Soviets to allow for more democracy and free speech, this would lead to reform and the end of Communism.[240]
Speaking at the Berlin Wall on June 12, 1987, Reagan challenged Gorbachev to go further, saying:
| “ | "General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization, come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!" | ” |
Prior to Gorbachev visiting Washington, D.C., for the third summit in 1987, the Soviet leader announced his intention to pursue significant arms agreements.[241] The timing of the announcement led Western diplomats to contend that Gorbachev was offering major concessions to the U.S. on the levels of conventional forces, nuclear weapons, and policy in Eastern Europe.[241] He and Reagan signed the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty at the White House, which eliminated an entire class of nuclear weapons.[242] The two leaders laid the framework for the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, or START I; Reagan insisted that the name of the treaty be changed from Strategic Arms Limitation Talks to Strategic Arms Reduction Talks.[237]
When Reagan visited Moscow for the fourth summit in 1988, he was viewed as a celebrity by the Soviets. A journalist asked the president if he still considered the Soviet Union the evil empire. "No", he replied, "I was talking about another time, another era."[243] At Gorbachev's request, Reagan gave a speech on free markets at the Moscow State University.[244] In his autobiography, An American Life, Reagan expressed his optimism about the new direction that they charted and his warm feelings for Gorbachev.[245] In November 1989, the Berlin Wall was torn down, the Cold War was officially declared over at the Malta Summit on December 3, 1989[246] and two years later, the Soviet Union collapsed.
Health[link]
Early in his presidency, Reagan started wearing a custom, technologically advanced hearing aid, first in his right ear[247] and later in his left as well.[248] His decision to go public in 1983 regarding his wearing the small, audio-amplifying device boosted their sales.[249]
On July 13, 1985, Reagan underwent surgery at Bethesda Naval Hospital to remove cancerous polyps from his colon. He relinquished presidential power to the Vice President for eight hours in a similar procedure as outlined in the 25th Amendment, which he specifically avoided invoking.[250] The surgery lasted just under three hours and was successful.[251] Reagan resumed the powers of the presidency later that day.[252] In August of that year, he underwent an operation to remove skin cancer cells from his nose.[253] In October, additional skin cancer cells were detected on his nose and removed.[254]
In January 1987, Reagan underwent surgery for an enlarged prostate which caused further worries about his health. No cancerous growths were found, however, and he was not sedated during the operation.[255] In July of that year, aged 76, he underwent a third skin cancer operation on his nose.[256]
Judiciary[link]
Main articles: Ronald Reagan Supreme Court candidates and Ronald Reagan judicial appointments
During his 1980 campaign, Reagan pledged that, if given the opportunity, he would appoint the first female Supreme Court Justice.[257] That opportunity came in his first year in office when he nominated Sandra Day O'Connor to fill the vacancy created by the retirement of Justice Potter Stewart. In his second term, Reagan elevated William Rehnquist to succeed Warren Burger as Chief Justice, and named Antonin Scalia to fill the vacant seat. Reagan nominated conservative jurist Robert Bork to the high court in 1987. Senator Ted Kennedy, a Democrat of Massachusetts, strongly condemned Bork, and great controversy ensued.[258] Bork's nomination was rejected 58–42.[259] Reagan then nominated Douglas Ginsburg, but Ginsburg withdrew his name from consideration after coming under fire for his cannabis use.[260] Anthony Kennedy was eventually confirmed in his place.[261] Along with his three Supreme Court appointments, Reagan appointed 83 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 290 judges to the United States district courts.
Reagan also nominated Vaughn R. Walker, who would later be revealed to be the earliest known gay federal judge,[262] to the United States District Court for the Central District of California. However, the nomination stalled in the Senate, and Walker was not confirmed until he was renominated by Reagan's successor, George H. W. Bush.[263]
Post-presidential years, 1989–2004[link]
After leaving office in 1989, the Reagans purchased a home in Bel Air, Los Angeles in addition to the Reagan Ranch in Santa Barbara. They regularly attended Bel Air Presbyterian Church[264] and occasionally made appearances on behalf of the Republican Party; Reagan delivered a well-received speech at the 1992 Republican National Convention.[265] Previously on November 4, 1991, the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library was dedicated and opened to the public. At the dedication ceremonies, five presidents were in attendance, as well as six first ladies, marking the first time five presidents were gathered in the same location.[266] Reagan continued publicly to speak in favor of a line-item veto; the Brady Bill;[267] a constitutional amendment requiring a balanced budget; and the repeal of the 22nd Amendment, which prohibits anyone from serving more than two terms as president.[268] In 1992 Reagan established the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award with the newly formed Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation.[269] His final public speech was on February 3, 1994 during a tribute to him in Washington, D.C., and his last major public appearance was at the funeral of Richard Nixon on April 27, 1994.
Alzheimer's disease[link]
Announcement and reaction[link]
In August 1994, at the age of 83, Reagan was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease,[270] an incurable neurological disorder which destroys brain cells and ultimately causes death.[270][271] In November he informed the nation through a handwritten letter,[270] writing in part:
I have recently been told that I am one of the millions of Americans who will be afflicted with Alzheimer's Disease... At the moment I feel just fine. I intend to live the remainder of the years God gives me on this earth doing the things I have always done... I now begin the journey that will lead me into the sunset of my life. I know that for America there will always be a bright dawn ahead. Thank you, my friends. May God always bless you.[272]
After his diagnosis, letters of support from well-wishers poured into his California home,[273] but there was also speculation over how long Reagan had demonstrated symptoms of mental degeneration.[274] In her memoirs, former CBS White House correspondent Lesley Stahl recounts her final meeting with the president, in 1986: "Reagan didn't seem to know who I was. ... Oh, my, he's gonzo, I thought. I have to go out on the lawn tonight and tell my countrymen that the president of the United States is a doddering space cadet." But then, at the end, he regained his alertness. As she described it, "I had come that close to reporting that Reagan was senile."[275] However, Dr. Lawrence K. Altman, a physician employed as a reporter for The New York Times, noted that "the line between mere forgetfulness and the beginning of Alzheimer's can be fuzzy"[276] and all four of Reagan's White House doctors said that they saw no evidence of Alzheimer's while he was president.[276] Dr. John E. Hutton, Reagan's primary physician from 1984 to 1989, said the president "absolutely" did not "show any signs of dementia or Alzheimer's."[276] Reagan did experience occasional memory lapses, though, especially with names.[276] Once, while meeting with Japanese Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone, he repeatedly referred to Vice President Bush as "Prime Minister Bush."[277] Reagan's doctors, however, note that he only began exhibiting overt symptoms of the illness in late 1992[278] or 1993,[276] several years after he had left office. His former Chief of Staff James Baker considered "ludicrous" the idea of Reagan sleeping during cabinet meetings.[279] Other staff members, former aides, and friends said they saw no indication of Alzheimer's while he was President.[276]
Complicating the picture, Reagan suffered an episode of head trauma in July 1989, five years prior to his diagnosis. After being thrown from a horse in Mexico, a subdural hematoma was found and surgically treated later in the year.[270][271] Nancy Reagan asserts that her husband's 1989 fall hastened the onset of Alzheimer's disease,[271] citing what doctors told her,[271] although acute brain injury has not been conclusively proven to accelerate Alzheimer's or dementia.[280][281] Reagan's one-time physician Dr. Daniel Ruge has said it is possible, but not certain, that the horse accident affected the course of Reagan's memory.[278]
Progression[link]
As the years went on, the disease slowly destroyed Reagan's mental capacity.[276] He was only able to recognize a few people, including his wife, Nancy.[276] He remained active, however; he took walks through parks near his home and on beaches, played golf regularly, and until 1999 he often went to his office in nearby Century City.[276]
Reagan suffered a fall at his Bel Air home on January 13, 2001, resulting in a broken hip.[282] The fracture was repaired the following day[283] and the 89 year old Reagan returned home later that week, although he faced difficult physical therapy at home.[284] On February 6, 2001, Reagan reached the age of 90, becoming the third former president to do so (the other two being John Adams and Herbert Hoover, with Gerald Ford later reaching 90).[285] Reagan's public appearances became much less frequent with the progression of the disease, and as a result, his family decided that he would live in quiet semi-isolation with his wife Nancy. Nancy Reagan told CNN's Larry King in 2001 that very few visitors were allowed to see her husband because she felt that "Ronnie would want people to remember him as he was."[286] Following her husband's diagnosis and death, Mrs. Reagan became a stem-cell research advocate, urging Congress and President George W. Bush to support federal funding for embryonic stem-cell research, something Bush opposed. In 2009, she praised President Barack Obama for lifting restrictions on such research.[287] Mrs. Reagan has said that she believes that it could lead to a cure for Alzheimer's.[288]
Death[link]
Main article: Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan
Reagan died of pneumonia, brought on by Alzheimer's disease[289] at his home in Bel Air, California on the afternoon of June 5, 2004.[290] A short time after his death, Nancy Reagan released a statement saying: "My family and I would like the world to know that President Ronald Reagan has died after 10 years of Alzheimer's disease at 93 years of age. We appreciate everyone's prayers."[290] President George W. Bush declared June 11 a National Day of Mourning,[291] and international tributes came in from around the world.[292] Reagan's body was taken to the Kingsley and Gates Funeral Home in Santa Monica, California later in the day, where well-wishers paid tribute by laying flowers and American flags in the grass.[293] On June 7, his body was removed and taken to the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, where a brief family funeral was held conducted by Pastor Michael Wenning. His body lay in repose in the Library lobby until June 9; over 100,000 people viewed the coffin.[294]
On June 9, Reagan's body was flown to Washington, D.C. where he became the tenth United States president to lie in state; in thirty-four hours, 104,684 people filed past the coffin.[295]
On June 11, a state funeral was conducted in the Washington National Cathedral, and presided over by President George W. Bush. Eulogies were given by former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher,[296] former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, and both Presidents Bush. Also in attendance were Mikhail Gorbachev, and many world leaders, including British Prime Minister Tony Blair, German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, and interim presidents Hamid Karzai of Afghanistan, and Ghazi al-Yawer of Iraq.
After the funeral, the Reagan entourage was flown back to the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in California, where another service was held, and President Reagan was interred.[297] At the time of his death, Reagan was the longest-lived president in U.S. history, having lived 93 years and 120 days (2 years, 8 months, and 23 days longer than John Adams, whose record he surpassed). He is now the second longest-lived president, just 45 days fewer than Gerald Ford. He was the first United States president to die in the 21st century, and his was the first state funeral in the United States since that of President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1973.
His burial site is inscribed with the words he delivered at the opening of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library: "I know in my heart that man is good, that what is right will always eventually triumph and that there is purpose and worth to each and every life."[298]
Legacy[link]
Since Reagan left office in 1989, substantial debate has occurred among scholars, historians, and the general public surrounding his legacy. Supporters have pointed to a more efficient and prosperous economy as a result of Reaganomics,[299] foreign policy triumphs including a peaceful end to the Cold War after Reagan's eight years in office,[300] and a restoration of American pride and morale.[105] Critics contend that Reagan's economic policies resulted in huge budget deficits,[133] a wider gap in wealth, and an increase in homelessness[142] and that the Iran-Contra affair lowered American credibility.[301] Despite the ongoing debates, Reagan has ranked among the most popular of all modern U.S. presidents in public opinion polls.[302]
Opinions of Reagan's legacy among the country's leading policy makers and journalists differ as well. Edwin Feulner, President of The Heritage Foundation, said that Reagan "helped create a safer, freer world" and said of his economic policies: "He took an America suffering from 'malaise'... and made its citizens believe again in their destiny."[303] However, Mark Weisbrot, co-Director of the Center for Economic and Policy Research, contended that Reagan's "economic policies were mostly a failure"[304] while Howard Kurtz of The Washington Post opined that Reagan was "a far more controversial figure in his time than the largely gushing obits on television would suggest."[305]
Despite the continuing debate surrounding his legacy, many conservative and liberal scholars agree that Reagan has been the most influential president since Franklin D. Roosevelt, leaving his imprint on American politics, diplomacy, culture, and economics. Since he left office, historians have reached a consensus,[306] as summarized by British historian M. J. Heale, who finds that scholars now concur that Reagan rehabilitated conservatism, turned the nation to the right, practiced a considerably pragmatic conservatism that balanced ideology and the constraints of politics, revived faith in the presidency and in American self-respect, and contributed to victory in the Cold War.[307]
Cold War[link]
The Cold War was a major political and economic endeavor for over four decades, but the confrontation between the two superpowers had decreased dramatically by the end of Reagan's presidency.[308] The significance of Reagan's role in ending the Cold War has spurred contentious and opinionated debate.[309][310][311] That Reagan had some role in contributing to the downfall of the Soviet Union is collectively agreed, but the extent of this role is continuously debated,[235] with many believing that Reagan's defense policies, hard line rhetoric against the Soviet Union and Communism, as well as summits with General Secretary Gorbachev played a significant part in ending the War.[141][235]
He was notable amongst post–World War II presidents as being convinced that the Soviet Union could be defeated rather than simply negotiated with,[235] a conviction that was vindicated by Gennadi Gerasimov, the Foreign Ministry spokesman under Gorbachev, who said that Star Wars was "very successful blackmail. ... The Soviet economy couldn't endure such competition."[312] Reagan's strong rhetoric toward the nation had mixed effects; Jeffery W. Knopf, PhD observes that being labeled "evil" probably made no difference to the Soviets but gave encouragement to the East-European citizens opposed to communism.[235] That Reagan had little or no effect in ending the Cold War is argued with equal weight; that Communism's internal weakness had become apparent, and the Soviet Union would have collapsed in the end regardless of who was in power.[235] President Harry Truman's policy of containment is also regarded as a force behind the fall of the U.S.S.R., and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan undermined the Soviet system itself.[310]
General Secretary Gorbachev said of his former rival's Cold War role: "[He was] a man who was instrumental in bringing about the end of the Cold War,"[313] and deemed him "a great President."[313] Gorbachev does not acknowledge a win or loss in the war, but rather a peaceful end; he said he was not intimidated by Reagan's harsh rhetoric.[314] Margaret Thatcher, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, said of Reagan, "he warned that the Soviet Union had an insatiable drive for military power... but he also sensed it was being eaten away by systemic failures impossible to reform."[315] She later said, "Ronald Reagan had a higher claim than any other leader to have won the Cold War for liberty and he did it without a shot being fired."[316] Said Brian Mulroney, former Prime Minister of Canada: "He enters history as a strong and dramatic player [in the Cold War]."[317] Former President Lech Wałęsa of Poland acknowledged, "Reagan was one of the world leaders who made a major contribution to communism's collapse."[318]
Domestic and political legacy[link]
Ronald Reagan reshaped the Republican party, led the modern conservative movement, and altered the political dynamic of the United States.[319] More men voted Republican under Reagan, and Reagan tapped into religious voters.[319] The so-called "Reagan Democrats" were a result of his presidency.[319]
After leaving office, Reagan became an iconic influence within the Republican party.[320] His policies and beliefs have been frequently invoked by Republican presidential candidates since 1989.[17] The 2008 Republican presidential candidates were no exception, for they aimed to liken themselves to him during the primary debates, even imitating his campaign strategies.[321] Republican nominee John McCain frequently stated that he came to office as "a foot soldier in the Reagan Revolution".[322] Lastly, Reagan's most famous statement that "Government is not a solution to our problem, government is the problem", has become the unofficial slogan for the rise of conservative commentators like Glenn Beck and Rush Limbaugh; as well as the emergence of the Tea Party Movement.[142]
Cultural and political image[link]
According to columnist Chuck Raasch, "Reagan transformed the American presidency in ways that only a few have been able to."[323] He redefined the political agenda of the times, advocating lower taxes, a conservative economic philosophy, and a stronger military.[324] His role in the Cold War further enhanced his image as a different kind of leader.[325][326] Reagan's "avuncular style, optimism, and plain-folks demeanor" also helped him turn "government-bashing into an art form."[142]
| Date | Event | Approval (%) | Disapproval (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| March 30, 1981 | Shot by Hinckley | 73 | 19 |
| January 22, 1983 | High unemployment | 42 | 54 |
| April 26, 1986 | Libya bombing | 70 | 26 |
| February 26, 1987 | Iran-Contra affair | 44 | 51 |
| January 20, 1989 | End of presidency | 64 | |
| n/a | Career Average | 57 | 39 |
| July 30, 2001 | (Retrospective)[302] | 64 | 27 |
As a sitting president, Reagan did not have the highest approval ratings,[327] but his popularity has increased since 1989. Gallup polls in 2001 and 2007 ranked him number one or number two when correspondents were asked for the greatest president in history, and third of post–World War II presidents in a 2007 Rasmussen Reports poll, fifth in an ABC 2000 poll, ninth in another 2007 Rasmussen poll, and eighth in a late 2008 poll by United Kingdom newspaper The Times.[328][329][330] In a Siena College survey of over 200 historians, however, Reagan ranked sixteenth out of 42.[331][332] While the debate about Reagan's legacy is ongoing, the 2009 Annual C-SPAN Survey of Presidential Leaders ranked Reagan the 10th greatest president. The survey of leading historians rated Reagan number 11 in 2000.[333]
In 2011, the Institute for the Study of the Americas released the first ever U.K. academic survey to rate U.S. presidents. This poll of U.K. specialists in U.S. history and politics placed Reagan as the 8th greatest U.S. president.[334]
Reagan's ability to connect with the American people[335] earned him the laudatory moniker "The Great Communicator".[336] Of it, Reagan said, "I won the nickname the great communicator. But I never thought it was my style that made a difference—it was the content. I wasn't a great communicator, but I communicated great things."[337] His age and soft-spoken speech gave him a warm grandfatherly image.[338][339][340]
Reagan also earned the nickname "the Teflon President," in that public perceptions of him were not tarnished by the controversies that arose during his administration.[341] According to Congresswoman Patricia Schroeder, who coined the phrase, and reporter Howard Kurtz, the epithet referred to Reagan's ability to "do almost anything wrong[341] and not get blamed for it."[335][342]
Public reaction to Reagan was always mixed; the oldest president was supported by young voters, and began an alliance that shifted many of them to the Republican party.[343] Reagan did not fare well with minority groups, especially African-Americans.[200] This was largely due to his opposition to affirmative action policies.[344] However, his support of Israel throughout his presidency earned him support from many Jews, and he became the first Republican ever to win the Jewish vote.[345] He emphasized family values in his campaigns and during his presidency, although he was the first president to have been divorced.[346] The combination of Reagan's speaking style, unabashed patriotism, negotiation skills, as well as his savvy use of the media, played an important role in defining the 1980s and his future legacy.[347]
Reagan was known to joke frequently during his lifetime, displayed humor throughout his presidency,[348] and was famous for his storytelling.[349] His numerous jokes and one-liners have been labeled "classic quips" and "legendary".[350] Among the most notable of his jokes was one regarding the Cold War. As a sound check prior to his weekly radio address in August 1984, Reagan made the following joke as a way to test the microphone: "My fellow Americans, I'm pleased to tell you today that I've signed legislation that will outlaw Russia forever. We begin bombing in five minutes."[351] Former aide David Gergen commented, "It was that humor... that I think endeared people to Reagan."[194]
Honors[link]
Further information: List of honors named for Ronald Reagan
Reagan received a number of awards in his pre- and post-presidential years. Following his election as president, Reagan received a lifetime gold membership in the Screen Actors Guild, was inducted into the National Speakers Association Speaker Hall of Fame[352] and received the United States Military Academy's Sylvanus Thayer Award.[353]
In 1989, Reagan was made an Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, one of the highest British orders (this entitled him to the use of the post-nominal letters "GCB" but, by not being the citizen of a Commonwealth realm, not to be known as "Sir Ronald Reagan"); only two American presidents have received this honor, Reagan and George H.W. Bush.[354] Reagan was also named an honorary Fellow of Keble College, Oxford. Japan awarded him the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum in 1989; he was the second American president to receive the order and the first to have it given to him for personal reasons (Dwight D. Eisenhower received it as a commemoration of U.S.-Japanese relations).[355]
On January 18, 1993, Reagan's former Vice-President and sitting President George H. W. Bush awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest honor that the United States can bestow.[356] Reagan was also awarded the Republican Senatorial Medal of Freedom, the highest honor bestowed by Republican members of the Senate.[357]
On Reagan's 87th birthday, in 1998, Washington National Airport was renamed Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport by a bill signed into law by President Bill Clinton. That year, the Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center was dedicated in Washington, D.C.[358] He was among 18 included in Gallup's List of Widely Admired People of the 20th century, from a poll conducted of the American people in 1999; two years later, USS Ronald Reagan was christened by Nancy Reagan and the United States Navy. It is one of few Navy ships christened in honor of a living person and the first aircraft carrier to be named in honor of a living former president.[359]
Congress authorized the creation of the Ronald Reagan Boyhood Home National Historic Site in Dixon, Illinois in 2002, pending federal purchase of the property.[360] On May 16 of that year, Nancy Reagan accepted the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian honor bestowed by Congress, on behalf of the president and herself.[361]
Following Reagan's death, the United States Postal Service issued a President Ronald Reagan commemorative postage stamp in 2005.[362] Later in the year, CNN, along with the editors of Time magazine, named him the "most fascinating person" of the network's first 25 years;[363] Time listed Reagan one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century as well.[364] The Discovery Channel asked its viewers to vote for The Greatest American in an unscientific poll on June 26, 2005; Reagan received the honorary title.[365]
In 2006, Reagan was inducted into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts.[366] Every year since 2002, California Governors Gray Davis and Arnold Schwarzenegger have proclaimed February 6 "Ronald Reagan Day" in the state of California in honor of their most famous predecessor.[367] In 2010, Schwarzenegger signed Senate Bill 944, authored by Senator George Runner, to make every February 6 Ronald Reagan Day in California.[368]
In 2007, Polish President Lech Kaczyński posthumously conferred on Reagan the highest Polish distinction, the Order of the White Eagle, saying that Reagan had inspired the Polish people to work for change and helped to unseat the repressive communist regime; Kaczyński said it "would not have been possible if it was not for the tough-mindedness, determination, and feeling of mission of President Ronald Reagan".[369] Reagan backed the nation of Poland throughout his presidency, supporting the anti-communist Solidarity movement, along with Pope John Paul II.[370]
On June 3, 2009, Nancy Reagan unveiled a statue of her late husband in the United States Capitol rotunda. The statue represents the state of California in the National Statuary Hall Collection. Following Reagan's death, both major American political parties agreed to erect a statue of Reagan in the place of that of Thomas Starr King.[371] The day before, President Obama signed the Ronald Reagan Centennial Commission Act into law, establishing a commission to plan activities to mark the upcoming centenary of Reagan's birth.[372]
Independence Day 2011 saw the unveiling of another statue to Reagan this time in the British capital of London, outside the American Embassy, Grosvenor Square. The unveiling was supposed to be attended by Reagan's wife Nancy, but she did not attend; former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice took her place and read a statement on her behalf; further to the former First Lady's absence President Reagan's friend and the British Prime Minister during Reagan's presidency Baroness Thatcher was also unable to attend due to frail health.[373]
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Citations[link]
- ^ Gingrich, Newt (Spring/Summer 2008). "The Evil Empire". American Heritage. http://www.americanheritage.com/content/evil-empire. Retrieved July 22, 2010.
- ^ a b Ward, Michael. "Main Street Historic District", National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, April 1, 1982, HAARGIS Database, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. Retrieved July 27, 2007.
- ^ Terry Golway, Ronald Reagan's America (2008) p. 1
- ^ Kengor, p. 4
- ^ Lynette Holloway (December 13, 1996). "Neil Reagan, 88, Ad Executive And Jovial Brother of President". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/13/us/neil-reagan-88-ad-executive-and-jovial-brother-of-president.html. Retrieved March 22, 2009.
- ^ a b "Ronald Reagan Facts". Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation. http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/reference/facts.html. Retrieved June 9, 2007.
- ^ Schribman, David (June 6, 2004). "Reagan, all-American, dies at 93". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2004/06/06/reagan_all_american_dies_at_93/. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
- ^ a b Kengor, p. 16
- ^ Lewis, Warren and Rollmann, Hans, ed. (2005). Restoring the First-century Church in the Twenty-first Century. Wipf and Stock. pp. 181–192. ISBN 1-59752-416-6.
- ^ Kengor, p. 15
- ^ Cannon (2001), p. 2
- ^ Reagan (1990), p. 27
- ^ "School House to White House: The Education of the Presidents". National Archives and Records Administration. http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2007/spring/schoolhouse.html. Retrieved December 30, 2007.
- ^ a b "Ronald Reagan (1911–2004): Small town to tinseltown". CNN, 2004. Retrieved on August 15, 2007.
- ^ [1] [2]
- ^ Cannon (2003), p. 25; Reagan (1990) p. 48
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Cannon, Lou (June 6, 2004). "Actor, Governor, President, Icon". The Washington Post: p. A01. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18329-2004Jun5.html. Retrieved January 26, 2008.
- ^ Wills, pp. 109–110
- ^ "Biography > A Hero from the Heartland". Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation. Archived from the original on October 31, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071031092212/http://www.reaganfoundation.org/reagan/biography/a_hero.asp. Retrieved December 30, 2007.
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- ^ a b Heintz, Jim (June 7, 2004). "Gorbachev mourns loss of honest rival" (Reprint). Associated Press. Oakland Tribune. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-6986165.html. Retrieved January 6, 2008.
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- ^ "Full Text: Thatcher Eulogy to Reagan". BBC News Online. June 11, 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3797947.stm. Retrieved January 6, 2008.
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- ^ a b c Loughlin, Sean (July 6, 2004). "Reagan cast a wide shadow in politics". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/06/06/legacy.politics/index.html. Retrieved June 19, 2008.
- ^ "Two-term president Reagan remains Republican icon" (Reprint). AFP. June 2004. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_kmafp/is_200406/ai_kepm482068. Retrieved January 26, 2008. [dead link]
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- ^ Issenberg, Sasha (February 8, 2008). "McCain touts conservative record". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/02/08/mccain_touts_conservative_record/. Retrieved June 19, 2008.
- ^ Raasch, Chuck (June 10, 2004). "Reagan transformed presidency into iconic place in American culture". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/columnist/raasch/2004-06-10-raasch_x.htm. Retrieved July 2, 2008.
- ^ "Ronald Reagan". MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on May 10, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080510130141/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761560259_2/ronald_reagan.html. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
- ^ "Toward the Summit; Previous Reagan-Gorbachev Summits". The New York Times. May 28, 1988. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/29/world/toward-the-summit-previous-reagan-gorbachev-summits.html. Retrieved March 8, 2008.
- ^ "1987: Superpowers to reverse arms race". BBC News Online. December 8, 1987, 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/8/newsid_3283000/3283817.stm. Retrieved March 8, 2008.
- ^ "How the Presidents Stack Up". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/info-presapp0605-31.html?printVersion=true. Retrieved September 7, 2007.
- ^ "Reagan Tops Presidential Poll". CBS. February 19, 2001. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2001/02/19/politics/main273106.shtml. Retrieved September 7, 2007.
- ^ "Presidents and History". Polling Report. http://www.pollingreport.com/wh-hstry.htm. Retrieved March 18, 2007.
- ^ "Post-War Presidents: JFK, Ike, Reagan Most Popular". Rasmussen Reports. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071011174301/http://rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/post_war_presidents_jfk_ike_reagan_most_popular. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
- ^ "Presidential Survey". http://lw.siena.edu/sri/results/2002/02AugPresidentsSurvey.htm. Retrieved August 28, 2007.
- ^ Hines, Nico (October 31, 2008). "The top ten – The Times US presidential rankings". The Times (UK). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/us_elections/article5048771.ece. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
- ^ C-SPAN (February 16, 2009). "C-SPAN Survey of Presidential Leaders". http://legacy.c-span.org/PresidentialSurvey/presidential-leadership-survey.aspx. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ "USPC Survey". Americas.sas.ac.uk. http://americas.sas.ac.uk/research/survey/index.html. Retrieved August 12, 2011.
- ^ a b Schroeder, Patricia (June 6, 2004). "Nothing stuck to 'Teflon President'". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2004-06-06-schroeder_x.htm. Retrieved January 8, 2008.
- ^ "'The Great Communicator' strikes chord with public". CNN. 2001. http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/reagan.years/communicator/. Retrieved January 8, 2008.
- ^ "Reagan: The great communicator". BBC News Online. June 5, 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/265509.stm. Retrieved January 26, 2008.
- ^ "Mourning in America: Ronald Reagan Dies at 93". Foxnews. June 5, 2004. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,121883,00.html. Retrieved December 4, 2009.
- ^ "The Reagan Diaries". The High Hat. http://www.thehighhat.com/Marginalia/009/nugent_reagan.html. Retrieved December 4, 2009.
- ^ "Sunday Culture: Charlie Wilson's War?". theseminal. Archived from the original on February 12, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080212063902/http://www.theseminal.com/2007/12/30/sunday-culture-charlie-wilsons-war/. Retrieved December 4, 2009. >
- ^ a b Kurtz, Howard (June 7, 2004). "15 Years Later, the Remaking of a President". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A20802-2004Jun6.html. Retrieved January 25, 2008.
- ^ Sprengelmeyer, M.E. (June 9, 2004). "'Teflon' moniker didn't have intended effect on Reagan". Howard Scripps News Service. Archived from the original on January 24, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080124192405/http://www.knoxstudio.com/shns/story.cfm?pk=REAGAN-SCHROEDER-06-09-04&cat=WW. Retrieved January 8, 2008.
- ^ Dionne, E.J. (October 31, 1988). "Political Memo; G.O.P. Makes Reagan Lure Of Young a Long-Term Asset". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/31/us/political-memo-gop-makes-reagan-lure-of-young-a-long-term-asset.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved July 2, 2008.
- ^ Affirmative Action. U-s-history.com. Retrieved on October 18, 2010.
- ^ Geffen, David. "Reagan, Ronald Wilson". Jewish Virtual Library. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0017_0_16521.html. Retrieved July 8, 2009.
- ^ Hendrix, Anastasia (June 6, 2004). "Trouble at home for family values advocate". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/06/06/MNG7771M4A1.DTL. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
- ^ Morning in America: how Ronald .... Google Books. 2005. ISBN 978-0-691-09645-2. http://books.google.com/?id=oVzvhP5J5dQC&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
- ^ Marinucci, Carla and Carolyn Lochhead (June 12, 2004). "Last Goodbye: Ex-president eulogized in D.C. before final ride into California sunset; Laid to Rest: Ceremony ends weeklong outpouring of grief". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2004/06/12/MNGOB7598N1.DTL. Retrieved October 15, 2009.
- ^ "Ronald Reagan, Master Storyteller". CBS. June 6, 2004. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/06/07/48hours/main621459.shtml. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
- ^ McCuddy, Bill (June 6, 2004). "Remembering Reagan's Humor". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,121908,00.html. Retrieved July 2, 2008.
- ^ "Remembering President Reagan For His Humor-A Classic Radio Gaffe". About. http://radio.about.com/od/funradiothingstodo/a/aa060503a.htm. Retrieved January 22, 2007.
- ^ "Zig Ziglar Bio". Zig Ziglar. http://www.ziglar.com/aboutus_zig_ziglar_bio.html. Retrieved September 6, 2011.
- ^ "Association of Graduates USMA: Sylvanus Thayer Award Recipients". Association of Graduates, West Point, New York. Archived from the original on July 3, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070703122530/http://www.aogusma.org/aog/awards/TA/awardees.htm. Retrieved March 22, 2007.
- ^ "Order of the Bath". The Official website of the British Monarchy. Archived from the original on April 26, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070426184003/http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page4883.asp. Retrieved March 22, 2007.
- ^ Weisman, Steven R (October 24, 1989). "Reagan Given Top Award by Japanese". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/24/world/reagan-given-top-award-by-japanese.html. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
- ^ "Remarks on presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom to President Ronald Reagan-President George Bush-Transcript". The White House: Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents. January 18, 1993. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2889/is_n2_v29/ai_13975210. Retrieved December 31, 2007.
- ^ "Julio E. Bonfante". LeBonfante International Investors Group. Archived from the original on January 30, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080130170642/http://www.lebonfante.com/principals1.html. Retrieved January 26, 2008.
- ^ "Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center". U.S. General Services Administration. http://www.itcdc.com. Retrieved March 22, 2007.
- ^ "USS Ronald Reagan Commemorates Former President's 90th Birthday". CNN. July 12, 2003. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0103/04/sm.06.html. Retrieved January 25, 2008.
- ^ "Public Law 107-137" (PDF). United States Government Printing Office. February 6, 2002. http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=107_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ137.107.pdf. Retrieved December 31, 2007.
- ^ "Congressional Gold Medal Recipients 1776 to present". Office of the Clerk, US House of Representatives. http://clerk.house.gov/art_history/house_history/goldMedal.html. Retrieved March 22, 2007.
- ^ "Postmaster General, Nancy Reagan unveil Ronald Reagan stamp image, stamp available next year" (Press release). USPS. November 9, 2004. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/postmaster-general-nancy-reagan-unveil-ronald-reagan-stamp-image-stamp-available-next-year-75312827.html. Retrieved May 13, 2007.
- ^ "Top 25: Fascinating People". CNN. June 19, 2005. http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/05/02/cnn25.top.fascinating/index.html. Retrieved June 19, 2005.
- ^ "Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century". Time. 2003. http://www.time.com/time/time100/index_2000_time100.html. Retrieved March 7, 2007.
- ^ "Greatest American". Discovery Channel. http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/greatestamerican/greatestamerican.html. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
- ^ Geiger, Kimberly (August 1, 2006). "California: State to establish a Hall of Fame; Disney, Reagan and Alice Walker among 1st inductees". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/08/01/BAGFLK8OKG1.DTL. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
- ^ "Governor Davis Proclaims February 6, 2002 "Ronald Reagan Day" in California". Office of the Governor, State of California. February 5, 2002. http://governor.ca.gov/state/govsite/gov_htmldisplay.jsp?BV_SessionID=@@@@0603947949.1234151628@@@@&BV_EngineID=ccccadegfmdjifmcfngcfkmdffidfnf.0&sCatTitle=Previous+Administration%2fProclamation&sFilePath=/govsite/proclamation/20020206_proc_ronaldreaganday.html&sTitle=Ronald+Reagan+Day+&iOID=29384.
- ^ "Governor Schwarzenegger Signs Legislation Honoring President Ronald Reagan". Office of Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger. July 19, 2010. http://gov.ca.gov/press-release/15616/. [dead link]
- ^ "President Kaczyński Presents Order of the White Eagle to Late President Ronald Reagan". United States Department of State. July 18, 2007. http://poland.usembassy.gov/events_2007/president-kaczynski-presents-order-of-the-white-eagle-to-late-president-ronald-reagan--18-july-2007.html. Retrieved February 10, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ Bernstein, Carl (February 24, 1992). "The Holy Alliance". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,974931,00.html?iid=chix-sphere. Retrieved August 18, 2007.
- ^ "Reagan statue unveiled in Capitol Rotunda". Associated Press. msnbc.com. June 3, 2009. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31087271/. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
- ^ "Obama creates Reagan centennial commission". Associated Press. msnbc.com. June 2, 2009. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31070972/ns/politics-white_house/. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
- ^ "Ronald Reagan statue unveiled at US Embassy in London". BBC News Online. July 4, 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14009137. Retrieved August 12, 2011.
References[link]
- Beschloss, Michael (2008). Presidential Courage: Brave Leaders and How they Changed America 1789–1989. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-5744-8.
- Bumgarner, John R. (1994). The Health of the Presidents: The 41 United States Presidents Through 1993 from a Physician's Point of View. Jefferson, NC: MacFarland & Company. ISBN 0-89950-956-8.
- Cannon, Lou (1991, 2000). President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 1-891620-91-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=vkUbP1G1hmkC.
- Cannon, Lou; Beschloss, Michael (2001). Ronald Reagan: The Presidential Portfolio: A History Illustrated from the Collection of the Ronald Reagan Library and Museum. PublicAffairs. ISBN 1-891620-84-3.
- Cannon, Lou (2003). Governor Reagan: His Rise to Power. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-284-8.
- Hayward, Steven F. (2009). The Age of Reagan: The Conservative Counterrevolution: 1980–1989. ISBN 0-307-45369-3.
- Kengor, Paul (2005). God and Ronald Reagan: A Spiritual Life. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-057142-X.
- Morris, Edmund (1999). Dutch, A memoir of Ronald Reagan. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-55508-2.
- Pemberton, William E. (1998). Exit With Honor: The Life and Presidency of Ronald Reagan. ISBN 0-7656-0096-X. http://books.google.com/books?id=pvQtMzEa890C&printsec=frontcover.
- Reagan, Nancy (2002). I Love You, Ronnie: The Letters of Ronald Reagan to Nancy Reagan. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-375-76051-2.
- Reagan, Ronald (2003). Kiron K. Skinner, Annelise Anderson, Martin Anderson. ed. Reagan: A Life in Letters. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-1967-8.
- Reagan, Ronald (2003). An American Life. New York: Free Press, A Division of Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7434-0025-9.
- Reeves, Richard (2005). President Reagan: The Triumph of Imagination. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-3022-1.
- Sullivan, John'O (2006). The President, the Pope, the Prime Minister. Regnery Publishing.
- Troy, Gil (2009). The Reagan Revolution: A Very Short Introduction.
- Wills, Garry (1987). Reagan's America: Innocents at Home. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-18286-4.
Further reading[link]
Further information: Ronald Reagan bibliography
External links[link]
| Find more about Ronald Reagan on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
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Images and media from Commons |
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Learning resources from Wikiversity |
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News stories from Wikinews |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
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Textbooks from Wikibooks |
Official sites[link]
- Ronald Reagan (1981–1989) at WhiteHouse.gov
- Ronald Reagan Presidential Library
- Ronald Reagan's major speeches
- Ronald Reagan at Eureka College
Media[link]
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Ronald Reagan audio archives at NPR
- Oral History Transcripts on the Reagan administration from the Miller Center of Public Affairs
- Speech on role of chaplains in the military, based on 1983 Beirut barracks bombing, Text version; Video version
- Speech on the 1983 Soviet downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007
- Reagan's quip about bombing Russia (help·info)
News coverage[link]
- Ronald Reagan collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Ronald Reagan from The Washington Post
- Ronald Reagan at Time magazine
- Ronald Reagan at CNN
- Ronald Reagan – BBC biography
- Ronald Reagan collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- An hour with William F. Buckley, Jr. about Ronald Reagan on Charlie Rose
- An hour remembrance of Ronald Reagan on Charlie Rose
- A conversation about Ronald Reagan's legacy on Charlie Rose
- Radio breaking news coverage of assassination attempt on President Reagan on March 30, 1981
Timeline[link]
Essays and historiographies[link]
- Extensive essay on Ronald Reagan and essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs
- Introduction of Morning in America: How Ronald Reagan Invented the 1980s, a detailed account of Reagan's impact on the United States
Site directories[link]
- Ronald Reagan in the Newseum archive of front page images from 2004-06-06.
- Ronald Reagan at the Internet Movie Database
- Ronald Reagan at AllRovi
- Works by or about Ronald Reagan in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Reagan, Ronald Wilson |
| Alternative names | Ronald Reagan |
| Short description | American actor and politician, 33rd Governor of California, 40th President of the United States |
| Date of birth | 1911-02-06 |
| Place of birth | Tampico, Illinois, U.S. |
| Date of death | 2004-06-05 |
| Place of death | Bel-Air, Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the 39th President of the United States. For other people named Jimmy Carter, see Jimmy Carter (disambiguation).
| Jimmy Carter | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| 39th President of the United States | |
| In office January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981 |
|
| Vice President | Walter Mondale |
| Preceded by | Gerald Ford |
| Succeeded by | Ronald Reagan |
| 76th Governor of Georgia | |
| In office January 12, 1971 – January 14, 1975 |
|
| Lieutenant | Lester Maddox |
| Preceded by | Lester Maddox |
| Succeeded by | George Busbee |
| Georgia State Senator from the 14th District |
|
| In office January 14, 1963 – January 10, 1967 |
|
| Preceded by | Constituency established |
| Succeeded by | Hugh Carter |
| Constituency | Sumter County |
| Personal details | |
| Born | James Earl Carter, Jr. (1924-10-01) October 1, 1924 (age 87) Plains, Georgia, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse(s) | Rosalynn Smith (1946–present) |
| Children | Jack James Donnel Amy |
| Alma mater | Georgia Southwestern State Georgia Tech U.S.N.A. (B.S.) |
| Profession | Farmer Naval Officer |
| Religion | Baptist[1] |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Service/branch | United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1946–1953 |
| Rank | Lieutenant |
| Awards | Nobel Peace Prize Grand-croix de l'Ordre de la Couronne |
James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States (1977–1981) and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize, the only U.S. President to have received the Prize after leaving office. Before he became President, Carter served as a U.S. Naval officer, was a peanut farmer, served two terms as a Georgia State Senator and one as Governor of Georgia (1971–1975).[2]
During Carter's term as President, two new cabinet-level departments were created: the Department of Energy and the Department of Education. He established a national energy policy that included conservation, price control, and new technology. In foreign affairs, Carter pursued the Camp David Accords, the Panama Canal Treaties, the second round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II), and returned the Panama Canal Zone to Panama. Throughout his career, Carter strongly emphasized human rights. He took office during a period of international stagflation, which persisted throughout his term. The end of his presidential tenure was marked by the 1979–1981 Iran hostage crisis, the 1979 energy crisis, the Three Mile Island nuclear accident, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (at the end of 1979), 1980 Summer Olympics boycott by the United States of the Moscow Olympics and the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.
By 1980, Carter's popularity had eroded. He survived a primary challenge against Ted Kennedy for the Democratic Party nomination in the 1980 election, but lost the election to Republican candidate Ronald Reagan. On January 20, 1981, minutes after Carter's term in office ended, the 52 U.S. captives held at the U.S. embassy in Iran were released, ending the 444-day Iran hostage crisis.[3]
After leaving office, Carter and his wife Rosalynn founded the Carter Center in 1982,[4] a nongovernmental, not-for-profit organization that works to advance human rights. He has traveled extensively to conduct peace negotiations, observe elections, and advance disease prevention and eradication in developing nations. Carter is a key figure in the Habitat for Humanity project,[5] and also remains particularly vocal on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In March 2012, two months before President Barack Obama's declaration of support for same-sex marriage, Carter said he favors allowing same-sex couples to legally marry.[6]
Contents
|
Early life[link]
James Earl Carter, Jr., was born at the Wise Sanitarium[7] on October 1, 1924, in the tiny southwest Georgia city of Plains, near Americus. The first president born in a hospital,[8] he is the eldest of four children of James Earl Carter and Bessie Lillian Gordy. Carter's father was a prominent business owner in the community and his mother was a registered nurse.
Carter is descended from immigrants from southern England (his paternal ancestor arrived in the American Colonies in 1635),[9] and his family has lived in the state of Georgia for several generations. Carter has documented ancestors who fought in the American Revolution, and he is a member of the Sons of the American Revolution.[10] Carter's great-grandfather, Private L.B. Walker Carter (1832–1874), served in the Confederate States Army.[11]
Carter was a gifted student from an early age who always had a fondness for reading. By the time he attended Plains High School, he was also a star in basketball. He was greatly influenced by one of his high school teachers, Julia Coleman (1889–1973). While he was in high school he was in the Future Farmers of America, which later changed its name to the National FFA Organization, serving as the Plains FFA Chapter Secretary.[12]
Carter had three younger siblings: sisters Gloria Carter Spann (1926–1990) and Ruth Carter Stapleton (1929–1983), and brother William Alton "Billy" Carter (1937–1988). During Carter's Presidency, Billy was often in the news, usually in an unflattering light.[13]
He married Rosalynn Smith in 1946; they have four children.
He is a first cousin of politician Hugh Carter and a half-second cousin of Motown founder Berry Gordy Jr. on his mother's side, and a cousin of June Carter Cash.[14]
Naval career[link]
After high school, Carter enrolled at Georgia Southwestern College, in Americus. Later, he applied to the United States Naval Academy and, after taking additional mathematics courses at Georgia Tech, he was admitted in 1943. Carter graduated 59th out of 820 midshipmen at the Naval Academy with a Bachelor of Science degree with an unspecified major, as was the custom at the academy at that time.[15]
Carter served on surface ships and on diesel-electric submarines in the Atlantic and Pacific fleets. As a junior officer, he completed qualification for command of a diesel-electric submarine. He applied for the US Navy's fledgling nuclear submarine program run by then Captain Hyman G. Rickover. Rickover's demands on his men and machines were legendary, and Carter later said that, next to his parents, Rickover had the greatest influence on him. Carter has said that he loved the Navy, and had planned to make it his career. His ultimate goal was to become Chief of Naval Operations. Carter felt the best route for promotion was with submarine duty since he felt that nuclear power would be increasingly used in submarines. Carter was based in Schenectady, New York, and working on developing training materials for the nuclear propulsion system for the prototype of a new submarine.[16]
On December 12, 1952, an accident with the experimental NRX reactor at Atomic Energy of Canada's Chalk River Laboratories caused a partial meltdown. The resulting explosion caused millions of liters of radioactive water to flood the reactor building's basement, and the reactor's core was no longer usable.[17] Carter was now ordered to Chalk River, joining other American and Canadian service personnel. He was the officer in charge of the U.S. team assisting in the shutdown of the Chalk River Nuclear Reactor.[18]
Once they arrived, Carter's team used a model of the reactor to practice the steps necessary to disassemble the reactor and seal it off. During execution of the actual disassembly each team member, including Carter, donned protective gear, was lowered individually into the reactor, stayed for only a few seconds at a time to minimize exposure to radiation, and used hand tools to loosen bolts, remove nuts and take the other steps necessary to complete the disassembly process.
During and after his presidency Carter indicated that his experience at Chalk River shaped his views on nuclear power and nuclear weapons, including his decision not to pursue completion of the neutron bomb.[19]
Upon the death of his father James Earl Carter, Sr., in July 1953, he was urgently needed to run the family business. Lieutenant Carter resigned his commission, and he was discharged from the Navy on October 9, 1953.
Farming and personal belief[link]
Though Carter's father, Earl, died a relatively wealthy man, between Earl's forgiveness of debts owed to him and the division of his wealth among his heirs, Jimmy Carter inherited comparatively little. For a year, due to a limited real estate market, the Carters lived in public housing (Carter is the only U.S. president to have lived in housing subsidized for the poor).[20]
Knowledgeable in scientific and technological subjects and raised on a farm, Carter took over the family peanut farm. Carter took to the county library to read up on agriculture while Rosalynn learned accounting to manage the businesses financials.[20] Though they barely broke even the first year, Carter managed to expand in Plains. His farming business was successful, and during the 1970 gubernatorial campaign, he was considered a wealthy peanut farmer.[21]
From a young age, Carter showed a deep commitment to Christianity, serving as a Sunday School teacher throughout his life. Even as President, Carter prayed several times a day, and professed that Jesus Christ was the driving force in his life. Carter had been greatly influenced by a sermon he had heard as a young man, called, "If you were arrested for being a Christian, would there be enough evidence to convict you?"[22]
Early political career[link]
Georgia State Senate[link]
Jimmy Carter started his career by serving on various local boards, governing such entities as the schools, hospitals, and libraries, among others. In the 1960s, he served two terms in the Georgia Senate from the fourteenth district of Georgia.
His 1961 election to the state Senate, which followed the end of Georgia's County Unit System (per the Supreme Court case of Gray v. Sanders), was chronicled in his book Turning Point: A Candidate, a State, and a Nation Come of Age. The election involved corruption led by Joe Hurst, the sheriff of Quitman County; system abuses included votes from deceased persons and tallies filled with people who supposedly voted in alphabetical order. It took a challenge of the fraudulent results for Carter to win the election. Carter was reelected in 1964, to serve a second two-year term.
For a time in State Senate he chaired its Education Committee.[23]
In 1966, Carter declined running for re-election as a state senator to pursue a gubernatorial run. His first cousin, Hugh Carter, was elected as a Democrat and took over his seat in the Senate.
Campaigns for Governor[link]
Main article: Georgia gubernatorial election, 1966
In 1966, during the end of his career as a state senator, he flirted with the idea of running for the United States House of Representatives. His Republican opponent, Howard Callaway, dropped out and decided to run for Governor of Georgia. Carter did not want to see a Republican Governor of his state, and, in turn, dropped out of the race for Congress and joined the race to become Governor. Carter lost the Democratic primary, but drew enough votes as a third-place candidate to force the favorite, liberal former governor Ellis Arnall, into a runoff election, setting off a chain of events which resulted in the nomination of segregationist Democrat Lester Maddox. Maddox would go on to be selected governor of Georgia by the Georgia General Assembly despite finishing a close second in a three-way general election race between Maddox, Callaway, and Arnall, who ran as a Write-in candidate. During the primary Carter ran as a moderate alternative to both liberal Arnall and conservative Maddox.[23] Although he lost, his strong third place finish was viewed as a success for a little-known state senator.[23]
Main article: Georgia gubernatorial election, 1970
For the next four years, Carter returned to his agriculture business and carefully planned for his next campaign for Governor in 1970, making over 1,800 speeches throughout the state.[citation needed]
During his 1970 campaign, he ran an uphill populist campaign in the Democratic primary against former Governor Carl Sanders, labeling his opponent "Cufflinks Carl". Carter was never a segregationist, and refused to join the segregationist White Citizens' Council, prompting a boycott of his peanut warehouse. His family was also one of only two that voted to admit blacks to the Plains Baptist Church.[24]
"Carter himself was not a segregationist in 1970. But he did say things that the segregationists wanted to hear. He was opposed to busing. He was in favor of private schools. He said that he would invite segregationist governor George Wallace to come to Georgia to give a speech.", according to historian E. Stanly Godbold.[citation needed]
Carter's campaign aides handed out a photograph of Sanders celebrating with black basketball players.[25][26] Following his close victory over Sanders in the primary, he was elected Governor over Republican Hal Suit.
After his election, Carter would make a statement that would displease the segregationists: "I say to you quite frankly, that the time for racial discrimination is over. No poor, rural, weak, or black person should ever have to bear the additional burden of being deprived of the opportunity of an education, a job, or simple justice."[citation needed]
Leroy Johnson, Georgia State Senator reflected: "We were extremely pleased. Many of the white segregationists were displeased. And I'm convinced that those people that supported him, would not have supported him if they had thought that he would have made that statement."[27]
Governor of Georgia[link]
Carter was sworn in as the 76th Governor of Georgia on January 12, 1971, and held this post for one term, until January 14, 1975. Governors of Georgia were not allowed to succeed themselves at the time. His predecessor as Governor, Lester Maddox, became the Lieutenant Governor. Carter and Maddox found little common ground during their four years of service, often publicly feuding with each other.[28][29]
Civil rights politics[link]
Carter declared in his inaugural speech that the time of racial segregation was over, and that racial discrimination had no place in the future of the state, the first statewide office holder in the Deep South to say this in public.[30] Afterwards, Carter appointed many African Americans to statewide boards and offices. He was often called one of the "New Southern Governors" – much more moderate than their predecessors, and supportive of racial desegregation and expanding African-Americans' rights.[citation needed]
Abortion[link]
Although "personally opposed" to abortion, after the landmark US Supreme Court decision Roe v. Wade, 410 US 113 (1973) Carter supported legalized abortion.[31] He did not support increased federal funding for abortion services as president and was criticized by the American Civil Liberties Union for not doing enough to find alternatives.[32] In March 2012, during an interview on The Laura Ingraham Show, Carter expressed his view that the Democratic Party should be more pro-life. He explained how difficult it was for him, given his strong Christian beliefs, to uphold Roe v. Wade while he was president.[33]
State government reforms[link]
Carter improved government efficiency by merging about 300 state agencies into 30 agencies. One of his aides recalled that Governor Carter "was right there with us, working just as hard, digging just as deep into every little problem. It was his program and he worked on it as hard as anybody, and the final product was distinctly his." He also pushed reforms through the legislature, providing equal state aid to schools in the wealthy and poor areas of Georgia, set up community centers for mentally handicapped children, and increased educational programs for convicts. Carter took pride in a program he introduced for the appointment of judges and state government officials. Under this program, all such appointments were based on merit, rather than political influence.[34][35]
Vice-Presidential aspirations in 1972[link]
In 1972, as US Senator George McGovern of South Dakota was marching toward the Democratic nomination for President, Carter called a news conference in Atlanta to warn that McGovern was unelectable. Carter criticized McGovern as too liberal on both foreign and domestic policy, yet when McGovern's nomination became a foregone conclusion, Carter lobbied to become his vice-presidential running mate.
During the 1972 Democratic National Convention he endorsed the candidacy of Senator Henry M. Jackson of Washington.[36] Carter received 30 votes at the Democratic National Convention in the chaotic ballot for Vice President.[citation needed] McGovern offered the second spot to Reubin Askew, from next door Florida and one of the "new southern governors", but he declined.[citation needed]
Death penalty and crime[link]
After the U.S. Supreme Court overturned Georgia's death penalty law in 1972, Carter quickly proposed state legislation to replace the death penalty with life in prison (an option that previously did not exist).[37]
When the Georgia legislature passed a new death penalty statute, Carter, despite voicing reservations about its constitutionality,[38] signed new legislation on March 28, 1973[39] to authorize the death penalty for murder, rape and other offenses, and to implement trial procedures that conformed to the newly announced constitutional requirements. In 1976, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld Georgia's new death penalty for murder. In the case of Coker v. Georgia, the Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty was unconstitutional as applied to rape.
Many in America were outraged by William Calley's life sentence at Fort Benning for his role in the My Lai Massacre; Carter instituted "American Fighting Man's Day" and asked Georgians to drive for a week with their lights on in support of Calley.[40] Indiana's governor asked all state flags to be flown at half-staff for Calley, and Utah's and Mississippi's governors also disagreed with the verdict.[40]
Despite his earlier support, Carter soon became a death penalty opponent, and during Presidential campaigns (like previous nominee George McGovern and two successive nominees, Walter Mondale and Michael Dukakis), this was noted.[41] Carter is known for his outspoken opposition to the death penalty in all forms; in his Nobel Prize lecture, he urged "prohibition of the death penalty".[42]
United States Senate appointment[link]
Richard Russell, Jr., then-President pro tempore of the United States Senate, died in office on January 21, 1971. Carter, only nine days into his governorship, appointed state Democratic Party chair David H. Gambrell to fill an unexpired Russell term in the Senate on February 1.[43] Gambrell was defeated in the next Democratic primary by the more conservative Sam Nunn.
Other activities[link]
In 1973, while Governor of Georgia, Carter filed a report on his 1969 UFO sighting with the International UFO Bureau in Oklahoma City.[44][45][46] In 2007, Carter stated that he did not remember why he filed the report and that he believes he probably only did it at the request of one of his children. He also stated he does not believe it was an alien spacecraft, but rather that it was likely some sort of military experiment being conducted from a nearby military base.[47]
Carter made an appearance as the first guest of the evening on an episode of the game show What's My Line in 1974, signing in as "X", lest his name give away his occupation. After his job was identified on question seven of ten by Gene Shalit, he talked about having brought movie production to the state of Georgia, citing Deliverance, and the then-unreleased The Longest Yard.
In 1974, Carter was chairman of the Democratic National Committee's congressional, as well as gubernatorial, campaigns.
1976 presidential campaign[link]
Main article: United States presidential election, 1976
When Carter entered the Democratic Party presidential primaries in 1976, he was considered to have little chance against nationally better-known politicians. He had a name recognition of only two percent. When he told his family of his intention to run for President, his mother asked, "President of what?" The Watergate scandal was still fresh in the voters' minds, and so his position as an outsider, distant from Washington, D.C., became an asset. The centerpiece of his campaign platform was government reorganization. Carter published Why Not the Best? in June 1976 to help introduce himself to the American public.[48]
Carter became the front-runner early on by winning the Iowa caucuses and the New Hampshire primary. He used a two-prong strategy: In the South, which most had tacitly conceded to Alabama's George Wallace, Carter ran as a moderate favorite son. When Wallace proved to be a spent force, Carter swept the region. In the North, Carter appealed largely to conservative Christian and rural voters and had little chance of winning a majority in most states. He won several Northern states by building the largest single bloc. Carter's strategy involved reaching a region before another candidate could extend influence there. He traveled over 50,000 miles, visited 37 states, and delivered over 200 speeches before any other candidates even announced that they were in the race.[49] Initially dismissed as a regional candidate, Carter proved to be the only Democrat with a truly national strategy, and he eventually clinched the nomination.
The national news media discovered and promoted Carter, as Lawrence Shoup noted in his 1980 book The Carter Presidency and Beyond:
What Carter had that his opponents did not was the acceptance and support of elite sectors of the mass communications media. It was their favorable coverage of Carter and his campaign that gave him an edge, propelling him rocket-like to the top of the opinion polls. This helped Carter win key primary election victories, enabling him to rise from an obscure public figure to President-elect in the short space of 9 months.
Carter was interviewed by Robert Scheer of Playboy for its November 1976 issue, which hit the newsstands a couple of weeks before the election. It was here that in the course of a digression on his religion's view of pride, Carter admitted: "I've looked on a lot of women with lust. I've committed adultery in my heart many times."[50] He remains the only American president to be interviewed by this magazine.
As late as January 26, 1976, Carter was the first choice of only four percent of Democratic voters, according to a Gallup poll. Yet "by mid-March 1976 Carter was not only far ahead of the active contenders for the Democratic presidential nomination, he also led President Ford by a few percentage points", according to Shoup.
He chose Senator Walter F. Mondale as his running mate. He attacked Washington in his speeches, and offered a religious salve for the nation's wounds.[51]
Carter began the race with a sizable lead over Ford, who was able to narrow the gap over the course of the campaign, but was unable to prevent Carter from narrowly defeating him on November 2, 1976. Carter won the popular vote by 50.1 percent to 48.0 percent for Ford and received 297 electoral votes to Ford's 240. He became the first contender from the Deep South to be elected President since the 1848 election. Carter carried fewer states than Ford—23 states to the defeated Ford's 27—yet Carter won with the largest percentage of the popular vote (50.1 percent) of any non-incumbent since Dwight Eisenhower, and only half a percent less than what Ronald Reagan would defeat him with in 1980.
Presidency[link]
Main article: Presidency of Jimmy Carter
Carter was elected over Gerald Ford in 1976. His tenure was a time of continuing inflation and recession, as well as an energy crisis. On January 7, 1980, Carter signed Law H.R. 5860 aka Public Law 96-185 known as The Chrysler Corporation Loan Guarantee Act of 1979 bailing out Chrysler Corporation and canceled military pay raises during a time of high inflation and government deficits.
While attempting to calm various conflicts around the World, most visibly in the Middle East resulting in the signing of the Camp David Accords, giving back the Panama Canal and signing the SALT II nuclear arms reduction treaty with Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev, the final year of his administration was marred by the Iran hostage crisis, which contributed to his losing his 1980 re-election campaign to Ronald Reagan.
U.S. Energy Crisis[link]
On April 18, 1977 Carter delivered a televised speech declaring that the U.S. energy crisis during the 1970s was the moral equivalent of war. Carter encouraged energy conservation by all U.S. citizens and installed solar water heating panels on the White House,[52][53] and wore sweaters while turning down the heat within the White House.
EPA Love Canal Superfund[link]
In 1978, Carter declared a federal emergency in the neighborhood of Love Canal in the city of Niagara Falls, New York. More than 800 families were evacuated from the neighborhood, which was built on top of a toxic waste landfill. The Superfund law was created in response to the situation. Federal disaster money was appropriated to demolish the approximately 500 houses, the 99th Street School, and the 93rd Street School, which were built on top of the dump and to remediate the dump and construct a containment area. This was the first time that such a thing had been done. He then said that there were several more "Love Canals" across the country, and that discovering such dumpsites was "one of the grimmest discoveries of our modern era".
Deregulation[link]
American beer industry[link]
During 1979, Carter deregulated the American beer industry by opening access of the home-brew market back up to the craft brewers, making it again legal to sell malt, hops, and yeast to American home brewers for the first time since the effective 1920 beginning of Prohibition in the United States.[54]
U.S. Airline Industry[link]
In 1977, President Jimmy Carter appointed Alfred E. Kahn, a professor of economics at Cornell University, to be chair of the CAB. A concerted push for the legislation had developed, drawing on leading economists, leading 'think tanks' in Washington, a civil society coalition advocating the reform (patterned on a coalition earlier developed for the truck-and-rail-reform efforts), the head of the regulatory agency, Senate leadership, the Carter administration, and even some in the airline industry. This coalition swiftly gained legislative results in 1978.
The Airline Deregulation Act (Pub.L. 95-504) is United States enacted federal legislation signed into law by President Carter on October 24, 1978. The main purpose of the act was to remove government control over fares, routes and market entry (of new airlines) from commercial aviation. The Civil Aeronautics Board's powers of regulation were to be phased out, eventually allowing passengers to be exposed to market forces in the airline industry. The Act, however, did not remove or diminish the FAA's regulatory powers over all aspects of airline safety.
U.S. Boycott of the Moscow Olympics[link]
One of Carter's most bitterly controversial decisions was his boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow in response to the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. This marks the only time since the founding of the modern Olympics in 1896 that the United States has ever failed to participate in a Summer or Winter Olympics. The Soviet Union retaliated by boycotting the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles and did not withdraw troops from Afghanistan until 1989 (eight years after Carter left office).
1980 presidential campaign[link]
Main article: United States presidential election, 1980
Carter wrote that the most intense and mounting opposition to his policies came from the liberal wing of the Democratic Party, which he attributed to Ted Kennedy's ambition to replace him as president.[55] Kennedy, originally on board with Carter's health plan, pulled his support from that legislation in the late stages; Carter states that this was in anticipation of Kennedy's own candidacy, and when neither won, the tactic effectively delayed comprehensive health coverage for decades.[56]
Carter's campaign for re-election in 1980 was one of the most difficult, and least successful, in history. He faced strong challenges from the right (Ronald Reagan), the center (John B. Anderson), and the left (Ted Kennedy). He had to run against his own "stagflation"-ridden economy. He alienated liberal college students, who were expected to be his base, by re-instating registration for the draft. He was defeated by Ronald Reagan.
Post-Presidency[link]
In 1981, Carter returned to Georgia to his peanut farm, which he had placed into a blind trust during his presidency to avoid even the appearance of a conflict of interest. He found that the trustees had mismanaged the trust, leaving him over one million dollars in debt. In the years that followed, he has led an active life, establishing The Carter Center, building his presidential library, teaching at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, and writing numerous books.[51]
Legacy[link]
When he first left office, Carter's presidency was viewed by most as a failure.[57][58][59] In historical rankings of US presidents, the Carter presidency has ranged from #19 to #34. Although Carter's presidency received mixed reviews from some historians, his all-around peace keeping and humanitarian efforts since he left office have led him to be renowned as one of the most successful ex-presidents in US history.[60][61]
Although Carter has also received mixed reviews in both television and film documentaries, such as the Man from Plains (2007), the 2009 documentary, Back Door Channels: The Price of Peace, credits Carter's efforts at Camp David, which brought peace between Israel and Egypt, with bringing the only meaningful peace to the Middle East. The film opened the 2009 Monte-Carlo Television Festival in an invitation-only royal screening[62] on June 7, 2009 at the Grimaldi Forum in the presence of Albert II, Prince of Monaco.[63]
Jimmy Carter and Walter Mondale are the longest-living post-presidential team in American history. On December 11, 2006, they had been out of office for 25 years and 325 days, surpassing the former record established by President John Adams and Vice President Thomas Jefferson, who both died on July 4, 1826. On Friday, September 7, 2012, at 11:36 a.m. EST, Carter will surpass Herbert Hoover as the President with the longest retirement from the office.
Jimmy Carter is one of only four presidents,[64] and the only one in modern history, who did not have an opportunity to nominate a judge to serve on the Supreme Court. The other three are William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, and Andrew Johnson.
Public image[link]
The Independent writes, "Carter is widely considered a better man than he was a president."[65] While he began his term with a 66 percent approval rating,[66] this had dropped to 34 percent approval by the time he left office, with 55 percent disapproving.[67]
Much of this image in the public eye results from the Presidents proximate to him in history.[68] In the wake of Nixon's Watergate Scandal, exit polls from the 1976 Presidential election suggested that many still held Gerald Ford's pardon of Nixon against him,[69] and Carter by comparison seemed a sincere, honest, and well-meaning Southerner.[65]
Despite being honest and truthful, Carter's administration suffered from his inexperience in politics. Carter paid too much attention to detail. He frequently backed down from confrontation and was always quick to retreat when under fire from political rivals. He frequently appeared to be indecisive and ineffective, and did not define his priorities clearly. He seemed to be distrustful and uninterested in working with other groups, or even with Congress when controlled by his own party, which he denounced for being controlled by special interest groups.[68] Though he made efforts to address many of these issues in 1978, the approval he won from his reforms did not last long.
When Carter ran for reelection, Ronald Reagan's nonchalant self-confidence contrasted to Carter's serious and introspective temperament. Carter's personal attention to detail, his pessimistic attitude, his seeming indecisiveness and weakness with people was also accentuated by Reagan's charismic charm and easy delegation of tasks to subordinates.[68][70] Ultimately, the combination of the economic problems, the Iran hostage crisis, and lack of Washington cooperation made it very easy for Reagan to portray Carter as a weak and ineffectual leader, which resulted in Carter to become the first elected president since 1932 to lose a reelection bid, and his presidency was largely considered to be a failure.
Notwithstanding perceptions while Carter was in office, his reputation has much improved. Carter's presidential approval rating, which sat at 31 percent just prior to the 1980 election, was polled in early 2009 at 64 percent.[71] Carter's continued post-Presidency activities have also been favorably received. Carter explains that a great deal of this change was owed to Reagan's successor, George H. W. Bush, who actively sought him out and was far more courteous and interested in his advice than Reagan had been.[65]
Carter Center[link]
Main article: Carter Center
As President, Carter expressed a goal of making government "competent and compassionate." In pursuit of that vision, he has been involved in a variety of national and international public policy, conflict resolution, human rights and charitable causes.
In 1982, he established The Carter Center in Atlanta to advance human rights and alleviate unnecessary human suffering. The non-profit, nongovernmental Center promotes democracy, mediates and prevents conflicts, and monitors the electoral process in support of free and fair elections. It also works to improve global health through the control and eradication of diseases such as Guinea worm disease, river blindness, malaria, trachoma, lymphatic filariasis, and schistosomiasis. It also works to diminish the stigma of mental illnesses and improve nutrition through increased crop production in Africa. A major accomplishment of The Carter Center has been the elimination of more than 99 percent of cases of Guinea worm disease, a debilitating parasite that has existed since ancient times, from an estimated 3.5 million cases in 1986 to 3,190 reported cases in 2009.[72] The Carter Center has monitored 81 elections in 33 countries since 1989.[73] It has worked to resolve conflicts in Haiti, Bosnia, Ethiopia, North Korea, Sudan and other countries. Carter and the Center actively support human rights defenders around the world and have intervened with heads of state on their behalf.
[edit] Nobel Peace Prize
In 2002, President Carter received the Nobel Peace Prize for his work "to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development" through The Carter Center.[74] Three sitting presidents, Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson and Barack Obama, have received the prize; Carter is unique in receiving the award for his actions after leaving the presidency. He is, along with Martin Luther King, Jr., one of only two native Georgians to receive the Nobel.
Diplomacy[link]
North Korea[link]
In 1994, North Korea had expelled investigators from the International Atomic Energy Agency and was threatening to begin processing spent nuclear fuel. In response, then-President Clinton pressured for US sanctions and ordered large amounts of troops and vehicles into the area to brace for war.
Bill Clinton secretly recruited Carter to undertake a peace mission to North Korea,[75] under the guise that it was a private mission of Carter's. Clinton saw Carter as a way to let North Korean President Kim Il-sung back down without losing face.[76]
Carter negotiated an understanding with Kim Il-sung, but went further and outlined a treaty, which he announced on CNN without the permission of the Clinton White House as a way to force the US into action. The Clinton Administration signed a later version of the Agreed Framework, under which North Korea agreed to freeze and ultimately dismantle its current nuclear program and comply with its nonproliferation obligations in exchange for oil deliveries, the construction of two light water reactors to replace its graphite reactors, and discussions for eventual diplomatic relations.
The agreement was widely hailed at the time as a significant diplomatic achievement.[77][78] In December 2002, the Agreed Framework collapsed as a result of a dispute between the George W. Bush Administration and the North Korean government of Kim Jong-il. In 2001, Bush had taken a confrontational position toward North Korea and, in January 2002, named it as part of an "Axis of Evil". Meanwhile, North Korea began developing the capability to enrich uranium. Bush Administration opponents of the Agreed Framework believed that the North Korean government never intended to give up a nuclear weapons program, but supporters believed that the agreement could have been successful and was undermined.[79]
In August 2010, Carter traveled to North Korea in an attempt to secure the release of Aijalon Mahli Gomes. Gomes, a U.S. citizen, was sentenced to eight years of hard labor after being found guilty of illegally entering North Korea. Carter successfully secured the release.[80]
Middle East[link]
Carter and experts from The Carter Center assisted unofficial Israeli and Palestinian negotiators in designing a model agreement for peace–-called the Geneva Accord–-in 2002–2003.[81]
Carter has also in recent years become a frequent critic of Israel's policies in Lebanon, West Bank, and Gaza.[82][83]
In 2006, at the UK Hay Festival, Carter stated that Israel has at least 150 nuclear weapons. He expressed his support for Israel as a country, but criticized its domestic and foreign policy; "One of the greatest human rights crimes on earth is the starvation and imprisonment of 1.6m Palestinians," said Carter.
He mentioned statistics showing nutritional intake of some Palestinian children was below that of the children of Sub-Saharan Africa and described the European position on Israel as "supine".[84]
In April 2008, the London-based Arabic newspaper Al-Hayat reported that Carter met with exiled Hamas leader Khaled Mashaal on his visit to Syria. The Carter Center initially did not confirm nor deny the story. The US State Department considers Hamas a terrorist organization.[85] Within this Mid-East trip, Carter also laid a wreath on the grave of Yasser Arafat in Ramallah on April 14, 2008.[86] Carter said on April 23 that neither Condoleezza Rice nor anyone else in the State Department had warned him against meeting with Hamas leaders during his trip.[87] Carter spoke to Mashaal on several matters, including "formulas for prisoner exchange to obtain the release of Corporal Shalit."[88]
In May 2007, while arguing that the United States should directly talk to Iran, Carter again stated that Israel has 150 nuclear weapons in its arsenal.[89]
In December 2008, Carter visited Damascus again, where he met with Syrian President Bashar Assad, and the Hamas leadership. During his visit he gave an exclusive interview to Forward Magazine, the first ever interview for any American president, current or former, with a Syrian media outlet.[90][91]
Carter visited with three officials from Hamas who have been living at the International Red Cross office in Jerusalem since July 2010. Israel believes that these three Hamas legislators had a role in the 2006 kidnapping of Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit, and has a deportation order set for them.[92]
Africa[link]
Carter held summits in Egypt and Tunisia in 1995–1996 to address violence in the Great Lakes region of Africa.[93]
Carter played a key role in negotiation of the Nairobi Agreement in 1999 between Sudan and Uganda.[94]
On July 18, 2007, Carter joined Nelson Mandela in Johannesburg, South Africa, to announce his participation in a new humanitarian organization called The Elders. In October 2007, Carter toured Darfur with several of The Elders, including Desmond Tutu. Sudanese security prevented him from visiting a Darfuri tribal leader, leading to a heated exchange.[95]
On June 18, 2007, Carter, accompanied by his wife, arrived in Dublin, Ireland, for talks with President Mary McAleese and Bertie Ahern concerning human rights. On June 19, Carter attended and spoke at the annual Human Rights Forum at Croke Park. An agreement between Irish Aid and The Carter Center was also signed on this day.
In November 2008, President Carter, former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan, and Graca Machel, wife of Nelson Mandela, were stopped from entering Zimbabwe, to inspect the human rights situation, by President Robert Mugabe's government.
Americas[link]
Carter led a mission to Haiti in 1994 with Senator Sam Nunn and former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Colin Powell to avert a US-led multinational invasion and restore to power Haiti's democratically elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide.[96]
Carter visited Cuba in May 2002 and had full discussions with Fidel Castro and the Cuban government. He was allowed to address the Cuban public uncensored on national television and radio with a speech that he wrote and presented in Spanish. In the speech, he called on the US to end "an ineffective 43-year-old economic embargo" and on Castro to hold free elections, improve human rights, and allow greater civil liberties.[97] He met with political dissidents; visited the AIDS sanitarium, a medical school, a biotech facility, an agricultural production cooperative, and a school for disabled children; and threw a pitch for an all-star baseball game in Havana. The visit made Carter the first President of the United States, in or out of office, to visit the island since the Cuban revolution of 1959.[98]
Carter observed the Venezuela recall elections on August 15, 2004. European Union observers had declined to participate, saying too many restrictions were put on them by the Hugo Chávez administration.[99] A record number of voters turned out to defeat the recall attempt with a 59 percent "no" vote.[100] The Carter Center stated that the process "suffered from numerous irregularities," but said it did not observe or receive "evidence of fraud that would have changed the outcome of the vote".[101] On the afternoon of August 16, 2004, the day after the vote, Carter and Organization of American States (OAS) Secretary General César Gaviria gave a joint press conference in which they endorsed the preliminary results announced by the National Electoral Council. The monitors' findings "coincided with the partial returns announced today by the National Elections Council," said Carter, while Gaviria added that the OAS electoral observation mission's members had "found no element of fraud in the process." Directing his remarks at opposition figures who made claims of "widespread fraud" in the voting, Carter called on all Venezuelans to "accept the results and work together for the future".[102] A Penn, Schoen & Berland Associates (PSB) exit poll had predicted that Chávez would lose by 20 percent; when the election results showed him to have won by 20 percent, Schoen commented, "I think it was a massive fraud".[103] US News & World Report offered an analysis of the polls, indicating "very good reason to believe that the [Penn, Schoen & Berland] exit poll had the result right, and that Chávez's election officials – and Carter and the American media – got it wrong." The exit poll and the government's programming of election machines became the basis of claims of election fraud. An Associated Press report states that Penn, Schoen & Berland used volunteers from pro-recall organization Súmate for fieldwork, and its results contradicted five other opposition exit polls.[104]
Following Ecuador's severing of ties with Colombia in March 2008, Carter brokered a deal for agreement between the countries' respective presidents on the restoration of low-level diplomatic relations announced June 8, 2008.[105][106]
Vietnam[link]
On November 18, 2009, Carter visited Vietnam to build houses for the poor. The one-week program, known as Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter Work Project 2009, built 32 houses in Dong Xa village, in the northern province of Hai Duong. The project launch was scheduled for November 14, according to the news source which quoted the Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokeswoman Nguyen Phuong Nga. Administered by the non-governmental and non-profit Habitat for Humanity International (HFHI), the annual program of 2009 would build and repair 166 homes in Vietnam and some other Asian countries with the support of nearly 3,000 volunteers around the world, the organization said on its website. HFHI has worked in Vietnam since 2001 to provide low-cost housing, water, and sanitation solutions for the poor. It has worked in provinces like Tien Giang and Dong Nai as well as Ho Chi Minh City.[107]
Criticism of US policy[link]
In 2001, Carter criticized President Bill Clinton's controversial pardon of Marc Rich, calling it "disgraceful" and suggesting that Rich's financial contributions to the Democratic Party were a factor in Clinton's action.[108]
Carter has also criticized the presidency of George W. Bush and the Iraq War. In a 2003 op-ed in The New York Times, Carter warned against the consequences of a war in Iraq and urged restraint in use of military force.[109] In March 2004, Carter condemned George W. Bush and Tony Blair for waging an unnecessary war "based upon lies and misinterpretations" to oust Saddam Hussein. In August 2006, Carter criticized Blair for being "subservient" to the Bush administration and accused Blair of giving unquestioning support to Bush's Iraq policies.[110] In a May 2007 interview with the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, he said, "I think as far as the adverse impact on the nation around the world, this administration has been the worst in history," when it comes to foreign affairs.[111][112] Two days after the quote was published, Carter told NBC's Today that the "worst in history" comment was "careless or misinterpreted," and that he "wasn't comparing this administration with other administrations back through history, but just with President Nixon's."[113] The day after the "worst in history" comment was published, White House spokesman Tony Fratto said that Carter had become "increasingly irrelevant with these kinds of comments."[114]
On May 19, 2007, Mr. Blair made his final visit to Iraq before stepping down as British Prime Minister, and Carter criticized him afterward. Carter told the BBC that Blair was "apparently subservient" to Bush and criticized him for his "blind support" for the Iraq war.[115] Carter described Blair's actions as "abominable" and stated that the British Prime Minister's "almost undeviating support for the ill-advised policies of President Bush in Iraq have been a major tragedy for the world." Carter said he believes that had Blair distanced himself from the Bush administration during the run-up to the invasion of Iraq in 2003, it might have made a crucial difference to American political and public opinion, and consequently the invasion might not have gone ahead. Carter states that "one of the defenses of the Bush administration ... has been, okay, we must be more correct in our actions than the world thinks because Great Britain is backing us. So I think the combination of Bush and Blair giving their support to this tragedy in Iraq has strengthened the effort and has made the opposition less effective, and prolonged the war and increased the tragedy that has resulted." Carter expressed his hope that Blair's successor, Gordon Brown, would be "less enthusiastic" about Bush's Iraq policy.[115]
In June 2005, Carter urged the closing of the Guantanamo Bay Prison in Cuba, which has been a focal point for recent claims of prisoner abuse.[116]
In September 2006, Carter was interviewed on the BBC's current affairs program Newsnight, voicing his concern at the increasing influence of the Religious Right on US politics.[117]
Due to his status as former President, Carter was a superdelegate to the 2008 Democratic National Convention. Carter announced his endorsement of Senator (now president) Barack Obama.
Speaking to the English Monthly Forward magazine of Syria, Carter was asked to give one word that came to mind when mentioning President George W. Bush. His answer was: the end of a very disappointing administration. His reaction to mentioning Barack Obama was: honesty, intelligence, and politically adept.[118]
In September 2009, he put weight behind allegations by Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez, pertaining to United States involvement in the 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt by a civilian-military junta, saying that Washington knew about the coup and may have taken part.[119]
On June 16, 2011, the 40th anniversary of Richard Nixon's official declaration of America's War on Drugs, he wrote an op-ed in The New York Times urging the United States and the rest of the world to "Call Off the Global War on Drugs",[120] explicitly endorsing the initiative released by the Global Commission on Drug Policy earlier that month and quoting a message he gave to Congress in 1977 saying that "[p]enalties against possession of a drug should not be more damaging to an individual than the use of the drug itself."
Death penalty[link]
Carter continues to speak out against the death penalty in the US and abroad. Most recently, in his letter to the Governor of New Mexico, Bill Richardson, Carter urged him to sign a bill to eliminate the death penalty and institute life in prison without parole instead. New Mexico abolished the death penalty in 2009. Carter wrote: As you know, the United States is one of the few countries, along with nations such as Saudi Arabia, China, and Cuba, which still carry out the death penalty despite the ongoing tragedy of wrongful conviction and gross racial and class-based disparities that make impossible the fair implementation of this ultimate punishment.[121]
Carter also called for commutations of death sentences for many death-row inmates, including Brian K. Baldwin (executed in 1999 in Alabama),[122] Kenneth Foster (sentence in Texas commuted in 2007)[123][124] and Troy Anthony Davis (executed in Georgia in 2011).[125]
Torture[link]
In a 2008 interview with Amnesty International, Carter criticized the alleged use of torture at Guantanamo Bay, saying that it "contravenes the basic principles on which this nation was founded."[126] He stated that the next President should publicly apologize upon his inauguration, and state that the United States will "never again torture prisoners."
Abortion[link]
In a March 29, 2012 interview with Laura Ingraham, Carter expressed his current view of abortion and his wish to see the Democratic Party becoming more pro-life: "I never have believed that Jesus Christ would approve of abortions and that was one of the problems I had when I was president having to uphold Roe v. Wade and I did everything I could to minimize the need for abortions. I made it easy to adopt children for instance who were unwanted and also initiated the program called Women and Infant Children or WIC program that's still in existence now. But except for the times when a mother's life is in danger or when a pregnancy is caused by rape or incest I would certainly not or never have approved of any abortions. I've signed a public letter calling for the Democratic Party at the next convention to espouse my position on abortion which is to minimize the need, requirement for abortion and limit it only to women whose life are in danger or who are pregnant as a result of rape or incest. I think if the Democratic Party would adopt that policy that would be acceptable to a lot of people who are now estranged from our party because of the abortion issue."[127]
Author[link]
Further information: Jimmy Carter bibliography
File:Jimmy Carter1.jpg
Carter at a book signing in Phoenix, Arizona
Carter has been a prolific author in his post-presidency, writing 21 of his 23 books. Among these is one he co-wrote with his wife, Rosalynn, and a children's book illustrated by his daughter, Amy. They cover a variety of topics, including humanitarian work, aging, religion, human rights, and poetry.
[edit] Palestine Peace Not Apartheid
Main articles: Palestine Peace Not Apartheid and Commentary on Palestine Peace Not Apartheid
See also: Israel and the apartheid analogy
In a 2007 speech to Brandeis University, Carter stated: "I have spent a great deal of my adult life trying to bring peace to Israel and its neighbors, based on justice and righteousness for the Palestinians. These are the underlying purposes of my new book."[128]
In his book Palestine Peace Not Apartheid, published in November 2006, Carter states:
Israel's continued control and colonization of Palestinian land have been the primary obstacles to a comprehensive peace agreement in the Holy Land.[129]
He declares that Israel's current policies in the Palestinian territories constitute "a system of apartheid, with two peoples occupying the same land, but completely separated from each other, with Israelis totally dominant and suppressing violence by depriving Palestinians of their basic human rights."[129] In an Op-Ed titled "Speaking Frankly about Israel and Palestine," published in the Los Angeles Times and other newspapers, Carter states:
The ultimate purpose of my book is to present facts about the Middle East that are largely unknown in America, to precipitate discussion and to help restart peace talks (now absent for six years) that can lead to permanent peace for Israel and its neighbors. Another hope is that Jews and other Americans who share this same goal might be motivated to express their views, even publicly, and perhaps in concert. I would be glad to help with that effort.[130]
While some – such as a former Special Rapporteur for both the United Nations Commission on Human Rights and the International Law Commission, as well as a member of the Israeli Knesset – have praised Carter for speaking frankly about Palestinians in Israeli occupied lands, others – including the envoy to the Middle East under Clinton, as well as the first director of the Carter Center[131][132] – have accused him of anti-Israeli bias. Specifically, these critics have alleged significant factual errors, omissions and misstatements in the book.[133][134]
The 2007 documentary film, Man from Plains, follows President Carter during his tour for the controversial book and other humanitarian efforts.[135]
In December 2009, Carter apologized for any words or deeds that may have upset the Jewish community in an open letter meant to improve an often tense relationship. He said he was offering an Al Het, a prayer said on Yom Kippur, the Jewish Day of Atonement.[136]
Involvement with Bank of Credit and Commerce International[link]
After Carter left the presidency, his interest in the developing countries led him to having a close relationship with Agha Hasan Abedi, the founder of Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI). Abedi was a Pakistani, whose bank had offices and business in a large number of developing countries. He was introduced to Carter in 1982 by Bert Lance, one of Carter's closest friends. (Unknown to Carter, BCCI had secretly purchased an interest in 1978 in National Bank of Georgia, which had previously been run by Lance and had made loans to Carter's peanut business.) Abedi made generous donations to the Carter Center and the Global 2000 Project. Abedi also traveled with Carter to at least seven countries in connection with Carter's charitable activities. The main purpose of Abedi's association with Carter was not charitable activities, but to enhance BCCI's influence, in order to open more offices and develop more business. In 1991, BCCI was seized by regulators, amid allegations of criminal activities, including illegally having control of several U.S. banks. Just prior to the seizure, Carter began to disassociate himself from Abedi and the bank.[137]
Faith, family, and community[link]
Carter and his wife, Rosalynn, are also well known for their work as volunteers with Habitat for Humanity, a Georgia-based philanthropy that helps low-income working people to build and buy their own homes.
He teaches Sunday school and is a deacon in the Maranatha Baptist Church in his hometown of Plains, Georgia, under the watchful eye of the U.S. Secret Service.[138] In 2000, Carter severed ties with the Southern Baptist Convention, saying the group's doctrines did not align with his Christian beliefs.[139] In April 2006, Carter, former-President Bill Clinton and Mercer University President Bill Underwood initiated the New Baptist Covenant. The broadly inclusive movement seeks to unite Baptists of all races, cultures and convention affiliations. Eighteen Baptist leaders representing more than 20 million Baptists across North America backed the group as an alternative to the Southern Baptist Convention. The group held its first meeting in Atlanta, January 30 through February 1, 2008.[140]
Carter's hobbies include painting,[141] fly-fishing, woodworking, cycling, tennis, and skiing.
The Carters have three sons, one daughter, eight grandsons, three granddaughters, and two great-grandsons. They celebrated their 65th wedding anniversary in July 2011, making them the second-longest wed Presidential couple after George and Barbara Bush, a position they have held since passing John and Abigail Adams on July 10, 2000. Their eldest son Jack was the Democratic nominee for U.S. Senate in Nevada in 2006, losing to incumbent John Ensign. Jack's son Jason was elected to the Georgia State Senate in 2010.
Honors and awards[link]
Carter has received honorary degrees from many American and foreign colleges and universities. They include:
- LL.D. (honoris causa) Morehouse College, 1972; Morris Brown College, 1972; University of Notre Dame, 1977; Emory University, 1979; Kwansei Gakuin University, 1981; Georgia Southwestern College, 1981; New York Law School, 1985; Bates College, 1985; Centre College, 1987; Creighton University, 1987; University of Pennsylvania, 1998
- D.E. (honoris causa) Georgia Institute of Technology, 1979
- PhD (honoris causa) Weizmann Institute of Science, 1980; Tel Aviv University, 1983; University of Haifa, 1987
- D.H.L. (honoris causa) Central Connecticut State University, 1985; Trinity College, 1998; Hoseo University, 1998
- Doctor (honoris causa) G.O.C. University, 1995; University of Juba, 2002
- Honorary Fellow of Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 2007
- Honorary Fellow of Mansfield College, Oxford, 2007
Among the honors Carter has received are the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1999 and the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002. Others include:
- Freedom of the City of Newcastle upon Tyne, England, 1977
- Silver Buffalo Award, Boy Scouts of America, 1978
- Gold medal, International Institute for Human Rights, 1979
- International Mediation medal, American Arbitration Association, 1979
- Martin Luther King, Jr., Nonviolent Peace Prize, 1979
- International Human Rights Award, Synagogue Council of America, 1979
- Conservationist of the Year Award, 1979
- Harry S. Truman Public Service Award, 1981
- Ansel Adams Conservation Award, Wilderness Society, 1982
- Human Rights Award, International League of Human Rights, 1983
- World Methodist Peace Award, 1985
- Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism, 1987
- Edwin C. Whitehead Award, National Center for Health Education, 1989
- Jefferson Award, American Institute of Public Service, 1990
- Liberty Medal, National Constitution Center, 1990
- Spirit of America Award, National Council for the Social Studies, 1990
- Physicians for Social Responsibility Award, 1991
- Aristotle Prize, Alexander S. Onassis Foundation, 1991
- W. Averell Harriman Democracy Award, National Democratic Institute for International Affairs, 1992
- Spark M. Matsunaga Medal of Peace, US Institute of Peace, 1993
- Humanitarian Award, CARE International, 1993
- Conservationist of the Year Medal, National Wildlife Federation, 1993
- Rotary Award for World Understanding, 1994
- J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding, 1994
- National Civil Rights Museum Freedom Award, 1994
- UNESCO Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize, 1994
- Great Cross of the Order of Vasco Nunéz de Balboa, Panama, 1995
- Bishop John T. Walker Distinguished Humanitarian Award, Africare, 1996
- Humanitarian of the Year, GQ Awards, 1996
- Kiwanis International Humanitarian Award, 1996
- Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development, 1997
- Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter Awards for Humanitarian Contributions to the Health of Humankind, National Foundation for Infectious Diseases, 1997
- United Nations Human Rights Award, 1998
- The Hoover Medal, 1998
- The Delta Prize for Global Understanding, University of Georgia, 1999
- International Child Survival Award, UNICEF Atlanta, 1999
- William Penn Mott, Jr., Park Leadership Award, National Parks Conservation Association, 2000[142]
- Zayed International Prize for the Environment, 2001
- Jonathan M. Daniels Humanitarian Award, VMI, 2001
- Herbert Hoover Humanitarian Award, Boys & Girls Clubs of America, 2001
- Christopher Award, 2002
- Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album, National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, 2007[143]
- Berkeley Medal, University of California campus, May 2, 2007
- International Award for Excellence and Creativity, Palestinian Authority, 2009[144]
- Mahatma Gandhi Global Nonviolence Award, Mahatma Gandhi Center for Global Nonviolence, James Madison University (to be awarded September 21, 2009, in Harrisonburg, Virginia, and to be shared with his wife, Rosalynn Carter)
- Recipient of 2009 American Peace Award along with Rosalynn Carter[145]
- International Catalonia Award 2010
In 1998, the US Navy named the third and last Seawolf-class submarine honoring former President Carter and his service as a submariner officer. It became one of the first US Navy vessels to be named for a person living at the time of naming.[146]
World Justice Project[link]
President Jimmy Carter serves as an Honorary Chair for the World Justice Project.[147] The World Justice Project works to lead a global, multidisciplinary effort to strengthen the Rule of Law for the development of communities of opportunity and equity.[148]
Continuity of Government Commission[link]
Carter serves as Honorary Chair for the Continuity of Government Commission (he was co-chair with Gerald Ford until the latter's death). The Commission recommends improvements to continuity of government measures for the federal government.
Participation in ceremonial events[link]
Carter has participated in many ceremonial events such as the opening of his own presidential library and those of Presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and Bill Clinton. He has also participated in many forums, lectures, panels, funerals and other events. Carter delivered a eulogy at the funeral of Coretta Scott King and, most recently, at the funeral of his former political rival, but later his close, personal friend and diplomatic collaborator, Gerald Ford.
Race in politics[link]
Carter ignited debate in September 2009 when he stated, "I think an overwhelming portion of the intensely demonstrated animosity toward President Barack Obama is based on the fact that he is a black man, that he is African-American."[149][150] Obama disagreed with Carter's assessment. On CNN Obama stated, "Are there people out there who don't like me because of race? I'm sure there are...that's not the overriding issue here."[151]
2012 Presidential race[link]
In the Republican party 2012 Presidential primary, Carter endorsed former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney in mid-September, not because he supports Romney, but because he feels Obama's re-election bid would be strengthened in a race against Romney.[152] Carter added that he thinks Romney would lose in a match up against Obama, and that he supports the president's re-election.[153]
Funeral and burial plans[link]
Carter intends to be buried in front of his home in Plains, Georgia. In contrast, most Presidents since Herbert Hoover have been buried at their presidential library or presidential museum, with the exception of John F. Kennedy, who is buried at Arlington National Cemetery, and Lyndon B. Johnson, who is buried at his own ranch. Both President Carter and his wife, Rosalynn, were born in Plains. Carter also noted that a funeral in Washington, D.C. with visitation at the Carter Center is being planned as well.[154]
See also[link]
- Electoral history of Jimmy Carter
- History of the United States (1964-1980)
- History of the United States (1980-1988)
- Jack Carter (politician) (born 1947; eldest son of former US President Jimmy Carter)
- Jason Carter (politician)
- Jimmy Carter rabbit incident
- Raymond Lee Harvey assassination conspirator
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- ^ "PA to Carter: Don't meet with Mashaal." Associated Press. April 15, 2008.
- ^ "Carter: Rice did not advise against Hamas meeting." CNN. April 23, 2008.
- ^ Paris, Lebanon, and Syria Trip Report by Former US President Jimmy Carter: December 5–16, 2008 The Carter Center, December 18, 2008.
- ^ Jimmy Carter says Israel had 150 nuclear weapons, Times.
- ^ "PR-USA.net". PR-USA.net. November 1, 2007. http://pr-usa.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=160253&Itemid=96. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
- ^ Jimmy Carter speaks to Forward Magazine[dead link].
- ^ Erick Stakelbeck (2011-03-24). "Int'l Red Cross Sheltering Hamas Terrorist Officials". Cbn.com. http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/insideisrael/2011/March/Intl-Red-Cross-Aids-Hamas-Terrorist-Officials/. Retrieved 2011-12-10.
- ^ Press Release, African Leaders Gather to Address Great Lakes Crisis, May 2, 1996. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
- ^ The Nairobi Agreement, December 8, 1999. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
- ^ Jimmy Carter blocked from meeting Darfur chief[dead link]: Mail & Guardian Online.
- ^ Larry Rohter, "Showdown with Haiti: Diplomacy; Carter, in Haiti, pursues peaceful shift", The New York Times, September 18, 1994. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
- ^ Carter Center News, July–December 2002. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
- ^ BBC News Online, Lift Cuba embargo, Carter tells US, May 15, 2002. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
- ^ Jose De Cordoba, and David Luhnow, "Venezuelans Rush to Vote on Chávez: Polarized Nation Decides Whether to Recall President After Years of Political Rifts", The Wall Street Journal (Eastern edition), New York City, August 16, 2004, p. A11.
- ^ "Venezuelan Audit Confirms Victory", BBC News Online, September 21, 2004. Retrieved November 5, 2005.
- ^ Carter Center (2005). Observing the Venezuela Presidential Recall Referendum: Comprehensive Report. Retrieved January 25, 2006.
- ^ Newman, Lucia (August 17, 2004). "Winner Chavez offers olive branch". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/americas/08/16/venezuela.recall/. Retrieved July 5, 2008.
- ^ M. Barone, "Exit polls in Venezuela," US News & World Report, August 20, 2004.
- ^ "US Poll Firm in Hot Water in Venezuela". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on August 20, 2004. http://web.archive.org/web/20040820102645/http://abcnews.go.com/wire/World/ap20040819_91.html. Retrieved November 29, 2010.
- ^ "Ecuador and Colombia Presidents Accept President Carter's Proposal to Renew Diplomatic Relations at the Level of Chargé d'Affaires, Immediately and Without Preconditions" (Press release). The Carter Center. June 8, 2008. http://www.cartercenter.net/news/pr/EcCol_060608.html. Retrieved June 8, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "Colombia, Ecuador restore ties under deal with Carter". Thomson Reuters. June 8, 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSN0628014920080606. Retrieved June 8, 2008.
- ^ Cựu Tổng thống Mỹ Jimmy Carter đến Việt Nam (Vietnamese)
- ^ "Carter slams Clinton pardon". CNN. February 21, 2001. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080517104118/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/ALLPOLITICS/02/21/clinton.pardon.03/index.html. Retrieved July 5, 2008.
- ^ Jimmy Carter, "Just War -- or a Just War?", The New York Times, March 9, 2003. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
- ^ "Jimmy Carter: Blair Subservient to Bush". The Washington Post. Associated Press. August 27, 2006. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/27/AR2006082701094.html. Retrieved July 5, 2008.
- ^ Frank Lockwood, "Carter calls Bush administration worst ever", Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, May 19, 2007. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
- ^ "Jimmy Carter Can Only Blame Himself", American Thinker, May 25, 2007.
- ^ "Carter: Anti-Bush remarks 'careless or misinterpreted'[dead link]", Associated Press, May 21, 2007. Retrieved May 21, 2007.
- ^ "'Carter is irrelevant,' Bush administration shoots back[dead link]", Associated Press, May 20, 2007. Retrieved May 21, 2007. Archived by the Wayback Machine beta.
- ^ a b "Carter attacks Blair's Iraq role". BBC News Online. May 19, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6672035.stm. Retrieved July 5, 2008.
- ^ Associated Press, "Carter says US should close detention center at Guantanamo", June 8, 2005. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
- ^ Newsnight audio recording, September 2006, BBC.
- ^ Jimmy Carter Speaks to Forward Magazine.[dead link]
- ^ "Americas – US 'likely behind' Chavez coup". Al Jazeera English. September 21, 2009. http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2009/09/200992116049879437.html. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
- ^ Carter, Jimmy (June 16, 2011). "Call Off the Global Drug War". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/17/opinion/17carter.html.
- ^ "NEW VOICES: Jimmy Carter Urges New Mexico Governor to Support Death Penalty Repeal | Death Penalty Information Center". Deathpenaltyinfo.org. http://deathpenaltyinfo.org/new-voices-jimmy-carter-urges-new-mexico-governor-support-death-penalty-repeal. Retrieved June 8, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "Brian Baldwin, Center on Wrongful Convictions". Law.northwestern.edu. http://www.law.northwestern.edu/wrongfulconvictions/issues/deathpenalty/Executinginnocent/alBaldwinbsummary.html. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
- ^ "Jimmy Carter, Desmond Tutu Urge Texas to Stay Execution of Kenneth Foster". Democracynow.org. http://www.democracynow.org/2007/8/29/jimmy_carter_desmond_tutu_urge_texas. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
- ^ "Clemency | Death Penalty Information Center". Deathpenaltyinfo.org. http://deathpenaltyinfo.org/clemency. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
- ^ The Carter Center (September 19, 2008). "Carter Center Press Releases – President Carter Calls for Clemency for Troy Davis". The Carter Center. http://www.cartercenter.org/news/pr/clemency_troy_davis.html. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
- ^ Torture can never be justified on YouTube
- ^ Jimmy Carter: Democratic Party Should Be More Pro-Life, March 29, 2012
- ^ Remarks by Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter at Brandeis University, The Carter Center, January 23, 2007. Retrieved September 19, 2010.
- ^ a b "Simon & Schuster: Palestine Peace Not Apartheid (Hardcover) – Read an Excerpt,"[dead link], Simon & Schuster, November 2006. Retrieved April 9, 2007.
- ^ [2] "Speaking Frankly about Israel and Palestine", Los Angeles Times, December 8, 2006, Op-Ed. Retrieved January 4, 2007.
- ^ Dennis Ross, "Don't Play With Maps," The New York Times, January 9, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2009.
- ^ Kenneth W. Stein, "My Problem with Jimmy Carter's Book," Middle East Forum, Spring, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2009.
- ^ Julie Bosman, "Carter Book Stirs Furor With Its View of Israelis' 'Apartheid'" The New York Times, December 14, 2006. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
- ^ Alan Dershowitz (November 22, 2006). "The World According to Carter". The New York Sun. http://www.nysun.com/article/43958. Retrieved September 25, 2007.
- ^ Sony Classics Pictures, Jimmy Carter: Man from Plains[dead link]. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
- ^ "Ex-President Carter offers apology to Jews". Associated Press. December 23, 2009. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/34578915/ns/us_news-faith/t/ex-president-carter-offers-apology-jews/. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
- ^ "16 – BCCI And Georgia Politicians". Fas.org. http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/16ga.htm. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
- ^ Maranatha Baptist Church. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
- ^ Somini Sengupta, "Carter Sadly Turns Back on National Baptist Body", The New York Times, October 21, 2000. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
- ^ New Baptist Covenant. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
- ^ Carter, Jimmy, Letter to Artist Mia LaBerge, February 14, 2008.
- ^ "Salute to the Parks Awards: Past Awardees". National Parks Conservation Association. Archived from the original on July, 25 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110725210138/http://www.npca.org/annualdinner/past_awardees.html. Retrieved June 14, 2010.
- ^ Presidents who have won Grammies | UpVenue.
- ^ David Lev, "Gush Etzion Residents: Keep Carter out of our Town", Israel National News, June 14, 2009.
- ^ "The American Peace Award". The American Peace Award. http://americanpeaceaward.org/recipient09.html. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
- ^ Jamie McIntyre, "Navy to name submarine after former President Jimmy Carter", CNN, April 8, 1998. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
- ^ "Honorary Chairs". World Justice Project. http://worldjusticeproject.com/honorary-chairs. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
- ^ "About the". World Justice Project. http://worldjusticeproject.com/about/. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
- ^ "NBC Nightly News with Brian Williams: News and videos from the evening broadcast NBC Nightly News with Brian Williams: News and videos from the evening broadcast- msnbc.com". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3032619/ns/nightly_news_with_brian_williams#32884816. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
- ^ 7:27 pm ET (September 16, 2009). "White House disputes Carter's analysis - Capitol Hill- msnbc.com". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32869276/ns/politics-capitol_hill/. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
- ^ O'Brien, Michael (September 19, 2009). "Obama plays down role of race in criticism – The Hill's Blog Briefing Room". Thehill.com. http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/59451-obama-plays-down-role-of-race-in-criticism. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
- ^ "Could Jimmy Carter's Comments Doom Mitt Romney?". The International Business Times Inc.. http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/215259/20110916/mitt-romney-jimmy-carter-massachusetts-health-care.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-22.
- ^ Yahoo News, Jimmy Carter wants Mitt Romney to be the Republican nominee, September 16, 2011. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
- ^ Associated Press, President Carter Talks of Funeral Plans, December 3, 2006. Retrieved October 13, 2009.
Further reading[link]
- Allen, Gary. Jimmy Carter, Jimmy Carter, '76 Press, 1976.
- Berggren, D. Jason and Rae, Nicol C. "Jimmy Carter and George W. Bush: Faith, Foreign Policy, and an Evangelical Presidential Style." Presidential Studies Quarterly 2006 36(4): 606–632. Issn: 0360-4918
- Busch, Andrew E. Reagan's Victory: The Presidential Election of 1980 and the Rise of the Right, (2005) online review by Michael Barone
- Freedman, Robert. "The Religious Right and the Carter Administration." Historical Journal 2005 48(1): 231–260. Issn: 0018-246x
- Godbold, Jr., E. Stanly. Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter: The Georgia Years, 1924–1974 (Oxford University Press; 2010) 354 pages
- The New York Times "Topics; Thermostatic Legacy", January 1, 1981, Section 1, Page 18, Column 1
- Harris, David (2004). The Crisis: the President, the Prophet, and the Shah—1979 and the Coming of Militant Islam. Little, Brown.
- Regarding the failed Iranian mission to rescue the American hostages
- Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. New York: Scribner. ISBN 0-684-19543-7.
- Clymer, Kenton. "Jimmy Carter, Human Rights, and Cambodia." Diplomatic History 2003 27(2): 245–278. Issn: 0145-2096
- Dumbrell, John (1995). The Carter Presidency: A Re-evaluation (2nd ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-4693-9.
- Fink, Gary M.; and Hugh Davis Graham (eds.) (1998). The Carter Presidency: Policy Choices in the Post-New Deal Era. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0895-8.
- Flint, Andrew R.; and Joy Porter (March 2005). "Jimmy Carter: The re-emergence of faith-based politics and the abortion rights issue". Presidential Studies Quarterly 35 (1): 28–51. DOI:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2004.00234.x.
- Gillon, Steven M. (1992). The Democrats' Dilemma: Walter F. Mondale and the Liberal Legacy. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-07630-4.
- Glad, Betty (1980). Jimmy Carter: In Search of the Great White House. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-07527-3.
- Hahn, Dan F. (1992). "The rhetoric of Jimmy Carter, 1976–1980". In in Theodore Windt and Beth Ingold. Essays in Presidential Rhetoric (3rd ed.). Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt. pp. 331–365. ISBN 0-8403-7568-9.
- Hargrove, Erwin C. (1988). Jimmy Carter as President: Leadership and the Politics of the Public Good. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-1499-5.
- Jones, Charles O. (1988). The Trusteeship Presidency: Jimmy Carter and the United States Congress. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-1426-X.
- Jorden, William J. (1984). Panama Odyssey. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-76469-3.
- Kaufman, Burton I. (1993). The Presidency of James Earl Carter, Jr. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0572-X.
- Kucharsky, David (1976). The Man From Plains: The Mind and Spirit of Jimmy Carter. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-064891-0.
- Mattson, Kevin, with a foreword by Hendrik Hertzberg "'What the Heck Are You Up To, Mr. President?'", Bloomsbury USA, 2010.
- Morgan, Iwan. "Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, and the New Democratic Economics." Historical Journal 2004 47(4): 1015–1039. Issn: 0018-246x
- Ribuffo, Leo P. (1989). "God and Jimmy Carter". In in M. L. Bradbury and James B. Gilbert. Transforming Faith: The Sacred and Secular in Modern American History. New York: Greenwood Press. pp. 141–159. ISBN 0-313-25707-8.
- Ribuffo, Leo P. (1997). "'Malaise' revisited: Jimmy Carter and the crisis of confidence". In in John Patrick Diggins (ed.). The Liberal Persuasion: Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. and the Challenge of the American Past. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 164–185. ISBN 0-691-04829-0.
- Rosenbaum, Herbert D.; and Alexej Ugrinsky (eds.) (1994). The Presidency and Domestic Policies of Jimmy Carter. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. pp. 83–116. ISBN 0-313-28845-3.
- Schram, Martin (1977). Running for President, 1976: The Carter Campaign. New York: Stein and Day. ISBN 0-8128-2245-5.
- Schmitz, David F. and Walker, Vanessa. "Jimmy Carter and the Foreign Policy of Human Rights: the Development of a Post-cold War Foreign Policy." Diplomatic History 2004 28(1): 113–143. Issn: 0145-2096
- Strong, Robert A. (Fall 1986). "Recapturing leadership: The Carter administration and the crisis of confidence". Presidential Studies Quarterly 16 (3): 636–650.
- Strong, Robert A. (2000). Working in the World: Jimmy Carter and the Making of American Foreign Policy. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-2445-1.
- White, Theodore H. (1982). America in Search of Itself: The Making of the President, 1956–1980. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-039007-7.
- Witcover, Jules (1977). Marathon: The Pursuit of the Presidency, 1972–1976. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-45461-3.
Primary sources[link]
Further information: Jimmy Carter bibliography
- Califano, Joseph A., Jr. Governing America: An insider's report from the White House and the Cabinet. 1981
- Jordan, Hamilton. Crisis: The Last Year of the Carter Presidency. 1982
- Lance, Bert. The Truth of the Matter: My Life in and out of Politics. 1991
External links[link]
| Find more about Jimmy Carter on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
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Images and media from Commons |
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Learning resources from Wikiversity |
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News stories from Wikinews |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
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Source texts from Wikisource |
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Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- Jimmy Carter Library and Museum
- The Carter Center: Advancing Human Rights and Alleviating Suffering
- Appearances on C-SPAN programs
- Appearances on Charlie Rose
- Appearances at the Internet Movie Database
- Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
- Collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Works by or about Jimmy Carter in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Oral History Interview with Jimmy Carter from Oral Histories of the American South
- Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter Partnership Foundation
- Text and Audio of Carter's Crisis of Confidence (Malaise) Speech
- Text and Notes to Carter's Undelivered Energy Speech
- Interpretive essay in New Georgia Encyclopedia
- Website about Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter
- Jimmy Carter's Visit to Cuba – May 12–17, 2002
- Wit and Wisdom of Jimmy Carter[dead link] – slideshow by Life magazine
- Extensive collection of Oral History Transcripts on the Carter Administration from the Miller Center of Public Affairs (UVa)
- Oral History Interview with President Jimmy Carter, May 4, 1993 Georgia's Political Heritage Program, Digital Library of Georgia
- Extensive essay on Jimmy Carter and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs
- Jimmy Carter at C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits
- In Depth interview with Carter, December 3, 2006
- PBS's "American Experience" - The Presidents: Jimmy Carter
Biographical pages[link]
- "James Carter". The White House.
- "Jimmy Carter". Encyclopædia Britannica.
- "Jimmy Carter". Our Georgia History.
- President James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. "Submariner". Submarine History.
Other links[link]
- War and Peace in the Nuclear Age
- Inaugural Address of Jimmy Carter via re-quest.net
- State of the Union Addresses: 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981 (written message) at UCSB's American Presidency Project
- Nobel lecture, Oslo, Norway (December 10, 2002)
- About the malaise speech, via PBS
- The 1980 October Surprise
- "The US President was here" – about Carterpuri, a village in Haryana, India named after President Carter
- Instruments of Statecraft: US Guerrilla Warfare, Counterinsurgency, and Counterterrorism, 1940–1990 Chap. 3 The Carter Years
- Korea Society Podcast: A Moment of Crisis: Jimmy Carter's 1994 Mission to Pyongyang
- Works by Jimmy Carter at Project Gutenberg
- Jimmy Carter's thoughts on Earth Day 2006
- Jimmy Carter's op/ed commentaries for Project Syndicate
- Interview with Jimmy Carter (August 2006)
- Interview with Jimmy Carter on Current Campaign (April 2007)
- Interview with Jimmy Carter (April 2007) on Speaking of Faith with Krista Tippett
- Jimmy Carter on The Hour with George Stroumboulopoulos
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Carter, Jimmy |
| Alternative names | Carter, James Earl, Jr. |
| Short description | President of the United States |
| Date of birth | 1924-10-01 |
| Place of birth | Plains, Georgia, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Jimmy_Carter
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Pina Bausch | |
|---|---|
 Pina Bausch (center) and Dominique Mercy (second from left) at the end of Wiesenland in 2009 in Paris. |
|
| Born | (1940-07-27)July 27, 1940 Solingen, Germany |
| Died | June 30, 2009(2009-06-30) (aged 68) Wuppertal, North Rhine Westphalia, Germany |
| Nationality | German |
| Other names | Philippine Bausch |
| Alma mater | Folkwangschule |
| Occupation | Modern dance choreographer |
| Influenced by | Kurt Jooss |
| Influenced | William Forsythe, Lloyd Newson, Alain Platel, Wayne McGregor |
| Website | |
| Official website | |
Philippina "Pina" Bausch[1] (27 July 1940 – 30 June 2009) was a German performer of modern dance, choreographer, dance teacher and ballet director. With her unique style, a blend of movements, sounds and prominent stage sets, and with her elaborate cooperation with performers during the composition of a piece (a style now known as Tanztheater), she became a leading influence since the 1970s in the world of modern dance.[2]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Bausch was born in Solingen, near Düsseldorf, the third and youngest child of August and Anita Bausch, who owned a restaurant with guest rooms.[3]
Career[link]
Bausch began dancing at a young age. In 1955 at the age of 14 she entered the Folkwangschule in Essen then directed by Germany's most influential choreographer Kurt Jooss, one of the founders of German Expressionist dance.
After graduation in 1959, Bausch left Germany with a scholarship to continue her studies at the Juilliard School in New York City in 1960, where her teachers included Antony Tudor, José Limón, and Paul Taylor. Bausch was soon performing with Tudor at the Metropolitan Opera Ballet Company, and with Paul Taylor at New American Ballet. When in 1960 Taylor was invited to premiere a new work named Tablet in Spoleto, Italy, he took Bausch with him. In New York she also performed with the Paul Sanasardo and Donya Feuer Dance Company, with which she collaborated on two pieces in 1961.[4]
In 1962, Bausch joined Jooss' new Folkwang Ballett Company as a soloist and assisted Jooss on many of the pieces, before choreographing her first piece in 1968, Fragment, to music by Béla Bartók. In 1969, she succeeded Jooss as artistic director.
Tanztheater Wuppertal Pina Bausch[link]
In 1972, Bausch started as artistic director of the Wuppertal Opera Ballet, which was later renamed as the Tanztheater Wuppertal Pina Bausch. The company has a large repertoire of original pieces, and regularly tours throughout the world.
Her best-known dance-theatre works include the melancholic Café Müller (1978), in which dancers stumble around the stage crashing into tables and chairs, and a thrilling Rite of Spring (1975), which required the stage to be completely covered with soil.[5]
Male-female interaction is a theme found throughout her work, which has been an inspiration for—and reached a wider audience through—the movie Talk to Her, directed by Pedro Almodóvar. Her pieces are constructed of short units of dialogue and action, often of a surreal nature. Repetition is an important structuring device. Her large multi-media productions often involve elaborate sets and eclectic music. In Vollmond, half of the stage is taken up by a giant, rocky hill, and the score includes everything from Portuguese music to K. D. Lang.[6]
In 1983, she played the role of La Principessa Lherimia in Federico Fellini's film And the Ship Sails On.[7] The Tanztheater Wuppertal Pina Bausch made its American debut in Los Angeles as the opening performance of the 1984 Olympic Arts Festival.
Personal life[link]
Bausch was married to Dutch-born Rolf Borzik, a set and costume designer who died of leukemia in 1980. In 1981 Ronald Kay became her life-long companion and was the father of her son, Salomon.
Awards and honours[link]
Among the honours awarded to Bausch are the UK's Laurence Olivier Award and Japan's Kyoto Prize, while in 2008 the city of Frankfurt am Main awarded her its prestigious Goethe Prize. She was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2009.[8]
In 2009, Bausch started to collaborate with film director Wim Wenders on a 3D documentary, Pina. The film premiered at the Berlin Film Festival in 2011.
Works by Bausch will be staged in June and July 2012 as a highlight of the Cultural Olympiad preceding the Olympic Games 2012 in London. The works were created when Bausch was invited to visit and stay in 10 global locations – in India, Brazil, Palermo, Hong Kong, Los Angeles, Budapest, Istanbul, Santiago, Rome and Japan – between 1986 and 2009. Seven of the works have not been seen in the UK.[9]
Death[link]
Bausch died on 30 June 2009 in Wuppertal, North Rhine Westphalia, Germany at the age of 68[10] of an unstated form of cancer (later reporting cites lung cancer after years of heavy smoking), five days after diagnosis[2] and two days before shooting was scheduled to begin for the long-planned Wim Wenders documentary. She is survived by her son Salomon and her life long companion.
Wenders' documentary, Pina, was released in late 2011 in the United States, and is dedicated to her memory.
Works since 1973[link]
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Filmography[link]
- 1980 Die Generalprobe. Documentary. Dir.: Werner Schroeter.
- 1983 What Are Pina Bausch and Her Dancers Doing in Wuppertal?. Documentary. Dir.: Klaus Wildenhahn.
- 1983 Plaisir du théâtre. TV mini-series documentary. Dir.: Georges Bensoussan.
- 1983 And the Ship Sails On. Drama. Dir.: Federico Fellini.
- 1983 Un jour Pina m'a demandé. TV documentary. Dir.: Chantal Akerman.
- 1990 The Complaint of an Empress. Dir.: Pina Bausch.
- 1990 3res 14torze 16tze. TV series. Episode dated 26 January 1990. Dir.: Cristina Ferrer.
- 1998 Lissabon Wuppertal Lisboa. TV documentary. Dir.: Fernando Lopes.
- 2002 Talk to Her. Drama. Dir.: Pedro Almodóvar.
- 2002 Pina Bausch - A Portrait by Peter Lindbergh based on 'Der Fensterputzer'. TV short. Dir.: Peter Lindbergh.
- 2004 La mandrágora. TV series. Dir.: Miguel Sarmiento
- 2006 Pina Bausch. TV documentary. Dir.: Anne Linsel.
- 2010 Dancing Dreams. Documentary. Dir.: Rainer Hoffmann, Anne Linsel.
- 2011 Pina – Dance Dance Otherwise We Are Lost. Documentary. Dir.: Wim Wenders.
Gallery[link]
Pina Bausch's Nelken (Carnations), 2005.
References[link]
- Notes
- ^ according to some sources her birth name was Philippine, in: Pina Bausch. „Tanzen gegen die Angst“. (dancing against fear) Ullstein, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-548-60259-2, S. 27
Nach Angaben der Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung lautet ihr Name auf dem Taufschein Philippina Bausch, in: Gudrun Norbisrath: „Die Welt ist ärmer ohne Pina Bausch“, Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, 1. Juli 2009 - ^ a b Itzkoff, Dave (June 30, 2009). "Pina Bausch Dies". New York Times. http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/30/pina-bausch-dies/.
- ^ "Pina Bausch: Dancer and choreographer whose seminal work gave an unsettling view of the human condition". The Independent (London). 3 July 2009. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/pina-bausch-dancer-and-choreographer-whose-seminal-work-gave-an-unsettling-view-of-the-human-condition-1729387.html.
- ^ Luke Jennings (July 1, 2009), Obituary: Pina Bausch The Guardian.
- ^ Chris Wiegand (June 30, 2009), Pina Bausch, German choreographer and dancer, dies The Guardian
- ^ The Air That I Breathe Masurca Fogo, 1998
- ^ Cast overview on International Movie Database (fetched July 9, 2009)
- ^ "Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter B". American Academy of Arts and Sciences. http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
- ^ Mark Brown (March 9, 2011), Pina Bausch dance cycle to be staged as part of 2012 Cultural Olympiad The Guardian.
- ^ Haithman, Diane (1 July 2009). "Pina Bausch dies at 68; innovative German choreographer". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/arts/la-me-bausch1-2009jul01,0,6610100.story.
- ^ Fest mit Pina - Internationales Tanzfestival 2008 - Programm, Stand: 25. September 2008
- ^ Ulrich Fischer: „Kontraste prägen Pina Bauschs neues Tanzstück“, dpa / Rhein-Zeitung, 13. Juni 2009
„Tanztheater Pina Bausch startet zu Gastspielreise nach Chile“, News Adhoc, 16. Dezember 2009
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pina Bausch |
- Official Website
- Stanford Presidential Lectures in the Humanities and Arts Pina Bausch: Life and work, Mimi Tashiro, 1999
- Ballet Magazine Interview Valerie Lawson, 2002
- Goethe Institut 50 Choreographers of Contemporary Dance, Jochen Schmidt, 2009
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Bausch, Pina |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1940-07-27 |
| Place of birth | Solingen, Germany |
| Date of death | 2009-06-30 |
| Place of death | Wuppertal, North Rhine Westphalia, Germany |
http://wn.com/Pina_Bausch
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pina_Bausch
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
