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![Bill Clinton Interview with Wolf Blitzer Chicago Illinois (June 7, 2012) [2/2]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130516012129im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/BiUK-rj1fWA/default.jpg "Wolf Blitzer interviews former president Bill Clinton in Chicago, Illinois on Thursday, June 7, 2012.")
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UPDATE: AOH in San Francisco June 7, 2013!! Be There!!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:02
- Updated: 21 Apr 2013
www.AOHTour.com Purchase tickets today!! I can't wait to be back in the Bay! Hit me up if you're going!
http://wn.com/UPDATE_AOH_in_San_Francisco_June_7,_2013!!_Be_There!!
www.AOHTour.com Purchase tickets today!! I can't wait to be back in the Bay! Hit me up if you're going!
The Internship - Official Trailer - In Theaters June 7, 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:32
- Updated: 14 May 2013
Vince Vaughn and Owen Wilson star as ex-salesmen who defy the odds by talking their way into a coveted internship at Google.
http://wn.com/The_Internship_Official_Trailer_In_Theaters_June_7,_2013
Vince Vaughn and Owen Wilson star as ex-salesmen who defy the odds by talking their way into a coveted internship at Google.
- published: 13 Feb 2013
- views: 924636
- author: googleplay
Floods soak Chicago suburbs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:01
- Updated: 21 Apr 2013
Raw footage sent in to the Chicago Tribune of flooding in Elmhurst, Clarendon Hills and Westchester. (Posted on: April 18, 2013) For more video, visit http:/...
http://wn.com/Floods_soak_Chicago_suburbs
Raw footage sent in to the Chicago Tribune of flooding in Elmhurst, Clarendon Hills and Westchester. (Posted on: April 18, 2013) For more video, visit http:/...
- published: 18 Apr 2013
- views: 1313
- author: ChicagoTribune
After Earth - Official Trailer (HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:32
- Updated: 14 May 2013
http://www.joblo.com - "After Earth" - Official Trailer After a crash landing, a father and son explore a planet that was evacuated by humans 1000 years ear...
http://wn.com/After_Earth_Official_Trailer_HD
http://www.joblo.com - "After Earth" - Official Trailer After a crash landing, a father and son explore a planet that was evacuated by humans 1000 years ear...
- published: 10 Dec 2012
- views: 3197274
- author: joblomovienetwork
The Iceman - Official UK HD Trailer- In Cinemas June 7
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:08
- Updated: 13 May 2013
The Iceman is the story of real-life mob hitman Richard "The Iceman" Kuklinski, who was reportedly responsible for over 200 murders. The Iceman will be relea...
http://wn.com/The_Iceman_Official_UK_HD_Trailer_In_Cinemas_June_7
The Iceman is the story of real-life mob hitman Richard "The Iceman" Kuklinski, who was reportedly responsible for over 200 murders. The Iceman will be relea...
- published: 04 Apr 2013
- author: LionsgateFilmsUK
Fast & Furious 7 - Trailer (June 2015)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Updated: 02 May 2013
http://wn.com/Fast_Furious_7_Trailer_June_2015
After Earth - Official Trailer #2 (HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:33
- Updated: 14 May 2013
http://www.joblo.com - "After Earth" - Official Trailer #2 A crash landing leaves teenager Kitai Raige (Jaden Smith) and his legendary father Cypher (Will Sm...
http://wn.com/After_Earth_Official_Trailer_2_HD
http://www.joblo.com - "After Earth" - Official Trailer #2 A crash landing leaves teenager Kitai Raige (Jaden Smith) and his legendary father Cypher (Will Sm...
- published: 07 Mar 2013
- author: joblomovienetwork
June 7, 2012 8:23 PM
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:32
- Updated: 19 Apr 2013
This video was uploaded from an Android phone.
http://wn.com/June_7,_2012_823_PM
This video was uploaded from an Android phone.
- published: 19 Apr 2013
- views: 0
June 7, 2012 9:12 PM
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:48
- Updated: 19 Apr 2013
This video was uploaded from an Android phone.
http://wn.com/June_7,_2012_912_PM
This video was uploaded from an Android phone.
- published: 19 Apr 2013
- views: 0
"Pull!" by William Pope.L: June 7-10, 2013 (Spot #1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:57
- Updated: 10 Mar 2013
William Pope.L Wants to Know: "Would you pull an 8-ton truck for Cleveland?" And he really means it. June 2013, in partnership with SPACES, artist William Po...
http://wn.com/Pull!_by_William_PopeL_June_7-10,_2013_Spot_1
William Pope.L Wants to Know: "Would you pull an 8-ton truck for Cleveland?" And he really means it. June 2013, in partnership with SPACES, artist William Po...
- published: 23 Aug 2012
- views: 472
- author: spacesgallery
June 2, 2012 7:04 PM
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:03
- Updated: 21 Apr 2013
This video was uploaded from an Android phone.
http://wn.com/June_2,_2012_704_PM
This video was uploaded from an Android phone.
- published: 21 Apr 2013
- views: 0
Bill Clinton Interview with Wolf Blitzer Chicago Illinois (June 7, 2012) [2/2]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:57
- Updated: 15 Apr 2013
Wolf Blitzer interviews former president Bill Clinton in Chicago, Illinois on Thursday, June 7, 2012.
http://wn.com/Bill_Clinton_Interview_with_Wolf_Blitzer_Chicago_Illinois_June_7,_2012_2_2_
Wolf Blitzer interviews former president Bill Clinton in Chicago, Illinois on Thursday, June 7, 2012.
- published: 08 Jun 2012
- author: AbsolutelyDefinite
HUGE explosion on the Sun on June 7, 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:19
- Updated: 30 Apr 2013
The Sun let loose with an enormous explosion on the morning of June 7, 2011. The entire eruption was captured by NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory. The anima...
http://wn.com/HUGE_explosion_on_the_Sun_on_June_7,_2011
The Sun let loose with an enormous explosion on the morning of June 7, 2011. The entire eruption was captured by NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory. The anima...
- published: 07 Jun 2011
- views: 1626940
- author: TheBadAstronomer
![Bill Clinton Interview with Wolf Blitzer Chicago Illinois (June 7, 2012) [1/2]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130516012129im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/o2fLwcGtVK4/default.jpg "Bill Clinton Interview with Wolf Blitzer Chicago Illinois (June 7, 2012) [1/2]")
Bill Clinton Interview with Wolf Blitzer Chicago Illinois (June 7, 2012) [1/2]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:04
- Updated: 01 May 2013
Wolf Blitzer interviews former president Bill Clinton in Chicago, Illinois on Thursday, June 7, 2012.
http://wn.com/Bill_Clinton_Interview_with_Wolf_Blitzer_Chicago_Illinois_June_7,_2012_1_2_
Wolf Blitzer interviews former president Bill Clinton in Chicago, Illinois on Thursday, June 7, 2012.
- published: 08 Jun 2012
- author: AbsolutelyDefinite
Darrell Issa explores the Obama administration definition of Green Jobs - June 7, 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:06
- Updated: 17 Mar 2013
Darrell Issa explores the Obama administration definition of Green Jobs - June 7, 2012.
http://wn.com/Darrell_Issa_explores_the_Obama_administration_definition_of_Green_Jobs_June_7,_2012
Darrell Issa explores the Obama administration definition of Green Jobs - June 7, 2012.
- published: 07 Jun 2012
- views: 11436
- author: Taxusless
Americas Got Talent ~ Final Auditions ~ Season 7 Episode 10 ~ June 18 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 43:28
- Updated: 04 May 2013
Final Auditions [Full Episode] Thanks for Watching! Subscribe! Air Date: June 18 2012 Judges: Howard gives a lot of hugs :) Howie Sharon.
http://wn.com/Americas_Got_Talent_~_Final_Auditions_~_Season_7_Episode_10_~_June_18_2012
Final Auditions [Full Episode] Thanks for Watching! Subscribe! Air Date: June 18 2012 Judges: Howard gives a lot of hugs :) Howie Sharon.
- published: 19 Jun 2012
- views: 250107
- author: coool1717
Trance & Progressive - Falling Star - Compilation 4 (June 2011)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 84:11
- Updated: 14 May 2013
Update! Mix now available on Beatport: http://mixes.beatport.com/mix/compilation-4/13612 If you like this compilation, do check out compilation 7! (http://ww...
http://wn.com/Trance_Progressive_Falling_Star_Compilation_4_June_2011
Update! Mix now available on Beatport: http://mixes.beatport.com/mix/compilation-4/13612 If you like this compilation, do check out compilation 7! (http://ww...
- published: 09 Nov 2011
- author: Labbetuss5986
Jamiroquai - Seven Days In Sunny June
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:42
- Updated: 14 May 2013
Music video by Jamiroquai performing Seven Days In Sunny June. (C) 2005 SONY BMG MUSIC ENTERTAINMENT (UK) Limited.
http://wn.com/Jamiroquai_Seven_Days_In_Sunny_June
Music video by Jamiroquai performing Seven Days In Sunny June. (C) 2005 SONY BMG MUSIC ENTERTAINMENT (UK) Limited.
- published: 24 Nov 2009
- views: 4457279
- author: JamiroquaiVEVO
Matt Froese June 7 1992
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:15
- Updated: 20 Apr 2013
Matt Froese June 7 1992
http://wn.com/Matt_Froese_June_7_1992
Matt Froese June 7 1992
- published: 20 Apr 2013
- views: 2
"Sam & Cat" Coming This June - First Promo Released
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:07
- Updated: 13 May 2013
http://bit.ly/176Kx3Q - Watch the full promo! http://Bit.ly/SubClevverTV - Click to Subscribe! http://Clevver.com - Visit our site! http://Facebook.com/Clevv...
http://wn.com/Sam_Cat_Coming_This_June_First_Promo_Released
http://bit.ly/176Kx3Q - Watch the full promo! http://Bit.ly/SubClevverTV - Click to Subscribe! http://Clevver.com - Visit our site! http://Facebook.com/Clevv...
- published: 19 Apr 2013
- author: clevverTV
Senator Bernie Sanders Interrogates Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke - June 7, 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:25
- Updated: 05 May 2013
Ben Bernanke testifies about the state of the U.S. economy. Senator Bernie Sanders (I-Vermont), throws questions at Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke at ...
http://wn.com/Senator_Bernie_Sanders_Interrogates_Fed_Chairman_Ben_Bernanke_June_7,_2012
Ben Bernanke testifies about the state of the U.S. economy. Senator Bernie Sanders (I-Vermont), throws questions at Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke at ...
- published: 08 Jun 2012
- author: mccainisthroughX
David M. Kennedy, "World War II," (Austin, June 7, 2011)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 43:54
- Updated: 12 Nov 2012
David M. Kennedy of Stanford University delivers a talk on World War II on June 7, 2011, at the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library in Austin, Texas. Kennedy's pre...
http://wn.com/David_M_Kennedy,_World_War_II,_Austin,_June_7,_2011
David M. Kennedy of Stanford University delivers a talk on World War II on June 7, 2011, at the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library in Austin, Texas. Kennedy's pre...
- published: 15 Jan 2012
- views: 335
- author: HumanitiesTexas
Much Ado About Nothing Movie Trailer (2013)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:43
- Updated: 08 May 2013
MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTHING Movie Trailer. In Theaters June 7, 2013. @MuchAdoFilm Join us on http://facebook.com/FreshMovieTrailers & http://twitter.com/mytrailer...
http://wn.com/Much_Ado_About_Nothing_Movie_Trailer_2013
MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTHING Movie Trailer. In Theaters June 7, 2013. @MuchAdoFilm Join us on http://facebook.com/FreshMovieTrailers & http://twitter.com/mytrailer...
- published: 07 Mar 2013
- author: FilmsActuTrailers
photo: AP / Koji Sasahara
14 May 2013
The Japanese military's forced prostitution of Asian women before and during World War II was necessary to "maintain discipline" in the ranks and provide rest for soldiers, an outspoken nationalist mayor has said. The comments made on Monday are already raising anger in neighbouring countries that bore the brunt of Japan's wartime aggression, and that have long complained that Japan has failed to make amends for wartime atrocities ... ....(size: 8.3Kb)
photo: US Navy / MCS2 Tony D. Curtis
15 May 2013
A drone the size of a fighter jet has taken off from the deck of an US aircraft carrier for the first time in a test flight that could eventually open the way for the US to launch unmanned aircraft from almost anywhere in the world. The X-47B is the first drone designed to take off and land on a carrier, meaning the US military would not need permission from other countries to use their bases ... 643 Source.. AP ... Infographic....(size: 8.4Kb)
photo: AP / Abdukareem Haruna
15 May 2013
Nigeria's President Goodluck Jonathan has acknowledged that parts of Borno state have been 'taken over' by insurgents. (AFP). More Coverage. The insurgents, who say they are fighting to create an Islamic state in the north, have carried out scores of attacks since 2009 but Jonathan said the violence can no longer be treated as "militancy or criminality" ... Previous decree ... Jonathan vowed that he would not employ that measure ... ....(size: 3.4Kb)
photo: AP / Abdukareem Haruna
15 May 2013
Admitting that Islamist extremists now control some of his nation’s villages and towns, President Goodluck Jonathan declared a state of emergency on Tuesday across Nigeria’s troubled northeast, promising to send more troops to fight what he said is now an open rebellion. Mr ... Get Free E-mail Alerts on These Topics. Nigeria Jonathan, Goodluck Disasters and Emergencies Muslims and Islam ... . Inside NYTimes.com. Books » ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
photo: AP / FSB Public Relations Center
14 May 2013
MOSCOW — Russia’s Federal Security Service announced Tuesday that it had detained an agent of the Central Intelligence Agency during an attempt to recruit a Russian agent, saying the American had brought a large sum of cash, technical devices and “appearance disguising means.”. Connect With Us on Twitter. Follow @nytimesworld for international breaking news and headlines. Twitter List. Reporters and Editors ... Fogle....(size: 6.8Kb)
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noodls
16 May 2013
(Source. CSU - California State University) ... June 2, at Rancho Vista del Rio in Madera (6464 Golden State Blvd) ... The event will feature a silent auction, dancing, coffee and desserts ... INFO ... distributed by....(size: 0.9Kb)
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Penn Live
16 May 2013
Upper Allen Township commissioners again have delayed action on a proposed housing development of 55 townhomes and 10 single-family homes opposed by residents in the Grantham area where it is proposed to be built. Commissioners Wednesday night table the plan. Action now is expected at the June 5 meeting of the board of commissioners ... >. ....(size: 1.5Kb)
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noodls
16 May 2013
(Source. FC Dallas). FRISCO, Texas (Wednesday, May 15) - FC Dallas Stadium will play host to a "Clasico Joven" friendly between Liga MX sides Cruz Azul and Club América on June 30 at 2 p.m ... Cruz Azul and Club América are both expected to bring their first teams to Frisco in June, including América's three-time Liga MX golden boot winner Christian "Chucho" Benítez and Cruz Azul's leading scorer, Mariano Pavone ... About Cruz Azul ... (noodl....(size: 2.4Kb)
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noodls
16 May 2013
(Source. City of Calgary) May 15, 2013 02.46 PMCategory. Parks, Seniors. Calgary, AB - A community celebration to mark the official opening of Poppy Plaza will be held Saturday, June 8, 2013 from 11.00 a.m. to 2.00 p.m. A ceremonial contingent will be in included in the formal program scheduled to begin at 11.30 a.m. Members of the military and veterans will be present ... - 30 - distributed by ... (noodl....(size: 2.1Kb)
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The Times of India
16 May 2013
BHUBANESWAR. Despite resistance from certain quarters, the Odisha government is pushing ahead with land acquisition for Posco's mega steel project in Jagatsinghpur and is targeting to hand over the required 2,700 acre to the company by June-end, official sources said on Wednesday. "We have already acquired over 2,600 acre ... We would certainly give the land to Posco within six weeks." ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
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Stockhouse
16 May 2013
Eligible shareholders may elect to participate in the SDP commencing with the monthly cash dividend payable on June 17, 2013, to shareholders of record on May 31, 2013 (the "June 2013 Dividend") ... Registered shareholders who wish to receive the June 2013 Dividend as a stock dividend pursuant to the SDP must deliver a completed and signed confirmation notice to Valiant no later than 4.30 p.m....(size: 6.3Kb)
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noodls
16 May 2013
Twin Butte Energy Ltd) Twin Butte Energy Confirms Dividend for June 17, 2013 and Announces Stock Dividend Program and Election of Directors ... Eligible shareholders may elect to participate in the SDP commencing with the monthly cash dividend payable on June 17, 2013, to shareholders of record on May 31, 2013(the "June 2013Dividend")....(size: 6.9Kb)
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noodls
16 May 2013
May 31 - June 1, Main Street, Clay ... Bottom Feeder Pageant, rubber duck race, Parade of Boats, Captain's Ball, children's activities, local artists booths, and clinics by the WV Department of Natural Resources and WVU Extension Service, fireworks and much more! The fest will be capped off with the Elk River Challenge on June 1 ... June 1, Fort Randolph, Point Pleasant ... June 1, Tu-Endie-Wei State Park, Point Pleasant ... June 1, Dunmore....(size: 14.8Kb)
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noodls
16 May 2013
BEVERLY HILLS, CA - The 2013 Oscars Outdoors summer movie season kicks off with Joss Whedon's "Much Ado about Nothing," presented by KCRW's "Matt's Movies," on Wednesday, June 5 ... The film opens June 14 ... June Wednesday, June 5 KCRW's "Matt's Movies" ... Joss Whedon, Amy Acker, Alexis Denisoff, Clark Gregg, Nathan Fillion, Fran Kranz, Sean Maher Thursday, June 6 TWENTY FEET FROM STARDOM (2013)....(size: 4.3Kb)
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Entertainment Weekly
16 May 2013
The film will screen on Wednesday, June 5, two days ahead of its U.S ... Another early screening treat follows on June 6 with Twenty Feet From Stardom, a documentary about backup singers in popular music that premiered at Sundance in January. A Q&A with director Morgan Neville will follow the June 6 L.A ... Twenty Feet opens in theaters on June 14....(size: 1.8Kb)
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June 7 is the 158th day of the year (159th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 207 days remaining until the end of the year.
Contents |
Events[link]
- 421 – Emperor Theodosius II marries Aelia Eudocia. The wedding is celebrated at Constantinople (Turkey).
- 1099 – The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins.
- 1420 – Troops of the Republic of Venice capture Udine, ending the independence of the Patriarchal State of Friuli.
- 1494 – Spain and Portugal sign the Treaty of Tordesillas which divides the New World between the two countries.
- 1628 – The Petition of Right, a major English constitutional document, is granted the Royal Assent by Charles I and becomes law.
- 1654 – Louis XIV is crowned King of France.
- 1692 – Port Royal, Jamaica, is hit by a catastrophic earthquake; in just three minutes, 1,600 people are killed and 3,000 are seriously injured.
- 1776 – Richard Henry Lee presents the "Lee Resolution" to the Continental Congress. The motion is seconded by John Adams and leads to the United States Declaration of Independence.
- 1800 – David Thompson reaches the mouth of the Saskatchewan River in Manitoba.
- 1810 – The newspaper Gazeta de Buenos Ayres is first published in Argentina.
- 1832 – Asian cholera reaches Quebec, brought by Irish immigrants, and kills about 6,000 people in Lower Canada.
- 1862 – The United States and the United Kingdom agree to suppress the slave trade.
- 1863 – During the French intervention in Mexico, Mexico City is captured by French troops.
- 1866 – 1,800 Fenian raiders are repelled back to the United States after they loot and plunder around Saint-Armand and Frelighsburg, Quebec.
- 1880 – War of the Pacific: The Battle of Arica, assault and capture of Morro de Arica (Arica Cape), that ended the Campaña del Desierto (Desert Campaign).
- 1892 – Benjamin Harrison becomes the first President of the United States to attend a baseball game.
- 1892 – Homer Plessy is arrested for refusing to leave his seat in the "whites-only" car of a train; he would lose the resulting court case, Plessy v. Ferguson.
- 1893 – Mohandas Gandhi's first act of civil disobedience.
- 1899 – American Temperance crusader Carrie Nation begins her campaign of vandalizing alcohol-serving establishments by destroying the inventory in a saloon in Kiowa, Kansas.
- 1905 – Norway's parliament dissolves its union with Sweden, a vote that is confirmed by a national plebiscite on August 13 of that year.
- 1906 – Cunard Line's RMS Lusitania is launched at the John Brown Shipyard, Glasgow (Clydebank), Scotland.
- 1909 – Mary Pickford makes her screen debut at the age of 16.
- 1917 – World War I: Battle of Messines – Allied ammonal mines underneath German trenches at Messines Ridge are detonated, killing 10,000 German troops.
- 1919 – Sette giugno: Riot in Malta; four are killed.
- 1929 – The Lateran Treaty is ratified, bringing Vatican City into existence.
- 1936 – The Steel Workers Organizing Committee, a trade union, is founded in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Philip Murray is elected its first president.
- 1938 – The Douglas DC-4E makes its first test flight.
- 1940 – King Haakon VII, Crown Prince Olav, and the Norwegian government leave Tromsø and go into exile in London.
- 1942 – World War II: The Battle of Midway ends.
- 1942 – World War II: Aleutian Islands Campaign: Japanese soldiers occupy the American islands of Attu and Kiska, in the Aleutian Islands off Alaska.
- 1944 – World War II: The steamer Danae carrying 350 Cretan Jews and 250 Cretan partisans is sunk without survivors off the shore of Santorini.
- 1944 – World War II: Battle of Normandy – At Abbey Ardennes members of the SS Division Hitlerjugend massacre 23 Canadian prisoners of war.
- 1945 – King Haakon VII of Norway returns with his family to Oslo after five years in exile.
- 1948 – Edvard Beneš resigns as President of Czechoslovakia rather than sign the Ninth-of-May Constitution making his nation a Communist state.
- 1955 – Lux Radio Theater signs off the air permanently. The show launched in New York in 1934, and featured radio adaptations of Broadway shows and popular films.
- 1965 – The Supreme Court of the United States hands down its decision in Griswold v. Connecticut, effectively legalizing the use of contraception by married couples.
- 1967 – Israeli forces enter Jerusalem during the Six-Day War.
- 1971 – The United States Supreme Court overturns the conviction of Paul Cohen for disturbing the peace, setting the precedent that vulgar writing is protected under the First Amendment.
- 1971 – The Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms Division of the U.S. Internal Revenue Service raids the home of Ken Ballew for illegal possession of hand grenades, which all turn out to be inert or dummies.
- 1975 – Sony introduces the Betamax videocassette recorder for sale to the public.
- 1975 – The inaugural Cricket World Cup begins in England.
- 1977 – 500 million people watch on television as the high day of Silver Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II begins.
- 1981 – The Israeli Air Force destroys Iraq's Osiraq nuclear reactor during Operation Opera. The facility could have been used to make nuclear weapons.
- 1982 – Priscilla Presley opens Graceland to the public; the bathroom where Elvis Presley died five years earlier is kept off-limits.
- 1989 – Surinam Airways Flight 764 crashes on approach to Paramaribo-Zanderij International Airport in Suriname due to pilot error, killing 176 of 187 aboard.
- 1991 – Mount Pinatubo explodes generating an ash column 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) high.
- 1995 – The long-range Boeing 777 enters service with United Airlines.
- 1998 – James Byrd, Jr. of Texas is killed when white supremacists drag him behind a pickup truck along an asphalt pavement.
- 2000 – The United Nations defines the Blue Line as the border between Israel and Lebanon.
- 2006 – Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, the leader of Al-Qaeda in Iraq, is killed in an airstrike by the United States Air Force.
Births[link]
- 1529 – Étienne Pasquier, French lawyer and writer (d. 1615)
- 1687 – Gaetano Berenstadt, Italian alto castrato (d. 1734)
- 1732 – Giuseppe Demachi, Italian composer (d. 1791)
- 1757 – Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire (d. 1806)
- 1761 – John Rennie, Scottish engineer (d. 1821)
- 1770 – Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1828)
- 1778 – Beau Brummell, English fashion leader (d. 1840)
- 1811 – James Young Simpson, British obstetrician (d. 1870)
- 1831 – Amelia Edwards, English author and Egyptologist (d. 1892)
- 1837 – Alois Hitler, father of Adolf Hitler (d. 1903)
- 1840 – Charlotte of Belgium, Empress of Mexico (d. 1927)
- 1845 – Leopold Auer, Hungarian violinist and composer (d. 1930)
- 1848 – Paul Gauguin, French painter (d. 1903)
- 1862 – Philipp Lenard, Austrian physicist, Nobel laureate (d. 1947)
- 1863 – Bones Ely, professional baseball player (d. 1952)
- 1868 – Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Scottish architect, designer, and watercolourist (d. 1928)
- 1879 – Knud Rasmussen, Greenlander explorer (d. 1933)
- 1879 – Joan Voûte, Dutch astronomer (d. 1963)
- 1880 – Thorleif Lund, Norwegian actor (d. 1956)
- 1883 – Sylvanus Morley, American archaeologist and spy (d. 1948)
- 1886 – Henri Coandă, Romanian aerodynamics pioneer (d. 1972)
- 1894 – Alexander de Seversky, Russian-born aviation pioneer (d. 1974)
- 1896 – Douglas Campbell, American World War I flying ace (d. 1990)
- 1896 – Robert S. Mulliken, American chemist, Nobel laureate (d. 1986)
- 1896 – Imre Nagy, Hungarian politician (d. 1958)
- 1897 – George Szell, Hungarian conductor (d. 1970)
- 1899 – Elizabeth Bowen, Irish novelist (d. 1973)
- 1900 – Glen Gray, American jazz musician and leader of the Casa Loma Orchestra (d. 1963)
- 1902 – Herman B Wells, American college president and chancellor of Indiana University (d. 2000)
- 1905 – James J. Braddock, Irish-American boxer and one-time Heavyweight Champion of the World (d. 1974)
- 1907 – Prince Sigvard, Duke of Uppland (d. 2002)
- 1909 – Virginia Apgar, American physician and developer of the Apgar test (d. 1974)
- 1909 – Peter W. Rodino, American politician (d. 2005)
- 1909 – Jessica Tandy, English-born American actress (d. 1994)
- 1910 – Mike Sebastian, American football player (d. 1989)
- 1910 – Bradford Washburn, American explorer (d. 2007)
- 1911 – Brooks Stevens, American industrial designer (d. 1995)
- 1917 – Gwendolyn Brooks, American poet (d. 2000)
- 1917 – Dean Martin, American singer and actor (d. 1995)
- 1920 – Georges Marchais, French politician (d. 1997)
- 1921 – Tal Farlow, American jazz guitarist (d. 1998)
- 1921 – Dorothy Ruth, American horse breeder; adopted daughter of Babe Ruth (d. 1989)
- 1922 – Leo Reise, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1975)
- 1923 – Jules Deschênes, Canadian jurist (d. 2000)
- 1925 – John Biddle, American yachting cinematographer and lecturer (d. 2008)
- 1927 – Charles de Tornaco, Belgian racing driver (d. 1953)
- 1928 – Dave Bowen, Welsh international football manager (d. 1995)
- 1928 – James Ivory, American film director
- 1928 – Reg Park, British bodybuilder (d. 2007)
- 1929 – Ernie Roth, American wrestling manager (d. 1983)
- 1929 – John Napier Turner, Canadian seventeenth Prime Minister of Canada
- 1931 – Malcolm Morley, English painter
- 1931 – Virginia McKenna, English actress
- 1932 – Tina Brooks, American jazz musician (d. 1974)
- 1933 – Herb Score, American baseball player (d. 2008)
- 1935 – Harry Crews, American author
- 1935 – Thomas Kailath, American engineer
- 1937 – Neeme Järvi, Estonian conductor
- 1938 – Goose Gonsoulin, American football player
- 1938 – Ian St. John, Scottish footballer
- 1940 – Tom Jones, Welsh singer
- 1940 – Ronald Pickup, English actor
- 1943 – Nikki Giovanni, American poet
- 1943 – Ken Osmond, American actor
- 1943 – Michael Pennington, English actor
- 1944 – Annette Lu, Vice President of Taiwan
- 1945 – Wolfgang Schüssel, Chancellor of Austria
- 1946 – Jenny Jones, Canadian-born American talk show host
- 1947 – Don Money, American baseball player and manager
- 1947 – Thurman Munson, American baseball player (d. 1979)
- 1950 – Gary Graham American actor
- 1951 – Terry O'Reilly Canadian ice hockey player
- 1952 – Liam Neeson, Northern Irish actor
- 1952 – Orhan Pamuk, Turkish writer, Nobel laureate
- 1953 – Colleen Camp, American actress
- 1953 – Johnny Clegg, South African musician
- 1953 – Dougie Donnelly, Scottish television broadcaster
- 1954 – Louise Erdrich, American author
- 1955 – William Forsythe, American actor
- 1955 – Tim Richmond, American race car driver (d. 1989)
- 1956 – Antonio Reid, American music producer
- 1957 – Juan Luis Guerra, Dominican musician
- 1957 – Paddy McAloon, English singer and songwriter (Prefab Sprout)
- 1958 – Prince, American musician
- 1958 – Surakiart Sathirathai, Thai Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand
- 1960 – Bill Prady, American television producer
- 1961 – Dave Catching, American musician
- 1961 – Kym Whitley, American actress and comedian
- 1962 – Michael Cartellone, American drummer (Lynyrd Skynyrd)
- 1962 – Thierry Hazard, French singer and songwriter
- 1962 – Takuya Kurosawa, Japanese racing driver
- 1962 – Simon Day, English comedian
- 1963 – Roberto Alagna, French tenor
- 1964 – Judie Aronson, American actress
- 1964 – Gia Carides, Australian actress
- 1965 – Mick Foley, American wrestler
- 1965 – Jean-Pierre François, French footballer and singer
- 1965 – Billy Reeves, English songwriter and BBC radio presenter
- 1965 – Damien Hirst, English artist
- 1965 – Christine Roque, French singer
- 1966 – Eric Kretz, American musician (Stone Temple Pilots)
- 1966 – Stéphane Richer, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1967 – Dave Navarro, American musician
- 1969 – Adam Buxton, British TV presenter and DJ
- 1969 – Prince Joachim of Denmark
- 1969 – Kim Rhodes, American actress
- 1970 – Cafu, Brazilian footballer
- 1970 – Andrei Kovalenko, Russian hockey player
- 1970 – Mike Modano, American ice hockey player
- 1970 – Helen Baxendale, English actress
- 1971 – Terrell Buckley, American football player
- 1971 – Alex X. Mooney, American politician
- 1972 – Karl Urban, New Zealand actor
- 1973 – Song Yun-ah, South Korean model and actress
- 1974 – Mahesh Bhupathi, Indian tennis player
- 1974 – Bear Grylls, British adventurer and former soldier, now Chief Scout
- 1974 – Cassius Khan, Canadian musician
- 1975 – Shane Bond, New Zealand cricket player
- 1975 – Allen Iverson, American basketball player
- 1976 – Necro, American rapper
- 1976 – Cassidy Rae, American actress
- 1977 – Marcin Baszczyński, Polish footballer
- 1977 – Preston Campbell, Australian Rugby League Player
- 1977 – Joe Horgan, American baseball player
- 1977 – Odalis Pérez, Dominican baseball player
- 1978 – Tony An, Korean singer (H.O.T)
- 1978 – Mini Anden, Swedish model
- 1978 – Adrienne Frantz, American actress
- 1978 – Bill Hader, American comedian
- 1979 – Brian Donnelly, Canadian artist
- 1979 – Kevin Hofland, Dutch footballer
- 1979 – Evelina Papantoniou, Greek fashion model and actress
- 1980 – Ed Moses, American swimmer
- 1981 – Stephen Bywater, British footballer
- 1981 – Tyler Johnson, American baseball player
- 1981 – Anna Kournikova, Russian tennis player
- 1981 – Kevin Kyle, Scottish footballer
- 1981 – Larisa Oleynik, American actress
- 1982 – Virgil Vasquez, American baseball player
- 1983 – Milan Jurcina, Slovakian hockey player
- 1983 – Mark Lowe, American baseball player
- 1983 – Pierre Pierce, American professional basketball player and convicted sex offender
- 1985 – Shannon Shorr, American poker player
- 1985 – Charlie Simpson, English singer (Busted, Fightstar)
- 1985 – Simon Whaley, English footballer
- 1988 – Michael Cera, Canadian actor
- 1988 – Milan Lucic, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1990 – Allison Schmitt, American swimmer
- 1993 – Jordan Fry, American actor
- 1993 – Park Ji-yeon, South Korean singer and actress (T-ara)
- 1996 – Jasper Harris, English actor
Deaths[link]
- 1329 – Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland (b. 1274)
- 1358 – Ashikaga Takauji, Japanese shogun (b. 1305)
- 1394 – Anne of Bohemia, wife of Richard II of England (b. 1367)
- 1618 – Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, English governor of Virginia (b. 1577)
- 1676 – Paul Gerhardt, German hymnist (b. 1606)
- 1711 – Henry Dodwell, Irish theologian (b. 1641)
- 1779 – William Warburton, English critic and Bishop of Gloucester (b. 1698)
- 1810 – Luigi Schiavonetti, Italian engraver (b. 1765)
- 1821 – Tudor Vladimirescu, Romanian rebellion leader (b. c. 1780)
- 1826 – Joseph von Fraunhofer, German physicist (b. 1787)
- 1840 – King Frederick William III of Prussia (b. 1770)
- 1854 – Charles Baudin, French admiral (b. 1792)
- 1859 – David Cox, English artist (b. 1783)
- 1866 – Chief Seattle, Native American leader
- 1879 – William Tilbury Fox, English dermatologist (b. 1836)
- 1896 – Pavlos Carrer, Greek composer (b. 1829)
- 1911 – Maurice Rouvier, French statesman (b. 1842)
- 1915 – Charles Reed Bishop, American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1822)
- 1916 – Émile Faguet, French writer and critic (b. 1847)
- 1927 – Edmund James Flynn, Premier of Quebec (b. 1847)
- 1933 – Dragutin Domjanić, Kajkavian poet (b. 1875)
- 1936 – Stjepan Seljan, Croatian explorer (b. 1875)
- 1937 – Jean Harlow, American actress (b. 1911)
- 1942 – Alan Blumlein, English electronics engineer (b. 1903)
- 1945 – Kitaro Nishida, Japanese philosopher (b. 1870)
- 1951 – Oswald Pohl, German SS officer (b. 1892)
- 1954 – Alan Turing, British mathematician and computer scientist (b. 1912)
- 1963 – ZaSu Pitts, American actress (b. 1894)
- 1965 – Judy Holliday, American actress (b. 1921)
- 1966 – Jean Arp, German-born sculptor, painter, and poet (b. 1886)
- 1967 – Anatoly Maltsev, Russian mathematician (b. 1909)
- 1967 – Dorothy Parker, American writer (b. 1893)
- 1968 – Dan Duryea, American actor (b. 1907)
- 1970 – E. M. Forster, English author (b. 1879)
- 1978 – Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, British chemist, Nobel laureate (b. 1897)
- 1979 – Forrest Carter, American author (b. 1925)
- 1980 – Elizabeth Craig, British writer (b. 1883)
- 1980 – Henry Miller, American writer (b. 1891)
- 1988 – Vernon Washington, American actor (b. 1927)
- 1989 – Chico Landi, Brazilian racing driver (b. 1907)
- 1992 – Bill France, Sr., first president of NASCAR, NASCAR founder (b. 1909)
- 1993 – Dražen Petrović, Croatian basketball player (b. 1964)
- 1995 – Hsuan Hua, Chinese-born religious leader (b. 1918)
- 1996 – Max Factor, Jr., American businessman (b. 1904)
- 1999 – Paco Stanley, Mexican TV entertainer (b. 1942)
- 2001 – Víctor Paz Estenssoro, President of Bolivia (b. 1907)
- 2001 – Carole Fredericks, American singer (b. 1952)
- 2001 – Betty Neels, English novelist (b. 1910)
- 2002 – Mary Lilian Baels, Belgian princess (b. 1916)
- 2002 – Basappa Danappa Jatti, former Vice-President of India and Acting President (b. 1912)
- 2002 – Wayne Cody, American popular radio and television sportscaster (b. 1936)
- 2003 – Trevor Goddard, English actor (b. 1962)
- 2006 – John Tenta, Canadian wrestler (b. 1963)
- 2006 – Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, Jordanian-born Mujahid (b. 1966)
- 2008 – Rudy Fernandez, Filipino actor (b. 1953)
- 2008 – Jim McKay, American sportscaster (b. 1921)
- 2009 – Kenny Rankin, American singer (b. 1940)
- 2009 – Hugh Hopper, British musician (b. 1945)
- 2010 – Stuart Cable, Welsh musician (b. 1970)
- 2010 – Adriana Xenides, Australian TV personality (b. 1956)
- 2010 – Omar Rayo, Colombian painter, sculptor, caricaturist and plastic artist. (b. 1928)
- 2011 – Nataraja Ramakrishna, Indian classical dancer and composer. (b. 1923)
- 2011 – Paul Dickson, American football player and coach (b. 1937)
Holidays and observances[link]
- Anniversary of the Memorandum of the Slovak Nation (Slovakia)
- Birthday of Prince Joachim (Denmark)
- Christian Feast Day:
- Flag Day (Peru)
- Journalist Day (Argentina)
- Sette Giugno (Malta)
- The first day of the Vestalia (Roman Empire)
- Union Dissolution Day (Norway)
External links[link]
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"William Clinton" redirects here. For other uses, see William Clinton (disambiguation).
| Bill Clinton | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| 42nd President of the United States | |
| In office January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001 |
|
| Vice President | Al Gore |
| Preceded by | George H. W. Bush |
| Succeeded by | George W. Bush |
| 40th and 42nd Governor of Arkansas | |
| In office January 11, 1983 – December 12, 1992 |
|
| Lieutenant | Winston Bryant Jim Tucker |
| Preceded by | Frank White |
| Succeeded by | Jim Tucker |
| In office January 9, 1979 – January 19, 1981 |
|
| Lieutenant | Joe Purcell |
| Preceded by | Joe Purcell as Acting Governor |
| Succeeded by | Frank White |
| 50th Attorney General of Arkansas | |
| In office January 3, 1977 – January 9, 1979 |
|
| Governor | David Pryor Joe Purcell (Acting) |
| Preceded by | Jim Tucker |
| Succeeded by | Steve Clark |
| Personal details | |
| Born | William Jefferson Blythe III (1946-08-19) August 19, 1946 (age 65) Hope, Arkansas, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse(s) | Hillary Rodham (m. 1975-present) |
| Children | Chelsea (b. 1980) |
| Alma mater | Georgetown University University College, Oxford Yale Law School |
| Profession | Lawyer |
| Religion | Baptist |
| Signature |  |
| Website | Clinton Presidential Library |
William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III; August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Inaugurated at age 46, he was the third-youngest president. He took office at the end of the Cold War, and was the first president of the baby boomer generation. Clinton has been described as a New Democrat. Many of his policies have been attributed to a centrist Third Way philosophy of governance.
Born and raised in Arkansas, Clinton became both a student leader and a skilled musician. He is an alumnus of Georgetown University where he was Phi Beta Kappa and earned a Rhodes Scholarship to attend the University of Oxford. He is married to Hillary Rodham Clinton, who has served as the United States Secretary of State since 2009 and was a Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009. Both Clintons received law degrees from Yale Law School, where they met and began dating. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton overhauled the state's education system, and served as Chair of the National Governors Association.
Clinton was elected president in 1992, defeating incumbent president George H.W. Bush. As president, Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history. He signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement. He implemented Don't ask, don't tell, a controversial intermediate step to full gay military integration. After a failed health care reform attempt, Republicans won control of Congress in 1994, for the first time in forty years. Two years later, the re-elected Clinton became the first member of the Democratic Party since Franklin D. Roosevelt to win a second full term as president. He successfully passed welfare reform and the State Children's Health Insurance Program, providing health coverage for millions of children. Later, he was impeached for perjury and obstruction of justice in a scandal involving a White House intern, but was acquitted by the U.S. Senate and served his complete term of office. The Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus between the years 1998 and 2000, the last three years of Clinton's presidency.
Clinton left office with the highest end-of-office approval rating of any U.S. president since World War II. Since then, he has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. Based on his philanthropic worldview, Clinton created the William J. Clinton Foundation to promote and address international causes such as prevention of AIDS and global warming. In 2004, he released his autobiography My Life, and was involved in his wife's and then Barack Obama's campaigns for president in 2008. In 2009, he was named United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti, and after the 2010 earthquake he teamed with George W. Bush to form the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund. Since leaving office, Clinton has been rated highly in public opinion polls of U.S. presidents.
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Early life and career[link]
Bill Clinton was born William Jefferson Blythe, III, at Julia Chester Hospital in Hope, Arkansas.[1][2] His father, William Jefferson Blythe, Jr., was a traveling salesman who died in an automobile accident three months before Bill was born.[3] His mother Virginia Dell Cassidy (1923–1994) traveled to New Orleans to study nursing soon after he was born. She left Bill in Hope with grandparents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who owned and ran a small grocery store.[2] At a time when the Southern United States was segregated racially, Bill's grandparents sold goods on credit to people of all races.[2] In 1950, Bill's mother returned from nursing school and married Roger Clinton, Sr., who owned an automobile dealership in Hot Springs, Arkansas with his brother.[2] The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950.
Although he assumed use of his stepfather's surname, it was not until Billy (as he was known then) turned fifteen[4] that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward his stepfather.[2] Clinton says he remembers his stepfather as a gambler and an alcoholic who regularly abused his mother and half-brother, Roger Clinton, Jr., to the point where he intervened multiple times with the threat of violence to protect them.[2][5]
In Hot Springs, Clinton attended St. John's Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and Hot Springs High School – where he was an active student leader, avid reader, and musician.[2] He was in the chorus and played the tenor saxophone, winning first chair in the state band's saxophone section. He briefly considered dedicating his life to music, but as he noted in his autobiography My Life:
"Sometime in my sixteenth year, I decided I wanted to be in public life as an elected official. I loved music and thought I could be very good, but I knew I would never be John Coltrane or Stan Getz. I was interested in medicine and thought I could be a fine doctor, but I knew I would never be Michael DeBakey. But I knew I could be great in public service."[2]
Clinton has named two influential moments in his life that contributed to his decision to become a public figure, both occurring in 1963. One was his visit as a Boys Nation senator to the White House to meet President John F. Kennedy.[2][5] The other was listening to Martin Luther King's 1963 I Have a Dream speech, which impressed him enough that he later memorized it.[6]
College and law school years[link]
With the aid of scholarships, Clinton attended the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., receiving a Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service (B.S.) degree in 1968. He spent the summer of 1967, the summer before his senior year, interning for Arkansas Senator J. William Fulbright.[2] While in college, he became a brother of Alpha Phi Omega and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. Clinton was also a member of the Order of DeMolay, a youth group affiliated with Freemasonry, but he never became a Freemason.[7] He is a member of Kappa Kappa Psi honorary band fraternity.[8]
Upon graduation, he won a Rhodes Scholarship to University College, Oxford where he studied Philosophy, Politics and Economics, though because he had switched programs and had left early for Yale University, he did not receive a degree there.[5][9] He developed an interest in rugby union, playing at Oxford[10] and later for the Little Rock Rugby club in Arkansas. While at Oxford he also participated in Vietnam War protests and organized an October 1969 Moratorium event.[2]
Clinton's political opponents charge that to avoid being drafted into the Vietnam War during his college years, he used the political influence of a U.S. Senator, who employed him as an aide.[11] Col. Eugene Holmes, an Army officer who was involved in Clinton's case, issued a notarized statement during the 1992 presidential campaign: "I was informed by the draft board that it was of interest to Senator Fullbright's office that Bill Clinton, a Rhodes Scholar, should be admitted to the ROTC program... I believe that he purposely deceived me, using the possibility of joining the ROTC as a ploy to work with the draft board to delay his induction and get a new draft classification."[12][13] Although legal, Clinton's actions were criticized by conservatives and some Vietnam veterans during his presidential campaign in 1992.[14][15][16]
After Oxford, Clinton attended Yale Law School and earned a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree in 1973.[5] In a Yale library in 1971 he met fellow law student Hillary Rodham, who was a year ahead of him.[17] They began dating and soon were inseparable. After only about a month, Clinton proposed to Rodham and postponed his plans to be a coordinator for the McGovern campaign for the 1972 United States presidential election in order to move in with her in California.[18] They later married on October 11, 1975, and their only child, Chelsea, was born on February 27, 1980.[17]
Clinton did eventually move to Texas with Rodham to take a job leading McGovern's effort there in 1972. He spent considerable time in Dallas, at the campaign's local headquarters on Lemmon Avenue, where he had an office. There, Clinton worked with future two-term mayor of Dallas, Ron Kirk, future governor of Texas, Ann Richards, and then unknown television director (and future filmmaker), Steven Spielberg.
Political career 1978–1992[link]
Further information: Electoral history of Bill Clinton
Governor of Arkansas[link]
Further information: Arkansas gubernatorial election, 1978, Arkansas gubernatorial election, 1980, and Arkansas gubernatorial election, 1982
After graduating from Yale Law School, Clinton returned to Arkansas and became a law professor at the University of Arkansas. A year later, he ran for the House of Representatives in 1974. The incumbent, Republican John Paul Hammerschmidt, defeated Clinton in the general election by a 52% to 48% margin. With only minor opposition in the primary and no opposition at all in the general election,[19] Clinton was elected Arkansas Attorney General in 1976.[5]
Clinton was elected Governor of Arkansas in 1978, having defeated the Republican candidate Lynn Lowe, a farmer from Texarkana. He became the youngest governor in the country at 32. Due to his youthful appearance, Clinton was often called the "Boy Governor", a referent that continues to be used to refer to him during his gubernatorial era on occasion.[20][21][22] He worked on educational reform and Arkansas's roads, with wife Hillary leading a successful committee on urban health care reform. However, his term included an unpopular motor vehicle tax and citizens' anger over the escape of Cuban refugees (from the Mariel boatlift) detained in Fort Chaffee in 1980. Monroe Schwarzlose of Kingsland in Cleveland County, polled 31% of the vote against Clinton in the Democratic gubernatorial primary of 1980. Some suggested Schwarzlose's unexpected voter turnout foreshadowed Clinton's defeat in the general election that year by Republican challenger Frank D. White. As Clinton once joked, he was the youngest ex-governor in the nation's history.[5]
Clinton joined friend Bruce Lindsey's Little Rock law firm of Wright, Lindsey and Jennings.[23] In 1982, he was again elected governor and kept this job for ten years.[19] He helped Arkansas transform its economy and significantly improve the state's educational system. He became a leading figure among the New Democrats.[24][25] The New Democrats, organized as the Democratic Leadership Council (DLC), were a branch of the Democratic Party that called for welfare reform and smaller government, a policy supported by both Democrats and Republicans. He gave the Democratic response to President Reagan's 1985 State of the Union Address and served as Chair of the National Governors Association from 1986 to 1987, bringing him to an audience beyond Arkansas.[5] Clinton made economic growth, job creation and educational improvement high priorities. For senior citizens, he removed the sales tax from medications and increased the home property-tax exemption.[24]
In the early 1980s, Clinton made reform of the Arkansas education system a top priority. The Arkansas Education Standards Committee, chaired by Clinton's wife, attorney and Legal Services Corporation chair Hillary Rodham Clinton, succeeded in reforming the education system, transforming it from the worst in the nation into one of the best. Many have considered this the greatest achievement of the Clinton governorship. Clinton and the committee were responsible for state educational improvement programs, notably more spending for schools, rising opportunities for gifted children, an increase in vocational education, raising of teachers' salaries, inclusion of a wider variety of courses, and compulsory teacher testing for aspiring educators.[5][24] He defeated four Republican candidates for governor: Lowe (1978), White (1982 and 1986), and businessmen Woody Freeman of Jonesboro, (1984) and Sheffield Nelson of Little Rock (1990).[19]
The Clintons' personal and business affairs during the 1980s included transactions that became the basis of the Whitewater investigation that dogged his later presidential administration.[26] After extensive investigation over several years, no indictments were made against the Clintons related to the years in Arkansas.[5][27]
According to some sources, Clinton was in his early years a death penalty opponent who switched positions.[28][29] During Clinton's term, Arkansas performed its first executions since 1964 (the death penalty had been re-enacted on March 23, 1973).[30] As Governor, he oversaw four executions: one by electric chair and three by lethal injection. Later, as president, Clinton was the first President to pardon a death-row inmate since the federal death penalty was reintroduced in 1988.[31]
Democratic presidential primaries of 1988[link]
In 1987, there was media speculation Clinton would enter the race after then-New York Governor Mario Cuomo declined to run and Democratic front-runner Gary Hart withdrew owing to revelations of marital infidelity. Clinton decided to remain as Arkansas governor (following consideration for the potential candidacy of Hillary Rodham Clinton for governor, initially favored – but ultimately vetoed – by the First Lady).[32] For the nomination, Clinton endorsed Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis. He gave the nationally televised opening night address at the 1988 Democratic National Convention, which at 33 minutes was criticized for being too long.[33] Presenting himself as a moderate and a member of the New Democrat wing of the Democratic Party, he headed the moderate Democratic Leadership Council in 1990 and 1991.[24][34]
1992 presidential campaign[link]
Further information: Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1992, United States presidential election, 1992, and Bill Clinton presidential campaign, 1992
In the first primary contest, the Iowa caucus, Clinton finished a distant third to Iowa Senator Tom Harkin. During the campaign for the New Hampshire primary, reports of an extramarital affair with Gennifer Flowers surfaced. As Clinton fell far behind former Massachusetts Senator Paul Tsongas in the New Hampshire polls,[5] following Super Bowl XXVI, Clinton and his wife Hillary went on 60 Minutes to rebuff the charges. Their television appearance was a calculated risk, but Clinton regained several delegates. He finished second to Tsongas in the New Hampshire primary, but after trailing badly in the polls and coming within single digits of winning, the media viewed it as a victory. News outlets labeled him "The Comeback Kid" for earning a firm second-place finish.[35]
Winning the big prizes of Florida and Texas and many of the Southern primaries on Super Tuesday gave Clinton a sizable delegate lead. However, former California Governor Jerry Brown was scoring victories and Clinton had yet to win a significant contest outside his native South.[5][34] With no major Southern state remaining, Clinton targeted New York, which had many delegates. He scored a resounding victory in New York City, shedding his image as a regional candidate.[34] Having been transformed into the consensus candidate, he secured the Democratic Party nomination, finishing with a victory in Jerry Brown's home state of California.[5]
During the campaign, questions of conflict of interest regarding state business and the politically powerful Rose Law Firm, at which Hillary Rodham Clinton was a partner, arose. Clinton argued the questions were moot because all transactions with the state had been deducted before determining Hillary's firm pay.[2][36] Further concern arose when Bill Clinton announced that, with Hillary, voters would be getting two presidents "for the price of one".[37]
While campaigning for U.S. President, the then Governor Clinton returned to Arkansas to see that Ricky Ray Rector would be executed. After killing a police officer and a civilian, Rector shot himself in the head, leading to what his lawyers said was a state where he could still talk but did not understand the idea of death. According to Arkansas state and Federal law, a seriously mentally impaired inmate cannot be executed. The courts disagreed with the allegation of grave mental impairment and allowed the execution. Clinton's return to Arkansas for the execution was framed in a The New York Times article as a possible political move to counter "soft on crime" accusations.[28][38]
Because Bush's approval ratings were in the 80% range during the Gulf War, he was described as unbeatable. However, when Bush compromised with Democrats to try to lower Federal deficits, he reneged on his promise not to raise taxes, hurting his approval rating. Clinton repeatedly condemned Bush for making a promise he failed to keep.[34] By election time, the economy was souring and Bush saw his approval rating plummet to just slightly over 40%.[34][39] Finally, conservatives were previously united by anti-communism, but with the end of the Cold War, the party lacked a uniting issue. When Pat Buchanan and Pat Robertson addressed Christian themes at the Republican National Convention – with Bush criticizing Democrats for omitting God from their platform – many moderates were alienated.[40] Clinton then pointed to his moderate, "New Democrat" record as governor of Arkansas, though some on the more liberal side of the party remained suspicious.[41] Many Democrats who had supported Ronald Reagan and Bush in previous elections switched their support to Clinton.[42] Clinton and his running mate, Al Gore, toured the country during the final weeks of the campaign, shoring up support and pledging a "new beginning".[42]
Clinton won the 1992 presidential election (43.0% of the vote) against Republican incumbent George H. W. Bush (37.4% of the vote) and billionaire populist Ross Perot, who ran as an independent (18.9% of the vote) on a platform focusing on domestic issues; a significant part of Clinton's success was Bush's steep decline in public approval.[42] Clinton's election ended twelve years of Republican rule of the White House and twenty of the previous twenty-four years. The election gave Democrats full control of the United States Congress,[3] the first time one party controlled both the executive and legislative branches since Democrats held the 95th United States Congress during the Jimmy Carter presidency in the late 1970s.[43]
Presidency, 1993–2001[link]
Main article: Presidency of Bill Clinton
During his presidency, Clinton advocated for a wide variety of legislation and programs, much of which was enacted into law or was implemented by the executive branch. Some of his policies, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement and welfare reform, have been attributed to a centrist Third Way philosophy of governance, while on other issues his stance was left-of-center.[44][45] Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history.[46][47][48] The Congressional Budget Office reported budget surpluses of $69 billion in 1998, $126 billion in 1999, and $236 billion in 2000,[49] during the last three years of Clinton's presidency.[50] At the end of his presidency, Clinton moved to New York and helped his wife win election to the U.S. Senate there.
First term, 1993–1997[link]
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 Video of the First inauguration of Bill Clinton.
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Clinton was inaugurated as the 42nd President of the United States on January 20, 1993. Shortly after taking office, Clinton signed the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 on February 5, which required large employers to allow employees to take unpaid leave for pregnancy or a serious medical condition. This action had bipartisan support,[51] and proved quite popular with the public.[52]
On February 15, 1993, Clinton made his first address to the nation, announcing his plan to raise taxes to cap the budget deficit.[53] Two days later, in a nationally televised address to a joint session of Congress, Clinton unveiled his economic plan. The plan focused on reducing the deficit rather than on cutting taxes for the middle class, which had been high on his campaign agenda.[54] Clinton's advisers pressured him to raise taxes on the theory that a smaller federal budget deficit would reduce bond interest rates.[55]
On May 19, 1993, Clinton fired seven employees of the White House Travel Office, causing a controversy even though the Travel Office staff served at the pleasure of the President, who could dismiss them without cause. The White House responded to the controversy by claiming the firings were done because of financial improprieties that had been revealed by a brief FBI investigation.[56] Critics contended the firings had been done to allow friends of the Clintons to take over the travel business and that the involvement of the FBI was unwarranted.[57]
"Our democracy must be not only the envy of the world but the engine of our own renewal. There is nothing wrong with America that cannot be cured by what is right with America."
Inaugural address, January 20, 1993.[58]
Clinton signed the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 in August of that year, which passed Congress without a Republican vote. It cut taxes for fifteen million low-income families, made tax cuts available to 90% of small businesses,[59] and raised taxes on the wealthiest 1.2% of taxpayers. Additionally, through the implementation of spending restraints, it mandated the budget be balanced over a number of years.[60]
Clinton made a major speech to Congress regarding a health care reform plan on September 22, 1993, aimed at achieving universal coverage through a national health care plan. This was one of the most prominent items on Clinton's legislative agenda, and resulted from a task force headed by Hillary Clinton. Though at first well received in political circles, it was eventually doomed by well-organized opposition from conservatives, the American Medical Association, and the health insurance industry. However, John F. Harris, a biographer of Clinton's, states the program failed because of a lack of coordination within the White House.[27] Despite the Democratic majority in Congress, the effort to create a national health care system ultimately died when compromise legislation by George J. Mitchell failed to gain a majority of support in August 1994. It was the first major legislative defeat of Clinton's administration.[24][27]
In November 1993, David Hale, the source of criminal allegations against Bill Clinton in the Whitewater affair, alleged that Clinton, while governor of Arkansas, pressured him to provide an illegal $300,000 loan to Susan McDougal, the partner of the Clintons in the Whitewater land deal.[61] A U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission investigation did result in convictions against the McDougals for their role in the Whitewater project, but the Clintons themselves were never charged, and Clinton maintains innocence in the affair.
Clinton signed the Brady Bill into law on November 30, 1993, which imposed a five-day waiting period on handgun purchases. He also expanded the Earned Income Tax Credit, a subsidy for low-income workers.[27]
In December of that year, allegations by Arkansas state troopers Larry Patterson and Roger Perry were first reported by David Brock in the American Spectator. Later known as Troopergate, the allegations by these men were that they arranged sexual liaisons for Bill Clinton back when he was governor of Arkansas. The story mentioned a woman named Paula, a reference to Paula Jones. Brock later apologized to Clinton, saying the article was politically motivated "bad journalism" and that "the troopers were greedy and had slimy motives."[62]
 Clinton's December 8, 1993 remarks on the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement
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That month, Clinton implemented a Department of Defense directive known as "Don't Ask, Don't Tell", which allowed gay men and women to serve in the armed services provided they kept their sexuality a secret, and forbade the military from inquiring about an individual's sexual orientation. This move garnered criticism from the left (for being too tentative in promoting gay rights) and from the right (who opposed any effort to allow gays to serve). Some gay-rights advocates criticized Clinton for not going far enough and accused him of making his campaign promise to get votes and contributions.[63] Their position was that Clinton should have integrated the military by executive order, noting that President Harry Truman used executive order to racially desegregate the armed forces. Clinton's defenders argue that an executive order might have prompted the Senate to write the exclusion of gays into law, potentially making it harder to integrate the military in the future.[24] Later in his presidency, in 1999, Clinton criticized the way the policy was implemented, saying he did not think any serious person could say it was not "out of whack."[64] The policy remained controversial, and was finally repealed in 2011, removing open sexual preference as a reason for dismissal from the armed forces.[65]
On January 1, 1994, Clinton signed the North American Free Trade Agreement into law.[66] Throughout his first year in office, Clinton consistently supported ratification of the treaty by the U.S. Senate. Clinton and most of his allies in the Democratic Leadership Committee strongly supported free trade measures; there remained, however, strong disagreement within the party. Opposition came chiefly from anti-trade Republicans, protectionist Democrats and supporters of Ross Perot. The bill passed the house with 234 votes against 200 opposed (132 Republicans and 102 Democrats voting in favor; 156 Democrats, 43 Republicans, and 1 independent against). The treaty was then ratified by the Senate and signed into law by the President.[66]
Clinton's 1994 Omnibus Crime Bill made many changes to U.S. law, including the expansion of the death penalty to include crimes not resulting in death, such as running a large-scale drug enterprise. During Clinton's re-election campaign he said, "My 1994 crime bill expanded the death penalty for drug kingpins, murderers of federal law enforcement officers, and nearly 60 additional categories of violent felons."[67]
"When I took office, only high energy physicists had ever heard of what is called the Worldwide Web.... Now even my cat has its own page."
Bill Clinton's announcement of Next Generation Internet initiative, 1996.[68]
The Clinton administration also launched the first official White House website, whitehouse.gov, on October 21, 1994.[69][70] It was followed by three more versions, resulting in the final edition launched in 2000.[71][72] The White House website was part of a wider movement of the Clinton administration toward web-based communication. According to Robert Longley, "Clinton and Gore were responsible for pressing almost all federal agencies, the U.S. court system and the U.S. military onto the Internet, thus opening up America's government to more of America's citizens than ever before. On July 17, 1996, Clinton issued Executive Order 13011 – Federal Information Technology, ordering the heads of all federal agencies to utilize information technology fully to make the information of the agency easily accessible to the public."[73]
After two years of Democratic Party control, the Democrats lost control of Congress in the mid-term elections in 1994, for the first time in forty years.[74]
Law professor Ken Gromley's book The Death of American Virtue reveals that Clinton escaped a 1996 assassination attempt in the Philippines by terrorists working for Osama bin Laden.[75] During his visit to the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum in Manila in 1996, he was saved shortly before his car was due to drive over a bridge where a bomb had been planted. Gromley said he was told the details of the bomb plot by Louis Merletti, a former director of the Secret Service. Clinton was scheduled to visit a local politician in central Manila, when secret service officers intercepted a message suggesting that an attack was imminent. A transmission used the words "bridge" and "wedding", supposedly a terrorist's code words for assassination. The motorcade was re-routed and the US agents later discovered a bomb planted under the bridge. The report said the subsequent US investigation into the plot "revealed that it was masterminded by a Saudi terrorist living in Afghanistan named Osama bin Laden". Gromley said, "It remained top secret except to select members of the US intelligence community. At the time, there were media reports about the discovery of two bombs, one at Manila airport and another at the venue for the leaders' meeting".[76]
The White House FBI files controversy of June 1996 arose concerning improper access by the White House to FBI security-clearance documents. Craig Livingstone, head of the White House Office of Personnel Security, improperly requested, and received from the FBI, background report files without asking permission of the subject individuals; many of these were employees of former Republican administrations.[77] In March 2000, Independent Counsel Robert Ray determined that there was no credible evidence of any crime. Ray's report further stated, "there was no substantial and credible evidence that any senior White House official was involved" in seeking the files.[78]
On September 21, 1996, barely three years after the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" imbroglio, and further straining relations with the LGBT community, Clinton signed into law the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which defines marriage as the legal union of one man and one woman.[79] Paul Yandura, speaking for the White House gay and lesbian liaison office, said that Clinton's signing of DOMA "was a political decision that they made at the time of a re-election." Administration spokesman Richard Socarides said, "... the alternatives we knew were going to be far worse, and it was time to move on and get the president re-elected."[80] Clinton himself stated that DOMA was something "which the Republicans put on the ballot to try to get the base vote for President Bush up, I think it’s obvious that something had to be done to try to keep the Republican Congress from presenting that."[81] Others were more critical. Representative Barney Frank (D-MA) called these claims "historic revisionism”.[80] In a July 2, 2011 editorial the New York Times opined, "The Defense of Marriage Act was enacted in 1996 as an election-year wedge issue, signed by President Bill Clinton in one of his worst policy moments."[82]
As part of a 1996 initiative to curb illegal immigration, Clinton signed the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) on September 30, 1996. Appointed by Clinton,[83] the U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform recommended reducing legal immigration from about 800,000 people a year to about 550,000.[84][85]
The 1996 United States campaign finance controversy was an alleged effort by the People's Republic of China (PRC) to influence the domestic policies of the United States, before and during the Clinton administration, and involved the fundraising practices of the administration itself. The Chinese government denied all accusations.[86]
Second term, 1997–2001[link]
In the 1996 presidential election, Clinton was re-elected, receiving 49.2% of the popular vote over Republican Bob Dole (40.7% of the popular vote) and Reform candidate Ross Perot (8.4% of the popular vote), becoming the first Democratic incumbent since Lyndon Johnson to be elected to a second term and the first Democrat since Franklin Roosevelt to be elected President more than once.[87] The Republicans lost a few seats in the House and gained a few in the Senate, but retained control of both houses of the 105th United States Congress. Clinton received 379, or over 70% of the Electoral College votes, with Dole receiving 159 electoral votes.
In the January 1997 State of the Union address, Clinton proposed a new initiative to provide coverage to up to five million children. Senators Ted Kennedy – a Democrat – and Orrin Hatch – a Republican – teamed up with Hillary Rodham Clinton and her staff in 1997, and succeeded in passing legislation forming the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), the largest (successful) health care reform in the years of the Clinton Presidency. That year, Hillary Clinton shepherded through Congress the Adoption and Safe Families Act and two years later she succeeded in helping pass the Foster Care Independence Act.
Impeachment[link]
In a lame-duck session of Congress after the 1998 elections, the House voted to impeach Clinton, based on the results of the Lewinsky scandal.[27] This made Clinton only the second U.S. president to be impeached (the first being Andrew Johnson). Impeachment proceedings were based on allegations that Clinton had lied about his relationship with 22-year-old White House intern Monica Lewinsky in a sworn deposition in the Paula Jones lawsuit.[88] After the Starr Report was submitted to the House providing what it termed "substantial and credible information that President Clinton Committed Acts that May Constitute Grounds for an Impeachment",[89] the House began impeachment hearings against Clinton before the mid-term elections. To hold impeachment proceedings, the Republican leadership called a lame-duck session in December 1998.
While the House Judiciary Committee hearings ended in a straight party-line vote, there was lively debate on the House floor. The two charges passed in the House (largely with Republican support, but with a handful of Democratic votes as well) were for perjury and obstruction of justice. The perjury charge arose from Clinton's testimony about his relationship to Lewinsky during a sexual harassment lawsuit[90] brought by former Arkansas state employee Paula Jones. The obstruction charge was based on his actions during the subsequent investigation of that testimony.
The Senate later voted to acquit Clinton on both charges.[91] The Senate refused to meet to hold an impeachment trial before the end of the old term, so the trial was held over until the next Congress. Clinton was represented by Washington law firm Williams & Connolly.[92] The Senate finished a twenty-one-day trial on February 12, 1999, with the vote (55 Not Guilty/45 Guilty) on both counts falling short of the Constitutional two-thirds majority requirement to convict and remove an officeholder. The final vote was generally along party lines, with no Democrats voting guilty, and only a handful of Republicans voting not guilty.[91]
Clinton controversially issued 141 pardons and 36 commutations on his last day in office on January 20, 2001.[27][93] Most of the controversy surrounded Marc Rich and allegations that Hillary Clinton's brother, Hugh Rodham, accepted payments in return for influencing the president's decision-making regarding the pardons.[94] Some of Clinton's pardons remain a point of controversy.[95]
Military and foreign events[link]
Further information: Foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration
Many military events occurred during Clinton's presidency. The Battle of Mogadishu also occurred in Somalia in 1993. During the operation, two U.S. helicopters were shot down by rocket-propelled grenade attacks to their tail rotors, trapping soldiers behind enemy lines. This resulted in an urban battle that killed 18 American soldiers, wounded 73 others, and one was taken prisoner. There were many more Somali casualties. Some of the American bodies were dragged through the streets – a spectacle broadcast on television news programs. In response, U.S. forces were withdrawn from Somalia and later conflicts were approached with fewer soldiers on the ground.
In 1995, U.S. and NATO aircraft attacked Bosnian Serb targets to halt attacks on U.N. safe zones and to pressure them into a peace accord. Clinton deployed U.S. peacekeepers to Bosnia in late 1995, to uphold the subsequent Dayton Agreement.
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Capturing Osama bin Laden had been an objective of the United States government from the presidency of Bill Clinton until bin Laden's death in 2011.[96] It has been asserted by Mansoor Ijaz that in 1996 while the Clinton Administration had begun pursuit of the policy, the Sudanese government allegedly offered to arrest and extradite Bin Laden as well as to provide the United States detailed intelligence information about growing militant organizations in the region, including Hezbollah and Hamas,[97] and that U.S. authorities allegedly rejected each offer, despite knowing of bin Laden's involvement in bombings on American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania.[97] However, the 9/11 Commission found that although "former Sudanese officials claim that Sudan offered to expel Bin Laden to the United States", "we have not found any reliable evidence to support the Sudanese claim."[98] In 1998, two years after the warning, the Clinton administration ordered several military missions to capture or kill bin Laden that failed.[99]
In response to the 1998 al-Qaeda bombings of U.S. embassies in East Africa that killed a dozen Americans and hundreds of Africans, Clinton ordered cruise missile strikes on terrorist targets in Afghanistan and Sudan. First was a Sudanese Pharmaceutical company suspected of assisting Osama Bin Laden in making chemical weapons. The second was Bin Laden's terrorist training camps in Afghanistan.[100] Clinton was subsequently criticized when it turned out that a pharmaceutical plant in Sudan (originally alleged to be a chemical warfare plant) had been destroyed.
To stop the ethnic cleansing and genocide[101][102] of Albanians by nationalist Serbians in the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia's province of Kosovo, Clinton authorized the use of American troops in a NATO bombing campaign against Yugoslavia in 1999, named Operation Allied Force. General Wesley Clark was Supreme Allied Commander of NATO and oversaw the mission. With United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244, the bombing campaign ended on June 10, 1999. The resolution placed Kosovo under UN administration and authorized a peacekeeping force.[103] NATO announced that its forces had suffered zero combat deaths,[104] and two deaths from an Apache helicopter crash.[105] Opinions in the popular press criticized pre-war genocide statements by the Clinton administration as greatly exaggerated.[106][107] A U.N. Court ruled genocide did not take place, but recognized, "a systematic campaign of terror, including murders, rapes, arsons and severe maltreatments".[108] The term "ethnic cleansing" was used as an alternative to "genocide" to denote not just ethnically motivated murder but also displacement, though critics charge there is no difference.[109] Slobodan Milošević, the President of Yugoslavia at the time, was eventually charged with the "murders of about 600 individually identified ethnic Albanians" and "crimes against humanity."[110]
In Clinton's 1998 State of the Union Address, he warned Congress of Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein's possible pursuit of nuclear weapons:
Together we must also confront the new hazards of chemical and biological weapons, and the outlaw states, terrorists and organized criminals seeking to acquire them. Saddam Hussein has spent the better part of this decade, and much of his nation's wealth, not on providing for the Iraqi people, but on developing nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and the missiles to deliver them. The United Nations weapons inspectors have done a truly remarkable job, finding and destroying more of Iraq's arsenal than was destroyed during the entire gulf war. Now, Saddam Hussein wants to stop them from completing their mission. I know I speak for everyone in this chamber, Republicans and Democrats, when I say to Saddam Hussein, "You cannot defy the will of the world", and when I say to him, "You have used weapons of mass destruction before; we are determined to deny you the capacity to use them again.[111]
To weaken Saddam Hussein's grip of power, Clinton signed H.R. 4655 into law on October 31, 1998, which instituted a policy of "regime change" against Iraq, though it explicitly stated it did not provide for direct intervention on the part of American military forces.[112] The administration then launched a four-day bombing campaign named Operation Desert Fox, lasting from December 16 to December 19, 1998. For the last two years of Clinton's presidency, U.S. aircraft routinely attacked hostile Iraqi anti-air installations inside the Iraqi no-fly zones.
Clinton's November 2000 visit to Vietnam was the first by a U.S. President since the end of the Vietnam War.[113] Clinton remained popular with the public throughout his two terms as President, ending his presidential career with a 65% approval rating, the highest end-of-term approval rating of any President since Dwight D. Eisenhower.[114] Further, the Clinton administration signed over 270 trade liberalization pacts with other countries during its tenure.[115] On October 10, 2000, Clinton signed into law the U.S.–China Relations Act of 2000, which granted permanent normal trade relations (PNTR) trade status to People's Republic of China.[116] The president asserted that free trade would gradually open China to democratic reform.[117] Clinton also oversaw a boom of the U.S. economy. Under Clinton, the United States had a projected federal budget surplus for the first time since 1969.[118]
After initial successes such as the Oslo accords of the early 1990s, Clinton attempted to address the Arab-Israeli conflict. Clinton brought Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat together at Camp David.[27] Following the peace talk failures, Clinton stated Arafat "missed the opportunity" to facilitate a "just and lasting peace." In his autobiography, Clinton blames Arafat for the collapse of the summit.[2][119] The situation broke down completely with the start of the Second Intifada.[27]
Judicial appointments[link]
Main articles: Bill Clinton Supreme Court candidates and Bill Clinton judicial appointments
Clinton appointed the following justices to the Supreme Court:
- Ruth Bader Ginsburg – 1993[120]
- Stephen Breyer – 1994[121]
Along with his two Supreme Court appointments, Clinton appointed 66 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 305 judges to the United States district courts. His 373 judicial appointments are the second most in American history behind those of Ronald Reagan. Clinton also experienced a number of judicial appointment controversies, as 69 nominees to federal judgeships were not processed by the Republican-controlled Senate Judiciary Committee. In all, 84% of his nominees were confirmed.[122]
Public opinion[link]
Clinton's job approval rating fluctuated in the 40s and 50s throughout his first term. In his second term, his rating consistently ranged from the high-50s to the high-60s.[123] After his impeachment proceedings in 1998 and 1999, Clinton's rating reached its highest point.[124] He finished with an approval rating of 68%, which matched those of Ronald Reagan and Franklin D. Roosevelt as the highest ratings for departing presidents in the modern era.[125]
As he was leaving office, a CNN/USA TODAY/Gallup poll revealed 45% said they would miss him. While 55% thought he "would have something worthwhile to contribute and should remain active in public life", 68% thought he would be remembered for his "involvement in personal scandal", and 58% answered "No" to the question "Do you generally think Bill Clinton is honest and trustworthy?" Forty-seven percent of the respondents identified themselves as being Clinton supporters. The same percentage said he would be remembered as either "outstanding" or "above average" as a president, while 22% said he would be remembered as "below average" or "poor".[126]
The Gallup Organization published a poll in February 2007, a correspondents to name the greatest president in U.S. history; Clinton came in fourth place, capturing 13% of the vote. In a 2006 Quinnipiac University poll asking respondents to name the best president since World War II, Clinton ranked number two behind Ronald Reagan. However, in the same poll, when respondents were asked to name the worst president since World War II, Clinton was placed number three behind Richard Nixon and George W. Bush.[127] In May 2006, a CNN poll comparing Clinton's job performance with that of his successor, George W. Bush, found that a strong majority of respondents said Clinton outperformed Bush in six different areas questioned.[128]
ABC News characterized public consensus on Clinton as, "You can't trust him, he's got weak morals and ethics – and he's done a heck of a good job."[129] After leaving office, Clinton's Gallup Poll rating of 66% was the highest approval rating of any postwar, three points ahead of both Reagan and John F. Kennedy.[130]
In March 2010, a Newsmax/Zogby poll asking Americans which of the current living former presidents they think is best equipped to deal with the problems the country faces today, found that a wide margin of respondents would pick Bill Clinton. Clinton received 41% of the vote, while George W. Bush received 15%, George H. W. Bush received 7%, and Jimmy Carter received 5%.[131]
Public image[link]
Main article: Public image of Bill Clinton
As the first baby boomer president, Clinton was the first president in a half-century not to have been alive during World War II.[132] Authors Martin Walker and Bob Woodward state Clinton's innovative use of sound bite-ready dialogue, personal charisma, and public perception-oriented campaigning was a major factor in his high public approval ratings.[133][134] When Clinton played the saxophone on The Arsenio Hall Show, he was described by some religious conservatives as "the MTV president."[135] Opponents sometimes referred to him as "Slick Willie",[136] a nickname first applied while he was governor of Arkansas and lasting throughout his presidency.[137] Standing at a height of 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m), Clinton is tied with five others as the fourth-tallest president in the nation's history.[138][139] His folksy manner led him to be nicknamed "Bubba", especially in the Southern U.S.[140]
Clinton drew strong support from the African American community and made improving race relations a major theme of his presidency.[141] In 1998, Nobel laureate Toni Morrison called Clinton "the first Black president", saying, "Clinton displays almost every trope of blackness: single-parent household, born poor, working-class, saxophone-playing, McDonald's-and-junk-food-loving boy from Arkansas".[142] Noting that Clinton's sex life was scrutinized more than his career accomplishments, Morrison compared this to the stereotyping and double standards that blacks typically endure.[142]
Allegations of sexual misconduct[link]
Main article: Sexual misconduct allegations against Bill Clinton
Clinton has been subject to several allegations of sexual misconduct, though he has only admitted extramarital relationships with Monica Lewinsky and Gennifer Flowers.[143]
In 1991, Paula Jones brought a sexual harassment lawsuit against Clinton in 1994 which he denied. The case was initially dismissed,[144] but Jones appealed.[145] During the deposition for the Jones lawsuit, which was held at the White House,[146] Clinton denied having sexual relations with Monica Lewinsky – a denial that became the basis for the impeachment charge of perjury.[147] He later agreed to an out-of-court settlement and paid $850,000.[148] His attorney Bob Bennett stated that he only made the settlement so he could end the lawsuit for good and move on with his life.[149]
In 1992 nude model and actress Gennifer Flowers stated that she had a relationship with Clinton that began in 1980.[150] Flowers at first denied that she had an affair with Clinton, but later changed her story.[151][152] Clinton admitted that he had a sexual encounter with Flowers.[153]
In 1998, Kathleen Willey alleged Clinton groped her in a hallway in 1993. An independent counsel determined Willey gave "false information" to the FBI, inconsistent with sworn testimony related to the Jones allegation.[154] Also in 1998, Juanita Broaddrick alleged Clinton had raped her though she did not remember the exact date, which may have been 1978.[155] In another 1998 event, Elizabeth Ward Gracen recanted a six-year-old denial and stated she had a one night stand with Clinton in 1982.[156] Gracen later apologized to Hillary Clinton.[157]
Post-presidential career[link]
Main article: Post-presidency of Bill Clinton
Bill Clinton continues to be active in public life, giving speeches, fundraising, and founding charitable organizations.[158] Altogether, Clinton has spoken at the last six Democratic National Conventions, dating to 1988.
Activities up until 2008 campaign[link]
In 2002, Clinton warned that pre-emptive military action against Iraq would have unwelcome consequences.[159][160] In 2005, Clinton criticized the Bush administration for its handling of emissions control, while speaking at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Montreal.[161]
The William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park in Little Rock, Arkansas was dedicated in 2004.[162] Clinton released a best-selling autobiography, My Life in 2004.[163] In 2007, he released Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World, which also became a The New York Times Best Seller and garnered positive reviews.[164]
In the aftermath of the 2005 Asian tsunami, U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan appointed Clinton to head a relief effort.[165] After Hurricane Katrina, Clinton joined with fellow former President George H. W. Bush to establish the Bush-Clinton Tsunami Fund in January 2005, and the Bush-Clinton Katrina Fund in October of that year.[166] As part of the tsunami effort, these two ex-presidents appeared in a Super Bowl XXXIX pre-game show,[167] and traveled to the affected areas.[168] They also spoke together at the funeral of Boris Yeltsin in 2007.[169]
Based on his philanthropic worldview,[170] Clinton created the William J. Clinton Foundation to address issues of global importance. This foundation includes the Clinton Foundation HIV and AIDS Initiative (CHAI), which strives to combat that disease, and has worked with the Australian government toward that end. The Clinton Global Initiative (CGI), begun by the Clinton Foundation in 2005, attempts to address world problems such as global public health, poverty alleviation and religious and ethnic conflict.[171] In 2005, Clinton announced through his foundation an agreement with manufacturers to stop selling sugared drinks in schools.[172] Clinton's foundation joined with the Large Cities Climate Leadership Group in 2006 to improve cooperation among those cities, and he met with foreign leaders to promote this initiative.[173] The foundation has received donations from a number of governments all over the world, including Asia and the Middle East.[174] In 2008, Foundation director Inder Singh announced that deals to reduce the price of anti-malaria drugs by 30% in developing nations.[175] Clinton also spoke in favor of California Proposition 87 on alternative energy, which was voted down.[176]
2008 presidential election[link]
During the 2008 Democratic presidential primary campaign, Clinton vigorously advocated on behalf of his wife, Hillary Clinton. Through speaking engagements and fundraisers, he was able to raise $10 million toward her campaign.[177] Some worried that as an ex-president, he was too active on the trail, too negative to Clinton rival Barack Obama, and alienating his supporters at home and abroad.[178] Many were especially critical of him following his remarks in the South Carolina primary, which Obama won. Later in the 2008 primaries, there was some infighting between Bill and Hillary's staffs, especially in Pennsylvania.[179] Considering Bill's remarks, many thought that he could not rally Hillary supporters behind Obama after Obama won the primary.[180] Such remarks lead to apprehension that the party would be split to the detriment of Obama's election. Fears were allayed August 27, 2008, when Clinton enthusiastically endorsed Obama at the 2008 Democratic National Convention, saying that all his experience as president assures him that Obama is "ready to lead".[181] After Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign was over, Bill Clinton continued to raise funds to help pay off her campaign debt.[182][183]
After the 2008 election[link]
In 2009, Clinton travelled to North Korea on behalf of two American journalists imprisoned in North Korea. Euna Lee and Laura Ling had been imprisoned for illegally entering the country from China.[184] Jimmy Carter had made a similar visit in 1994.[184] After Clinton met with North Korean leader Kim Jong-il, Kim issued a pardon.[185][186]
Since then, Clinton has been assigned a number of other diplomatic missions. He was named United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti in 2009.[187] In response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake, U.S. President Barack Obama announced that Clinton and George W. Bush would coordinate efforts to raise funds for Haiti's recovery.[188] Clinton continues to visit Haiti to witness the inauguration of refugee villages, and to raise funds for victims of the earthquake.[189] In 2010, Clinton announced support of, and delivered the keynote address for, the inauguration of NTR, Ireland's first environmental foundation.[190][191] In July 2012 Clinton will give the keynote address at the Re|Source Conference, a collaboration between Oxford University, the Stordalen Foundation and the Rothschild Foundation.[192]
Post-presidential health concerns[link]
In September 2004, Clinton received a quadruple bypass surgery.[193] In March 2005, he underwent surgery for a partially collapsed lung.[194] On February 11, 2010, he was rushed to Columbia Presbyterian Hospital in New York City after complaining of chest pains, and had two coronary stents implanted in his heart.[193][195] It has been widely reported that Clinton has become a vegan for health reasons,[196] but he still occasionally eats fish.[197]
Honors and accolades[link]
Main article: List of honors and awards earned by Bill Clinton
Various colleges and universities have awarded Clinton honorary degrees, including Doctorate of Law degrees[198][199] and Doctor of Humane Letters degrees.[200] Schools have been named for Clinton,[201][202][203] and statues do homage him.[204][205][206] The Clinton Presidential Center was opened in Little Rock, Arkansas in his honor on December 5, 2001.[207] He has been honored in various other ways, in countries that include the Czech Republic,[208] New Guinea,[209] Germany,[210] and Kosovo.[204] U.S. states where he has been honored include Missouri,[211] Arkansas,[212] Kentucky,[213] and New York.[214] He was presented with the Medal for Distinguished Public Service by Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen in 2001.[215]
In 1993, Clinton was selected as Time's "Man of the Year",[216] and again in 1998, along with Ken Starr.[217] From a poll conducted of the American people in December 1999, Clinton was among eighteen included in Gallup's List of Widely Admired People of the 20th century.[218] He has been honored with a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children, a J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding,[219] a TED Prize (named for the confluence of technology, entertainment and design),[220] and many other awards and honors.
Authored books[link]
- Between Hope and History. New York: Times Books. 1996. ISBN 978-0-8129-2913-3.
- My Life (1st ed.). New York: Vintage Books. 2004. ISBN 978-1-4000-3003-3.
- Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World (1st ed.). New York: Knopf. 2007. ISBN 0-307-26674-5.
- Back to Work: Why We Need Smart Government for a Strong Economy. Knopf. 2011. ISBN 978-0-307-95975-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=-S2JCDOpgXYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Bill+Clinton%22&hl=en.
See also[link]
References[link]
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Clinton, Bill (2004). My Life. Random House. ISBN 1-4000-3003-X.
- ^ a b "Biography of William J. Clinton". The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/williamjclinton/. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ "Oprah Talks to Bill Clinton." O, The Oprah Magazine, August 2004. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Maraniss, David (1996). First In His Class: A Biography Of Bill Clinton. Touchstone. ISBN 0-684-81890-6.
- ^ "It All Began in a Place Called Hope (Archived whitehouse.gov Article)". The White House. http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OP/html/Hope.html. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ "Bill Clinton Inducted May 1, 1988". DeMolay. http://www.demolay.org/aboutdemolay/halloffame_bio.php?hofid=18. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ Prominent Members, Kappa Kappa Psi. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ Dowd, Maureen (June 9, 1994). "Oxford Journal; Whereas, He Is an Old Boy, If a Young Chief, Honor Him". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/09/world/oxford-journal-whereas-he-is-an-old-boy-if-a-young-chief-honor-him.html. Retrieved July 17, 2009.
- ^ Cain, Nick & Growden, Greg "Chapter 21: Ten Peculiar Facts about Rugby" in Rugby Union for Dummies (2nd Edition), p. 297 (pub: John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, England) ISBN 978-0-470-03537-5
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- ^ a b "Hillary Rodham Clinton". The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/hillaryclinton. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
- ^ Gerstein, Josh (November 26, 2007). "The Clintons' Berkeley Summer of Love". The New York Sun. http://www.nysun.com/national/clintons-berkeley-summer-of-love/66982/. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
- ^ a b c "Bill Clinton Political Career". CNN: AllPolitics. 1997. http://cgi.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/candidates/democrat/clinton/political.career.shtml. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ Adam Cohen (December 12, 2007). "Bill and Hillary Clinton's Pitch in Iowa: 'I Love the '90s'". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/12/opinion/12wed4.html. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ R. Emmett Tyrrell, Jr. (1996). Boy Clinton: The Political Biography. Eagle Publishing. ISBN 978-0-89526-439-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=rLSJ5oJG3fcC&pg=PA236&lpg=PA236&dq=Clinton+%22Boy+Governor%22&source=bl&ots=IvG0Oi5-36&sig=jKPu8r0TAEssgFVsCNlaC8jGj5g&hl=en&ei=wTxZTuTYBo7H0AGw0qmsCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CE8Q6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Clinton%20%22Boy%20Governor%22&f=false.
- ^ Michael Kelly (November 27, 1992). "Little Rock Hopes Clinton Presidency Will Put Its Dogpatch Image to Rest". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/27/us/little-rock-hopes-clinton-presidency-will-put-its-dogpatch-image-to-rest.html. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ Jonathan W. Nicholsen. "Bill Clinton Timeline". Timeline Help. http://www.timeline-help.com/bill-clinton-timeline.html. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f Klein, Joe (2002). The Natural: The Misunderstood Presidency of Bill Clinton. Doubleday. ISBN 0-7679-1412-0.
- ^ "Bill Clinton, New Democrat". DLC. July 25, 2004. http://www.dlc.org/ndol_ci.cfm?kaid=127&subid=173&contentid=252794. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
- ^ Blumenthal, Sidney (2003). The Clinton Wars (1st ed.). Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-12502-3.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Harris, John F. (2006). The Survivor: Bill Clinton in the White House (1st ed.). Random House Trade Paperbacks. ISBN 0-375-76084-9.
- ^ a b George Stephanopoulos, All Too Human: A Political Education, 1999, ISBN 978-0-316-92919-6
- ^ Nguyen, Alexander (July 14, 2000). "Bill Clinton's Death Penalty Waffle – and Why It's Good News for Execution's Foes". The American Prospect. http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=bill_clintons_death_penalty_waffle_. Retrieved August 30, 2010. "In his early days, Clinton opposed the death penalty. And while he and his wife Hillary Rodham Clinton were both teaching at the University of Arkansas Law School, she wrote an appellate brief that helped save a mentally retarded man from execution. "Clinton was against the death penalty," says Arkansas attorney Jeff Rosenzweig, who, like Clinton, grew up in Hot Springs, Arkansas. "He told me so.""
- ^ "Arkansas". Death Penalty Information Center. http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/sxs.php?a=v&s=3. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
- ^ "Clemency". Death Penalty Information Center. http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/clemency. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
- ^ David Maraniss, First in His Class: A Biography of Bill Clinton (New York: Random House, 1996; ISBN 978-0-684-81890-0).
- ^ Church, George J. (January 27, 1992). "Cover: Is Bill Clinton For Real?". Time. http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,974739,00.html. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e Woodward, Bob (2005). The Choice: How Bill Clinton Won. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-8514-X.
- ^ "Clinton thanks New Hampshire for making him the 'Comeback Kid'". CNN. January 11, 2001. http://articles.cnn.com/2001-01-11/politics/clinton.nh_1_president-clinton-new-hampshire-bill-clinton?_s=PM:ALLPOLITICS. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ Ifill, Gwen (March 17, 1992). "Hillary Clinton Defends Her Conduct in Law Firm". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/17/us/the-1992-campaign-hillary-clinton-defends-her-conduct-in-law-firm.html. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
- ^ MacGillis, Alec; Kornblut, Anne E. (December 21, 2007). "Hillary Clinton Embraces Her Husband's Legacy". The Washington Post: p. A1. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/21/AR2007122102588.html. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
- ^ Applebome, Peter (January 25, 1992). "Arkansas Execution Raises Questions on Governor's Politics". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/25/us/1992-campaign-death-penalty-arkansas-execution-raises-questions-governor-s.html. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
- ^ "How the Presidents Stack Up: A look at U.S. presidents' job-approval ratings". The Wall Street Journal. 2006. http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/info-presapp0605-31.html. Retrieved October 30, 2008.
- ^ Le Beau, Bryan. "The Political Mobilization of the New Christian Right". Creighton University. http://are.as.wvu.edu/lebeau1.htm. Retrieved December 1, 2006.
- ^ Walker, Martin (January 6, 1992). "Tough love child of Kennedy". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/1992/jan/06/usa.martinwalker. Retrieved October 12, 2007.
- ^ a b c "On this day (November 4) in 1992: Clinton beats Bush to the White House". BBC News Online. November 4, 1992. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/4/newsid_3659000/3659498.stm. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
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- ^ Stephanie Condon (May 13, 2010). "Bill Clinton Raffles Himself to Pay Hillary's Campaign Debt". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20004883-503544.html. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ a b "Bill Clinton meets N Korea leader". BBC News Online. August 4, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8182716.stm. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ "North Korea pardons US reporters". BBC News Online. August 4, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8184583.stm. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ Landler, Mark; Baker, Peter (August 5, 2009). "Bill Clinton and Journalists in Emotional Return to U.S.". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/06/world/asia/06korea.html. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ "Bill Clinton to be UN Haiti envoy". BBC News Online. BBC. May 19, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8056762.stm. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
- ^ "Presidents Clinton, Bush lead effort to raise funds for Haiti". CNN. January 16, 2010. http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2010/01/16/presidents-clinton-bush-lead-effort-to-raise-funds-for-haiti/. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ Jacob Kushner (August 17, 2011). "Clinton launches business loan program in Haiti". Associated Press. ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory?id=14318999. Retrieved December 10, 2011.
- ^ Emmet Oliver (March 5, 2010). "Clinton backs NTR's environment foundation". The Irish Independent. http://www.independent.ie/business/irish/clinton-backs-ntrs-environment-foundation-2089592.html. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ "President Bill Clinton Delivers Keynote Address". NTR Foundation. March 4, 2010. http://www.ntr-foundation.org/news/article/president-bill-clinton-delivers-keynote-address1/. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ Hilde Lewis (March 5, 2010). "Stordalen caught Clinton". Aftenposten. http://www.aftenposten.no/okonomi/Gunhild-Stordalen-kuppet-Clinton-6812563.html#.T6uZdL9EIdw. Retrieved May 10, 2012.
- ^ a b "Bill Clinton 'in good spirits' after heart procedure". BBC News Online. February 12, 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8511817.stm. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ "Clinton surgery called successful". Associated Press. msnbc.com. March 10, 2005. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7127096/. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ Mark Egan (February 11, 2010). "Bill Clinton in good spirits after heart procedure". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/02/11/us-clinton-idUSTRE61A5L020100211. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
- ^ David Segal (October 25, 2010). "Restaurants' Best Press: 'Bill Clinton Ate Here'". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/27/dining/27clinton.html. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ Philip Sherwell (October 3, 2010). "Bill Clinton's new diet: nothing but beans, vegetables and fruit to combat heart disease". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/8038801/Bill-Clintons-new-diet-nothing-but-beans-vegetables-and-fruit-to-combat-heart-disease.html. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ "Honorary Degrees". UNC-Chapel Hill Office of Faculty Governance. 1993. http://faccoun.unc.edu/awards/honorary-degrees/. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ "President Bill Clinton with an honorary doctorate of law". Tulane University. May 19, 2006. http://www.tulane.edu/newwave/cornerpics/051906_grads.html. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ "Clinton to address graduates, Honorary doctorate will be bestowed". RIT News, Rochester Institute of Technology. May 18, 2007. http://www.rit.edu/news/story.php?id=45649. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ "Clinton Elementary". Compton Unified School District. http://www.compton.k12.ca.us/www/schoolsites/showschool.aspx?id=13900. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- ^ "William Jefferson Clinton Middle School". Los Angeles Unified School District. http://www.lausd.net/Clinton_MS/. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ "Clinton School of Public service". University of Arkansas. http://www.clintonschool.uasys.edu/. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ a b "Kosovo unveils Clinton's statue". BBC News Online. November 1, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8336789.stm. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
- ^ "Kosovo to honor Bill Clinton with statue". Reuters. May 23, 2007. http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/05/23/us-serbia-kosovo-clinton-idUSL2316200920070523. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
- ^ Robert Bridge (November 2, 2009). "Clinton unveils statue to (guess who?) in Kosovo". Russiatoday.com. http://www.russiatoday.com/Politics/2009-11-02/clinton-unveils-statue-kosovo.html. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ Van Natta, Don, Jr. (June 28, 1999). "Dinner for a Presidential Library, Contributions Welcome". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/28/us/dinner-for-a-presidential-library-contributions-welcome.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved December 17, 2009.
- ^ "List of Individuals Awarded the Order of the White Lion". Old.hrad.cz. October 13, 2005. http://old.hrad.cz/kpr/rady/rbl_lide_uk.html. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
- ^ "It's now 'Chief Bill Clinton". UPI. December 3, 2006. http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2006/12/03/Its-now-Chief-Bill-Clinton/UPI-99431165188768/. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ "International Prize of the city of Aachen (German)". Archived from the original on February 6, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080206203817/http://www.karlspreis.de/index.php?id=12&doc=42.
- ^ DeMolay International. "DeMolay Hall of Fame". Demolay.org. http://www.demolay.org/aboutdemolay/halloffame.php. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
- ^ Purdum, Todd S. (October 17, 2002). "Campaign Season; Another First for Clinton". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/17/us/campaign-season-another-first-for-clinton.html. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
- ^ Kentucky Colonels, Honorable Order of. "Colonels website". Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels. http://kycolonels.org/index.cgi?id=54. Retrieved December 21, 2009.
- ^ Dunlap, David. "Pataki Offers Peek at 9/11 Memorial Progress", The New York Times (November 23, 2004). Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ "Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen presents the Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service to President Bill Clinton in a ceremonial farewell at Fort Myer, Va., on Jan. 5, 2001.". U.S. Department of Defense. http://www.defense.gov/photos/newsphoto.aspx?newsphotoid=3174. Retrieved September 1, 2011.
- ^ Elizabeth P. Valk (January 4, 1993). "Bill Clinton, Man of the Year". Time. http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19930104,00.html. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ Nancy Gibbs (December 28, 1998). "Kenneth Starr & Bill Clinton, Men of the Year". Time. http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19981228,00.html. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ The Gallup Poll 1999. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources Inc. 1999. pp. 248–249.
- ^ "William Jefferson Clinton". Fulbright Association. http://www.fulbright.org/saluting-leadership/fulbright-prize/previous-laureates/william-jefferson-clinton. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ "2007 TED Prize winner Bill Clinton on TEDTalks". TED Blog. April 4, 2007. http://tedblog.typepad.com/tedblog/2007/04/2007_ted_prize__2.html. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
Further reading[link]
Primary sources[link]
- Clinton, Bill. (with Al Gore). Science in the National Interest. Washington, D.C.: The White House, August 1994.
- --- (with Al Gore). The Climate Change Action Plan. Washington, D.C.: The White House, October 1993.
- Taylor Branch The Clinton Tapes: Wrestling History with the President. (2009) Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4165-4333-6
- Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, William J. Clinton. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration: For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., 1994–2002.
- S. Daniel Abraham Peace is Possible, foreword by Bill Clinton
Popular books[link]
- Peter Baker The Breach: Inside the Impeachment and Trial of William Jefferson Clinton (2000) ISBN 0-684-86813-X
- James Bovard Feeling Your Pain: The Explosion and Abuse of Government Power in the Clinton-Gore Years (2000) ISBN 0-312-23082-6
- Joe Conason and Gene Lyons The Hunting of the President: The Ten-Year Campaign to Destroy Bill and Hillary Clinton (2003) ISBN 0-312-27319-3
- Elizabeth Drew On the Edge: The Clinton Presidency (1994) ISBN 0-671-87147-1
- David Gergen Eyewitness to Power: The Essence of Leadership. (2000) ISBN 0-684-82663-1
- Nigel Hamilton Bill Clinton: An American Journey (2003) ISBN 0-375-50610-1
- Christopher Hitchens No One Left to Lie to: The Triangulations of William Jefferson Clinton (1999) ISBN 1-85984-736-6
- Michael Isikoff Uncovering Clinton: A Reporter's Story (1999) ISBN 0-609-60393-0
- Mark Katz Clinton and Me: A Real-Life Political Comedy (2004) ISBN 978-0-7868-6949-7
- David Maraniss The Clinton Enigma: A Four and a Half Minute Speech Reveals This President's Entire Life (1998) ISBN 0-684-86296-4
- Dick Morris with Eileen McGann Because He Could (2004) ISBN 0-06-078415-6
- Richard A. Posner An Affair of State: The Investigation, Impeachment, and Trial of President Clinton (1999) ISBN 0-674-00080-3
- Mark J. Rozell The Clinton Scandal and the Future of American Government (2000) ISBN 0-87840-777-4
- Michael Waldman POTUS Speaks: Finding the Words That Defined the Clinton Presidency (2000) ISBN 0-7432-0020-9
- Ivory Tower Publishing Company. Achievements of the Clinton Administration: the Complete Legislative and Executive. (1995) ISBN 0-88032-748-0
Academic studies[link]
- Cohen; Jeffrey E. "The Polls: Change and Stability in Public Assessments of Personal Traits, Bill Clinton, 1993–99" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 31, 2001
- Cronin, Thomas E. and Michael A. Genovese; "President Clinton and Character Questions" Presidential Studies Quarterly Vol. 28, 1998
- Davis; John. "The Evolution of American Grand Strategy and the War on Terrorism: Clinton and Bush Perspectives" White House Studies, Vol. 3, 2003
- Edwards; George C. "Bill Clinton and His Crisis of Governance" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 28, 1998
- Fisher; Patrick. "Clinton's Greatest Legislative Achievement? the Success of the 1993 Budget Reconciliation Bill" White House Studies, Vol. 1, 2001
- Glad; Betty. "Evaluating Presidential Character" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 28, 1998
- William G. Hyland. Clinton's World: Remaking American Foreign Policy (1999) ISBN 0-275-96396-9
- Jewett, Aubrey W. and Marc D. Turetzky; "Stability and Change in President Clinton's Foreign Policy Beliefs, 1993–96" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 28, 1998
- Johnson, Fard. "Politics, Propaganda and Public Opinion: The Influence of Race and Class on the 1993–1994 Health Care Reform Debate", 2004. ISBN 1-4116-6345-4
- Laham, Nicholas, A Lost Cause: Bill Clinton's Campaign for National Health Insurance (1996)
- Lanoue, David J. and Craig F. Emmert; "Voting in the Glare of the Spotlight: Representatives' Votes on the Impeachment of President Clinton" Polity, Vol. 32, 1999
- Maurer; Paul J. "Media Feeding Frenzies: Press Behavior during Two Clinton Scandals" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 29, 1999
- Nie; Martin A. "'It's the Environment, Stupid!': Clinton and the Environment" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 27, 1997
- O'Connor; Brendon. "Policies, Principles, and Polls: Bill Clinton's Third Way Welfare Politics 1992–1996" The Australian Journal of Politics and History, Vol. 48, 2002
- Poveda; Tony G. "Clinton, Crime, and the Justice Department" Social Justice, Vol. 21, 1994
- Renshon; Stanley A. The Clinton Presidency: Campaigning, Governing, and the Psychology of Leadership Westview Press, 1995
- Renshon; Stanley A. "The Polls: The Public's Response to the Clinton Scandals, Part 1: Inconsistent Theories, Contradictory Evidence" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 32, 2002
- Rushefsky, Mark E. and Kant Patel. Politics, Power & Policy Making: The Case of Health Care Reform in the 1990s (1998) ISBN 1-56324-956-1
- Schantz, Harvey L. Politics in an Era of Divided Government: Elections and Governance in the Second Clinton Administration (2001) ISBN 0-8153-3583-0
- Wattenberg; Martin P. "The Democrats' Decline in the House during the Clinton Presidency: An Analysis of Partisan Swings" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 29, 1999
- Wattier; Mark J. "The Clinton Factor: The Effects of Clinton's Personal Image in 2000 Presidential Primaries and in the General Election" White House Studies, Vol. 4, 2004
- Smithers, Luken J. "The Miracle Whip"
External links[link]
| Find more about Bill Clinton on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
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Learning resources from Wikiversity |
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News stories from Wikinews |
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Source texts from Wikisource |
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Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- Official
- White House biography
- Clinton Presidential Materials Project Press releases and speech transcripts from the administration.
- Clinton School of Public Service
- Organizations
- William J. Clinton Foundation official website
- Books and movies
- Bill Clinton at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by Bill Clinton on Open Library at the Internet Archive
- Works by Bill Clinton at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Bill Clinton in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Interviews, speeches and statements
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Bill Clinton on Charlie Rose
- Bill Clinton at the Internet Movie Database
- Bill Clinton at TED Conferences
- Oral History Interview with Bill Clinton from Oral Histories of the American South
- President Clinton: The Youtube Interview
- Full audio of a number of Clinton speeches via the Miller Center of Public Affairs (UVa)
- The Wanderer Profile in The New Yorker, September 2006, the most extensive interview post-presidency
- Media coverage
- Bill Clinton collected news and commentary at Al Jazeera English
- Bill Clinton collected news and commentary at The Christian Science Monitor
- Bill Clinton collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Bill Clinton collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Bill Clinton collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
- Bill Clinton at WhoRunsGov at The Washington Post
- Other
- Extensive essays on Bill Clinton and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs
- Armigerous American Presidents Series article from the American Heraldry Society.
- Bill Clinton at C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits
| Titles and Succession | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Clinton, Bill |
| Alternative names | Clinton, William Jefferson (full name) |
| Short description | 42nd President of the United States (1993–2001) |
| Date of birth | August 19, 1946 |
| Place of birth | Hope, Arkansas |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Bill_Clinton
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Wolf Blitzer | |
|---|---|
 Blitzer at Democratic Party presidential primary debate in Los Angeles, California, January 31, 2008 |
|
| Born | Wolf Isaac Blitzer (1948-03-22) March 22, 1948 (age 64) Augsburg, Germany |
| Education | University at Buffalo (BA) Johns Hopkins University (MA) |
| Occupation | Journalist |
| Years active | 1972–present |
| Title | CNN The Situation Room anchor |
| Religion | Jewish[1] |
| Website | |
| http://www.cnn.com/CNN/anchors_reporters/blitzer.wolf.html | |
Wolf Isaac Blitzer (born March 22, 1948) is an American journalist who has been a CNN reporter since 1990. Blitzer is currently the host of the newscast The Situation Room and was the host of the Sunday talk show Late Edition until it was discontinued on January 11, 2009. Blitzer previously hosted Wolf Blitzer Reports, which was replaced by The Situation Room.
Contents |
Early life[link]
The son of Jewish refugees from Poland,[2] Wolf Blitzer was born in Augsburg, Germany[3][4] and raised in Buffalo, New York. Blitzer graduated from Kenmore West Senior High School and received a Bachelor of Arts in history from the University at Buffalo in 1970. While there, he was a brother of Alpha Epsilon Pi. In 1972, he received a Master of Arts in international relations from the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies. While at Johns Hopkins, Blitzer studied abroad at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where he learned Hebrew.[5]
Name[link]
Blitzer has said that he has frequently been asked about his name, which has been characterized as seemingly "made-for-TV".[6] In a Wayne's World Saturday Night Live sketch which was aired during the Persian Gulf War, Wayne and Garth picked Blitzer as having the "worst name" of any war correspondent, with Garth remarking, "It's so obvious the guy made it up for the war!" [7] Blitzer explains that his surname goes back for generations, and his first name, 'Wolf', is the same first name as his maternal grandfather.
In writing for several Israeli newspapers in Washington, Blitzer has used the names Zev Blitzer and Zev Barak.[8] Zev (זאב) is the Hebrew word for "wolf".
Career[link]
Washington and Jerusalem[link]
Blitzer began his career in journalism in the early 1970s in the Tel Aviv bureau of the Reuters news agency. In 1973 he caught the eye of Jerusalem Post editor Ari Rath, who hired Blitzer as a Washington correspondent for the English language Israeli newspaper. Blitzer would remain with the Jerusalem Post until 1990, covering both American politics and developments in the Middle East.[9]
In the mid-1970s, Blitzer also contributed to the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) as the editor of their monthly publication, the Near East Report.[10][11] While at AIPAC, Blitzer's writing focused on Middle East affairs as they relate to United States foreign policy.
At an April 1977 White House press conference, Blitzer asked Egyptian leader Anwar Sadat why Egyptian scholars, athletes and journalists were not permitted to visit Israel. Sadat, somewhat taken aback, responded that such visits would be possible after an end to the state of belligerence between the two nations. This was Sadat's first public acknowledgment that peace between Egypt and Israel was possible. In November of that year, Sadat made a historic visit to Israel, and Blitzer covered the negotiations between the two countries from the first joint Israeli-Egyptian press conference in 1977 to the final negotiations that would lead to the signing of the Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty two years later.[9]
Fluent in Hebrew, in this period Blitzer also published articles for several Israeli-based newspapers. Under the name Zev Blitzer, he wrote for Al HaMishmar; using the name Zev Barak, he had work published in Yedioth Ahronoth.[8]
In 1985, Blitzer published his first book, Between Washington and Jerusalem: A Reporter's Notebook (Oxford University Press, 1985). The text outlined his personal development as a reporter, and the relations between the United States and Israel.
Jonathan Pollard[link]
In 1986, he became known for his coverage of the arrest and trial of Jonathan Pollard, an American Jew who was charged with spying for Israel.[9] Blitzer was the first journalist to interview Pollard, and he would later write a book about the Pollard Affair titled Territory of Lies.[12] In the book, Blitzer writes that Pollard contacted him because he had been reading Blitzer's byline for years, and because Blitzer "had apparently impressed him as someone who was sympathetic".[13] Pollard also hoped that Blitzer would help him "reach the people of Israel, as well as the American Jewish community."[14]
Blitzer's interview with Pollard was controversial in the context of the legal action against him, as it was construed by some media voices as a possible violation of the terms of Pollard's plea deal, which forbade media contact. Blitzer's subsequent book about the affair was included in The New York Times list of "Notable Books of the Year" for 1989.[15] In its review, the Times praised the book as "lucid and highly readable" and called Blitzer's judgment of Israeli officials "harsh but fair".[16]
A review in The New York Review of Books was more critical, prompting a letter from Blitzer accusing the reviewer of making several inaccurate statements. Reviewer Robert I. Friedman responded to Blitzer's criticism by characterizing Territory of Lies as "a slick piece of damage control that would make [Blitzer's] former employers at AIPAC (not to mention Israel's Defense Ministry) proud."[17]
Cable News Network[link]
In May 1990, Blitzer moved to CNN and worked as the cable network's military affairs reporter. Blitzer spent a month in Moscow in 1991, and was one of the first Western reporters to visit KGB headquarters. His team's coverage of the first Gulf War in Kuwait won a CableACE Award and made him a household name.
In 1992, Blitzer became CNN's White House correspondent, a position he would hold until 1999. During this period, he earned an Emmy Award for his coverage of the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing. In 1998, he began hosting the CNN Sunday morning interview program Late Edition with Wolf Blitzer, which was seen in over 180 countries. Blitzer's first assignment as an anchor was on the daily newscast The World Today, in 1999. In 2000, he started anchoring his own show, Wolf Blitzer Reports.
CNN selected Blitzer to anchor their coverage of the 2004 presidential election and the 2008 presidential election. Since August 8, 2005, Blitzer has hosted The Situation Room, a three-hour afternoon/early evening program on CNN.[18][19]
Awards[link]
Blitzer has won awards including the 2004 Journalist Pillar of Justice Award from the Respect for Law Alliance and the 2003 Daniel Pearl Award from the Chicago Press Veterans Association. His news team was among those awarded a George Foster Peabody Award for coverage of Hurricane Katrina, an Alfred I. DuPont Award for coverage of the 1999 Southeast Asian tsunami, and an Edward R. Murrow Award for CNN's coverage of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.
In November 2002, he won the American Veteran Awards' Ernie Pyle Journalism Award for military reporting. In February 2000, he received the Anti-Defamation League’s Hubert H. Humphrey First Amendment Freedoms Prize. In 1999, Blitzer won the International Platform Association's Lowell Thomas Broadcast Journalism Award. Blitzer won an Emmy Award for his coverage of the Oklahoma City bombing. Blitzer was also part of the CNN team that was awarded a Golden ACE award for their 1991 Gulf War reporting. In 1994, American Journalism Review cited him and CNN as the readers' choice for the Best in the Business Award for network coverage of the Clinton administration.[18] On May 23, 2010, Blitzer was awarded the honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters by Niagara University at their undergraduate commencement exercise. Also, on May 14, 2011 he received an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Penn State University. On September 25, 2011, Blitzer was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters by the University of Hartford.[20]
Other media appearances[link]
Blitzer appears as himself in the 2009 documentary "Back Door Channels: The Price of Peace." The film deals with the back room negotiations that lead to the historic 1979 Peace Treaty between Israel and Egypt. At the time, Blitzer was the Washington Bureau Chief of the Jerusalem Post, and played a key role in establishing a back channel of communications between Israel and the White House by introducing President Carter's General Counsel, Robert Lipshutz, to New York businessman Leon Charney, a close friend of then Israeli Defense Minister Ezer Weizman.[21] The flow of information between Weizman and Carter, via Charney and Lipshutz, contributed to finalizing the peace agreement between Israel and Egypt.
On September 17, 2009, Blitzer competed on an episode of Celebrity Jeopardy!, finishing the Double Jeopardy round with −$4,600. He was given $1,000 to bet in Final Jeopardy!, finishing with $2,000 and ultimately losing to comedian Andy Richter, who won $68,000 for St. Jude Children's Research Hospital.[22][23] In an odd twist, a minor league soccer team from Blitzer's home town of Buffalo held a nickname contest and FC Buffalo's winner was "Blitzers."
Family[link]
Blitzer and his wife Lynn Greenfield live in Bethesda, Maryland, and have one daughter, Ilana, born in 1981.[24]
References[link]
- ^ jweekly.com
- ^ Bartelstein, Steve (1998, May 8). Wolf Blitzer Answers Questions About News [Televison transcript] CNN Talkback Live
- ^ Encyclopedia of television news, By Michael D. Murray, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999, ISBN 978-1-57356-108-2
- ^ Profile from University at Buffalo alumni magazine
- ^ New York Magazine. Feb 11, 1991. Page 36.
- ^ Sheridan, Patricia (October 3, 2005). ""Breakfast with...". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved December 6, 2005.
- ^ http://snltranscripts.jt.org/90/90kwaynesworld.phtml
- ^ a b Blitzer, Wolf. Between Washington and Jerusalem. 1985, page ix
- ^ a b c Makovsky, David (1990-04-29). "Wolf Blitzer, 'Symbol of Integrity', Leaves Post For Cable Network Job". The Jerusalem Post.
- ^ The American Spectator
- ^ MiddleEast.org - Mid-East Realities
- ^ Luxenberg, Steven (1989-05-21). "The American Who Loved Israel Too Much" (Book Review). Washington Post.
- ^ Blitzer, Wolf. Territory of Lies. 1989, page xv
- ^ Blitzer, Wolf. Territory of Lies. 1989, page xix
- ^ "Notable Books of the Year". The New York Times. 1989-12-13. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DEEDF163BF930A35751C1A96F948260. Retrieved 2008-04-10.
- ^ Pear, Robert (1989-05-07). "The Spy from South Bend" (Book Review). The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE7DA1F3DF934A35756C0A96F948260.
- ^ Friedman, Robert (1990-02-01). "'Territory of Lies'" (letter by Blitzer, response by Friedman). New York Review of Books. http://www.nybooks.com/articles/3751. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
- ^ a b "Wolf Blitzer". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/CNN/anchors_reporters/blitzer.wolf.html. Retrieved 2007-02-09.
- ^ "Who's Who in America - 2007". Who's Who in America - 2007. Marquis' Who's Who Ltd.. 2006. http://search.marquiswhoswho.com/executable/SearchResults.aspx?db=E. Retrieved 2007-02-09.
- ^ http://www.hartford.edu/daily/Articles.asp?MainID=11295&Category=1
- ^ http://www.tvfestival.net/content/Opening-Film/openUK.php
- ^ Linkins, Jason (2009-09-18). "Andy Richter Crushes CNN's Wolf Blitzer In Celebrity Jeopardy". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/09/18/andy-richter-crushes-cnns_n_290883.html.
- ^ . http://popwatch.ew.com/2009/09/18/adventures-in-celebrity-jeopardy-what-is-get-a-clue-wolf-blizter/.
- ^ http://www.davidovit.com/articles/Blitzer.pdf
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Wolf Blitzer |
- CNN bio
- CNN.com — The Situation Room
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Wolf Blitzer on Charlie Rose
- Wolf Blitzer at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Wolf Blitzer in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Wolf Blitzer at the Notable Names Database
- "Wolf Blitzer for the Defense (Department)", Jim Naureckas, FAIR Extra!, January/February 2003
- Google Video on Israel Discussion - Held Nov 1989.
| Media offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Charles Bierbauer |
CNN Senior White House Correspondent 1992–1999 |
Succeeded by John King |
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|||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Blitzer, Wolf |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1948-03-22 |
| Place of birth | Augsburg, Germany |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Wolf_Blitzer
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Blitzer
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| Darrell Issa | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Chairman of the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office January 3, 2011 |
|
| Preceded by | Edolphus Towns |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California's 49th district |
|
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office January 3, 2001 |
|
| Preceded by | Ron Packard |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1953-11-01) November 1, 1953 (age 58) Cleveland, Ohio, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse(s) | Kathy Issa |
| Children | William Issa |
| Residence | Vista, California |
| Alma mater | Kent State University Stark, Siena Heights College |
| Occupation | Congressman |
| Military service | |
| Service/branch | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1970–1980 |
Darrell Edward Issa (/ˈaɪsə/; Arabic: عيسى; born November 1, 1953) is the U.S. Representative for California's 49th congressional district, serving since 2001. He is a member of the Republican Party. He was formerly a CEO of Directed Electronics, the Vista, California-based manufacturer of automobile security and convenience products. His district consists of portions of southern Riverside County and northern San Diego County. The district was numbered as the 48th District during his first term and was renumbered the 49th after the 2000 Census. Since January 2011, he has served as Chairman of the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee.
Issa is a self-made millionaire with a net worth estimated between $220 and $448 million, making him one of the wealthiest members of Congress.[1][2][3][4] He was a major contributor to the 2003 recall election of Governor Gray Davis.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Issa was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the second of six children. His mother was a Mormon and his father Eastern Orthodox. Issa is the grandson of Lebanese immigrants.
The family moved to the predominantly Jewish suburb of Cleveland Heights in the later years of his childhood. Many of his friends were Jewish, and Issa reportedly worked for a rabbi at one point. He became very familiar with Jewish culture.[5]
Military career and personal life[link]
Issa dropped out of high school and enlisted for a three-year tour in the Army on his 17th birthday.[5][6] He served as an Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) technician, defusing bombs, after having been shown a movie about soldiers in that specialty during World War II. He has said that his unit provided security for President Richard Nixon, sweeping stadiums for bombs prior to games in the 1971 World Series, and that he had always received the highest approval ratings during his service.[7] A 1998 investigation by the San Francisco Examiner found that these claims were not true and Nixon had not attended any of that year's World Series games. The investigation also found that Issa was transferred to a supply depot after receiving an unsatisfactory evaluation. According to Issa, the Examiner reporter had misunderstood an anecdote he had related.[5] A fellow soldier, Jay Bergey, claimed that Issa stole his Dodge Charger in 1971 while they were serving together and that the day after he confronted Issa the car was found abandoned on a nearby expressway. Asked about this charge in 2011, Issa denied it and suggested it was possible that other soldiers stole the car or that Bergey, who he claims had a drinking problem, had abandoned it himself while intoxicated."[5]
After receiving a hardship discharge in 1972 following his father's heart attack, Issa earned his General Educational Development (GED) certificate and began taking classes at Siena Heights University, a small Catholic college in Adrian, Michigan. He continued his military service in the Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC)."[5] Twice during that year he was arrested, once for alleged theft of a Maserati, which Issa says was a matter of mistaken identity, and for which the charge was dismissed. In another case, he was pulled over for driving the wrong way on a one-way street, and a police officer noticed a firearm in the glove compartment. Issa was charged with carrying a concealed weapon; he pleaded guilty to the lesser charge of possession of an unregistered firearm, and sentenced to six months' probation and a small fine.[5][8] Issa has said he believed the record of the incident had been expunged.[5]
Issa was commissioned as a lieutenant after graduating from college on an ROTC scholarship and served in a non-combat administrative capacity with the U.S. Army from 1976 to 1980.[9][10] In September 1980, while deployed with the 1/77th Armor at Fort Ord, he received high marks on a routine evaluation. Lt. Col. Wesley Clark stated, "This officer's performance far exceeded that of any other reserve officer who has worked in the battalion." The standardized report also stated that Issa had "unlimited potential" with a note to "promote ahead of [his] contemporaries."[5]
Business career[link]
After leaving the military, Issa and his second wife, Kathy Stanton, moved back to the Cleveland area, pooled their savings, sold their cars and borrowed $50,000 from his family to invest in Quantum Enterprises, an electronics manufacturer run by a friend from Cleveland Heights that assembled bug zappers, CB radio parts and other consumer products for other companies. One of those clients, car alarm manufacturer Steal Stopper, would become the path to Issa's fortune. It was struggling badly, and he took control of it by foreclosing a $60,000 loan he had made to it when its founder, Joey Adkins, missed a payment. Adkins remained as an employee.[5]
Issa soon turned Steal Stopper around, to the point that it was supplying Ford with thousands of car alarms and negotiating a similar deal with Toyota. But early in the morning of September 7, 1982, the offices and factory of Quantum and Steal Stopper in the Cleveland suburb of Maple Heights, caught fire. The fire took three hours to put out; the buildings and almost all inventory within were destroyed.[5]
Move to California[link]
Steal Stopper soon regained its previous prosperity. Car theft rose in the United States during the 1980s, and with it the demand for security devices. Rolls Royce, BMW and General Motors joined Ford and Toyota as customers. In 1985 Issa sold the company to a California-based maker of home alarms, and moved to the San Diego suburb of Vista, where he has lived ever since, to work for it. Shortly afterward he left to start Directed Electronics, Inc. (DEI).[5]
He recorded the "Please step away from the car", warning for DEI's signature product, the Viper car alarm.[11] Sales grew from a million dollars its first year to $14 million by 1989.[5] DEI diversified, and eventually became one of the largest makers of aftermarket electronic automotive accessories in the U.S. As of 2004, Directed Electronics was North America's largest aftermarket automotive electronics manufacturer. Issa divested personal interest in Directed Electronics after being elected to public office.
From his involvement in consumer-electronics trade organizations, he began to get politically active. He went to Washington to lobby Congress and became one of California's largest individual campaign contributors to Republican candidates. In 1996 he backed the successful campaign to pass Proposition 209, a ballot initiative which prohibitted public institutions in California from considering race, sex, or ethnicity. He was instrumental in persuading the national Republican Party to hold its 1996 convention in San Diego.[5]
Political career[link]
1998 U.S. Senate campaign[link]
Issa's first campaign for elected office came in 1998, when he sought the Republican nomination for United States Senate to run against incumbent Democrat Barbara Boxer. He backed the campaign with $10 million of his personal wealth, but lost the primary election to California State Treasurer Matt Fong. Fong's campaign raised $3 million from contributions and complained that Issa's wealth made for an uneven playing field (Issa had only $400,000 in contributions). An Issa spokesman countered that the money was needed to compensate for Fong's statewide name recognition.[12] Fong prevailed in the open primary by a margin of 22% to 20% for Issa. A San Francisco exit poll suggested large numbers of Asian-Americans had crossed party lines to vote for Fong.[13]
U.S. House of Representatives[link]
Two years after Issa's failed Senate bid, Congressman Ron Packard, a nine-term incumbent, announced his retirement. Issa capitalized on his name recognition from the 1998 Senate race. He finished first in the all-party primary; the only other Republican candidate in the race, State Senator Bill Morrow, finished sixth.[14] He won in the November 2000 general election with 61 percent of the vote.[15]
Issa has been reelected five times with almost no difficulty in this heavily Republican district (it presently has a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R+10). During his 2002 run for re-election, the Democrats failed to field a candidate, and his closest competition was from Libertarian Karl Dietrich. A write-in candidate from that election, Mike Byron, went on to become the Democratic challenger in 2004.[16]
2008 House election[link]
In 2008, Issa defeated Democratic candidate Robert Hamilton, prevailing by a 20 point margin. In 2010, Project on Government Oversight, a government watchdog group, awarded Issa with its Good Government Award for his contributions to government oversight and transparency. These included publicizing documents produced by the New York Federal Reserve Bank in response to a congressional subpoena, publicly exposing the New York Federal Reserve's secret "back-door bailout" of AIG's counterparties, and cofounding a Transparency Caucus dedicated to "promoting a more open and accountable government through education, legislation, and oversight."[17][18]
House tenure[link]
Issa currently serves on the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs, the House Judiciary Committee, and the U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, of which he is the chairman. Issa mounted an unsuccessful campaign to join the ranks of the House GOP leadership hierarchy. He finished third of the four candidates vying for the chairmanship of the House Republican Policy Committee, and was ultimately passed over in favor of Thaddeus McCotter (R-MI).[citation needed]
On February 16, 2012, the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform held a hearing on contraceptives mandates. Sandra Fluke was submitted as a witness by Democratic members, but Issa did not permit her to testify because her name was submitted too late, a claim Democrats challenged.[19]
Gubernatorial recall[link]
Issa came to national prominence when he contributed over $1.6 million to help fund a signature-gathering drive for the petition to recall Gray Davis. At the time he made the contribution, it was widely believed that Issa intended to place himself on the ballot to replace Davis. However, following the entrance of fellow Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger into the race, two days before the filing deadline, Issa announced that he would not run.[20] Issa later said that his mission had been accomplished since Davis was recalled and he wanted to continue representing his district in Congress and work towards Middle East peace. [8] At one point in the campaign he suggested that people should vote against recalling Davis unless one of the two leading Republican contenders dropped out, concerned that Schwarzenegger and fellow Republican Tom McClintock would split votes, resulting in Democratic lieutenant governor Cruz Bustamante taking over as Davis' successor.[21] Issa endorsed Schwarzenegger in the election.
Middle East involvement[link]
Issa is one of a few Lebanese-Americans in Congress and has had a significant role in U.S. peace initiatives in the Middle East. He traveled to Lebanon and Syria in an effort to negotiate the end of the Syrian occupation of Lebanon. In 2003, he appeared at a Washington rally by Iranian groups protesting against the Islamic government in Iran.[22]
Issa targeted in bombing plot[link]
In 2001, Issa's district office in San Clemente was targeted in an aborted bombing plot. Jewish Defense League leader Irving Rubin was arrested along with Earl Krugel in connection with the plot, which reportedly had focused on other targets before shifting to Issa's office.[23][24] Issa speculated that the cause of the incident may have been a column written by political commentator Debbie Schlussel in which she charged that Issa sympathized with Hezbollah despite its being listed by the U.S. government as a terrorist organization, charges he denied.[24][25][26]
Issa supported the use of military force in Iraq (2002)[27] and Afghanistan. On June 16, 2006 he voted to reject setting timetables for withdrawal from Iraq. On 5 April 2007, Issa met with Syrian president Bashar Assad to discuss Middle East issues, one day after Assad met with House Speaker Nancy Pelosi.[28]
As of 2010[update], Issa serves as a director of the American Task Force for Lebanon, a nonprofit organization working to advance Lebanon and its ties with the US.[29]
Political views[link]
Issa holds a generally conservative political viewpoint. He has voted with the majority of House Republicans 94.7% of the time during the 111th Congress.[30]
Issa is generally opposed to abortion and supports stem cell research, saying that "The promise of stem cells to provide innovative treatments and cures warrants investment in more advanced research".[31]
In 2001 Issa voted for the authorization of the PATRIOT Act and the creation of the Department of Homeland Security.[32] He voted for the reauthorization of the Patriot Act in 2005 after successfully amending it to require judicial notification, reporting requirements and facts justifying the use of roving survelliance at new facilities or places.[33]
He voted against the Employment Nondiscrimination Act (ENDA), which would prohibit employers from discriminating on the basis of actual or perceived sexual orientation.[34]
He has opposed attempts to ease restrictions on illegal immigration such as the "Blue Card" system, saying that it provides amnesty for illegal immigrants.[35]
Issa has said he supports efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. He voted against a cap and trade bill designed to cut them.[36] Issa believes that "the science community does not agree to the extent of the problem or the critical threshold of when this problem is truly catastrophic."[37]
He has been critical of No Child Left Behind, supporting a modification that would, in his words, "give states the freedom to adopt best practices for their students by returning flexibility and control to the educators and parents who are the real experts on education".[38]
He signed the "Taxpayer Protection Pledge" of the Americans for Tax Reform, an organization that opposes all tax increases.[39]
He is opposed to the Stop Online Piracy Act based on the amount of discretion the Department of Justice would have under the legislation as it is currently drafted. He plans to propose amendments that would reduce that discretion.[40] Issa subsequently went on to cosponsor the Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act.[41]
He co-sponsored both the 2008 and 2009 versions (H.R. 6845 and H.R. 801, respectively) of the Fair Copyright in Research Works Act and sponsored the Research Works Act (H.R. 3699) introduced in 2011, all of which aim at a reversal of the NIH's Public Access Policy,[42] which mandates open access to NIH-funded research.[43]
He has endorsed Mitt Romney's candidacy for the Republican nomination for the 2012 presidential election.[44]
Committee assignments[link]
- Committee on Oversight and Government Reform (Chairman)
- As Chairman of the full committee, Rep. Issa may serve as an ex officio member of all subcommittees
- Committee on the Judiciary
Obama administration[link]
After becoming Chairman of the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Issa has become a vocal advocate for investigations into the Obama administration, including the TARP and Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, corruption in Afghanistan, Wikileaks, and the FDA, among other issues.[45] On March 22, 2011, it was reported that Issa accused the Obama administration of retaliating against Catherine Papoi, who complained the administration was blocking public access to records.[46]
Criticism and controversy[link]
Industry insiders on his oversight team[link]
In February 2011, the Watchdog Institute, an independent nonprofit reporting center based at San Diego State University, published an investigation alleging that as leader of the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Issa built a team that included staff members with close connections to industries that could benefit from his investigations.[47] The Huffington Post also published the Institute's investigation.[48]
9/11 payments[link]
In April 2008, the Daily News reported that Issa questioned federal expenditures made after 9/11. He was criticized for making comments that the federal government "'just threw' buckets of cash at New York for an attack 'that had no dirty bomb in it, it had no chemical munitions in it'"[49] and asking "why the firefighters who went there and everybody in the city of New York needs to come to the federal government for the dollars versus this being primarily a state consideration."[49] In September 2009, Issa's office released a statement indicating that his comments had been misrepresented and that the questions he asked concerned the then still unpassed bill H.R. 3543, which, according to that statement "would give U.S. taxpayer dollars to those who did not suffer physical injury and did not work at or around Ground Zero."[50][51]
Letter to businesses[link]
Following the 2010 elections, Issa sent a letter to more than 150 trade associations, companies and think tanks, asking them to tell him which existing and proposed regulations would harm job growth.[52] Liberal critics have charged that Issa was "embracing regulatory capture",[53] and Elijah Cummings, the ranking Democrat on the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform also criticized Issa's actions.[54]
Office of Congressional Ethics complaint[link]
In September 2011, the group American Family Voices filed a complaint with the Office of Congressional Ethics against Issa, alleging he had repeatedly used his public office for personal financial gain. Issa's office rejected the allegations.[55]
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Richest members of Congress (#1). The Washington Post. Posted and retrieved (December 27, 2011).
- ^ Roll Call (August 11, 2011). [1] CBS News.
- ^ "The Dozen Richest Men and Women in Congress", NPR.
- ^ Half of Congress Enjoys Millionaire Status, Study Shows, Fox News. Accessed April 17, 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Lizza, Ryan (January 24, 2011). "Don't Look Back". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/01/24/110124fa_fact_lizza?currentPage=all. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
- ^ Broder, David S. (December 21, 1997). "California's Battle of the Bankbooks". The Washington Post.
- ^ Williams, Lance. (May 29, 1998). Issa's Army record in doubt: Candidate's account can't be verified. San Francisco Chronicle.
- ^ a b Williams, Lance, San Francisco Examiner, July 2, 2003 "Darrell Issa held twice on illegal weapons charges and convicted in '70s on misdemeanor count"
- ^ http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/e/a/1998/05/29/NEWS12714.dtl
- ^ http://talkingpointsmemo.com/documents/2010/06/gen-wes-clark-praises-darrell-issas-military-service.php?page=1
- ^ Leduff, Charlie (July 23, 2003). "California Recall Backer Feels Heat". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E03EEDC143FF930A15754C0A9659C8B63. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
- ^ Wildermuth, John (May 20, 1998). "Issa Raising More Money by Using His Own/Millionaire's funds create coffer bigger than Matt Fong's". San Francisco Chronicle.
- ^ Williams, Lance; Coile, Zachary (June 3, 1998). "Asian Demos help set up showdown with Barbara Boxer". SF Chronicle.
- ^ 2000 California congressional primary results
- ^ 2000 California House results
- ^ Burge, Michael (September 29, 2004). "Democrat is looking for a big upset over incumbent Issa in 49th District" SignOnSanDiego.com, San Diego Union-Tribune.
- ^ "Good Government Award Home Page". Project On Government Oversight Website. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
- ^ Staff (June 29, 2010). "Press Room - Issa Recognized for Rigorous Government Oversight" (Press Release); Congressman Issa Official Website. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
- ^ Kiff, Sarah (February 16, 2012). "Contraception Controversy Continues: Meet Witness Sandra Fluke". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/post/meet-sandra-fluke-the-woman-you-didnt-hear-at-congress-contraceptives-hearing/2012/02/16/gIQAJh57HR_blog.html. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
- ^ "Darrell Issa pulls out of Calif. recall election". USA Today. Associated Press. August 7, 2003. http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2003-08-07-issa-recall_x.htm. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
- ^ Wildermuth, John (September 23, 2003). "Issa, who started recall, now tells voters to reject it / Risk of GOP vote being split prompts call to retain Davis". sfgate.com; San Francisco Chronicle.
- ^ (unfiled) (July 9, 2003). "Congress joins rally against Tehran regime". Washington Times
- ^ "Chair of Jewish Defense League Arrested in Failed Bomb Plot". Tolerance.org; Southern Poverty Law Center. December 12, 2001. Archived from the original 2001-12-13. Retrieved 2010-07-05.
- ^ a b "Transcript: Issa on Bomb Plot". The Washington Post. September 21, 2000. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/onpolitics/transcripts/issa_text121201.html. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
- ^ Cantlupe, Joe (December 24, 2001). "Rep. Issa's fight with columnist has dark side". SignOnSanDiego.com; San Diego Union Tribune. Copley News Service.
- ^ Schlussel, Debbie (November 30, 2001). "Darrell Issa: Traitor, or useful idiot?". Political USA blog. Archived from the original, 2002-08-21.
- ^ "Representative Darrell Issa (CA) Voting Record". votesmart.org; Project Vote Smart.
- ^ AP (April 6, 2007). "Issa meets with Syrian president Assad". nctimes.com; North County Times. Retrieved 2010-07-06.
- ^ "ATFL Administration". atfl.org; American Task Force for Lebanon. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
- ^ "Darrell Issa profile". Washington Post. 2010. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
- ^ "Issues & Legislation - Stem Cell Research". Congressman Issa's official website (November 11, 2009). Retrieved 2010-07-06.
- ^ "Representative Darrell Issa (CA) Voting Record". votesmart.org; Project Vote Smart. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
- ^ "GovTrack: H.Amdt. 490 to H.R. 3199 [109th] - 109th Congress". Govtrack.us. July 21, 2005. http://www.govtrack.us/congress/amendment.xpd?session=109&amdt=h490. Retrieved 2011-08-21.
- ^ "Key Vote Detail" votesmart.org; Project Vote Smart. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
- ^ "Issues & Legislation - "Blue Card" System". issa.house.gov; Congressman Issa's official website. November 9, 2009. Retrieved 2010-07-06.
- ^ "Cap-and-trade climate change legislation: House Roll Call #477 Details". OpenCongress. June 26, 2009. http://www.opencongress.org/vote/2009/h/477. Retrieved 2011-08-21.
- ^ "Issues & Legislation - Global Climate Change". issa.house.gov; Congressman Issa's official website. November 11, 2009. Retrieved 2010-07-06.
- ^ "Issues & Legislation - Education - No Child Left Behind"; Congressman Issa's official website. November 11, 2009. Retrieved 2010-07-06.
- ^ "Current Taxpayer Protection Pledge Signers in the 111th Congress". Americans for Tax Reform. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
- ^ "Rep. Darrell Issa, a senior House Republican, is predicting a dim future for the Stop Online Piracy Act". C-Net. December 14, 2011. http://news.cnet.com/8301-31921_3-57342716-281/rep-issa-sopa-wont-be-approved-unless-fixed. Retrieved January 10, 2012.
- ^ http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr3523
- ^ Rosen, Rebecca J. (January 5, 2012). "Why Is Open-Internet Champion Darrell Issa Supporting an Attack on Open Science?". The Atlantic. http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/01/why-is-open-internet-champion-darrell-issa-supporting-an-attack-on-open-science/250929/.
- ^ Suber, Peter (2008). "An open access mandate for the National Institutes of Health". Open Medicine 2 (2): 39–41.
- ^ "Issa endorses Romney". The Hill. September 22, 2011. http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/gop-primaries/183161-rep-issa-endorses-mitt-romney. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
- ^ "Republican plans investigations of 'corrupt' Obama administration", USA Today. January 3, 2011. Accessed March 22, 2011.
- ^ "Issa Accuses White House of Retaliating Against Whistleblower", Peter Surowski. Murrieta Patch blogsite. Accessed March 22, 2011.
- ^ Williams, Brooke; Pearce, Matt (February 28, 2011). "Industry insiders score jobs on Issa's team". Investigative Newsource. http://www.watchdoginstitute.org/2011/02/28/industry-insiders-score-jobs-on-issas-team. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
- ^ "Darrell Issa's Team Includes Industry Insiders". Huffington Post. February 28, 2011. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/28/darrell-issa-team_n_829046.html. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
- ^ a b Sisk, Richard and McCauliff, Michael (April 3, 2008). "GOP Rep. Darrell Issa under fire from everywhere after 9/11 comments", New York Daily News.
- ^ "Setting the Record Straight for the 9/11 hearing held on April 1, 2008". issa.house.gov. September 11, 2009. http://issa.house.gov/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=216%3Asetting-the-record-straight-for-the-911-hearing-held-on-4108&catid=40%3Aissue-statements&Itemid=1. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
- ^ "H.R. 3543: James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act of 2007". govtrack.usa. http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h110-3543. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
- ^ Goode, Darren (2011-01-03) Issa to business: Tell me what to fix, Politico.com
- ^ Yglesias, Matthew (2011-01-04) Embracing Regulatory Capture, Think Progress
- ^ Strong, Jonathan "Issa hits back at Cummings over letters to industry groups", The Daily Caller (2011-01-05).
- ^ Madison, Lucy (2011-09-13) Liberal group files ethics complaint against Darrell Issa, CBS News
External links[link]
| Find more about Darrell Issa on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- U.S. Congressman Darrell Issa official U.S. House site
- Darrell Issa for U.S. Congressman official campaign site
- Biography at WhoRunsGov.com at The Washington Post
- Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Voting record maintained by The Washington Post
- Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Project Vote Smart
- Congressional profile at GovTrack
- Congressional profile at OpenCongress
- Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues
- Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
- Staff salaries, trips and personal finance at LegiStorm.com
- Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
- Appearances on C-SPAN programs
- Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Directed Electronics
- Darrell Issa: Enter Stage Right, profile in Mother Jones magazine
- Williams, Lance. Issa's Army record in doubt: Candidate's account can't be verified. San Francisco Chronicle. 29 May 1998.
| United States House of Representatives | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Ron Packard |
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California's 48th congressional district 2001–2003 |
Succeeded by Christopher Cox |
| Preceded by Susan Davis (politician) |
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California's 49th congressional district 2003–present |
Incumbent |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Edolphus Towns New York |
Chairman of House Oversight and Government Reform Committee 2011–present |
Succeeded by Incumbent |
| United States order of precedence | ||
| Preceded by Steve Israel D-New York |
United States Representatives by seniority 176th |
Succeeded by Timothy Johnson R-Illinois |
|
|||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Issa, Darrell Edward |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American politician and businessman |
| Date of birth | November 1, 1953 |
| Place of birth | Cleveland, Ohio, U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Darrell_Issa
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Bernie Sanders | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| United States Senator from Vermont |
|
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office January 3, 2007 Serving with Patrick Leahy |
|
| Preceded by | Jim Jeffords |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Vermont's At-large district |
|
| In office January 3, 1991 – January 3, 2007 |
|
| Preceded by | Peter P. Smith |
| Succeeded by | Peter Welch |
| Mayor of Burlington | |
| In office 1981–1989 |
|
| Preceded by | Gordon Paquette |
| Succeeded by | Peter Clavelle |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Bernard Sanders (1941-09-08) September 8, 1941 (age 70) New York City, New York |
| Political party | Independent - (Democratic Socialist) |
| Other political affiliations |
Democratic (affiliated non-member) Progressive (affiliated non-member) Liberty Union |
| Spouse(s) | Jane O'Meara |
| Children | Levi Sanders |
| Residence | Burlington, Vermont |
| Alma mater | University of Chicago (B.A.) |
| Occupation | Carpenter Filmmaker Writer Researcher |
| Religion | Judaism |
| Website | www.sanders.senate.gov |
Bernard "Bernie" Sanders (born September 8, 1941) is the junior United States Senator from Vermont. He previously represented Vermont's at-large district in the United States House of Representatives. Sanders also served as mayor of Burlington, Vermont.
Sanders is a self-described democratic socialist,[1][2] and has praised European social democracy (though he has also criticized its contemporary "Third Way" departure). He is the first person elected to the U.S. Senate to identify as a socialist.[3] Sanders caucuses with the Democratic Party and is counted as a Democrat for the purposes of committee assignments, but because he does not belong to a formal political party, he appears as an independent on the ballot. He was also the only independent member of the House during much of his service there.
Contents |
Early life, education and early career[link]
Sanders, the son of Jewish Polish immigrants to the United States, was born in Brooklyn, New York. He graduated from James Madison High School in Brooklyn and later attended the University of Chicago, graduating with an B.A. in political science in 1964.[4] After graduating from college, Sanders spent time on an Israeli kibbutz, an experience which shaped his political views.[5] In 1964, Sanders moved to Vermont, where he worked as a carpenter, filmmaker, writer and researcher, among other jobs.[4]
Statewide runs in the 1970s[link]
Sanders' political career began in 1971, when he joined the anti-Vietnam War Liberty Union Party in Vermont. In the special U.S. Senate election of January 1972, recently appointed incumbent Republican Robert Theodore Stafford defeated Democratic nominee Randolph Mayor and LU nominee Sanders 64%-33%-2%.[6] In the November 1972 gubernatorial election, Democrat Thomas Salmon defeated Republican Luther Fred Hackett and Sanders 55%-44%-1%.[7] In the 1974 U.S. Senate election, Democrat Patrick Leahy defeated Republican Richard Mallary and Sanders 49%-46%-4%.[8] In the 1976 gubernatorial election, Republican Richard Snelling defeated Democrat Stella Hackel and Sanders 53%-40%-6%.[9] In 1979, Sanders resigned from the Liberty Union party and worked as a writer and the director of the non-profit American People's Historical Society.
Mayor of Burlington[link]
In 1981, at the suggestion of his friend Richard Sugarman, a religion professor at the University of Vermont, Sanders ran for mayor of Burlington and defeated six-term Democratic incumbent Gordon Paquette by 10 votes, in a four-way contest. (An independent candidate, Richard Bove, split the Democratic vote after losing the primary to Paquette).
Sanders won three more terms, defeating both Democratic and Republican candidates. In his last run for mayor, in 1987, he defeated a candidate endorsed by both major parties.
During Sanders' first term, his supporters, including the first Citizens Party City Councilor Terry Bouricius, formed the Progressive Coalition, forerunner of the Vermont Progressive Party. The Progressives never held more than six seats on the 13-member city council, but held enough votes to keep the council from overriding Sanders' vetoes. Under Sanders, Burlington became the first city in the country to fund community-trust housing. His administration also sued the local cable television provider and won considerably reduced rates and a substantial cash settlement.
Sanders ran for governor for the third time in 1986. He finished third with 14.5% of the vote – enough to deny incumbent Democrat Madeleine Kunin a majority; she was then elected by the state legislature, pursuant to Vermont law. In 1988, when seven-term incumbent Representative Jim Jeffords made a successful run for the Senate, Sanders ran for Jeffords' vacated seat in the House and narrowly lost to Peter P. Smith, the former lieutenant governor and the 1986 Republican candidate for governor.
Sanders taught at Harvard University in 1989 and Hamilton College in 1991.
U.S. House of Representatives[link]
Elections[link]
In 1988, incumbent Republican U.S. Congressman Jim Jeffords decided to retire from Vermont's At-large congressional district to run for the U.S. Senate. Republican Lieutenant Governor Peter Smith won the election with a plurality of 41%. Sanders, who ran as an independent, got 38%. Democratic nominee Paul N. Poirier, a State Representative, got 19% in third place.[10]
In 1990, Sanders ran for the seat again and defeated the incumbent Smith 56% to 40%. He became the first independent elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 40 years[11] (since Frazier Reams) and the first U.S. Congressman to describe himself as a socialist in 60 years (since Victor Berger).[12]
In 1992, he won re-election with 58%.[13] In 1994, in the midst of the Republican Revolution that swept Republicans into control of the Congress, Sanders had his most difficult re-election campaign, defeating Republican State Senator John Carroll 50% to 47%; no Democrat was on the ballot.[14] In 1996, he defeated Republican State Senator Susan Sweetser and Democrat Jack Long 55%-33%-9%.[15] He didn't have another competitive re-election campaign after 1996. He won re-election in 1998 (63%), 2000 (69%), 2002 (64%) and 2004 (67%).[16][17] In total, Sanders was re-elected seven times and was the longest-serving independent member of the House. Despite his independent status, he won re-election with less than 55% only once (1994).
Although relations between Sanders and House Democratic leadership were not always smooth, the Democrats never actively campaigned against Sanders after his first run for Congress as an independent. While Democratic candidates ran against him in every election except 1994 (when Sanders managed to win the Democrats' endorsement), they received little financial support.[citation needed]
Tenure[link]
Sanders' lifetime legislative score from the AFL-CIO is 100%. As of 2006[update], he has a grade of "C-" from the National Rifle Association (NRA). Sanders voted against the Brady Bill and in favor of an NRA-supported bill to restrict lawsuits against gun manufacturers in 2005.[18] Sanders voted to abolish the so-called "marriage penalty" for income taxes and also voted for a bill that sought to ban human cloning. Sanders has endorsed every Democratic nominee for president of the United States since 1992. Sanders is a co-founder of the House Progressive Caucus and chaired the grouping of mostly liberal Democrats for its first eight years.
Sanders voted against the resolutions authorizing the use of force against Iraq in 1991 and 2002 and opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq. But he later joined almost all of his colleagues in voting for a non-binding resolution expressing support for U.S. troops at the outset of the invasion, although he gave a floor speech criticizing the partisan nature of the resolution and the Bush administration's actions in the run-up to the war. On April 7, 2006, in regard to the investigation of the leak of CIA agent Valerie Plame's identity, Sanders said, "The revelation that the president authorized the release of classified information in order to discredit an Iraq war critic should tell every member of Congress that the time is now for a serious investigation of how we got into the war in Iraq and why Congress can no longer act as a rubber stamp for the president."[19] Sanders supports universal health care and opposes what he terms "unfettered" free trade,[20] which he argues deprives American workers of their jobs while exploiting foreign workers in sweatshop factories.
In June 2005, Sanders proposed an amendment to limit provisions that allow the government to obtain individuals' library and book-buying records. The amendment passed the House by a bipartisan majority but was removed on November 4 that year by House-Senate negotiators and never became law.[21] Sanders followed this vote on November 5, 2005, by voting against the Online Freedom of Speech Act, which would have exempted the Internet from the restrictions of the McCain-Feingold Bill.
In March 2006, after a series of resolutions calling for him to bring articles of impeachment against the president passed in various towns in Vermont, Sanders stated it would be impractical to impeach George W. Bush, given the "reality that the Republicans control the House and the Senate." Still, Sanders made no secret of his opposition to the Bush Administration, which he regularly attacked for cuts in social programs he supports.[22][23][24]
Sanders is a critic of Alan Greenspan. In June 2003, during a question-and-answer discussion with the then-Federal Reserve chairman, Sanders told Greenspan that he was concerned that Greenspan was "way out of touch" and "that you see your major function in your position as the need to represent the wealthy and large corporations."[25] Sanders said in 1998 that investment banks and commercial banks should remain as separate entities.[26]
Republicans have attacked Sanders as "an ineffective extremist" for successfully sponsoring only one law and fifteen amendments in his eight terms in the House.[27][28] Sanders responded by saying that he had gotten "the most floor amendments of any member of the House since 1996 [passed]."[29] Former Democratic National Committee chair Howard Dean has stated that "Bernie Sanders votes with the Democrats 98 percent of the time."[30]
U.S. Senate[link]
Elections[link]
Main articles: United States Senate election in Vermont, 2006 and United States Senate election in Vermont, 2012
Sanders had mentioned on several occasions that he would run for the Senate if Jeffords (with whom he has a longstanding friendship) were ever to retire and he entered the race on April 21, 2005, following Jeffords' announcement that he would not seek a fourth term. New York Senator Chuck Schumer, chairman of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee, endorsed Sanders; Schumer's backing was critical, as it meant that any Democrat running against Sanders could not expect to receive any significant financial help on a national level.
Sanders was also endorsed by Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid of Nevada and Democratic National Committee chairman and former Vermont governor Howard Dean. Dean said in May 2005 that he considered Sanders an ally who votes with House Democrats. Then-Senator Barack Obama also campaigned for Sanders in Vermont. Sanders entered into an agreement with the Democratic Party to be listed in their primary but to decline the nomination should he win, which he did easily.[31]
Speculation abounded that the state's popular Republican governor, Jim Douglas, would enter the race as well. Many pundits believed Douglas was the only Republican who could possibly defeat Sanders. However, on April 30, Douglas announced he would seek a third term as governor. In the view of many pundits, this effectively handed the open seat to Sanders.
Sanders consistently led his Republican challenger, businessman Richard Tarrant, by wide margins in polling. In the most expensive political campaign in Vermont's history,[32] Sanders defeated Tarrant by an approximately 2-to-1 margin in the 2006 midterm election. Many national media outlets (including CNN) projected Sanders the winner before any returns came in.
Sanders is only the third Senator from Vermont to caucus with the Democrats — following Jeffords and Patrick Leahy. He made a deal with the Democratic leadership similar to the one Jeffords made after Jeffords became an independent. In exchange for receiving the committee seats that would be available to him as a Democrat, Sanders votes with the Democrats on all procedural matters unless he asks permission of Majority Whip Richard Durbin. However, such a request is almost never made and is almost never granted. He is free to vote as he pleases on policy matters but almost always votes with the Democrats.[citation needed]
Tenure[link]
Sanders and Senator Barbara Boxer (D-CA) introduced the Global Warming Pollution Reduction Act of 2007 on January 15, 2007. The measure would have provided funding for research and development on geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide, set emissions standards for new vehicles and a renewable fuels requirement for gasoline beginning in 2016, established energy efficiency and renewable portfolio standards beginning in 2008 and low-carbon electric generation standards beginning in 2016 for electric utilities and would have required periodic evaluations by the National Academy of Sciences to determine whether emissions targets are adequate.[33]
On September 24, 2008, Senator Sanders posted on his website a letter to Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson against the initial bailout proposal, drawing more than 8,000 citizen co-signers in the first 24 hours.[34] On January 26, 2009, Sanders and Democrats Robert Byrd, Russ Feingold and Tom Harkin were the sole majority members to vote against confirmation of Timothy Geithner to be United States Secretary of the Treasury.[35]
On December 10, 2010, Senator Sanders delivered an 8½ hour speech against the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010, the proposed extension of the Bush-era tax rates that eventually became law, saying "Enough is enough! [...] How many homes can you own?" (A long speech such as this is in the tradition of a filibuster, though because it did not block Senate action, it didn't technically qualify as a filibuster under US Senate rules.)[36]
In response to his 'filibuster,' "activists across the country started talking up the notion of a 'Sanders for President' run in 2012, either as a dissident Democrat in the primaries or as a left-leaning Independent."[37] Hundreds of people signed online petitions urging Sanders to run and pollsters began measuring his support in key primary states.[37] Progressive activists such as Rabbi Michael Lerner and economist David Korten publicly voiced their support for a prospective Sanders run against president Barack Obama.[37] Sanders has disavowed any interest in a presidential run, saying he was "very proud to be Vermont's senator," and maintained that "I am very content to be where I am, but I am flattered by that kind of response."[37]
On January 19, 2011, Sanders announced that his 8 1/2 hour speech given on December 10, 2010, would be published in February 2011 by Nation Books. The book is entitled The Speech: A Historic Filibuster on Corporate Greed and the Decline of Our Middle Class, and authorial proceeds go to Vermont nonprofit charitable organizations.[38]
Sanders is very popular in Vermont. Polling conducted in August 2011 by Public Policy Polling found that Sander's approval rating was 67% and his disapproval rating was just 28%, making him the third most-popular Senator in the country.[39]
Committee assignments[link]
- Committee on Environment and Public Works
- Committee on Energy and Natural Resources
- Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions
- Committee on Veterans' Affairs
- Committee on the Budget
Political positions[link]
Senator Sanders describes himself as a democratic socialist.[1][2]
Health care[link]
He is a staunch supporter of a universal health care system.[40]
Renegotiaton of NAFTA[link]
He is a strong advocate for renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and is a strong opponent of the current United States trade policy towards Latin America and China.[citation needed]
Iraq War[link]
Sanders opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq from its start and voted against it in the House of Representatives.[41] He has called for a speedy withdrawal and increased veterans' benefits.
Media freedom[link]
Sanders has also been a leader in calling for media reform and opposes increased concentration of ownership of media outlets.[42] He appeared in Orwell Rolls in His Grave and Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism, two documentaries on the subject.[43]
Global warming and the environment[link]
He warns about the dangers of global warming[44]
U.S. Federal Reserve audit[link]
Sanders introduced a Senate companion bill to H.R. 1207, which would conduct an audit of the Federal Reserve.[45]
Civil rights[link]
He is a vocal supporter of gay rights, supporting same sex marriage and of pro-choice legislation.[4] He voted against the Defense of Marriage Act as a member of the House of Representatives.[46]
Nuclear power[link]
Following the 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents, Sanders called for a moratorium on the licensing of new nuclear plants and relicensing of existing ones, in an effort to slow down what's been touted as a nuclear renaissance in the United States.[47] Sanders wrote to President Barack Obama asking for him to appoint a special commission to review the safety of U.S. nuclear plants. Sanders also wants to repeal a federal law that he says leaves the taxpayers to pick up most of the costs of a major nuclear accident. He says, "in a free-enterprise system, the nuclear industry should be required to insure itself against accidents."[47]
Personal life[link]
Sanders is married to Jane O'Meara, former president of Burlington College, and has one son, Levi Sanders, from a previous marriage.[48] His brother, Larry Sanders, is a Green Party District Councillor for Oxford East[49] in Oxfordshire, England.
Sanders is one of two sitting U.S. Senators who went to James Madison High School in Brooklyn (the other being Chuck Schumer). Before Sanders became a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, his roommate was Richard I. Sugarman, a professor at the University of Vermont. Coincidentally, the only other Independent currently serving in the U.S. Senate, Joe Lieberman (I-CT) shared a suite with Professor Sugarman when the two attended Yale University in the 1960s.[50]
For the Friday segment "Brunch with Bernie" of the Thom Hartmann radio program, Hartmann interviews Sanders and the senator answers listeners' calls.[51]
Sanders also starred in his own weekly five-minute show, "Senator Sanders Unfiltered," hosted at Sandersunfiltered.com. The site has not been updated since early 2010.
Electoral history[link]
Most recent election shown below. For a complete list see: Electoral history of Bernie Sanders
| 2006 United States Senate election, Vermont | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
| Independent | Bernie Sanders | 171,638 | 65.4 | n/a | |
| Republican | Richard Tarrant | 84,924 | 32.3 | -33.2 | |
| Independent | Cris Ericson | 1,735 | 0.6 | n/a | |
| Green | Craig Hill | 1,536 | 0.5 | n/a | |
| Independent | Peter D. Moss | 1,518 | 0.5 | n/a | |
| Liberty Union | Peter Diamondstone | 801 | 0.3 | -0.2 | |
| Write-ins | 267 | 0.1 | 0 | ||
| Majority | 86,741 | 33.1 | |||
| Turnout | 262,419 | ||||
| Independent hold | Swing | ||||
Footnotes[link]
- ^ a b "Sanders Socialist Success". April 22, 2009. http://sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/news/?id=7b6eba9b-67f5-4d8f-bc75-ce63a07035d2. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
- ^ a b Lerer, Lisa (July 16, 2009). "Where's the outrage over AIG bonuses?". The Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0709/25000.html. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
- ^ Borger, Julian (November 8, 2006). "Democrats pile pressure on Bush as glitches hit US poll". Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/frontpage/story/0,,1942041,00.html. Retrieved November 8, 2006.
- ^ a b c Leibovich, Mark (January 21, 2007). "The Socialist Senator". The New York Times Magazine (The New York Times). http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/magazine/21Sanders.t.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved July 18, 2007.
- ^ Greaff, Christopher (September 8, 1991). "Socialist in Congress Goes Where Democrats, Republicans Fear to Tread". Associated Press. The Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/1991-09-08/news/mn-2854_1_major-party/2. Retrieved September 2, 2010.
- ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=6555
- ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=144194
- ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=6376
- ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=93728
- ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=37984
- ^ Pertman, Adam (November 11, 1990). "'The Times Caught Up' To Vermont Socialist". Boston Globe. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/61683884.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Nov+11%2C+1990&author=Adam+Pertman%2C+Globe+Staff&pub=Boston+Globe+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=%27THE+TIMES+CAUGHT+UP%27+TO+VERMONT+SOCIALIST&pqatl=google.
- ^ Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. November 7, 1990. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PG&p_theme=pg&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EADE75AC0273E8C&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM.
- ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=28438
- ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=29062
- ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=30086
- ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=1879
- ^ "Official Report of the Canvassing Committee". Vermont Secretary of State. http://vermont-elections.org/elections1/2004GeneralCanvass.pdf. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
- ^ "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 534". Office of the clerk, US House of Representatives. http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2005/roll534.xml. Retrieved July 18, 2007.
- ^ Yost, Pete (April 7, 2006). "Libby: Bush, Cheney OK’d leak campaign". Associated Press. http://bernie.org/?p=169. Retrieved July 18, 2007.
- ^ Home >> Issues >> (January 15, 2007). "Congressman Bernie Sanders – International Trade". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on January 15, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070115025410/http://bernie.house.gov/trade.asp. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ "Message". Lists.wisc.edu. https://lists.wisc.edu/read/messages?id=495733. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
- ^ [Previous Page]. "Bernie :: Release :: Sanders Blasts Bush’S Housing Secretary On Housing Cuts In Vermont". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on September 26, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060926074517/http://bernie.house.gov/documents/releases/20040520150051.asp. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ By Rep. Bernie Sanders (I-VT). "Have They No Shame? | TPMCafe". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on November 14, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071114164102/http://www.tpmcafe.com/story/2005/6/24/155932/073. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ "Bernie :: Multimedia :: Video". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on September 26, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060926083930/http://bernie.house.gov/multimedia/video.asp?video='4791'. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ [Previous Page]. "bernie :: statement :: Congressman Sanders' Questioning of Federal Reserve Chairman Greenspan". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on September 26, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060926023514/http://bernie.house.gov/statements/20030716135257.asp. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ "News Sept. 24 – Newsroom: U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders (Vermont)". Sanders.senate.gov. September 24, 2008. http://sanders.senate.gov/news/record.cfm?id=303498. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ "National Republican Senatorial Committee". Web.archive.org. 2007-11-13. http://web.archive.org/web/20071113185245/www.nrsc.org/. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
- ^ episode49, LLC and The Bivings Group. "National Republican Senatorial Committee". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on October 3, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061003084005/http://www.nrsc.org/newsdesk/document.aspx?ID=214. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ "» Bernie on GOP Hit List". Web.archive.org. 2007-11-14. Archived from the original on 2007-11-14. http://web.archive.org/web/20071114174825/http://bernie.org/?p=53. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
- ^ "Transcript for May 22 – Meet the Press, online at MSNBC". MSNBC. 2005-05-22. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7924139. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
- ^ "U.S. Senate: Tarrant-Sanders duel set". Burlington Free Press. September 12, 2006. http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060912/NEWS/60913001. Retrieved November 8, 2006. [dead link]
- ^ Ring, Wilson (November 7, 2006). "Sanders, Welch are winners in Vermont". Boston Globe. Associated Press. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/vote2006/VT/2006-11-08-us-congress_x.htm. Retrieved January 25, 2007.
- ^ Climate Change Bills of the 110th Congress Environmental Defense, May 29, 2007.
- ^ "Newsroom – Video/Audio: U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders (Vermont)". Sanders.senate.gov. September 24, 2008. http://sanders.senate.gov/news/record.cfm?id=303544. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ "U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote". Senate.gov. http://senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=111&session=1&vote=00015. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ "Memoli, Michael "Sen. Bernie Sanders ends filibuster"". Los Angeles Times. 2010-12-10. http://articles.latimes.com/print/2010/dec/10/news/la-pn-sanders-filibuster-20101211. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
- ^ a b c d Nichols, John (December 29, 2010) That 'Sanders for President' Talk is Real Enough, But Bernie's Not Going There, The Nation
- ^ Sen. Bernie Sanders' 8 1/2-hour Speech to be Sold in Book Form Burlington Free Press January 20, 2011. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
- ^ Americans Love Socialism: Bernie Sanders Is The 3rd Most Popular US Senator Politics USA 2 August 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2012.'
- ^ Jaffe, Sarah (July 14, 2009). "Sanders Schools McCain on Public Healthcare". The Nation. http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090720/sanders_video. Retrieved August 4, 2009. "Senator Bernie Sanders is one of the Senate's fiercest advocates for real healthcare reform that puts Americans, not private insurance companies, first. Recently, Sanders told The Nation's Katrina vanden Heuvel, "[I]f you are serious about real healthcare reform, the only way to go is single-payer.""
- ^ Michols, John (October 10, 2002). "Many Dems Reject War Resolution". The Nation. http://www.thenation.com/blogs/thebeat/122. Retrieved August 4, 2009. "The 126 Democrats who opposed the resolution were joined by one independent member, Vermont's Bernie Sanders and six Republicans – John Duncan of Tennessee; John Hostettler of Indiana; Amo Houghton of New York; Jim Leach of Iowa; Connie Morella of Maryland; and Ron Paul of Texas."
- ^ Nichols, John; McEhsney, Robert W. (July 3, 2003). "The Battle Over Media Ownership is Far From Over". Common Dreams NewsCenter. http://www.commondreams.org/views03/0707-01.htm. Retrieved August 4, 2009. "Members of Congress are finding they cannot avoid talking about media issues because people really are upset with what the FCC did and with the broader issue of who controls the media," says U.S. Rep. Bernie Sander, I-Vermont, a leading critic of the FCC rule changes [removing limits on the ability of individual companies to dominate more than 35 percent of television communications and to prevent "cross-ownership" schemes that allow corporations to buy up primary newspapers, radio and television stations and cable and Internet services in a city.] and a champion of media reform in the public interest."
- ^ "Vt. congressman interviewed for film". USA Today. July 26, 2004. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2004-07-26-senator-filmed_x.htm. Retrieved August 4, 2009. "Rep. Bernie Sanders has a burgeoning second job: movie star. Vermont's lone congressman is one of many legislators, journalists and media watchdogs interviewed for "Orwell Rolls in His Grave," by director Robert Pappas, and Robert Greenwald's latest film, "Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism.""
- ^ Totten, Shay (January 15, 2007). "Sanders to push global warming legislation in Senate". Vermont Guardian. http://www.vermontguardian.com/local/012007/GlobalWarmingBill.shtml. Retrieved August 4, 2009. "Sen. Bernie Sanders, I-VT, said Monday he was making good on at least one of a handful of campaign promises — introducing a bill designed to cut U.S. contributions to global greenhouse gas emissions in the next decade. ... Sanders added that construction of new power plants is “extraordinarily expensive” and he would prefer to see federal funding support used to expand the development of sustainable energy, as well as biofuels."
- ^ Thrush, Glenn (June 18, 2009). "Hill wants reins on Fed". The Politico (Yahoo! News). http://news.yahoo.com/s/politico/20090619/pl_politico/23911. Retrieved August 4, 2009. ""I just think it will be very hard for members of Congress to go back to their constituents and say, 'I've got $2.2 trillion of your money at risk and I don't know where it's going,'" said Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-Vt.), who is pushing his own bill calling for names of banks aided under Fed lending programs."
- ^ "Final Vote Resulte for Roll Call 316". Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives. http://clerk.house.gov/evs/1996/roll316.xml. Retrieved May 1, 2011.
- ^ a b "US Sen. Sanders: Slow down on nuclear relicensing". BusinessWeek. March 21, 2011. http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9M3MTS80.htm.
- ^ "Project Vote Smart – Senator Bernard 'Bernie' Sanders – Biography". Vote-smart.org. http://www.vote-smart.org/bio.php?can_id=H4042103. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ "Councillor Larry Sanders". http://www.oxfordshire.gov.uk/wps/portal/publicsite/doitonline/finditonline/councillorscommittees?cllr=2288&page=aboutyourcouncil.councillors.detail. Retrieved October 11, 2010.
- ^ Scott MacKay (August 6, 2006). "The fight of his life". The Providence Journal. http://www.projo.com/extra/election/content/projo_20060806_lieber5.1eef2ef.html.
- ^ "America's Number 1 Progressive Radio Show | Thom Hartmann - News & info from the #1 progressive radio show". Thom Hartmann. http://www.thomhartmann.com/radio. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
Further reading[link]
- Steven Soifer, The Socialist Mayor: Bernard Sanders in Burlington, Vermont. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, 1991.
External links[link]
- United States Senator Bernie Sanders official U.S. Senate site
- Friends of Bernie Sanders official campaign site'
- Bernie Sanders at The Internet Movie Database
- Biography at WhoRunsGov.com at The Washington Post
- Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Voting record maintained by The Washington Post
- Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Project Vote Smart
- Congressional profile at GovTrack
- Congressional profile at OpenCongress
- Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues
- Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
- Staff salaries, trips and personal finance at LegiStorm.com
- Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
- Appearances on C-SPAN programs
- Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Works by or about Bernie Sanders in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- "War of the wealthy against working families" – video of speech from C-SPAN2
- Bernie Sanders Denounces Tax Cut in 8.5 Hour Senate Speech – video report by Democracy Now!
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Gordon Paquette |
Mayor of Burlington, Vermont 1981–1989 |
Succeeded by Peter Clavelle |
| United States House of Representatives | ||
| Preceded by Peter P. Smith |
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Vermont's At-large congressional district January 3, 1991 – January 3, 2007 |
Succeeded by Peter Welch |
| United States Senate | ||
| Preceded by Jim Jeffords |
United States Senator (Class 1) from Vermont January 4, 2007 – present Served alongside: Patrick Leahy |
Incumbent |
| United States order of precedence | ||
| Preceded by Ben Cardin D-Maryland |
United States Senators by seniority 60th |
Succeeded by Sherrod Brown D-Ohio |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Sanders, Bernie |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American politician |
| Date of birth | 1941-09-08 |
| Place of birth | New York City |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
