:''"Loony" redirects here. For the Canadian 1 dollar coin (loonie), see Canadian 1 dollar coin. Or see Looney (disambiguation) or Luni (disambiguation).''

"Lunatic" is a commonly used term for a person who is mentally ill, dangerous, foolish, unpredictable; a condition once called lunacy.

Lunar hypothesis

In a 1999 Journal of Affective Disorders article, a hypothesis was suggested indicating that the phase of the moon may in the past have had an effect on bipolar patients by providing light during nights which would otherwise have been dark, and affecting susceptible patients through the well-known route of sleep deprivation. With the introduction of electric light, this effect would have gone away, as light would be available every night, explaining the negative results of modern studies. They suggest ways in which this hypothesis might be tested.

Use of the term "lunatic" in legislation

In England and Wales the Lunacy Acts 1890 - 1922 referred to lunatics, but the Mental Treatment Act 1930 changed the legal term to "Person of Unsound Mind", an expression which was replaced under the Mental Health Act 1959 by mental illness. "Person of unsound mind" was the term used in 1950 in the English version of the European Convention on Human Rights as one of the types of person who could be deprived of liberty by a judicial process. The 1930 act also replaced Asylum with Mental Hospital. Criminal Lunatics became Broadmoor Patients in 1948 under the National Health Service Act

Lunar distance

The term ''lunatic'' was also used by supporters of John Harrison and his marine chronometer method of determining longitude to refer to proponents of the Method of Lunar Distances, advanced by Astronomer Royal Nevil Maskelyne.

Later, members of the Lunar Society of Birmingham called themselves ''lunaticks''. In an age with little street lighting, the society met on or about the night of the full moon.

See also

Bedlam

Broadmoor Hospital

Mental disorder

Euphemism

References

External links

Does the full moon have any effects on mood? (cites research studies: 2 negative, 1 positive)

Raison CL, Klein HM, Steckler M. The moon and madness reconsidered. ''J Affect Disord.'' 1999 April; 53(1):99-106

Crackdown on lunar-fuelled crime - BBC News, 5 June 2007

Category:Obsolete medical terms Category:Pejorative terms for people Category:Historical and obsolete mental and behavioural disorders

fr:Lunatique (psychiatrie) ja:きちがい

Coordinates	44°6′51″N15°13′40″N
name	Pimp C
background	solo_singer
birth name	Chad Lamont Butler
aliases	Sweet James Jones, Tony Snow
born	December 29, 1973Port Arthur, Texas, U.S.
died	December 04, 2007Los Angeles, California, U.S.
genre	Southern hip hop
occupation	Rapper, Songwriter, Producer
years active	1987–2007
label	UGK, Rap-a-Lot
associated acts	UGK, Jazze Pha, Lil Boosie, Webbie
website	www.pimpcmusic.com }}

Chad Lamont Butler (December 29, 1973 — December 4, 2007), better known by his stage name Pimp C, was an American rapper, singer, and producer. Pimp C is best known for his work with Bun B as a founding member of the Underground Kingz (UGK) and is widely considered a pioneer of the signature Houston, Texas scene and sound.

Personal life

Chad Lamont Butler was born to Charleston L. and Weslyn Jacob Butler on December 29, 1973 in Beaumont, Texas. Chad's parents were originally from Crowley, Louisiana where its presumed he spent a portion of his early life before moving back to Texas. He attended public schools in the Port Arthur Independent School District. Chad’s interest in music surfaced at an early age. Given the onset and grass root popularity of urban music, Chad knew, as early as nine years old, that he wanted to be a musician. He began playing various musical instruments and received his vocal aptitude in school and church choirs. Over the next several years, with the guidance and encouragement of his step-father, Mr. Norward E. “Bill” Monroe, Chad honed his skills at writing and instrumentation. Butler married Chinara Kushana Jackson on April 29, 2003. The couple has three children, two sons, Chad II and Dahcory; one daughter, Christian.

Music career

UGK

Butler formed the rap group Underground Kingz (colloquially known as UGK) with best friend Bernard "Bun B" Freeman. In 1987, Jive Records signed UGK and released ''Too Hard to Swallow'', followed by the critically acclaimed ''Super Tight''. The group's third album, ''Ridin' Dirty'', reached #2 on the ''Billboard'' Top R&B;/Hip-Hop Albums chart, and their momentum was continued with features on the popular singles "Big Pimpin'" with Jay-Z and "Sippin On Some Syrup" by Three 6 Mafia. UGK's fourth album, ''Dirty Money'', was distributed in 2001.

Due to Butler's incarceration in 2002, UGK only released two projects prior to 2004: ''Side Hustles'' and the eponymous ''Underground Kingz'', the latter of which spawned the hit single "International Players Anthem (I Choose You)", a collaboration with the Georgia-based rap group OutKast.

Arrest and solo debut

In January 2002, Pimp C was sentenced to eight years in prison for violating his probation stemming from an earlier aggravated assault charge. His arrest was widely protested by the hip hop community, who immediately initiated a grassroots "Free Pimp C" campaign. While Pimp C was in prison, Rap-A-Lot Records released ''Sweet James Jones Stories'' in 2005, most of which consisted of unreleased freestyle recordings.

Pimp C spent the later portion of his sentence at the Terrell Unit in Brazoria County, Texas and was transferred to the Huntsville Unit a week prior to his release. On December 30, 2005, Pimp C was released from prison and placed on parole until December 2009.

Death and tributes

Pimp C was found dead in his hotel room in Los Angeles on December 4, 2007. According to the Los Angeles County Coroner, Butler suffered respiratory depression due to an accidental overdose of promethazine and codeine coupled with a preexisting sleep apnea condition. Like many other Southern rappers, Pimp C frequently referenced the recreational consumption of "sizzurp" in his music.

The funeral was held at the Bob Bowers Civic Center in Port Arthur, Texas on December 13, 2007. Port Arthur mayor Deloris Prince, Pimp C's mother Weslyn Monroe, and fellow UGK member Bun B were among the speakers at the service, and the eulogy was delivered by pastor Dr. John R. Randolph. Attendees included many fellow luminaries of the Houston rap scene: Slim Thug, Chamillionaire, Mike Jones, Willie D, Big Gipp, and Webbie.

Bun B continues to pay tribute to Pimp C through his music, including the tracks "You're Everything," a collaboration with Rick Ross, David Banner, and 8Ball and MJG, and "Pop It 4 Pimp" which was produced by Mouse and featured Juvenile and Webbie off of Bun B's 2008 album ''II Trill''. Bun B released the final UGK album, ''UGK 4 Life'', in 2009. ''UGK 4 Life'' had been recorded, for the most part, in the time frame between their previous album and the passing of Pimp C.

During Drake's verse in Bun B's "Put It Down" music video, Pimp C's oldest son Chad Butler II is shown climbing a set of stairs, but the video does not show his face. The chorus and last line of Drake's verse also reference Pimp C.

Pimp C was set to appear in a song titled 'Naked Lady' by Chamillionaire after his wife gave some material to Chamillionaire, however upon realising that Universal Records wanted to take most of the money from the song, leaving little for Butler's family, Chamillionaire returned the material in hopes that it would be sold to someone else for a higher amount of money.

Chamillionaire recently announced through a hidden message in his mixtape "Major Pain 1.5" that he has gained access to some new unreleased Pimp C content that he plans to put to use. Also Otherside by Macklemore is about him.

Discography

Albums

Studio albums

{|class="wikitable" |- !rowspan="2"|Year !rowspan="2"|Title !colspan="3"|Peak chart positions !rowspan="2"|Certifications |- !width=40|U.S. !width=40|U.S. R&B; !width=40|U.S. Rap |- |2005 |''Sweet James Jones Stories''

Released: March 2, 2005

Label: Rap-A-Lot/Asylum

Format: CD, LP, digital download

| style="text-align:center;"|50 | style="text-align:center;"|7 | style="text-align:center;"|3 * |- |2006 |''Pimpalation''

Released: July 11, 2006

Label: Rap-A-Lot/Asylum

Format: CD, LP, digital download

| style="text-align:center;"|3 | style="text-align:center;"|1 | style="text-align:center;"|1 |

US: Gold

|- |2008 |''Greatest Hits (Pimp C album)|Greatest Hits''

Released: June 3, 2008

Label: Asylum

Format: CD, LP, digital download

| style="text-align:center;"|- | style="text-align:center;"|- | style="text-align:center;"|- | * |- |2010 |''The Naked Soul of Sweet Jones''

Released: October 5, 2010

Label: Rap-A-Lot

Format: CD, LP, digital download

| style="text-align:center;"|25 | style="text-align:center;"|8 | style="text-align:center;"|5 * |- |2011 |''Still Pimping''

Released: July 12, 2011

Label: Rap-A-Lot

Format: CD, LP, digital download

| style="text-align:center;"|72 | style="text-align:center;"|15 | style="text-align:center;"|8 |}

Singles

{|class="wikitable" |- !rowspan="2"|Year !rowspan="2"|Title !colspan="3"|Chart chart positions !Rowspan="2"|Album |- !width="40"|U.S. !width="40"|U.S. R&B; !width="40"|U.S. Rap |- | style="text-align:center;"|2005 |"Is A Playa" (featuring Bun B, Twista, and Z-Ro) | style="text-align:center;"|105 | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— ||''Sweet James Jones Stories'' |- |rowspan=3|2006 |"I'm Free" | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|12 |rowspan="3"|''Pimpalation'' |- |"Pourin' Up" (featuring Mike Jones and Bun B) | style="text-align:center;"|103 | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— |- |"Knockin' Doorz Down" (featuring P.O.P. and Lil' Keke) | style="text-align:center;"|108 | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— |}

Featured singles

{|class="wikitable" |- !rowspan="2"|Year !rowspan="2"|Song !colspan="3"|Peak chart positions !Rowspan="2"|Album |- !width="40"|U.S. !width="40"|U.S. R&B; !width="40"|U.S. Rap |- | style="text-align:center;"|1997 |"I Miss My Homies" (Master P featuring Silkk the Shocker and Pimp C) | style="text-align:center;"|25 | style="text-align:center;"|16 | style="text-align:center;"|2 ||''Ghetto D'' |- | style="text-align:center;"|1998 |"Ghetto Life" (Master P featuring Bun B and Pimp C) | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— ||''Da Last Don'' |- | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|2006 |"Get Throwed" (Bun B featuring Jay-Z, Pimp C, Z-Ro, and Young Jeezy) | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|49 | style="text-align:center;"|24 ||''Trill'' |- |"Love Song" (Missez featuring Pimp C) | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|53 | style="text-align:center;"|— ||''Single Only'' |- |"D-Girl (DopeGirl)" (Brooke Valentine featuring Pimp C) | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|92 | style="text-align:center;"|— ||''Single Only'' |- | style="text-align:center;"|2009 |"Top Notch" (Z-Ro featuring Pimp C) | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— ||''Crack'' |- | style="text-align:center;"|2010 |"Right Now" (Bun B featuring Pimp C, 2Pac & Trey Songz) | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— ||''Trill O.G.'' |- | style="text-align:center;"|Unreleased |"Naked Lady" (Chamillionaire featuring Pimp C) | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— ||''Unknown'' |}

Music videos

{|class="wikitable" |- !Year !Title !Director |- |2006 |"Pourin' Up" |Mr. Boomtown |- |2007 |"Knockin' Doorz Down" |Benny Matthews |}

References

http://www.amazon.com/Greatest-Hits-Pimp-C/dp/B0015I2P6I

External links

Official website

Chad "Pimp C" Butler at Find A Grave

Category:1973 births Category:2007 deaths Category:Accidental deaths in California Category:African American rappers Category:American people convicted of assault Category:Asylum Records artists Category:Drug-related deaths in California Category:People from Port Arthur, Texas Category:Rappers from Houston, Texas Category:Screwed Up Click members Category:Deaths from heart failure Category:Southern hip hop musicians Category:Rappers from Texas

de:Pimp C es:Pimp C fr:Pimp C ko:핌프 C it:Pimp C pl:Pimp C pt:Pimp C fi:Pimp C sv:Pimp C tr:Pimp C

Coordinates	44°6′51″N15°13′40″N
name	Brian McKnight
backgrounhhhd	solo_singer
birth date	June 05, 1969
origin	Buffalo, New York, United States
instrument	Vocals, Piano, Keyboards, Guitar, Bass guitar, Trumpet, Flugelhorn, Trombone, Tuba, Percussions, Drums
genre	R&B;, soul, quiet storm
occupation	Singer-songwriter, Producer
years active	1988–present
label	Mercury (1988–1997)Motown (1998–2005)Warner Bros. (2006–2008)E1 Music (2009-)
website	Official siteOfficial MySpace
background	solo_singer }}

Brian McKnight (born June 5, 1969) is an American singer-songwriter, arranger, producer, and R&B; musician, hosting his own evening short-lived talk show. He is a multi-instrumentalist who plays nine instruments: piano, guitar, bass guitar, drums, percussions, trombone, tuba, flugelhorn and trumpet.

Early life

McKnight was born in Buffalo, New York. His musical career began in childhood when he became a member of his church choir and a band leader for his high school, Sweet Home High School.

Music career

In 1987, McKnight's older brother, Claude McKnight III, and his band, Take 6, signed a record deal with Warner Brothers. This encouraged McKnight to shop his own demo tapes and by the age of 19, he'd signed his first recording deal with Mercury Records subsidiary, Wing Records. In 1992, ''Brian McKnight'' was released and was followed by two more albums for Mercury, 1995's ''I Remember You'' and 1997's ''Anytime''. ''Anytime'', McKnight's final album with Mercury, sold over two million copies and was nominated for a Grammy.

In 1997, McKnight recorded "Remember the Magic" for Disney World's 25th anniversary.

McKnight signed with Motown in 1998 and released the Christmas album ''Bethlehem''. In 1999, McKnight released ''Back at One'', his most successful album at date, which eventually went on to sell over 3 million copies.

Throughout his career, McKnight has collaborated with a variety of musicians including Mariah Carey, Sin Bandera, Mase, Sean "Puffy" Combs,Marcus Cole, Mary J. Blige, Justin Timberlake, Nelly, Vanessa Williams, Ivete Sangalo, Kirk Franklin, For Real, Canibus, Quincy Jones, Boyz II Men, Christina Aguilera, Regine Velasquez, Shoshana Bean, Gordon Goodwin's Big Phat Band, Rascal Flatts, Willie Nelson, Talib Kweli, MJG (of the Southern Rap duo Eightball & MJG), Josh Groban (on his 2007 #1 Christmas album ''Noel Schajris''), Justin Bieber, and CeCe Peniston.

In 2004, McKnight co-wrote with Australian Soul artist Guy Sebastian the song "Wait", off Sebastian's ''Beautiful Life'' album.

McKnight's vocal style draws from Stevie Wonder (particularly in his use of melisma), Michael Sembello, Michael McDonald, Kenny Loggins, and his own brother, Take 6 co-founder Claude V. McKnight. Soul singer James Ingram also strongly influenced McKnight. His music production sensibilities, including his penchant for piano based pop ballads, method of background vocal recording and melismatic voice inflections all draw heavily from Ingram. McKnight also has the uncanny ability to mimic the timbre and style of other singers such as Nat King Cole, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye and Prince.

In October 2007, McKnight made his Broadway debut in the show Chicago.

On March 31, 2011 McKnight sang the National Anthem for MLB Opening Day in Cincinnati, Ohio with his sons Brian, Jr. and Niko.

Television/Radio Career

From 2006 to 2010 he hosted a radio show, ''The Brian McKnight Morning Show'' with Pat Prescott on KTWV The Wave in Los Angeles, CA. The show was briefly simulcast on KHJZ-FM, Smooth Jazz 95.7 The Wave in Houston, TX from 6AM-9AM CST.

On January 26, 2009, McKnight hosted "The Brian McKnight Show" from 7PM-Midnight on 98.7 KISS FM in New York City.

In 2009, he appeared in the second season of Celebrity Apprentice. Each celebrity played to raise money for the charity of his or her choice; McKnight elected to play for Youthville USA.

From September 2009 to May 2010, McKnight hosted ''The Brian McKnight Show'', a late night talk show billed as a combination of talk and variety, aired in syndication. The show was cancelled on May 29, 2010 after one season.

Personal life

McKnight is divorced and has four sons and two daughters (Brian Jr. 21, Cole Nikolas 19, Clyde Lee 18, Evan 10, Brianna 9 and Braylinn 3). On February 11, 2010, Brian proposed to his girlfriend Annalisa Mungcal during one of his performances. No wedding date has been set at this time.

McKnight currently lives in Los Angeles, California.

Religion

Brian McKnight was previously a Seventh-day Adventist. He grew up attending Emmanuel Temple Seventh-day Adventist Church in Buffalo. He also attended Oakwood University, a Seventh-day Adventist university, in Huntsville, Alabama from 1987-1989. McKnight explains, concerning his musical beginnings in the church:

"I'm the fifth generation of Seventh Day Adventists and the youngest of four brothers. When I was still very small, we formed a gospel quartet. Our models were the great gospel groups, the Swan Silvertones and Mighty Clouds of Joy. The McKnight brothers were serious singers. The reputation went out: these boys could shout. My big brothers—Claude (a part of the gospel group Take 6), Freddie and Michael—man, they were my heroes. Each was a leader in his own right. Outside church, they listened to jazz. Church music thrilled me, but jazz stimulated me."

Discography

Brian McKnight discography

*Brian McKnight (1992)

*I Remember You (1995)

*Anytime (1997)

*Bethlehem (1998)

*Back at One (1999)

*Superhero (2001)

*U-Turn (2003)

*Gemini (2005)

*Ten (2006)

*Evolution of a Man (2009)

*Just Me (2011)

Awards and nominations

American Music Awards

*1999, Favorite R&B;/Soul Album: Anytime (Nominated)

2010

BET Awards

*2007, BET J Cool Like Dat: (Nominated)

Grammy Awards

*2005, Best R&B; Male Vocal Performance: "What We Do Here" (Nominated)

*2004, Best R&B; Male Vocal Performance: "Shoulda, Coulda, Woulda" (Nominated)

*2003, Best R&B; Performance by a Duo or Group: "All the Way" w/ Kenny G (Nominated)

*2002, Outstanding Song Written for a Motion Picture of Television Series: "Win" from Men of Honor (Nominated)

*2002, Best Male Pop Vocal Performance: "Still" (Nominated)

*2002, Best Pop Collaboration w/ Vocals: "My Kind of Girl" w/ Justin Timberlake (Nominated)

*2002, Best R&B; Song: "Love of My Life" (Nominated)

*2002, Best R&B; Male Vocal Performance: "Love of My Life" (Nominated)

*2001, Best Male Pop Vocal Performance: "6, 8, 12" (Nominated)

*2001, Best R&B; Male Vocal Performance: "Stay or Let It Go" (Nominated)

*2001, Best R&B; Performance by a Duo or Group: "Coming Back Home" w/ Bebe Winans & Joe (singer) (Nominated)

*2000, Best R&B; Album: Back at One (Nominated)

*2000, Best Short-Form Music Video: "Back at One" (Nominated)

*1999, Best R&B; Male Vocal Performance: "The Only One For Me" (Nominated)

*1999, Best Male Pop Vocal Performance: "Anytime" (Nominated)

*1994, Best Pop Collaboration w/ Vocals: "Love Is" w/ Vanessa L. Williams (Nominated)

McKnight holds a Grammy Awards record having received 16 nominations without a win.

*2002, Outstanding Male Artist: Superhero (Nominated)

*2001, Outstanding Male Artist: "Stay or Let It Go" (Nominated)

*2000, Outstanding Male Artist: "Back at One" (Winner)

MTV Video Music Awards

*2000, Best R&B; Video: "Back at One" (Nominated)

*1998, Best R&B; Video: "Anytime" (Nominated)

Soul Train Awards

*2002, Best R&B;/Soul Male Single: "Love of My Life" (Nominated)

*2000, Best R&B;/Soul Single Male: "Back at One" (Nominated)

*2000, Best R&B;/Soul Male Album: Back at One (Nominated)

*1999, Best R&B;/Soul Male Album: "Anytime" (Winner)

References

Music.Yahoo.com

External links

Brian McKnight official website

Brian McKnight entertainment website

Brian McKnight's Biography from VH1

Brian McKnight's Profile from VIBE

Brian McKnight Fans Website

Blogs.OrlandoSentinel.com

Brian McKnight JUST ME 2011 World Tour

Category:American rhythm and blues guitarists Category:American soul guitarists Category:American tenors Category:American pianists Category:American musicians Category:American singer-songwriters Category:American record producers Category:Songwriters from New York Category:American trumpeters Category:American guitarists Category:African American guitarists Category:African American songwriters Category:American male singer-songwriters Category:American rhythm and blues singers Category:American multi-instrumentalists Category:American Seventh-day Adventists Category:Motown artists Category:Warner Music Group artists Category:People from Buffalo, New York Category:African American singers Category:1969 births Category:Living people Category:American keyboardists Category:African American record producers Category:African American singer-songwriters Category:Participants in American reality television series Category:The Apprentice (U.S. TV series) contestants

bg:Брайън Макнайт es:Brian McKnight fr:Brian McKnight ko:브라이언 맥나잇 id:Brian McKnight nl:Brian McKnight ja:ブライアン・マックナイト pl:Brian McKnight pt:Brian McKnight ru:МакНайт, Брайан sv:Brian McKnight th:ไบรอัน แม็กไนต์