A style guide or style manual is a set of standards for the writing and design of documents, either for general use or for a specific publication, organization or field. The implementation of a style guide provides uniformity in style and formatting of a document.

A set of standards for a specific organization is often known as "house style." Style guides are common for general and specialized use, for the general reading and writing audience, and for students and scholars of various academic disciplines, medicine, journalism, the law, government, business, and industry.^{[citation needed]}

Organizations advocating for social minorities sometimes establish what they believe to be fair and correct language treatment of their audiences.^{[citation needed]}

Some style guides focus on graphic design, focusing on such topics as typography and white space. Web site style guides cover a publication's visual and technical aspects, along with text.

Many style guides are revised periodically to accommodate changes in conventions and usage. The Associated Press Stylebook, for example, is revised annually.

History[link]

Publishers' style guides establish house rules for language use, such as spelling, italics and punctuation; their major purpose is consistency. They are rulebooks for writers, ensuring consistent language. Authors are asked or required to use a style guide in preparing their work for publication; copy editors are charged with enforcing the publishing house's style.

Academic organization and university style guides are rigorous about documentation formatting style for citations and bibliographies used for preparing term papers for course credit and manuscripts for publication.^{[citation needed]} Professional scholars are advised to follow the style guides of organizations in their disciplines when they submit articles and books to academic journals and academic book publishers in those disciplines for consideration of publication. Once they have accepted work for publication, publishers provide authors with their own guidelines and specifications, which may differ from those required for submission, and editors may assist authors in preparing their work for press.

A page from an "identity standards manual"—so named for the field of graphic design that focuses on corporate identity design and branding—that identifies color standards to be used.

Some organizations, other than those previously mentioned, produce style guides for either internal or external use. For example, communications and public relations departments of business and nonprofit organizations have style guides for their publications (newsletters, news releases, web sites). Organizations advocating for social minorities sometimes establish what they believe to be fair and correct language treatment of their audiences.

Many publications (notably newspapers) use graphic design style guides to demonstrate the preferred layout and formatting of a published page. They often are extremely detailed in specifying, for example, which fonts and colors to use. Such guides allow a large design team to produce visually consistent work for the organization.^{[citation needed]}

Examples[link]

International[link]

Several basic style guides for technical and scientific communication have been defined by international standards organizations. These are often used as elements of and refined in more specialized style guides that are specific to a subject, region or organization. One example is ISO 215 — Presentation of contributions to periodicals & other serials.

Europe[link]

The European Union publishes an Interinstitutional Style Guide—encompassing 23 languages across the European Union. This manual is "obligatory" for all those employed by the institutions of the EU who are involved in preparing EU documents and works.^[1]

The Directorate-General for Translation of the European Commission publishes its own English Style Guide, intended primarily for English-language authors and translators, but aiming to serve a wider readership as well.^[2]

Australia[link]

• Style Manual: For Authors, Editors and Printers by Snooks & Co for the Department of Finance and Administration. 6th ed. ISBN 0-7016-3648-3.
• Australian Guide to Legal Citation

Canada[link]

• The Canadian Style: A Guide to Writing and Editing: by Dundurn Press in co-operation with Public Works and the Government Services Canada Translation Bureau. ISBN 1-55002-276-8.
• CP Stylebook: Guide to newspaper style in Canada maintained by the Canadian Press. ISBN 0-920009-38-7.
• Lexicographical Centre for Canadian English A Dictionary of Canadianisms on historical principles: dictionary of Canadian English Walter Spencer Avis (ed.) Toronto: W.J. Gage (1967) OCLC 301088035

United Kingdom[link]

General[link]

• Copy-editing: The Cambridge Handbook for Editors, Authors and Publishers Judith Butcher. 3rd ed. 1992 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-40074-0
• Fowler's Modern English Usage. Ed. R. W. Burchfield. Rev. 3rd ed. London: Clarendon Press, 2004. ISBN 0-19-861021-1 (hardcover). Based on Fowler's Modern English Usage, by Henry Watson Fowler.
• The King's English, by Henry Watson Fowler and Francis George Fowler.
• New Hart's Rules (2005 ed.).
• The Complete Plain Words, by Sir Ernest Gowers.
• Usage and Abusage, by Eric Partridge.

Journalism[link]

• The BBC News Style Guide: by the British Broadcasting Corporation.^[3]
• The Economist Style Guide: by The Economist (UK).^[4]
• The Guardian Style Guide: by The Guardian (United Kingdom)^[5]
• The Times Style and Usage Guide, by The Times.^[6]
• The Associated Press Stylebook, by The Associated Press.^[7]

United States[link]

In the United States, most non-journalistic professional writing follows The Chicago Manual of Style,^[8] "one of the most widely used and respected style guides in the United States".^[9] Scholarly writing may follow the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing.^[10] A classic style guide for the general public is The Elements of Style.

Journalism generally follows the Associated Press Stylebook.

General[link]

• The Careful Writer, by Theodore Bernstein.
• The Elements of Style, by William Strunk, Jr. and E. B. White. (Commonly called "Strunk and White")
• Style: Lessons in Clarity and Grace, by Joseph M. Williams
• The Well-Spoken Thesaurus, by Tom Heehler

Academic papers[link]

• A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, Seventh Edition: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers, by Kate L. Turabian. (Commonly called "Turabian style".)
• MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers by Joseph Gibaldi. (Commonly called "MLA style".)
• Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association by the American Psychological Association. Primarily used in social sciences. (Commonly called "APA style".)
• AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors by the American Medical Association. Primarily used in medicine. (Commonly called "AMA style".)
• Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers by the Council of Science Editors. Used widely in the natural sciences, especially the life sciences. (Commonly called "CSE style".)
• The printed versions of the manual produced by the American Chemical Society (ACS) are entitled ACS Style Guide: Effective Communication of Scientific Information, 3rd ed. (2006), edited by Anne M. Coghill and Lorrin R. Garson, and ACS Style Guide: A Manual for Authors and Editors (1997). Primarily used for the physical sciences, such as physical chemistry, physics, and related disciplines. (Commonly called "ACS style".)

Business[link]

• The Gregg Reference Manual, by William A. Sabin.

Law[link]

Legal writers in most law schools in the United States are trained using the Bluebook Uniform System for Citation, which was developed jointly by the faculty at Harvard and Columbia Universities' Schools of Law. Despite this near uniform training, nearly every state has appellate court rules that specify citation methods and writing styles specific to that state and the Supreme Court of the United States has its own citation method. Most states' methods and the Supreme Court method are derived from the Bluebook. There are also several other citation manuals available to legal writers in wide usage in the United States. Virtually all large law firms maintain their own citation manual and several major publishers of legal texts (West, Lexis-Nexis, Hein, et al. maintain their own systems.

Journalism[link]

• The Associated Press Stylebook. By the Associated Press (AP).

General publishing[link]

• The Chicago Manual of Style, by University of Chicago Press staff.
• Words into Type, by Marjorie E. Skillin, Robert M. Gay, et al.

Web publishing[link]

• The Yahoo! Style Guide: The Ultimate Sourcebook for Writing, Editing and Creating Content for the Web, by Chris Barr and the Yahoo! Editorial Staff.

See also[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Look up stylebook or usage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• But the stylebook says ... -- Blog post about stylebook abuse, by Bill Walsh of The Washington Post
• Handouts about writing style guides, from a conferences of the American Copy Editors Society in 2007
  • How to Write a Stylebook in 10 Easy Steps (Link is no good.) , by William G. Connolly
  • Creating an In-House Stylebook (Link is no good.) , by Doug Kouma of Meredith Special Interest Media
• Language Log » Searching 43 stylebooks

Megan and Liz (commonly stylized as Megan & Liz) are American pop girl band composed of fraternal twin sisters, Megan and Liz Mace, from Edwardsburg, Michigan. They are both songwriters, and Megan is their guitarist.

Early life[link]

Megan McKinley Mace and Elizabeth Morgan Mace were born on November 21, 1992 in Edwardsburg, Michigan. Megan is the older twin.^{[citation needed]}

YouTube success[link]

Their first video on YouTube, entitled "This Note", is a song which they wrote aged 15.^[1] Their first cover was of "Ain't No Mountain High Enough", originally written by Nickolas Ashford & Valerie Simpson and performed by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell, but better known from Diana Ross's cover in 1970. They have posted 22 original songs on YouTube (as of March 2012).^[2]

Their YouTube channel currently has over 676,000 subscribers and over 139 million video views. They are the 34th most subscribed music channel on YouTube.^[3]

The duo released their first official music video on May 20, 2011 ^[4] of their self-written song "Happy Never After." Since then they have posted 5 original and official videos. Two days later, on May 22, 2011, Megan and Liz performed at the Totally Tube concert in Westbury, New York, alongside fellow YouTubers Kurt Schneider, Tiffany Alvord, Joseph Vincent, Kait Weston, and Jenna Rose.

Since moving to Nashville, Tennessee the duo has been added to Nashville Hootenanny's 'Teen Hoot' roster, where local artists perform for a crowd of teens at Westwood Studios. Megan and Liz have appeared in June 26, 2011 and August 20, 2011 performances and play both covers and original songs for further shows.^[5] In the August 20 show, they performed a duet with "Need Your Poison" co-writers Memphis High.

Their second music video, "Rest of You", was released on June 17, 2011.^[6] The video was shot in their hometown of Edwardsburg with several of their friends. Views of Lake Michigan can be seen in the video. The single was released two days prior to the music video's release on YouTube and Celebuzz.

In the beginning of August 2011, Megan and Liz debuted their new single, "Here I Go", on Celebuzz!. The song was co-written by the girls and Paula Winger.^[7]

In late August 2011, the twins released their next original song, "Run Away", along with a corresponding music video. The girls co-wrote the song with Alexz Johnson and Jimmy Robbins. The video was shot at Edwin Warner Park in Nashville.^[8]

"World's Gunna End", another Megan and Liz original, was released on September 6, 2011. The accompanying music video was released on September 12. Megan and Liz co-wrote the song back in May 2011 with songwriter and music producer Chris Sernel.^[9] The girls, along with their video producer (who had appeared in the "Here I Go" music video), visited over thirty locations in Nashville to shoot the many alternating scenes in the video.^[10] The girls released an acoustic version of the song as a free download on their Facebook fan page on October 3.^[11]

A Twinning Christmas EP (2011)[link]

In early September 2011, Megan revealed on her official Twitter account that they would be releasing a Christmas EP before the release of their debut album.^[12] Their EP, A Twinning Christmas, was released online (digitally on iTunes and Amazon MP3) on November 15, 2011.^[13] Their first original Christmas song, "It's Christmas Time", was released on November 8.

Debut Album and Recent Releases (2011-)[link]

In June 2011, the girls announced that they had officially begun production on their debut album, to be released in the spring of 2012.^[14]

In mid-September 2011, Megan & Liz announced that they were heading to Los Angeles, California to shoot multiple music videos. One of them was for an original song, "Are You Happy Now?" (co-written with Paula Winger), which was directed by Shenae Grimes of 90210. This song was also recorded for the Do Something organization against bullying.^[15] The single was released on October 8, 2011. The music video premiered on Teen.com on October 17, 2011. The website had been promoting Megan & Liz the week prior, including releasing exclusive behind-the-scenes footage of the video shoot with Grimes, premiering a video teaser, and hosting a giveaway of some of the props used in the video.^[16][17] As of now, an acoustic version of the song taken from one of their live performances is available as a free download on their Facebook fan page.^[18]

Their original song, "Old School Love",^[19] was released early on December 21, 2011, with the re-release slated for January 3, 2012. The filming of the video was completed on October 1, 2011.^[20] It was written by Megan and Liz, along with Alexz Johnson and Jimmy Robbins.^[21] The video was released on January 16, 2012.^[22]

The duo performed their unreleased song, titled "Switch Hearts", at a show at Michigan State University in late October. A new unreleased song, "Just Friends", can be heard in the girls' tour vlog released in early December.^[23][24] They have also performed their original, "Better Than Me," in November 2011. In late December 2011, it was revealed that the duo would be collaborating with Zach Porter from the boy band Allstar Weekend, on a song called "Telescope."^[25] Megan confirmed that this song will be featured on their debut album, along with "Switch Hearts."^[26] They filmed a music video for another unreleased song, "Long Distance," in middle of March.^[27] A demo version of the song was made available for download on April 9, 2012 when fans received ten clicks on their "share" links through a Facebook app.^[28]

On December 2, 2011, the girls performed at the annual 107.5 The River's Acoustic Christmas 2011 concert in Nashville, alongside Demi Lovato, Hot Chelle Rae, Colbie Caillat, Andy Grammer, and Cobra Starship.^[29] On December 9, the girls were invited to perform at Z100 Jingle Ball 2011 Pre-Show in New York City.^[30][31]

In January 2012, the girls travelled to L.A. to film a music video for another original song, "A Girl's Life."^[32] The video was released a short while later on January 30, 2012.^[33]

In May 2012, they performed on the Village stage at the annual Wango Tango concert event.^[34] In that same week, Megan & Liz won the Macy's iHeart Radio Rising Star contest, which means that they will be the opening act at the iHeart Radio Musical Festival, held in Las Vegas, Nevada in the September of 2012.^[35]

This Time EP (2012)[link]

Megan & Liz's fourth EP, This Time, will be sold in physical form for a limited time in F.y.e. stores nationwide. It was released on February 28, 2012.^[36] This EP contains seven original songs, six of which had previously been released as singles. The other original song is called "Princess Charming."^[37] The EP was also released on iTunes on February 20th.^[38]

Personal life[link]

Both of the girls attended Edwardsburg High School in Michigan, where they were both cheerleaders. After their relocation to Tennessee, they returned to Michigan to graduate with their class in June 2011.

Liz can play a little bit of piano and is currently attempting to learn the guitar in her spare time.^[39] Liz is also a vegetarian, while Megan is a pescatarian.

The twins have met and collaborated with several other fellow YouTube artists, such as Memphis High, Emily Harder, Boyce Avenue, and Tiffany Alvord. They have also listed YouTube artist Christina Grimmie as one of their inspirations.

Other inspirations of the Mace twins include Taylor Swift, Beyonce, Demi Lovato, Katy Perry and Aly & AJ.

They teamed up with Friskies to raise $1,000 for the Friends for Dearborn Animal Shelter during the 2010 holiday season. The donation was awarded when their holiday jingle video surpassed 100,000 views after 18 days.^[40]

As of May 2011, the sisters have relocated to Nashville, Tennessee to pursue more music opportunities.^[41][42] They now release their singles through Collective Sounds.^[43]

The duo also have a beauty channel on YouTube where they post videos that focus on hair, makeup, and style, as well as aspects of inner beauty.^[44]

Discography[link]

Megan & Liz have released two EPs. Their first EP is available for online download through Amazon.com and iTunes. It contained all original songs. Their self-titled second EP was only available to purchase on tour in February 2011. This EP contained three covers, as well as two original songs. Their cover "Your Guardian Angel" on the EP was previously unreleased and has not been released online. Their Christmas EP was released in November 2011, which contained two original songs and three covers of popular holiday songs.

Singles[link]

Tour[link]

In mid-January, the Mace twins announced they would be special guests along with Tiffany Alvord on tour with the band Boyce Avenue. They will be on tour from February 11 to February 27. On March 1 they announced that they will open for Boyce Avenue in two more shows at the end of the month. The dates are below:^[49]

In late August, Megan & Liz announced that they will be opening for Action Item on their upcoming, "The Stronger The Love" tour, along with Burnham, Hollywood Ending, and The After Party. They will appear in eight shows.^[50]

The girls joined Allstar Weekend along with Hollywood Ending, Before You Exit, and The After Party on select dates during the winter portion of their 2011-2012 tour.

In February 2012, Megan & Liz began their F.Y.E./radio tour, where they will travel to radio stations across the Mid-Western part of the United States. They will also be performing in various F.Y.E. stores while promoting their EP, "This Time". More dates are to be announced.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Megan and Liz official website
• Megan and Liz at Last.fm
• Megan and Liz YouTube band page

David James Gandy (born 19 February 1980 in Billericay, Essex, England) is an English model.^[1][2]

Career[link]

Gandy began modeling in 2002 after winning a daytime-TV model search competition (organized by Richard and Judy).^[3] At the time he had a job delivering cars to a car magazine.^[4] Gandy then signed with Public Image Worldwide, modeling mostly for catalog work in the UK market before making top model status for Dolce & Gabbana. He has appeared in numerous campaigns and catwalk shows for the luxury brand and has worked with supermodels such as Gemma Ward and Naomi Campbell .^[5] He is best known for his advert with Dolce & Gabbana's fragrance "Light Blue" which had 11million online hits and saw a 50 ft poster of him grace Times Square. He also modeled for the luxury brand's 2008 calendar, shot by top photographer, Mariano Vivanco.^[6] He returned to become the face of the second Light Blue fragrance campaign for 2010.

Other campaigns he's worked for include: 7 for all Mankind, Shiatzy Chen, Zara, Ermenegildo Zegna, and Stefanel. He also appeared on covers for VMan and L’Optimum and editorials for Harper's Bazaar and Spanish Glamour. In November of 2011, he appeared on the cover of Details (magazine) which was shot by photographer Norman Jean Roy. He modeled for Banana Republic's Spring 2012 collection. On 26 June 2009, Forbes Magazine ranked Gandy as the world's third most successful male model, behind Matt Gordon and Sean O'Pry.

Gandy was interviewed on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross which was aired on 30 April 2010 and is a regular blogger for Vogue magazine's website. In August 2010 it was reported he had begun an acting career by making a short film with Helena Christensen.^[7]

Gandy currently writes a blog for Vogue where he discusses his modelling and extra-curricular work such as his love for cars, February 2011.^[8] In March 2012, the UK's Battersea Dogs & Cats Home announced that Gandy would serve as the institution's first ambassador.^[9]

Gandy is currently ranked #8 in the list of "Money Guys" on models.com.^[10]

He is currently signed to DNA Model Management in New York City and Select Model Management in London.

Personal Life[link]

Gandy dated singer Mollie King for a period of 10 months, ending in February 2012.^[11]

References[link]

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