Different symbols have been and are used for the decimal mark. The choice of symbol for the decimal mark affects the choice of symbol for the thousands separator used in digit grouping. Consequently the latter is treated in this article as well.

The decimal mark is mathematically a radix point. The English term decimal is limited to base ten, but the separator in non-decimal numeral systems may be referred to as a radix point. In a binary system, it is sometimes referred to as binary point.

History[link]

In the Middle Ages, before printing, a bar ( ¯ ) over the units digit was used to separate the integral part of a number from its fractional part, a tradition derived from the decimal system used in Indian mathematics.^[1] Its regular usage and classification can be attributed to the Persian mathematician Al-Khwarizmi,^[2] when Latin translation of his work on the Indian numerals introduced the decimal positional number system to the Western world. His Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing presented the first systematic solution of linear and quadratic equations in Arabic.

It remains in common use as an underbar to superscript digits, especially for monetary pricing values. e.g. 99⁹⁵ without a decimal point.

Later, a separator (ˌ) (a short, roughly vertical, ink stroke) between the units and tenths position became the norm among Islamic mathematicians. When this character was typeset, it was convenient to use the existing comma (,) or Full stop (.) instead.

In France, the full stop was already in use in printing to make Roman numerals more readable, so the comma was chosen. Many other countries also chose to use the comma to mark the decimal units position, such as Italy.^[3] It has been made standard by the ISO for international blueprints. However, English-speaking countries took the comma to separate sequences of three digits.

In the United States, the period (.), which is called a "stop" or "full stop" in other countries, was used as the standard decimal mark. In the nations of the British Empire, although the full stop could be used in typewritten material, the point (mid dot: ·), which can also be called an interpunct (often referred to as the decimal point) was preferred for the decimal mark in printing technologies that could accommodate it.^[4] This had the advantage of reducing confusion in the countries that used the full stop to separate groups of digits and it was generally clearer in handwriting (particularly when writing on a dotted baseline as on many forms). However, as the mid dot was already in common use in the mathematics world to indicate multiplication, the SI rejected its use as the decimal mark. However, the use of the full stop as decimal mark was not banned. British aviation magazines thus switched to the US form in the late twentieth century.

When South Africa adopted the metric system, it adopted the comma as its decimal mark ^[5], although a number of house styles, including leading newspapers like The Star and The Sunday Times continue to use the decimal point.

The three most spoken international auxiliary languages, Ido, Esperanto, and Interlingua all use the comma as the official radix point, or decimal point. Interlingua has used the comma as its decimal mark since the publication of the Interlingua Grammar in 1951.^[6] Esperanto also uses the comma as its official decimal mark, while thousands are separated by non-breaking spaces: 12 345 678,9. Ido's Kompleta Gramatiko Detaloza di la Linguo Internaciona Ido (Complete Detailed Grammer of the International Language Ido) officially states that commas are used for the decimal point while full stops are used to separate thousands, millions, etc. So the US number 12,345,678.90123 for instance, would be written 12.345.678,90123 in Ido. The 1931 grammar of Volapük by Arie de Jong uses the comma as its decimal mark, and (somewhat unusually) uses the middle dot as the thousands separator (12·345·678,90123).^[7]

In 1958, disputes between European and American delegates over the correct representation of the decimal mark nearly stalled the development of the ALGOL computer programming language.^[8] ALGOL ended up allowing different decimal marks, but most computer languages and standard data formats (e.g. C, Java, Fortran, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)) specify a dot.

The 22nd General Conference on Weights and Measures declared in 2003 that "the symbol for the decimal marker shall be either the point on the line or the comma on the line". It further reaffirmed that "numbers may be divided in groups of three in order to facilitate reading; neither dots nor commas are ever inserted in the spaces between groups".^[9]

Digit grouping[link]

For ease of reading, numbers with many digits before or after the decimal mark may be divided into groups using a delimiter, with the counting of groups starting from the decimal mark in both directions.^[10] This delimiter is usually called a thousands separator, because the digits are usually in groups of three, that is, thousands. The most general name for this delimiter is digit group separator, because thousands are not always the relevant group. For example, in various countries (e.g., China, India, and Japan), there have been traditional conventions of grouping by 2 or 4 digits. These conventions are still observed in some contexts, although the 3-digit group convention is also well known and often used. Making groups of three digits also emphasizes that there is a base 1000 of the numeral system that is being used, which is not always a given (for example, in computer science).

As with the decimal mark, there have been several common conventions for which character to use for the digit group separator. If the decimal mark is a point, the digit group separator is often a comma or a space. If the decimal mark is a comma, the digit group separator is often a point or a space. The problem with the point and the comma as either decimal mark or digit group separator is that, internationally, they have both often been used for both meanings, and their meaning is context-dependent (one must know which notational system is being used in order to interpret them). Therefore the space is recommended in the SI/ISO 31-0 standard,^[11] and the International Bureau of Weights and Measures states that "for numbers with many digits the digits may be divided into groups of three by a thin space, in order to facilitate reading. Neither dots nor commas are inserted in the spaces between groups of three".^[12] Other style-defining bodies are also moving toward this clearer notation. For example, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) suggest never using a comma or a point as thousands separator: "For numbers with many digits, the digits may be separated in groups of three, counting from the decimal sign toward the left and the right. The groups should be separated by a thin space (half space), and never by a comma or a point, or by any other means."^[13] The American Medical Association, whose AMA Manual of Style is widely followed in health professions literature, also endorses a space for digit group separator.^[10] (Specifically, a thin space is endorsed for typesetting; a regular word space is sufficient wherever typographical nicety is impractical.) The United Kingdom Metrication Board also proposed this system for Metrication in the United Kingdom and, while not universally adopted, it is the standard in the UK construction industry.

Exceptions to digit grouping[link]

The International Bureau of Weights and Measures states that "when there are only four digits before or after the decimal marker, it is customary not to use a space to isolate a single digit".^[12] Some manuals of style state that thousands separators should not be used in normal text for numbers from 1000 to 9999 inclusive where no decimal fractional part is shown (in other words, for four-digit whole numbers), whereas others use thousands separators, and others use both. For example, the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association stipulates a thousands separator for "most figures of 1,000 or more" except for page numbers, binary digits, temperatures, etc.

There are always common-sense exceptions to digit grouping, such as postal codes, page numbers, and ID numbers of predefined nongrouped format, which style guides usually point out.

In non base-10 numbering systems[link]

In binary (base 2), a full space can be used between groups of four digits.

Similarly, in hexadecimal (base 16), full spaces are usually used to group digits into twos.

Influence of calculators and computers[link]

In countries with a decimal comma, the decimal point is also common as the "international" notation because of the influence of devices, such as electronic calculators, which use the decimal point. Most computer operating systems allow selection of the decimal mark and programs that have been carefully internationalised will follow this, but some programs ignore it and a few are even broken by it.

Hindu-Arabic numeral system[link]

Decimal marks:
Full Stop "." — Blue
Comma "," — Green
Eastern Arabic numerals — Red
Data unavailable — Grey

Countries using Arabic numerals with decimal point[link]

Countries where a dot "." is used to mark the radix point include:

Australia, Botswana, British West Indies, Brunei, Canada (English-speaking), Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Hong Kong, India, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Kenya, Korea (both North and South), Lebanon, Luxembourg (uses both marks officially), Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, Nepal, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, People's Republic of China, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Switzerland (when the amount is in Swiss francs^[14]), Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States (including insular areas), Zimbabwe.

Countries using Arabic numerals with decimal comma[link]

Countries where a comma "," is used to mark the radix point include:

Albania, Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada (French-speaking), Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia (comma used officially, but both forms are in use elsewhere), Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Estonia, Faroes, Finland, France, Germany, Georgia, Greece, Greenland, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kirgistan, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Luxembourg (uses both marks officially), Macau (in Portuguese text), Macedonia, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa (officially^[15]), Spain, Sweden, Switzerland (when the amount is not in Swiss francs^[16]), Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam.

Other numeral systems[link]

In the Arab world, where Eastern Arabic numerals are used for writing numbers, a different character is used to separate the integer and fractional parts of numbers. It is referred to as Arabic Decimal Separator in Unicode. An Arabic Thousands Separator also exists.

In Persian, the decimal mark is called Momayyez, which is written like a forward slash— there is a small difference between the "comma" character used in sentences and the Momayyez (٫) used to separate sequences of three digits. To separate sequences of three digits, a comma or blank space may be used; however this is not a standard.^[17][18][19]

Examples of use[link]

The following examples show the decimal mark and the thousands separator; the lists are ordered chronologically, by when each country adopted the use:

• In Albania, Belgium, Bosnia, Estonia, France, Finland, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia and much of Latin Europe as well as French Canada: 1 234 567,89 (In Spain, in handwriting it is also common to use an upper comma: 1.234.567'89)^{[citation needed]}

• In Brazil, Germany, Netherlands, Denmark, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, Slovenia, Greece and much of Europe: 1 234 567,89 or 1.234.567,89. In handwriting, 1˙234˙567,89 is also seen, but never in Denmark, the Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden or Slovenia. In Italy a straight apostrophe is also used in handwriting: 1'234'567,89.

• In Switzerland: There are two cases. 1'234'567.89 is used for currency values. An apostrophe as thousands separator along with a "." as decimal symbol. For other values the SI style 1 234 567,89 is used with a "," as decimal symbol. When handwriting, a straight apostrophe is often used as the thousands separator for non-currency values: 1'234'567,89.

• In English Canada, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Korea (both), Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, the Philippines, the United Kingdom, and the United States: 1,234,567.89 or 1,234,567·89; the latter is generally found only in older, and especially handwritten, documents. Australia used this style up until the 1970s; now it uses the SI style. ^[20]

• In Croatia and Serbia, the comma is used as the decimal separator and the thousands are either separated with blanks (whitespaces) or alternating dots and commas, e.g., either 1 234 567 890 123,45 or 1,234.567,890.123,45.^{[citation needed]}

• SI style: 1 234 567.89 or 1 234 567,89 (in their own publications the dot is used in the English version and the comma in the French version).

• In China, comma and space are used to mark digit groups because dot is used as decimal mark. There is no universal convention on digit grouping, so both thousands grouping and no digit grouping can be found. However, grouping can also be done every four digits: 123,4567.89, since names for large numbers in Chinese are based on powers of 10,000 (e.g. the next new word is for 10⁸). Japan is similar.

• In Mexico: 1'234,567.89; for million separator an apostrophe is used.

• In India, due to a numeral system using lakhs (lacs) (1,00,000 equal to 100 000) and crores (1,00,00,000 equal to 10 000 000), comma is used at levels of thousand, lakh and crore, for example, 10 million (1 crore) would be written as 1,00,00,000.

See also[link]

• Algorism
• International System of Units

References[link]

Ian Bruce "Turps" Turpie (6 November 1943^[1] – 11 March 2012) was an Australian television personality, best known for hosting the long-running game show The Price Is Right.

Career[link]

Early life[link]

Turpie was born in Melbourne on 6 November 1943, Turpie began his entertainment career at the age of 10, when he was accepted at the Hector Crawford Drama School and gained recognition as a juvenile actor working in radio and theatre. He starred in a number of radio programmes alongside Sir Robert Helpmann and June Bronhill, and featured in the radio series D24.^[2]

During his teens, he discovered a passion for music and focused on playing guitar, songwriting and singing. By the age of 16, Turpie was a seasoned radio and stage performer, touring Australia in such hits as Peter Pan, Auntie Mame and Bye Bye Birdie, and appearing in several National Theatre productions including Shakespeare's Macbeth.^[2]

Television and personal life[link]

Television soon beckoned; in 1964, Turpie played a student shot dead in a mock bank robbery in the opening scene to the debut episode of the iconic Crawford police series Homicide, having earlier appeared in a featured guest role in an episode of the courtroom drama Consider Your Verdict.

Turpie made regular appearances on Bandstand, Time For Terry and The Graham Kennedy Show. Turpie's talents as musician and compere were recognised at 21, when he replaced Johnny O'Keefe for a stint as national television compere on Sing Sing Sing. He was subsequently chosen to host the top-rating teenage variety show The Go!! Show from mid 1965 until the end of 1966. He was an early boyfriend of Olivia Newton-John, with whom he had starred in the 1965 Australian musical telefilm Funny Things Happen Down Under, Newton-John's debut performance.

In the 1970s, Turpie moved to Sydney to work the club circuit, and continued to make guest appearances on numerous television shows including The Mike Walsh Show, The Bert Newton Show, A Guy Called Athol and the ABC variety series Follies.

In the 1980s, Turpie became a nation-wide figure as host of the highly successful, frenzied game show The New Price Is Right. This was followed by other game shows including Press Your Luck and Supermarket Sweep.

In the 1990s, Ian developed cult status following a regular four-year stint as Club President on Roy & HG's Club Buggery. Known as the "Giant of the G Chord", he performed renditions of such classics as Nirvana's Smells Like Teen Spirit, and, complete with suspenders, The Rocky Horror Picture Show's Time Warp. Less serious Club Buggery appearances in Turps about the House, Captain Ajax and Sam Stain showcased his comedic talents, as did a semi-regular role as cabaret-style singer Rolan Fields in drama series Always Greener (2001–03). From 2000 he acted in Pizza, Swift and Shift Couriers and had a lead role in Housos as Wazza Jones, who was also the program's narrator.

In 2004 the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) took legal action against Ian Turpie for misleading and deceptive conduct in breach of the Trade Practices Act. The ACCC alleged Turpie had made false claims (that he was losing his sexual potency) in advertisements for an erectile dysfunction treatment spray from Australian Medical Institute.^[3][4][5]

In 2005 Turpie pleaded guilty to drink driving after driving in Manly, New South Wales, with a blood alcohol level of 0.08 (the legal limit in NSW is 0.05). He was fined $867 and had his drivers licence suspended for 6 months; however this was overturned on appeal. After taking into account Turpie's charity work, and his need to drive to work, Judge Reg Blanch ordered that no conviction be recorded. Turpie told reporters he was sorry for doing a "stupid thing".^[6]

Death[link]

On 18 February 2011 it was announced that Turpie had been diagnosed with throat cancer.^[7] He died on 11 March 2012, aged 68.^[8]

Turpie was married to his wife Jan for 44 years and had three children and three grandchildren.

Awards[link]

• Mo Award Hall of Fame (2011)^[9]
• Penguin Award, Best Light Entertainment, The New Price Is Right (1985)
• Logie Award, Most Popular Western Australia Show, Turpie Tonight (1983)
• Penguin Award, Best Light Entertainment, The New Price Is Right (1982)

Filmography[link]

• Funny Things Happen Down Under, as Lennie (1965)
• Heaven's Burning, cameo as used car salesman (1997)
• All the Way (1998)
• Somewhere in the Darkness, as the Weatherman (1998)
• Kissing Kimberley Cooper (Tropfest film)

TV[link]

Acting[link]

• Homicide (1964) 1 episode
• The Magic Boomerang (1965) 1 episode
• Consider Your Verdict (1966) 1 episode
• Always Greener as Rolan Fields (2002–2003) 6 episodes
• Swift and Shift Couriers as Keith Warne (2008, 2011) 19 episodes
• Double the Fist as M.C (2008) 1 episode
• Housos as Wazza (2011)

Host regular[link]

• Sing, Sing, Sing (replacing Johnnie O'Keefe)
• The Go!! Show
• Time for Terry co-host with Terry O'Neill
• Surprise, Surprise — co-host with Tommy Hanlon Jr
• The New Price Is Right (1981–1986)
• The Price Is Right (1989)
• Newlyweds Game
• Press Your Luck, Seven Network (1987–1988)
• Supermarket Sweep, Nine Network (1992–1994)
• Club Buggery, ABC (1996–1997)
• Turpie Tonight

Guest appearances[link]

• The Young Entertainers
• This is your Life (with Mike Munro)
• Love is in the Air
• Long Way to the Top
• All the Way
• Theatre Royal
• Revue 7
• TeenTime
• Kommotion
• Bandstand (Brian Henderson)
• Steve Vizard Tonight
• Bert Newton Show
• Blankety Blanks (Graham Kennedy)
• Family Feud (Rob Brough)
• The Fat (Tony Squires)
• Mike Walsh Show
• Don Lane Show
• Hey Hey It's Saturday (Daryl Somers)
• Celebrity Who Wants to be a Millionaire?
• Celebrity Wheel of Fortune
• Penthouse Club (Mary Hardy)
• Bandstand
• A Guy Called Athol
• ABC Follies
• The Melbourne Show
• Supermarket Sweep
• Spicks & Specks
• We'll Call You

Theatre[link]

• Toad of Toad Hall, Boronia State School
• Peter Pan, Princess Theatre
• Nude with Violin (with Sir Robert Helpmann), Comedy Theatre
• Auntie Mame (with Shirl Conway), Princess Theatre
• MacBeth, National Theatre
• Bye Bye Birdie, Her Majesty's Theatre
• Rock Opera — Hero, Seymour Centre (with Graham Bond)
• Rock Opera — Jesus Christ Superstar (with Marcia Hines & John English), St George Leagues Club
• Bull and Bush Theatre Restaurant Show "Bubble & Squeak" (with Noel Ferrier & Jill Perryman)

Radio[link]

• ABC Play "D24"
• ABC Play "Five Find Outers"
• Evening Host 2CH

Discography[link]

• Turps is the Talk of the Town
• Decimal point (1967) (For the decimalisation of New Zealand)

Charity work[link]

Turpie was involved with the following charities: Australia Day ambassador (since 1995), Make a Wish Foundation, Merry Makers, Sunnyfield Association, Meningococcal Association, Children with Cancer, Lifeforce, Sydney Children's Hospital (Celebrity Golf Days), Alzheimer's Australia NSW and Rotary Club.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Ian Turpie official website
• Ian Turpie at the Internet Movie Database
• Olivia Newton-John Interview reference to Ian Turpie
• Ian Turpie interview regarding his 1965 Christmas tour of Vietnam