- published: 07 Dec 2010
- views: 28441
- author: mennomedia
Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
Loading...
..." width="225" height="168" class="playvideo1 gotop" onClick="activateTab('playlist1'); return false" style="display: block;" />
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- Abecedarian
- Abomination (Bible)
- Adult baptism
- Agape feast
- Aguascalientes
- Alemannic German
- Alexander Mack
- Alsace-Lorraine
- Amish
- Anabaptist
- Anabaptists
- Apostolic succession
- Argentina
- Baptism
- Batenburgers
- Beachy Amish
- Becket Fund
- Believer's baptism
- Belize
- Bernhard Rothmann
- Bible
- Black Sea
- Bluffton University
- Bolivia
- Bolsheviks
- Brazil
- Brethren in Christ
- Canada
- Carlos Reygadas
- Catechism
- Catherine the Great
- Chastity
- Child abuse
- Christian anarchism
- Christian communism
- Christian pacifism
- Christianity
- Christopher Dock
- Church discipline
- Colonial America
- Confiscation
- Conrad Grebel
- Creed
- Doopsgezinden
- Doukhobor
- Durango
- Dutch language
- Eden High School
- Elkhart, Indiana
- Endemic typhus
- English language
- Eschatology
- Ethiopia
- Ethnic Germans
- Eucharist
- Excommunication
- Feet washing
- Felix Manz
- Flood
- Foot washing
- Free church
- Freedom of religion
- Freeman Academy
- Frisians
- Funkite
- George Blaurock
- German Baptist
- German mysticism
- Germany
- Goessel, Kansas
- Goshen College
- Gulag
- Guy Hershberger
- Hans Denck
- Hans Herr House
- Hans Reist
- Hesston College
- Holy Spirit
- Honduras
- Hopelchén
- Huldrych Zwingli
- Hurricane
- Hutterite
- Hutterites
- I.e.
- Illinois
- Immanuel Schools
- India
- Indiana
- Indonesia
- Iowa
- Jacob Amman
- Jacob Gottschalk
- Jacob Hutter
- Jakob Ammann
- Jesus
- Jesus Christ
- John Howard Yoder
- Kansas
- Kazakhstan
- Kenya
- Krefeld
- Kulak
- Lamanai
- LGBT
- Lovefeast
- Low Countries
- Manitoba
- Martin Luther
- Martyrs Mirror
- Matthew 5
- Menno Simons
- Menno Simons College
- Mennonite
- Mennonite Brethren
- Mennonite Church USA
- Mennonites in Belize
- Mennonites in France
- Mennonites in Mexico
- Mexico
- Michael Sattler
- Mifflin County, PA
- Milton S. Hershey
- Ministry of Jesus
- Missouri
- Monasticism
- Münster Rebellion
- Nestor Makhno
- New Testament
- Nonviolence
- North America
- North Newton, Kansas
- Nuevo Ideal
- Oath
- Ohio
- Old Order Mennonites
- Order in Council
- Ottoman Empire
- Pacifism
- Paper mill
- Paraguay
- Pastor
- Peace
- Peace churches
- Peasants' War
- Pennsylvania Dutch
- Petr Chelčický
- Pilgram Marpeck
- Plain people
- Plautdietsch
- Portal Anabaptism
- Portal Christianity
- Protestant
- Protestantism
- Puerto Rico
- Quakers
- Quebec
- Radical Reformation
- Reformed churches
- Reformed Mennonite
- Rhenish Palatinate
- Rhine
- Roman Catholic
- Rumspringa
- Russian Civil War
- Russian Mennonite
- Sacrament
- Salvation
- Schwarzenau Brethren
- Sermon
- Sermon on the Mount
- Shunning
- Siberia
- Silent Light
- Simple living
- Social justice
- Sola scriptura
- South America
- Spanish language
- Spousal abuse
- Stauffer Mennonite
- Strasbourg
- Sunday School
- Swiss Brethren
- Sword
- Talk Mennonite
- Tanzania
- Template Anabaptists
- The Bible
- Transubstantiation
- United States
- Uruguay
- Volksdeutsche
- Wetzikon
- Wikipedia Link rot
- Wikisource
- William Penn
- William Rittenhouse
- Winnipeg
- World War I
- World War II
- WP references
- WP Verifiability
- Zacatecas
- Zwickau prophets
-
Aguascalientes
Aguascalientes (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈaɣwaskaˈljentes] (
listen)), officially Free and Sovereign state of Aguascalientes (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Aguascalientes), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 11 municipalities and its capital city is Aguascalientes.
It is located in North-Central Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Zacatecas to the north and Jalisco to the south. Its name means "hot waters" in Spanish and originated from the abundance of hot springs in the area, the corresponding demonym for the state and its inhabitants is hidrocálido.
The state is located about 480 km (300 mi) from Mexico City.
It covers 5,471 square kilometers (2,112 sq mi) and has a little more than one million inhabitants. Most of its inhabitants live in the densely populated metropolitan area of its capital city.
The state as it is now was created on October 27, 1857 when it was separated from Zacatecas after the tale says that the wife of the governor of the state promised to give a kiss to the President of the time, in exchange for the separation of Aguascalientes from Zacatecas, which explains the shape of a kiss the state has. It bears the name Aguascalientes taken from its largest city and capital also called Aguascalientes.
wn.com/Aguascalientes -
Argentina
Argentina
i/ˌɑrdʒənˈtiːnə/, officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina [reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina]), is a country in South America, the continent's second largest by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations.
Argentina's continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. It borders Paraguay and Bolivia to the north, Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast, and Chile to the west and south. Argentine claims over Antarctica, as well as overlapping claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom, are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. Argentina also claims the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are administered by the United Kingdom as British Overseas Territories.
A recognised middle power, Argentina is Latin America's third-largest economy, with a "very high" rating on the Human development index. Within Latin America, Argentina has the fifth highest nominal GDP per capita and the highest in purchasing power terms. Analysts have argued that the country has a "foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods", and it is classed by investors as middle emerging economy. Argentina is a founding member of the United Nations, Mercosur, the Union of South American Nations, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization, and is one of the G-15 and G-20 major economies.
wn.com/Argentina -
Belize
Belizei/bəˈliːz/ (formerly British Honduras) is a country located on the north eastern coast of Central America and it is the only country in the area where English is the official language, although Kriol and Spanish are more commonly spoken. Belize is bordered to the north by Mexico, south and west by Guatemala, and to the east by the Caribbean Sea. Its mainland is about 290 kilometres (180 mi) long and 110 kilometres (68 mi) wide.
With 22,960 square kilometres (8,860 sq mi) of land and a population of only 333,200 inhabitants (2010 est.), Belize possesses the lowest population density in Central America. The country's population growth rate of 2.21% (2008 est.), however, is the highest in the region and one of the highest in the western hemisphere. Belize's abundance of terrestrial and marine species, and its diversity of ecosystems give it a key place within the globally significant Mesoamerican Biological Corridor.
Belize has a diverse society, comprising many cultures and languages and it is the only nation in the region with a British colonial heritage but as a part of the Western Caribbean Zone, it also shares a common heritage with the Caribbean portions of other Central American countries. In general, Belize is considered to be a Central American nation with strong ties to both the Caribbean and Latin America. Belize is a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC), and Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana (SICA).
wn.com/Belize -
Bolivia
Coordinates: 16°42′43″S 64°39′58″W / 16.712°S 64.666°W / -16.712; -64.666 Bolivia (i/bəˈlɪviə/, Spanish: [boliˈβja]) officially known as Plurinational State of Bolivia (Spanish: Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, Quechua: Bulivya Mamallaqta, Aymara: Wuliwya Suyu), is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, Chile to the southwest, and Peru to the west.
Prior to European colonization, the Andean region of Bolivia was a part of the Inca Empire – the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century. During most of the Spanish colonial period, this territory was called Upper Peru and was under the administration of the Viceroyalty of Peru, which included most of Spain's South American colonies. After declaring independence in 1809, 16 years of war followed before the establishment of the Republic, named for Simón Bolívar, on 6 August 1825. Bolivia has struggled through periods of political instability, dictatorships and economic woes.
wn.com/Bolivia -
Brazil
Brazili/brəˈzɪl/ (Portuguese: Brasil, IPA: [bɾaˈziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, 
listen (help·info)), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km (4,655 mi). It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile.
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until 1815, when it was elevated to the rank of kingdom and the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed. The colonial bond was in fact broken in 1808, when the capital of the Portuguese colonial empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, after Napoleon invaded Portugal.Independence was achieved in 1822 with the formation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The country became a presidential republic in 1889, when a military coup d'état proclaimed the Republic, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to the ratification of the first constitution in 1824. Its current Constitution, formulated in 1988, defines Brazil as a Federal Republic. The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.
wn.com/Brazil -
Canada
Canada ( /ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
wn.com/Canada -
Durango
Durango (Spanish pronunciation: [duˈɾaŋɡo]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Durango (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Durango), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. The state is located in Northwest Mexico. With a population of 1,632,934, it has Mexico's second-lowest population density, after Baja California Sur. The city of Victoria de Durango is the state's capital, named after the first president of Mexico, Guadalupe Victoria.
wn.com/Durango -
Ethiopia
Ethiopia (
/ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/) (Ge'ez: ኢትዮጵያ ʾĪtyōṗṗyā), officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with over 82 million inhabitants, and the tenth largest by area, occupying 1,100,000 km2. Ethiopia is bordered by Eritrea to the north, Djibouti and Somalia to the east, Sudan and South Sudan to the west, and Kenya to the south. With its capital at Addis Ababa, it is also the most populous landlocked nation in the world.
Ethiopia was a monarchy for most of its history, and the Ethiopian dynasty traces its roots to the 2nd century BC. Ethiopia is also one of the oldest sites of human existence known to scientists today, having yielded some of humanity's oldest traces. It may be the region from which Homo sapiens first set out for the Middle East and points beyond. Alongside Rome, Persia, China and India, the Ethiopian Aksum Empire was considered one of the great world powers of the 3rd century. During the Scramble for Africa, Ethiopia was the only African country beside Liberia that retained its sovereignty as a recognized independent country, and was one of only four African members of the League of Nations. After a brief period of Italian occupation, Ethiopia became a charter member of the United Nations. When other African nations received their independence following World War II, many of them adopted the colors of Ethiopia's flag, and Addis Ababa became the location of several international organizations focused on Africa.
wn.com/Ethiopia -
Freeman Academy
Freeman Academy is a private, Christian middle school and high school in Freeman, South Dakota, that serves students in grades 5-12. Founded in 1901, the school is affiliated with Mennonite Church, but welcomes students of all denominations. It serves the greater Freeman community primarily, but those enrolled hail from neighboring communities and states, as well. Traditionally, the school also welcomes foreign exchange students, giving Freeman Academy a multi-cultural dimension each school year. School enrollment generally falls between 70-80 students. Boarding is available for students wishing to attend from a distance.
The school distinguishes itself through a curriculum that focuses on "Faith and the Arts" with a student-to-teacher ratio far smaller than traditional public high schools.
Freeman Academy athletics features cross country, soccer, volleyball, basketball and track; its mascot is the Bobcat.
Coordinates: 43°20′48″N 97°26′20″W / 43.3466°N 97.4390°W / 43.3466; -97.4390
wn.com/Freeman_Academy -
Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
wn.com/Germany -
Honduras
Honduras is a republic in Central America. It was at times referred to as Spanish Honduras to differentiate it from British Honduras, which became the modern-day state of Belize. The country is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca, and to the north by the Gulf of Honduras, a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea.
Honduras was home to several important indigenous cultures, most notably the Maya. Much of the country was conquered by Spain who introduced its predominant language and many of its customs in the sixteenth century. It became independent in 1821 and has been a republic since the end of Spanish rule.
Its size is just over 112,492 km² with an estimated population of almost eight million. Its capital is Tegucigalpa. Its northern portions are part of the Western Caribbean Zone.
It is notable for its production of minerals, tropical fruit, and recently for exportation of clothing for the international market.
wn.com/Honduras -
Hopelchén
Hopelchén (Yucatec Maya: "place of five wells") is a city in the Mexican state of Campeche. It is situated inland in the north of the state. It serves as the municipal seat for the surrounding Hopelchén Municipality.
Ich-Ek
wn.com/Hopelchén -
Illinois
Illinois (i/ˌɪlɨˈnɔɪ/ IL-i-NOY) is the 25th most extensive and the 5th most populous of the 50 United States, and is often noted as a microcosm of the entire country. With Chicago in the northeast, small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and northern Illinois, and natural resources like coal, timber, and petroleum in the south, Illinois has a broad economic base. Illinois is a major transportation hub. The Port of Chicago connects the state to other global ports from the Great Lakes, via the Saint Lawrence Seaway, to the Atlantic Ocean; as well as the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River, via the Illinois River. For decades, O'Hare International Airport has ranked as one of the world's busiest airports. Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics.
Although the state's largest population centers today are in northern Illinois, originally the state's population grew from south to north, with settlers arriving from Kentucky in the 1810s. In 1818, Illinois achieved statehood. Chicago was founded in the 1830s on the banks of the Chicago River, one of the few natural harbors on southern Lake Michigan. Railroads and John Deere's invention of the self-scouring steel plow turned Illinois' rich prairie into some of the world's most productive and valuable farmlands, attracting immigrant farmers from Germany and Sweden. By 1900, the growth of industrial jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars. The Great Migration established a large community of African Americans in Chicago that created the city's famous jazz and blues cultures.
wn.com/Illinois -
Immanuel Schools
Immanuel Schools are Christian schools located in different areas of Reedley, California dedicated to religion and education. The schools offer a K-6 Immanuel Elementary school, a 7-8 Immanuel Junior High School, and a 9-12 Immanuel High School. Their mascot is the eagle and their school colors are red, white, and blue.
Immanuel High School was founded as a Bible School in 1926 by interested members of the Mennonite Brethren Church. the educational program was carried on in the old Sunday School building which was then located just south of the present Reedley Mennonite Brethren Church. It became the desire of the local MB Churches to educate their children in Biblical knowledge beyond the training the churches provided.
Immanuel Academy was established as a four-year high school in 1944 and moved to the present location. It became a fully accredited secondary school in 1969 by the regional accrediting agency of the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. In 1973 the Board changed the name to Immanuel High School. In 1991, Immanuel Junior High School opened with grades 7-8. The Junior High campus is located on the northeast end of the Immanuel campus. Then in 1994, it was adopted by the Immanuel High School Board to change the schools' names to Immanuel Schools, to include both junior and senior high school. In 1999 an additional classroom was moved on to the junior high campus to accommodate a self-contained 6th grade class. In the year 2000, a second classroom was added to the 6th grade.
wn.com/Immanuel_Schools -
India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
wn.com/India -
Indiana
Indiana (i/ɪndiˈænə/) is a US state, admitted to the United States as the 19th on December 11, 1816. It is located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 15th most populous of the 50 United States. Indiana is the least extensive state in the continental US west of the Appalachian Mountains. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis, the second largest of any state capital and largest state capital east of the Mississippi River.
Before it became a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Angel Mounds State Historic Site, one of the best preserved ancient earthwork mound sites in the United States, can be found in Southwestern Indiana near Evansville. Residents of Indiana are known as Hoosiers. The etymology of the word is disputed, but the leading theory as advanced by the Indiana Historical Bureau and the Indiana Historical Society has "Hoosier" originating from the upland South region of the U.S. as a derogatory slang term for a rough countryman, a country bumpkin.
wn.com/Indiana -
Indonesia
Indonesia (i/ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ IN-də-NEE-zhə or /ˌɪndoʊˈniːziə/ IN-doh-NEE-zee-ə), officially the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia Indonesian pronunciation: [rɛpʊblɪk ɪndɔnɛsɪa]), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 17,508 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies. The Indonesian economy is the world's 17th largest economy by nominal GDP.
The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Muslim traders brought Islam, and European powers brought Christianity and fought one another to monopolize trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratization process, and periods of rapid economic change.
wn.com/Indonesia -
Iowa
Iowa (i/ˈaɪ.əwə/) is a state located in the Midwestern United States, an area often referred to as the "American Heartland". It derives its name from the Ioway people, one of the many American Indian tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration. Iowa was a part of the French colony of New France. After the Louisiana Purchase, settlers laid the foundation for an agriculture-based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt. Iowa is often known as the "Food Capital of the World".
In the latter half of the 20th century, Iowa's agricultural economy transitioned to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing, processing, financial services, biotechnology, and green energy production. Iowa is the 26th most extensive and the 30th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital and largest city is Des Moines. Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states to live in.
Iowa is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east; the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west; the northern boundary is a line along 43 degrees, 30 minutes north latitude. The southern border is the Des Moines River and a not-quite-straight line along approximately 40 degrees 35 minutes north, as decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in Missouri v. Iowa after a standoff between Missouri and Iowa known as the Honey War.
wn.com/Iowa -
Kansas
Kansas (i/ˈkænzəs/) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. It is named after the Kansas River which flows through it, which in turn was named after the Kansa Native American tribe, which inhabited the area. The tribe's name (natively kką:ze) is often said to mean "people of the wind" or "people of the south wind," although this was probably not the term's original meaning. Residents of Kansas are called "Kansans."
For thousands of years what is now Kansas was home to numerous and diverse Native American tribes. Tribes in the Eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys. Tribes in the Western part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison. Kansas was first settled by European Americans in the 1830s, but the pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s, in the midst of political wars over the slavery issue. When officially opened to settlement by the U.S. government in 1854, abolitionist Free-Staters from New England and pro-slavery settlers from neighboring Missouri rushed to the territory to determine if Kansas would become a free state or a slave state. Thus, the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided, and was known as Bleeding Kansas. The abolitionists eventually prevailed and on January 29, 1861, Kansas entered the Union as a free state. After the Civil War, the population of Kansas grew rapidly, when waves of immigrants turned the prairie into farmland. Today, Kansas is one of the most productive agricultural states, producing high yields of wheat, sorghum and sunflowers. Kansas is the 15th most extensive and the 33rd most populous of the 50 United States.
wn.com/Kansas -
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan (i/ˌkɑːzəkˈstɑːn/ or /ˌkæzəkˈstæn/) (Kazakh: Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, pronounced [qɑzɑqstɑ́n]; Russian: Казахстан [kəzɐxˈstan]), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Europe. The ninth largest country in the world by land area, it is also the world's largest landlocked country; its territory of 2,727,300 square kilometres (1,053,000 sq mi) is larger than Western Europe. It is neighbored clockwise from the north by Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and also borders on a significant part of the Caspian Sea. Although Kazakhstan does not share a border with Mongolia, its most easterly point is only 38 kilometres (24 mi) from Mongolia's western tip. The terrain of Kazakhstan ranges from flatlands, steppes, taigas, rock-canyons, hills, deltas, and snow-capped mountains to deserts. With 16.6 million people (2011 estimate) Kazakhstan has the 62nd largest population in the world, though its population density is less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 per sq. mi.). The capital was moved in 1998 from Almaty, Kazakhstan's largest city, to Astana.
wn.com/Kazakhstan -
Kenya
Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ or /ˈkiːnjə/), officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in East Africa that lies on the equator. With the Indian Ocean to its south-east, it is bordered by Tanzania to the south, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya has a land area of 580,000 km2 and a population of nearly 41 million, representing 42 different peoples and cultures. The country is named after Mount Kenya, a significant landmark and second among Africa's highest mountain peaks. Kenya's capital and largest city is Nairobi.
Kenya has a warm and humid climate along its coastline on the Indian Ocean which changes to wildlife-rich savannah grasslands moving inland towards the capital Nairobi. Nairobi has a cool climate that gets colder approaching Mount Kenya, which has three permanently snow-capped peaks. The warm and humid tropical climate reappears further inland towards lake Victoria, before giving way to temperate forested and hilly areas in the western region. The North Eastern regions along the border with Somalia and Ethiopia are arid and semi-arid areas with near-desert landscapes. Lake Victoria, the world's second largest fresh-water lake (after Lake Superior in the US and Canada) and the world's largest tropical lake, is situated to the southwest and is shared with Uganda and Tanzania. Kenya is famous for its safaris and diverse world-famous wildlife reserves such as Tsavo National Park, the Maasai Mara, Nakuru National Park, and Aberdares National Park.
wn.com/Kenya -
Lamanai
The Mayan ruins of Lamanai Belize once belonged to a sizable Mayan city in the Orange Walk District. "Lamanai" comes from the Maya term for "submerged crocodile", a nod to the toothy reptiles who live along the banks of the New River. Lamanai Belize jungle, which brims with exotic birds and hydrophilic iguanas. There is evidence on Mayan life that dates from about 1500 B.C. through Postclassic (A.D. 950-1544) and Spanish colonial times (A.D. 1544-1700)
Among the many important aspects of Postclassic and early Spanish colonial period Maya life at Lamanai is shown by the presence of significant numbers of copper artifacts. Copper indicates broader trade relations in the southern Maya lowlands, and as a reflection of technological change, the history of metal artifact use at Lamanai is an invaluable element in the reconstruction of Postclassic and early historical dynamics.(cite)The archaeological contexts of copper objects recovered at Lamanai beginning ,with the appearance of metal at the site by around A.D. 1150.
wn.com/Lamanai -
Manitoba
Manitobai/ˌmænəˈtoʊbə/ is a Canadian prairie province. The province, with an area of 649,950 square kilometres (250,900 sq mi), has a largely continental climate because of its flat topography. Agriculture, mostly concentrated in the fertile southern and western parts of the province, is vital to the province's economy; other major industries are transportation, manufacturing, mining, forestry, energy, and tourism.
Manitoba's capital and largest city, Winnipeg, is Canada's eighth-largest Census Metropolitan Area, and home to 60 percent of the population of the province. Winnipeg is the seat of government, home to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba and the highest court in the jurisdiction, the Manitoba Court of Appeal. Four of the province's five universities, all four of its professional sports teams, and most of its cultural activities are located in Winnipeg.
Fur traders first arrived during the late 17th century. Manitoba became a province of Canada in 1870 after the Red River Rebellion. A general strike took place in Winnipeg in 1919, and the province was hit hard by the Great Depression. This led to the creation of what would become the New Democratic Party of Manitoba, one of the province's major political parties and currently in power, led by premier Greg Selinger.
wn.com/Manitoba -
Mexico
Mexico (i/ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/; Spanish: México, IPA: [ˈmexiko] ( listen)), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos (help·info)), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States of America; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the thirteenth largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 113 million, it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
In Pre-Columbian Mexico many cultures matured into advanced civilizations such as the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, the Maya and the Aztec before the first contact with Europeans. In 1521, Spain conquered and colonized the territory from its base in México-Tenochtitlan, which was administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain. This territory would eventually become Mexico as the colony's independence was recognized in 1821. The post-independence period was characterized by economic instability, the Mexican-American War and territorial cession to the United States, a civil war, two empires and a domestic dictatorship. The latter led to the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the country's current political system. Elections held in July 2000 marked the first time that an opposition party won the presidency from the Institutional Revolutionary Party.
wn.com/Mexico -
Missouri
Missouri (i/mɨˈzʊəri/) (nickname The Show Me State) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States, bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska. Missouri is the 21st most extensive and the 18th most populous of the 50 United States. Missouri comprises 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis. The four largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. Missouri's capital is Jefferson City. The land that is now Missouri was acquired from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase and became known as the Missouri Territory. Part of the Territory was admitted into the union as the 24th state on August 10, 1821.
Missouri generally mirrors the demographic, economic and political makeup of America and has long been considered a political bellwether state. With the exceptions of the Presidential elections of 1956 and 2008, Missouri's results have accurately predicted the next President of the United States in every election since 1904. It has both Midwestern and Southern cultural influences, reflecting its history as a border state. It is also a transition between the Eastern and Western United States, as St. Louis is often called the "western-most Eastern city" and Kansas City the "eastern-most Western city". Missouri's geography is highly varied. The northern part of the state lies in dissected till plains while the southern part lies in the Ozark Mountains (a dissected plateau), with the Missouri River dividing the two. The state lies at the intersection of the three greatest rivers of North America, with the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers near St. Louis, and the confluence of the Ohio River with the Mississippi north of the Bootheel. The starting points of the Pony Express Trail and Oregon Trail were both in Missouri. The mean center of United States population as of the 2010 Census is at the town of Plato in Texas County, Missouri.
wn.com/Missouri -
Nuevo Ideal
Nuevo Ideal is a city and seat of the municipality of Nuevo Ideal, in the state of Durango, north-western Mexico.
wn.com/Nuevo_Ideal -
Ohio
Ohio (i/oʊˈhaɪ.oʊ/) is a state in the Midwestern United States. Ohio is the 34th most extensive, the 7th most populous, and the 10th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's capital and largest city is Columbus.
The name "Ohio" originated from Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning "great river". The state, originally partitioned from the Northwest Territory, was admitted to the Union as the 17th state (and the first under the Northwest Ordinance) on March 1, 1803. Although there are conflicting narratives regarding the origin of the nickname, Ohio is historically known as the "Buckeye State" (relating to the Ohio buckeye tree) and Ohioans are also known as "Buckeyes".
The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch, led by the Governor; the legislative branch, which comprises the Ohio General Assembly; and the judicial branch, which is led by the Supreme Court. Currently, Ohio occupies 18 seats in the United States House of Representatives. Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections.
wn.com/Ohio -
Paraguay
Paraguay (i/ˈpɛərəɡwaɪ/, PAIR-ə-gwy), officially the Republic of Paraguay (Spanish: República del Paraguay [reˈpuβlika ðel paɾaˈɣwai], Guaraní: Tetã Paraguái [teˈtã paɾaˈɣwaj]), is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest. Paraguay lies on both banks of the Paraguay River, which runs through the center of the country from north to south. Due to its central location in South America, it is sometimes referred to as Corazón de América, or the Heart of America.
The Guaraní have been living in Paraguay since before the arrival of Europeans in the 16th century, when Paraguay became part of the Spanish colonial empire. Following independence from Spain in 1811, Paraguay was ruled by a series of dictators who followed isolationist and protectionist policies. This development was truncated by the disastrous Paraguayan War (1864–1870) in which the country lost 60% to 70% of its population and large amounts of territory. During a large part of the 20th century, Paraguay was ruled by Alfredo Stroessner, who led one of South America's longest lived military dictatorships. In 1989 Stroessner was toppled and free elections were celebrated in 1993. In 1994 Paraguay joined Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay to found Mercosur.
wn.com/Paraguay -
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico (/ˌpɔrtə ˈriːkoʊ/ or /ˌpwɛərtə ˈriːkoʊ/), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (Spanish: Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, [esˈtaðo ˈlibɾe asoˈsjaðo ðe ˈpweɾto ˈriko]—literally, "Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"), is an unincorporated territory of the United States, located in the northeastern Caribbean, east of the Dominican Republic and west of both the United States Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands.
Puerto Rico (Spanish for "rich port") comprises an archipelago that includes the main island of Puerto Rico and a number of smaller islands, the largest of which are Vieques, Culebra, and Mona. The main island of Puerto Rico is the smallest by land area of the Greater Antilles. However, it ranks third in population amongst that group of four islands, which also include Cuba, Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), and Jamaica. Due to its location, Puerto Rico enjoys a tropical climate and also experiences the Atlantic hurricane season.
Originally populated for centuries by indigenous aboriginal peoples known as Taínos, the island was claimed by Christopher Columbus for Spain during his second voyage to the Americas on November 19, 1493. Under Spanish rule, the island was colonized and the indigenous population was forced into slavery and nearly wiped out due to, among other things, European infectious diseases. The remaining population was emancipated by King Charles I in 1520. Spain possessed Puerto Rico for over 400 years, despite attempts at capture of the island by the French, Dutch, and British. The Spanish Crown, in an attempt to keep Puerto Rico from gaining its independence, revived the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815. The decree was printed in three languages — Spanish, English and French — and it fostered the immigration of hundreds of non-Spanish European families.
wn.com/Puerto_Rico -
Quebec
Coordinates: 53°45′N 071°59′W / 53.75°N 71.983°W / 53.75; -71.983 (Quebec)
Quebec /kwəˈbɛk/ or /kəˈbɛk/ (French: Québec [kebɛk] ( listen)) is a province in east-central Canada. It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level.
Quebec is Canada's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division; only the territory of Nunavut is larger. It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario, James Bay and Hudson Bay, to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay, to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador and New Brunswick. It is bordered on the south by the US states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York. It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia.
Quebec is Canada's second most populous province, after Ontario. Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais, Eastern Townships, and Gaspé regions. The Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples.
wn.com/Quebec -
Siberia
Coordinates: 60°0′N 105°0′E / 60°N 105°E / 60; 105
Siberia (/saɪˈbɪəriə/; Russian: Сиби́рь, tr. Sibir'; IPA: [sʲɪˈbʲirʲ] ( listen)) is an extensive region constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union (USSR) from its beginning, as its predecessor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, conquered it during the 16th to 19th centuries.
Encompassing much of the Eurasian Steppe, the territory of Siberia extends eastward from the Ural Mountains to the watershed between the Pacific and Arctic drainage basins, and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central Kazakhstan and the national borders of Mongolia and China. Siberia makes up about 77% of Russia's territory (13.1 million square kilometres), but has only 28% (40 million people) of Russia's population.
Some sources say that the word Siberia originates from the Turkic for "sleeping land". Another version is that this name was the ancient tribal name of the Sabirs, Turkic nomads later assimilated to Siberian Tatars. The modern usage of the name appeared in the Russian language after the conquest of the Siberian Khanate.
wn.com/Siberia -
Strasbourg
Strasbourg (French pronunciation: [stʁazbuʁ]; Lower Alsatian: Strossburi, [ˈʃd̥rɔːsb̥uri]; German: Straßburg, [ˈʃtʁaːsbʊɐ̯k]) is the capital and principal city of the Alsace region in eastern France and is the official seat of the European Parliament. Located close to the border with Germany, it is the capital of the Bas-Rhin département. The city and the region of Alsace are historically German-speaking, explaining the city's Germanic name. In 2006, the city proper had 272,975 inhabitants and its urban community 467,375 inhabitants. With 638,670 inhabitants in 2006, Strasbourg's metropolitan area (aire urbaine) (only the part of the metropolitan area on French territory) is the ninth largest in France. The transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau had a population of 884,988 inhabitants in 2008.
Strasbourg is the seat of several European institutions, such as the Council of Europe (with its European Court of Human Rights, its European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and its European Audiovisual Observatory) and the Eurocorps, as well as the European Parliament and the European Ombudsman of the European Union. The city is the seat of the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine.
wn.com/Strasbourg -
Tanzania
Coordinates: 6°18′25″S 34°51′14″E / 6.307°S 34.854°E / -6.307; 34.854 Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( /ˌtænzəˈniːə/ Swahili: Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, and Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south. The country's eastern border lies on the Indian Ocean.
Tanzania is a state composed of 26 regions (mikoa), including those of the semi-autonomous region of Zanzibar. The head of state is President Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, elected in 2005. Since 1996, the official capital of Tanzania has been Dodoma, where Parliament and some government offices are located. Between independence and 1996, the main coastal city of Dar es Salaam served as the country's political capital. Today, Dar es Salaam remains the principal commercial city of Tanzania and the de facto seat of most government institutions. It is the major seaport for the country and its landlocked neighbours.
wn.com/Tanzania -
United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
wn.com/United_States -
Uruguay
Uruguayi/ˈjʊərəɡwaɪ/, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, sometimes the Eastern Republic of Uruguay; (Spanish: República Oriental del Uruguay pronounced: [re̞ˈpuβ̞lika o̞ɾje̞n̪ˈt̪al̪ d̪e̞l uɾuˈɰwai̯]) is a country in the southeastern part of South America. It is home to 3.3 million people, of whom 1.8 million live in the capital Montevideo and its metropolitan area. An estimated 88% of the population are of European ancestry.
Except for the recent union of Timoteo Domínguez Island and Argentina's Martín García Island, Uruguay's only land border is with Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, to the north. To the west lies the Uruguay River and the estuary of the Río de la Plata to the southwest. To the southeast lies the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean. With an area of approximately 176,000 square kilometres (68,000 sq mi), Uruguay is the second-smallest nation in South America by area, after Suriname.
Colonia del Sacramento, one of the oldest European settlements in the country, was founded by the Portuguese in 1680. Montevideo was founded by the Spanish in the early 18th century as a military stronghold. Uruguay won its independence in 1811–28 following a three-way struggle between the claims of Spain, Argentina and Brazil. It is a constitutional democracy, with a president who is both the head of state and the head of government.
wn.com/Uruguay -
Winnipeg
Winnipegi/ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ is the capital and largest city of Manitoba, Canada, and is the primary municipality of the Winnipeg Capital Region, with more than half of Manitoba's population. It is located near the longitudinal centre of North America, at the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers (a point commonly known as The Forks).
The name "Winnipeg" comes from the Cree for "muddy waters". The Winnipeg area was a trading centre for Aboriginal peoples prior to the arrival of Europeans. The first fort was built there in 1738 by French traders. A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers in 1812, the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873 with a population of 1,869. Winnipeg is the seventh-largest municipality in Canada, with a population of 663,617 in the Canada 2011 Census.
Winnipeg has a diversified economy, with sectors in finance, manufacturing, food and beverage production, culture, retail and tourism. Winnipeg is a major transportation hub, served by Richardson International Airport. The city has railway connections to the United States and Eastern and Western Canada through three Class I rail carriers.
wn.com/Winnipeg -
Zacatecas
Zacatecas (Spanish pronunciation: [sakaˈtekas]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Zacatecas (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Zacatecas), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 58 municipalities and its capital city is Zacatecas.
It is located in North-Central Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Durango to the northwest, Coahuila to the north, Nayarit to the west, San Luis Potosí and Nuevo León to the east, and Jalisco, Guanajuato and Aguascalientes to the south.
The state of Zacatecas is best known for its rich deposits of silver and other minerals, its colonial architecture and its importance during the Mexican revolution. Its main economic activities are mining, agriculture and tourism.
"Zacatecas" is the Nahuatl-derived name for one of the indigenous peoples who inhabited the region before the arrival of the Spanish. The name ultimately derives from the Nahuatl word for a type of grass common in the region, zacatl. The region where this grass grew was originally called Zacatlan, and its inhabitants, Zacateca, pluralized in Mexican Spanish to Zacatecas.
wn.com/Zacatecas
-
Alexander Mack
Alexander Mack (c. 27 July 1679 – 19 January 1735) was the leader and first minister of the Schwarzenau Brethren (or German Baptists) in the Schwarzenau, Wittgenstein community of modern-day Bad Berleburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Mack founded the Brethren along with seven other Radical Pietists in Schwarzenau in 1708. Mack and the rest of the early Brethren emigrated to the United States in the mid-18th century, where he continued to minister to the Brethren community until his death.
Mack was born in Schriesheim, Palatinate in contemporary Baden-Württemberg, Germany, where he worked as a miller. He was born the third son to miller Johann Phillip Mack and his wife Christina Fillbrun Mack and baptized into the local Reformed church on 27 July 1679. The Macks remained in Schriesheim throughout the Nine Years' War, intermittently seeking refuge in the hill country due to violence. Upon finishing his studies, Mack took over the family mill and married socialite Anna Margarethe Kling on 18 January 1701. By 1705, the Macks became moved by the Pietist movement locally led by Ernst Christoph Hochmann von Hochnau and started to host an illegal Bible study and prayer group at their home.
wn.com/Alexander_Mack -
Amish
The Amish ( /ˈɑːmɪʃ/ AH-mish; Pennsylvania Dutch: Amisch, German: Amische), sometimes referred to as Amish Mennonites, are a group of Christian church fellowships that form a subgroup of the Mennonite churches. The Amish are known for simple living, plain dress, and reluctance to adopt many conveniences of modern technology. The history of the Amish church began with a schism in Switzerland within a group of Swiss and Alsatian Anabaptists in 1693 led by Jakob Ammann. Those who followed Ammann became known as Amish.
In the early 18th century, many Amish and Mennonites emigrated to Pennsylvania for a variety of reasons. Today, the most traditional descendants of the Amish continue to speak Pennsylvania German, also known as Pennsylvania Dutch. However, a dialect of Swiss German predominates in some Old Order Amish communities, especially in the American state of Indiana. As of 2000, over 165,000 Old Order Amish live in the United States and approximately 1500 live in Canada. A 2008 study suggested their numbers have increased to 227,000, and in 2010 a study suggested their population had grown by 10% in the past two years to 249,000, with increasing movement to the West.
wn.com/Amish -
Bernhard Rothmann
Bernhard (or Bernard) Rothmann (c. 1495, Stadtlohn, Westphalia – c. 1535) was a 16th century Reformer and an Anabaptist leader in the city of Münster (modern Germany). He was born in Stadtlohn around 1495.
In the late 1520s Bernard Rothmann became the leader for religious reform in the city of Münster. In his sermons he condemned Catholic doctrines such as purgatory and the use of images, as well as the low morals of the priests. He suffered censure of the Catholic bishop in 1531, and afterwards denied the authority of the Catholic Church and openly aligned himself with the Reformed faith. In January 1532, he published an evangelical creed, and gained the backing of the city authorities. In the treaty of 14 February 1533, Münster was recognized as a Lutheran city. In the summer of 1533, Rothmann was converted by the Anabaptist disciples of Melchior Hoffman to "anti-pedobaptism". He began to preach against infant baptism from his pulpit at St. Lambert's church. Though censured by the city council, he remained safe through his popularity with the craft guilds. Rothmann strengthened his standing by gaining more converts to his position.
wn.com/Bernhard_Rothmann -
Carlos Reygadas
Carlos Reygadas (born 1971, in Mexico City) is a Mexican filmmaker known for his three films Batalla en el Cielo, Japón and Silent Light (Luz Silenciosa). After Batalla en el Cielo, he was known for his raw depiction of sex in his films and the use of old or ugly-seeming characters. His films explore spirituality and the sublime through the interior lives of men suffering existential crises. Reygadas has shot all but one of his films in CinemaScope. With Silent Light, Reygadas competed once more for the Palme d'Or at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival, and has become one of the most prominent writer–directors of modern cinema.
Martin Scorsese called Silent Light "A surprising picture, and a very moving one as well."
In 1987 Carlos Reygadas discovered his filmic passion after watching Andrei Tarkovsky's films. He attended Mount St Mary's College, Derbyshire, and later studied Law in Mexico. Afterward, he specialized in armed conflicts in London and worked for the United Nations.
In 1997, Reygadas participated in a film competition in Belgium with his first short film, Maxhumain. Shortly after that, in 1999, he began writing his first long film, Japón, which he did not begin to shoot until 2001. The film was presented at the Rotterdam Film Festival and received a special mention for the Caméra d'Or award at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival as well as the Coral Award of the Havana Film Festival.
wn.com/Carlos_Reygadas -
Catherine the Great
Catherine II, also known as Catherine the Great (Russian: Екатерина II Великая, Yekaterina II Velikaya; German: Katharina die Große), Empress of Russia (2 May [O.S. 21 April] 1729 – 17 November [O.S. 6 November] 1796), was the most renowned and the longest-ruling female leader of Russia, reigning from 9 July [O.S. 28 June] 1762 until her death at the age of 67. She was born in Stettin, Pomerania, Prussia as Sophie Friederike Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg, and came to power following a coup d'état and the assassination of her husband, Peter III, at the end of the Seven Years' War. Russia was revitalised under her reign, growing larger and stronger than ever and becoming recognised as one of the great powers of Europe.
In both her accession to power and in rule of her empire, Catherine often relied on her noble favourites, most notably Grigory Orlov and Grigory Potemkin. Assisted by highly successful generals such as Pyotr Rumyantsev and Alexander Suvorov, and admirals such as Fyodor Ushakov, she governed at a time when the Russian Empire was expanding rapidly by conquest and diplomacy. In the south, the Crimean Khanate was crushed following victories over the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish wars, and Russia colonised the vast territories of Novorossiya along the coasts of the Black and Azov Seas. In the west, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ruled by Catherine's former lover, king Stanisław August Poniatowski, was eventually partitioned, with the Russian Empire gaining the largest share. In the east, Russia started to colonise Alaska, establishing Russian America.
wn.com/Catherine_the_Great -
Christopher Dock
Christopher Dock (c. 1698–1771) was a Mennonite educator who worked primarily in South-East Pennsylvania. His teaching techniques stood in contrast to the norm of the day, and emphasized character building and discussion in lieu of physical punishment. His legacy lives on in the Christopher Dock Mennonite High School, which bears his name.
He immigrated to the United States by 1714, becoming a teacher at Skippack in Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania (present-day Montgomery County, Pennsylvania) by 1718. After teaching for ten years, he turned primarily to farming, and bought 100 acres (0.40 km2) in Salford Township in 1735. Three years later, he returned to teaching and continued as a schoolmaster until his death late in 1771, when he failed to return home from the Skippack school. He was found there on his knees, where it had been his habit to pray for his students.
He wrote, in German, the earliest known teaching methods text in the U.S., Schul-Ordnung (School Management), a book on general pedagogy. The book was completed on August 8, 1750, but was not published until 1769. It was written through the efforts of Christopher Saur of Germantown, a printer whose son Christopher was a student of Dock's. He was so impressed with Dock's teaching style, which was becoming well known, that he asked him to write a guide so that others who taught children could benefit as well. Saur's son printed and published the guide.
wn.com/Christopher_Dock -
Conrad Grebel
Conrad Grebel (c. 1498–1526), son of a prominent Swiss merchant and councilman, was a co-founder of the Swiss Brethren movement and is often called the "Father of Anabaptists".
Conrad Grebel was born, probably in Grüningen in the Canton of Zurich, about 1498 to Junker Jakob and Dorothea (Fries) Grebel, the second of six children. He spent his early life in Grüningen, and then came to Zurich with his family around 1513. He spent several years abroad in study, worked as a proofreader in Basel, married in 1522, and became a Christian minister around 1523.
Conrad Grebel is thought to have studied for six years at the Carolina, the Latin school of the Grossmünster Church in Zürich. He enrolled at the University of Basel in October 1514. While there he studied under Heinrich Loriti, a noted humanist scholar. His father acquired a stipend from Emperor Maximilian for Conrad to study at the University of Vienna. In 1515 he began attending there and remained until 1518. While there, Grebel became close friends with Joachim Vadian, an eminent Swiss humanist professor from St. Gall. After spending three years in Vienna he returned to Zürich for about three months. His father acquired a scholarship for Conrad from the King of France to attend the University in Paris. He spent two years in study there, and joined the boarding academy of his former teacher in Basel, Loriti. In Paris Grebel engaged in a loose lifestyle, and was involved in several brawls with other students. When Grebel's father received word of his son's demeanor, he cut off Conrad's funds and demanded that he return to Zurich. Conrad Grebel spent about six years in three universities, but without finishing his education or receiving a degree.
wn.com/Conrad_Grebel -
Excommunication
Excommunication is a religious censure used to deprive, suspend, or limit membership in a religious community. Some groups use the term disfellowship instead. The word excommunication means putting [someone] out of communion. In some religions, excommunication includes spiritual condemnation of the member or group. Excommunication may involve banishment, shunning, and shaming, depending on the religion, the offense that caused excommunication, or the rules or norms of the religious community.
Matthew 18:15-17 is seen as a biblical basis for excommunication in Christianity. There Jesus tells an offended church member to draw the offender's fault to his attention privately; then, failing repentance, to speak to him again with the support of one or two others so that the charge is established by two or three witnesses; and, if even this measure is unsuccessful, to bring the matter before the church as a whole, after which, if the offender refuses to accept the church's verdict, he is to be treated as "a Gentile and a tax collector."
wn.com/Excommunication -
Felix Manz
Felix Manz (c. 1498 – 5 January 1527) was a co-founder of the original Swiss Brethren Anabaptist congregation in Zürich, Switzerland, and the first martyr of the Radical Reformation.
Manz was the son of a canon of Grossmünster church in Zürich. Though records of his education are scant, there is evidence that he had a liberal education, with a thorough knowledge of Hebrew, Greek and Latin. Manz became a follower of Huldrych Zwingli after he came to Zürich in 1519. When Conrad Grebel joined the group in 1521, he and Manz became friends. They questioned the mass, the nature of church and state connections, and infant baptism. After the Second Disputation of Zürich in 1523, they became dissatisfied, believing that Zwingli's plans for reform had been compromised with the city council.
Grebel, Manz and others made several attempts to plead their position. Several parents refused to have their children baptized. A public disputation was held with Zwingli on 17 January 1525. The council declared Zwingli the victor.
wn.com/Felix_Manz -
Frisians
The Frisians are a Germanic ethnic group native to the coastal parts of the Netherlands and Germany. They are concentrated in the Dutch provinces of Friesland and Groningen and, in Germany, East Frisia and North Frisia, that was a part of Denmark until 1864. They inhabit an area known as Frisia. The Frisian languages are still used by 500,000 speakers; dialects of Frisian are recognized as official languages in both the Netherlands and Germany.
The ancient Frisii enter recorded history in the Roman account of Drusus' 12 BC war against the Rhine Germans and the Chauci. They occasionally appear in the accounts of Roman wars against the Germanic tribes of the region, up to and including the Revolt of the Batavi around 70 AD. They are not mentioned again until c. 296, when they were deported into Roman territory as laeti (i.e., Roman-era serfs). The discovery of a type of earthenware unique to 4th century Frisia, called terp Tritzum, shows that an unknown number of them were resettled in Flanders and Kent, probably as laeti under Roman coercion.
wn.com/Frisians -
George Blaurock
Jörg vom Haus Jacob (Georg Cajacob, or George of the House of Jacob), commonly known as George Blaurock (c. 1491 – September 6, 1529), with Conrad Grebel and Felix Manz, was co-founder of the Swiss Brethren in Zürich, and thereby one of the founders of Anabaptism.
George Blaurock was born in 1491 in Bonaduz in the Grisons, Switzerland. He was educated at the University of Leipzig and served as a priest of the Roman Catholic Church until his conversion to evangelical Anabaptism. Blaurock had evidently departed from the Catholic Church before he arrived in Zürich circa 1524, for he had already taken a wife. Though he came to see Huldrych Zwingli, he soon became attached to the more radical followers of Zwingli. These radicals insisted on following only that which had Biblical support. They rejected the mass, images, and infant baptism. The city council condemned their position, ordered them to desist from their meetings, and ordered all unbaptized babies to be baptized within eight days. On January 21, 1525, the despondent group held a secret meeting at the home of Felix Manz. These believers went to their knees in prayer for guidance. Arising from the prayer, George Blaurock requested Conrad Grebel to baptize him upon a confession of faith in Christ. Grebel did so, and afterwards Blaurock proceeded to baptize the others who were present.
wn.com/George_Blaurock -
Guy Hershberger
Guy F. Hershberger (December 3, 1896 – December 29, 1989) was an American Mennonite theologian, educator, historian, and prolific author particularly in the field of Mennonite ethics.
Born in Johnson County, Iowa, to Ephraim D. and Dorinda Kempf Hershberger, Hershberger was one of nine children. He was baptized in 1909 at his home congregation of East Union Amish Mennonite Church, where Sanford Calvin Yoder was pastor. He began work as an educator immediately out of high school in 1915 as a teacher in rural schools, where he remained for five years until his marriage to Clara Hooley on 1 August 1920. They had two children who survived into adulthood; Elizabeth (Bauman), born in 1924, and Paul, born 1934. Hershberger then pursued further education, first in the form of an undergraduate degree at Hesston College and then a MA and PhD at the University of Iowa, where his dissertation was on Quaker Politics in Colonial America. All the while he worked first as a teacher at Heston Academy (1923–24) and then began his long career as a professor of history, sociology, and ethics at Goshen College (1925–1966).
wn.com/Guy_Hershberger -
Hans Denck
Hans Denck (c. 1495 – November 27, 1527) was a German theologian and Anabaptist leader during the Reformation.
Denck was born in 1495 in the Bavarian town of Habach. After a classical education, he became headmaster at the St. Sebaldus school in Nuremberg in 1523. He became involved in the trial of the artist brothers Sebald and Barthel Beham, who were expelled from the city in 1524 at the instigation of Andreas Osiander.
In 1525 he went to Augsburg and from there he fled to Strasbourg in 1526 where he stayed with Ludwig Haetzer, a like-minded Anabaptist. He was also expelled from there, and after a long time of wandering in Southern Germany and Switzerland he found refuge with Johannes Oekolampad in Basel. After attending the Martyrs' Synod in Augsburg, he returned to Basel where he died in 1527 of bubonic plague. In his writings he fiercely attacked the reformers; together with Haetzer he translated The Prophets into German (Worms 1527).
For Denck the living, inner word of God was more important than the letters of the Scripture. He thought of the Bible as a human product, the individual books being different witnesses of one truth. He did not value the scripture as the source of all true religious knowledge, but also the spirit that spoke from within each person. For Denck the sacraments were only symbols: baptism was a sign of commitment, communion a ceremony of remembrance.
wn.com/Hans_Denck -
Huldrych Zwingli
Huldrych (or Ulrich/Ulricht) Zwingli (1 January 1484 – 11 October 1531) was a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland. Born during a time of emerging Swiss patriotism and increasing criticism of the Swiss mercenary system, he attended the University of Vienna and the University of Basel, a scholarly centre of humanism. He continued his studies while he served as a pastor in Glarus and later in Einsiedeln, where he was influenced by the writings of Erasmus.
In 1518, Zwingli became the pastor of the Grossmünster in Zurich where he began to preach ideas on reforming the Catholic Church. In his first public controversy in 1522, he attacked the custom of fasting during Lent. In his publications, he noted corruption in the ecclesiastical hierarchy, promoted clerical marriage, and attacked the use of images in places of worship. In 1525, Zwingli introduced a new communion liturgy to replace the mass. Zwingli also clashed with the Anabaptists, which resulted in their persecution.
The Reformation spread to other parts of the Swiss Confederation, but several cantons resisted, preferring to remain Catholic. Zwingli formed an alliance of Reformed cantons which divided the Confederation along religious lines. In 1529, a war between the two sides was averted at the last moment. Meanwhile, Zwingli’s ideas came to the attention of Martin Luther and other reformers. They met at the Marburg Colloquy and although they agreed on many points of doctrine, they could not reach an accord on the doctrine of the presence of Christ in the eucharist. In 1531 Zwingli’s alliance applied an unsuccessful food blockade on the Catholic cantons. The cantons responded with an attack at a moment when Zurich was badly prepared. Zwingli was killed in battle at the age of 47. His legacy lives on in the confessions, liturgy, and church orders of the Reformed churches of today.
wn.com/Huldrych_Zwingli -
Jacob Hutter
Jacob Hutter (or Jakob Hutter, Hueter) (ca 1500 – 25 February 1536), was a Tyrolean Anabaptist leader and founder of the Hutterites.
Jacob Hutter was born in St. Lorenzen in the Puster Valley in the County of Tyrol (South Tyrol today). He learned hat making in Prague and became an itinerant craftsperson.
He first encountered Anabaptists in Klagenfurt and soon thereafter was converted to their belief. He began preaching in the Tyrol region, forming several small congregations. In early 1529, authorities in the Tyrol began to persecute Anabaptists there. Hutter and a few other went to investigate Moravia, because they heard the persecution was not as severe there. They found the situation was indeed more tolerant and the Tyrolean Anabaptists decided to emigrate. As small groups moved to Moravia, Hutter remained in the Tyrol to pastor the those who remained.
Hutter escaped capture by the authorities because other captured Anabaptists would not reveal his whereabouts, even under severe torture. In 1527, Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria declared that seductive doctrines and heretical sects "will not be tolerated."
wn.com/Jacob_Hutter -
Jakob Ammann
Jakob Ammann (also Jacob Amman, Amann), (c. 1656–c. 1730) was an Anabaptist leader and namesake of the Amish religious movement.
Jakob Ammann was born in 1656, in Erlenbach im Simmental, Canton of Bern, Switzerland, but later moved to Alsace as part of a wave of Anabaptist emigration from the Canton of Berne. His exact date of birth is unknown. Some believe[who?] he is the Jakob Ammann who was born on 12 February 1644, to Michael and Anna Rupp Ammann of Erlenbach. Ammann lived in the region of Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines, Upper Alsace, in 1696. On February 27 of that year, he signed a petition against compulsory military service. He was probably leader of that congregation until his death. Ammann's date of death is also unknown, though records indicate it occurred after 1708 and before 1730. Ammann's name is found on a 1708 list that Mennonites were required to sign by Alsace authorities. An Erlenbach record of his daughter's baptism in 1730 mentions that he had died prior to the event.
wn.com/Jakob_Ammann -
Jesus
Jesus ( /ˈdʒiːzəs/; Greek: Ἰησοῦς; 7–2 BC/BCE to 30–36 AD/CE), also referred to as Jesus Christ or simply Christ, is the central figure of Christianity and most Christian denominations venerate him as God the Son incarnated. In Islam, Jesus (in Arabic: عيسى in Islamic usage, commonly transliterated as Isa) is considered one of God's important prophets.
Most modern historians agree that Jesus existed and was a Jewish teacher from Galilee in Roman Judaea, who was baptized by John the Baptist, and was crucified in Jerusalem on the orders of the Roman Prefect, Pontius Pilate. Scholars have offered competing descriptions and portraits of Jesus, which at times share a number of overlapping attributes, such as a rabbi, a charismatic healer, the leader of an apocalyptic movement, a self-described Messiah, a sage and philosopher, or a social reformer who preached of the "Kingdom of God" as a means for personal and egalitarian social transformation. Scholars have correlated the New Testament accounts with non-Christian historical records to arrive at an estimated chronology of Jesus' life.
wn.com/Jesus -
John Howard Yoder
John Howard Yoder (December 29, 1927 – December 30, 1997) was an American Mennonite theologian and ethicist best known for his defense of Christian pacifism. His most influential book is The Politics of Jesus, first published in 1972.
Yoder earned his undergraduate degree from Goshen College where he studied under the influence of Mennonite theologian Harold S. Bender. He completed his Th.D. at the University of Basel, Switzerland, studying under Karl Barth, Oscar Cullman, Walther Eichrodt, and Karl Jaspers. Anecdotally true to form, the night before he was to defend his dissertation on Anabaptism and Reformation in Switzerland, Yoder visited Barth's office to deliver an entirely different document: a thorough critique of Barth's position on war which he had written in the meantime called Karl Barth and the Problem of War.[citation needed]
After World War II, Yoder traveled to Europe to direct relief efforts for the Mennonite Central Committee. Yoder was instrumental in reviving European Mennonites following World War II. Upon returning to the United States, he spent a year working at his father's greenhouse business in Wooster, Ohio.
wn.com/John_Howard_Yoder -
Kulak
Kulaks (Russian: кула́к, kulak, "fist", by extension "tight-fisted"; kurkuls in Ukraine, also used in Russian texts in Ukrainian contexts) were a category of relatively affluent farmers in the later Russian Empire, Soviet Russia, and early Soviet Union. The word kulak originally referred to independent farmers in the Russian Empire who emerged from the peasantry and became wealthy following the Stolypin reform, which began in 1906.
According to the political theory of Marxism-Leninism of the early 20th century, the kulaks were class enemies of the poorer peasants.Vladimir Lenin described them as "bloodsuckers, vampires, plunderers of the people and profiteers, who fatten on famine.” Marxism-Leninism had intended a revolution to liberate poor peasants and farm laborers alongside the proletariat (urban and industrial workers). In addition, the planned economy of Soviet Bolshevism required the collectivization of farms and land to allow industrialization or conversion to large-scale agricultural production. In practice, these Marxist-Leninist theories led to disruption of agriculture as government officials violently seized kulak farms and murdered resistors.
wn.com/Kulak -
Martin Luther
Martin Luther (help·info) (10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German monk, priest, professor of theology and iconic figure of the Protestant Reformation. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money. He confronted indulgence salesman Johann Tetzel with his Ninety-Five Theses in 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor.
Luther taught that salvation is not earned by good deeds but received only as a free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin. His theology challenged the authority of the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge and opposed sacerdotalism by considering all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood. Those who identify with Luther's teachings are called Lutherans.
wn.com/Martin_Luther -
Menno Simons
Menno Simons (1496 – 31 January 1561) was an Anabaptist religious leader from the Friesland region of the Low Countries. Simons was a contemporary of the Protestant Reformers and his followers became known as Mennonites. "Menno Simons" (/ˈmɛnoː ˈsimɔns/) is a dutchification; his actual, Frisian name was Minne Simens (/ˈmɪnə ˈsimn̩s/).[citation needed]
Menno Simons was born in 1496 in Witmarsum, Friesland, Holy Roman Empire. He grew up in a poor peasant environment, but very little is known concerning his childhood and family. His father's name must have been Simon, Simons being a patronym, while he had a brother named Pieter.
Simons grew up in a disillusioned war-torn country. Friesland was ravaged by war in the late 15th and early 16th century. Landsknecht soldiers haunted the Frisian lands in the 1490s to force the 'Free' Frisians to accept the duke of Saxony-Meissen as their head of state. The duke was the governor of the Netherlands for the Habsburg family. One of the archenemies of the Habsburgs, the Duke of Guelders, invaded Friesland in 1515 and conquered half of it. The other half was ceded by Saxony to the Habsburgs. The Frisians tried to regain their freedom but they were too weak and eventually accepted the imperial authority of the Habsburg emperor Charles V.[citation needed]
wn.com/Menno_Simons -
Mennonite
The Mennonites are a Protestant group based around the church communities of the Christian Anabaptist denominations named after the Frisian Menno Simons (1496–1561), who, through his writings, articulated and thereby formalized the teachings of earlier Swiss founders. The teachings of the Mennonites were founded on their belief in both the mission and ministry of Jesus Christ, which they held to with great conviction despite persecution by the various Roman Catholic and Protestant states. Rather than fight, the majority survived by fleeing to neighboring states where ruling families were tolerant of their radical belief in adult baptism. Over the years, Mennonites have become known as one of the historic peace churches because of their commitment to nonviolence.
There are about 1.5 million Mennonites worldwide as of 2006. Mennonite congregations worldwide embody the full scope of Mennonite practice from "plain people" to those who are indistinguishable in dress and appearance from the general population. The largest populations of Mennonites are in Ethiopia,Canada, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the United States, but Mennonites can also be found in tight-knit communities in at least 51 countries on six continents or scattered amongst the populace of those countries. There are also significant numbers of Mennonites scattered throughout China. There are German Mennonite colonies in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia,Brazil, Mexico, Uruguay, and Paraguay, who are to a large extent descendants of Mennonites living in eastern Europe, and there remains a small congregation in the Netherlands where Simons was born.
wn.com/Mennonite -
Michael Sattler
Michael Sattler (c.1490 – 20 May 1527) was a monk who left the Roman Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation to become one of the early leaders of the Anabaptist movement. He was particularly influential for his role in developing the Schleitheim Confession.
Born in approximately 1490 in Staufen, Germany. Sattler became a Benedictine monk in the cloister of St. Peter and most likely became prior. He left St. Peter's probably in May 1525 when the monastery had been overcome by the troops from the Black Forest fighting in the Peasants' War. He later married a former Beguine named Margaretha. When Sattler arrived in Zurich is not known except that he was in town before being expelled from the city November 18, 1525 in a wave of expulsions of foreigners resulting from the November 6-8 disputation on baptism. Some believe that Sattler is to be identified as the "Brother Michael in the white coat," mentioned in a document dated March 25 of that year, thus placing Sattler in Zurich before Snyder's estimation of when he left St. Peter's. Snyder believed that Sattler possibly arrived in Zurich to attend that disputation. He became associated with the Anabaptists and was probably rebaptised in the summer of 1526. He was involved in missionary activity around Horb and Rottenburg, and eventually traveled to Strasbourg. In February 1527 he chaired a meeting of the Swiss Brethren at Schleitheim, at which time the Schleitheim Confession was adopted.
wn.com/Michael_Sattler -
Nestor Makhno
Nestor Ivanovych Makhno or simply Bat'ko Makhno (Ukrainian: Нестор Іванович Махно, Russian: Не́стор Ива́нович Махно́; October 26 [O.S. October 14] 1888 – July 6, 1934) was a Ukrainian anarcho-communist guerrilla leader turned army commander who led an independent anarchist army in Ukraine during the Russian Civil War.
A commander of the peasant Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine, also known as the Anarchist Black Army, Makhno led a guerrilla campaign during the Russian Civil War. Makhno fought all factions that sought to impose any external authority over southeastern Ukraine, battling in succession the Ukrainian Nationalists, the Imperial German and Austro-Hungarian occupation, the Hetmanate Republic, the White Army and the Red Army, amongst other smaller competing Ukrainian atamany. Makhno and his movement repeatedly attempted to reorganize life in the Gulai-Polye region along anarchist-communist lines, however, the disruptions of the civil war precluded any long term social experiments. Although Makhno considered the Bolsheviks a threat to the development of an anarchist Free Territory within Ukraine, he twice entered into military alliances with them to defeat the White Army. In the aftermath of the White Army's final defeat in November 1920, the Bolsheviks initiated a military campaign against Makhno, which concluded with his escape across the Romanian border in August 1921. After a series of imprisonments and escapes, Makhno finally settled in Paris with his wife Galina and daughter Yelena. In exile Makhno authored three volumes of memoirs. Makhno died in exile at the age of 45 from tuberculosis-related causes. He is also credited as the inventor of the tachanka, a horse-drawn platform mounting a heavy machine gun.
wn.com/Nestor_Makhno -
Pennsylvania Dutch
Pennsylvania Dutch refers to immigrants and their descendants from southwestern Germany and Switzerland who settled in Pennsylvania in the 17th and 18th centuries. Historically they have spoken the dialect of German known as Pennsylvania Dutch or Pennsylvania German.
The first major emigration of Germans to America resulted in the founding of the Borough of Germantown in northwest Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania on October 6, 1683. Mass emigration of Palatines began out of Germany in the early 18th century.
The Pennsylvania Dutch maintained numerous religious affiliations, with the greatest number being Lutheran or Reformed, but many Anabaptists as well. The Anabaptist religions promoted a simple lifestyle and their adherents were known as Plain people or Plain Dutch, as opposed to the Fancy Dutch who tended to assimilate more easily into the American mainstream.
Over time, the various dialects spoken by these immigrants fused into a unique dialect known as Pennsylvania Dutch or Pennsylvania German. At one time, over a third of Pennsylvania's population spoke this language, which also had an impact on the local dialect of English.
wn.com/Pennsylvania_Dutch -
Petr Chelčický
Petr Chelčický (Czech pronunciation: [ˈpɛtr̩ ˈxɛltʃɪtskiː]) (c. 1390 – c. 1460) was a Christian and political leader and author in 15th century Bohemia (now the Czech Republic).
Petr Chelčický is thought to have been born in Chelčice, southern Bohemia in about 1390, although one theory puts his birth as early as 1374. Very little is known about his personal history. Different historians have called him a serf, an independent farmer, a squire, a nobleman, a cobbler, a priest, and a Waldensian. On one occasion, Chelčický called himself a peasant, but this description is at odds with his ability to live in Prague from 1419–1421, his rudimentary knowledge of Latin, and the time he was able to devote to literary, political, and religious pursuits. It is certain that he was unusually literate for a medieval man without a regular academic education. After 1421 he lived and farmed in his native village of Chelčice, near Vodňany. He produced 56 known works, but the majority remain unpublished and inaccessible except in the original manuscripts. His thinking was influenced by Thomas of Štítný, John Wycliffe, Jan Hus, and the Waldensian tradition. He died around 1460.
wn.com/Petr_Chelčický -
Pilgram Marpeck
Pilgram Marpeck (died 1556), also Pilgram Marbeck or Pilgrim Marpeck, was an important South German Anabaptist leader in the 16th century.
Marpeck was a native of the Tyrol, Austria. His father, Heinrich Marpeck, moved from Rosenheim in Bavaria to Rattenberg, Austria, where he served as a city councilman. Heinrich also served as a judge (1494–1502) and mayor (1511). Pilgram attended the Latin school in Rattenberg.
Before his days as an Anabaptist, Pilgram Marpeck lived in good financial status and as a highly respected citizen of Rattenberg on the Inn River. He was a mining engineer, a member of the miners' brotherhood, and served on both Rattenberg's inner and outer councils.
Records of Marpeck's conversion to Anabaptism are not extant. It is known that in his position as a mining magistrate, he was required by Archduke Ferdinand to expose miners in sympathy with the Anabaptist movement. Leonhard Schiemer was executed by authorities two weeks before Marpeck left his mining position on 28 January 1528. It is generally believed that he lost his position because he refused to aid authorities in capturing the Anabaptists. Marpeck was quickly reduced from a prominent citizen of Rattenberg to a "wandering citizen of heaven".
wn.com/Pilgram_Marpeck -
Russian Civil War
The Russian Civil War (25 October 1917 – October 1922) was a multi-party war in the former Russian Empire fought between the Bolshevik Red Army and the White Army, the loosely allied anti-Bolshevik forces. Many foreign armies warred against the Red Army, notably the Allied Forces and the pro-German armies. The Red Army defeated the White Armed Forces of South Russia in Ukraine and the army led by Aleksandr Kolchak in Siberia in 1919. The remains of the White forces commanded by Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel were beaten in the Crimea and were evacuated in the autumn of 1920. A number of independent countries – Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland – emerged from the war.
After the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, the Russian Provisional Government was established during the February Revolution of 1917.
In the wake of the October Revolution, the old Russian Imperial Army had been demobilized; the volunteer-based Red Guard was the Bolsheviks' main military force, augmented by an armed military component of the Cheka, the Bolshevik state security apparatus. In January, after significant reverses in combat, War Commissar Leon Trotsky headed the reorganization of the Red Guard into a Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, in order to create a more professional fighting force. Political commissars were appointed to each unit of the army to maintain morale and ensure loyalty.
wn.com/Russian_Civil_War -
Russian Mennonite
The Russian Mennonites are a group of Mennonites descended from Dutch and mainly Germanic Prussian Anabaptists who established colonies in South Russian Empire (present-day Ukraine) beginning in 1789. Since the late 19th century, many of them have come to countries throughout the Western Hemisphere. The rest were forcibly relocated, so that few of their descendants now live at the location of the original colonies. Russian Mennonites are traditionally multilingual with Plautdietsch (Mennonite Low German) as their lingua franca.
In the early-to-mid 16th century, Mennonites began to move from the Low Countries (especially Friesland) and Flanders to the Vistula delta region, seeking religious freedom and exemption from military service. They gradually replaced their Dutch and Frisian languages with the Plautdietsch dialect spoken in the area, blending into it elements of their native tongues. Plautdietsch is the distinct Mennonite language which developed over a period of 300 years in the Vistula delta region and south Russia.
wn.com/Russian_Mennonite -
William Penn
William Penn (October 14, 1644 – July 30, 1718) was an English real estate entrepreneur, philosopher, and founder of the Province of Pennsylvania, the English North American colony and the future Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. He was an early champion of democracy and religious freedom, notable for his good relations and successful treaties with the Lenape Indians. Under his direction, the city of Philadelphia was planned and developed.
In 1681, King Charles II handed over a large piece of his American land holdings to William Penn to satisfy a debt the king owed to Penn's father. This land included present-day Pennsylvania and Delaware. Penn immediately sailed to America and his first step on American soil took place in New Castle in 1682. On this occasion, the colonists pledged allegiance to Penn as their new Proprietor, and the first general assembly was held in the colony. Afterwards, Penn journeyed up river and founded Philadelphia. However, Penn's Quaker government was not viewed favorably by the Dutch, Swedish, and English settlers in what is now Delaware. They had no "historical" allegiance to Pennsylvania, so they almost immediately began petitioning for their own Assembly. In 1704 they achieved their goal when the three southernmost counties of Pennsylvania were permitted to split off and become the new semi-autonomous colony of Lower Delaware. As the most prominent, prosperous and influential "city" in the new colony, New Castle became the capital.
wn.com/William_Penn -
William Rittenhouse
William Rittenhouse (1644 – 1708) was born in Germany with the name Wilhelm Rittenhausen. His name as "Willm Rittenhuysen" was on a petition for naturalization of residents of German Town, Pennsylvania dated 7th May 1691.
He is most known for being the first established person to make paper in North America.
He died in Pennsylvania in 1708. His legacy continued to his descendant David Rittenhouse, who had the Rittenhouse name immortalized in Rittenhouse Square, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[citation needed]
William was a papermaking apprentice in Germany where he worked at a mill in Broich near the city of Mülheim / Ruhr. Later he learned the Dutch ways of papermaking while living with his brother in Holland before emigrating to the Pennsylvania Colony in 1688. Two years later he founded the first paper mill to be established in the colonies. This Rittenhouse Mill became the family business for the next century.
Around 1690 the Germantown, Pennsylvania Mennonite congregation elected William Rittenhouse as its first preacher.
wn.com/William_Rittenhouse -
World War I
World War I (WWI), which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939 (World War II), and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; but, as Austria–Hungary had taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war). These alliances both reorganised (Italy fought for the Allies), and expanded as more nations entered the war. Ultimately more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, largely because of enormous increases in lethality of weapons, thanks to new technology, without corresponding improvements in protection or mobility. It was the sixth-deadliest conflict in world history, subsequently paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in the nations involved.
wn.com/World_War_I
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Who Are The Mennonites short
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:57
- Updated: 19 Dec 2012
Can you tell if someone is a Mennonite just by looking? This 3 1/2-minute video invites you to "worship with us and see how we live." Explores Mennonite history, beliefs and practices.
http://wn.com/Who_Are_The_Mennonites_short
Can you tell if someone is a Mennonite just by looking? This 3 1/2-minute video invites you to "worship with us and see how we live." Explores Mennonite history, beliefs and practices.
History of the Mennonites Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:08
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
A look at the origins of the Mennonite faith
http://wn.com/History_of_the_Mennonites_Part_1
A look at the origins of the Mennonite faith
- published: 12 Dec 2006
- views: 62148
- author: Rudy Huffer
A MENNONITES FAMILY AND FARM WITH ALL THE WORK OF MILKING 80 COWS IN PENNSYLVANIA USA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 37:48
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
The Mennonites are a Protestant group based around the church communities of the Christian Anabaptist denominations named after Menno Simons (1496--1561) of Friesland (a part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation), who, through his writings, articulated and thereby formalized the teachings of earlier Swiss founders. The teachings of the Mennonites were founded on their belief in both the mission and ministry of Jesus Christ, which they held to with great conviction despite persecution by the various Roman Catholic and Protestant states. Rather than fight, the majority survived by fleeing to neighboring states where ruling families were tolerant of their radical belief in believer's baptism. Over the years, Mennonites have become known as one of the historic peace churches because of their commitment to pacifism (opposition to war and violence) In contemporary society, Mennonites are both an ethnic group and a religious denomination. There is, however, still ambiguity and controversy among Mennonites about this issue, with some insisting that they are simply a religious group while others argue that they form a distinct ethnic group. Increasingly historians and sociologists treat Mennonites as an ethno-religious group. There are about 1.6 million Mennonites worldwide as of 2009. Mennonite congregations worldwide embody the full scope of Mennonite practice from "plain people" to those who are indistinguishable in dress and appearance from the general population. The ...
http://wn.com/A_MENNONITES_FAMILY_AND_FARM_WITH_ALL_THE_WORK_OF_MILKING_80_COWS_IN_PENNSYLVANIA_USA
The Mennonites are a Protestant group based around the church communities of the Christian Anabaptist denominations named after Menno Simons (1496--1561) of Friesland (a part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation), who, through his writings, articulated and thereby formalized the teachings of earlier Swiss founders. The teachings of the Mennonites were founded on their belief in both the mission and ministry of Jesus Christ, which they held to with great conviction despite persecution by the various Roman Catholic and Protestant states. Rather than fight, the majority survived by fleeing to neighboring states where ruling families were tolerant of their radical belief in believer's baptism. Over the years, Mennonites have become known as one of the historic peace churches because of their commitment to pacifism (opposition to war and violence) In contemporary society, Mennonites are both an ethnic group and a religious denomination. There is, however, still ambiguity and controversy among Mennonites about this issue, with some insisting that they are simply a religious group while others argue that they form a distinct ethnic group. Increasingly historians and sociologists treat Mennonites as an ethno-religious group. There are about 1.6 million Mennonites worldwide as of 2009. Mennonite congregations worldwide embody the full scope of Mennonite practice from "plain people" to those who are indistinguishable in dress and appearance from the general population. The ...
- published: 21 Oct 2012
- views: 938
- author: TOPCAMERMAN
The Inheritance Swiss Reconciliation with Amish and Mennonites
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 62:31
- Updated: 27 Jan 2013
In May 2003, Amish and Mennonites travelled to Winterthur and Zurich, Switzerland to attend a conference called "Heal Our Land" (Heile Unser Land) and to continue on a reconciliation journey with the Swiss Reformed State Church. The fathers of the reformation, the Swiss people led the way in this milestone event of repentance for the persecution their forefathers had committed against the Anabaptists during the 1500 and 1600s. www.ieagle.org www.anabaptistconnections.org www.schleife.ch
http://wn.com/The_Inheritance_Swiss_Reconciliation_with_Amish_and_Mennonites
In May 2003, Amish and Mennonites travelled to Winterthur and Zurich, Switzerland to attend a conference called "Heal Our Land" (Heile Unser Land) and to continue on a reconciliation journey with the Swiss Reformed State Church. The fathers of the reformation, the Swiss people led the way in this milestone event of repentance for the persecution their forefathers had committed against the Anabaptists during the 1500 and 1600s. www.ieagle.org www.anabaptistconnections.org www.schleife.ch
- published: 31 Jan 2012
- views: 2688
- author: amishstream
Mennonite Central Committee - Meat Canning 2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:39
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
"Faith community turns out to process 42000 cans of turkey for hunger relief in Haiti There were plenty of helping hands in Goshen, Indiana. Holding knives of all descriptions, 100 pairs of hands moved with purpose. They grabbed a turkey thigh, plopped it on a cutting board, then guided the knives through the cubing process. Then the pieces were scooped up and tossed into a plastic bucket. In a nutshell, that's how 77000 pounds of turkey thighs is being reduced to 42000 cans of food this week in Goshen." By ROGER SCHNEIDER GOSHEN NEWS
http://wn.com/Mennonite_Central_Committee_Meat_Canning_2010
"Faith community turns out to process 42000 cans of turkey for hunger relief in Haiti There were plenty of helping hands in Goshen, Indiana. Holding knives of all descriptions, 100 pairs of hands moved with purpose. They grabbed a turkey thigh, plopped it on a cutting board, then guided the knives through the cubing process. Then the pieces were scooped up and tossed into a plastic bucket. In a nutshell, that's how 77000 pounds of turkey thighs is being reduced to 42000 cans of food this week in Goshen." By ROGER SCHNEIDER GOSHEN NEWS
- published: 11 May 2010
- views: 46566
- author: simplestoryteller
Mennonites in Bolivia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:44
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
short documentary on Monnonites sect in Santa Cruz, Bolivia
http://wn.com/Mennonites_in_Bolivia
short documentary on Monnonites sect in Santa Cruz, Bolivia
- published: 05 Aug 2006
- views: 210308
- author: Reza Allamehzadeh
Amish, Mennonites, And Me Pt 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:51
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
Pt 1 of why I don't wanna be Amish or Mennonite. Also a little more explaination of my religious beliefs mixed in this.
http://wn.com/Amish,_Mennonites,_And_Me_Pt_1
Pt 1 of why I don't wanna be Amish or Mennonite. Also a little more explaination of my religious beliefs mixed in this.
- published: 23 Jul 2010
- views: 10701
- author: KJesusRocks
Cornie the Mennonite Does Evolution of Dance
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:26
- Updated: 20 Jan 2013
Back by popular demand! Cornie sets out to show that Evolution of Dance guy what's what.
http://wn.com/Cornie_the_Mennonite_Does_Evolution_of_Dance
Back by popular demand! Cornie sets out to show that Evolution of Dance guy what's what.
- published: 04 Mar 2008
- views: 44852
- author: Balljointer
Who Are The Mennonites? short version-English.mp4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:57
- Updated: 23 Jan 2013
Can you tell if someone is a Mennonite just by looking? This 3 1/2-minute video invites you to "worship with us and see how we live." Explores Mennonite history, beliefs and practices.
http://wn.com/Who_Are_The_Mennonites?_short_version-Englishmp4
Can you tell if someone is a Mennonite just by looking? This 3 1/2-minute video invites you to "worship with us and see how we live." Explores Mennonite history, beliefs and practices.
- published: 26 Oct 2010
- views: 15952
- author: mennomedia
Abandoned Mennonite House
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:26
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
I'm assuming this house has been abandoned since 2006 according to the two calendars left behind. The calendars gave off some interesting clues. One was written in both Spanish and German combined. It was from "Riva Palacios Colony in Bolivia". Upon further research, I found that this area was made up of Old Colony Mennonite families from Mexico. Both countries, Bolivia and Mexico, would explain the Spanish language. After further research into this colony, Mennonite Central Committee Canada website states that the students in this Spanish Mennonite colony were instructed in German, so that would explain the combined German language on the calendar. Apparently, some of these Mennonites had returned back to Canada in the 1930s, which may very well be the case of the people who resided in this home. I can't be sure of this, but it seems to be the case. The other calendar was from a general store at a fair that sold Mexican food. The confusion is that there was electricity to this house at one time. But I do know that there are various degrees of Mennonites. Also, this area is known for colonies of the Mexican Mennonite. I also noticed a last name in the house of Hamm which turns out to be a Mennonite name according to the Mennonite Encyclopedia Online website.
http://wn.com/Abandoned_Mennonite_House
I'm assuming this house has been abandoned since 2006 according to the two calendars left behind. The calendars gave off some interesting clues. One was written in both Spanish and German combined. It was from "Riva Palacios Colony in Bolivia". Upon further research, I found that this area was made up of Old Colony Mennonite families from Mexico. Both countries, Bolivia and Mexico, would explain the Spanish language. After further research into this colony, Mennonite Central Committee Canada website states that the students in this Spanish Mennonite colony were instructed in German, so that would explain the combined German language on the calendar. Apparently, some of these Mennonites had returned back to Canada in the 1930s, which may very well be the case of the people who resided in this home. I can't be sure of this, but it seems to be the case. The other calendar was from a general store at a fair that sold Mexican food. The confusion is that there was electricity to this house at one time. But I do know that there are various degrees of Mennonites. Also, this area is known for colonies of the Mexican Mennonite. I also noticed a last name in the house of Hamm which turns out to be a Mennonite name according to the Mennonite Encyclopedia Online website.
- published: 01 Oct 2012
- views: 4623
- author: tikimangoluv
Mennonite Comedy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:07
- Updated: 10 Dec 2012
I explore what it is that makes a Southern Manitoban Mennonite tick in this mock interview, in which Bertram Woodsworth (fictitious) picks the brain of Corny Loepkky (also fictitious) for the Mennonite political/cultural perspective (partly fictitious, as it is here portrayed). This video was made out of love for the Manitoban Mennonites (I myself being of Mennonite descent), and is in no way meant to offend. I also realise that not every aspect of this video is authentically British or Mennonite, respectively; it is simply intended to produce a few chuckles.
http://wn.com/Mennonite_Comedy
I explore what it is that makes a Southern Manitoban Mennonite tick in this mock interview, in which Bertram Woodsworth (fictitious) picks the brain of Corny Loepkky (also fictitious) for the Mennonite political/cultural perspective (partly fictitious, as it is here portrayed). This video was made out of love for the Manitoban Mennonites (I myself being of Mennonite descent), and is in no way meant to offend. I also realise that not every aspect of this video is authentically British or Mennonite, respectively; it is simply intended to produce a few chuckles.
- published: 26 Mar 2012
- views: 1873
- author: Devon Rempel
Cornie the Mennonite: I AM MENNONITE!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:02
- Updated: 22 Jan 2013
Cornie the Mennonite bares his Mennonite pride and debunks common misconceptions about Mennonites.
http://wn.com/Cornie_the_Mennonite_I_AM_MENNONITE!
Cornie the Mennonite bares his Mennonite pride and debunks common misconceptions about Mennonites.
- published: 22 Mar 2008
- views: 61592
- author: Balljointer
Mennonites of St. Jacobs, Ontario, Canada
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:30
- Updated: 26 Dec 2012
Just north of Waterloo, St. Jacobs is the home community of a large number of Old Order Mennonites who come to town via horse and buggy. Visitors keen to learn more about the Mennonites faith and lifestyle can enjoy the visitor centre in the downtown area, and interperetive centre that tells the Mennonite story.
http://wn.com/Mennonites_of_St_Jacobs,_Ontario,_Canada
Just north of Waterloo, St. Jacobs is the home community of a large number of Old Order Mennonites who come to town via horse and buggy. Visitors keen to learn more about the Mennonites faith and lifestyle can enjoy the visitor centre in the downtown area, and interperetive centre that tells the Mennonite story.
- published: 03 Jan 2008
- views: 19206
- author: virtualcanada
Mennonites Singers at Red Willow Senior's Lodge
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:03
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
Visit my website at www.erwinrivera.com Mennonites of Ridge Valley Alberta sang for the seniors at Red Willow Lodge in Valleyview, Alberta.
http://wn.com/Mennonites_Singers_at_Red_Willow_Senior's_Lodge
Visit my website at www.erwinrivera.com Mennonites of Ridge Valley Alberta sang for the seniors at Red Willow Lodge in Valleyview, Alberta.
- published: 14 Dec 2011
- views: 18435
- author: win3riv
The Mennonites of Paraguay. Nuova Durango 1992
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:50
- Updated: 22 Jan 2013
The Mennonites are a group of Christian Anabaptist denominations named after the Frisian Menno Simons (14961561), who, through his writings, articulated and thereby formalized the teachings of earlier Swiss founders. The teachings of the Mennonites were founded on their belief in both the mission and ministry of Jesus Christ, which they held to with great conviction despite persecution by the various Roman Catholic and Protestant states. Rather than fight, the majority survived by fleeing to neighboring states where ruling families were tolerant of their radical belief in adult baptism. Over the years, Mennonites have become known as one of the historic peace churches because of their commitment to nonviolence.
http://wn.com/The_Mennonites_of_Paraguay_Nuova_Durango_1992
The Mennonites are a group of Christian Anabaptist denominations named after the Frisian Menno Simons (14961561), who, through his writings, articulated and thereby formalized the teachings of earlier Swiss founders. The teachings of the Mennonites were founded on their belief in both the mission and ministry of Jesus Christ, which they held to with great conviction despite persecution by the various Roman Catholic and Protestant states. Rather than fight, the majority survived by fleeing to neighboring states where ruling families were tolerant of their radical belief in adult baptism. Over the years, Mennonites have become known as one of the historic peace churches because of their commitment to nonviolence.
- published: 11 Jan 2010
- views: 23698
- author: pistarino1
Trip to the Mennonites to pick up our deer meat
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:35
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Trip_to_the_Mennonites_to_pick_up_our_deer_meat
Mennonites Everywhere - Zahara Kwaje Ali
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:03
- Updated: 19 Jul 2012
Zahara came to Canada in 1993 from South Sudan. She was welcomed into Peace Mennonite Church (Regina) where she is an active volunteer and serves as a deacon. As a refugee from a highly conflicted country, Zahara especially appreciates the Anabaptist/Mennonite teaching on non-violent conflict resolution. You don't have to have a certain kind of surname, eat specific ethnic foods, or dress a certain way to belong to a Mennonite church.
http://wn.com/Mennonites_Everywhere_Zahara_Kwaje_Ali
Zahara came to Canada in 1993 from South Sudan. She was welcomed into Peace Mennonite Church (Regina) where she is an active volunteer and serves as a deacon. As a refugee from a highly conflicted country, Zahara especially appreciates the Anabaptist/Mennonite teaching on non-violent conflict resolution. You don't have to have a certain kind of surname, eat specific ethnic foods, or dress a certain way to belong to a Mennonite church.
- published: 18 Jun 2012
- views: 989
- author: mennonitechurchca
*** MENNONITE COMMUNITY-Delano Tennessee (June 11,2010) ***
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:36
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
photos from my visit to the mennonite community in delano tennessee {simple things}
http://wn.com/***_MENNONITE_COMMUNITY-Delano_Tennessee_June_11,2010_***
photos from my visit to the mennonite community in delano tennessee {simple things}
- published: 26 Mar 2011
- views: 3868
- author: catshole13
Youth of Hope Mennonite in Pittsburgh Pa.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:10
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
A small group of youth from Hope mennonites came to Pittsburgh to spread God's Love... here is the story that I wrote with this video 18ricco.newsvine.com Video By JL Martello / 18ricco written by JL Martello / 18ricco google 18ricco
http://wn.com/Youth_of_Hope_Mennonite_in_Pittsburgh_Pa
A small group of youth from Hope mennonites came to Pittsburgh to spread God's Love... here is the story that I wrote with this video 18ricco.newsvine.com Video By JL Martello / 18ricco written by JL Martello / 18ricco google 18ricco
- published: 11 Jun 2011
- views: 25483
- author: 18ricco
2010 Arthur Illinois Mennonite Relief Sale Pictures and Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:59
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
49TH ANNUAL MENNONITE RELIEF SALE HELD AT THE OTTO CENTER. August 27 & 28, 2010 Our Purpose This is a community effort of many churches and individuals to help bring agricultural assistance, community development and social services for the hungry and needy of the world. Proceeds from the sale help support the work of the Mennonite Central Committee (MCC), a cooperative relief and service agency located in Akron, Pennsylvania. MCC was started by Mennonites in 1920 to help alleviate the famine in Russia. Today it has numerous volunteers working in America and countries around the world. Eighty percent of relief sale proceeds go toward MCC efforts. Twenty percent is distributed locally to help people in need. For more info: www.arthurreliefsale.mennonite.net For collectibles shop at stores.ebay.com
http://wn.com/2010_Arthur_Illinois_Mennonite_Relief_Sale_Pictures_and_Video
49TH ANNUAL MENNONITE RELIEF SALE HELD AT THE OTTO CENTER. August 27 & 28, 2010 Our Purpose This is a community effort of many churches and individuals to help bring agricultural assistance, community development and social services for the hungry and needy of the world. Proceeds from the sale help support the work of the Mennonite Central Committee (MCC), a cooperative relief and service agency located in Akron, Pennsylvania. MCC was started by Mennonites in 1920 to help alleviate the famine in Russia. Today it has numerous volunteers working in America and countries around the world. Eighty percent of relief sale proceeds go toward MCC efforts. Twenty percent is distributed locally to help people in need. For more info: www.arthurreliefsale.mennonite.net For collectibles shop at stores.ebay.com
- published: 29 Aug 2010
- views: 634
- author: erniebonvawt
Mennonites Singing on Subway
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:34
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
Did they get lost here? At least their singing is pleasant (Hare Krishnans take note). They are dedicated to a life of belief. I toward knowledge. When the long night claims us, we will be the same
http://wn.com/Mennonites_Singing_on_Subway
Did they get lost here? At least their singing is pleasant (Hare Krishnans take note). They are dedicated to a life of belief. I toward knowledge. When the long night claims us, we will be the same
- published: 23 Jun 2007
- views: 113934
- author: Thomas Byro
Kutztown Mennonites and the flood from Irene.MOV
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:51
- Updated: 09 Nov 2011
Kutztown area Mennonites teach a Kutztown University student the proper method for fording a flooded road. Tuition well spent!
http://wn.com/Kutztown_Mennonites_and_the_flood_from_IreneMOV
Kutztown area Mennonites teach a Kutztown University student the proper method for fording a flooded road. Tuition well spent!
- published: 28 Aug 2011
- views: 8520
- author: gelukkig77
mennonite family singing, star of the east
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:58
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
mennonites singing at dinner table.
http://wn.com/mennonite_family_singing,_star_of_the_east
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Mennonites Everywhere: Nick Spaling - Interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:13
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
You don't need to have a certain kind of surname or eat a certain kind of food to attend a Mennonite Church. In this video series we hope to debunk some long-standing Mennonite stereotypes. We'll be featuring folks from many walks of life and ethnic backgrounds, folks with no public profile, and folks with some public profile. Stay tuned. Click to learn more: www.mennonitechurch.ca/tiny/1740
http://wn.com/Mennonites_Everywhere_Nick_Spaling_Interview
You don't need to have a certain kind of surname or eat a certain kind of food to attend a Mennonite Church. In this video series we hope to debunk some long-standing Mennonite stereotypes. We'll be featuring folks from many walks of life and ethnic backgrounds, folks with no public profile, and folks with some public profile. Stay tuned. Click to learn more: www.mennonitechurch.ca/tiny/1740
- published: 21 Mar 2012
- views: 1033
- author: mennonitechurchca
Mennonite Girls Can Cook Interview 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:26
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
Meet two of the authors of Mennonite Girls Can Cook as they are interviewed on Global BC morning news.
http://wn.com/Mennonite_Girls_Can_Cook_Interview_2011
Meet two of the authors of Mennonite Girls Can Cook as they are interviewed on Global BC morning news.
- published: 22 Jun 2012
- views: 227
- author: mennomedia
3D Dialogue: Mennonites
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:01
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Jesse Hirsh host of 3D Dialogue interviews Peter John Hartman about the Mennonites
http://wn.com/3D_Dialogue_Mennonites
Jesse Hirsh host of 3D Dialogue interviews Peter John Hartman about the Mennonites
- published: 11 Aug 2006
- views: 3369
- author: Jesse Hirsh
Henry Thiessen interview 1 of 3 (german)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:16
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
Henry Thiessen talks about his experience as pastor in Durango, Mexico.
http://wn.com/Henry_Thiessen_interview_1_of_3_german
Henry Thiessen talks about his experience as pastor in Durango, Mexico.
- published: 03 Jul 2010
- views: 2982
- author: mxpxu2
Mennonite Mafia Interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:13
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
We were at a Youth Baseball game, and Trudy got my video Camera so she Interviewed all of us about the Mennonite Mafia lol
http://wn.com/Mennonite_Mafia_Interview
We were at a Youth Baseball game, and Trudy got my video Camera so she Interviewed all of us about the Mennonite Mafia lol
- published: 28 Feb 2009
- views: 3442
- author: yanosh01
Lancaster Mennonite Fall Sports 2008
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:43
- Updated: 04 May 2012
video by Nathan Mast of LMH's fall sports
http://wn.com/Lancaster_Mennonite_Fall_Sports_2008
Crossroads Sustainability Interviews
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:08
- Updated: 13 May 2012
Behind the scenes interviews with the EMU alumni featured in the Crossroads sustainability issue, Spring 2011.
http://wn.com/Crossroads_Sustainability_Interviews
Behind the scenes interviews with the EMU alumni featured in the Crossroads sustainability issue, Spring 2011.
- published: 06 Apr 2011
- views: 381
- author: EasternMennoniteUniv
EMU STEM student interview - Nicole Groff
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:23
- Updated: 12 Jun 2012
EMU student Nicole Groff shares about being a STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) major and participating in the Summer Bridge program.
http://wn.com/EMU_STEM_student_interview_Nicole_Groff
EMU student Nicole Groff shares about being a STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) major and participating in the Summer Bridge program.
- published: 09 Dec 2010
- views: 338
- author: EasternMennoniteUniv
Mennonite Comedy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:07
- Updated: 10 Dec 2012
I explore what it is that makes a Southern Manitoban Mennonite tick in this mock interview, in which Bertram Woodsworth (fictitious) picks the brain of Corny Loepkky (also fictitious) for the Mennonite political/cultural perspective (partly fictitious, as it is here portrayed). This video was made out of love for the Manitoban Mennonites (I myself being of Mennonite descent), and is in no way meant to offend. I also realise that not every aspect of this video is authentically British or Mennonite, respectively; it is simply intended to produce a few chuckles.
http://wn.com/Mennonite_Comedy
I explore what it is that makes a Southern Manitoban Mennonite tick in this mock interview, in which Bertram Woodsworth (fictitious) picks the brain of Corny Loepkky (also fictitious) for the Mennonite political/cultural perspective (partly fictitious, as it is here portrayed). This video was made out of love for the Manitoban Mennonites (I myself being of Mennonite descent), and is in no way meant to offend. I also realise that not every aspect of this video is authentically British or Mennonite, respectively; it is simply intended to produce a few chuckles.
- published: 26 Mar 2012
- views: 1797
- author: Devon Rempel
Mennonite Comedian - Matt Falk
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:22
- Updated: 15 Dec 2012
Jim Cantelon speaks with Matt Falk about the pressures of being a clean comedian in today's world. Matt Falk Comedian www.mattfalkcomedy.com info@mattfalkcomedy.com (204) 510 - 6353
http://wn.com/Mennonite_Comedian_Matt_Falk
Jim Cantelon speaks with Matt Falk about the pressures of being a clean comedian in today's world. Matt Falk Comedian www.mattfalkcomedy.com info@mattfalkcomedy.com (204) 510 - 6353
- published: 03 Jun 2011
- views: 10281
- author: 100huntley
Brett Preheim Mennonite Church of the Servant interview.avi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:50
- Updated: 07 Nov 2011
http://wn.com/Brett_Preheim_Mennonite_Church_of_the_Servant_interviewavi
EMU STEM student interview - Karla Martin
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:08
- Updated: 12 Jun 2012
EMU student Karla Martin shares about being a STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) major and participating in the Summer Bridge program.
http://wn.com/EMU_STEM_student_interview_Karla_Martin
EMU student Karla Martin shares about being a STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) major and participating in the Summer Bridge program.
- published: 10 Jan 2011
- views: 160
- author: EasternMennoniteUniv
1 - John D. Roth on Mennonite education
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:06
- Updated: 01 Feb 2011
How was this book developed? In an interview about his new book "Teaching that Transforms: Why Anabaptist-Mennonite Education Matters" (Herald Press, Jan. 2011), Goshen College Professor of History John D. Roth answers that question.
http://wn.com/1_John_D_Roth_on_Mennonite_education
How was this book developed? In an interview about his new book "Teaching that Transforms: Why Anabaptist-Mennonite Education Matters" (Herald Press, Jan. 2011), Goshen College Professor of History John D. Roth answers that question.
- published: 26 Jan 2011
- views: 759
- author: GoshenCollege
Rudy Wiebe-Of This Earth-author interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:21
- Updated: 02 Apr 2011
Saskatchewan writer Rudy Wiebe has written the first part of his memoir Of This Earth: a Mennonite Boyhood in the Boreal Forest. Published by Knopf Canada 2007 CHARLES TAYLOR PRIZE FOR LITERARY NON-FICTION FINALIST
http://wn.com/Rudy_Wiebe-Of_This_Earth-author_interview
Saskatchewan writer Rudy Wiebe has written the first part of his memoir Of This Earth: a Mennonite Boyhood in the Boreal Forest. Published by Knopf Canada 2007 CHARLES TAYLOR PRIZE FOR LITERARY NON-FICTION FINALIST
- published: 05 Feb 2007
- views: 752
- author: Craig Rintoul
Mennonite Amish Documentary - Third Eye - Press TV
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:46
- Updated: 27 Oct 2012
a Production called Third Eye - Made for Press TV Here we have an Excellent Real Documentary about the World Known Amish and Mennonites. These are Communities and Tribes who live in chose Isolation throughout North America who renounce Violence which as very normal in modern Society tries to entice them with (ie semi naked women promoting cars) The Amish / Mennonites are studied in Religious Education Classes world wide from UK to Columbia to Iran to Japan BUT HERE YOU GET TO SEE A PROPER DOCUMENTARY ABOUT THEM - INCLUDING THEM AND THE PEOPLE WHO LIVE NEAR THEM THIS IS AN EXCERPT/ CLIP FROM A BIGGER DOCUMENTARY CALLED - THIRD EYE ALL EXCLUSIVELY MADE FOR PRESS TV BY BROTHER SALMAAN TAYEB AND HIS TEAM
http://wn.com/Mennonite_Amish_Documentary_Third_Eye_Press_TV
a Production called Third Eye - Made for Press TV Here we have an Excellent Real Documentary about the World Known Amish and Mennonites. These are Communities and Tribes who live in chose Isolation throughout North America who renounce Violence which as very normal in modern Society tries to entice them with (ie semi naked women promoting cars) The Amish / Mennonites are studied in Religious Education Classes world wide from UK to Columbia to Iran to Japan BUT HERE YOU GET TO SEE A PROPER DOCUMENTARY ABOUT THEM - INCLUDING THEM AND THE PEOPLE WHO LIVE NEAR THEM THIS IS AN EXCERPT/ CLIP FROM A BIGGER DOCUMENTARY CALLED - THIRD EYE ALL EXCLUSIVELY MADE FOR PRESS TV BY BROTHER SALMAAN TAYEB AND HIS TEAM
- published: 13 Jan 2008
- views: 6722
- author: Mohammad Tayyeb
dave maudie interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:27
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
local dave maudie mennonite talks about life, love, and barn socials.
http://wn.com/dave_maudie_interview
local dave maudie mennonite talks about life, love, and barn socials.
- published: 19 Jul 2006
- views: 1487
- author: devomartin
EMU STEM student interview - Phillip Martin
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:16
- Updated: 10 Jan 2011
EMU student Phillip Martin shares about being a STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) major and participating in the Summer Bridge program.
http://wn.com/EMU_STEM_student_interview_Phillip_Martin
EMU student Phillip Martin shares about being a STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) major and participating in the Summer Bridge program.
- published: 10 Jan 2011
- views: 167
- author: EasternMennoniteUniv
Do you know Mennonites
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:53
- Updated: 25 Aug 2010
Elana, kyle, Nicole, and ben doing some interviews about mennonites that people dont know what they are talking about.
http://wn.com/Do_you_know_Mennonites
Elana, kyle, Nicole, and ben doing some interviews about mennonites that people dont know what they are talking about.
- published: 29 Mar 2008
- views: 2153
- author: ben868Libbmaster
2 - John D. Roth on Mennonite education
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Updated: 23 Nov 2011
Is the book more descriptive or prescriptive? In an interview about his new book "Teaching that Transforms: Why Anabaptist-Mennonite Education Matters" (Herald Press, Jan. 2011), Goshen College Professor of History John D. Roth answers that question.
http://wn.com/2_John_D_Roth_on_Mennonite_education
Is the book more descriptive or prescriptive? In an interview about his new book "Teaching that Transforms: Why Anabaptist-Mennonite Education Matters" (Herald Press, Jan. 2011), Goshen College Professor of History John D. Roth answers that question.
- published: 26 Jan 2011
- views: 275
- author: GoshenCollege
Brethren Mennonite Council History Project Teaser
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:51
- Updated: 01 Jan 2013
Amy Short, in her work on the BMC Elder History Project, has been busy collecting stories, primarily from older BMC individuals, but also from some younger ones as well. Currently she has over 40 hours of taped interviews that will be preserved for our archives, with some utilized for trainings or simply shared as a celebration of our strength and variety as a community. Amy has pulled some of the material together into this short video clip.
http://wn.com/Brethren_Mennonite_Council_History_Project_Teaser
Amy Short, in her work on the BMC Elder History Project, has been busy collecting stories, primarily from older BMC individuals, but also from some younger ones as well. Currently she has over 40 hours of taped interviews that will be preserved for our archives, with some utilized for trainings or simply shared as a celebration of our strength and variety as a community. Amy has pulled some of the material together into this short video clip.
- published: 09 Oct 2012
- views: 291
- author: bmclgbt1
2012 ODAC Men's Basketball Media - Kirby Dean, Eastern Mennonite
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:58
- Updated: 02 Nov 2012
ODAC Men's Basketball Media Day officially kicks off the 2012-13 campaign as each of the conference's head coaches make themselves available for interviews to the media attending the event. In this video, Eastern Mennonite University head coach Kirby Dean talks about his program entering the new season.
http://wn.com/2012_ODAC_Men's_Basketball_Media_Kirby_Dean,_Eastern_Mennonite
ODAC Men's Basketball Media Day officially kicks off the 2012-13 campaign as each of the conference's head coaches make themselves available for interviews to the media attending the event. In this video, Eastern Mennonite University head coach Kirby Dean talks about his program entering the new season.
- published: 02 Nov 2012
- views: 161
- author: ODAC1976
Zion Mennonite Church - "This is Zion"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:01
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Video program released for the 125th Anniversary Celebration of Zion Mennonite Church in Broadway, Virginia, on May 23, 2010. Features interviews with current Zion members on various topics.
http://wn.com/Zion_Mennonite_Church_This_is_Zion
Video program released for the 125th Anniversary Celebration of Zion Mennonite Church in Broadway, Virginia, on May 23, 2010. Features interviews with current Zion members on various topics.
- published: 23 Aug 2010
- views: 189
- author: zmcva
Part II: The Life and Times of Cornie the Mennonite
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:33
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
Part II of this documentary reveals Cornie's shocking history of crime and substance abuse as Horndean's most notorious mob boss.
http://wn.com/Part_II_The_Life_and_Times_of_Cornie_the_Mennonite
Part II of this documentary reveals Cornie's shocking history of crime and substance abuse as Horndean's most notorious mob boss.
- published: 09 Mar 2008
- views: 9903
- author: Balljointer
1:13
Mennonites Everywhere: Nick Spaling - Interview
You don't need to have a certain kind of surname or eat a certain kind of food to attend a...
published: 21 Mar 2012
author: mennonitechurchca
Mennonites Everywhere: Nick Spaling - Interview
You don't need to have a certain kind of surname or eat a certain kind of food to attend a Mennonite Church. In this video series we hope to debunk some long-standing Mennonite stereotypes. We'll be featuring folks from many walks of life and ethnic backgrounds, folks with no public profile, and folks with some public profile. Stay tuned. Click to learn more: www.mennonitechurch.ca/tiny/1740
- published: 21 Mar 2012
- views: 1033
- author: mennonitechurchca
5:26
Mennonite Girls Can Cook Interview 2011
Meet two of the authors of Mennonite Girls Can Cook as they are interviewed on Global BC m...
published: 22 Jun 2012
author: mennomedia
Mennonite Girls Can Cook Interview 2011
Meet two of the authors of Mennonite Girls Can Cook as they are interviewed on Global BC morning news.
- published: 22 Jun 2012
- views: 227
- author: mennomedia
9:01
3D Dialogue: Mennonites
Jesse Hirsh host of 3D Dialogue interviews Peter John Hartman about the Mennonites...
published: 11 Aug 2006
author: Jesse Hirsh
3D Dialogue: Mennonites
Jesse Hirsh host of 3D Dialogue interviews Peter John Hartman about the Mennonites
- published: 11 Aug 2006
- views: 3369
- author: Jesse Hirsh
9:16
Henry Thiessen interview 1 of 3 (german)
Henry Thiessen talks about his experience as pastor in Durango, Mexico....
published: 03 Jul 2010
author: mxpxu2
Henry Thiessen interview 1 of 3 (german)
Henry Thiessen talks about his experience as pastor in Durango, Mexico.
- published: 03 Jul 2010
- views: 2982
- author: mxpxu2
6:13
Mennonite Mafia Interview
We were at a Youth Baseball game, and Trudy got my video Camera so she Interviewed all of ...
published: 28 Feb 2009
author: yanosh01
Mennonite Mafia Interview
We were at a Youth Baseball game, and Trudy got my video Camera so she Interviewed all of us about the Mennonite Mafia lol
- published: 28 Feb 2009
- views: 3442
- author: yanosh01
5:43
Lancaster Mennonite Fall Sports 2008
video by Nathan Mast of LMH's fall sports...
published: 05 Sep 2008
author: Nathan Mast
Lancaster Mennonite Fall Sports 2008
video by Nathan Mast of LMH's fall sports
- published: 05 Sep 2008
- views: 314
- author: Nathan Mast
9:08
Crossroads Sustainability Interviews
Behind the scenes interviews with the EMU alumni featured in the Crossroads sustainability...
published: 06 Apr 2011
author: EasternMennoniteUniv
Crossroads Sustainability Interviews
Behind the scenes interviews with the EMU alumni featured in the Crossroads sustainability issue, Spring 2011.
- published: 06 Apr 2011
- views: 381
- author: EasternMennoniteUniv
1:23
EMU STEM student interview - Nicole Groff
EMU student Nicole Groff shares about being a STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and M...
published: 09 Dec 2010
author: EasternMennoniteUniv
EMU STEM student interview - Nicole Groff
EMU student Nicole Groff shares about being a STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) major and participating in the Summer Bridge program.
- published: 09 Dec 2010
- views: 338
- author: EasternMennoniteUniv
6:07
Mennonite Comedy
I explore what it is that makes a Southern Manitoban Mennonite tick in this mock interview...
published: 26 Mar 2012
author: Devon Rempel
Mennonite Comedy
I explore what it is that makes a Southern Manitoban Mennonite tick in this mock interview, in which Bertram Woodsworth (fictitious) picks the brain of Corny Loepkky (also fictitious) for the Mennonite political/cultural perspective (partly fictitious, as it is here portrayed). This video was made out of love for the Manitoban Mennonites (I myself being of Mennonite descent), and is in no way meant to offend. I also realise that not every aspect of this video is authentically British or Mennonite, respectively; it is simply intended to produce a few chuckles.
- published: 26 Mar 2012
- views: 1797
- author: Devon Rempel
7:22
Mennonite Comedian - Matt Falk
Jim Cantelon speaks with Matt Falk about the pressures of being a clean comedian in today'...
published: 03 Jun 2011
author: 100huntley
Mennonite Comedian - Matt Falk
Jim Cantelon speaks with Matt Falk about the pressures of being a clean comedian in today's world. Matt Falk Comedian www.mattfalkcomedy.com info@mattfalkcomedy.com (204) 510 - 6353
- published: 03 Jun 2011
- views: 10281
- author: 100huntley
4:50
Brett Preheim Mennonite Church of the Servant interview.avi
...
published: 07 Nov 2011
author: Alex Esau-Rutherford
Brett Preheim Mennonite Church of the Servant interview.avi
- published: 07 Nov 2011
- views: 14
- author: Alex Esau-Rutherford
1:08
EMU STEM student interview - Karla Martin
EMU student Karla Martin shares about being a STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and M...
published: 10 Jan 2011
author: EasternMennoniteUniv
EMU STEM student interview - Karla Martin
EMU student Karla Martin shares about being a STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) major and participating in the Summer Bridge program.
- published: 10 Jan 2011
- views: 160
- author: EasternMennoniteUniv
2:06
1 - John D. Roth on Mennonite education
How was this book developed? In an interview about his new book "Teaching that Transforms:...
published: 26 Jan 2011
author: GoshenCollege
1 - John D. Roth on Mennonite education
How was this book developed? In an interview about his new book "Teaching that Transforms: Why Anabaptist-Mennonite Education Matters" (Herald Press, Jan. 2011), Goshen College Professor of History John D. Roth answers that question.
- published: 26 Jan 2011
- views: 759
- author: GoshenCollege
6:21
Rudy Wiebe-Of This Earth-author interview
Saskatchewan writer Rudy Wiebe has written the first part of his memoir Of This Earth: a M...
published: 05 Feb 2007
author: Craig Rintoul
Rudy Wiebe-Of This Earth-author interview
Saskatchewan writer Rudy Wiebe has written the first part of his memoir Of This Earth: a Mennonite Boyhood in the Boreal Forest. Published by Knopf Canada 2007 CHARLES TAYLOR PRIZE FOR LITERARY NON-FICTION FINALIST
- published: 05 Feb 2007
- views: 752
- author: Craig Rintoul
Vimeo results:
4:12
Madonna of the Mills Trailer
America has a nasty secret. All of those cute puppies that are sold in pet stores come fro...
published: 22 Aug 2009
author: Umbrella Girl Media
Madonna of the Mills Trailer
America has a nasty secret. All of those cute puppies that are sold in pet stores come from "puppy mills." Their mothers spend their entire lives in a tiny, unsanitary cages, never walked, never petted, never doing anything but making puppies . When these dogs can no longer produce litters or money for their owners, they are put to death - stoned, shot, drowned or starved.
"Madonna of the Mills" is a documentary about Laura, an office manager from Staten Island, who stumbled on this secret four years ago and vowed to save as many of these breeding dogs as she possibly could. Laura has now rescued over 2,000 dogs from Amish and Mennonite farmers in Pennsylvania. In the process, she has forever changed her life and the lives of those families fortunate enough to adopt one of these remarkable "puppy mill" survivors.
7:05
Mennonite Music
The choir from the Hocking Hills Mennonite Church sing at a nursing home in Logan, Ohio, a...
published: 13 May 2009
author: Johnny Simon
Mennonite Music
The choir from the Hocking Hills Mennonite Church sing at a nursing home in Logan, Ohio, as service to those in need and through their duty to spread their faith.
6:36
Portrait of Life – Dodoma, Tanzania
In these "Portrait of Life" segments, I want to show East African life with as little comm...
published: 15 Oct 2010
author: Nate Grubbs
Portrait of Life – Dodoma, Tanzania
In these "Portrait of Life" segments, I want to show East African life with as little commentary as possible. Letting the images speak for themselves allows the people within them to share their own lives and hope without western statistics and preconceived notions. Life is hard in East Africa, but it is also joyous.
In September of 2010 I returned to East Africa with the Portland media team of the non-profit Lahash International to document the lives of their partners and those they serve in Tanzania.
In Dodoma, Tanzania, Lahash partners with Grace and Healing Ministry to provide aid for vulnerable kids living in poverty with a majority of the children directly affected or infected with HIV/AIDS.
To support what Lahash is doing, visit:
www.Lahash.org
Shot and edited by me using a Nikon D300s.
Tracking shots done with an Indisystem slider.
7:26
The Mennonites
This is a selection of images from the Mennonite book by Larry Towell, with two poems from...
published: 01 Mar 2012
author: Larry Towell
The Mennonites
This is a selection of images from the Mennonite book by Larry Towell, with two poems from the Mennonite CD.
Youtube results:
1:46
Mennonite Amish Documentary - Third Eye - Press TV
a Production called Third Eye - Made for Press TV Here we have an Excellent Real Documenta...
published: 13 Jan 2008
author: Mohammad Tayyeb
Mennonite Amish Documentary - Third Eye - Press TV
a Production called Third Eye - Made for Press TV Here we have an Excellent Real Documentary about the World Known Amish and Mennonites. These are Communities and Tribes who live in chose Isolation throughout North America who renounce Violence which as very normal in modern Society tries to entice them with (ie semi naked women promoting cars) The Amish / Mennonites are studied in Religious Education Classes world wide from UK to Columbia to Iran to Japan BUT HERE YOU GET TO SEE A PROPER DOCUMENTARY ABOUT THEM - INCLUDING THEM AND THE PEOPLE WHO LIVE NEAR THEM THIS IS AN EXCERPT/ CLIP FROM A BIGGER DOCUMENTARY CALLED - THIRD EYE ALL EXCLUSIVELY MADE FOR PRESS TV BY BROTHER SALMAAN TAYEB AND HIS TEAM
- published: 13 Jan 2008
- views: 6722
- author: Mohammad Tayyeb
2:27
dave maudie interview
local dave maudie mennonite talks about life, love, and barn socials....
published: 19 Jul 2006
author: devomartin
dave maudie interview
local dave maudie mennonite talks about life, love, and barn socials.
- published: 19 Jul 2006
- views: 1487
- author: devomartin
1:16
EMU STEM student interview - Phillip Martin
EMU student Phillip Martin shares about being a STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and...
published: 10 Jan 2011
author: EasternMennoniteUniv
EMU STEM student interview - Phillip Martin
EMU student Phillip Martin shares about being a STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) major and participating in the Summer Bridge program.
- published: 10 Jan 2011
- views: 167
- author: EasternMennoniteUniv
5:53
Do you know Mennonites
Elana, kyle, Nicole, and ben doing some interviews about mennonites that people dont know ...
published: 29 Mar 2008
author: ben868Libbmaster
Do you know Mennonites
Elana, kyle, Nicole, and ben doing some interviews about mennonites that people dont know what they are talking about.
- published: 29 Mar 2008
- views: 2153
- author: ben868Libbmaster
photo: AP / Aleppo Revolution Against Assad Regime
29 Jan 2013
By Alexander Dziadosz and Oliver Holmes. BEIRUT, Jan 29 (Reuters) - At least 65 people were found shot dead with their hands bound in the northern Syrian city of Aleppo on Tuesday in a "new massacre" in the near two-year revolt against President Bashar al-Assad, activists said. Opposition campaigners blamed the government but it was impossible to confirm who was responsible ... The U.N ... State media did not mention the incident ... STALEMATE ... ....(size: 9.0Kb)
photo: US DoD / U.S. Army Staff Sgt Sun L. Vega, Joint Staff
27 Jan 2013
TEL AVIV – Now that he has secured his second term, President Barack Obama has already secretly pledged to the Palestinians he will press Israel into a new round of so-called land-for-peace negotiations, a top Palestinian Authority negotiator told WND. The negotiator said top members of the Obama administration told the Palestinians the U.S....(size: 2.2Kb)
photo: AP / Khalil Hamra
28 Jan 2013
Egyptian President Mohamed Morsy on Sunday declared a state of emergency and a nightime curfew for one month in three restive cities after days of deadly violence. Mr. Morsy, facing his worst crisis since taking office in June, said the measures would take effect on Sunday night in the cities of Port Said, Suez and Ismailia ... Keywords....(size: 1.7Kb)
photo: AP / Ronald Mendes-Agencia RBS
27 Jan 2013
Tweet. Police say at least 232 people have died in a fire that swept through a crowded nightclub in southern Brazil. Around 117 others were injured after the blaze broke out while a band was performing at the Kiss club in the southern city of Santa Maria at about 2am (local time). Police earlier said more than 245 people had died in the fire. It is thought pyrotechnics being used for the concert may have caused the blaze ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
photo: AP / Khalil Hamra
29 Jan 2013
Cairo • An unpredictable new element has entered Egypt’s wave of political unrest. a mysterious group of masked young men called the Black Bloc who present themselves as the defenders of protesters opposed to the Islamist president’s rule. They boast that they’re willing to use force to fight back against Islamists who have attacked protesters in the past — or against police who crack down on demonstrations ... Photos. Join the Discussion ... ....(size: 8.0Kb)
my SA
30 Jan 2013
EAST. Assumption 57, St. Michael's 51. Bentley 85, LeMoyne 51. Bloomfield 79, Nyack 34. Caldwell 61, Dominican (NY) 42. Delaware 77, Northeastern 50. E. Mennonite 63, Shenandoah 53. Franklin Pierce 50, American International 43. Georgetown 54, Cincinnati 52. Gettysburg 61, Haverford 55 ... New Hampshire 61, Maine 54....(size: 1.5Kb)
RoadRunner
30 Jan 2013
The hot Texas sun beats down relentlessly as I scan the dry dirt front yard for a glint of metal among the heaps of dust. When I spot a gleam, I bound towards it scooping up my treasure; it is nothing more than a mangled box nail. Slipping my find in the carpenters apron tied around my waist I turn and continue my hunt ... Over the years he contributed in some way to hundreds homes for Habitat for Humanity and Mennonite Disaster Service ... ....(size: 3.0Kb)
CBC
30 Jan 2013
Pre-paid long-distance phone cards that deliver only a fraction of the calling time they promise are still being sold in Edmonton-area stores ... “I work with newcomers from all over the world. They use cards a lot ... Yolande Lawson-Body at Edmonton’s Mennonite Centre for Newcomers says clients frequently complain that phone cards don’t deliver what they promise, but they buy them because they’re inexpensive ... “If it works, it works ... ....(size: 5.3Kb)
Jakarta Globe
29 Jan 2013
Paulus Hartono, a Mennonite church minister in Solo, Central Java, might be seen as a “deranged Christian.” While most people in this country, especially Christians and other religious minorities, tend to avoid hard-line Muslims, this pastor approached — and then befriended — members of Hizbullah (“Party of God,” a Solo-based Islamist paramilitary group not related to Lebanon’s Shiite Hezbollah)....(size: 7.0Kb)
The Other Site
29 Jan 2013
Richard Forer is a former AIPAC (American Israel Public Affairs Committee) member with ultra-Orthodox relatives living in Israel. He is the author of Breakthrough. Transforming Fear Into Compassion – A New Perspective on the Israel-Palestine Conflict, which is available at Amazon ... His website is www.richardforer.com. Yago. Recently you spoke at Eastern Mennonite University (EMU) about your book, Breakthrough ... Rich Forer ... Yago ... Rich ... ....(size: 53.6Kb)
New York Magazine
28 Jan 2013
More than 45 lawsuits have been filed by Roman Catholic, evangelical, and Mennonite employers, the New York Times reports, who say that by requiring them to pay for contraception, the government is forcing them to violate their faith ... So far, the courts are a mixed bag ... A Flood of Suits Fights Coverage of Birth Control [NYT]. Tweet Stumble Upon More. Tags ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
Kansas City Star
28 Jan 2013
LFew musicians can boast that their instrument rises seven stories high and lives inside a million-dollar building that a team of architects, designers, acousticians and artists created just for its music ... Perhaps it’s because a pipe organ breathes like a human being, groans with rumbling growls, twitters with soaring soprano chirps ... Rainbow Mennonite Church in Kansas City, Kan., knows how special a pipe organ’s music is....(size: 7.9Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
28 Jan 2013
... College 381 162 42.5% Hillsdale College 925 393 42.5% Wellesley College 1362 574 42.1% University of Virginia--Wise 849 356 41.9% Bucknell University 2188 916 41.9% Washington and Lee University 1182 494 41.8% Amherst College 1127 461 40.9% Eastern Mennonite University 578 234 40.5% Davidson College 1208 488 40.4% Wesleyan College 280 113 40.4% St....(size: 17.2Kb)
The Roanoke Times
27 Jan 2013
LEXINGTON -- J.D. Ey scored 20 points and Andrew Franz added 18 for Washington and Lee (10-9, 5-5) as the Washington and Lee men's basketball team scored a 69-68 ODAC upset of Virginia Wesleyan (13-5, 9-1) ... The Generals built an eight point lead late in the game before the Marlins pulled to within one point ... N.C ... N.C ... Eastern Mennonite 74, Roanoke 46. Led by Jess Rheinheimer's 17 points Eastern Mennonite (13-6, 9-2 ODAC) defeated Roanoke ... ....(size: 4.4Kb)
Denver Post
27 Jan 2013
In a flood of lawsuits, Roman Catholics, evangelicals and Mennonites are challenging a provision in the new health care law that requires employers to cover birth control in employee health plans — a high-stakes clash between religious freedom and health care access that appears headed to the Supreme Court ... New suits are filed nearly weekly ... Referring to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, she said ... ....(size: 3.7Kb)
Star Tribune
27 Jan 2013
. In a flood of lawsuits, Roman Catholics, evangelicals and Mennonites are challenging a provision in the new health care law that requires employers to cover birth control in employee health plans -- a high-stakes clash between religious freedom and health care access that appears headed to the Supreme Court ... New suits are filed nearly weekly ... The departments of Justice and Health and Human Services declined to comment ... ....(size: 3.8Kb)
my SA
27 Jan 2013
Catholics, evangelicals and Mennonites are challenging — in a flood of lawsuits — a provision in the new health care law that requires employers to cover birth control in employee health plans. It's a high-stakes clash between religious freedom and health care access that appears headed to the Supreme Court ... “There are so many cases, and we are already getting strong disagreements among the circuit courts.” ... The 10th U.S ... ....(size: 4.0Kb)
Herald Tribune
27 Jan 2013
Mennonite and Amish tourists are coming to Sarasota in larger-than-usual numbers, Emrich said ... "February is the busiest for us, and we're gearing up fast for that." </p><p>Mennonite and Amish tourists are coming to Sarasota in larger-than-usual numbers, Emrich said.</p><p>"There are 12 to 15 buses full of ......(size: 16.4Kb)
 |
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2008) |
 |
This article may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (February 2011) |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 1,478,540 | |
| Founder | |
| Peaceful Anabaptists | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| United States, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Canada, India, Indonesia, Tanzania, Germany, Kenya, Paraguay, Honduras, Mexico[1] | |
| Religions | |
| Anabaptist | |
| Scriptures | |
| The Bible | |
| Languages | |
| Deitsch ("Pennsylvania Dutch"), Alemannic German, Plautdietsch, English, Spanish |
The Mennonites are a Protestant group based around the church communities of the Christian Anabaptist denominations named after the Frisian Menno Simons (1496–1561), who, through his writings, articulated and thereby formalized the teachings of earlier Swiss founders. The teachings of the Mennonites were founded on their belief in both the mission and ministry of Jesus Christ, which they held to with great conviction despite persecution by the various Roman Catholic and Protestant states. Rather than fight, the majority survived by fleeing to neighboring states where ruling families were tolerant of their radical belief in adult baptism. Over the years, Mennonites have become known as one of the historic peace churches because of their commitment to nonviolence.[2]
There are about 1.5 million Mennonites worldwide as of 2006.[3] Mennonite congregations worldwide embody the full scope of Mennonite practice from "plain people" to those who are indistinguishable in dress and appearance from the general population. The largest populations of Mennonites are in Ethiopia,[4] Canada, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the United States, but Mennonites can also be found in tight-knit communities in at least 51 countries on six continents or scattered amongst the populace of those countries. There are also significant numbers of Mennonites scattered throughout China. There are German Mennonite colonies in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia,[5] Brazil, Mexico, Uruguay[6], and Paraguay,[7] who are to a large extent descendants of Mennonites living in eastern Europe, and there remains a small congregation in the Netherlands where Simons was born.
The Mennonite Disaster Service,[8] based in North America, provides both immediate and long-term responses to hurricanes, floods, and other disasters. The Mennonite Central Committee provides disaster relief around the world alongside their long-term international development programs. Other programs offer a variety of relief efforts and services throughout the world.
Since the latter part of the 20th century, some Mennonite groups have also become more actively involved with peace and social justice issues, helping to found Christian Peacemaker Teams and Mennonite Conciliation Service.[9]
Radical Reformation[link]
Main article: Radical Reformation
The early history of the Mennonites starts with the Anabaptists in the German and Dutch-speaking parts of central Europe. The German term is "Täufer" or "Wiedertäufer" (that is, Again-Baptists, or Anabaptists using the Greek ana, "again."). These forerunners of modern Mennonites were part of the broad reaction against the practices and theology of the Roman Catholic Church known as the Protestant Reformation. Its most distinguishing feature is the rejection of infant baptism, an act that had both religious and political meaning since almost every infant born in western Europe was baptized into the Roman Catholic Church. Other significant theological views of the Mennonites developed in opposition to Roman Catholic views or to the views of other Protestant reformers such as Martin Luther and Huldrych Zwingli.
Some of the followers of Zwingli's Reformed church felt that requiring church membership beginning at birth was inconsistent with the New Testament example. They felt that the church should be completely removed from government (the proto-free church tradition), and that individuals should join only when willing to publicly acknowledge belief in Jesus and the desire to live in accordance with his teachings. At a small meeting in Zurich on January 21, 1525, Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, and George Blaurock, along with twelve others, baptized each other.[10] This meeting marks the beginning of the Anabaptist movement. In the spirit of the times, many groups followed, preaching any number of ideas about hierarchy, the state, eschatology, and sexual license, running from utter abandon to extreme chastity. These movements are together referred to as the Radical Reformation.
Many government and religious leaders, both Protestant and Roman Catholic, considered voluntary church membership to be dangerous — the concern of some deepened by reports of the Münster Rebellion, led by a violent sect of Anabaptists. They joined forces to fight the movement, using methods such as banishment, torture, burning, drowning or beheading.[11]:142
Despite strong repressive efforts of the state churches, the movement spread slowly around western Europe, primarily along the Rhine. Many of the earliest Anabaptist leaders were killed in an attempt to purge Europe of the new sect.[11]:142 By 1530, most of the founding leaders had been killed for refusing to renounce their beliefs. Many believed that God did not condone killing or the use of force for any reason and were therefore unwilling to fight for their lives. The pacifist branches often survived by seeking refuge in neutral cities or nations, such as Strasbourg. Their safety, however, was often tenuous, as a shift in alliances or an invasion could mean resumed persecution. Other groups of Anabaptists, such as the Batenburgers, were eventually destroyed by their willingness to fight. This played a large part in the evolution of Anabaptist theology.
File:Menno Simons.jpg
Menno Simons
In the early days of the Anabaptist movement, Menno Simons, a Catholic priest in the Low Countries, heard of the movement and started to rethink his Catholic faith. He questioned the doctrine of transubstantiation, but was reluctant to leave the Roman Catholic Church. His thinking was influenced by the death of his brother, who, as a member of an Anabaptist group, was killed when he and his companions were attacked and refused to defend themselves. In 1536, at the age of 40, Simons left the Roman Catholic Church. Soon thereafter he became a leader within the Anabaptist movement. He would become a hunted man with a price on his head for the rest of his life. His name became associated with scattered groups of nonviolent Anabaptists whom he helped to organize and consolidate.
Fragmentation and variation[link]
During the 16th century, the Mennonites and other Anabaptists were relentlessly persecuted. This period of persecution has had a significant impact on Mennonite identity. Martyrs Mirror, published in 1660, documents much of the persecution of Anabaptists and their predecessors. Today, the book is still the most important book besides the Bible for many Mennonites and Amish, in particular for the Swiss-South German branch of the Mennonites. Persecution was still going on until 1710 in various parts of Switzerland.[12]
Disagreements within the church over the years led to other splits; sometimes the reasons were theological, sometimes practical, sometimes geographical.[original research?] For instance, near the beginning of the 20th century, some members in the Amish church wanted to begin having Sunday Schools and participate in progressive Protestant-style para-church evangelism. Unable to persuade the rest of the Amish, they separated and formed a number of separate groups including the Conservative Mennonite Conference. Mennonites in Canada and other countries typically have independent denominations because of the practical considerations of distance and, in some cases, language. Many times these divisions took place along family lines, with each extended family supporting their own branch.
The first recorded account of this group is in a written order by Countess Anne,[citation needed] who ruled a small province in central Europe. The presence of some small groups of violent Anabaptists was causing political and religious turmoil in her state, so she decreed that all Anabaptists were to be driven out. The order made an exception for the non-violent branch known at that time as the Menists.
Political rulers often admitted the Menists or Mennonites into his/her state because they were honest, hardworking and peaceful. When their practices upset the powerful state churches, princes would renege on exemptions for military service, or a new monarch would take power, and the Mennonites would be forced to flee for their lives again, usually leaving everything but their families behind. Often, another monarch in another state would grant them welcome, at least for a while.
While Mennonites in Colonial America were enjoying considerable religious freedom, their counterparts in Europe were in the same situation they always had been. Their well-being was dependent on the will of the ruling monarch, who would often extend an invitation only when there was poor soil that no one else could farm. By contrast, in The Netherlands the Mennonites (nl: Doopsgezinden) enjoyed a relatively high degree of tolerance. The Mennonites often farmed and reclaimed land in exchange for exemption from mandatory military service.[citation needed] However, once the land was arable again, this arrangement would often change, and the persecution would begin again. Because the land still needed to be tended, the ruler would not drive out the Mennonites but would pass laws to force them to stay, while at the same time severely limiting their freedom. Mennonites had to build their churches facing onto back streets or alleys, and they were forbidden from announcing the beginning of services with the sound of a bell.
In addition, high taxes were enacted in exchange for both continuing the military service exemption, and to keep the states' best farmers from leaving.[citation needed] In some cases, the entire congregation would give up their belongings to pay the tax to be allowed to leave. If a member or family could not afford the tax, it was often paid by others in the group.
A strong emphasis on "community" was developed under these circumstances. It continues to be typical of Mennonite churches. As a result of frequently being required to give up possessions in order to retain individual freedoms, Mennonites learned to live very simply. This was reflected both in the home and at church, where their dress and their buildings were plain. The music at church, usually simple German chorales, was performed a cappella. This style of music serves as a reminder to many Mennonites of their simple lives, as well as their history as a persecuted people. Some branches of Mennonites have retained this "plain" lifestyle into modern times.
Jacob Amman and the Amish schisms[link]
Main article: Amish
In 1693 Jacob Amman led an effort to reform the Mennonite church in Switzerland and South Germany to include shunning, to hold communion more often, and other differences. When the discussions fell through, Jacob and his followers split from the other Mennonite congregations. Amman's followers became known as the Amish Mennonites. In later years, other schisms among Amish Mennonites resulted in such groups as the Old Order Amish, New Order Amish, Kaufman Amish Mennonites, Amish Mennonites, Conservative Mennonite Conference, and Biblical Mennonite Alliance.
Russian Mennonites[link]
Main article: Russian Mennonite
In 1768 Catherine the Great of Russia acquired a great deal of land north of the Black Sea (in the present-day Ukraine) following a war with the Turks. Russian government officials invited those Mennonites living in Prussia to come farm the Russian steppes in exchange for religious freedom and military exemption. Over the years the Mennonite farmers were very successful. By the beginning of the 20th century they owned large agricultural estates and were even successful as industrial entrepreneurs in the cities. After the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Russian Civil War (1917–1921) all of these farms (whose owners were called Kulaks) and enterprises were expropriated. Beyond expropriation, Mennonites suffered severe persecution during the course of the Civil War, at the hands of both the Bolsheviks and, particularly, the anarchists of Nestor Makhno who saw Mennonites as privileged foreigners of the upper class and targeted them. Hundreds of Mennonite men, women and children were murdered in these attacks.[13] After the war people who openly followed religion were in many cases imprisoned. This led to a wave of Russian Mennonite emigration to the Americas (U.S., Canada and Paraguay).
When the German army invaded the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941, many in the Mennonite community saw them as liberators from the communist regime under which they had suffered. When the tide of war turned, many of the Mennonites fled with the German army back to Germany where they were accepted as "Volksdeutsche". After the war the remainder of the Mennonite community emigrated or, (because, as the Soviets saw it, they had "collectively collaborated" with the Germans) was forcefully relocated to Siberia and Kazakhstan, and many were sent to Gulags. Many German-Russian Mennonites who lived farther to the east (not western Russia) were deported to Siberia before the German army's invasion, and were also often placed in labor camps. In the 1990s the Russian government gave these people the opportunity to emigrate. The Russian Mennonite immigrants in Germany outnumber the pre-1989 community of Mennonites in Germany by 3 to 1.
The world's most conservative Mennonites (on technology) are the Russian Mennonites of the colonies affiliated with the Lower Barton Creek Colony in Belize. These Mennonites do not use motors, paint, or compressed air.[citation needed]
North America[link]
Persecution and the search for employment forced Mennonites out of the Netherlands eastward to Germany in the 17th century. As Quaker evangelists moved into Germany they received a sympathetic audience among the larger of these Dutch-Mennonite congregations around Krefeld, Altona-Hamburg, Gronau and Emden.[14] It was among this group of Quakers and Mennonites, living under ongoing discrimination, that William Penn solicited settlers for his new colony. The first permanent settlement of Mennonites in the American Colonies consisted of one Mennonite family and twelve Mennonite-Quaker[15] families of Dutch extraction who arrived from Krefeld, Germany, in 1683 and settled in Germantown, Pennsylvania. Among these early settlers was William Rittenhouse, a lay minister and owner of the first American paper mill. Jacob Gottschalk was the first bishop of this Germantown congregation. This early group of Mennonites and Mennonite-Quakers wrote the first formal protest against slavery in the United States. The treatise was addressed to slave-holding Quakers in an effort to persuade them to change their ways.[16]
In the 18th century, 100,000 Germans from the Palatinate, collectively known as the Pennsylvania Dutch, emigrated to Pennsylvania. Of these, around 2,500 were Mennonites and 500 Amish.[17] This group settled farther west than the first group, choosing less expensive land in the Lancaster, Pennsylvania, area. The oldest Mennonite meetinghouse in America is the Hans Herr House in West Lampeter Township, Pennsylvania.[18] A member of this second group, Christopher Dock, authored Pedagogy, the first American monograph on education. Today, Mennonites also reside in Kishacoquillas Valley (also known as Big Valley), a valley in Huntingdon and Mifflin counties, also in Pennsylvania.
During the Colonial period, Mennonites were distinguished from other Pennsylvania Germans in three ways:[19] their opposition to the American Revolutionary War, resistance to public education, and disapproval of religious revivalism. Contributions of Mennonites during this period include the idea of separation of church and state and opposition to slavery.
From 1812 to 1860, another wave of immigrants settled farther west in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Missouri. These Swiss-German speaking Mennonites, along with Amish, came from Switzerland and the Alsace-Lorraine area. These immigrants, along with the Amish of northern New York state, formed the nucleus of the Apostolic Christian Church in the United States.
"Old" Mennonite Church (MC)[link]
File:MC-logo.gif
Mennonite Church logo
The Swiss-German Mennonites that emigrated to North America in the 18th and 19th centuries settled first in Pennsylvania, then across the midwestern states (initially Ohio, Indiana, and Kansas) are the root to the former Mennonite Church denomination (MC), colloquially called the "Old Mennonite Church". This denomination had offices in Elkhart, Indiana, and was the most populous progressive Mennonite denomination before merging with the General Conference Mennonite Church (GCMC) in 2002.
General Conference Mennonite Church[link]
File:Gcmc-logo.png
General Conference Mennonite Church logo
The General Conference Mennonite Church was an association of Mennonite congregations based in North America beginning in 1860. The conference was formed in 1860 when congregations in Iowa invited North American Mennonites to join together in order to pursue common goals such as education and mission work. The conference was especially attractive to recent Mennonite and Amish immigrants to North America and expanded considerably when thousands of Russian Mennonites arrived in North America starting in the 1870s. Conference offices were located in Winnipeg, Manitoba, and North Newton, Kansas. The conference supported a seminary and several colleges. It became the second largest Mennonite denomination with 64,431 members in 410 congregations in Canada, the United States and South America in the 1990s.[20] After decades of increasingly closer cooperation with the Mennonite Church, the two groups voted to merge in 1995 and completed reorganization into Mennonite Church Canada in 2000 and Mennonite Church USA in 2002.
Alternative Service[link]
Mennonites in Canada were automatically exempt from any type of service during World War I by provisions of the Order in Council of 1873,[citation needed] yet initially many were imprisoned for their beliefs until this was affirmed by the government of the time.[citation needed] During World War II, Mennonite conscientious objectors were given the options of noncombatant military service, serving in the medical or dental corps under military control or working in parks and on roads under civilian supervision. Over 95% chose the latter and were placed in Alternative Service camps.[21] Initially the men worked on road building, forestry and firefighting projects. After May 1943, as a labour shortage developed within the nation, men were shifted into agriculture, education and industry. The 10,700 Canadian objectors were mostly Mennonites (63%) and Doukhobors (20%).[22]
In the United States, Civilian Public Service (CPS) provided an alternative to military service during World War II. From 1941 to 1947, 4,665 Mennonites, Amish and Brethren in Christ[23] were among nearly 12,000 conscientious objectors who performed work of national importance in 152 CPS camps throughout the United States and Puerto Rico. The draftees worked in areas such as soil conservation, forestry, fire fighting, agriculture, social services and mental health.
The CPS men served without wages and minimal support from the federal government. The cost of maintaining the CPS camps and providing for the needs of the men was the responsibility of their congregations and families. Mennonite Central Committee coordinated the operation of the Mennonite camps. CPS men served longer than regular draftees, not being released until well past the end of the war. Initially skeptical of the program, government agencies learned to appreciate the men's service and requested more workers from the program. CPS made significant contributions to forest fire prevention, erosion and flood control, medical science and reform of the mental health system.
Schisms[link]
 |
This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability. |
Prior to migration to America, Anabaptists in Europe were divided between those of Dutch and Swiss-German background. However, both Dutch and Swiss groups took their name from Menno Simons who led the Dutch group. A trickle of Dutch Mennonites began the migration to America in 1683, followed by a much larger migration of Swiss-German Mennonites beginning in 1707.[24]
After immigration to America, many of the early Mennonites split from the main body of North American Mennonites and formed their own separate and distinct churches. The first schism in America occurred in 1778 when Bishop Christian Funk's support of the American Revolution led to his excommunication and the formation of a separate Mennonite group known as Funkites. In 1785 this process continued with the formation of the orthodox Reformed Mennonite Church and continues into the 21st century. Many of these churches were formed as a response to deep disagreements about theology, doctrine, and church discipline as evolution both inside and outside the Mennonite faith occurred. Many of the modern churches descended from those groups that abandoned traditional Mennonite practices.
These historical schisms have had an influence on creating the distinct Mennonite denominations, sometimes using mild or severe shunning to show its disapproval of other Mennonite groups.
Schools[link]
Several Mennonite groups have their own private or parochial schools. Conservative groups, like the Holdeman, have not only their own schools, but their own curriculum and teaching staff (usually, but not exclusively, young unmarried women). See also category:Mennonite schools.
Secondary schools[link]
Canada[link]
- Eden High School, St. Catharines, Ontario
- Mennonite Brethren Collegiate Institute, Winnipeg, Manitoba
- Mennonite Collegiate Institute, Gretna, Manitoba
- Mennonite Educational Institute, Abbotsford, British Columbia
- Rockway Mennonite Collegiate, Kitchener, Ontario
- Rosthern Junior College, Rosthern, Saskatchewan
- Westgate Mennonite Collegiate, Winnipeg, Manitoba
United States[link]
- Belleville Mennonite School, Belleville, Pennsylvania
- Bethany Christian Schools, Goshen, Indiana
- Central Christian School, Kidron, Ohio
- Christopher Dock Mennonite High School, Lansdale, Pennsylvania
- Eastern Mennonite High School, Harrisonburg, Virginia
- Freeman Academy, Freeman, South Dakota
- Immanuel Schools, Reedley, California
- Iowa Mennonite School, Kalona, Iowa
- Lancaster Mennonite High School, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
- Philadelphia Mennonite High School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sarasota Christian School, Sarasota, Florida
- Western Mennonite School, Salem, Oregon
Controversy in Quebec[link]
Quebec does not allow these parochial schools, as the Quebec government imposes its curriculum on all schools (public and private), while private schools may only add optional material to the compulsory curriculum but may not replace it. The Quebec curriculum is unacceptable to the parents of the only Mennonite school in the province.[25] They have said they will leave Quebec, after the Education Ministry has threatened legal actions would be taken and that Youth Protection services might become involved if the children were not to register with the Education Ministry and either home-school using the Government approved material, or attend a "sanctioned" school. The local population and its mayor support[26] the local Mennonites. The Evangelical Fellowship of Canada has also written to the Quebec government to express its concerns[27] about this situation. This story has received quite a large echo in circles defending religious freedom, so much so that the Becket Fund placed Quebec on its weekly report of threatened religious traditions.[28] Latest reports indicate that several Mennonites families have already left Quebec.[29]
Post-secondary schools[link]
Canada[link]
- Bethany College, Hepburn, Saskatchewan
- Canadian Mennonite University, Winnipeg, Manitoba
- Columbia Bible College, Abbotsford, British Columbia
- Conrad Grebel University College, Waterloo, Ontario (part of the University of Waterloo)
- Menno Simons College, Winnipeg, Manitoba (part of Canadian Mennonite University but affiliated with and located at the University of Winnipeg).
- Steinbach Bible College, Steinbach, Manitoba
United States[link]
- Bethel College, North Newton, Kansas
- Bluffton University, Bluffton, Ohio
- Eastern Mennonite University, Harrisonburg, Virginia
- Fresno Pacific University, Fresno, California
- Goshen College, Goshen, Indiana
- Hesston College, Hesston, Kansas
- Rosedale Bible College, Rosedale, Ohio
- Tabor College, Hillsboro, Kansas
Sexuality, marriage, and family mores[link]
The Mennonite church has no formal celibate religious order similar to monasticism, but recognizes the legitimacy of and honors both the single state and the sanctity of marriage of its members. Single persons are expected to be chaste, and marriage is held to be a lifelong, monogamous, faithful covenant between a man and a woman. In conservative groups, divorce is discouraged, and it is believed that the "hardness of the heart" of people is the ultimate cause of divorce. Some conservative churches have disciplined members who have unilaterally divorced their spouses outside of cases of sexual unfaithfulness or acute abuse.[citation needed] Until approximately the 1960s or 1970s, before the more widespread urbanization of the Mennonite demographic, divorce was, in fact, quite rare. In recent times, divorce is more common, and also carries less stigma, particularly in cases where abuse was apparent.
Traditionally, very modest dress was expected, particularly in conservative Mennonite circles. However, as the Mennonite population became urbanized and more integrated into the wider culture, this visible difference has disappeared outside of conservative Mennonite groups.
Some Mennonite communities embrace the idea of the rumspringa, or that concept that young adults (people in their teens) may engage in rebellious behavior, often ignoring religious participation and engaging in behaviors that are "bad" but not necessarily illegal (drinking, partying, sneaking out, etc.).[citation needed] They are then expected to either conform to community standards or leave after entering adulthood (usually around the time they finish college, at the latest).[citation needed]
Some of these expelled congregations were dually affiliated with the Mennonite Church and the General Conference Mennonite Church, the latter of which did not act to expel the same congregations. When these two Mennonite denominations formally completed their merger in 2002 to become the new Mennonite Church USA and Mennonite Church Canada denominations, it was still not clear, in all cases, whether or not the congregations that were expelled from one denomination, yet included in the other, are considered to be "inside" or "outside" of the new merged denomination. Also, some Mennonite conferences have chosen to maintain such "disciplined" congregations as "associate" or "affiliate" congregations in the conferences, rather than to expel such congregations. In virtually every case, a dialogue continues between the disciplined congregations and the denomination, as well as their current or former conferences.[30]
The Mennonite church in the Netherlands (Doopsgezinde Kerk) was the first Dutch church to have a female pastor — Anna Zernike — authorized in 1911.[31]
Theology[link]
Mennonite theology emphasizes the primacy of the teachings of Jesus as recorded in New Testament scripture. They hold in common the ideal of a religious community based on New Testament models and imbued with the spirit of the Sermon on the Mount. Their core beliefs deriving from Anabaptist traditions are:
- Salvation through faith in Jesus Christ
- The authority of Scripture and the Holy Spirit.
- Believer's baptism understood as threefold: Baptism by the spirit (internal change of heart), baptism by water (public demonstration of witness), and baptism by blood (martyrdom and asceticism or the practice of strict self-denial as a measure of personal and especially spiritual discipline).
- Discipleship understood as an outward sign of an inward change.
- Discipline in the church, informed by New Testament teaching, particularly of Jesus (for example Matthew 18:15-18). Some Mennonite churches practice the Meidung (shunning).
- The Lord's Supper understood as a memorial rather than as a sacrament or Christian rite, ideally shared by baptized believers within the unity and discipline of the church.[32]
One of the earliest expressions of their faith was the Schleitheim Confession, adopted on February 24, 1527. Its seven articles covered:
- The Ban (excommunication)
- Breaking of bread (Communion)
- Separation from and shunning of the abomination (the Roman Catholic Church and other "worldly" groups and practices)
- Believer's baptism
- Pastors in the church
- Renunciation of the sword (Christian pacifism)
- Renunciation of the oath (swearing as proof of truth)
The Dordrecht Confession of Faith was adopted on April 21, 1632, by Dutch Mennonites, by Alsatian Mennonites in 1660, and by North American Mennonites in 1725. There is no official creed or catechism of which acceptance is required by congregations or members. However, there are structures and traditions taught as in the Confession of Faith in a Mennonite Perspective[33] of Mennonite Church Canada and Mennonite Church USA.
Worship, doctrine, and tradition[link]
There is a wide scope of worship, doctrine and traditions among Mennonites today. This section shows the main types of Mennonites as seen from North America. It is far from a specific study of all Mennonite classifications worldwide but it does show a somewhat representative sample of the complicated classifications within the Mennonite faith worldwide.
Moderate Mennonites include the largest denominations, the Mennonite Brethren and the Mennonite Church. In most forms of worship and practice they differ very little from other Protestant congregations. There is no special form of dress and no restrictions on use of technology. Worship styles vary greatly between different congregations. There is no formal liturgy; services typically consist of singing, scripture reading, prayer and a sermon. Some churches prefer hymns and choirs; others make use of contemporary Christian music with electronic instruments. Mennonite congregations are self-supporting and appoint their own ministers. There is no requirement for ministers to be approved by the denomination, and sometimes ministers from other denominations will be appointed. A small sum, based on membership numbers, is paid to the denomination, which is used to support central functions such as publication of newsletters and interactions with other denominations and other countries. The distinguishing characteristics of moderate Mennonite churches tend to be ones of emphasis rather than rule. There is an emphasis on peace, on community and service. However, members do not live in community — they participate in the general community as 'salt and light' to the world (Matt 5:13,14). The main elements of Menno Simons' doctrine are retained, but in a moderated form. Banning is rarely practiced and would in any event have much less effect than those denominations where community is more tight-knit. Excommunication can occur, and was notably applied by the Mennonite Brethren to members who joined the military during the Second World War. Service in the military is generally not permitted, but service in the legal profession or law enforcement is acceptable. Outreach and help to the wider community at home and abroad is encouraged. Mennonite Central Committee is a leader in foreign aid provision.
The Reformed Mennonite Church, with members in the United States and Canada, represents the first division in the original North American Mennonite body. Called the First Keepers of the Old Way by author Stephen Scott, the Reformed Mennonite Church formed in the very early 19th century. Reformed Mennonites see themselves as true followers of Menno Simons' teachings and of the teachings of the New Testament. They have no church rules, but they rely solely on the Bible as their guide. They insist on strict separation from all other forms of worship and dress in conservative plain garb that preserves 18th century Mennonite details. However, they refrain from forcing their Mennonite faith on their children, allow their children to attend public schools, and have permitted the use of automobiles. They are notable for being the church of Milton S. Hershey's mother and famous for the long and bitter ban of Robert Bear, a Pennsylvania farmer who rebelled against what he saw as dishonesty and disunity in the leadership.
Holdeman Mennonites were founded from a schism in 1859, the Church of God in Christ, Mennonite church has about 22,000 members worldwide. They are known as Holdeman Mennonites after their founder. They emphasize evangelical conversion and strict church discipline. They stay separate from other Mennonite groups because of their emphasis on the one-true church doctrine and their use of avoidance toward their own excommunicated members. The Holdeman mennonites do not believe that the use of modern technology is sin in itself. But they discourage too intensive use of internet and avoid television, cameras and radio.
Old Order Mennonites cover many distinct groups. Some groups use horse and buggies for transportation and speak German while others drive cars and speak English. What most Old Orders share in common is conservative doctrine, dress, and traditions, common roots in 19th century and early 20th century schisms, and a refusal to participate in politics and other so-called 'sins of the world'. Most Old Order groups also school their children in Mennonite-operated schools.
- Horse and Buggy Old Order Mennonites came from the main series of Old Order schisms that began in 1872 and ended in 1901 in Ontario, Pennsylvania, and the U.S. Midwest, as conservative Mennonites fought the radical changes that the influence of 19th century American revivalism had on Mennonite worship. Most Horse and Buggy Old Order Mennonites allow the use of tractors for farming, although some groups insist on steel-wheeled tractors to prevent tractors from being used for road transportation. Like the Stauffer or Pike Mennonites (origin 1845 in Lancaster, Pennsylvania), the Groffdale Conference, and the Old Order Mennonite Conference of Ontario, they stress separation from the world, excommunicate, and wear plain clothes. Some Old Order Mennonite groups are unlike the Stauffer or Pike Mennonites in that their form of the Ban is less severe because the ex-communicant is not shunned, and is therefore not excluded from the family table, shunned by a spouse, or cut off from business dealings.
- Automobile Old Order Mennonites, also known as Weaverland Conference Mennonites (having their origins in the Weaverland District of the Lancaster Conference -- also calling "Horning"), or Wisler Mennonites in the US Midwest, or the Markham-Waterloo Mennonite Conference having its origins from the Old Order Mennonites of Ontario, Canada, also evolved from the main series of Old Order schisms from 1872-1901. They often share the same meeting houses with, and adhere to almost identical forms of Old Order worship as their Horse and Buggy Old Order brethren with whom they parted ways in the early 20th century. Although this group began using cars in 1927, the cars were required to be plain and painted black. The largest group of Automobile Old Orders are still known today as "Black Bumper" Mennonites because some members still paint their chrome bumpers black.
Stauffer Mennonites or Pike Mennonites represent one of the first and most conservative form of North American Horse and Buggy Mennonites. They were founded in 1845, following conflicts about how to discipline child and spousal abuse by a few Mennonite church members. They almost immediately began to split into separate churches themselves. Today these groups are among the most conservative of all Swiss Mennonites outside the Amish. They stress strict separation from "the world", adhere to "strict withdrawal from and shunning of apostate and separated members", forbid and limit cars and technology, and wear plain clothing.
Conservative Mennonites are generally considered those Mennonites who maintain somewhat conservative dress, although carefully accepting other technology. They are not a unified group and are divided into various independent conferences and fellowships such as the Eastern Pennsylvania Mennonite Church conference. Despite the rapid changes that precipitated the Old Order schisms in the last quarter of the 19th century, most Mennonites in the United States and Canada retained a core of traditional beliefs based on literal interpretation of the New Testament Scriptures as well as more external 'Plain' practices into the beginning of the 20th century. However, disagreements in the United States and Canada between conservative and progressive (i.e. less emphasis on literal interpretation of scriptures) leaders began in the first half of the 20th century and continue to some extent today. Following WWII, a conservative movement emerged from scattered separatist groups as a reaction to the Mennonite Churches drifting away from the churches historical traditions. 'Plain' became passé as open criticisms of traditional beliefs and practices broke out in the 1950s and 1960s.[citation needed] The first conservative withdrawals from the progressive group began in the 1950s. These withdrawals continue to the present day in what is now the growing Conservative Movement formed from Mennonite schisms and/or from combinations with progressive Amish groups. While Moderate and Progressive Mennonite congregations have dwindled in size, the Conservative Movement congregations continue to exhibit considerable growth.[citation needed] Other Conservative Mennonite groups descend from the former Amish-Mennonite churches, who split from the Old Order Amish in the latter part of the 19th century like the Wisler Mennonites. (The Wisler Mennonites are a grouping descended from the Old Mennonite Church). There are also other Conservative Mennonite churches that descend from more recent groups that have left the Amish like the Beachy Amish or the Tennessee Brotherhood Churches.
Progressive Mennonite churches allow LGBT members to worship as church members and have been banned from membership in some cases in the moderate groups as result. The Germantown Mennonite Church in Germantown, Pennsylvania is one example of such a progressive Mennonite church.[34] Progressive Mennonite Churches place a great emphasis on the Mennonite tradition's teachings on peace and non-violence.
Membership[link]
In 2006, there were 1,478,540 Mennonites in 65 countries. The United States had the highest number of Mennonites with 368,280 members, followed by the Democratic Republic of the Congo with 216,268 members. The third largest concentration of Mennonites was in India with 146,095 members, while the fourth largest population was in Canada with 131,384 members. Europe, the birthplace of Mennonites, had 52,222 members.[3]
Africa has the highest membership growth rate by far, with 10% to 12% rise every year, particularly in Ethiopia. Growth in Mennonite membership is slow but steady in North America, the Asia/Pacific region, and the South/Central America and Caribbean region. Europe has seen a slow and accelerating decline in Mennonite membership since about 1980.
Some churches in North America have begun profiling potential members and with some success have targeted inner city minorities in their recruitment efforts. Growth in the traditional churches is outpacing growth in the moderate churches.
Organization worldwide[link]
The most basic unit of organization among Mennonites is the church. There are hundreds or thousands of Mennonite churches, many of which are separate from all others. Some churches are members of regional or area conferences. Some, but far from all, regional or area conferences are members of larger national or world conferences. Thus, there is no single authorized organization that includes all Mennonite churches worldwide.
Instead, there is a host of separate churches along with a myriad of separate conferences with no particular responsibility to any other group. Independent churches can contain as few as 50 members or as many as 20,000 members. Similar size differences occur among separate conferences. Worship, church discipline and lifestyles vary widely between progressive, moderate, conservative, Old Order and orthodox Mennonites in a vast panoply of distinct, independent, and widely dispersed classifications. For these reasons, no single group of Mennonites anywhere can credibly claim to represent, speak for, or lead all Mennonites worldwide.
The twelve largest Mennonite groups are:
- Mennonite Brethren (300,000 members on 6 continents worldwide)
- Old Order Amish Church (250,000 in North America)
- Meserete Kristos Church in Ethiopia (120,600 members;126,000 more followers attending alike churches)[35]
- Old Colony Mennonite Church (120,000 in US, Canada, Mexico, Belize, Argentina, and Bolivia)
- Mennonite Church USA with 114,000 members in the United States
- Brethren in Christ with 100,000 US and worldwide members
- Communauté Mennonite au Congo (87,000).
- Kanisa La Mennonite Tanzania with 50,000 members in 240 congregations
- Deutsche Mennonitengemeinden with 40,000 members in Germany [1]
- Mennonite Church Canada with 35,000 members in Canada
- Conservative Mennonites with 30,000 members in over 500 US churches (2008 CLP church directory).
- Church of God in Christ, Mennonite with 21,765 members in about 19,000 in the US and Canada, with the remaining in members in 32 other countries (2008 data)
The Mennonite World Conference is a global community of 95 Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Mennonite national Churches from 51 countries on six continents. It exists to "facilitate community between Anabaptist-related churches worldwide, and relate to other Christian world communions and organizations", but it is not a 'governing body' of any kind. It is a voluntary community of faith whose decisions are not binding on member churches. The member churches of Mennonite World Conference include the Mennonite Brethren, the Mennonite Church USA, and the Mennonite Church Canada, with a combined total membership of at least 400,000, or about 30% of Mennonites worldwide.
Organization: North America[link]
In 2003, there were about 323,000 Mennonites in the United States.[36] About 110,000 were members of Mennonite Church USA churches, about 26,000 were members of Mennonite Brethren churches, and about 40,000 (2008 CLP church directory) were members of conservative churches. It is not known how many old order Mennonites there are. Other sources list 236,084 total United States Mennonites.[37]
Total membership in Mennonite Church USA denominations decreased from about 133,000, before the merger in 1998, to about 114,000 after the merger in 2003. The Mennonite Church USA has begun profiling potential members and has been successful at recruiting inner-city minorities into the church in several large cities in the United States. Significant growth in the conservative churches seems to be occurring by itself in the already existing communities.
In Canada, in 2003 there were around 130,000 Mennonites.[38] About 37,000 of those were members of Mennonite Church Canada churches and about another 35,000 of those were members of Mennonite Brethren churches. About 5,000 belonged to conservative Old Order Mennonite churches, or other ultra-conservative and orthodox churches. (That leaves about 55,000 Mennonites unaccounted for in other Canadian churches).
In 1972 Mennonites in Altona, Manitoba, established the Mennonite Thrift Shop[39] which has now become a world-wide source of assistance to the needy.[40]
As of 2003, there were an estimated 80,000 Old Colony Mennonites in Mexico.[41] These Mennonites descend from a mass migration in the 1920s of roughly 6,000 Old Colony Mennonites from the Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan. In 1921, a Canadian Mennonite delegation arriving in Mexico received a privilegium, a promise of non-interference, from the Mexican government. This guarantee of many freedoms was the impetus that created the two original Old Colony settlements near Patos Nuevo Ideal, Durango, Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua and La Honda, Zacatecas as well as many communities in Aguascalientes.[42]
Organization: United Kingdom[link]
![[icon]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130130153104/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} |
This section requires expansion with: needs more information and sources. |
There is the United Kingdom Mennonite Ministry, which is part of the Nationwide Mennonites from Wisconsin (USA) which meets in Old Sodbury. There are also the British Conference of Mennonites,[43] and the London Mennonite Centre.[44]
See also[link]
- Eastern Mennonite Missions
- Guy Hershberger
- Hutterites
- Living in A Perfect World
- Mennonite Church USA Archives
- Mennonite denominations
- Mennonite Disaster Service
- Mennonites in Belize
- Mennonites in Bolivia
- Mennonites in France
- Mennonites in Paraguay
- Mennonite settlements of Altai
- More-with-Less Cookbook
- Orthodox Mennonites (Canada)
- Hans Reist
- Silent Light a 2007 film by the Mexican filmmaker Carlos Reygadas set in a Mennonite community telling the story of a married man who falls in love with another woman.
- Simple living
- Ten Thousand Villages
- Virginia Mennonite Missions
- John Howard Yoder
Notes[link]
- ^ Mennonite World Conference-Membership of Mennonite, Brethren in Christ and Related Churches, 2003"
- ^ Historic Peace Churches — GAMEO. Gameo.org. Retrieved on 2010-10-26.
- ^ a b 2006 Mennonite & Brethren in Christ World Membership - Mennonite World Conference
- ^ "Ethiopian conference tops membership". Mennonite Weekly Review. July 13, 2005. http://www.mennoweekly.org/2005/6/13/ethiopian-conference-tops-membership/. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
- ^ Bolivian Reforms Raise Anxiety on Mennonite Frontier, New York Times
- ^ Mennonites from Galitzia in Uruguay
- ^ Antonio De La Cova (1999-12-28). "Paraguay's Mennonites resent "fast buck" outsiders". Latinamericanstudies.org. http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/paraguay/mennonites.htm. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- ^ "Mennonite Disaster Service". http://www.mds.mennonite.net/. Retrieved 2007-05-30.
- ^ "Mennonite Conciliation Service". http://conciliationserv.mennonite.net/. Retrieved 2007-05-30.
- ^ Strasser, Rolf Christoph (2006). "Die Zürcher Täufer 1525 [The Zurich Anabaptists 1525]" (in German) (PDF). EFB Verlag Wetzikon. p. 30. http://texte.efb.ch/wparchives/zh1525.pdf. Retrieved 2012-01-28.
- ^ a b Murray, Stuart (2010). The Naked Anabaptist: The Bare Essentials of a Radical Faith. Herald Press. ISBN 978-0-8361-9517-0.
- ^
"Mennonites". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. - ^ Rempel, John G. (1957). "Makhno, Nestor (1888-1934)". Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/M3490.html. Retrieved 2010-11-25. "Two hundred forty names appear on a list of November 1919 of those murdered in Zagradovka. In Borzenkovo in the village of Ebenfeld alone 63 persons were murdered, and in Steinbach of the same settlement 58 persons."
- ^ Smith p.139
- ^ Smith p.360. Smith uses Mennonite-Quaker to refer to Quakers who were formerly Mennonite and retained distinctive Mennonite beliefs and practices.
- ^ See A Minute Against Slavery, Addressed to Germantown Monthly Meeting, 1688 for text of the meetings message.
- ^ Pannabecker p. 7.
- ^ ""National Historic Landmarks & National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania"" (Searchable database). CRGIS: Cultural Resources Geographic Information System. https://www.dot7.state.pa.us/ce/SelectWelcome.asp. Note: This includes J. Michael Sausman (August 1970). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Hans Herr House" (PDF). https://www.dot7.state.pa.us/ce_imagery/phmc_scans/H001090_01H.pdf. Retrieved 2012-02-18.
- ^ Pannabecker p. 12.
- ^ Horsch, p. 16
- ^ Gingerich p. 420.
- ^ Krahn, pp. 76-78.
- ^ Gingerich p. 452.
- ^ Sydney E. Ahlstrom, A religious history of the American People. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1975, I, 292-293.
- ^ "Forced Education in Homosexuality and Evolution Leads to Exodus of Mennonites from Quebec". Web.archive.org. 2007-09-14. http://web.archive.org/web/20070914101603/http://www.lifesite.net/ldn/2007/aug/07081701.html. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- ^ Gazette, The (2007-08-16). "Townsfolk sad to see Mennonites move away". Canada.com. http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=8aa6f3f4-45fd-42d3-ad45-38b1106bddfc. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- ^ "Internet Archive Wayback Machine". Web.archive.org. 2007-09-08. http://web.archive.org/web/20070908233429/http://www.christianity.ca/news/national/2007/09.000.html. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- ^ IRFN (Aug. 21-28): Austrian Politician Proposes Ban on Mosques, Minarets[dead link]
- ^ globeandmail.com[dead link]
- ^ Religious Tolerance.org: The Mennonite Churches and Homosexuality
- ^ Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online: Mankes-Zernike, Anna (1887–1972)
- ^ In connection with the Lord's Supper, some Mennonites practice feet washing as continuing outer sign of humility within the church. Feet washing was not originally an Anabaptist practice. Pilgram Marpeck before 1556 included it, and it became widespread in the late 1500s and the 1600s. Today it is practiced by some as a memorial sacrament, in memory of Christ washing the feet of his disciples as recorded in the thirteenth chapter of the Gospel of John.
- ^ "Confession of Faith in a Mennonite Perspective". http://www.mcusa-archives.org/library/resolutions/1995/index.html. Retrieved 2007-05-30.
- ^ . http://www.cnn.com/us/9711/05/gay.mennonite/. [dead link]
- ^ Mennonite Weekly Review, 2004-10-12, Ethiopian church strives to keep spiritual fires alive
- ^ United States and Worldwide Mennonite Membership Statistics (source Mennonite Church USA)
- ^ "Mennonites in the United States". Mennonite Weekly Review. 2005-06-20. Archived from the original on 2006-12-13. http://web.archive.org/web/20061213195128/http://www.mennoweekly.org/IMAGES/pages+10-11.pdf. Retrieved 2007-01-21.
- ^ "Mennonites in Canada". Archived from the original on 2007-05-16. http://web.archive.org/web/20070516094344/http://www.multiculturalcanada.ca/ecp/content/mennonites.html. Retrieved 2007-05-30.
- ^ "Mennonite Thrift Shop". http://thrift.mcc.org/.
- ^ CBC The World At Six, 17th March 2012
- ^ "The Mennonite Old Colony Vision: Under siege in Mexico and the Canadian Connection" (PDF). http://www.hshs.mb.ca/mennonite_old_colony_vision.pdf. Retrieved 2007-05-30.
- ^ Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online: Old Colony Mennonites
- ^ "2003 Europe Mennonite & Brethren in Christ Churches". http://www.mwc-cmm.org/Directory/2003europe.html. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
- ^ "London Mennonite Centre". http://www.menno.org.uk/. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
References and further reading[link]
-
- Epp, Marlene. Mennonite Women in Canada: A History (Winnipeg, University of Manitoba Press, 2008. xiii + 378 pp.)
- Gingerich, Melvin (1949), Service for Peace, A History of Mennonite Civilian Public Service, Mennonite Central Committee.
- Horsch, James E. (Ed.) (1999), Mennonite Directory, Herald Press. ISBN 0-8361-9454-3
- Krahn, Cornelius, Gingerich, Melvin & Harms, Orlando (Eds.) (1955). The Mennonite Encyclopedia, Volume I, pp. 76–78. Mennonite Publishing House.
- Mennonite & Brethren in Christ World Directory 2003. Available On-line at http://www.mwc-cmm.org/Directory/index.htm
- Pannabecker, Samuel Floyd (1975), Open Doors: A History of the General Conference Mennonite Church, Faith and Life Press. ISBN 0-87303-636-0
- Shearer, Tobin Miller (2010). Daily Demonstrators: The Civil Rights Movement in Mennonite Homes and Sanctuaries. The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 392. ISBN 0-8018-9700-9.
- Scott, Stephen (1995), An Introduction to Old Order and Conservative Mennonite Groups, Good Books, ISBN 1-56148-101-7
- Smith, C. Henry (1981), Smith's Story of the Mennonites Fifth Edition, Faith and Life Press. ISBN 0-87303-060-5
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mennonites |
 |
Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
- Anabaptist Mennonites
- Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online (GAMEO)
- Mennonite World Conference
- Mennonite Thrift Shops
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Mennonites". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
http://wn.com/Mennonite
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Mennoniti
http://cs.wn.com/Mennonité
http://es.wn.com/Menonita
http://ru.wn.com/Меннонитство
http://nl.wn.com/Mennonieten
http://pt.wn.com/Menonitas
http://pl.wn.com/Mennonici
http://fr.wn.com/Mennonitisme
http://de.wn.com/Mennoniten
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mennonite
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
