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Aboriginal peoples in Canada
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A métis is a person born to parents who belong to different groups defined by visible physical differences, regarded as racial, or the descendant of such persons. The term is of French origin, and also is a cognate of mestizo in Spanish, mestiço in Portuguese, and mestee in English. In the Western Hemisphere, this term usually is used to describe someone born or descended from the union of a European and an Amerindian. However, the term was used by other groups around the world, mostly in countries which were under French influence, such as Vietnam. It is still commonly used by Francophones today for any multiracial person. A similar word, mestee, is derived from Middle French mestis (pronounced the same), which became métis in modern French. This is cognate to the words mestizo in Spanish and mestiço in Portuguese. All of these words are ultimately derived from Latin mixtus, meaning "mixed". Many dictionaries, however, incorrectly attribute the word "mestee" to a corruption of mestizo.

The designation "mestee" was formerly widely used in the United States for mixed-race individuals, but after the Civil War the term gradually fell into disuse as an effect of the "one-drop rule", under which anyone with any known Sub-Saharan African ancestry is considered black. American Indian scholar Jack D. Forbes has attempted to revive "mestee" as a term for the old mixed-race groups.^[1] The term is currently not commonly used in the US or the UK.

Terminology[link]

In Canada, the term usually designates a constitutionally recognized individual born of an Aboriginal group, descended primarily from the marriages of Scottish and French men to Cree, Saulteaux, and Ojibwa women in southern Rupert's Land starting in the late 17th century, and the marriages of French men to Ojibway women starting in Quebec in the middle 17th century. Anglo- as opposed to Franco-Métis in Canada were at one time distinguished by language, the Franco-Métis speaking French and the Anglo-Métis (then known as the Country-born) speaking Bungee, a pidgin language derived from Scotch-Gaelic and Cree. The use of Bungee has waned and Anglo-Métis increasingly identify simply as undifferentiated Métis or as undifferentiated anglophone Canadians with aboriginal antecedents.

Their constitutional rights are represented by a growing number of organisations in Canada, such as the Metis Nation of Canada (MNOC)(www.metisnationofcanada.com) a membership which represents Metis People from all of Canada, the Quebec Metis Nation, the Manitoba Métis Federation (MMF), and the Métis National Council (MNC), and the United States. The MNC voices issues (mainly of self-government) directly to the Government of Canada and internationally, but these issues are usually limited to the Métis of the western regions of Canada. Other Canadian organizations serving Métis interests include the Congress of Aboriginal Peoples in Canada. The recently founded Council of Diaspora Métis is an organization serving Métis people living outside of North America, usually within the territory of the European Union.

See also[link]

• Baster
• Métis people (Canada)
• Métis people (USA)
• Anglo-Métis
• Half-caste
• Multiracial
• Kahnawake surnames
• Mestizo

References[link]

Bibliography[link]

• Barkwell, Lawrence J.; Dorion, Leah; Hourie, Audreen (2006). "Métis legacy Michif culture, heritage, and folkways". Métis legacy series. 2. Saskatoon: Gabriel Dumont Institute. ISBN 0-920915-80-9. 
• Barkwell, Lawrence J.; Dorion, Leah; Prefontaine, Darren (2001). Métis Legacy: A Historiography and Annotated Bibliography. Winnipeg: Pemmican Publications Inc. and Saskatoon: Gabriel Dumont Institute. ISBN 1-894717-03-1. 

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (April 2012)

Yannick Noah

Country	France
Born	(1960-05-18) 18 May 1960 (age 52) Sedan, France
Height	1.93 m (6 ft 4 in)
Weight	82 kg (180 lb)
Turned pro	1977
Retired	1996
Plays	Right-handed
Career prize money	US$ 3,440,660
Int. Tennis HOF	2005 (member page)
Singles
Career record	476–210 (at ATP Tour, Grand Prix tour, WCT tour, and Grand Slam level, and in the World Group of the Davis Cup)
Career titles	23
Highest ranking	3 (7 July 1986)
Grand Slam Singles results
Australian Open	SF (1990)
French Open	W (1983)
Wimbledon	3R (1979, 1985)
US Open	QF (1983, 1985, 1989)
Doubles
Career record	213–109 (at ATP Tour, Grand Prix tour, WCT tour, and Grand Slam level, and in the World Group of the Davis Cup)
Career titles	16
Highest ranking	1 (25 August 1986)

Yannick Noah (born 18 May 1960 in Sedan, Ardennes) is a former professional tennis player from France. He is best remembered for being the last French and first black man to win the French Open in 1983, and as a highly-successful captain of France's Davis Cup and Fed Cup teams. Since his retirement from the game, Noah has remained in the public eye as a very popular music performer and as the co-founder, with his mother, of a charity organization for underprivileged children. Noah is also the father of Joakim Noah of the NBA Chicago Bulls.

Tennis career[link]

Noah turned professional in 1977, and won his first top-level singles title in 1978 in Manila.

Noah became France's most prominent tennis hero in 1983, becoming the first Frenchman in 37 years to win the French Open. He dropped only one set during the two-week long tournament, and defeated the defending-champion Mats Wilander in straight sets in the final, 6–2, 7–5, 7–6. Noah also became only the second black male to win a Grand Slam singles event (after Arthur Ashe). He remains the last Frenchman to have won the French Open men's singles title.

During his career, which spanned almost two decades, Noah captured a total of 23 singles titles and 16 doubles titles. His highest singles ranking was third in the world, in 1986.

Noah won the French Open men's doubles title in 1984 (with compatriot and best friend Henri Leconte). He was also the men's doubles runner-up at the 1985 U.S. Open (with Leconte), and the 1987 French Open (with compatriot Guy Forget). In August 1986, Noah attained the world no. 1 doubles ranking, which he would hold for a total of 19 weeks.

Noah played on France's Davis Cup team for eleven years, with an overall win–loss record of 39–22 (26–15 in singles, and in 13–7 doubles). In 1982, he was part of the French team which reached the Davis Cup final, where they were defeated 4–1 by the United States.

Nine years later, in 1991, Noah captained the French team which won the Davis Cup for the first time in 59 years, defeating a heavily-favoured US team 3–1 in the final. This feat was repeated in 1996, when France defeated Sweden 3–2 in the final held in Malmö.

In 1997, Noah captained France's Fed Cup team to its first victory in that competition.

He notably admitted using marijuana prior to matches in 1981,^[1] saying that amphetamines were the real problem in tennis as they were performance enhancing drugs.

Noah was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2005. He remains France's highest ranked player since the introduction of rankings in 1973.

Major finals[link]

Grand Slam finals[link]

Singles: 1 (1–0)[link]

Outcome	Year	Championship	Surface	Opponent in the final	Score in the final
Winner	1983	French Open	Clay	Mats Wilander	6–2, 7–5, 7–6(7–3)

Doubles: 3 (1–2)[link]

Outcome	Year	Championship	Surface	Partner	Opponent in the final	Score in the final
Winner	1984	French Open	Clay	Henri Leconte	Pavel Složil Tomáš Šmíd	6–4, 2–6, 3–6, 6–3, 6–2
Runner-up	1985	US Open	Hard	Henri Leconte	Ken Flach Robert Seguso	7–6(7–5), 6–7(1–7), 6–7(6–8), 0–6
Runner-up	1987	French Open	Clay	Guy Forget	Anders Järryd Robert Seguso	7–6(7–5), 7–6(7–2), 3–6, 4–6, 2–6

Singles finals (36)[link]

Wins (23)[link]

Outcome	No.	Date	Championship	Surface	Opponent in the final	Score in the final
Runner-up	1.	1978	Nice, France	Clay	José Higueras	3–6, 4–6, 4–6
Winner	1.	1978	Manila, Philippines	Clay	Peter Feigl	7–6, 6–0
Winner	2.	1978	Calcutta, India	Clay	Pascal Portes	6–3, 6–2
Winner	3.	1979	Nancy, France	Hard (i)	Jean-Louis Haillet	6–2, 5–7, 6–1, 7–5
Winner	4.	1979	Madrid, Spain	Clay	Manuel Orantes	6–3, 6–7, 6–3, 6–2
Winner	5.	1979	Bordeaux, France	Clay	Harold Solomon	6–0, 6–7, 6–1, 1–6, 6–4
Runner-up	2.	1980	Rome, Italy	Clay	Guillermo Vilas	0–6, 4–6, 4–6
Winner	6.	1981	Richmond WCT, U.S.	Carpet	Ivan Lendl	6–1, 3–1, ret.
Winner	7.	1981	Nice, France	Clay	Mario Martinez	6–4, 6–2
Runner-up	3.	1981	Gstaad, Switzerland	Clay	Wojtek Fibak	1–6, 6–7
Winner	8.	1982	La Quinta, U.S.	Hard	Ivan Lendl	6–3, 2–6, 7–5
Runner-up	4.	1982	Nice, France	Clay	Balázs Taróczy	2–6, 6–3, 11–13
Winner	9.	1982	South Orange, U.S.	Clay	Raúl Ramírez	6–3, 7–6
Winner	10.	1982	Basel, Switzerland	Hard (i)	Mats Wilander	6–4, 6–2, 6–3
Winner	11.	1982	Toulouse, France	Hard (i)	Tomáš Šmíd	6–3, 6–2
Runner-up	5.	1983	Lisbon, Portugal	Clay	Mats Wilander	6–2, 6–7(2–7), 4–6
Winner	12.	1983	Madrid, Spain	Clay	Henrik Sundström	3–6, 6–0, 6–2, 6–4
Winner	13.	1983	Hamburg, Germany	Clay	José Higueras	3–6, 7–5, 6–2, 6–0
Winner	14.	1983	French Open, Paris	Clay	Mats Wilander	6–2, 7–5, 7–6(7–3)
Runner-up	6.	1984	La Quinta, U.S.	Hard	Jimmy Connors	2–6, 7–6(9–7), 3–6
Runner-up	7.	1985	Memphis, U.S.	Carpet	Stefan Edberg	1–6, 0–6
Winner	15.	1985	Rome, Italy	Clay	Miloslav Mečíř	6–3, 3–6, 6–2, 7–6(7–4)
Winner	16.	1985	Washington, D.C., U.S.	Clay	Martín Jaite	6–4, 6–3
Winner	17.	1985	Toulouse, France	Hard (i)	Tomáš Šmíd	6–4, 6–4
Runner-up	8.	1985	Basel, Switzerland	Hard (i)	Stefan Edberg	7–6, 4–6, 6–7, 1–6
Runner-up	9.	1986	La Quinta, U.S.	Hard	Joakim Nyström	1–6, 3–6, 2–6
Runner-up	10.	1986	Monte Carlo, Monaco	Clay	Joakim Nyström	3–6, 2–6
Winner	18.	1986	Forest Hills, U.S.	Clay	Guillermo Vilas	7–6(7–3), 6–0
Runner-up	11.	1986	Basel, Switzerland	Hard (i)	Stefan Edberg	6–7(5–7), 2–6, 7–6(9–7), 6–7(5–7)
Winner	19.	1986	Wembley, England	Carpet	Jonas Svensson	6–2, 6–3, 6–7(12–14), 4–6, 7–5
Winner	20.	1987	Lyon, France	Carpet	Joakim Nyström	6–4, 7–5
Runner-up	12.	1987	Forest Hills, U.S.	Clay	Andrés Gómez	4–6, 6–7(5–7), 6–7(1–7)
Winner	21.	1987	Basel, Switzerland	Hard (i)	Ronald Agénor	7–6(8–6), 6–4, 6–4
Winner	22.	1988	Milan, Italy	Carpet	Jimmy Connors	4–4, ret.
Runner-up	13.	1989	Indian Wells, U.S.	Hard	Miloslav Mečíř	6–3, 6–2, 1–6, 2–6, 3–6
Winner	23.	1990	Sydney Outdoor, Australia	Hard	Carl-Uwe Steeb	5–7, 6–3, 6–4

Doubles finals (25)[link]

Wins (16)[link]

Outcome	No.	Date	Tournament	Surface	Partner	Opponents in the final	Score in the final
Runner-up	1.	1978	Calcutta, India	Clay	Gilles Moretton	Sashi Menon Sherwood Stewart	6–7, 4–6
Winner	1.	1981	Nice, France	Clay	Pascal Portes	Chris Lewis Pavel Složil	4–6, 6–3, 6–4
Winner	2.	1981	Paris, France	Hard (i)	Ilie Năstase	Andrew Jarrett Jonathan Smith	6–4, 6–4
Winner	3.	1982	Nice, France	Clay	Henri Leconte	Paul McNamee Balázs Taróczy	5–7, 6–4, 6–3
Winner	4.	1982	Basel, Switzerland	Hard (i)	Henri Leconte	Fritz Buehning Pavel Složil	6–2, 6–2
Runner-up	2.	1982	Toulouse, France	Hard (i)	Jean-Louis Haillet	Pavel Složil Tomáš Šmíd	4–6, 4–6
Runner-up	3.	1983	Monte Carlo, Monaco	Clay	Henri Leconte	Heinz Günthardt Balázs Taróczy	2–6, 4–6
Runner-up	4.	1984	Philadelphia, U.S.	Carpet	Henri Leconte	Peter Fleming John McEnroe	2–6, 3–6
Winner	5.	1984	French Open, Paris	Clay	Henri Leconte	Pavel Složil Tomáš Šmíd	6–4, 2–6, 3–6, 6–3, 6–2
Winner	6.	1985	Chicago, U.S.	Carpet	Johan Kriek	Ken Flach Robert Seguso	3–6, 4–6, 7–5, 6–1, 6–4
Runner-up	5.	1985	U.S. Open, New York	Hard	Henri Leconte	Ken Flach Robert Seguso	7–6, 6–7, 6–7, 0–6
Runner-up	6.	1986	La Quinta, U.S.	Hard	Sherwood Stewart	Guy Forget Peter Fleming	4–6, 3–6
Winner	7.	1986	Monte Carlo, Monaco	Clay	Guy Forget	Joakim Nyström Mats Wilander	6–4, 3–6, 6–4
Winner	8.	1986	Rome, Italy	Clay	Guy Forget	Mark Edmondson Sherwood Stewart	7–6, 6–2
Winner	9.	1986	Basel, Switzerland	Hard (i)	Guy Forget	Jan Gunnarsson Tomáš Šmíd	7–6, 6–4
Runner-up	7.	1986	Masters Doubles, London	Carpet	Guy Forget	Stefan Edberg Anders Järryd	3–6, 6–7, 3–6
Winner	10.	1987	Lyon, France	Carpet	Guy Forget	Kelly Jones David Pate	4–6, 6–3, 6–4
Winner	11.	1987	Indian Wells, U.S.	Hard	Guy Forget	Boris Becker Eric Jelen	6–4, 7–6
Winner	12.	1987	Forest Hills, U.S.	Clay	Guy Forget	Gary Donnelly Peter Fleming	4–6, 6–4, 6–1
Winner	13.	1987	Rome, Italy	Clay	Guy Forget	Miloslav Mečíř Tomáš Šmíd	6–2, 6–7, 6–3
Runner-up	8.	1987	French Open, Paris	Clay	Guy Forget	Anders Järryd Robert Seguso	7–6, 7–6, 3–6, 4–6, 2–6
Winner	14.	1987	London/Queen's Club, England	Grass	Guy Forget	Rick Leach Tim Pawsat	6–4, 6–4
Winner	15.	1988	Orlando, U.S.	Hard	Guy Forget	Sherwood Stewart Kim Warwick	6–4, 6–4
Winner	16.	1990	Nice, France	Clay	Alberto Mancini	Marcelo Filippini Horst Skoff	6–4, 7–6
Runner-up	9.	1990	Bordeaux, France	Clay	Mansour Bahrami	Tomás Carbonell Libor Pimek	3–6, 7–6, 2–6

Music career[link]

Yannick Noah
Noah performing at a concert in 2006
Background information
Born	(1960-05-18) 18 May 1960 (age 52) Sedan, France
Genres	Pop
Occupations	Singer
Instruments	Vocals
Years active	1991 – present
Website	www.yannicknoah.com

Since retiring from playing tennis, Noah has developed a career as a popular singer, performing throughout Europe. He began his music career in 1991 with the album Black or What, featuring the popular track "Saga Africa" which he made the stadium sing with his players after the famous Davis Cup final win. In 1993, he released the album Urban Tribu with the successful single "Get On Back" followed by the album Zam Zam in 1998.

With the encouragement of his manager Jean-Pierre Weiller, his musical career got a great boost in 2000 with his self-titled 4th album Yannick Noah, written by Erick Benzi et Robert Goldman. The single "Simon Papa Tara" written by Robert Goldman. The album also contained songs from Bob Marley and the group Téléphone.

In October 2006, the album Charango was a major hit selling more than 1,150,00 copies culminating in a one year tour for promoting the album. French radio played the singles "Donne-moi une vie" and "Aux arbres citoyens" extensively taken from the album.

In 2005, Noah performed at Bob Geldof's Live 8 concert, a fundraiser aimed at alleviating poverty in Africa.

On 21 July 2009, Noah made his U.S. live debut, headlining a concert in front of a packed house at the popular free outdoor performing arts festival in New York City, Central Park SummerStage. The performance was part of France's global music celebration Fête de la Musique.

In 2010, Yannick made a comeback with the release Frontières his 8th album, conatining the single "Angela", a tribute to Angela Davis. It also contained a duet with Asa in "Hello". On 25 September 2010, he was able to fill in Stade de France for an exceptional concert that was attended by close to 80,000 spectators.

Charity[link]

Noah is very active in charity work. He supports Enfants de la Terre, a charity created and run by his mother, Marie-Claire, in 1988.

Noah also founded Fête le Mur in 1996, a tennis charity and adaptation for underprivileged children, specially in the poor areas and the banlieues. It is presided by Noah himself.

He is also a spokesman for Appel des Enfants pour l'Environnement that was started by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF).

Finally he has taken part in singing with Les Enfoirés to help Les Restos du Cœur. He also takes part in telethons and sponsored the "Téléthon 2005".

He also sponsors the Association Terre-des-Hommes in Massongex (Suisse) and donated proceeds of his concert of Grands Gamins, in 2008, to Sol En Si, an AIDS charity.

Partly because of his huge involvement in a number of charities, he topped the list of the most favourite French personalities according to a joint survey of Ifop and Le Journal du Dimanche in 2007.

Politics[link]

Cameroon

Yannick Noah is known to have accepted posts offered by the regime of Paul Biya. In 2005, he accepted being a consultant for Cameroon's national football. Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (In French Rassemblement démocratique du peuple camerounais (RDPC)), the ruling party since independence portrays him as a supporter of its rule. He also reportedly donates to Fondation Chantal Biya (wife of president Paul Biya) specially through Unis pour vaincre.

France

Noah has also taken many political positions including a marked animosity with to the Union for a Popular Movement (in French Union pour un mouvement populaire (UMP)), a right-wing party in France. He also made controversial comments against President Sarkozy about the riots in the suburbs. He also actively supported the candidacy of Ségolène Royal taking part in a pro-Royal rally. Yannick Noah in la Fête de l'Humanité sang many politically engaged songs including "Aux Arbres Citoyens".

Doping

In an article dated 19 November 2011 in Le Monde, he created further controversy as an anti-doping activist, by alleging widespread use of doping in Spain to secure success. Many sports associations and even politicians deplored his declarations in absence of any solid proof about Spanish doping.

Personal life[link]

Noah's father, Zacharie Noah, is a former professional Cameroonian football star who won the French Cup with Sedan in 1961. His mother, Marie-Claire, is a former captain of France's basketball team and teacher. Noah has five children, of whom two were from his first marriage to Cecilia Rodhe (Miss Sweden 1978 and now a sculptor): Joakim (born in 1985) and Yelena (born in 1986). Joakim plays basketball for the Chicago Bulls and for the French team. Yelena is a model, already famous in the world of fashion. They don't live in France but in the U.S. With his second wife, the British model Heather Stewart-Whyte, Noah has two daughters: Elijah (1996) and Jénayé (1997). Now he is married to French TV producer Isabelle Camus, with whom he has a son named Joalukas (born in 2004).

Noah is also the owner of a restaurant in Saint Barthelemy in the French West Indies called Do Brazil.

Problems with the French fiscal authorities

On 15 July 1996, the fiscal authorities demanded payment of 6,807,701 francs in back taxes for 1993-1994. The Paris administrative tribunal court confirmed the decision alleging that Noah kept three non-declared bank accounts in Switzerland, the Netherlands and the United States. Noah disputed the court decision as unconstitutional.

Discography[link]

Yannick Noah, Rennes, 22 January 2011

Albums[link]

Rereleases

• 2004: Yannick Noah / Live (2 CDs - FR #134)
• 2010: Charango / Pokhara (2 Cds - FR #103)

Singles[link]

References[link]

1. ^ Revelations uncover a father's anguish

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Yannick Noah

• Yannick Noah at the Association of Tennis Professionals
• Official Site
• International Tennis Hall of Fame
• tenniscorner.net profile
• Biography as pop musician, from Radio France Internationale

The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to establish notability by adding reliable, secondary sources about the topic. If notability cannot be established, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted. (March 2009)

Disiz
Disiz
Background information
Birth name	Sérigne M'Baye Gueye
Born	(1978-03-28) March 28, 1978 (age 34)[1]
Origin	Évry, France
Genres	Hip hop, Rap
Occupations	rapper, actor
Years active	1999 – present
Labels	New Deal
Associated acts	Rimeurs, Yannick Noah, One Shot, Jalane, Busta Flex
Website	http://disizlapeste.artistes.universalmusic.fr/

Sérigne M'Baye Gueye, (born March 28, 1978), better known by his stage name Disiz, (pronounced Dissis), is a French rapper and actor. Born to a Senegalese father and Belgian mother, he grew up listening to rap.

He was a great fan of the French rap groups NTM and IAM. He was discovered by JoeyStarr, one of the members of the famous rap group NTM after listening to a sample tape named "Bête de bombe".

Disiz has gained interest from the UK after his appearance on Channel 4's campaign: "Try life in another language". He is a follower of Islam and described his religion as his "greatest wealth" ("L'Islam est ma plus grande richesse")^[2]

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

• Le poisson rouge (2000, FR #5)
• Disizenkane (2003)
• Jeu de société (2003, FR #31)
• Itinéraire d'un enfant bronzé (2004)
• Fuckdat.FM (2004)
• Dans tes rêves, (2005)
• Les histoires extra-ordinaires d'un jeune de banlieue (2005, FR #30)
• Disiz - The end (2009, FR #45)
• Lucide (2012, FR #21)

Singles[link]

• J'pète les plombs (2000, FR #6)
• Lettre ouverte (ft. One Shot presente Disiz La Peste & Jalane; 2000, FR #36)
• Le poisson rouge (2000, FR #55)
• Ghetto Sitcom (2001, FR #36)
• Volte face (ft. Busta Flex; 2001, FR #80)
• Dans tes rêves (2005, FR #37)
• Métis(se) (ft. Yannick Noah; 2005, FR #11)
• Inspecteur Disiz (2005; FR #43)
• Jeune de banlieue (2006; FR #44)

Acting career[link]

Actor[link]

• "Petits meurtres en famille" .... Éloi (4 episodes, 2006)

... aka A Family Murder Party (International: English title)

• Dans tes rêves (2005) (as Sérigne M'Baye) .... Ixe

... aka In Your Dreams (Australia: TV title)

• Chepor, La (2004) (as Sérigne Gueye) .... Franck

TV appearances[link]

• "Salut les Terriens" (1 episode, 2006)
• Noirs (2006) (TV)
• "Tout le monde en parle" (3 episodes, 2005)
• Live 8 (2005) (TV)
• Chanson de l'année, La (2005) (TV)
• Tout le monde ELA (2005) (TV)
• "Taratata" (2 episodes, 2005)
• Podium (2005) (TV)
• "Matinale, La" (1 episode, 2005)
• "Comme au cinéma" .... Himself (1 episode, 2005)

... aka Comme au cinéma: l'émission (France: long new title)

• "20h10 pétantes" .... Himself (1 episode, 2005)

External links[link]

• http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/t4/advertorial/try-life-in-another-language/hiphop.html
• http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1305070/
• http://disizlapeste.artistes.universalmusic.fr/

References[link]

Métis

Total population
As of 2006 389,780 1.25% of the Canadian population [1]
Regions with significant populations
Canada  United States
Languages
English Métis French Gaelic Michif Bungee
Religion
Predominantly Roman Catholic, Protestant; mixed with traditional beliefs[2]
Related ethnic groups
French Cree Ojibwe Acadians Cajun Scots English Irish Anglo-Métis

Aboriginal peoples in Canada
First Nations · Inuit · Métis This article is part of a series
History Paleo-Indians Pre-colonization Genetics Integration  · Conflicts First Nation  · Inuit
Politics Crown and Aboriginals Treaties  · Health Policy Royal Commission Indian Act · Politics Organizations · Case law Indian Affairs Canada
Culture Aboriginal cultures Aboriginal personalities
Demographics AB (FN, Métis)  · Atlantic CA  · BC MB  · ON  · QC  · SK Territories  · Pacific Coast
Linguistics Aboriginal languages Inuit languages Indigenous Languages Aboriginal syllabics Inuit grammar
Religions Inuit mythology Traditional beliefs
Index Index of articles Aboriginal · First Nations Inuit  · Métis · Stubs
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The Métis ( /meɪˈtiː/; Canadian French: [meˈtsɪs]; Michif: [mɪˈtʃɪf]) are one of the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who trace their descent to mixed First Nations and European heritage. The term was historically a catch-all describing the offspring of any such union, but within generations the culture syncretised into what is today a distinct aboriginal group, with formal recognition equal to that of the Inuit and First Nations. Mothers were often Cree, Ojibwe, Algonquin, Saulteaux, Menominee, Mi'kmaq or Maliseet.^[3] At one time there was an important distinction between French Métis born of francophone voyageur fathers, and the Anglo-Métis or Countryborn descended from Scottish fathers. Today these two cultures have essentially coalesced into one Métis tradition.^[4][5] Other former names—many of which are now considered to be offensive—include Bois-Brûlés, Mixed-bloods, Half-breeds, Bungi, Black Scots and Jackatars.^[6]

The Métis homeland includes regions scattered across Canada, as well as parts of the northern United States (specifically Montana, North Dakota, and northwest Minnesota).^[7]

Self-identity[link]

Almost 400,000 people self-identify as Métis in Canada. Most Métis people today are not so much the direct result of First Nations and European intermixing any more than English Canadians today are the direct result of intermixing of Saxons and Britons. The majority of Métis who self-identify today are the direct result of Métis intermarrying with other Métis. Over the past century, countless Métis are thought to have been absorbed and assimilated into European-Canadian populations making Métis heritage (and thereby aboriginal ancestry) more common than is generally realized.^[8] Geneticists estimate that 50 percent of today's population in Western Canada have Aboriginal blood,^[9] and therefore would be classified as Métis by any genetic measure.^[9] There is substantial controversy over who qualifies as Métis. Unlike First Nations people, there is no distinction between status and non-status Métis. The legal definition itself is not yet fully developed. S.35 of the Constitution Act, 1982 makes mention of the Métis stating:

• 35(1) The existing aboriginal and treaty rights of the Aboriginal People of Canada are hereby recognized and affirmed.
  • (2) In this Act, "Aboriginal Peoples of Canada" includes the Indian, Inuit, and Métis Peoples of Canada.^[10]

Métis fur trader c . 1870

Section-35(2)does not provide a definition of who is Métis. Until R. v. Powley (2003), there was little development in such a definition. The case involved a claim by two members of the Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario Métis community, Steven Powley and his son Rodney, who were asserting their Métis hunting rights. The Supreme Court of Canada outlined three broad factors to identify Métis rights-holders:^[11]

• self-identification as a Métis individual;
• ancestral connection to an historic Métis community; and
• acceptance by a Métis community.

All three factors must be present for an individual to qualify under the legal definition of Métis, but there is still a great deal of ambiguity. Whether or not Métis have Treaty Rights is an explosive issue in the Canadian Aboriginal community today. Some say that only First Nations could legitimately sign treaties so, by definition, Métis have no Treaty rights.^[12] There is one Treaty—the Halfbreed (Métis in the French version) Adhesion to Treaty 3. Another Treaty, the Robinson Superior Treaty of 1850, included 84 "half-breeds" in the Treaty.^[13] Hundreds, if not thousands, of Métis were initially included in a number of other treaties and then unilaterally excluded under later amendments to the Indian Act.^[12]

History[link]

Origin[link]

The Trapper's Bride
by Alfred Jacob Miller (1837)

During the height of the North American fur trade in the 18th and 19th centuries, many British and French-Canadian fur traders married First Nations and Inuit women, mainly First Nations Cree, Ojibwa, or Saulteaux. The majority of these fur traders were Scottish, French and Catholic.^[9] Therefore, their children, the Métis, were exposed to both the Catholic and indigenous belief systems, thus creating a new distinct aboriginal people in North America. First Nations women were the link between cultures, they not only provided companionship for the fur traders, but also aided in their survival. First Nations women were able to translate the language, sew new clothing for their husbands, and generally were involved in resolving any cultural issues that arose. The First Peoples had survived in the harsh west for thousands of years, so the fur traders benefited greatly from their First Nations wives' knowledge of the land and its resources.^[9]

The Métis played a vital role in the success of the western fur trade. Not only were the Métis skilled hunters, but they were also raised to appreciate both Aboriginal and European cultures.^[14] Métis understanding of both societies and customs helped bridge cultural gaps, resulting in better trading relationships.^[14] The Hudson's Bay Company discouraged unions between their fur traders and First Nations and Inuit woman, while the North West Company (the English-speaking Quebecer fur trading company) supported such marriages.^[15] The Métis were valuable employees of both fur trade companies, due to the their skills as voyageurs, buffalo hunters, interpreters and knowledge of the lands.

19th century[link]

Rupert's Land, showing location of York Factory

In 1812, many immigrants (mainly Scottish farmers) moved to the Red River Valley, in present day Manitoba. The Hudson's Bay Company, who nominally owned the land called Rupert's Land at the time, assigned the land to the settlers.^[16] The allocation of Red River land caused conflict with those already living in the area as well as with the North West Company, whose trade routes had been cut in half. Many Métis were working as fur traders with both the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company. Others were working as free traders, or buffalo hunters supplying pemmican to the fur trade.^[9] The buffalo were declining in number, and the Métis and First Nations had to go further and further west to hunt them.^[17] As well, profits from the fur trade were declining because the Hudson's Bay Company had to extend its reach further and further away from its main posts to get furs.

Métis drivers with Red River ox carts. c.1860

The Government of Canada exerted its power over the people living in Rupert's Land after its acquisition in the mid-19th century from the Hudson's Bay Company.^[18] The Métis and the Anglo-Métis (commonly known as Countryborn, children of First Nations women and Orcadian, Scottish or English men),^[19] joined forces to stand up for their rights and to protect their age-old way of life against an aggressive and distant Anglo-Saxon government and its local colonizing agents.^[16] During this time the Canadian government signed treaties (known as the "Numbered Treaties") with various First Nations (but not Métis), which turned over rights to almost the entire western plains to the Government of Canada. In return for signing over their lands, the Canadian government promised food, education, medical help, and other kinds of support.^[20] Emerging as a Métis leader was the educated Louis Riel, who denounced the government in a speech delivered in late August 1869 from the steps of Saint-Boniface Cathedral.^[9] The Métis became more fearful when the Canadian government appointed the notoriously anti-French William McDougall as the Lieutenant Governor of the Northwest Territories on September 28, 1869, in anticipation of a formal transfer to take effect in December.^[9] What followed was the generally successful Red River Rebellion of 1869 leading to the Manitoba Act and that province's entry into the Canadian Confederation. However, it also led to the exile of Louis Riel to the United States.^[16]

Copy of Warrant To Apprehend Riel and Lépine, issued in Winnipeg

In March 1885, the Métis heard that a contingent of 500 North-West Mounted Police was heading west.^[21] They organized a newly formed coalition called The Métis provisional government with Pierre Parenteau as President and Gabriel Dumont as adjutant-general to action. With the help of First Nations Chiefs Poundmaker and Big Bear they facilitated the return of Louis Riel to the coalition he founded in 1869. This led to a series of unsuccessful conflicts collectively known as the "Riel Rebellions" or the North West Rebellion.^[16] Gabriel Dumont fled to the United States with Louis Riel, Poundmaker and Big Bear surrendering to the government. Big Bear and Poundmaker each received a three-year sentence. On July 6, 1885, Riel was charged with high treason and was sentenced to hang. Riel's appeals went on briefly, but, as mandated by the government of the time, the execution was conducted on November 16, 1885.^[16]

20th century[link]

During the 1930s, political activism arose in Métis communities in Alberta and Saskatchewan over land rights. Five men, sometimes dubbed "The Famous Five", (James Patrick Brady, Malcolm Norris, Peter Tomkins Jr., Joe Dion, Felix Callihoo) were instrumental in having the Alberta government hold the "Ewing Commission" in 1934 dealing with land claims.^[22] The Alberta government would pass the Métis Population Betterment Act in 1938.^[22] The act provided funding and land to the Métis (The provincial government later rescinded portions of the land in certain areas).^[22]