- published: 12 Jun 2012
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- William Quantrill
- Willie John McBride
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- Yukihiro Takahashi
- Yves Klein
Send this Playlist by SMS
Poker After Dark e71 - 6 June 2012 - PAD $200k Cash Game
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 42:36
- Updated: 16 May 2013
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Transit of Venus - June 5/6, 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:00
- Updated: 02 May 2013
A four-minute trailer summarizes the history and significance of the transit of Venus while preparing for June 5-6, 2012, spectacle. Story traces its value f...
http://wn.com/Transit_of_Venus_June_5_6,_2012
A four-minute trailer summarizes the history and significance of the transit of Venus while preparing for June 5-6, 2012, spectacle. Story traces its value f...
- published: 21 Mar 2012
- views: 73581
- author: Camilla Corona SDO
Taking the Plunge: First Fledge from the Red-tailed Hawk Cam
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:12
- Updated: 22 Apr 2013
The first hawk fledged today (June 6th, 2012) at 11:11am EST. Join our BirdCams email list to stay in touch! Highlights, updates, and more. http://bit.ly/Bir...
http://wn.com/Taking_the_Plunge_First_Fledge_from_the_Red-tailed_Hawk_Cam
The first hawk fledged today (June 6th, 2012) at 11:11am EST. Join our BirdCams email list to stay in touch! Highlights, updates, and more. http://bit.ly/Bir...
- published: 06 Jun 2012
- views: 30574
- author: LabofOrnithology
Clif High (Web Bot) on Veritas - June 10, 2011 - 1 of 6
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:54
- Updated: 23 Jan 2013
S y n o p s i s This particular interview is a clear departure from the past. Clif explains the psychology of the "sheeple," the intent of TPTB in its effort...
http://wn.com/Clif_High_Web_Bot_on_Veritas_June_10,_2011_1_of_6
S y n o p s i s This particular interview is a clear departure from the past. Clif explains the psychology of the "sheeple," the intent of TPTB in its effort...
- published: 13 Jun 2011
- views: 15036
- author: VeritasShow
Webcam video from June 6, 2013 5:56 AM
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:42
- Updated: 28 Apr 2013
http://wn.com/Webcam_video_from_June_6,_2013_556_AM
iPhone 6 - The Fastest Most Powerfull iPhone Yet - IOS 7, Super HD Display & September Release!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:00
- Updated: 28 Apr 2013
Apple typically chooses to release a new iPhone model every 11 months, besides the 15-month wait between the iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S and it looks like the com...
http://wn.com/iPhone_6_The_Fastest_Most_Powerfull_iPhone_Yet_IOS_7,_Super_HD_Display_September_Release!
Apple typically chooses to release a new iPhone model every 11 months, besides the 15-month wait between the iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S and it looks like the com...
- published: 05 Mar 2013
- views: 994
- author: JaysWarRoom
iPhone 6 - New Features, Specs & Design (June 2013 Release) (5S/6)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:16
- Updated: 10 May 2013
A graphic designer has turned to Apple's patent portfolio to produce 3D rendered images that guess at the design, features and functionality of the company's...
http://wn.com/iPhone_6_New_Features,_Specs_Design_June_2013_Release_5S_6
A graphic designer has turned to Apple's patent portfolio to produce 3D rendered images that guess at the design, features and functionality of the company's...
- published: 15 Aug 2012
- views: 131155
- author: JaysWarRoom
Snakehead In Burnaby Update June 6 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:28
- Updated: 02 May 2013
Wednesday, June 6, 2012, I went to Central park at 7:20 am. I observed that the pond was drained down quite a bit. I saw a carp stuck in the net and was tryi...
http://wn.com/Snakehead_In_Burnaby_Update_June_6_2012
Wednesday, June 6, 2012, I went to Central park at 7:20 am. I observed that the pond was drained down quite a bit. I saw a carp stuck in the net and was tryi...
- published: 06 Jun 2012
- author: Bruce Causier
Dean's Webcast - June 6, 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 121:08
- Updated: 04 Mar 2013
Dean Lorne Sossin and members of the Osgoode Community discuss the transition to law school and what to expect in first year. Students, faculty, and staff re...
http://wn.com/Dean's_Webcast_June_6,_2012
Dean Lorne Sossin and members of the Osgoode Community discuss the transition to law school and what to expect in first year. Students, faculty, and staff re...
- published: 27 Jun 2012
- views: 477
- author: Osgoode Hall Law School
Satyamev Jayate - Is Love a Crime? - 3rd June 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 64:44
- Updated: 23 May 2013
You can also visit us at http://www.satyamevjayate.in The simple act offalling in love opens up a world of emotions and reactions which sometimes culminate i...
http://wn.com/Satyamev_Jayate_Is_Love_a_Crime?_3rd_June_2012
You can also visit us at http://www.satyamevjayate.in The simple act offalling in love opens up a world of emotions and reactions which sometimes culminate i...
- published: 03 Jun 2012
- views: 1624893
- author: The Official StarPlus Channel
Technorama Ep 343 for June 6, 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 55:03
- Updated: 04 Jun 2012
http://wn.com/Technorama_Ep_343_for_June_6,_2012
- published: 04 Jun 2012
- views: 0
Technorama Ep 344 for June 6, 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 47:34
- Updated: 12 Jun 2012
Coming up in this episode...
A crack in the center of the earth,The most expensive way to fly in to the sun,
A way to turn your dead relatives into a cheap source of fuel
http://wn.com/Technorama_Ep_344_for_June_6,_2012
Coming up in this episode...
A crack in the center of the earth,The most expensive way to fly in to the sun,
A way to turn your dead relatives into a cheap source of fuel
- published: 12 Jun 2012
- views: 0
Free MLB Baseball Picks Against The Spread 6/22/11 - June 22, 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:39
- Updated: 22 Jun 2011
www.freepicksagainstthespread.com Click Above to Visit Our Website and View All of Today's Games... Click on the link after the game to view the details of t...
http://wn.com/Free_MLB_Baseball_Picks_Against_The_Spread_6_22_11_June_22,_2011
www.freepicksagainstthespread.com Click Above to Visit Our Website and View All of Today's Games... Click on the link after the game to view the details of t...
- published: 22 Jun 2011
- views: 140
- author: freepicksats
Scottlo's Daily Rounds - June 6, 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:25
- Updated: 15 Jun 2012
Second Life is still here but the load of stuff left by a visitor from Minecraft is not - with the exception of some loud speakers and an adorable cat.
http://wn.com/Scottlo's_Daily_Rounds_June_6,_2012
Second Life is still here but the load of stuff left by a visitor from Minecraft is not - with the exception of some loud speakers and an adorable cat.
- published: 06 Jun 2012
- author: scottloradio
ECB Press Conference - 6 June 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 63:31
- Updated: 28 Jun 2012
At its meeting held on 6 June 2012, the Governing Council of the ECB decided that the interest rate on the main refinancing operations and the interest rates...
http://wn.com/ECB_Press_Conference_6_June_2012
At its meeting held on 6 June 2012, the Governing Council of the ECB decided that the interest rate on the main refinancing operations and the interest rates...
- published: 06 Jun 2012
- views: 793
- author: ECB euro
Roblox D-Day June 6,1944 Dog Green Sector
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:45
- Updated: 28 Apr 2013
I created this video with the YouTube Video Editor (http://www.youtube.com/editor)
http://wn.com/Roblox_D-Day_June_6,1944_Dog_Green_Sector
I created this video with the YouTube Video Editor (http://www.youtube.com/editor)
- published: 28 Apr 2013
- views: 1
- author: USSF Colonel captainpilothong
Roblox D-Day June 6,1944 Dog Green sector (Part 1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:47
- Updated: 28 Apr 2013
Rate,comment,and subscribe for part 2!
http://wn.com/Roblox_D-Day_June_6,1944_Dog_Green_sector_Part_1
Rate,comment,and subscribe for part 2!
- published: 28 Apr 2013
- views: 75
The Rolling Stones Live at Echoplex - You Got Me Rocking/ Respectable
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:39
- Updated: 17 May 2013
The Rolling Stones played a surprise gig at the Echoplex, Echo Park, Los Angeles, Saturday April 27 2013. Leading up to the opening of their 50 & Counting to...
http://wn.com/The_Rolling_Stones_Live_at_Echoplex_You_Got_Me_Rocking_Respectable
The Rolling Stones played a surprise gig at the Echoplex, Echo Park, Los Angeles, Saturday April 27 2013. Leading up to the opening of their 50 & Counting to...
- published: 28 Apr 2013
- views: 196515
- author: The Rolling Stones Official
Roblox D-Day June 6,1944 Dog Green Sector Omaha Beach
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:41
- Updated: 28 Apr 2013
Remember to rate,comment,and subscribe for more D-Day vids!
http://wn.com/Roblox_D-Day_June_6,1944_Dog_Green_Sector_Omaha_Beach
Remember to rate,comment,and subscribe for more D-Day vids!
- published: 28 Apr 2013
- views: 23
Free Picks Against The Spread: MLB Baseball 6/24/11 (June 24, 2011)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:36
- Updated: 24 Jun 2011
http://www.freepicksagainstthespread.com Click on the link above to visit our homepage... -------------------------------------------------------------------...
http://wn.com/Free_Picks_Against_The_Spread_MLB_Baseball_6_24_11_June_24,_2011
http://www.freepicksagainstthespread.com Click on the link above to visit our homepage... -------------------------------------------------------------------...
- published: 24 Jun 2011
- views: 110
- author: freepicksats
Gemini 9A | Re-Entry Onboard Footage - June 6, 1966
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:28
- Updated: 24 Mar 2013
Gemini 9A was a 1966 manned spaceflight in NASA's Gemini program. It was the 7th manned Gemini flight, the 13th manned American flight and the 23rd spaceflig...
http://wn.com/Gemini_9A_|_Re-Entry_Onboard_Footage_June_6,_1966
Gemini 9A was a 1966 manned spaceflight in NASA's Gemini program. It was the 7th manned Gemini flight, the 13th manned American flight and the 23rd spaceflig...
- published: 01 Jul 2009
- views: 13090
- author: TheGeminiChannel
June 6 - Slow Dakota
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:04
- Updated: 28 Apr 2013
From the 2012 LP, "Our Indian Boy"
http://wn.com/June_6_Slow_Dakota
From the 2012 LP, "Our Indian Boy"
- published: 28 Apr 2013
- views: 11
Apple WWDC 2011 Steve Jobs Presentation 6/6/2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 33:10
- Updated: 20 May 2013
Go to http://www.technomicon.com/TechChat/TechChat-6-13-11.html for our complete WWDC article. This is the all Steve Jobs part of the World Wide Developer Co...
http://wn.com/Apple_WWDC_2011_Steve_Jobs_Presentation_6_6_2011
Go to http://www.technomicon.com/TechChat/TechChat-6-13-11.html for our complete WWDC article. This is the all Steve Jobs part of the World Wide Developer Co...
- published: 09 Jun 2011
- views: 160065
- author: TechnomiconMedia
photo: AP / Alastair Grant
23 May 2013
May 23, 2013 -- Updated 0227 GMT (1027 HKT). London (CNN) -- Security experts are starting to analyze events leading up to the horrific cleaver attack of a man believed to be a British soldier on the suburban streets of London. One key line of inquiry they'll be following among the many leads. How does this attack relate to other incidents around the world? ... READ. Victim hacked to death ... Terrorism expert on London attack. Cameron ... Witness ... ]....(size: 9.8Kb)
photo: AP / Shaam News Network via AP video
24 May 2013
The summit has been suggested by the US and Russia and could take place in the Swiss city of Geneva ... Some European media have reported that the conference has been tentatively scheduled to be held on June 10 ... The first Geneva meeting in June last year ended in a broad agreement aimed at forming a transition government in Syria and introducing a long-lasting truce ... 444 Source.. Al Jazeera and agencies. Featured on Al Jazeera ... Report ... Russia....(size: 7.5Kb)
photo: AP / Alastair Grant
24 May 2013
Police in London have arrested a man and a woman in connection with the murder of a British soldier near a military barrack ... They were fired at by officers at the scene of the killing ... "I look forward to my trip to the United Kingdom to participate in the June G-8 Summit, hosted by Prime Minister Cameron, which will include discussions on the important global security challenges our countries face together." ... Report ... UK ... ....(size: 9.2Kb)
photo: AP / Ahmad Jamshid
24 May 2013
Gunfire and explosions rocked central Kabul on Friday after at least two suicide bombs tore through the Afghan capital, the second attack to hit the city in just over a week. The Taliban have claimed responsibility for the blasts. By News Wires (text). ... The Taliban announced their annual "spring offensive" on April 27, opening a crucial period as local security forces take the lead in the fight against the insurgents ... ....(size: 6.4Kb)
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Detroit Free Press
25 May 2013
June is again the heart of a movie, this time Ring of Fire, the Lifetime film that debuts at 9 p.m ... If Jewel captures the soul of June as ......(size: 0.7Kb)
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The Times of India
25 May 2013
LUDHIANA. The College of Agriculture is one of the biggest departments of Punjab Agriculture University (PAU) ... The entrance test for the college of agriculture will start from June 14 and will run till June 25. ....(size: 1.4Kb)
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Sun Star
25 May 2013
THE Department of Education (DepEd) in Western Visayas is now ready for the opening of classes in all public elementary and high schools on June 3 ... elementary pupils and 500,000 high school students are expected to be back to school on June 3, Garay said....(size: 1.3Kb)
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noodls
25 May 2013
The Kannapolis Intimidators are giving away Courtney Hawkins #12 replica youth jerseys to the first 1,000 kids (12 & unders) on Saturday, June 1, leading up to the Intimidators game against the Savannah Sand Gnats at 7.05 p.m ... Hawkins, the Chicago White Sox top pick in the June 2012 draft (13th overall), caught the national spotlight when he performed a backflip in the MLB Network studios on draft night....(size: 1.9Kb)
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The Times of India
25 May 2013
In a significant development, the Union government notified the formation of the supervisory committee as a pro tem measure to oversee the release of Cauvery water to the basin states as per the Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal, and announced its first meeting on June 1 ... As per the tribunal's final award, Karnataka has to supply from its four reservoirs -- Krishnarajasagar, Harangi, Kabini and Hemavathi -- about 10tmcft in June....(size: 2.5Kb)
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The Times of India
25 May 2013
NOIDA. The construction of the proposed underpass near Sector 35 at Noida City Center is set to commence from June ... The budgetary estimates of the project have also been sent to the IIT for approval ... "The project design and the budgetary estimates sent for approval are expected to get clearance from the IIT in the first week of June. Construction work would commence in the last week of June," said MP Sharma, in-charge of work circle-III....(size: 2.2Kb)
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noodls
25 May 2013
Blueberries, raspberries, and strawberries are available for purchase at the UCSC Farm Market Cart which opens June 4. The chance to "buy fresh, buy local" and support new organic farmers and gardeners starts again Tuesday, June 4, when organically grown berries, vegetables, and flowers go on sale at the UCSC Farm & Garden's Market Cart....(size: 2.3Kb)
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The Examiner
25 May 2013
Tweet. 0 Email. Report. Photo 1 of 5 ... Trina live in concert at Club Skyline. 6 Photos ... 11 Photos ... 8 Photos. Just viewed ... E-40. E-40 live in concert at Blvd Nights on June 21 (Photos). Concert / Event PromotionThe ambassador of California';s Bay area, Earl "E-40" Stevens, will be live in concert at Blvd Nights in Kansas City, Mo on Thursday, June 21 ... ....(size: 2.7Kb)
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Hartford Courant
25 May 2013
On June 23, participants can ride, run, walk or even participate virtually in the day's events ... X ....(size: 0.7Kb)
| << | June 2012 | >> | ||||
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| 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
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| 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 |
| 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 |
| MMXII | ||||||
| June 6 in recent years |
| 2012 (Wednesday) |
| 2011 (Monday) |
| 2010 (Sunday) |
| 2009 (Saturday) |
| 2008 (Friday) |
| 2007 (Wednesday) |
| 2006 (Tuesday) |
| 2005 (Monday) |
| 2004 (Sunday) |
| 2003 (Friday) |
June 6 is the 157th day of the year (158th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 208 days remaining until the end of the year.
Contents |
Events[link]
- 1513 – Italian Wars: Battle of Novara. Swiss troops defeat the French under Louis de la Tremoille, forcing the French to abandon Milan. Duke Massimiliano Sforza is restored.
- 1523 – Gustav Vasa is crowned king of Sweden this is the Swedish national day
- 1644 – The Qing Dynasty Manchu forces led by the Shunzhi Emperor capture Beijing during the collapse of the Ming Dynasty. The Manchus would rule China until 1912 when the Republic of China is established.
- 1654 – Charles X succeeds his abdicated cousin Queen Christina to the Swedish throne.
- 1674 – Shivaji, founder of the Maratha empire is crowned.
- 1683 – The Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, England, opens as the world's first university museum.
- 1752 – A devastating fire destroys one-third of Moscow, including 18,000 homes.
- 1808 – Napoleon's brother, Joseph Bonaparte is crowned King of Spain.
- 1809 – Sweden promulgates a new Constitution, which restores political power to the Riksdag of the Estates after 20 years of Enlightened absolutism. At the same time, Charles XIII is elected to succeed Gustav IV Adolf as King of Sweden.
- 1813 – War of 1812: Battle of Stoney Creek – A British force of 700 under John Vincent defeats an American force two times its size under William Winder and John Chandler.
- 1822 – Alexis St. Martin accidentally shot in the stomach, which leads way to William Beaumont's studies on digestion.
- 1832 – The June Rebellion of Paris is put down by the National Guard.
- 1833 – U.S. President Andrew Jackson becomes the first President to ride on a train.
- 1844 – The Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) is founded in London.
- 1857 – Sophia of Nassau marries the future King Oscar II of Sweden-Norway.
- 1859 – Australia: Queensland is established as a separate colony from New South Wales (Queensland Day).
- 1862 – American Civil War: Battle of Memphis – Union forces capture Memphis, Tennessee, from the Confederates.
- 1882 – More than 100,000 inhabitants of Bombay are killed as a cyclone in the Arabian Sea pushes huge waves into the harbour.
- 1882 – The Shewan forces of Menelik II of Ethiopia defeat the Gojjame army in the Battle of Embabo. The Shewans capture Negus Tekle Haymanot of Gojjam, and their victory leads to a Shewan hegemony over the territories south of the Abay River.
- 1889 – The Great Seattle fire destroys the entirety of downtown Seattle, Washington.
- 1892 – Chicago 'L' begins operation
- 1894 – Governor Davis H. Waite orders the Colorado state militia to protect and support the miners engaged in the Cripple Creek miners' strike.
- 1909 – French troops capture Abéché (in modern-day Chad) and install a puppet sultan in the Ouaddai Empire.
- 1912 – The eruption of Novarupta in Alaska begins. It is the second largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century.
- 1918 – World War I: Battle of Belleau Wood – The U.S. Marine Corps suffers its worst single day's casualties while attempting to recapture the wood at Chateau-Thierry.
- 1919 – The Republic of Prekmurje ends.
- 1921 – The Southwark Bridge in London, is opened for traffic by King George V and Queen Mary.
- 1932 – The Revenue Act of 1932 is enacted, creating the first gas tax in the United States, at a rate of 1 cent per US gallon (1/4 ¢/L) sold.
- 1933 – The first drive-in theater opens, in Camden, New Jersey, United States.
- 1934 – New Deal: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Securities Act of 1933 into law, establishing the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
- 1939 – Judge Joseph Force Crater, known as the "Missingest Man in New York", is declared legally dead.
- 1942 – World War II: Battle of Midway. U.S. Navy dive bombers sink the Japanese cruiser Mikuma and four Japanese carriers.
- 1944 – World War II: Battle of Normandy begins. D-Day, code named Operation Overlord, commences with the landing of 155,000 Allied troops on the beaches of Normandy in France. The allied soldiers quickly break through the Atlantic Wall and push inland in the largest amphibious military operation in history.
- 1946 – The National Basketball Association is created, with eleven original teams.
- 1964 – Under a temporary order, the rocket launches at Cuxhaven, Germany, are terminated, though they never resume.
- 1971 – Soyuz program: Soyuz 11 launches.
- 1971 – A midair collision between a Hughes Airwest Douglas DC-9 jetliner and a United States Marine Corps McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II jet fighter near Duarte, California claims 50 lives.
- 1971 – Vietnam War: The Battle of Long Khanh between Australian and Vietnamese communist forces begins.
- 1974 – A new Instrument of Government is promulgated making Sweden a parliamentary monarchy.
- 1981 – Bihar train disaster A passenger train travelling between Mansi and Saharsa, India, jumps the tracks at a bridge crossing the Bagmati river. The government places the official death toll at 268 plus another 300 missing; however, it is generally believed that the actual figure is closer to 1,000 killed.
- 1982 – 1982 Lebanon War begins: Forces under Israeli Defense Minister Ariel Sharon invade southern Lebanon in their "Operation Peace for the Galilee", eventually reaching as far north as the capital Beirut.
- 1984 – Tetris, one of the best-selling video games of all-time, is released.
- 1985 – The grave of "Wolfgang Gerhard" is exhumed in Embu, Brazil; the remains found are later proven to be those of Josef Mengele, Auschwitz's "Angel of Death". Mengele is thought to have drowned while swimming in February 1979.
- 1993 – Mongolia holds its first direct presidential elections.
- 2002 – Eastern Mediterranean Event. A near-Earth asteroid estimated at 10 meters diameter explodes over the Mediterranean Sea between Greece and Libya. The resulting explosion is estimated to have a force of 26 kilotons, slightly more powerful than the Nagasaki atomic bomb.
- 2004 – Tamil is established as a Classical language by the President of India, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam in a joint sitting of the two houses of the Indian Parliament.
- 2005 – The United States Supreme Court upholds a federal law banning cannabis, including medical marijuana, in Gonzales v. Raich.
Births[link]
- 1236 – Wen Tianxiang, Chinese statesman (d. 1283)
- 1296 – Władysław of Legnica, Duke of Legnica (d. 1352)
- 1436 – Regiomontanus, German mathematician (d. 1476)
- 1502 – King John III of Portugal (d. 1557)
- 1519 – Andrea Cesalpino, Italian philosopher and botanist (d. 1603)
- 1542 – Richard Grenville, English soldier and explorer (d. 1591)
- 1576 – Giovanni Diodati, Swiss Protestant clergyman (d. 1649)
- 1580 – Godefroy Wendelin, Flemish astronomer (d. 1667)
- 1599 – Diego Velázquez, Spanish painter (d. 1660)
- 1606 – Pierre Corneille, French dramatist (d. 1684)
- 1622 – Claude-Jean Allouez, French missionary and explorer (d. 1689)
- 1661 – Giacomo Antonio Perti, Italian composer (d. 1756)
- 1699 – Johann Georg Estor, German jurist (d. 1773)
- 1714 – King Joseph I of Portugal (d. 1777)
- 1735 – Anton Schweitzer, German composer of operas (d. 1787)
- 1755 – Nathan Hale, American writer and patriot (d. 1776)
- 1756 – John Trumbull, American painter (d. 1843)
- 1772 – Maria Teresa of the Two Sicilies, Holy Roman Empire Empress (d. 1807)
- 1799 – Alexander Pushkin, Russian poet (d. 1837)
- 1807 – Thieu Tri, the third emperor of the Nguyễn Dynasty of Vietnam (d. 1847)
- 1810 – Friedrich Wilhelm Schneidewin, German classical scholar (d. 1856)
- 1829 – Honinbo Shusaku, Japanese Go player (d. 1862)
- 1841 – Eliza Orzeszkowa, Polish novelist (d. 1910)
- 1844 – Konstantin Savitsky, Russian painter (d. 1905)
- 1850 – Karl Ferdinand Braun, German physicist, Nobel laureate (d. 1918)
- 1857 – Aleksandr Lyapunov, Russian mathematician (d. 1918)
- 1862 – Henry John Newbolt, English author (d. 1938)
- 1867 – David T. Abercrombie, American entrepreneur (d. 1931)
- 1868 – Sir Robert Falcon Scott, English explorer (d. 1912)
- 1872 – Tsarina Alexandra of Russia (d. 1918)
- 1875 – Thomas Mann, German writer, Nobel laureate (d. 1955)
- 1878 – Vincent de Moro-Giafferi, French criminal attorney (d. 1956)
- 1890 – Ted Lewis, American bandleader (d. 1971)
- 1891 – Maasti Venkatesh Iyengar, Karnatakaian poet and playwright (d. 1986)
- 1892 – Donald F. Duncan Sr., American entrepreneur (d. 1971)
- 1896 – Henry Allingham, English first world war veteran, and supercentenarian (d. 2009)
- 1896 – Italo Balbo, Italian fascist leader (d. 1940)
- 1898 – Ninette de Valois, Irish dancer (d. 2001)
- 1898 – Walter Abel, American actor (d. 1987)
- 1900 – Manfred Sakel, Polish psychiatrist (d. 1957)
- 1901 – Sukarno, First President of Indonesia (d. 1970)
- 1902 – Jimmie Lunceford, American bandleader (d. 1947)
- 1903 – Aram Khachaturian, Armenian composer (d. 1978)
- 1906 – Max August Zorn, German-born mathematician (d. 1993)
- 1907 – Bill Dickey, American baseball player (d. 1993)
- 1913 – Carlo L. Golino, American scholar (d. 1991)
- 1914 – H. Adams Carter, American mountaineer (d. 1995)
- 1915 – Vincent Persichetti, American composer (d. 1987)
- 1916 – Hamani Diori, former President of Niger (d. 1989)
- 1917 – Kirk Kerkorian, American businessman
- 1918 – Edwin G. Krebs, American biochemist, Nobel laureate (d. 2009)
- 1919 – Peter Carrington, British politician
- 1923 – V. C. Andrews, American author (d. 1986)
- 1926 – Torsten Andersson, Swedish painter (d. 2009)
- 1926 – Klaus Tennstedt, German conductor (d. 1998)
- 1929 – Sunil Dutt, Indian actor and politician (d. 2005)
- 1932 – David Scott, American astronaut
- 1932 – Billie Whitelaw, English actress
- 1933 – Eli Broad, American entrepreneur and philanthropist
- 1933 – Heinrich Rohrer, Swiss physicist, Nobel laureate
- 1934 – King Albert II of Belgium
- 1934 – Roy Innis, American civil rights activist
- 1936 – Levi Stubbs, American musician (The Four Tops) (d. 2008)
- 1936 – A. Venkatesh Naik, Indian politician
- 1938 – Prince Luís of Orléans-Braganza, pretender to the Brazilian throne
- 1939 – Louis Andriessen, Dutch composer
- 1939 – Lawrence Stephen, Nauruan politician (d. 2006)
- 1939 – Gary U.S. Bonds, American musician
- 1939 – Ed Giacomin, Canadian hockey player
- 1939 – Marian Wright Edelman, American activist
- 1940 – Willie John McBride, Irish Rugby player
- 1940 – Larry Lujack, American disc jockey
- 1941 – Alexander Cockburn, Scottish-born American journalist
- 1943 – José de Jesús Gudiño Pelayo, Mexican jurist
- 1943 – Ken Hatfield, American football coach
- 1943 – Richard Smalley, American chemist, Nobel laureate (d. 2005)
- 1944 – Edgar Froese, German artist and electronic music pioneer (Tangerine Dream)
- 1944 – David Penhaligon, British politician (d. 1986)
- 1944 – Phillip Allen Sharp, American scientist, Nobel laureate
- 1944 – Tommie Smith, American track and field athlete
- 1944 – Monty Alexander, Jamaican pianist
- 1945 – David E. Bonior, American politician
- 1945 – David Dukes, American actor (d. 2000)
- 1945 – Arthur Shawcross, American serial killer (d. 2008)
- 1947 – David Blunkett, English politician
- 1947 – Robert Englund, American actor
- 1947 – Ada Kok, Dutch swimmer
- 1948 – Tony Levin, American bassist (King Crimson)
- 1948 – Richard Sinclair, English musician (Caravan)
- 1949 – Ioannis Matzourakis, Greek association football manager and former player
- 1949 – Holly Near, American folk singer
- 1950 – Chantal Akerman, Belgian film director
- 1951 – Marietta Giannakou, Greek politician
- 1951 – Noritake Takahara, Japanese racing driver
- 1951 – Dwight Twilley, American pop/rock singer
- 1952 – Yukihiro Takahashi, Japanese musician and singer (Yellow Magic Orchestra)
- 1952 – Harvey Fierstein, American actor
- 1952 – Jean Hamel, Canadian hockey player
- 1953 – Dimitris Avramopoulos, Greek politician
- 1953 – June Yamagishi, Japanese guitarist
- 1954 – Cynthia Rylant, American author
- 1954 – Władysław Żmuda, Polish footballer
- 1955 – Sandra Bernhard, American actress and comedian
- 1956 – Björn Borg, Swedish tennis player
- 1956 – Bubbi Morthens, Icelandic singer and songwriter
- 1957 – Fred Arbinger, German footballer
- 1957 – Mike Gatting, English cricketer
- 1957 – Christian Rach, German chef
- 1958 – Danny Webb, English actor
- 1959 – Jimmy Jam, American record producer
- 1959 – Colin Quinn, American comedian
- 1959 – David Schultz, American wrestler (d. 1996)
- 1959 – Amanda Pays, English actress
- 1959 – Josie Lawrence, British comedienne and actress
- 1959 – Georgios Voulgarakis, Greek politician
- 1960 – Lola Forner, Spanish actress
- 1960 – Jozef Pribilinec, Slovak athlete
- 1960 – Steve Vai, American musician
- 1961 – Bill Bates, American football player
- 1961 – Tom Araya, Chilean musician (Slayer)
- 1961 – Nir Brand, Israeli composer
- 1963 – Eric Cantor, American politician
- 1963 – Wolfgang Drechsler, German social scientist
- 1963 – Jason Isaacs, English actor
- 1964 – Jay Bentley, American bassist (Bad Religion)
- 1965 – Cam Neely, Canadian hockey player
- 1966 – Tony Yeboah, Ghanaian footballer
- 1966 – Sean Yseult, American musician (White Zombie)
- 1967 – Paul Giamatti, American actor
- 1967 – Max Casella, American actor
- 1968 – François Avard, Canadian writer and scenarist
- 1968 – Alan Licht, American guitarist, composer and journalist
- 1969 – Erik Prince, American businessman
- 1970 – Eugeni Berzin, Russian cyclist
- 1970 – Sarah Dessen, American author
- 1970 – Albert Ferrer, Spanish footballer
- 1970 – Anthony Norris, American wrestler
- 1970 – James Shaffer, American rock musician (Korn)
- 1972 – Cristina Scabbia, Italian singer (Lacuna Coil)
- 1972 – Natalie Morales, American television journalist
- 1973 – Kat Swift, American politician
- 1974 – Danny Strong, American actor
- 1974 – Sonya Walger, British actress
- 1974 – Uncle Kracker, American musician
- 1975 – Cheer Chen, Taiwanese singer and musician
- 1975 – Nina Kaczorowski, American actress
- 1975 – Staci Keanan, American actress
- 1975 – Niklas Sundström, Swedish hockey player
- 1976 – aKido, Canadian musician
- 1976 – Emilie-Claire Barlow, Canadian singer
- 1976 – Jonathan Nolan, British screenwriter
- 1976 – Geoff Rowley, British skateboarder
- 1976 – Z-Ro, American rapper
- 1977 – David Connolly, Irish footballer
- 1977 – Bryn Williams, Welsh chef
- 1978 – Carl Barât, English musician
- 1978 – Judith Barsi, American actress (d. 1988)
- 1978 – Mariana Popova, Bulgarian singer
- 1978 – Joy Enriquez, American singer
- 1978 – Andrew Reynolds, American professional skater
- 1980 – Matt Belisle, American baseball player
- 1981 – Johnny Pacar, American film actor
- 1981 – Philip McGinley, English actor
- 1983 – Gemma Bissix, British actress
- 1983 – Gianna Michaels, American porn actress
- 1983 – Joe Rokocoko, Fijian rugby player
- 1984 – Noor Sabri, Iraqi footballer
- 1984 – Shannon Stewart, American model
- 1984 – Jason Trusnik, American football player
- 1985 – Drew Galloway, Scottish wrestler
- 1985 – Chris Henry, American football player
- 1985 – Sebastian Larsson, Swedish footballer
- 1986 – Bhavana Balachandran, Indian actress
- 1986 – Kim Hyun Joong, Korean singer (SS501)
- 1986 – Justin Allgaier, American racing driver
- 1987 – Kyle Falconer, Scottish musician
- 1987 – Daniel Logan, New Zealand actor
- 1987 – Rubin Okotie, Austrian footballer
- 1988 – Israel Dagg, New Zealand rugby player
- 1989 – Paula Brancati, Canadian actress
- 1990 – Vid Belec, Slovenian footballer
- 1990 – Mike G, American rapper (OFWGKTA)
- 1990 – Gavin Hoyte, English footballer
- 1991 – Dong Woon, Korean singer (B2ST)
- 1992 – Hyuna, Korean singer (4minute)
- 1992 – Megumi Murakami, Japanese singer (Cute)
Deaths[link]
- 1134 – Norbert of Xanten priest, saint and founder of the Premonstratensian Canons Regular (b. 1060)
- 1393 – Emperor Go-En'yu of Japan (b. 1359)
- 1480 – Vecchietta, Italian artist and architect (b. 1412)
- 1548 – João de Castro, Portuguese noble and explorer (b. 1500)
- 1563 – Ikeda Nagamasa, Japanese samurai commander (b. 1519)
- 1583 – Nakagawa Kiyohide, Japanese warlord (b. 1556)
- 1730 – Alain Emmanuel de Coëtlogon, Marshal of France (b. 1646)
- 1740 – Alexander Spotswood, British Crown Lieutenant Governor of Virginia (b. 1676)
- 1784 – Joan van der Capellen tot den Pol, Dutch politician (b. 1741)
- 1799 – Patrick Henry, American revolutionary (b. 1736)
- 1813 – Alexandre-Théodore Brongniart, French architect (b. 1739)
- 1832 – Jeremy Bentham, English philosopher (b. 1748)
- 1840 – Marcellin Champagnat, French priest, saint, co-founder of the Marist Fathers and founder of the Marist Brothers (b. 1789)
- 1843 – Friedrich Hölderlin, German poet and dramatist (b. 1770)
- 1861 – Count Camillo Benso di Cavour, Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1810)
- 1865 – William Quantrill, American confederate raider (b. 1837)
- 1878 – Robert Stirling, Scottish inventor (b. 1790)
- 1881 – Henri Vieuxtemps, Belgian composer (b. 1820)
- 1891 – John A. Macdonald, 1st Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1815)
- 1916 – Yuan Shikai, Chinese military officer and politician (b. 1859)
- 1922 – Lillian Russell, American actress (b. 1860)
- 1934 – Julije Kempf, Croatian historian and writer (b. 1864)
- 1935 – Julian Byng, British Field Marshal and 12th Governor-General of Canada (b. 1862)
- 1941 – Louis Chevrolet, American automotive pioneer (b. 1878)
- 1943 – Pandelis Pouliopoulos, secretary of the Communist Party of Greece (b. 1900)
- 1946 – Gerhart Hauptmann, German dramatist, Nobel laureate (b. 1862)
- 1947 – James Agate, British diarist and critic (b. 1877)
- 1948 – Louis Lumière, French movie pioneer (b. 1864)
- 1951 – Olive Tell, American actress (b. 1894)
- 1954 – Fritz Kasparek, Austrian mountaineer (b. 1910)
- 1955 – Max Meldrum, Scottish-born painter (b. 1875)
- 1961 – Carl Jung, Swiss psychiatrist (b. 1875)
- 1961 – Ioannis Theotokis, Greek politician, 146th Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1880)
- 1962 – Yves Klein, French artist (b. 1928)
- 1968 – Robert F. Kennedy, 64th United States Attorney General and politician (b. 1925)
- 1968 – Randolph Churchill, son of Winston Churchill (b. 1911)
- 1975 – Larry Blyden, American actor (b. 1925)
- 1976 – J. Paul Getty, American industrialist (b. 1892)
- 1976 – Victor Varconi, Hungarian actor (b. 1891)
- 1979 – Jack Haley, American actor (b. 1898)
- 1981 – Carleton S. Coon, American anthropologist (b. 1904)
- 1982 – Kenneth Rexroth, American poet (b. 1905)
- 1984 – A. Bertram Chandler, Australian author (b. 1912)
- 1991 – Stan Getz, American musician (b. 1927)
- 1992 – Larry Riley, American actor (b. 1952)
- 1994 – Mark McManus, Scottish actor (b. 1935)
- 1994 – Barry Sullivan, American actor (b. 1912)
- 1995 – Savely Kramarov, Soviet and American actor (b. 1934)
- 1996 – George Davis Snell, American geneticist, Nobel laureate (b. 1903)
- 1999 – Anne Haddy, Australian actress (b. 1930)
- 2000 – Frédéric Dard, French writer (b. 1921)
- 2002 – Robbin Crosby, American guitarist (Ratt) (b. 1959)
- 2003 – Ken Grimwood, American writer (b. 1944)
- 2003 – Dave Rowberry, British musician (The Animals) (b. 1940)
- 2005 – Anne Bancroft, American actress (b. 1931)
- 2005 – Dana Elcar, American actor (b. 1927)
- 2006 – Billy Preston, American musician (b. 1946)
- 2006 – Hilton Ruiz, Puerto Rican jazz pianist (b. 1952)
- 2006 – Arnold Newman, American photographer (b. 1918)
- 2009 – Jean Dausset, French immunologist, Nobel laureate (b. 1916)
- 2009 – Jim Owens, American college football head coach (b. 1927)
- 2009 – Mary Howard de Liagre, American actress (b. 1913)
- 2010 – Marvin Isley, American musician The Isley Brothers (b. 1953)
Holidays and observances[link]
- Christian Feast Day:
- Memorial Day (South Korea)
- National Day, marks the end of the Danish-ruled Kalmar Union and the day Gustav Vasa got elected king of Sweden (Sweden)
- National Huntington's Disease Awareness Day (United States)
- Queensland Day (Queensland)
- Teachers' Day (Bolivia)
External links[link]
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_6
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For the biography, see Steve Jobs (book).
| Steve Jobs | |
|---|---|
 Jobs holding a white iPhone 4 at Worldwide Developers Conference 2010 |
|
| Born | Steven Paul Jobs (1955-02-24)February 24, 1955[1][2] San Francisco, California, U.S.[1][2] |
| Died | October 5, 2011(2011-10-05) (aged 56)[2] Palo Alto, California, U.S. |
| Cause of death | Pancreatic cancer |
| Nationality | American |
| Ethnicity | Syrian, German[3] |
| Alma mater | Reed College (dropped out) |
| Occupation | Co-founder, Chairman and CEO, Apple Inc. Co-founder and CEO, Pixar Co-founder and CEO, NeXT Inc. |
| Years active | 1974–2011 |
| Board member of | The Walt Disney Company[4] Apple Inc. |
| Religion | Zen Buddhism |
| Spouse | Laurene Powell (1991–2011, his death) |
| Children | Lisa Brennan-Jobs Reed Erin Eve |
| Relatives | Mona Simpson (sister) |
| Signature |  |
Steven Paul "Steve" Jobs (/ˈdʒɒbz/; February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011)[5][6] was an American businessman, designer and inventor. He is best known as the co-founder, chairman, and chief executive officer of Apple Inc. Through Apple, he was widely recognized as a charismatic pioneer of the personal computer revolution[7][8] and for his influential career in the computer and consumer electronics fields. Jobs also co-founded and served as chief executive of Pixar Animation Studios; he became a member of the board of directors of The Walt Disney Company in 2006, when Disney acquired Pixar.
In the late 1970s, Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak engineered one of the first commercially successful lines of personal computers, the Apple II series. Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of Xerox PARC's mouse-driven graphical user interface, which led to the creation of the Apple Lisa and, one year later, the Macintosh. During this period he also led efforts that would begin the desktop publishing revolution, notably through the introduction of the LaserWriter and the associated PageMaker software.[9]
After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, Jobs left Apple and founded NeXT, a computer platform development company specializing in the higher-education and business markets. In 1986, he acquired the computer graphics division of Lucasfilm, which was spun off as Pixar.[10] He was credited in Toy Story (1995) as an executive producer. He remained CEO and majority shareholder at 50.1 percent until its acquisition by The Walt Disney Company in 2006,[11] making Jobs Disney's largest individual shareholder at seven percent and a member of Disney's Board of Directors.[12][13]
After difficulties developing a new Mac operating system, Apple purchased NeXT in 1996 in order to use NeXTSTEP as the basis for what became Mac OS X.[14] As part of the deal Jobs was named Apple advisor. As Apple floundered, Jobs took control of the company and was named "interim CEO" in 1997, or as he jokingly referred to it, "iCEO". Under his leadership, Apple was saved from near bankruptcy, and became profitable by 1998.[15][16] Over the next decade, Jobs oversaw the development of the iMac, iTunes, iPod, iPhone, and iPad, and on the services side, the company's Apple Retail Stores, iTunes Store and the App Store.[17] The success of these products and services, providing several years of stable financial returns, propelled Apple to become the world's most valuable publicly traded company in 2011.[18] The reinvigoration of the company is regarded by many commentators as one of the greatest turnarounds in business history.[19][20][21]
In 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with a pancreas neuroendocrine tumor. Though it was initially treated, he reported a hormone imbalance, underwent a liver transplant in 2009, and appeared progressively thinner as his health declined.[22] On medical leave for most of 2011, Jobs resigned as Apple CEO in August that year and was elected Chairman of the Board. He died of respiratory arrest related to his metastatic tumor on October 5, 2011.
Jobs has received a number of honors and public recognition for his influence in the technology and music industries. He has widely been referred to as "legendary", a "futurist" or simply "visionary",[23][24][25][26] and has been described as the "Father of the Digital Revolution",[27] a "master of innovation",[28][29] and a "design perfectionist".[30][31]
Contents |
Early life and education[link]
Steven Paul Jobs was born in San Francisco on February 24, 1955 to two university students, Joanne Carole Schieble and Syrian-born Abdulfattah "John" Jandali (Arabic: عبدالفتاح جندلي), who were both unmarried at the time.[32] Jandali, who was teaching in Wisconsin when Steve was born in 1955, said he had no choice but to put the baby up for adoption because his girlfriend's family objected to their relationship.[33] The baby was adopted at birth by Paul Reinhold Jobs (1922–1993) and Clara Jobs (1924–1986), an Armenian-American[3] whose maiden name was Hagopian.[34] Later, when asked about his "adoptive parents," Jobs replied emphatically that Paul and Clara Jobs "were my parents."[35] He stated in his authorized biography that they "were my parents 1,000%."[36] Unknown to him, his biological parents would subsequently marry (December 1955), have a second child Mona Simpson in 1957, and divorce in 1962.[36]
The Jobs family moved from San Francisco to Mountain View, California when Steve was five years old.[1][2] The parents later adopted a daughter, Patti. Paul was a machinist for a company that made lasers, and taught his son rudimentary electronics and how to work with his hands.[1] The father showed Steve how to work on electronics in the family garage, demonstrating to his son how to take apart and rebuild electronics such as radios and televisions. As a result, Steve became interested in and developed a hobby of technical tinkering.[37]
Clara was an accountant[35] who taught him to read before he went to school.[1] Clara Jobs had been a payroll clerk for Varian Associates, one of the first high-tech firms in what became known as Silicon Valley.[38]
Jobs's youth was riddled with frustrations over formal schooling. At Monta Loma Elementary school in Mountain View, he was a prankster whose fourth-grade teacher needed to bribe him to study. Jobs tested so well, however, that administrators wanted to skip him ahead to high school—a proposal his parents declined.[39]
Jobs then attended Cupertino Junior High and Homestead High School in Cupertino, California.[2] At Homestead, Jobs became friends with Bill Fernandez, a neighbor who shared the same interests in electronics. Fernandez introduced Jobs to another, older computer whiz kid, Stephen Wozniak (also known as "Woz"). In 1969 Woz started building a little computer board with Fernandez that they named “The Cream Soda Computer”, which they showed to Jobs; he seemed really interested.[40] Jobs frequented after-school lectures at the Hewlett-Packard Company in Palo Alto, California, and was later hired there, working with Wozniak as a summer employee.[41]
Following high school graduation in 1972, Jobs enrolled at Reed College in Portland, Oregon. Reed was an expensive college which Paul and Clara could ill afford. They were spending much of their life savings on their son’s higher education.[40] Jobs dropped out of college after six months and spent the next 18 months dropping in on creative classes, including a course on calligraphy.[42] He continued auditing classes at Reed while sleeping on the floor in friends' dorm rooms, returning Coke bottles for food money, and getting weekly free meals at the local Hare Krishna temple.[43] Jobs later said, "If I had never dropped in on that single calligraphy course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts."[43]
Early career[link]
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In 1974, Jobs took a job as a technician at Atari, Inc. in Los Gatos, California.[44] He traveled to India in mid-1974[45] to visit Neem Karoli Baba[46] at his Kainchi Ashram with a Reed College friend (and, later, an early Apple employee), Daniel Kottke, in search of spiritual enlightenment. When they got to the Neem Karoli ashram, it was almost deserted as Neem Karoli Baba had died in September 1973.[44] Then they made a long trek up a dry riverbed to an ashram of Hariakhan Baba. In India, they spent a lot of time on bus rides from Delhi to Uttar Pradesh and back, then up to Himachal Pradesh and back.[44]
After staying for seven months, Jobs left India[47] and returned to the US ahead of Daniel Kottke.[44] Jobs had changed his appearance; his head was shaved and he wore traditional Indian clothing.[48][49] During this time, Jobs experimented with psychedelics, later calling his LSD experiences "one of the two or three most important things [he had] done in [his] life".[50] He also became a serious practitioner of Zen Buddhism, engaged in lengthy meditation retreats at the Tassajara Zen Mountain Center, the oldest Sōtō Zen monastery in the US.[51] He considered taking up monastic residence at Eihei-ji in Japan, and maintained a lifelong appreciation for Zen.[52] Jobs would later say that people around him who did not share his countercultural roots could not fully relate to his thinking.[50]
Jobs then returned to Atari, and was assigned to create a circuit board for the arcade video game Breakout. According to Atari co-founder Nolan Bushnell, Atari offered $100 for each chip that was eliminated in the machine. At that time, Jobs had little specialized knowledge of circuit board design and made a deal with Wozniak to split the fee evenly between them if Wozniak could minimize the number of chips. Much to the amazement of Atari engineers, Wozniak reduced the number of chips by 50, a design so tight that it was impossible to reproduce on an assembly line.[further explanation needed] According to Wozniak, Jobs told him that Atari gave them only $700 (instead of the offered $5,000), and that Wozniak's share was thus $350.[53] Wozniak did not learn about the actual bonus until ten years later, but said that if Jobs had told him about it and had said he needed the money, Wozniak would have given it to him.[54]
In the early 1970s, Jobs and Wozniak were drawn to technology like a magnet. Wozniak had designed a low-cost digital "blue box" to generate the necessary tones to manipulate the telephone network, allowing free long-distance calls. Jobs decided that they could make money selling it. The clandestine sales of the illegal "blue boxes" went well, and perhaps planted the seed in Jobs's mind that electronics could be fun and profitable.[55]
In 1976, Jobs and Wozniak formed their own business, which they named “Apple Computer Company” in remembrance of a happy summer Jobs had spent picking apples. At first they started off selling circuit boards, but eventually they produced a complete computer prototype.[56] Jobs began attending meetings of the Homebrew Computer Club with Wozniak in 1975.[2] He greatly admired Edwin H. Land, the inventor of instant photography and founder of Polaroid Corporation, and would explicitly model his own career after that of Land's.[57][58]
Career[link]
Apple Computer[link]
See also: History of Apple
Jobs and Steve Wozniak met in 1971, when their mutual friend, Bill Fernandez, introduced 21-year-old Wozniak to 16-year-old Jobs. In 1976, Wozniak invented the Apple I computer. Jobs, Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne founded Apple computer in the garage of Jobs's parents in order to sell it.[59] They received funding from a then-semi-retired Intel product-marketing manager and engineer Mike Markkula.[60]
In 1978, Apple recruited Mike Scott from National Semiconductor to serve as CEO for what turned out to be several turbulent years. In 1983, Jobs lured John Sculley away from Pepsi-Cola to serve as Apple's CEO, asking, "Do you want to sell sugar water for the rest of your life, or do you want to come with me and change the world?"[61]
In the early 1980s, Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of Xerox PARC's mouse-driven graphical user interface, which led to the creation of the Apple Lisa. One year later, Apple employee Jef Raskin invented the Macintosh.[62][63]
The following year, Apple aired a Super Bowl television commercial titled "1984". At Apple's annual shareholders meeting on January 24, 1984, an emotional Jobs introduced the Macintosh to a wildly enthusiastic audience; Andy Hertzfeld described the scene as "pandemonium".[64]
While Jobs was a persuasive and charismatic director for Apple, some of his employees from that time described him as an erratic and temperamental manager. Disappointing sales caused a deterioration in Jobs's working relationship with Sculley and it eventually became a power struggle between Jobs and Sculley.[65] Jobs kept meetings running past midnight, sent out lengthy faxes, then called new meetings at 7:00 am.[66]
Sculley learned that Jobs—believing Sculley to be "bad for Apple" and the wrong person to lead the company—had been attempting to organize a boardroom coup, and on May 24, 1985, called a board meeting to resolve the matter.[65] Apple's board of directors sided with Sculley and removed Jobs from his managerial duties as head of the Macintosh division.[67][68] Jobs resigned from Apple five months later[65] and founded NeXT Inc. the same year.[66][69]
In a speech Jobs gave at Stanford University in 2005, he said being fired from Apple was the best thing that could have happened to him; "The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life." And he added, "I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. It was awful-tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it."[43][70][71]
NeXT Computer[link]
See also: NeXT
After leaving Apple, Jobs founded NeXT Computer in 1985, with $7 million. A year later, Jobs was running out of money, and with no product on the horizon, he appealed for venture capital. Eventually, he attracted the attention of billionaire Ross Perot who invested heavily in the company.[72] NeXT workstations were first released in 1990, priced at $9,999. Like the Apple Lisa, the NeXT workstation was technologically advanced, but was largely dismissed as cost-prohibitive by the educational sector for which it was designed.[73] The NeXT workstation was known for its technical strengths, chief among them its object-oriented software development system. Jobs marketed NeXT products to the financial, scientific, and academic community, highlighting its innovative, experimental new technologies, such as the Mach kernel, the digital signal processor chip, and the built-in Ethernet port. Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web on a NeXT computer at CERN.[74]
The revised, second-generation NeXTcube was released in 1990, also. Jobs touted it as the first "interpersonal" computer that would replace the personal computer. With its innovative NeXTMail multimedia email system, NeXTcube could share voice, image, graphics, and video in email for the first time. "Interpersonal computing is going to revolutionize human communications and groupwork", Jobs told reporters.[75] Jobs ran NeXT with an obsession for aesthetic perfection, as evidenced by the development of and attention to NeXTcube's magnesium case.[76] This put considerable strain on NeXT's hardware division, and in 1993, after having sold only 50,000 machines, NeXT transitioned fully to software development with the release of NeXTSTEP/Intel.[77] The company reported its first profit of $1.03 million in 1994.[72] In 1996, NeXT Software, Inc. released WebObjects, a framework for Web application development. After NeXT was acquired by Apple Inc. in 1997, WebObjects was used to build and run the Apple Store,[77] MobileMe services, and the iTunes Store.
Pixar and Disney[link]
In 1986, Jobs bought The Graphics Group (later renamed Pixar) from Lucasfilm's computer graphics division for the price of $10 million, $5 million of which was given to the company as capital.[78]
The first film produced by the partnership, Toy Story, with Jobs credited as executive producer,[79] brought fame and critical acclaim to the studio when it was released in 1995. Over the next 15 years, under Pixar's creative chief John Lasseter, the company produced box-office hits A Bug's Life (1998); Toy Story 2 (1999); Monsters, Inc. (2001); Finding Nemo (2003); The Incredibles (2004); Cars (2006); Ratatouille (2007); WALL-E (2008); Up (2009); and Toy Story 3 (2010). Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, Ratatouille, WALL-E, Up and Toy Story 3 each received the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, an award introduced in 2001.[80]
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In the years 2003 and 2004, as Pixar's contract with Disney was running out, Jobs and Disney chief executive Michael Eisner tried but failed to negotiate a new partnership,[82] and in early 2004, Jobs announced that Pixar would seek a new partner to distribute its films after its contract with Disney expired.
In October 2005, Bob Iger replaced Eisner at Disney, and Iger quickly worked to patch up relations with Jobs and Pixar. On January 24, 2006, Jobs and Iger announced that Disney had agreed to purchase Pixar in an all-stock transaction worth $7.4 billion. When the deal closed, Jobs became The Walt Disney Company's largest single shareholder with approximately seven percent of the company's stock.[12] Jobs's holdings in Disney far exceeded those of Eisner, who holds 1.7 percent, and of Disney family member Roy E. Disney, who until his 2009 death held about one percent of the company's stock and whose criticisms of Eisner — especially that he soured Disney's relationship with Pixar — accelerated Eisner's ousting. Jobs joined the company's board of directors upon completion of the merger and also helped oversee Disney and Pixar's combined animation businesses from a seat on a special six-person steering committee.[83] Upon Jobs's death his shares in Disney were transferred to the Steven P. Jobs Trust led by Laurene Jobs.[84]
Return to Apple[link]
In 1996, Apple announced that it would buy NeXT for $427 million. The deal was finalized in late 1996,[85] bringing Jobs back to the company he co-founded. Jobs became de facto chief after then-CEO Gil Amelio was ousted in July 1997. He was formally named interim chief executive in September.[86] In March 1998, to concentrate Apple's efforts on returning to profitability, Jobs terminated a number of projects, such as Newton, Cyberdog, and OpenDoc. In the coming months, many employees developed a fear of encountering Jobs while riding in the elevator, "afraid that they might not have a job when the doors opened. The reality was that Jobs's summary executions were rare, but a handful of victims was enough to terrorize a whole company."[87] Jobs also changed the licensing program for Macintosh clones, making it too costly for the manufacturers to continue making machines.
With the purchase of NeXT, much of the company's technology found its way into Apple products, most notably NeXTSTEP, which evolved into Mac OS X. Under Jobs's guidance, the company increased sales significantly with the introduction of the iMac and other new products; since then, appealing designs and powerful branding have worked well for Apple. At the 2000 Macworld Expo, Jobs officially dropped the "interim" modifier from his title at Apple and became permanent CEO.[88] Jobs quipped at the time that he would be using the title "iCEO".[89]
The company subsequently branched out, introducing and improving upon other digital appliances. With the introduction of the iPod portable music player, iTunes digital music software, and the iTunes Store, the company made forays into consumer electronics and music distribution. On June 29, 2007, Apple entered the cellular phone business with the introduction of the iPhone, a multi-touch display cell phone, which also included the features of an iPod and, with its own mobile browser, revolutionized the mobile browsing scene. While stimulating innovation, Jobs also reminded his employees that "real artists ship".[90]
Jobs was both admired and criticized for his consummate skill at persuasion and salesmanship, which has been dubbed the "reality distortion field" and was particularly evident during his keynote speeches (colloquially known as "Stevenotes") at Macworld Expos and at Apple Worldwide Developers Conferences. In 2005, Jobs responded to criticism of Apple's poor recycling programs for e-waste in the US by lashing out at environmental and other advocates at Apple's Annual Meeting in Cupertino in April. A few weeks later, Apple announced it would take back iPods for free at its retail stores. The Computer TakeBack Campaign responded by flying a banner from a plane over the Stanford University graduation at which Jobs was the commencement speaker.[43] The banner read "Steve, don't be a mini-player—recycle all e-waste".
In 2006, he further expanded Apple's recycling programs to any US customer who buys a new Mac. This program includes shipping and "environmentally friendly disposal" of their old systems.[91]
Resignation[link]
In August 2011, Jobs resigned as CEO of Apple, but remained with the company as chairman of the company's board.[92][93] Hours after the announcement, Apple Inc. (AAPL) shares dropped five percent in after-hours trading.[94] This relatively small drop, when considering the importance of Jobs to Apple, was associated with the fact that his health had been in the news for several years, and he had been on medical leave since January 2011.[95] It was believed, according to Forbes, that the impact would be felt in a negative way beyond Apple, including at The Walt Disney Company where Jobs served as director.[96] In after-hours trading on the day of the announcement, Walt Disney Co. (DIS) shares dropped 1.5 percent.[97]
Business life[link]
Wealth[link]
Jobs earned only $1 a year as CEO of Apple,[98] Jobs held 5.426 million Apple shares worth $2.1 billion, as well as 138 million shares in Disney (which he received in exchange for Disney's acquisition of Pixar) worth $4.4 billion.[99][100] Jobs quipped that the $1 per annum he was paid by Apple was based on attending one meeting for 50 cents while the other 50 cents was based on his performance.[101] Forbes estimated his net wealth at $8.3 billion in 2010, making him the 42nd wealthiest American.[102]
Stock options backdating issue[link]
.jpg)
In 2001, Jobs was granted stock options in the amount of 7.5 million shares of Apple with an exercise price of $18.30. It was alleged that the options had been backdated, and that the exercise price should have been $21.10. It was further alleged that Jobs had thereby incurred taxable income of $20,000,000 that he did not report, and that Apple overstated its earnings by that same amount. As a result, Jobs potentially faced a number of criminal charges and civil penalties. The case was the subject of active criminal and civil government investigations,[103] though an independent internal Apple investigation completed on December 29, 2006, found that Jobs was unaware of these issues and that the options granted to him were returned without being exercised in 2003.[104]
On July 1, 2008, a $7-billion class action suit was filed against several members of the Apple Board of Directors for revenue lost due to the alleged securities fraud.[105][106]
Management style[link]
Jobs was a demanding perfectionist[107][108] who always aspired to position his businesses and their products at the forefront of the information technology industry by foreseeing and setting trends, at least in innovation and style. He summed up that self-concept at the end of his keynote speech at the Macworld Conference and Expo in January 2007, by quoting ice hockey player Wayne Gretzky
-
There's an old Wayne Gretzky quote that I love. 'I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it has been.' And we've always tried to do that at Apple. Since the very very beginning. And we always will.[109]
Much was made of Jobs's aggressive and demanding personality. Fortune wrote that he was "considered one of Silicon Valley's leading egomaniacs".[110] Commentaries on his temperamental style can be found in Michael Moritz's The Little Kingdom, The Second Coming of Steve Jobs, by Alan Deutschman; and iCon: Steve Jobs, by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon. In 1993, Jobs made Fortune's list of America's Toughest Bosses in regard to his leadership of NeXT.
NeXT Cofounder Dan'l Lewin was quoted in Fortune as saying of that period, "The highs were unbelievable ... But the lows were unimaginable", to which Jobs's office replied that his personality had changed since then.[111]
In 2005, Jobs banned all books published by John Wiley & Sons from Apple Stores in response to their publishing an unauthorized biography, iCon: Steve Jobs.[112] In its 2010 annual earnings report, Wiley said it had "closed a deal ... to make its titles available for the iPad."[113] Jef Raskin, a former colleague, once said that Jobs "would have made an excellent king of France", alluding to Jobs's compelling and larger-than-life persona.[114] Floyd Norman said that at Pixar, Jobs was a "mature, mellow individual" and never interfered with the creative process of the filmmakers.[115]
Jobs had a public war of words with Dell Computer CEO Michael Dell, starting in 1987 when Jobs first criticized Dell for making "un-innovative beige boxes".[116] On October 6, 1997, in a Gartner Symposium, when Michael Dell was asked what he would do if he ran then-troubled Apple Computer, he said "I'd shut it down and give the money back to the shareholders."[117] In 2006, Jobs sent an email to all employees when Apple's market capitalization rose above Dell's. The email read:
Team, it turned out that Michael Dell wasn't perfect at predicting the future. Based on today's stock market close, Apple is worth more than Dell. Stocks go up and down, and things may be different tomorrow, but I thought it was worth a moment of reflection today. Steve.[118]
Jobs was also a board member at Gap Inc. from 1999 to 2002.[119]
Reality distortion field[link]
Main article: Reality distortion field
Apple's Bud Tribble coined the term "reality distortion field" in 1981, to describe Jobs's charisma and its effects on the developers working on the Macintosh project.[120] Tribble claimed that the term came from Star Trek.[120] Since then the term has also been used to refer to perceptions of Jobs's keynote speeches.[121]
The RDF was said by Andy Hertzfeld to be Steve Jobs's ability to convince himself and others to believe almost anything, using a mix of charm, charisma, bravado, hyperbole, marketing, appeasement, and persistence. Although the subject of criticism, Jobs's so-called reality distortion field was also recognized as creating a sense that the impossible was possible. Once the term became widely known, it was often used in the technology press to describe Jobs's sway over the public, particularly regarding new product announcements.[122][123]
Inventions and designs[link]
His design sense was greatly influenced by the Buddhism which he experienced in India while on a seven-month spiritual journey.[124] His sense of intuition was also influenced by the spiritual people with whom he studied.[124]
As of October 9, 2011 (2011 -10-09)[update], Jobs is listed as either primary inventor or co-inventor in 342 United States patents or patent applications related to a range of technologies from actual computer and portable devices to user interfaces (including touch-based), speakers, keyboards, power adapters, staircases, clasps, sleeves, lanyards and packages. Most of these are design patents (specific product designs) as opposed to utility patents (inventions).[125][126] He has 43 issued US patents on inventions.[127] The patent on the Mac OS X Dock user interface with "magnification" feature was issued the day before he died.[128]
Applying his Triple F Model to Apple under Steve Jobs, Anand Kurian opines that Job's contribution in the area of pure ‘Function’ are less significant, but that his contribution in the areas of ‘Functionality’ and ‘Form’ are major and substantial.[129]
Apple I Computer[link]
Main article: Apple I
The first significant invention that Steve Jobs was involved in was the Apple I which came along in 1976. Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, who was at the time working for HP, scraped together some cash for printed circuit boards. Then they planned to sell the machine as a kit for $666.66. A store called the Byte Shop ordered 50 fully assembled devices, and sold them all.[130] The Apple’s first computer was for hobbyists and engineers so it was made in small numbers.[131]
Apple II Computer[link]
Main article: Apple II
During 1976, Steve Wozniak began work on the Apple II, and left HP to join Apple computer. In March 1977, Apple Computer moved from Jobs's garage to an office in Cupertino. Apple Computer delivered its first Apple II system, for US$1295 in April 1977.[132] Steve Jobs once said the Apple II could be described as an "appliance" computer. The Apple II was the first computer to be enclosed in plastic.[133] Jobs insisted that molded plastic was essential to the computer as a consumer item. The Apple II was “elegantly styled" and it became compared to an "overgrown pocket calculator".[134]
Ten months after its introduction, Apple Computer began work on an enhanced Apple II with custom chips, code-named Annie, in 1978. At the same year, they began work on a supercomputer named Lisa; it featured a bit-sliced architecture. After two and a half years, 50,000 Apple II units had been sold until 1979. Nearly one-third of Canadians credited the Apple II as the first personal computer which having the most impact on society.[135]
The Macintosh Computer[link]
The Macintosh was introduced in January 1984. The computer had no “Mac” name on the front, but rather just the Apple logo.[130] The Macintosh have a friendly appearance since it was meant to be easy to use. The disk drive is below the display, the Macintosh was taller, narrower, more symmetrical, and far more suggestive of a face. The Macintosh was identified as a computer that ordinary people could understand.[136]
The NeXT Computer[link]
Main article: NeXT Computer
After Jobs was forced out of Apple in 1985, he started a company that built workstation computers. The NeXT Computer was introduced in 1989. Sir Tim Berners-Lee created the world’s first web browser on the NeXT Computer. The NeXT Computer was the basis for today’s Macintosh OS X and iPhone operating system (iOS).[137]
iMac[link]
Main article: IMac
Apple iMac was introduced in 1998 and its innovative design was directly the result of Jobs's return to Apple. Apple boasted "the back of our computer looks better than the front of anyone else's".[138] Described as "cartoonlike" the first iMac, clad in Bondi Blue plastic, was unlike any personal computer that came before. In 1999, Apple introduced Graphite gray Apple iMac and since has switched to all-white. Design ideas were intended to create a connection with the user such as the handle and a breathing light effect when the computer went to sleep..[139] The Apple iMac sold for $1,299 at that time. There was some technical revolutions for iMac too. The USB ports being the only device inputs on the iMac. So the iMac’s success helped popularize the interface among third party peripheral makers, which is evidenced by the fact that many early USB peripherals were made of translucent plastic to match the iMac design.[140]
iPod[link]
Main article: IPod
The first generation of iPod was released October 23, 2001. The major innovation of the iPod was its small size achieved by using a 1.8" hard drive compared to the 2.5" drives common to players at that time. The capacity of the first generation iPod ranged from 5G to 10 Gigabytes.[141] The iPod sold for US$399 and more than 100,000 iPods were sold before the end of 2001. The introduction of the iPod resulted in Apple becoming a major player in the music industry.[142] Also, the iPod’s success prepared the way for the iTunes music store and the iPhone.[131] After the 1st generation of iPod, Apple released the hard drive-based iPod classic, the touchscreen iPod Touch, video-capable iPod Nano, screenless iPod Shuffle in the following years.[142]
iPhone[link]
Main article: IPhone
Jobs began work on the first iPhone in 2005 and the first iPhone was released on June 29, 2007. The iPhone created such a sensation that a survey indicated six out of ten Americans were aware of its release. Time magazine declared it "Invention of the Year" for 2007.[143] The Apple iPhone is a small device with multimedia capabilities and functions as a quad-band touch screen smartphone.[144] A year later, the iPhone 3G was released in July 2008 with the key feature was support for GPS, 3G data and quad-band UMTS/HSDPA. In June 2009, the iPhone 3GS, added voice control, a better camera, and a faster processor was introduced by Phil Schiller.[145] iPhone 4 was thinner than previous models, had a five megapixel camera which can record videos in 720p HD, and added a secondary front facing camera for video calls.[146] A major feature of the iPhone 4S, introduced in October 2011, was Siri, which is a virtual assistant that is capable of voice recognition.[143]
Philanthropy[link]
Arik Hesseldahl of BusinessWeek magazine stated that "Jobs isn't widely known for his association with philanthropic causes", compared to Bill Gates's efforts.[147] In contrast to Gates, Jobs did not sign the Giving Pledge of Warren Buffett which challenged the world’s richest billionaires to give at least half their wealth to charity.[148] In an interview with Playboy in 1985, Jobs said in respect to money that “the challenges are to figure out how to live with it and to reinvest it back into the world which means either giving it away or using it to express your concerns or values.”[149] Jobs also added that when he has some time we would start a public foundation but for now he does charitable acts privately.[150]
After resuming control of Apple in 1997, Jobs eliminated all corporate philanthropy programs initially.[151] Jobs’s friends told The New York Times that he felt that expanding Apple would have done more good than giving money to charity.[152] Later, under Jobs, Apple signed to participate in Product Red program, producing red versions of devices to give profits from sales to charity. Apple has gone on to become the largest contributor to the charity since its initial involvement with it. The chief of the Product Red project, singer Bono cited Jobs saying there was "nothing better than the chance to save lives," when he initially approached Apple with the invitation to participate in the program.[153] Through its sales, Apple has been the largest contributor to the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, according to Bono.[154]
Personal life[link]
Jobs's birth parents met at the University of Wisconsin. Abdulfattah "John" Jandali, a Syrian Muslim,[155] taught there. Joanne Carole Schieble was his student; they were the same age because Jandali had "gotten his PhD really young." [156][157][158] Schieble had a career as a speech language pathologist. Jandali taught political science at the University of Nevada in the 1960s, and then made his career in the food and beverage industry, and since 2006, has been a vice president at a casino in Reno, Nevada.[159][160] In December 1955, ten months after giving up their baby boy, Schieble and Jandali married. In 1957 they had a daughter, Mona. They divorced in 1962, and Jandali lost touch with his daughter.[161] Her mother remarried and had Mona take the surname of her stepfather, so she became known as Mona Simpson.[157]
In the 1980s, Jobs found his birth mother, Joanne Schieble Simpson, who told him he had a biological sister, Mona Simpson. They met for the first time in 1985[161] and became close friends. The siblings kept their relationship secret until 1986, when Mona introduced him at a party for her first book.[35]
After deciding to search for their father, Simpson found Jandali managing a coffee shop. Without knowing who his son had become, Jandali told Mona that he had previously managed a popular restaurant in the Silicon Valley where "Even Steve Jobs used to eat there. Yeah, he was a great tipper." In a taped interview with his biographer Walter Isaacson, aired on 60 Minutes,[162] Jobs said: "When I was looking for my biological mother, obviously, you know, I was looking for my biological father at the same time, and I learned a little bit about him and I didn't like what I learned. I asked her to not tell him that we ever met...not tell him anything about me."[163] Jobs was in occasional touch with his mother Joanne Simpson,[151][164] who lives in a nursing home in Los Angeles.[157] When speaking about his biological parents, Jobs stated: "They were my sperm and egg bank. That's not harsh, it's just the way it was, a sperm bank thing, nothing more."[36] Jandali stated in an interview with the The Sun in August 2011, that his efforts to contact Jobs were unsuccessful. Jandali mailed in his medical history after Jobs's pancreatic disorder was made public that year.[165][166][167]
In her eulogy to Jobs at his memorial service, Mona Simpson stated:
- I grew up as an only child, with a single mother. Because we were poor and because I knew my father had emigrated from Syria, I imagined he looked like Omar Sharif. I hoped he would be rich and kind and would come into our lives (and our not yet furnished apartment) and help us. Later, after I'd met my father, I tried to believe he'd changed his number and left no forwarding address because he was an idealistic revolutionary, plotting a new world for the Arab people. Even as a feminist, my whole life I'd been waiting for a man to love, who could love me. For decades, I'd thought that man would be my father. When I was 25, I met that man and he was my brother.[161]
Jobs's first child, Lisa Brennan-Jobs, was born in 1978, the daughter of his longtime partner Chris Ann Brennan, a Bay Area painter.[151] For two years, she raised their daughter on welfare while Jobs denied paternity by claiming he was sterile; he later acknowledged Lisa as his daughter.[151] Jobs later married Laurene Powell on March 18, 1991, in a ceremony at the Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite National Park. Presiding over the wedding was Kobun Chino Otogawa, a Zen Buddhist monk. Their son, Reed, was born September 1991, followed by daughters Erin in August 1995, and Eve in 1998.[168] The family lives in Palo Alto, California.[169]
In the unauthorized biography, The Second Coming of Steve Jobs, author Alan Deutschman reports that Jobs once dated Joan Baez. Deutschman quotes Elizabeth Holmes, a friend of Jobs from his time at Reed College, as saying she "believed that Steve became the lover of Joan Baez in large measure because Baez had been the lover of Bob Dylan" (Dylan was the Apple icon's favorite musician). In another unauthorized biography, iCon: Steve Jobs by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon, the authors suggest that Jobs might have married Baez, but her age at the time (41) meant it was unlikely the couple could have children.
Jobs was also a fan of The Beatles. He referred to them on multiple occasions at Keynotes and also was interviewed on a showing of a Paul McCartney concert. When asked about his business model on 60 Minutes, he replied:
My model for business is The Beatles: They were four guys that kept each other's negative tendencies in check; they balanced each other. And the total was greater than the sum of the parts. Great things in business are never done by one person, they are done by a team of people.[170]
In 1982, Jobs bought an apartment in The San Remo, an apartment building in New York City with a politically progressive reputation, where Demi Moore, Steven Spielberg, Steve Martin, and Princess Yasmin Aga Khan, daughter of Rita Hayworth, also had apartments. With the help of I.M. Pei, Jobs spent years renovating his apartment in the top two floors of the building's north tower, only to sell it almost two decades later to U2 singer Bono. Jobs never moved in.[171][172]
In 1984, Jobs purchased the Jackling House, a 17,000-square-foot (1,600 m2), 14-bedroom Spanish Colonial mansion designed by George Washington Smith in Woodside, California. Although it reportedly remained in an almost unfurnished state, Jobs lived in the mansion for almost ten years. According to reports, he kept a 1966 BMW R60/2 motorcycle in the living room, and let Bill Clinton use it in 1998. From the early 1990s, Jobs lived in a house in the Old Palo Alto neighborhood of Palo Alto. President Clinton dined with Jobs and 14 Silicon Valley CEOs there on August 7, 1996, at a meal catered by Greens Restaurant.[173][174] Clinton returned the favor and Jobs, who was a Democratic donor, slept in the Lincoln bedroom of the White House.[175]
Jobs allowed Jackling House to fall into a state of disrepair, planning to demolish the house and build a smaller home on the property; but he met with complaints from local preservationists over his plans. In June 2004, the Woodside Town Council gave Jobs approval to demolish the mansion, on the condition that he advertise the property for a year to see if someone would move it to another location and restore it. A number of people expressed interest, including several with experience in restoring old property, but no agreements to that effect were reached. Later that same year, a local preservationist group began seeking legal action to prevent demolition. In January 2007, Jobs was denied the right to demolish the property, by a court decision.[176] The court decision was overturned on appeal in March 2010, and the mansion was demolished beginning in February 2011.[177]
Jobs usually wore a black long-sleeved mock turtleneck made by Issey Miyake (that was sometimes reported to be made by St. Croix), Levi's 501 blue jeans, and New Balance 991 sneakers.[178][179] Jobs told Walter Isaacson "...he came to like the idea of having a uniform for himself, both because of its daily convenience (the rationale he claimed) and its ability to convey a signature style." [180] He was a pescetarian.[181]
Jobs's car was a silver Mercedes-Benz SL 55 AMG, which did not display its license plates, as he took advantage of a California law which gives a maximum of six months for new vehicles to receive plates; Jobs leased a new SL every six months.[182]
In a 2011 interview with biographer Walter Isaacson, Jobs revealed at one point he met with U.S. President Barack Obama, complained of the nation's shortage of software engineers, and told Mr. Obama that he was "headed for a one-term presidency." Jobs proposed that any foreign student who got an engineering degree at a U.S. university should automatically be offered a green card. After the meeting, Jobs commented, "The president is very smart, but he kept explaining to us reasons why things can't get done.... It infuriates me." [183]
Jobs contributed to a number of political candidates and causes during his life, giving $209,000 to Democrats, $45,700 to associated special interests and $1,000 to a Republican.[184]
Health issues[link]
In October 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with cancer,[185] and in mid-2004, he announced to his employees that he had a cancerous tumor in his pancreas.[186] The prognosis for pancreatic cancer is usually very poor;[187] Jobs stated that he had a rare, far less aggressive type known as islet cell neuroendocrine tumor.[186] Despite his diagnosis, Jobs resisted his doctors' recommendations for mainstream medical intervention for nine months,[151] instead consuming a special alternative medicine diet in an attempt to thwart the disease. According to Harvard researcher Dr. Ramzi Amir, his choice of alternative treatment "led to an unnecessarily early death."[185] According to Jobs's biographer, Walter Isaacson, "for nine months he refused to undergo surgery for his pancreatic cancer – a decision he later regretted as his health declined."[188] "Instead, he tried a vegan diet, acupuncture, herbal remedies and other treatments he found online, and even consulted a psychic. He also was influenced by a doctor who ran a clinic that advised juice fasts, bowel cleansings and other unproven approaches, before finally having surgery in July 2004."[189] He eventually underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy (or "Whipple procedure") in July 2004, that appeared to successfully remove the tumor.[190][191][192] Jobs apparently did not receive chemotherapy or radiation therapy.[186][193] During Jobs's absence, Tim Cook, head of worldwide sales and operations at Apple, ran the company.[186]
In early August 2006, Jobs delivered the keynote for Apple's annual Worldwide Developers Conference. His "thin, almost gaunt" appearance and unusually "listless" delivery,[194][195] together with his choice to delegate significant portions of his keynote to other presenters, inspired a flurry of media and Internet speculation about his health.[196] In contrast, according to an Ars Technica journal report, Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) attendees who saw Jobs in person said he "looked fine".[197] Following the keynote, an Apple spokesperson said that "Steve's health is robust."[198]
Two years later, similar concerns followed Jobs's 2008 WWDC keynote address.[199] Apple officials stated Jobs was victim to a "common bug" and was taking antibiotics,[200] while others surmised his cachectic appearance was due to the Whipple procedure.[193] During a July conference call discussing Apple earnings, participants responded to repeated questions about Jobs's health by insisting that it was a "private matter". Others, however, voiced the opinion that shareholders had a right to know more, given Jobs's hands-on approach to running his company.[201][202] The New York Times published an article based on an off-the-record phone conversation with Jobs, noting that "While his health problems amounted to a good deal more than 'a common bug', they weren't life-threatening and he doesn't have a recurrence of cancer."[203]
On August 28, 2008, Bloomberg mistakenly published a 2500-word obituary of Jobs in its corporate news service, containing blank spaces for his age and cause of death. (News carriers customarily stockpile up-to-date obituaries to facilitate news delivery in the event of a well-known figure's death.) Although the error was promptly rectified, many news carriers and blogs reported on it,[204] intensifying rumors concerning Jobs's health.[205] Jobs responded at Apple's September 2008 Let's Rock keynote by quoting Mark Twain: "Reports of my death are greatly exaggerated."[206] At a subsequent media event, Jobs concluded his presentation with a slide reading "110/70", referring to his blood pressure, stating he would not address further questions about his health.[207]
On December 16, 2008, Apple announced that marketing vice-president Phil Schiller would deliver the company's final keynote address at the Macworld Conference and Expo 2009, again reviving questions about Jobs's health.[208][209] In a statement given on January 5, 2009, on Apple.com,[210] Jobs said that he had been suffering from a "hormone imbalance" for several months.[211]
On January 14, 2009, in an internal Apple memo, Jobs wrote that in the previous week he had "learned that my health-related issues are more complex than I originally thought", and announced a six-month leave of absence until the end of June 2009, to allow him to better focus on his health. Tim Cook, who previously acted as CEO in Jobs's 2004 absence, became acting CEO of Apple,[212] with Jobs still involved with "major strategic decisions."[212]
In April 2009, Jobs underwent a liver transplant at Methodist University Hospital Transplant Institute in Memphis, Tennessee.[213][214] Jobs's prognosis was described as "excellent".[213]
On January 17, 2011, a year and a half after Jobs returned from his liver transplant, Apple announced that he had been granted a medical leave of absence. Jobs announced his leave in a letter to employees, stating his decision was made "so he could focus on his health". As during his 2009 medical leave, Apple announced that Tim Cook would run day-to-day operations and that Jobs would continue to be involved in major strategic decisions at the company.[215][216] Despite the leave, he made appearances at the iPad 2 launch event (March 2), the WWDC keynote introducing iCloud (June 6), and before the Cupertino city council (June 7).[217]
Jobs announced his resignation as Apple's CEO on August 24, 2011. "Unfortunately, that day has come," wrote Jobs, for he could "no longer meet [his] duties and expectations as Apple's CEO". Jobs became chairman of the board and named Tim Cook his successor.[218][219] Jobs had worked for Apple until the day before his death.[220]
Death[link]
Jobs died at his California home around 3 p.m. on October 5, 2011, due to complications from a relapse of his previously treated islet-cell neuroendocrine pancreatic cancer,[2][221][222] resulting in respiratory arrest.[223] He had lost consciousness the day before, and died with his wife, children and sister at his side.[224]
Both Apple and Microsoft flew their flags at half-staff throughout their respective headquarters and campuses.[225][226] Bob Iger ordered all Disney properties, including Walt Disney World and Disneyland, to fly their flags at half-staff, from October 6 to 12, 2011.[227]
His death was announced by Apple in a statement which read:
We are deeply saddened to announce that Steve Jobs passed away today.Steve's brilliance, passion and energy were the source of countless innovations that enrich and improve all of our lives. The world is immeasurably better because of Steve.
His greatest love was for his wife, Laurene, and his family. Our hearts go out to them and to all who were touched by his extraordinary gifts.[228]
For two weeks following his death, Apple's corporate Web site displayed a simple page, showing Jobs's name and lifespan next to his grayscale portrait.[229] Clicking on the image led to an obituary, which read:
Apple has lost a visionary and creative genius, and the world has lost an amazing human being. Those of us who have been fortunate enough to know and work with Steve have lost a dear friend and an inspiring mentor. Steve leaves behind a company that only he could have built, and his spirit will forever be the foundation of Apple.[229]
An email address was also posted for the public to share their memories, condolences, and thoughts.[230][231] Over a million tributes were sent, which are now displayed on the Steve Jobs memorial page.
Also dedicating its homepage to Jobs was Pixar, with a photo of Jobs, John Lasseter and Edwin Catmull, and the eulogy they wrote:[232]
Steve was an extraordinary visionary, our very dear friend, and our guiding light of the Pixar family. He saw the potential of what Pixar could be before the rest of us, and beyond what anyone ever imagined. Steve took a chance on us and believed in our crazy dream of making computer animated films; the one thing he always said was to 'make it great.' He is why Pixar turned out the way we did and his strength, integrity, and love of life has made us all better people. He will forever be part of Pixar's DNA. Our hearts go out to his wife Laurene and their children during this incredibly difficult time.[232]
A small private funeral was held on October 7, 2011, of which details were not revealed out of respect to Jobs's family.[233] Apple announced on the same day that they had no plans for a public service, but were encouraging "well-wishers" to send their remembrance messages to an email address created to receive such messages.[234] Sunday, October 16, 2011, was declared "Steve Jobs Day" by Governor Jerry Brown of California.[235] On that day, an invitation-only memorial was held at Stanford University. Those in attendance included Apple and other tech company executives, members of the media, celebrities, close friends of Jobs, and politicians, along with Jobs's family. Bono, Yo Yo Ma, and Joan Baez performed at the service, which lasted longer than an hour. The service was highly secured, with guards at all of the university's gates, and a helicopter flying overhead from an area news station.[236][237]
A private memorial service for Apple employees was held on October 19, 2011, on the Apple Campus in Cupertino. Present were Cook, Bill Campbell, Norah Jones, Al Gore, and Coldplay, and Jobs's widow, Laurene, was in attendance. Some of Apple's retail stores closed briefly so employees could attend the memorial. A video of the service is available on Apple's website.[238]
Jobs is buried at Alta Mesa Memorial Park, the only non-denominational cemetery in Palo Alto.[239][240]. He is survived by Laurene, his wife of 20 years, their three children, and Lisa Brennan-Jobs, his daughter from a previous relationship.[241] His family released a statement saying that he "died peacefully".[242][243] He "looked at his sister Patty, then for a long time at his children, then at his life's partner, Laurene, and then over their shoulders past them" (Mona Simpson). His last words, spoken hours before his death, were:
- "Oh wow. Oh wow. Oh wow."[161]
Media coverage[link]
Steve Jobs's death broke news headlines on ABC, CBS, and NBC. [244] Numerous newspapers around the world carried news of his death on their front pages the next day. Several notable people, including US President Barack Obama,[245] British Prime Minister David Cameron,[246] Microsoft founder Bill Gates,[247] and The Walt Disney Company's Bob Iger commented on the death of Jobs. Wired News collected reactions and posted them in tribute on their homepage.[248] Other statements of condolence were made by many of Jobs's friends and colleagues, such as Steve Wozniak and George Lucas.[249][250]
Major media published commemorative works. Time published a commemorative issue for Jobs on October 8, 2011. The issues cover featured a portrait of Jobs, taken by Norman Seeff, in which he is sitting in the lotus position holding the original Macintosh computer, first published in Rolling Stone in January 1984. The issue marked the eighth time Jobs has been featured on the cover of Time.[251] The issue included a photographic essay by Diana Walker, a retrospective on Apple by Harry McCracken and Lev Grossman, and a six-page essay by Walter Isaacson. Isaacson's essay served as a preview of his biography, Steve Jobs.[252]
Bloomberg Businessweek also published an commemorative, ad-free issue, featuring extensive essays by Steve Jurvetson, John Sculley, Sean Wisely, William Gibson, and Walter Isaacson. On its cover, Steve Jobs is pictured in gray scale, along with his name and lifespan.
Although reporters wrote glowing elegies after Jobs died, Los Angeles Times media critic James Rainey reported that they "came courtesy of reporters who—after deadline and off the record—would tell stories about a company obsessed with secrecy to the point of paranoia. They remind us how Apple shut down a youthful fanboy blogger, punished a publisher that dared to print an unauthorized Jobs biography and repeatedly ran afoul of the most basic tenets of a free press."[253]
Free software pioneer Richard Stallman drew attention to the tight corporate control Apple exercised over consumer computers and handheld devices, how Apple restricted news reporters, and persistently violated privacy: "Steve Jobs, the pioneer of the computer as a jail made cool, designed to sever fools from their freedom, has died".[254][255] Malcolm Gladwell in The New Yorker asserted that "Jobs's sensibility was editorial, not inventive. His gift lay in taking what was in front of him ... and ruthlessly refining it."[256]
Apple "has taken stances that, in my opinion, are outright hostile to the practice of journalism," said longtime Silicon Valley reporter Dan Gillmor.[253] Under Jobs, Apple sued three "small fry" bloggers who reported tips about the company and its unreleased products and tried to use the courts to force them to reveal their sources. Under Jobs, Apple even sued a teenager, Nicholas Ciarelli, who wrote enthusiastic speculation about Apple products beginning at age 13. His popular blog, ThinkSecret, was a play on Apple's slogan "Think Different." [253] Rainey wrote that Apple wanted to kill ThinkSecret as "It thought any leaks, even favorable ones, diluted the punch of its highly choreographed product launches with Jobs, in his iconic jeans and mock turtleneck outfit, as the star." [253]
Honors and public recognition[link]
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After Apple's founding, Jobs became a symbol of his company and industry. When Time named the computer as the 1982 "Machine of the Year", the magazine published a long profile of Jobs as "the most famous maestro of the micro".[257][258]
Jobs was awarded the National Medal of Technology by President Ronald Reagan in 1985, with Steve Wozniak (among the first people to ever receive the honor),[259] and a Jefferson Award for Public Service in the category "Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under" (also known as the Samuel S. Beard Award) in 1987.[260] On November 27, 2007, Jobs was named the most powerful person in business by Fortune magazine.[261] On December 5, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Jobs into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts.[262]
In August 2009, Jobs was selected as the most admired entrepreneur among teenagers in a survey by Junior Achievement,[263] having previously been named Entrepreneur of the Decade 20 years earlier in 1989, by Inc. magazine.[264] On November 5, 2009, Jobs was named the CEO of the decade by Fortune magazine.[265]
In November 2010, Jobs was ranked No.17 on Forbes: The World's Most Powerful People.[266] In December 2010, the Financial Times named Jobs its person of the year for 2010, ending its essay [267] by stating, "In his autobiography, John Sculley, the former PepsiCo executive who once ran Apple, said this of the ambitions of the man he had pushed out: 'Apple was supposed to become a wonderful consumer products company. This was a lunatic plan. High-tech could not be designed and sold as a consumer product.'".[268] The Financial Times closed by rhetorically asking of this quote, "How wrong can you be."[267]
At the time of his resignation, and again after his death, Jobs was widely described as a visionary, pioneer and genius[269][270][271][272]—perhaps one of the foremost—in the field of business,[265][273] innovation,[274] and product design,[275] and a man who had profoundly changed the face of the modern world,[269][271][274] revolutionized at least six different industries,[270] and who was an "exemplar for all chief executives".[270] His death was widely mourned[274] and considered a loss to the world by commentators across the globe.[272]
After his resignation as Apple's CEO, Jobs was characterized as the Thomas Edison and Henry Ford of his time.[276][277] In his The Daily Show eulogy, Jon Stewart said that unlike others of Jobs's ilk, such as Thomas Edison or Henry Ford, Jobs died young. He felt that we had, in a sense, "wrung everything out of" these other men, but his feeling on Jobs was that "we're not done with you yet."[278]
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On December 21, 2011, Graphisoft company in Budapest presented the world's first bronze statue of Steve Jobs, calling him one of the greatest personalities of the modern age.[279]
In January 2012, when young adults (ages 16 – 25) were asked to identify the greatest innovator of all time, Steve Jobs placed second behind Thomas Edison.[280]
On February 12, 2012, Jobs was posthumously awarded the Grammy Trustees Award, an award for those who have influenced the music industry in areas unrelated to performance.[281]
In March 2012, global business magazine Fortune named Steve Jobs the "greatest entrepreneur of our time", describing him as "brilliant, visionary, inspiring", and "the quintessential entrepreneur of our generation".[282]
The Disney movie John Carter is dedicated to Jobs[283], as well as the Pixar film Brave.
Portrayals and coverage in books, film, and theater[link]
Books[link]
- The Little Kingdom (1984) by Michael Moritz, documenting the founding of (then) Apple Computer.
- The Second Coming of Steve Jobs (2001), by Alan Deutschman
- iCon: Steve Jobs (2005), by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon
- iWoz (2006), by Steve Wozniak, a co-founder of Apple. It is an autobiography of Steve Wozniak, but it covers much of Jobs's life and work at Apple.
- Steve Jobs (2011), an authorized biography written by Walter Isaacson.
- Inside Apple (2012), a book by Adam Lashinsky that reveals the secret systems, tactics, and leadership strategies that allowed Steve Jobs and his company to work.
Documentaries[link]
- The Machine That Changed the World – Part 3 of this 1992 five-part documentary, called The Paperback Computer, prominently featured Jobs and his role in the early days of Apple.
- Triumph of the Nerds – a 1996 three-part documentary for PBS, about the rise of the home computer/personal computer.
- Nerds 2.0.1 – a 1998 three-part documentary for PBS, (and sequel to Triumph of the Nerds) which chronicles the development of the Internet.
- iGenius: How Steve Jobs Changed the World – a 2011 Discovery Channel documentary hosted by Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman.[284]
- Steve Jobs: One Last Thing – a 2011 PBS documentary produced by Pioneer Productions.[285] A slightly shortened and localized[286] version of the show was broadcast[287] in the United Kingdom the following day titled, Steve Jobs: iChanged the World – on Channel 4.[288]
- In February 2012, the Federal Bureau of Investigation released a 191-page file on Steve Jobs. The report was compiled during a 1991 background investigation of Jobs by the FBI after former president George H. W. Bush recommended his appointment to the President's Export Council. It consists of interviews with co-workers, friends, family members and even neighbors of Jobs.[289]
Films[link]
- Jobs – an upcoming independent film by Joshua Michael Stern. Jobs will be portrayed by Ashton Kutcher.[290]
- Pirates of Silicon Valley – a 1999 TNT film which chronicles the rise of Apple and Microsoft from the early 1970s to 1997. Jobs is portrayed by Noah Wyle.[291]
Theater[link]
- The Agony and Ecstasy of Steve Jobs - The Public Theater, New York City, 2012, starring Mike Daisey.[292]
References[link]
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- ^ Patricia Sellers (October 6, 2011). "George Lucas on Steve Jobs". Fortune. http://postcards.blogs.fortune.cnn.com/2011/10/06/george-lucas-steve-jobs. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
- ^ "TIME's Steve Jobs Covers". Time. April 2, 2010. http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1977507,00.html. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
- ^ Elmer-DeWitt, Philip (October 6, 2011). "The day Steve Jobs called Walter Isaacson". Fortune. http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/10/06/the-day-steve-jobs-called-walter-isaacson/. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
- ^ a b c d Rainey, James (7 October 2011). "Steve Jobs and Apple vs. a free press". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-onthemedia-20111008,0,7256248.column. Retrieved 25 October 2011. "The man and his company's focus on control led to repeated fights with reporters"
- ^ "Richard Stallman's dissenting view on Steve Jobs". Los Angeles Times. 8 October 2011. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/10/steve-jobs-stallman-dissenting-view.html. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
- ^ Amrutha Gayathri (8 October 2011). "Richard Stallman's Remarks on Steve Jobs: 'I'm Not Glad He's Dead, but I'm Glad He's Gone'". International Business Times. http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/227480/20111008/steve-jobs-death-2011-richard-stallman-remarks-fsf-founder-free-software-linux-apple-computers-apple.htm. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
- ^ Gladwell, Malcolm. "The tweaker: The real genius of Steve Jobs.". The New Yorker. Conde Nast. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/11/14/111114fa_fact_gladwell?currentPage=all. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
- ^ Cocks, Jay; Michael Moritz (January 3, 1983). "The Updated Book of Jobs". Time. http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,953633,00.html. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
- ^ Golden, Frederic (January 3, 1983). "Other Maestros of the Micro". Time. http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,953634,00.html. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
- ^ "The National Medal Of Technology Recipients 1985 Laureates". Uspto.gov. http://www.uspto.gov/nmti/recipients_85.html. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
- ^ "National Winners | public service awards". Jefferson Awards.org. http://www.jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
- ^ "25 most powerful people in business – #1: Steve Jobs". Fortune. http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/fortune/0711/gallery.power_25.fortune. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
- ^ Jobs inducted into California Hall of Fame, California Museum. Retrieved 2007.
- ^ "Steve Jobs bigger than Oprah!" (PDF). http://www.ja.org/files/polls/Teens-Entrepreneurship-Part-2.pdf. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
- ^ Bo Burlingham and George Gendron (1989-04-01). "The Entrepreneur of the Decade". Inc. magazine. http://www.inc.com/magazine/19890401/5602.html. Retrieved October 8, 2011.
- ^ a b Lashinsky, Adam (November 5, 2009). "Steve Jobs: CEO of the decade". Fortune. http://money.cnn.com/2009/11/04/technology/steve_jobs_ceo_decade.fortune/index.htm. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
- ^ The most Powerful People on Earth
- ^ a b Richard Waters; Joseph Menn (December 22, 2011). "Silicon Valley visionary who put Apple on top". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. http://www.webcitation.org/64cSQTLyj. Retrieved 11 January 2012. "In his autobiography, John Sculley, the former PepsiCo executive who once ran Apple, said this of the ambitions of the man he had pushed out: “Apple was supposed to become a wonderful consumer products company. This was a lunatic plan. High-tech could not be designed and sold as a consumer product.” How wrong can you be."
- ^ Richard Waters and Joseph Menn, "Silicon Valley visionary who put Apple on top", Financial Times, December 22, 2010. The actual text from the biography is:
Apple was supposed to become a wonderful consumer products company. That's why it hired a soft-drinks guy in the first place. By now, however, I knew this was a lunatic plan; our race to realize it had been a death march. Technology companies are only superficially in the same category as consumer products companies. We couldn't bend reality to all our dreams of changing the world. The world would also have to change us. Our perspective had been hopelessly wrong. High tech could not be designed and sold as a consumer product. The consumer business had collapsed at the end of 1984. Most people who bought computers stuffed them in the closet because balancing a checkbook wasn't reason enough to flick on the switch. Consumers weren't ready to put computers in their homes as easily as they installed telephones, refrigerators, televisions, and even Cuisinarts. They weren't willing to pay a couple of thousand dollars for something they didn't know what to do with.—John Sculley and John A. Byrne, Odyssey: Pepsi to Apple – a journey of adventure, ideas and the future, Harper & Row, 1987
- ^ a b Roeper, Richard (2011). "Steve Jobs' impact goes far beyond phones, computers". Chicago Sun-Times. http://www.suntimes.com/8064619-417/steve-jobs-impact-goes-far-beyond-computers.html. Retrieved October 7, 2011. "Steve Jobs was one of the most foremost pioneers of our time ... he made a difference that will be felt for 560 years to come"
- ^ a b c "Leading article: The sad loss of one of a kind". The Independent (London: INM). October 6, 2011. ISSN 0951-9467. OCLC 185201487. http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-the-sad-loss-of-one-of-a-kind-2366636.html. Retrieved October 6, 2011. "Steve Jobs revolutionised no fewer than six different industries: personal computers, mobile phones, music publishing, animated films, digital publishing and tablet computing ... His genius was unconfined ... an exemplar for all chief executives ... a visionary ... ""
- ^ a b Fairweather, Alastair (October 6, 2011). "Steve Jobs: A genius to the end". Mail & Guardian Online (South Africa). http://mg.co.za/article/2011-10-07-steve-jobs-a-genius-to-the-end/. Retrieved October 7, 2011. "Through sheer hard work... Jobs changed the world, not once, but three times. His companies and products have delighted and inspired hundreds of millions."
- ^ a b Rushton, Katherine (October 6, 2011). "Apple: can the company continue the magic of Steve Jobs?". The Daily Telegraph (London: TMG). ISSN 0307-1235. OCLC 49632006. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/apple/8810051/Apple-can-the-company-continue-the-magic-of-Steve-Jobs.html. Retrieved October 6, 2011. "Steve Jobs encapsulated a rare union of technological genius and an instinctive and perfectionist eye for design ... his death is a major loss to the world at large"
- ^ Schuman, Michael (October 6, 2011). "Steve Jobs the businessman: Can Apple thrive without him?". Time. http://curiouscapitalist.blogs.time.com/2011/10/06/steve-jobs-the-businessman-can-apple-thrive-without-him. Retrieved October 6, 2011. "[I]n the world of business, he will also be honored as an absolutely brilliant CEO ... Jobs was probably unrivaled in the world today in matching great ideas with savvy marketing and pristine execution"
- ^ a b c Chapman, Glen (October 6, 2011). "Apple 'genius' Steve Jobs dies from cancer". WNCF TV. http://www.wncftv.com/news/entertainment/?feed=bim&id=131228449. Retrieved October 6, 2011. "Tributes flowed in from around the world ... Ordinary people, many of whom learned of his death on their iPhones and iPads, swamped Twitter using the trending hashtag #thankyousteve to pay tribute..."
- ^ Gelernter, David (October 6, 2011). "Steve Jobs and the Coolest Show on Earth". The Wall Street Journal (New York: Dow Jones). ISSN 0099-9660. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203388804576614951355580150.html. Retrieved October 6, 2011. "Steve Jobs had a genius for seeing what was good and refining, repackaging and reselling it with dazzling panache. He knew what engineering was for, he understood elegance and he made machines that were works of art."
- ^ Cain Miller, Claire (August 25, 2011). "Where Some Earn Enmity, Jobs Won Affection". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/26/technology/jobs-rare-among-ceos-engendered-affection.html. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
- ^ Nocera, Joe (August 26, 2011). "What Makes Steve Jobs Great". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/27/opinion/nocera-what-makes-steve-jobs-great.html. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
- ^ Jon Stewart (October 6, 2011). October 06, 2011 – Jason Sudeikis. Comedy Partners. Event occurs at 19:45. http://www.thedailyshow.com/full-episodes/thu-october-6-2011-jason-sudeikis. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
- ^ a b "Steve Jobs statue unveiled in Hungary science park". GlobalPost. December 21, 2011. http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/weird-wide-web/steve-jobs-apple-iphone-statue-budapest-hungary-graphisoft. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
- ^ "Thomas Edison, Steve Jobs top young adult list of greatest innovators". Los Angeles Times. 2012-01-27. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2012/01/thomas-edison-steve-jobs-top-young-adult-list-of-greatest-innovators.html. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
- ^ Arico, Joe (December 22, 2011). "Steve Jobs Wins Special Grammy". Mobiledia.com. http://www.mobiledia.com/news/121854.html. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
- ^ "Fortune Names Steve Jobs "Greatest Entrepreneur Of Our Time"". Fortune. 2012-03-26. http://www.everythingicafe.com/fortune-names-steve-jobs-greatest-entrepreneur-of-our-time/2012/03/26/. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
- ^ "John Carter Dedicated to Steve Jobs". Vulture. 2012-04-08. http://www.vulture.com/2012/02/john-carter-dedicated-to-steve-jobs.html. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
- ^ Nede, Jethro (October 10, 2011). ""MythBusters" stars Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman host the one-hour documentary". Hollywoodreporter.com. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/steve-jobs-documentary-on-discovery-246273. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- ^ "Steve Jobs: One Last Thing PBS show website". Pbs.org. 2011-10-05. http://www.pbs.org/programs/steve-jobs-one-last-thing. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- ^ The narrator in the UK version of the show has a British accent, for the purpose of catering to the local market.
- ^ Truta, Filip. "'Steve Jobs: iChanged the World' Documentary Airs Tonight in the UK". Softpedia. http://news.softpedia.com/news/Steve-Jobs-iChanged-the-World-Documentary-Airs-Tonight-in-the-UK-232019.shtml. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
- ^ "Steve Jobs: iChanged the World". http://www.channel4.com. http://www.channel4.com/programmes/steve-jobs-ichanged-the-world/4od. Retrieved 2011-11-15.
- ^ Hindustan Times- FBI releases file on Steve Jobs
- ^ Joshua Michael Stern will begin shooting the film in May, with Five Star Institute's Mark Hulme producing and financing; Sony is planning a separate Jobs biopic.
- ^ "Noah Wyle on playing Steve Jobs" Fortune
- ^ "The Agony and Ecstasy of Steve Jobs", The Public Theater website
Further reading[link]
- Butcher, Lee (1987). Accidental Millionaire: The rise and fall of Steve Jobs at Apple. Paragon House. ISBN 978-0-913729-79-3.
- Caddes, Carolyn (1986). Portraits of Success: Impressions of Silicon Valley Pioneers. Tioga Publishing Co.. ISBN 0-935382-56-9.
- Cringely, Robert X. (1996). Accidental Empires. HarperBusiness. ISBN 0-88730-855-4.
- Denning, Peter J.; Frenkel, Karen A. (1989). "A conversation with Steve Jobs". Communications of the ACM 32 (4): 436–433. DOI:10.1145/63334.63336.
- Deutschman, Alan (2001). The Second Coming of Steve Jobs. Broadway. ISBN 0-7679-0433-8.
- Freiberger, Paul; Swaine, Michael (1999). Fire in the Valley: The Making of The Personal Computer. McGraw-Hill Trade. ISBN 0-07-135892-7.
- Hertzfeld, Andy (2004). Revolution in the Valley. O'Reilly Books. ISBN 0-596-00719-1.
- Kahney, Leander (2004). The Cult of Mac. No Starch Press. ISBN 1-886411-83-2.
- Levy, Steven (1984). Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. Anchor Press, Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-19195-2.
- Levy, Steven (1994). Insanely Great: The Life and Times of Macintosh, the Computer that Changed Everything. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-85244-9.
- Malone, Michael S. (1999). Infinite Loop. Aurum Press. ISBN 1-85410-638-4. Bantam Doubleday Dell. ISBN 0-385-48684-7.
- Markoff, John (2005). What the Dormouse Said: How the 60s Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-03382-0.
- Simon, William L.; Young, Jeffrey S. (2005). iCon: Steve Jobs, The Greatest Second Act in the History of Business. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-72083-6.
- Stross, Randall E. (1993). Steve Jobs and The NeXT Big Thing. Atheneum Books. ISBN 0-689-12135-0.
- Slater, Robert (1987). Portraits in Silicon. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-19262-4. Chapter 28
- Young, Jeffrey S. (1988). Steve Jobs: The Journey is the Reward. Scott, Foresman & Co.. ISBN 0-673-18864-7.
- Wozniak, Steve (2006). iWoz: Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I invented the personal computer, co-founded Apple and had fun doing it. W. W. Norton & Co.. ISBN 0-393-06143-4.
External links[link]
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Book: Apple Inc. |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
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Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
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Images and media from Commons |
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Learning resources from Wikiversity |
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News stories from Wikinews |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
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Source texts from Wikisource |
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Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- Jobs's Macworld keynote in 1997 where he announced the partnership with Microsoft on YouTube
- Steve Jobs (June 2005). Steve Jobs's 2005 Stanford Commencement Address. Stanford University. http://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/june15/videos/987.html.
- "Thoughts on Flash" by Steve Jobs, April 2010.
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Steve Jobs at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Steve Jobs in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Steve Jobs collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Steve Jobs collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Steve Jobs collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
- Bloomberg Game Changers: Steve Jobs A 48 minute video on Steve Jobs by Bloomberg
- Steve Jobs Profile at Forbes
- Cammeron, Brenna (October 5, 2011). "Steve Jobs Dies: A Timeline Of His Health". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/05/steve-jobs-health-timeline_n_997313.html.
- "Steve Jobs collected news and commentary at". AllThingsD. http://allthingsd.com/tag/steve-jobs/.
- Steve Jobs remembrance notes from the community.
- Federal Bureau of Investigation dossier on Steven Paul Jobs.
Articles[link]
- "Thirty Years of Innovation at Apple: Jobs on the Job". Time (Time Inc. (Time Warner)). 2007. http://www.time.com/time/photoessays/2007/steve_jobs/. Retrieved (secondly) February 21, 2012. [dead link]
- Hertzfeld, Andy. "The Original Macintosh". folklore.org (Andy Hertzfeld). http://folklore.org/ProjectView.py?project=Macintosh&characters=Steve%20Jobs&detail=medium. Retrieved (secondly) February 21, 2012.
- Lohr, Steve (January 12, 1997). "Creating Jobs". The New York Times Magazine (The New York Times Company). http://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/12/magazine/creating-jobs.html. Retrieved (secondly) February 21, 2012.
- Booth, Cathy; Jackson, David S.; Marchant, Valerie (October 6, 2011). "STEVE'S JOB: RESTART APPLE". Time (Time Inc. (Time Warner)). http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,986849,00.html. Retrieved (secondly) February 21, 2012.
- Elkind, Peter (March 5, 2008). "The trouble with Steve Jobs". Fortune (Time Inc. (Time Warner)). http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/02/news/companies/elkind_jobs.fortune/index.htm. Retrieved March 5, 2008.
- McCracken, Harry (October 5, 2011). "Steve Jobs, 1955–2011: Mourning Technology's Great Reinventor". Time (Time Inc. (Time Warner)). http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,2096251,00.html. Retrieved (secondly) February 21, 2012.
- "The FBI File on Steve Jobs". The Wall Street Journal (Dow Jones & Company). http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203646004577213042545376200.html. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
Interviews[link]
- Steve Jobs in 1994: The Rolling Stone Interview, Rolling Stone – 1994, republished January 17, 2011. Archived URL
- Smithsonian Institution Oral History InterviewPDF (143 KB) – April 20, 1995.
- The Seed of Apple's Innovation, BusinessWeek – October 12, 2004.
- How Big Can Apple Get?, Fortune – February 21, 2005.
- 'Good for the Soul' at the Wayback Machine (archived October 22, 2006) Newsweek, October 15, 2006.
- Bill Gates and Steve Jobs (video and transcript of on stage interview), AllThingsD, May 30, 2007.
- Videotaped Deposition of Steven P. Jobs in front of the Securities and Exchange Commission, March 18, 2008
- Interview with Abdulfattah "John" Jandali, Jobs's biological father, by Mohannad Al-Haj Ali, published in Al Hayat and reprinted by Ya Libnan, February 28, 2011
- Steve Jobs on Charlie Rose
- "Steve Jobs's Appearances at D, the Full Video Sessions". AllThingsD. http://allthingsd.com/20111005/steve-jobs-appearances-at-d-the-full-sessions/.
| Business positions | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Gil Amelio |
CEO of Apple 1997–2011 |
Succeeded by Tim Cook |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Jobs, Steve |
| Alternative names | Jobs, Steven Paul |
| Short description | CEO and Co-Founder of Apple, Inc. |
| Date of birth | 1955-02-24 |
| Place of birth | San Francisco, California, United States |
| Date of death | 2011-10-05 |
| Place of death | Palo Alto, California, United States |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
