Branches of Mathematics

Pure mathematics

• Algebra
• Calculus
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• Topology
• Trignometry
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• Number theory

Applied mathematics

• Dynamical systems and differential equations
• Mathematical physics
• Computing
• Information theory and signal processing
• Probability and statistics
• Game theory
• Operations research

Related Topics

• Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Linear Equations
• Applied Physics
• Nano Technology
• Engineering Sciences
• Mathematical Medicine
• Fluid dynamics
• Computational Mathematics
• Gamma Ray Optics
• Onfrared Optics
• Relative Velocity
• Iciam
• Intelligent Imaging Neuroscience
• Biomedical Engineering
• Neuroscience Research
• Quantum Cosmology
• Brain Research

• A
• Abjad
• Abjad numerals
• Abugida
• Afaka syllabary
• Ahom alphabet
• Allography
• Alphabet
• Ancient Rome
• Apex (diacritic)
• Arabic alphabet
• Arabic script
• Aramaic alphabet
• Armenian alphabet
• Attic numerals
• Austroasiatic
• Avestan alphabet
• Aztec writing
• B
• Balinese alphabet
• Baltic languages
• Bassa alphabet
• Batak alphabet
• Baybayin
• Blissymbols
• Bopomofo
• Borama alphabet
• Brahmic family
• Braille
• Brāhmī script
• Buhid alphabet
• Burmese alphabet
• C
• Calculator spelling
• Calligraphy
• Capital letters
• Capitalization
• Carmenta
• Celtiberian script
• Celtic languages
• Chakma alphabet
• Cham alphabet
• Cherokee syllabary
• Chinese calligraphy
• Chinese character
• Chinese characters
• Christian evangelism
• Chữ Nôm
• Cimmerian Sibyl
• Classical Latin
• Claudian letters
• Claudius
• Collation
• Consonant
• Continuant
• Coptic alphabet
• Cumae (Italy)
• Cumae alphabet
• Cuneiform script
• Cypriot syllabary
• Cyrillic alphabet
• Cyrillic script
• D
• DanceWriting
• Demotic (Egyptian)
• Deseret alphabet
• Devanagari
• Devanagari alphabet
• Dhives Akuru
• Diacritic mark
• Dongba symbols
• Duenos inscription
• Duployan shorthand
• E
• Eclectic shorthand
• Egypt
• Egyptian hieroglyphs
• Elbasan script
• English alphabet
• Estonian language
• Etruscan alphabet
• Etruscan language
• Etruscans
• Euboean alphabet
• Evander of Pallene
• F
• Finnish language
• Flag semaphore
• Fraser alphabet
• G
• Gaius Julius Hyginus
• Gamma
• Ge'ez alphabet
• Ge'ez script
• Geba syllabary
• Georgian alphabet
• Georgian calligraphy
• German language
• Germanic language
• Germanic languages
• Glagolitic alphabet
• Gothic alphabet
• Grantha alphabet
• Grapheme
• Greece
• Greek alphabet
• Greek language
• Gregg shorthand
• Gujarati alphabet
• Gupta script
• Gurmukhī alphabet
• H
• Hangul
• Hanja
• Hanunó'o alphabet
• Hebrew alphabet
• Hebrew Braille
• Helmut Rix
• Help IPA
• Hieratic
• Hiragana
• History of Rome
• History of writing
• Hungarian language
• Hán tự
• I
• Ideogram
• Indian calligraphy
• Interpunct
• Islamic calligraphy
• ISO 15924
• Italian Peninsula
• J
• Japanese braille
• Japanese calligraphy
• Javanese alphabet
• Jawi script
• Jeton
• Jurchen script
• K
• Kadamba alphabet
• Kaddare script
• Kaithi
• Kalends
• Kalinga alphabet
• Kana
• Kanji
• Kannada alphabet
• Katakana
• Kawi alphabet
• Keyboard layout
• Kharosthi
• Kharoṣṭhī
• Khitan large script
• Khitan small script
• Khmer alphabet
• Korean braille
• Korean calligraphy
• Kpelle syllabary
• Kufic
• L
• Languages of Africa
• Lao alphabet
• Latin
• Latin alphabet
• Latin alphabets
• Latin language
• Latin script
• Latin-1
• Lepcha alphabet
• Letter (alphabet)
• Levant
• Limbu alphabet
• Linear B
• Lingua franca
• Linguistics
• Logogram
• Long i
• Long vowel
• Lontara alphabet
• Lower case
• M
• Magna Graecia
• Mainz
• Majuscule
• Malayalam alphabet
• Man'yōgana
• Manchu alphabet
• Mandaic alphabet
• Mauro Cristofani
• Maya script
• Medieval Latin
• Mediterranean Sea
• Mende script
• Meroitic alphabet
• Meroitic script
• Merovingian script
• Middle Ages
• Mithilakshar
• Modern English
• Modi alphabet
• Mojibake
• Mon alphabet
• Mongolian alphabet
• Mongolian script
• Moon type
• Morse code
• N
• N'Ko script
• Nabataean alphabet
• Nepal alphabets
• Nepalese calligraphy
• New Roman cursive
• New Tai Lue alphabet
• New York Point
• Northern Europe
• Noun
• Nsibidi
• Nuremberg
• Nüshu script
• Nāgarī script
• O
• Ogham
• Ol Chiki script
• Old English language
• Old Hungarian script
• Old Italic alphabet
• Old Latin
• Old Permic alphabet
• Old Permic script
• Old Roman cursive
• Old Turkic alphabet
• Old Turkic script
• Old Uyghur alphabet
• Oriya alphabet
• Osage alphabet
• Osmanya alphabet
• P
• Pahawh Hmong
• Pahlavi script
• Pahlavi scripts
• Palaeography
• Pallava alphabet
• Palmyrene script
• Pegon (language)
• Penmanship
• Persian calligraphy
• Phoenician alphabet
• Pictogram
• Pinyin
• Pitman shorthand
• Plosives
• Pollard alphabet
• Printing press
• Proto-Sinaitic
• Psalter alphabet
• Q
• R
• Ranjana alphabet
• Rejang alphabet
• Renaissance
• Rencong alphabet
• Roman Emperor
• Roman Empire
• Roman numerals
• Romance languages
• Rotokas alphabet
• Runic alphabet
• S
• Samaritan alphabet
• Samaritan script
• Saurashtra alphabet
• Sawndip
• Semaphore line
• Semi-syllabary
• Shavian alphabet
• Siddhaṃ alphabet
• SignWriting
• Sinhala alphabet
• Sini (script)
• Slavic languages
• Sogdian alphabet
• Sora Sompeng
• Southern Italy
• Soyombo alphabet
• Sundanese alphabet
• Sylheti Nagari
• Syllabary
• Syriac alphabet
• T
• Tagbanwa alphabet
• Tai Dam language
• Tai Le alphabet
• Takri alphabet
• Tamil alphabet
• Tangut script
• Telugu alphabet
• Template Alphabet
• Thaana alphabet
• Thai alphabet
• Tibetan alphabet
• Tibetan calligraphy
• Tifinagh
• Tocharian alphabet
• Trojan War
• Turkey
• Typography
• Tāna
• U
• Ugaritic script
• Uncial script
• Upsilon
• Uralic languages
• V
• Vai syllabary
• Varang Kshiti
• Vep Latinan kel'
• Visible Speech
• Vithkuqi alphabet
• Voice (phonetics)
• Vowel
• W
• W. Sidney Allen
• Western calligraphy
• Western Christianity
• Woleai script
• Word divider
• WP IPA for Latin
• Writing system
• X
• Y
• Yi script
• Yugtun script
• Z
• Zeta (letter)
• Zhuyin
• Śāradā script
• 
  

• 
  Egypt
  Egypt ⁱ/ˈiːdʒɪpt/ (Arabic: مصر, Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: [mɑsˤɾ] ; Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, Kīmi ; Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲏⲙⲉ, Kēme), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic:  جمهوريّة مصر العربيّة (help·info), is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Covering an area of about 1,010,000 square kilometers (390,000 sq mi), Egypt is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.
  Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East. The great majority of its over 81 million people live near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large areas of the Sahara Desert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.
  
  wn.com/Egypt
• 
  Greece
  Greece ⁱ/ˈɡriːs/ (Greek: Ελλάδα, Ellada, IPA: [eˈlaða] ( listen) historically in Katharevousa and Ancient Greek: Ἑλλάς, Hellas, IPA: [eˈlas] and [helːás] respectively), officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Elliniki Dimokratia, IPA: [eliniˈci ðimokraˈtia]), is a country in Southern Europe, politically considered part of Western Europe.Athens is the capital and the largest city in the country (its urban area also including Piraeus). The population of the country is around 11 million.
  Greece has land borders with Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a vast number of islands (approximately 1,400, of which 227 are inhabited), including Crete, the Dodecanese, the Cyclades, and the Ionian Islands among others. Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains, of which Mount Olympus is the highest at 2,917 m (9,570 ft).
  
  wn.com/Greece
• 
  Italian Peninsula
  The Italian Peninsula or Apennine Peninsula, also Italy (Italian: Penisola italiana or Penisola appenninica) is one of the three large peninsulas of Southern Europe (the other two being the Iberian Peninsula and Balkan Peninsula), spanning 1,000 km (620 mi) from the Po Valley in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south. The peninsula's shape gives it the nickname Lo Stivale (The Boot). Three smaller peninsulas contribute to this characteristic shape, namely Calabria, Salento and Gargano.
  Since the reign of Roman Emperor Augustus (end of first century BCE), the northern border of the peninsula has been set on the Alps watershed, but geographically it coincides with a line extending from the Magra to the Rubicone rivers, north of the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines, which excludes the Po Valley and the southern slope of the Alps.
  Nearly all of the peninsula is part of the state of the Italian Republic, apart from San Marino and the Vatican City. Additionally, Sicily, Elba, Malta (an independent state), and other smaller islands, as Palagruža (It. Pelagosa), belonging to Croatia, are usually considered as islands off the peninsula and in this sense geographically grouped along with it.
  
  wn.com/Italian_Peninsula
• 
  Turkey
  Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info)), is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia (mostly in the Anatolian peninsula) and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
  Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population are Muslims. The country's official language is Turkish, whereas Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who constitute 18% of the population.
  
  wn.com/Turkey

• 
  Claudius
  Claudius (Latin: Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus; 1 August 10 BC – 13 October AD 54) was Roman Emperor from 41 to 54. A member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, he was the son of Drusus and Antonia Minor. He was born at Lugdunum in Gaul and was the first Roman Emperor to be born outside Italy. Because he was afflicted with a limp and slight deafness due to sickness at a young age, his family ostracized him and excluded him from public office until his consulship, shared with his nephew Caligula in 37. Claudius' infirmity probably saved him from the fate of many other nobles during the purges of Tiberius and Caligula's reigns; potential enemies did not see him as a serious threat. His survival led to his being declared Emperor by the Praetorian Guard after Caligula's assassination, at which point he was the last adult male of his family.
  Despite his lack of experience, Claudius proved to be an able and efficient administrator. He was also an ambitious builder, constructing many new roads, aqueducts, and canals across the Empire. During his reign the Empire conquered Thrace, Noricum, Pamphylia, Lycia and Judaea, and began the conquest of Britain. Having a personal interest in law, he presided at public trials, and issued up to twenty edicts a day. However, he was seen as vulnerable throughout his reign, particularly by the nobility. Claudius was constantly forced to shore up his position; this resulted in the deaths of many senators. These events damaged his reputation among the ancient writers, though more recent historians have revised this opinion. After his death in 54, his grand-nephew and adopted son Nero succeeded him as Emperor.
  
  wn.com/Claudius
• 
  Evander of Pallene
  In Roman mythology, Evander (from Greek Εὔανδρος Euandros, "good man" or "strong man": a spelling and etymology affected by poets to emphasize the hero's virtue), also spelled Euander, was a deific culture hero from Arcadia, Greece, who brought the Greek pantheon, laws and alphabet to Italy, where he founded the city of Pallantium on the future site of Rome, sixty years before the Trojan War. He instituted the festival of Lupercalia.
  The oldest tradition^[which?] of its founding ascribes to Evander the erection of the Great Altar of Hercules in the Forum Boarium. In Virgil's Aeneid, VIII, where Aeneas and his crew first come upon Evander and his people, they were venerating Hercules for dispatching the giant Cacus. Virgil's listeners would have related this scene to the same Great Altar of Hercules in the Forum Boarium of their own day, one detail among many in the Aeneid that Virgil used to link the heroic past of myth with the Age of Augustus. Also according to Virgil, Hercules was returning from Gades with Geryon's cattle when Evander entertained him. Evander then became the first to raise an altar to Hercules' heroism. This archaic altar was destroyed in the Great Fire of Rome, AD 64.
  
  wn.com/Evander_of_Pallene
• Helmut Rix
  Helmut Rix (July 4, 1926–December 3, 2004) was a German linguist and professor of the Sprachwissenschaftliches Seminar of Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany.
  He is best known for his research into Indo-European and Etruscan languages, as well as the author of the hypothesis of Tyrrhenian languages.
  
  
  
  wn.com/Helmut_Rix
• 
  Khitan large script
  The Khitan large script was one of two Khitan writing systems used for the now-extinct Khitan language. It was used during the 10th-12th centuries by the Khitan people, who had created the Liao Empire in north-eastern China. In addition to the large script, the Khitans simultaneously also used a functionally independent writing system known as the Khitan small script. Both Khitan scripts continued to be in use to some extent by the Jurchens for several decades after the fall of the Liao Dynasty, until the Jurchens fully switched to a script of their own. Examples of the scripts appeared most often on epitaphs and monuments, although other fragments sometimes surface.
  Abaoji of the Yelü clan, founder of the Khitan, or Liao, Dynasty, introduced the original Khitan script in 920 CE. “Large script”, or “big characters" (大字), as it was referred to in some Chinese sources, was established to keep the record of the new Khitan state. The Khitan script was based on the idea of the Chinese script.
  
  wn.com/Khitan_large_script
• 
  Khitan small script
  The Khitan small script was one of two Khitan writing systems used for the now-extinct Khitan language. It was used during the 10th-12th century by the Khitan people, who had created the Liao Empire in north-eastern China. In addition to the small script, the Khitans simultaneously also used a functionally independent writing system known as the Khitan large script. Both Khitan scripts continued to be in use to some extent by the Jurchens for several decades after the fall of the Liao Dynasty, until the Jurchens fully switched to a script of their own. Examples of the scripts appeared most often on epitaphs and monuments, although other fragments sometimes surface.
  The Khitan small script was invented in about 924 or 925 CE by a scholar named Yelü Diela. He drew his inspiration from “the Uyghur language and script,” which he was shown by a visiting Uyghur ambassador at the Khitan court. For this reason, Khitan small script was originally thought to be a daughter script of the Old Uyghur alphabet.
  
  wn.com/Khitan_small_script
• Kpelle syllabary
  The Kpelle syllabary was invented circa 1935 by Chief Gbili of Sanoyie, Liberia. It was intended for writing the Kpelle language, a member of the Mande group of Niger-Congo languages spoken by about 490,000 people in Liberia and around 300,000 people in Guinea.
  The syllabary consists of 88 graphemes and is written from left to right in horizontal rows. Many of the glyphs have more than one form.
  It was used to some extent by speakers of Kpelle in Liberia and Guinea during the 1930s and early 1940s but never achieved popular acceptance. It has been classed as a failed script.
  Today Kpelle is written with a version of the Latin alphabet.
  
  wn.com/Kpelle_syllabary
• Mauro Cristofani
  Mauro Cristofani (born, Rome, Italy, 1941; died 1997) was a linguist and researcher in Etruscan studies.
  Cristofani was a student of Massimo Pallottino and would himself teach at the University of Pisa, University of Siena and, his final post, at the University of Naples Federico II. He was a member of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei and was held in high regard as Pallottino's scholarly heir. During his thirty year career he dominated the fields of Etruscan archaeology and, especially, epigraphy. He directed the Istituto per l'Archeologia Etrusco-Italica of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche and was president of the Istituto degli Studi Etruschi ed Italici in Florence.
  His fieldwork included investigations at Volterra, Populonia, and Cerveteri. In Italy the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche established the “Centro per l'archeologia etrusco-italica” in 1978, under the direction of Massimo Pallottino. In 1982, Cristofani (a student of Pallottino) became the director of the Center, which in 1990 became the Institute for Etruscan-Italic Archaeology.
  
  wn.com/Mauro_Cristofani
• 
  Roman Emperor
  The Roman emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC). The Romans had no single term for the office although at any given time, a given title was associated with the emperor. If a man was "proclaimed emperor" this normally meant he was proclaimed augustus, or (for generals) imperator (from which English emperor ultimately derives). Several other titles and offices were regularly accumulated by emperors, such as caesar, princeps senatus, consul and Pontifex Maximus. The power of emperors was generally based on the accumulation of powers from republican offices and the support of the army.
  Roman emperors refused to be considered "kings", instead claiming to be leaders of a republic, however nominal. The first emperor, Augustus, resolutely refused recognition as a monarch. Although Augustus could claim that his power was authentically Republican, his successor, Tiberius, could not convincingly make the same claim. Nonetheless, the Republican institutional framework (senate, consuls, magistracies etc.) was preserved until the very end of the Western Empire.
  
  wn.com/Roman_Emperor
• 
  Trojan War
  In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus king of Sparta. The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology and has been narrated through many works of Greek literature, most notably through Homer's Iliad and the Odyssey. The Iliad relates a part of the last year of the siege of Troy; the Odyssey describes Odysseus's journey home. Other parts of the war are contained in a cycle of epic poems, which have survived through fragments. Episodes from the war provided material for Greek tragedy and other works of Greek literature, and for Roman poets including Virgil and Ovid.
  The war originated from a quarrel between the goddesses Athena, Hera, and Aphrodite, after Eris, the goddess of strife and discord, gave them a golden apple, sometimes known as the Apple of Discord, marked "for the fairest". Zeus sent the goddesses to Paris, who judged that Aphrodite, as the "fairest", should receive the apple. In exchange, Aphrodite made Helen, the most beautiful of all women and wife of Menelaus, fall in love with Paris, who took her to Troy. Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and the brother of Helen's husband Menelaus, led an expedition of Achaean troops to Troy and besieged the city for ten years because of Paris' insult. After the deaths of many heroes, including the Achaeans Achilles and Ajax, and the Trojans Hector and Paris, the city fell to the ruse of the Trojan Horse. The Achaeans slaughtered the Trojans (except for some of the women and children whom they kept or sold as slaves) and desecrated the temples, thus earning the gods' wrath. Few of the Achaeans returned safely to their homes and many founded colonies in distant shores. The Romans later traced their origin to Aeneas, one of the Trojans, who was said to have led the surviving Trojans to modern day Italy.
  
  wn.com/Trojan_War

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