"Okay" (also spelled "OK," "O.K.") is a colloquial English word denoting approval, acceptance, agreement, assent, or acknowledgment. "Okay" has frequently turned up as a loanword in many other languages. As an adjective, "okay" means "adequate," "acceptable" ("this is okay to send out"), "mediocre" often in contrast to "good" ("the food was okay"); it also functions as an adverb in this sense. As an interjection, it can denote compliance ("Okay, I will do that"), or agreement ("Okay, that's good"). As a verb and noun it means "assent" ("The boss okayed the purchase," and, "The boss gave his okay to the purchase.") A versatile discourse marker (or back-channeling item), it can also be used with appropriate voice tone to show doubt or to seek confirmation ("Okaay?" or "Is that okay?").^[1]

Proposed etymologies[link]

There is no consensus on the origins of "okay."

Choctaw[link]

The folk singer Pete Seeger famously sang that "okay" was of Choctaw origin,^[2] as the dictionaries of the time tended to agree. Three major American reference works (Webster's, New Century, Funk & Wagnalls) cited the Choctaw etymology as the probable origin until as late as 1961.^[2]

The earliest evidence for this is provided in work by the missionaries Cyrus Byington and Alfred Wright in 1825. These missionaries ended many lines in their translation of the Bible with the particle "okeh" (often sentence final) meaning "it is so".

Subsequent Choctaw spelling books de-emphasized the spellings lists in favor of straight prose, and they made use of the particle[,] but they too never included it in the word lists or discussed it directly. The presumption was that the use of particle "oke" or "hoke" was so common and self-evident as to preclude any need for explanation or discussion for either its Choctaw or non-Choctaw readership.^[2]

A brief search through Byington's Dictionary of the Choctaw Language confirms the ubiquity of the "okeh" particle.^[3]

The Choctaw language was spoken at this time in the South-Eastern United States. The major language of trade in this area, Mobilian Jargon, was based on Choctaw-Chickasaw, two Muskogean-family languages. This language was used, in particular, for communication with the Cherokee (an Iroquoian-family language).^[4][5]

West African[link]

A verifiable written attestation of the particle 'kay' is from a North Carolina slave not wanting to be flogged by a European visiting America in 1784:

Kay, massa, you just leave me, me sit here, great fish jump up into da canoe, here he be, massa, fine fish, massa; me den very grad; den me sit very still, until another great fish jump into de canoe;...^[6]

A West African (Mande and/or Bantu) etymology has been argued in scholarly sources, tracing the word back to the Wolof and Bantu word waw-kay or the Mande (aka "Mandinke" or "Mandingo") phrase o ke.

David Dalby first made the claim that the particle "okay" could have African origins in the 1969 Hans Wolff Memorial Lecture. His argument was reprinted in various newspaper articles between 1969 and 1971.^[7] This suggestion has also been mentioned more recently by Joseph Holloway, who argued in the 1993 book The African Heritage of American English (co-written with a retired missionary) that various West African languages have near-homophone discourse markers with meanings such as "yes indeed" or which serve as part of the back-channeling repertoire.^[1][8] Though Frederic Cassidy challenged Dalby's claims, asserting that there is no documentary evidence that any of these African-language words had any causal link with its use in the American press, one can certainly wonder at the fact that this standard of written proof does not account for the illiteracy in which the West African speakers were kept during the period of slavery in question.

In present-day American English, both "kay" and "m'kay" are attested modern pronunciations of the term. The fact that the onset /mk/ is foreign to English phonotactics may lend some support to the idea advanced by Dalby that "okay", along with "uh-huh" (yes) and "huh-uh" (no) -- and presumably the corresponding intonation patterns on "mm-hm", "mm-um" -- have a West African origin.^[9]

The West African hypothesis had not been accepted by 1981 by at least one influential etymologist,^[7][10][11] but nevertheless has since appeared in scholarly sources published by linguists and non-linguists alike.^[9]

Boston abbreviation fad[link]

The etymology that most reference works provide today is based on an influential survey of the word's early history in print: a series of six articles by Allen Walker Read in the journal American Speech in 1963 and 1964.^{[12][13][14][15][16][17][all dead links]} He tracked the spread and evolution of the word in American newspapers and other written documents, and later throughout the rest of the world. He also documented controversy surrounding okay and the history of its folk etymologies, both of which are intertwined with the history of the word itself. Read's work has nevertheless been called in for closer scrutiny by scholars of both Choctaw and West African languages.^[18]

In it he argues that, at the time of its first appearance in print, a broader fad existed in the United States of "comical misspellings" and of forming and employing acronyms, themselves based on colloquial speech patterns.

The abbreviation fad began in Boston in the summer of 1838 ... OFM, "our first men," and used expressions like NG, "no go," GT, "gone to Texas," and SP, "small potatoes." Many of the abbreviated expressions were exaggerated misspellings, a stock in trade of the humorists of the day. One predecessor of okay was OW, "oll wright," ^[19]

The general fad is speculated to have existed in spoken or informal written U.S. English for a decade or more before its appearance in newspapers. OK's original presentation as "all correct" was later varied with spellings such as "Oll Korrect" or even "Ole Kurreck".

The term appears to have achieved national prominence in 1840, when supporters of the American Democratic political party claimed during the 1840 United States presidential election that it stood for "Old Kinderhook," a nickname for a Democratic presidential candidate, Martin Van Buren, a native of Kinderhook, NY who was Andrew Jackson's protege. "'Vote for OK' was snappier than using his Dutch name."^[20] In response, Whig opponents attributed OK, in the sense of "Oll Korrect," to Andrew Jackson's bad spelling. The country-wide publicity surrounding the election appears to have been a critical event in okay's history, widely and suddenly popularizing it across the United States. Read had originally proposed an etymology of "okay" in "Old Kinderhook" in 1941.^[21] The evidence presented in that article was somewhat sparse, and the connection to "Oll Korrect" not properly elucidated. Various challenges to the etymology were present, e.g. Heflin's 1962 article.^[22] However, Read's landmark 1963-1964 papers silenced most of the skepticism. Read's etymology gained immediate acceptance, and is now offered without reservation in most dictionaries.^[23] An extensive rebuttal of this theory is specifically offered by Jim Fay, Ph.D. at the The Ilinois Prairie Info website ^[24]

Alternative etymologies[link]

See List of proposed etymologies of OK

A large number of origins have been more or less seriously proposed. Some of them are thought to fall into the category of folk etymology and are proposed based merely on apparent similarity between "okay" and one or another phrase in a foreign language with a similar meaning and sound. Some examples are

• A corruption from the speech of the large number of descendants of Scottish and Ulster Scots (Scots-Irish) immigrants to North America, of the common Scots phrase "och aye" ("oh yes").^[25]
• Derivation from the Lakota word "Hokaheh" (also anglicised as "Hoka Hey" and "Hoka Hay") which has many popular mistranslations but which is probably most accurately rendered as "Let's go!". (This is additionally unlikely in that contact with the Lakota people was not really established at the time that "okay" or "ok" was first noted.)
• The loan of the Greek phrase Όλα Καλά or Ola Kala, meaning "All Good."^[26]

Early history[link]

The scholarly consensus, based on Allen Walker Read, identifies the earliest known use of O.K. in print as 1839, in the March 23 edition of the Boston Morning Post (an American newspaper). The announcement of a trip by the Anti-Bell-Ringing Society (a "frolicsome group" according to Read) received attention from the Boston papers. Charles Gordon Greene wrote about the event using the line that is widely regarded as the first instance of this strain of okay, complete with gloss:

The above is from the Providence Journal, the editor of which is a little too quick on the trigger, on this occasion. We said not a word about our deputation passing "through the city" of Providence.—We said our brethren were going to New York in the Richmond, and they did go, as per Post of Thursday. The "Chairman of the Committee on Charity Lecture Bells," is one of the deputation, and perhaps if he should return to Boston, via Providence, he of the Journal, and his train-band, would have his "contribution box," et ceteras, o.k.—all correct—and cause the corks to fly, like sparks, upward.^{[citation needed]}

Read gives a number of subsequent appearances in print. Seven instances were accompanied with glosses that were variations on "all correct" such as "oll korrect" or "ole kurreck," but five appeared with no accompanying explanation, suggesting that the word was expected to be well known to readers and possibly in common colloquial use at the time.

Formerly, various claims of earlier usage had been made. For example, it was claimed that the phrase appeared in a 1790 court record from Sumner County, Tennessee, discovered in 1859 by a Tennessee historian named Albigence Waldo Putnam, in which Andrew Jackson apparently said "proved a bill of sale from Hugh McGary to Gasper Mansker, for an uncalled good, which was O.K.".^[27] However, Read challenged such claims, and his assertions have been generally accepted.

David Dalby (see above) brought up some other earlier attested usages. One example from 1941 is the apparent notation "we arrived ok" in the hand-written diary of William Richardson going from Boston to New Orleans in 1815, about a month after the Battle of New Orleans.^[28] Frederic Cassidy asserts that he personally tracked down this diary and notes that:

After many attempts to track down this diary, Read and I at last discovered that it is owned by the grandson of the original writer, Professor L. Richardson, Jr., of the Department of Classical Studies at Duke University. Through his courtesy we were able to examine this manuscript carefully, to make greatly enlarged photographs of it, and to become convinced (as is Richardson) that, whatever the marks in the manuscript are, they are not OK.^[7]

Similarly, H. L. Mencken, who originally considered it "very clear that 'o. k.' is actually in the manuscript",^[29] later recanted his endorsement of the expression, asserting that it was used no earlier than 1839. Mencken described the diary entry as a misreading of the author's self-correction, and stated it was in reality the first two letters of the words a h[andsome] before noticing the phrase had been used in the previous line and changing his mind.^[30]

Another example given by Dalby is a Jamaican planter's diary of 1816, which records a black slave saying "Oh ki, massa, doctor no need be fright, we no want to hurt him".^[31] Cassidy asserts that this is a misreading of the source, which actually begins "Oh, ki, massa ...", where ki is a phrase by itself:

In all other examples of this interjection that I have found, it is simply ki (once spelled kie). As here, it expresses surprise, amusement, satisfaction, mild expostulation, and the like. It has nothing like the meaning of the adjective OK, which in the earliest recorded examples means 'all right, good,' though it later acquires other meanings, but even when used as an interjection does not express surprise, expostulation, or anything similar.^[7]

Spelling variations[link]

Whether this word is printed as OK, okay, or O.K. is a matter normally resolved in the style manual for the publication involved. Dictionaries and style guides such as the Chicago Manual of Style and The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage provide no consensus.^[32]

Usage[link]

Okay can mean "all right" or "satisfactory." For example, "I hope the children are okay" means "I hope the children are all right"; "I think I did OK in the exam" means "I think I did well, but not perfect, on the exam"; and "he is okay" means "he is good," or "he is well," depending on context.

Okay meaning "all right" can be used as the stand-alone question Okay? asking if there are any problems or confusion. This question can also be used as an informal greeting, as in "Okay, Jack?" equivalent to "How are you, Jack?"

Depending on context and inflection, okay can also imply mediocrity. For example: "The concert was just okay."

Okay can be used as an adjective or adverb: "He ran an OK race," "He did OK."

Okay can be used as an affirmative answer to a question or to express agreement with a statement, similar in both cases to "Yes."

Okay is sometimes used merely to acknowledge a question without giving an affirmation. For example: "You're going to give back the money that you stole, right?" "Okay."

Saying okay in a sarcastic or questioning tone or elongating the word can indicate that the person one is talking to is considered crazy and/or exasperatingly stubborn in their view. "I really saw a UFO last night!" "Okay..."

Okay! can also be used as an exclamation in place of words like "enough!" or "stop!"

Okay can be a noun or verb meaning approval. "Did you get the supervisor's okay?" "The boss okayed the proposal."

Okay has multiple uses in public speaking. As an interjection at the opening of a speech, lecture, or reading, okay is used to call for the audience's attention and to signal that the speaker is about to begin. Similarly, it can be used as a section break in the middle of speech to mark a shift in topic. Finally, okay can be used at the end of a speech, lecture, or explanation to request listener feedback, similar to "Are you with me?" or "Do you understand?" Based on context and convention, this usage can be seen as asking for various responses ranging from simple, silent headshaking or nodding to full, detailed questions or rebuttals.

When used in phone texting or short message system (SMS), "Okay" is occasionally truncated to a single "k."

International usage[link]

In Brazil and Mexico, as well as in other Latin American countries, the word is pronounced just as it is in English and is used very frequently. Although pronouncing it the same, Spanish speakers often spell the word "okey" to conform with the pronunciation rules of the language. In Brazil, it may be also pronounced as "ô-kei." In Portugal, it is used with its Portuguese pronunciation and sounds something like "ókâi" (similar to the English pronunciation but with the "ó" sounding like the "o" in "lost" or "top").

Arabic speakers also use the word (أوكي) widely, particularly in areas of former British presence like Egypt, Jordan, Israel/Palestine and Iraq, but also all over the Arab world due to the prevalence of American cinema and television. It is pronounced just as it is in English but is very rarely seen in Arabic newspapers and formal media.

In Israel, the word okay is common as an equivalent to the Hebrew words בסדר [b'seder] ('in order') and טוב [tov] ('good'). It is written as it sounds in English אוקיי.

It is used in Japan and Korea in a somewhat restricted sense, fairly equivalent to "all right." Okay is often used in colloquial Japanese as a replacement for 大丈夫 (daijōbu "all right")　or いい (ii "good") and often followed by です (desu — the copula).

In Chinese, the term "好" (hǎo; literally: "good"), can be modified to fit most of usages of okay. For example, "好了" (hao le) closely resembles the interjection usage of okay. The "了" indicates a change of state, in this case it indicates the achievement of consensus. Likewise, "OK" is commonly transformed into "OK了" (OK le) when communicating with foreigners or with fellow Cantonese speaking people in at least Hong Kong and possibly to an extent, other regions of China.^[39] Other usages of Okay such as "I am okay" can be translated as "我还好." In Hong Kong, movies or dramas set in modern times use the term "ok" as part of the sprinkling of English included in otherwise Cantonese dialog. In Mandarin, it is also, somewhat humorously, used in the "spelling" of the word for karaoke, "卡拉OK," pronounced "kah-lah-oh-kei" (Mandarin does not natively have a syllable with the pronunciation "kei"). On the computer, okay is usually translated as "确定," which means "confirm" or "confirmed."

In Taiwan, OK is frequently used in various sentences, popular among but not limited to younger generations. This includes the aforementioned "OK了" (Okay le), "OK嗎" (Okay ma), meaning "Is it okay?" or "OK啦" (Okay la), a strong, persuading affirmative, as well as the somewhat tongue-in-cheek explicit yes/no construction "O不OK?" (O bu Okay), "Is it okay or not?."

In France, OK is used to communicate agreement, and is generally followed by a French phrase (e.g. OK, d'accord).

In the Philippines "okay lang" is a common expression, literally meaning "just okay" or "just fine." They also use it in sms but with the letter "k" only which means okay also. Sometimes spelled as okey.

In Malay, it is frequently used with the emphatic suffix "lah": OK-lah.

In Vietnamese, it is spelled "Ô kê"

In India it is often used after a sentence to mean "did you get it?", often not regarded politely, for example, "I want this job done, okay?" or at the end of a conversation (mostly on the phone) followed by "bye" as in, "Okay, bye."

In Germany, OK is spelled and pronounced as in English. The meaning ranges from acknowledgement to describing something neither good nor bad, same as in US/UK usage.

In Maldivian Okay is used in different ways, often used to agree with something, more often used while departing from a gathering "Okay Dahnee/Kendee."

In Japan, it is spelled Okkei and pronounced as in English with minor stress on OK as in OAK then Kei.

Gesture[link]

In the United States and much of Europe a related gesture is made by touching the index finger with the thumb (forming a rough circle) and raising of the remaining fingers.^[40] It is not known whether the gesture is derived from the expression, or if the gesture appeared first. The gesture was popularized in America in 1836 as a symbol to support then Presidential candidate Martin Van Buren. This was because Van Buren's nickname, Old Kinderhook, derived from his hometown of Kinderhook, NY, had the initials O K.^[40] Similar gestures have different meanings in other cultures.

Computers[link]

OK is used to label buttons in modal dialog boxes such as error messages or print dialogs, indicating that the user must press the button to accept the contents of the dialog box and continue. It is often placed next to a Cancel button which allows the user to dismiss the dialog box without accepting its contents. When a modal dialog box contains only one button, it is almost always labeled "OK" by convention and default. In this usage, it is usually rendered to the screen in upper case without punctuation: OK, rather than O.K., Okay, or Ok. The OK button can probably be traced to user interface research done for the Apple Lisa.^[41] However, modern user interface guidelines prefer to avoid modal dialog boxes if possible, and use more specific verbs, such as Continue, to label their action buttons instead of the generic OK.^[42]

PLATO normally responded to user input with ok or no.^{[citation needed]}

PRIMOS, the operating system that ran on Prime computers, had a command interpreter which would print OK to indicate a command could be entered.^{[citation needed]}

On the Radio Shack TRS-80 Color Computer (1980), there was an OK> prompt, which indicated that the Color Computer was ready to accept commands.^{[citation needed]}

Many IBM PC compatible computers from the 1980s onwards performed a memory check during start-up. A counter showed the verified memory during the operation, sometimes suffixed with OK.^{[citation needed]}

Some programming language interpreters such as BASIC and Forth print ok when ready to accept input from the keyboard.^{[citation needed]} This ok prompt is used on Sun, Apple, and other computers with the Forth-based Open Firmware (OpenBoot). The appearance of ok in inappropriate contexts on these systems is the subject of some humor.^[43]

In HTTP, the HyperText Transfer Protocol, upon which the World Wide Web is based, a successful response from the server is defined as OK (with the numerical code 200 as specified in RFC 2616). The Session Initiation Protocol also defines a response, 200 OK, which conveys success for most requests (RFC 3261).

Some Linux distributions, including those based on Red Hat, display boot progress on successive lines on-screen which include [ OK ].

Notes[link]

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Metcalf, Allan. (2011). OK: The Improbable Story of America's Greatest Word. Oxford University Press, Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-537793-4

External links[link]

Look up okay in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Where did OKAY come from?
• The Choctaw Expression Okeh and the Americanism Okay
• Ok. Let's continue.
• Most Recognized Word on the Planet: OK or O.K. or Okay
• Origin of the Word OK
• NPR: The Origin of OK (audio)
• OK/OKAY- Exhibition at the Grey Art Gallery, Swiss Institute, New York University
• FAQ: "OK"
• BBC: How 'OK' took over the world. Retrieved 18 February 2011.

Ingrid Michaelson
Ingrid Michaelson performing in Amsterdam, 2009
Background information
Birth name	Ingrid Ellen Egbert Michaelson
Born	(1979-12-08) December 8, 1979 (age 32)[1]
Origin	Staten Island, New York, U.S.
Genres	Indie pop, indie folk
Occupations	Singer-songwriter, musician
Instruments	Vocals, guitar, piano, ukulele
Years active	2002–present
Labels	Cabin 24 Records, Mom+Pop Records
Website	Official website Twitter YouTube

Ingrid Ellen Egbert Michaelson (born December 8, 1979) is a New York-based indie-pop singer-songwriter. Her music has been featured in episodes of several popular television shows, including Scrubs, Bones, Grey's Anatomy^[2] The Big C, In Plain Sight, and One Tree Hill,^[3] as well as in Old Navy's fall 2007 Fair Isle^[4] and Opel's/Vauxhall's Meriva 2010 advertising campaigns.^[5][6]

Biography[link]

Michaelson was born to artistic parents. Her father is a composer and her mother is a sculptor. Michaelson took up piano at age four, and trained until seven at Manhattan's Third Street Music School, continuing for many more years at the Jewish Community Center of Staten Island's Dorothy Delson Kuhn Music Institute. While there she met vocal coach Elizabeth McCullough, who worked with her through high school.^[7] She is a graduate of Staten Island Technical High School and Binghamton University, where she received a degree in theater.^[7] While at Binghamton University she was a member of the Binghamtonics, a co-ed a cappella group, as well as the Pappy Parker Players, an improv comedy group, and the theatre repertory company under Sue Peters. Her time at Binghamton is mentioned in the song "The Hat". She grew up doing a musical theater group called "Kids On Stage". Later in life, she became a director until she decided to pursue her career in music.

Toward the end of 2008, she opened for Jason Mraz on his European tour, touring in the UK, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Germany and France among others. In the second half of 2009, Ingrid began her "Everybody" tour of the United States and Europe which continued in 2010.

In 2010 Ingrid was engaged to fellow artist Greg Laswell.^[8] They are married, which the singer acknowledged on her Twitter on January 16, 2012.^{[citation needed]}

Appearances and performances[link]

Television and radio[link]

• The AT&T Blue Room
• The Ellen DeGeneres Show
• Good Morning America
• Last Call with Carson Daly (performance with Joshua Radin)
• Late Night with Conan O'Brien
• Live From The Artists Den
• Live with Regis and Kelly
• NPR's "Bryant Park Project"
• The Rachael Ray Show
• Shark Tank (performing "Be OK" and demonstrating the Miso-Media, an iPad application for learning how to play stringed instruments)
• The Tonight Show with Jay Leno
• VH1

Other appearances[link]

• Michaelson and Sara Bareilles performed "Winter Song" at the 2010 National Christmas Tree Lighting
• Michaelson performed "Blood Brothers" at the 85th Annual Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in 2011^[9]

Songs featured in television series[link]

[edit] Grey's Anatomy

• "Breakable"—"Staring at the Sun" (November 16, 2006)
• ”The Way I Am"--"Six Days (Part 2)" (January 11, 2007)
• "Corner of Your Heart"--"Testing 1-2-3" (13 September 2007)
• "Keep Breathing"--season 3 finale, "Didn't We Almost Have It All" (May 17, 2007)
• "Giving Up"-- season 4 finale, "Freedom" (May 22, 2008)
• "Turn to Stone" (a new B-side single from her upcoming album, Everybody)--season 5 episode, "What a Difference a Day Makes" (May 7, 2009)
• ”Winter Song”—season 5
• "All Love"--season 5 finale
• "The Chain"--season 6 episode "I Always Feel Like Somebody's Watchin' Me" (October 1, 2009)
• "Everybody"--season 6 (January 21, 2010)

[edit] One Tree Hill

• "Masochist"--season 4, episode 13, "Pictures of You"
• "Overboard"--season 4, episode 14, "Sad Songs for Dirty Lovers"
• "The Way I Am"--season 4, episode 19, "Ashes of Dreams You Let Die"
• "Can't Help Falling in Love"--season 6, episode 23, "Forever And Almost Always"

Other series[link]

• "Winter Song”--Army Wives, season 3, episode 5
• "The Way I Am", "Die Alone" and "Far Away (Untitled)" in The Bad Girls Club
• "Keep Breathing"--The Big C, season 1, episode 2
• "Maybe”--Body of Proof, season 1, episode 6, “Society Hill"
• ”Winter Song”--Brothers & Sisters, season 4, episode 8
• "Everybody"--Brothers & Sisters, season 4, episode 14
• "All Love"--HBO series Enlightened, episode 7
• "The Chain"--Hellcats, season 1, episode 12, "Papa, Oh Papa"
• "Soldier"--In Plain Sight, 2011 episode "Meet The Shannons"
• "Maybe”--In Plain Sight, season 4 episode, "I'm a Liver, Not a Fighter"
• "Breakable"--Kyle XY, season 2, episode 3, "The List is Life"
• "Are We There Yet"--Make It or Break It
• “Be OK”— Parenthood, season 2, episode 15
• "Starting Now"--Pretty Little Liars, season 1, episode 7, "The Homecoming Hangover"
• "The Way I Am" and "Breakable"--The Real World: Denver
• "Winter Song"--Scrubs, season 8, episode 17
• ”Turn to Stone”—So You Think You Can Dance, choreographed by Travis Wall, season 8, Top 20 episode on June 15, 2011, and season finale as a judges' pick
• "Be OK”—Ugly Betty, season 4
• "Turn to Stone"--The Vampire Diaries, season 2 finale, "As I Lay Dying"
• "Are We There Yet?" --The Vampire Diaries, season 3, episode 1, "The Birthday"

Songs featured in films[link]

• "Be OK"--The House Bunny (2008)
• "You and I"--My Girlfriend's Boyfriend (2010)
• "Everybody"--Ramona and Beezus (2010)
• "Can't Help Falling in Love"--trailer for Like Crazy (2011)
• "Everybody"—trailer for Disney's Lady and the Tramp, Diamond Edition (2011)
• ”Everybody”—Sneak Peek for Disney’s Diamond Edition of The Lion King Blu-ray (2011)

Songs featured in commercials[link]

• "Sort Of" (instrumental version)--Google Chrome
• ”Be OK”—Mott's Apple Juice commercial featuring actress Marcia Cross^[10]
• ”The Way I Am”--Old Navy commercial
• ”Be OK”--Ritz Crackers commercial
• ”Be OK”--Traveler's Insurance commercial

Collaborations[link]

In 2006, Ingrid teamed up with William Fitzsimmons on his album Goodnight, which was released that same year.

Ingrid and her friend Sara Bareilles co-wrote "Winter Song" which was featured on The Hotel Café Presents Winter Songs, a compilation of both original recordings as well as classic holiday tracks sung by a lineup of female singer-songwriters. Ingrid also worked with Bareilles, performing "Winter Song" for the President Obama and his family as well as many spectators at the National Christmas Tree Lighting in December 2010. In 2011, "Winter Song" reached number 2 on the Irish Singles Chart.^[11]

Ingrid provided back-up vocals on two songs from PlayRadioPlay!'s album Texas, including "I'm a Pirate, You're a Princess" and the title track, "Texas".

Ingrid provided back-up vocals on Greg Laswell's album, Take A Bow, which was released on May 4, 2010. Collaboration was done on the songs "Take Everything," "My Fight (For You)," and "Come Clean."^[12][13]

Ingrid's band includes Allie Moss and Bess Rogers on guitar, who are singer/songwriters in their own right. Allie Moss released a 2009 EP entitled Passerby. A single from the EP, "Corner", has been picked up by BT for their BT Infinity television commercials in the UK. Other band members include Chris Kuffner (Bass), husband of Bess Rogers(Guitar), Saul Simon-MacWilliams (keys) and Elliot Jacobson (drums).

In 2010, Ingrid co-wrote a song entitled "Parachute" with Marshall Altman which was covered by singer Cheryl Cole on her debut solo album 3 Words; it hit number 5 in the UK. Ingrid initially felt the track was "so poppy" that she could not release it herself. However, after the song was reworked by "Everybody" producer Dan Romer to make a more "interesting, funky production", Ingrid released the song as a personal single.^[14] To date, the song has received two separate music videos.

Of the release of "Parachute" and upcoming material, Ingrid explained in a 2010 interview with Billboard.com, "I just felt like I wanted to put something out. I'm not ready to put a full album out, so we thought we'd put this out and see how people take it or don't take it," saying that she expects to release her next album, "probably in the middle of next year."^[15]

Discography[link]

Studio albums[link]

Singles[link]

Other charted songs[link]

References[link]

This article uses bare URLs for citations. Please consider adding full citations so that the article remains verifiable. Several templates and the Reflinks tool are available to assist in formatting. (Reflinks documentation) (January 2012)

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ingrid Michaelson

• Official website

Julia Stone
Julia Stone live in Paris
Background information
Born	13 April, 1984 (age 28)
Origin	Sydney, Australia
Genres	Folk, blues, acoustic
Instruments	Vocals, guitar, trumpet, mandolin, piano
Years active	2010–present
Labels	EMI, Flock Music/PIAS, Nettwerk, Discograph
Associated acts	Angus & Julia Stone
Website	www.juliastonemusic.com

Julia Stone (born 13 April 1984) is an Australian singer and songwriter from the northern beaches of Sydney. Julia began playing the trumpet at an early age and was raised by parents who had both performed as a folk music duo.^[1] Her musical career began in 2006 known internationally as the sister half of the Aria award winning brother-sister duo, Angus & Julia Stone.

Angus & Julia Stone have released six EPs, a compilation and two albums since they began recording together in 2005. After five years spent touring as Angus & Julia Stone, Julia released her first solo album The Memory Machine in 2010. The Memory Machine was well received by fans and critics^[2] and has sold more than 12,000 copies in Australia and overseas.^[3] Angus & Julia’s most recent LP Down The Way debuted at number 1 in their native country and is now triple platinum.^[4] It was the highest-selling album by an Australian artist in 2010. and has since reached platinum status through their record company Discograph.^[5] The duo won ARIA Album of the Year and ARIA Single of the Year at the 2010 Australian Record Industry Awards.^[6] They also received number 1 position in the Triple J Hottest 100 for Big Jet Plane in 2011.^[7]

Despite reaching critical acclaim with Angus, Julia had initially embarked her musical journey with the idea of becoming a solo musician.^[8] On June 15, 2011, Julia sang backing vocals on the song ‘Do You Realize’ with The Flaming Lips and Edward Sharpe & The Magnetic Zeros at a sunrise concert at the Hollywood cemetery.^[9] In August 2011, Julia supported friend and collaborator, Doveman at shows in California and New York^[10]

Julia Stone will release her second solo album By The Horns simultaneously around the world in May. Stone says of the songs and temporarily parting with her brother Angus, “We had already been working on a new record together but it didn’t feel right… I was thinking ‘I’ll make it now and we’ll figure out what happens when it happens’.^[11] “Then Angus and I were talking on the phone and he’d been working on more stuff on his own as well and we both just agreed - we were both in the same place, ready to put together a collection of our own songs.” The album was composed in California, refined in France and sculpted in Australia and India.^[12]

After originally being released in 2010, Julia's song "You're the One that I Want" has been featured on UK and Irish television channel, Sky (UK and Ireland)'s promotional commercial. The track has also entered the UK iTunes charts after airing on the commercial.^[13]

Discography[link]

The Memory Machine (2010)[link]

1. This Love
2. My Baby
3. Winter On The Weekend
4. The Memory Machine
5. Catastrophe!
6. Maybe
7. Lights Inside This Dream
8. What’s Wrong With Me
9. Horse With The Wings
10. Where Does The Love Go
11. Chloe’s Song (iTunes exclusive bonus track)
12. Where Does The Love Go – Live (iTunes exclusive bonus track)

Let's Forget All The Things That We Say EP (2012)[link]

1. Let’s Forget All The Things That We Say
2. Tell Her A Story
3. Take Me Home
4. The Shit That They’re Feeding You

By The Horns (2012)[link]

1. Let’s Forget All The Things That We Say
2. Bloodbuzz Ohio
3. It’s All Okay
4. I’m Here, I’m Not Here
5. Justine
6. Break Apart
7. With The Light
8. I Want To Live Here
9. By The Horns
10. The Line That Ties Me
11. Some How (Bonus track)
12. The River (iTunes exclusive bonus track)
13. I'm a Liar (7" vinyl bonus track)
14. Here For The Night (Deluxe edition bonus track)

Videos[link]

The Memory Machine[link]

• “Maybe” – Directed by M. J. Haydon

By The Horns[link]

• “Let’s Forget All The Things That We Say” – Directed by Jessie Hill
• “It’s All Okay” – Directed by Kiku Ohe
• “By the Horns” - Directed by Jessie Hill

Television and Film[link]

"My Baby"[link]

• One Tree Hill Season 8, Episode 13 – The Other Half of Me^[14]

This Love & I'll Be Waiting[link]

• The Waiting City

"Love Will Take You" (Angus & Julia Stone)[link]

• Twilight Breaking Dawn Part 1^[15]

References[link]

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Delroy "Junior" Reid (born 3 June 1965, Kingston, Jamaica) is a Jamaican reggae and dancehall musician, best known for the songs "One Blood" and "Funny Man", as well as being the man that replaced Michael Rose as lead vocalist for Black Uhuru.

Biography[link]

Reid was born in the Tower Hill area of Kingston, and had a tough upbringing in the city's Waterhouse district, notorious for being one of the most dangerous places in Jamaica.^[1] It was there in the politically turbulent late '70s that he recorded his first-ever single "Speak the Truth" at the age of 13 for the late Hugh Mundell, released in Jamaica on Augustus Pablo's Rockers International label, and popular as an import single in the United Kingdom.^[2] UK label Greensleeves Records followed this with "Know Myself" in 1981.^[1] He then went on to form his own band, the Voice of Progress, and after a local hit with "Mini-Bus Driver" the group scored local success with an album of the same name.

By the early 80's, commissioned by the great Sugar Minott to record a number of tunes on Minott's Youth Promotion label, enjoying considerable popularity with tracks such as "Human Nature", "A1 Lover", and the evergreen "See How Me Black See How Me Shine", an uplifting and proud statement which became an anthem to the ghetto youth whom Reid increasingly championed. Reid was present at the 1983 shooting death of reggae singer Hugh Mundell; he was travelling in the same car as Mundell in Kingston. After the death of Mundell, Reid transferred his talents to King Jammy's studio on St. Lucia Road where his fast-growing success rose yet another notch. "Boom Shacka Lacka" was his first UK hit and led to another exceptional album. After a number of fine singles – which included "Youthman", "Bank Clerk", "Sufferation", "Give Thanks and Praises" and "Higgler Move" – his chance of a wider international audience came with the offer of replacing Michael Rose in Black Uhuru. Always a strong follower of Black Uhuru, and with a similar vocal style, Reid slipped into Rose's shoes with ease. The collaboration on his first Black Uhuru album, the Grammy-nominated Brutal, in 1986, was well received by all. Two years and two albums later, Junior's interest to produce material for himself, and desire to regain his domestic popularity, drove him back into the solo arena and back to King Jammy's studio, as well as setting up his own JR label.^[1] Reid had a number 21 hit in the UK in 1988 with the collaboration with Coldcut, "Stop This Crazy Thing".^[1] He had an even bigger hit in 1990, with "I'm Free", recorded with The Soup Dragons, reaching number 5.^[1] Meanwhile, 1989's "One Blood" saw him re-established at the forefront of the reggae scene.^[1]

Production work[link]

As a producer, Reid has his own production company; JR Productions. He produced much of Snow's second album, Murder Love, released in 1995. Reid has collaborated and produced for Dancehall artist Ninjaman, on many occasions since the early 1990s. He has also produced for Junior Demus, Dennis Brown and Gregory Isaacs.^[1] He also opened his own recording studio.^[1]

Recent work[link]

This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (November 2009)

His vocals have been used in the hip hop scene, which first debuted as a sample on the song "One Blood Under W" from The W album by the Wu-Tang Clan, which was released on 21 November 2000. In 2006, he collaborated with West Coast hip hop artist Game on the song "It's Okay (One Blood)"; The song also samples Reid's 1990 single "One Blood".

Reid appeared on the Blackout remix of Mims' "This Is Why I'm Hot" from his debut album M.I.M.S. (Music Is My Savior). This was one of the more popular remixes made in 2007. He recently did a song with Jim Jones, Max B and Mel Matrix called "What A Gwan", which features a sample from Barrington Levy's "Black Roses". Reid is on Fabolous's album From Nothin' to Somethin' on the track "Gangsta Don't Play" and he has collaborated with Fat Joe on the track "More Money". He recently appeared on the remix of Smitty's song "Died In Your Arms" also featuring Rick Ross and T-Pain. In late 2007 he performed in the "Freedom Concert" in Port Harcourt, Nigeria and also went on to record the remix version of "Free" with The Indispensibles, a Nigerian hip hop duo. Reid was also proudly featured on the track "Fire" from San Francisco-based DJ and deep house producer Miguel Migs' 2007 album "Those Things."

On 18 November 2007, Reid performed alongside Alicia Keys at the 2007 American Music Awards. Reid is also featured on a remix version of Alicia Keys' single "No One". He also did a song with Lil Wayne called "Ghetto Youths Rock". In 2008, Reid was featured on Bun B's song "If It Was Up II Me" off his album II Trill.

Junior Reid has been working on his New album which will be releases in 2009 titled The Living Legend with artist featured such as Lil Wayne, Fat Joe, Cool and Dre, Snoop Dogg and more.

In 2011, Junior Reid teamed up with Ludacris, T-Pain, Busta Rhymes, Mavado, Bun B, Game, Twista, Jadakiss, Waka Flocka Flame, Fat Joe, Ace Hood & Birdman in the remix of Dj Khaled's Welcome To My Hood. Welcome To My Hood (Featuring Rick Ross, Lil Wayne & Plies) is the lead single of Dj Khaled's 5th studio album We The Best Forever.

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

• One Sufferation (10" vinyl) (1980)
• Boom-Shack-A-Lack (1985) Greensleeves
• Original Foreign Mind (1985)
• One Blood (1990, re-released in 1992) Big Life/Mercury
• Progress (1990)
• Long Road (1991) Cohiba
• Big Timer (1993) VP
• Visa (1994) Greensleeves
• Junior Reid & The Bloods (1995) RAS
• Showers Of Blessings (1995)
• Listen To The Voices (1996) RAS
• RAS Portraits (1997) RAS
• Big Timer (2000)
• Emmanuel Calling (2000) JR Productions and One Blood Music, Jamaica.
• Rasta Government (2003) Penitentiary
• Double Top (2005) Tamoki Wambesi (with Cornell Campbell)
• Firehouse Clash (with Don Carlos)
• Live in Berkeley (2007) 2B1

With Voice of Progress[link]

• Mini Bus Driver (1982)