The Wayback Machine - http://web.archive.org./web/20130214013149/http://wn.com:80/Jew
Wednesday, 13 February 2013
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Borat - Throw the Jew Down the Well!!
Why Jews Must Believe In Jesus
Dont Call Me A Jew - Morris - & Sandy Hook
Jew hating Elmo in central park
Samurai Jew: The Eighth Night
MY FRIEND, THE JEW
Fat Jew Gets Hookers to Re-enact
Minecraft Worldz! | Part 25 - JEW CANNON
Xmas Makes Me Wish That I Was Jewish
Chillstep - Dr Jew black sun (GHADIMI)
Stop The Shadow Teachings of Killing The Jews (and non-Jews)..." width="225" height="168" class="playvideo1 gotop" onClick="activateTab('playlist1'); return false" style="display: block;" />
Jewish Peter Pan from

Jew

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Make changes yourself !



Borat - Throw the Jew Down the Well!!
  • Order:
  • Duration: 2:46
  • Updated: 13 Feb 2013
Flippin Hilarious
  • published: 22 Jun 2006
  • views: 6547016
  • author: Mark Edmonds
http://web.archive.org./web/20130214013149/http://wn.com/Borat - Throw the Jew Down the Well!!
Why Jews Must Believe In Jesus
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:00
  • Updated: 13 Feb 2013
www.realjewnews.com brothernathanaelfoundation.org brovids.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20130214013149/http://wn.com/Why Jews Must Believe In Jesus
Dont Call Me A Jew - Morris - & Sandy Hook
  • Order:
  • Duration: 8:01
  • Updated: 13 Feb 2013
I also cover Sandy Hook in this video. Outside of the man made paradigm, of course self labeling Jews are the same as everyone else. But to keep the distinction in behaviour it is necessary to bolster the identity from morning till night everywhere. The values perpetuated I have covered in many other videos. btw - I am not really a Jew actually - although I did grow up as one ...
http://web.archive.org./web/20130214013149/http://wn.com/Dont Call Me A Jew - Morris - & Sandy Hook
Jew hating Elmo in central park
  • Order:
  • Duration: 0:52
  • Updated: 12 Feb 2013
Elmo spewing racial comments about the Jewish in central park
http://web.archive.org./web/20130214013149/http://wn.com/Jew hating Elmo in central park
Samurai Jew: The Eighth Night
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:42
  • Updated: 09 Feb 2013
A Short film for Chanukkah The first chapter in the adventures of Samurai Jew, a Jewish super warrior. Directed and Animated by Nadav Nachmany Written and Produced by Shalom Tzvi Shore and Nadav Nachmany
http://web.archive.org./web/20130214013149/http://wn.com/Samurai Jew: The Eighth Night
MY FRIEND, THE JEW
  • Order:
  • Duration: 6:52
  • Updated: 13 Feb 2013
BUY Canton Style ON iTUNES! bit.ly GET "As Rong As You Ruv Me" ON iTUNES! bit.ly Canton Style T-Shirt Available NOW: www.districtlines.com Follow me on Twitter: www.twitter.com Follow me on Keek: www.keek.com Follow me on Instagram: www.instagram.com Join me on Google Plus: gplus.to Join me on Facebook: www.facebook.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20130214013149/http://wn.com/MY FRIEND, THE JEW
Fat Jew Gets Hookers to Re-enact
  • Order:
  • Duration: 2:15
  • Updated: 12 Feb 2013
In this inaugural episode of "Hookers Do Non-Sexual Stuff," Fat Jew calls over 2 hookers and convinces them not to have sex with him, but to re-enact the epic battle scene from "Braveheart," then films the entire thing. Starring: Fat Jew + Sameer Naseem Editor: Ryan Littman Camera dude in closet: Paulie Ethnic
http://web.archive.org./web/20130214013149/http://wn.com/Fat Jew Gets Hookers to Re-enact "Braveheart" Battle Scene
Minecraft Worldz! | Part 25 - JEW CANNON
  • Order:
  • Duration: 26:16
  • Updated: 13 Feb 2013
Pictures: BPLpictures@live.com Worldz: MCworldz@live.com My debut album: bit.ly also available on bandcamp: bit.ly FACEBOOK: www.facebook.com TWITTER: www.twitter.com STEAM: bit.ly
http://web.archive.org./web/20130214013149/http://wn.com/Minecraft Worldz! | Part 25 - JEW CANNON
Xmas Makes Me Wish That I Was Jewish
  • Order:
  • Duration: 2:09
  • Updated: 13 Feb 2013
The Xmas season motivates Andre R. of the Andre Highway to perform an original song celebrating his desire to become Jewish! XMAS MAKES ME WISH THAT I WAS JEWISH XMAS MAKES ME WISH THAT I WAS JEWISH NO SEASON'S GREETINGS MORE OF MOSAL TOV XMAS MAKES ME WISH THAT I WAS JEWISH NO JESUS PREACHING AND HELLO TO SYNOGOGUES XMAS MAKES ME WISH THAT I WAS JEWISH GIFT GIVING LEAVES MY CREDIT CARDS MAXED OUT I COULD JUST SAY SCREW IT TO THE VISITS WITH RELATIVES THAT I DON'T GIVE A SHIT ABOUT XMAS MAKES ME WISH THAT I WAS JEWISH I DON'T WANNA PUT UP THE TREE AND CHIMES THE CAROLLERS THAT COME AROUND ARE STUPID BUT HAPPY HANNUKAH SOUNDS SO SUBLIME THERE'S NO WAY I CAN TAKE ONE MORE YEAR THROUGH IT TURKEY, EGG NOG, AND CANDY MAKE ME FAT BUT NOW THAT XMAS MAKES ME WISH THAT I WAS JEWISH FROSTY, RUDLOPH, AND SANTA CLAUS CAN KISS MY
http://web.archive.org./web/20130214013149/http://wn.com/Xmas Makes Me Wish That I Was Jewish
Chillstep - Dr Jew black sun (GHADIMI)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:47
  • Updated: 08 Feb 2013
DrJew (GHADIMI) soundcloud.com [-Download-]: differ-music.com [-Differ Universe-]: Official Website differ-music.com Facebook http Twitter www.twitter.com SoundCloud soundcloud.com Blogger mrdiffermusic.blogspot.com Youtube http youtube.com [-Wallpaper-]: differ-music.com Get on our blog for more tracks and wallpapers: differ-music.com - more sound and vision! [-Get the latest playlists-] www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20130214013149/http://wn.com/Chillstep - Dr Jew black sun (GHADIMI)
Stop The Shadow Teachings of Killing The Jews (and non-Jews)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 5:37
  • Updated: 14 Feb 2013
Stop The Shadow Teachings of Killing The Jews (and non-Jews) Mslm, Radical Mslm, you must stop supporting the acts of the total destruction and killing of the Jews. The war in the middle east is not against the Jews. It is against Gd. It is not a biblical war. It is a spiritual war. Gd has given the promised land to the people of the book. The land of Canaan, Israel of today was given to the nation of Israel. (Hewbrew Bible) Mslm, read your K'ran. Your Alh had also said so. Surat 17:104. 17:104 And We said thereafter to the Children of Israel, "Dwell securely in the land (of promise)" Stop the hate. Stop believing in the shadow. Stop living in the shadow. These are the teachings that say kill the Jews and Christians wherever you find them. The shadow teachings also said the Jews will be betrayed by the rocks and trees that said, ... there is a Jew hiding behind me.... come and kill him. Have you heard any rock, stone, or tree asking you to kill the Jews? No! Stop the nonsense about killing the Jews according to these teaching from a shadow spirit angel. Also, stop the radical teachings about persecuting ex-mlms converting to Christianity in India, Pakistan, Palestine, Malaysia etc. Stop the shadow teachings about Killing the Jews. Killing the Jews is not a worship of Alh. Killing a single Jew will not give you paradise or 72 virgins. Stop the shadow teachings about killing unbelievers (of Isalm) Believe in the Light. Gd will bless those who bless Israel. (Hewbrew Bible ...
http://web.archive.org./web/20130214013149/http://wn.com/Stop The Shadow Teachings of Killing The Jews (and non-Jews)
Jewish Peter Pan from
  • Order:
  • Duration: 0:39
  • Updated: 13 Feb 2013
Don't miss an all-new episode of New Girl on TUE at 9/8c, on FOX! Subscribe now for more New Girl clips: fox.tv Tune in to NEW GIRL Tuesday 9/8c on FOX! See more of New Girl on our official site: fox.tv Like New Girl on Facebook: fox.tv Follow New Girl on Twitter: fox.tv Add New Girl on Google+: fox.tv Add New Girl on Pinterest: fox.tv Like FOX on Facebook: fox.tv Follow FOX on Twitter: fox.tv Add FOX on Google+: fox.tv The hit ensemble comedy struck a chord with viewers last season when, after a bad break-up, Jess moved into a downtown Los Angeles loft occupied by three single guys. The trio helped Jess move on with her life, as she jumped back into the dating pool, which included a courtship with a fellow teacher, a Valentine's Day one-night-stand and a May-December romance with the father of one of her students. Conversely, the upbeat and unique feminine touch that Jess brought into the loft had just as much impact on her new male roommates and changed their lives in ways they never imagined. Jewish Peter Pan from "Neighbors" | NEW GIRL | FOX BROADCASTING www.youtube.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20130214013149/http://wn.com/Jewish Peter Pan from "Neighbors" | NEW GIRL | FOX BROADCASTING
I Wanna Be More Jewish
  • Order:
  • Duration: 5:52
  • Updated: 13 Feb 2013
The Alan Allen Show Vlog: thealanallenshow.blogspot.com Facebook: www.facebook.com Twitter: twitter.com Website: thealanallenshow.com That's OK. Don't subscribe or push the like button on my account. I'll be fine thank you. Another song from my one man show- "The Alan Allen Show". Music needs to lighten up. Too many musicians take themselves too seriously. How many songs about teenage angst can we take? For the record, I don't even know if am that one-eight percent Jewish. It may be considerably less. Please "Like" it, comment on it and subscribe to my channel. Merci.
http://web.archive.org./web/20130214013149/http://wn.com/I Wanna Be More Jewish
Billy and Rashida Jones play
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:07
  • Updated: 13 Feb 2013
Rashida Jones plays Billy's new favorite game, "Whistle-Blow That Jew!" by calling out celebrities that have changed their names from their original, Jewish-sounding name. If they did change their name, Rashida must yell, "Full of shame!" but if they didn't, she must yell, "Not that name!" You may be surprised by the correct answers.
http://web.archive.org./web/20130214013149/http://wn.com/Billy and Rashida Jones play "Whistle-Blow That Jew!"

Make changes yourself !



Jack Black Will Do Anything To Get Into Hebrew School - CONAN on TBS
  • Order:
  • Duration: 2:37
  • Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Jack Black will sing, dance, and do whatever you need to believe he's qualified for Hebrew school.
  • published: 27 Apr 2012
  • views: 83423
  • author: teamcoco
http://web.archive.org./web/20130214013149/http://wn.com/Jack Black Will Do Anything To Get Into Hebrew School - CONAN on TBS
Extended Interview with Jews for Jesus' David Brickner and Susan Perlman
  • Order:
  • Duration: 29:49
  • Updated: 08 Jan 2013
David Brickner and Susan Perlman of Jews for Jesus talk about being Messianic Jews on Jewish Voice with Jonathan Bernis. www.jewishvoice.org
http://web.archive.org./web/20130214013149/http://wn.com/Extended Interview with Jews for Jesus' David Brickner and Susan Perlman
Mel Gibson Jewish Question Interview Part 1 #
  • Order:
  • Duration: 10:03
  • Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Mel Gibson Jewish Question Interview Part 1 #
http://web.archive.org./web/20130214013149/http://wn.com/Mel Gibson Jewish Question Interview Part 1 #
Jewish Voice Extended Interview with Roy Schoeman
  • Order:
  • Duration: 23:38
  • Updated: 30 Dec 2012
Watch the full, in-depth interview with our guest Roy Schoeman on this clip from the "Jewish Voice with Jonathan Bernis" TV show and learn how salvation comes from the Jews. www.jewishvoice.org
http://web.archive.org./web/20130214013149/http://wn.com/Jewish Voice Extended Interview with Roy Schoeman
borat interviews a jew (Matt Zaller)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:25
  • Updated: 08 Nov 2012
vid from funny-videos.co.uk, sorry for the poor quality
http://web.archive.org./web/20130214013149/http://wn.com/borat interviews a jew (Matt Zaller)
Bishop Richard Williamson - Gas Chambers, Anti-Semitism and the Truth
  • Order:
  • Duration: 5:48
  • Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Please comment, but use a civilized language. No name-calling! Comments with insulting language will be removed. "- Anti-Semitism can only be bad if it is against the truth. But if something is true, it cant be bad. I am not interested in the word anti-Semitism." For a follow up, look at www.youtube.com and at www.youtube.com ("More info ...."). The Crucifixion of Bishop Williamson truthisbeauty.wordpress.com " - As I observe the vilification of Bishop Williamson occurring in the Catholic blogosphere, I cant help but recall the gospel account of the crucifixion of Christ Himself. For with the exception of the Blessed Mother and St. John, the rest of His apostles had abandoned Him, quaking in their boots for fear of the Jews (John 19:38)." I believe in freedom of speech for Bishop Williamson revisionistreview.blogspot.com The Church and anti-Semitism—again Kevin MacDonald " - Let's hope the traditionalists don't give in to what will be a furious onslaught to prevent any glimmer of the resurgence of traditional Catholicism. " www.theoccidentalobserver.net The John Paul II Theology of Pope Benedict XVI revisionistreview.blogspot.com 'Holocaust bishop' told to recant news.bbc.co.uk For a German translation of the interview: globalfire.tv .An English transcript at globalfire.tv More about Williamson at blog.balder.org at jackmyers.daylife.com and at www.tellingfilms.co.uk Bishop Richard Williamson's own blog "Dinoscopus" at dinoscopus.blogspot.com " - Amidst this tremendous ...
  • published: 22 Jan 2009
  • views: 285196
  • author: kvalvika
http://web.archive.org./web/20130214013149/http://wn.com/Bishop Richard Williamson - Gas Chambers, Anti-Semitism and the Truth
Jewish Voice Extended Interview with Rabbi David Chernoff
  • Order:
  • Duration: 21:17
  • Updated: 08 Dec 2012
The rebirth of the Messianic Jewish Movement is clearly a fulfillment of Last Days Bible prophecy. What is the Messianic Jewish Movement? Here to tell us more on this edition of "Jewish Voice with Jonathan Bernis" is Rabbi David Chernoff, who leads a large Messianic congregation in Philadelphia. His parents, Martin and Yohanna, were pioneers in the Messianic Movement. David explains more about how this Movement is a true move of God in this extended interview with Jonathan Bernis. www.jewishvoice.org
http://web.archive.org./web/20130214013149/http://wn.com/Jewish Voice Extended Interview with Rabbi David Chernoff
PJTV: Roger L. Simon Interviews Norman Podhoretz on
  • Order:
  • Duration: 9:56
  • Updated: 17 Dec 2012
From the pages of the New York Times to countless dinner table debates, Norman Podhoretz has some controversial observations about political identity. www.PJTV.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20130214013149/http://wn.com/PJTV: Roger L. Simon Interviews Norman Podhoretz on "Why Are Jews Liberals?"
Jews of Beirut Interview # 1
  • Order:
  • Duration: 13:41
  • Updated: 12 Jan 2013
For Historical purposes, some information, in the description, and interviews may be repeated. In Beirut the main synagogue's name was Magen Abraham. It was one of seventeen synagogues in the city (The Official Site of the Lebanese Jewish Community Council). It was built in 1926, after some delay due to World War One. Although its main purpose was a house of worship, it was also used as a school, and it was part of an underground railroad. The synagogue helped unify the Jews of Beirut, because previously there were many small houses of worship for different social classes. Once the communal synagogue was built, many of the Jews of Beirut prayed together (Magen-Abraham, Synagogue, Wadi Bujmil, Beirut). The Alliance was an organization established in 1860 in Paris. It was organized by the "free" Jews in France, to help their brothers in other countries who were discriminated against because of their religious beliefs. The French Jews wanted to help Middle Eastern countries, because Jews in Lebanon, Tunisia, Morocco, Syria, and Iran were not receiving the education that could achieve "betterment of the social and legal status of the Jews through their 'cultural and moral elevation.'" The Alliance school was an integral part of the culture and community in Beirut. Over 1000 students a year went to the three different Alliance Schools in Lebanon. At this time, the French language was one of the main languages in the world. It was the international language, and knowing it ...
http://web.archive.org./web/20130214013149/http://wn.com/Jews of Beirut Interview # 1
Jewish Partisans - Minsk Ghetto Rescue from 'Interviews From The Underground' by Phillip Alloy
  • Order:
  • Duration: 10:00
  • Updated: 06 Jan 2013
Jewish partisan Michael Treister's account of his rescue of captives from the Minsk Ghetto during World War II. Filmed on site in Minsk, Belarus. Features historical and primary documentation. More info at www.jewishpartisans.net
  • published: 25 Nov 2008
  • views: 5254
  • author: philalloy
http://web.archive.org./web/20130214013149/http://wn.com/Jewish Partisans - Minsk Ghetto Rescue from 'Interviews From The Underground' by Phillip Alloy
interview with Eli Roth Inglourious Basterds - Bear Jew, acting and Red Sox: Stupid For Movies
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:55
  • Updated: 12 Jan 2013
www.twitter.com www.twitter.com Part 1 of 4 from the The DigiGods interviews of the actors from Inglorious Basterds. Actor Eli Roth from Quentin Tarantino's Inglourious Basterds Coming soon- a weekly web show featuring the DigiGods from Producer Mike Rotman Follow us on twitter to learn all about it
  • published: 19 Aug 2009
  • views: 28866
  • author: MRotman
http://web.archive.org./web/20130214013149/http://wn.com/interview with Eli Roth Inglourious Basterds - Bear Jew, acting and Red Sox: Stupid For Movies
The Jewish Genocide of Armenian Christians
  • Order:
  • Duration: 17:10
  • Updated: 13 Jan 2013
www.jewishracism.com Rev. Bedros Hajian interviews Christopher Jon Bjerknes about the book: The Jewish Genocide of Armenian Christians
  • published: 25 Feb 2011
  • views: 19145
  • author: reamonnk
http://web.archive.org./web/20130214013149/http://wn.com/The Jewish Genocide of Armenian Christians
Borat's Jewish Interview
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:24
  • Updated: 17 Nov 2012
Borat gets interviewed by a jew and.. PENIS!
  • published: 11 Dec 2007
  • views: 25641
  • author: Baddestman1
http://web.archive.org./web/20130214013149/http://wn.com/Borat's Jewish Interview
Jewish Voice Extended Interview with Michael Zeitler
  • Order:
  • Duration: 21:03
  • Updated: 21 Dec 2012
Watch the extended interview with Rabbi Michael Zeitler on Jewish Voice with Jonathan Bernis. Zeitler discusses God's supernatural intervention in Israel and the lives of the Jewish People. www.jewishvoice.org Purchase Rabbi Zeitler's "Why Israel is Supernatural" book secure2.convio.net
http://web.archive.org./web/20130214013149/http://wn.com/Jewish Voice Extended Interview with Michael Zeitler
  • Borat - Throw the Jew Down the Well!!
    2:46
    Borat - Throw the Jew Down the Well!!
  • Why Jews Must Believe In Jesus
    4:00
    Why Jews Must Believe In Jesus
  • Dont Call Me A Jew - Morris - & Sandy Hook
    8:01
    Dont Call Me A Jew - Morris - & Sandy Hook
  • Jew hating Elmo in central park
    0:52
    Jew hating Elmo in central park
  • Samurai Jew: The Eighth Night
    3:42
    Samurai Jew: The Eighth Night
  • MY FRIEND, THE JEW
    6:52
    MY FRIEND, THE JEW
  • Fat Jew Gets Hookers to Re-enact
    2:15
    Fat Jew Gets Hookers to Re-enact "Braveheart" Battle Scene
  • Minecraft Worldz! | Part 25 - JEW CANNON
    26:16
    Minecraft Worldz! | Part 25 - JEW CANNON
  • Xmas Makes Me Wish That I Was Jewish
    2:09
    Xmas Makes Me Wish That I Was Jewish
  • Chillstep - Dr Jew black sun (GHADIMI)
    4:47
    Chillstep - Dr Jew black sun (GHADIMI)
  • Stop The Shadow Teachings of Killing The Jews (and non-Jews)
    5:37
    Stop The Shadow Teachings of Killing The Jews (and non-Jews)
  • Jewish Peter Pan from
    0:39
    Jewish Peter Pan from "Neighbors" | NEW GIRL | FOX BROADCASTING
  • I Wanna Be More Jewish
    5:52
    I Wanna Be More Jewish
  • Billy and Rashida Jones play
    3:07
    Billy and Rashida Jones play "Whistle-Blow That Jew!"


Jack Black will sing, dance, and do whatever you need to believe he's qualified for Hebrew school.
  • published: 27 Apr 2012
  • views: 83423
  • author: teamcoco

2:46
Borat - Throw the Jew Down the Well!!
Flip­pin Hi­lar­i­ous...
pub­lished: 22 Jun 2006
au­thor: Mark Ed­monds
4:00
Why Jews Must Be­lieve In Jesus
www.​realjewnews.​com brothernathanaelfoundation.​org brovids.​com...
pub­lished: 27 Jan 2013
8:01
Dont Call Me A Jew - Mor­ris - & Sandy Hook
I also cover Sandy Hook in this video. Out­side of the man made paradigm, of course self la...
pub­lished: 03 Feb 2013
0:52
Jew hat­ing Elmo in cen­tral park
Elmo spew­ing racial com­ments about the Jew­ish in cen­tral park...
pub­lished: 16 Jun 2012
au­thor: xxraggedyandyxx
3:42
Samu­rai Jew: The Eighth Night
A Short film for Chanukkah The first chap­ter in the ad­ven­tures of Samu­rai Jew, a Jew­ish su...
pub­lished: 10 Dec 2012
6:52
MY FRIEND, THE JEW
BUY Can­ton Style ON iTUNES! bit.​ly GET "As Rong As You Ruv Me" ON iTUNES! bit.​ly Can­ton St...
pub­lished: 08 Feb 2013
2:15
Fat Jew Gets Hook­ers to Re-en­act "Brave­heart" Bat­tle Scene
In this in­au­gu­ral episode of "Hook­ers Do Non-Sex­u­al Stuff," Fat Jew calls over 2 hook­ers a...
pub­lished: 28 Nov 2012
26:16
Minecraft Worldz! | Part 25 - JEW CAN­NON
Pic­tures: BPLpictures@​live.​com Worldz: MCworldz@​live.​com My debut album: bit.​ly also avail...
pub­lished: 29 Nov 2012
au­thor: Ba­nanapielord
2:09
Xmas Makes Me Wish That I Was Jew­ish
The Xmas sea­son mo­ti­vates Andre R. of the Andre High­way to per­form an orig­i­nal song cele­br...
pub­lished: 05 Dec 2012
4:47
Chill­step - Dr Jew black sun (GHADI­MI)
DrJew (GHADI­MI) soundcloud.​com [-Down­load-]: differ-music.​com [-Dif­fer Uni­verse-]: Of­fi­cia...
pub­lished: 23 Dec 2012
5:37
Stop The Shad­ow Teach­ings of Killing The Jews (and non-Jews)
Stop The Shad­ow Teach­ings of Killing The Jews (and non-Jews) Mslm, Rad­i­cal Mslm, you must ...
pub­lished: 11 Feb 2013
au­thor: Shaun Kwong
0:39
Jew­ish Peter Pan from "Neigh­bors" | NEW GIRL | FOX BROAD­CAST­ING
Don't miss an all-new episode of New Girl on TUE at 9/8c, on FOX! Sub­scribe now for more N...
pub­lished: 08 Oct 2012
5:52
I Wanna Be More Jew­ish
The Alan Allen Show Vlog: thealanallenshow.​blogspot.​com Face­book: www.​facebook.​com Twit­ter...
pub­lished: 30 Jan 2013
3:07
Billy and Rashi­da Jones play "Whis­tle-Blow That Jew!"
Rashi­da Jones plays Billy's new fa­vorite game, "Whis­tle-Blow That Jew!" by call­ing out cel...
pub­lished: 11 Feb 2013
Youtube results:
6:51
Tren­to­Vi­sion banned at Jew-hate "teach-in," at Flori­da At­lantic Uni­ver­si­ty
Tom Tren­to and his Tren­to­Vi­sion radio/TV in­ter­net team was ag­gres­sive­ly pro­hib­it­ed by the ...
pub­lished: 13 Feb 2013
15:30
Jews In­vent­ed Mod­ern Ter­ror­ism! Is­rael was Found­ed by and is Liv­ing on TER­ROR
• Jews bombed King David Hotel at 1946 and killed hun­dreds of in­no­cent peo­ple and blamed t...
pub­lished: 23 Nov 2012
15:03
Tal­iban Pash­tuns Mus­lim or Jews You De­cide Part 1 of 2
...
pub­lished: 09 Feb 2013
12:52
Feb. 24: NEW WORLD­WIDE PRAYER ON PURIM, Sun­day Febru­ary 24 2013 at 17h00 YOUR local time (5:00pm)
After the suc­cess of Septem­ber 23 world­wide prayer, new prayer on Purim as our sages said:...
pub­lished: 08 Sep 2012
  • Jack Black Will Do Anything To Get Into Hebrew School - CONAN on TBS
    2:37
    Jack Black Will Do Anything To Get Into Hebrew School - CONAN on TBS
  • Extended Interview with Jews for Jesus' David Brickner and Susan Perlman
    29:49
    Extended Interview with Jews for Jesus' David Brickner and Susan Perlman
  • Mel Gibson Jewish Question Interview Part 1 #
    10:03
    Mel Gibson Jewish Question Interview Part 1 #
  • Jewish Voice Extended Interview with Roy Schoeman
    23:38
    Jewish Voice Extended Interview with Roy Schoeman
  • borat interviews a jew (Matt Zaller)
    3:25
    borat interviews a jew (Matt Zaller)
  • Bishop Richard Williamson - Gas Chambers, Anti-Semitism and the Truth
    5:48
    Bishop Richard Williamson - Gas Chambers, Anti-Semitism and the Truth
  • Jewish Voice Extended Interview with Rabbi David Chernoff
    21:17
    Jewish Voice Extended Interview with Rabbi David Chernoff
  • PJTV: Roger L. Simon Interviews Norman Podhoretz on
    9:56
    PJTV: Roger L. Simon Interviews Norman Podhoretz on "Why Are Jews Liberals?"
  • Jews of Beirut Interview # 1
    13:41
    Jews of Beirut Interview # 1
  • Jewish Partisans - Minsk Ghetto Rescue from 'Interviews From The Underground' by Phillip Alloy
    10:00
    Jewish Partisans - Minsk Ghetto Rescue from 'Interviews From The Underground' by Phillip Alloy
  • interview with Eli Roth Inglourious Basterds - Bear Jew, acting and Red Sox: Stupid For Movies
    3:55
    interview with Eli Roth Inglourious Basterds - Bear Jew, acting and Red Sox: Stupid For Movies
  • The Jewish Genocide of Armenian Christians
    17:10
    The Jewish Genocide of Armenian Christians
  • Borat's Jewish Interview
    3:24
    Borat's Jewish Interview
  • Jewish Voice Extended Interview with Michael Zeitler
    21:03
    Jewish Voice Extended Interview with Michael Zeitler


Jack Black will sing, dance, and do whatever you need to believe he's qualified for Hebrew school.
  • published: 27 Apr 2012
  • views: 83423
  • author: teamcoco

2:37
Jack Black Will Do Any­thing To Get Into He­brew School - CONAN on TBS
Jack Black will sing, dance, and do what­ev­er you need to be­lieve he's qual­i­fied for He­brew...
pub­lished: 27 Apr 2012
au­thor: team­co­co
29:49
Ex­tend­ed In­ter­view with Jews for Jesus' David Brick­n­er and Susan Perl­man
David Brick­n­er and Susan Perl­man of Jews for Jesus talk about being Mes­sian­ic Jews on Jewi...
pub­lished: 05 Nov 2011
10:03
Mel Gib­son Jew­ish Ques­tion In­ter­view Part 1 #
Mel Gib­son Jew­ish Ques­tion In­ter­view Part 1 #...
pub­lished: 26 Nov 2009
23:38
Jew­ish Voice Ex­tend­ed In­ter­view with Roy Schoe­man
Watch the full, in-depth in­ter­view with our guest Roy Schoe­man on this clip from the "Jewi...
pub­lished: 01 Jul 2011
3:25
borat in­ter­views a jew (Matt Za­ller)
vid from funny-videos.​co.​uk, sorry for the poor qual­i­ty...
pub­lished: 15 Jan 2009
5:48
Bish­op Richard Williamson - Gas Cham­bers, An­ti-Semitism and the Truth
Please com­ment, but use a civ­i­lized lan­guage. No name-call­ing! Com­ments with in­sult­ing lan...
pub­lished: 22 Jan 2009
au­thor: kvalvi­ka
21:17
Jew­ish Voice Ex­tend­ed In­ter­view with Rabbi David Cher­noff
The re­birth of the Mes­sian­ic Jew­ish Move­ment is clear­ly a ful­fill­ment of Last Days Bible p...
pub­lished: 16 Jun 2011
9:56
PJTV: Roger L. Simon In­ter­views Nor­man Pod­horetz on "Why Are Jews Lib­er­als?"
From the pages of the New York Times to count­less din­ner table de­bates, Nor­man Pod­horetz h...
pub­lished: 22 Sep 2009
13:41
Jews of Beirut In­ter­view # 1
For His­tor­i­cal pur­pos­es, some in­for­ma­tion, in the de­scrip­tion, and in­ter­views may be repea...
pub­lished: 21 Feb 2012
10:00
Jew­ish Par­ti­sans - Minsk Ghet­to Res­cue from 'In­ter­views From The Un­der­ground' by Phillip Alloy
Jew­ish par­ti­san Michael Treis­ter's ac­count of his res­cue of cap­tives from the Minsk Ghet­to...
pub­lished: 25 Nov 2008
au­thor: phi­lal­loy
3:55
in­ter­view with Eli Roth In­glou­ri­ous Bas­ter­ds - Bear Jew, act­ing and Red Sox: Stupid For Movies
www.​twitter.​com www.​twitter.​com Part 1 of 4 from the The DigiGods in­ter­views of the ac­tors...
pub­lished: 19 Aug 2009
au­thor: MRot­man
17:10
The Jew­ish Geno­cide of Ar­me­ni­an Chris­tians
www.​jewishracism.​com Rev. Bedros Ha­jian in­ter­views Christo­pher Jon Bjerk­nes about the book...
pub­lished: 25 Feb 2011
au­thor: rea­monnk
3:24
Borat's Jew­ish In­ter­view
Borat gets in­ter­viewed by a jew and.. PENIS!...
pub­lished: 11 Dec 2007
au­thor: Bad­dest­man1
21:03
Jew­ish Voice Ex­tend­ed In­ter­view with Michael Zeitler
Watch the ex­tend­ed in­ter­view with Rabbi Michael Zeitler on Jew­ish Voice with Jonathan Bern...
pub­lished: 28 Jun 2011
Youtube results:
24:07
Paul McGuire's Ex­tend­ed 'Jew­ish Voice with Jonathan Ber­nis' In­ter­view
Prophe­cy ex­pert Paul McGuire warns of the hid­den agen­da be­hind the glob­al eco­nom­ic cri­sis ...
pub­lished: 14 Jun 2011
6:21
Drake In­ter­view On Chelsea Late­ly! (Speak­ing Being Jew­ish,If He's Pen­e­trat­ing Nicki Minaj & More)
www.​dolobeats.​com The Hottest Beats For Artists & Best Sounds For Pro­duc­ers...
pub­lished: 24 Nov 2011
2:30
Rap­per Drake Talks About His Bar Mitz­vah
...
pub­lished: 04 Aug 2009
11:12
Is­rael TV - Jews for Jesus' Dan Sered on HaO­lam HaBok­er
Do­nate to Jews for Jesus bit.​ly Dan Sered, Is­rael Di­rec­tor of Jews for Jesus is in­ter­viewe...
pub­lished: 10 Jun 2008
au­thor: jfjweb
photo: AP / Chris Carlson
Law Enforcement personnel gear up along Hwy 38 during the hunt for accused killer and fired Los Angeles police officer, Christopher Dorner in Yacaipa, Caif.,Tuesday, Feb. 12, 2013.
Irish Times
13 Feb 2013
Investigators have found charred human remains in a burned out cabin in the mountains above Los Angeles following a fiery standoff with a gunman suspected to be a fugitive former Los Angeles police officer, authorities said. The San Bernardino County Sheriff's department said that identification of the remains would be attempted using forensic analysis ... The tension heightened as the day wore on, and local schools were locked down ... ....(size: 7.1Kb)
photo: UN / Evan Schneider
A wide view of the Security Council as it met to discuss a resolution on “threats to international peace and security posed by terrorism”.
BBC News
13 Feb 2013
The UN Security Council has promised action against North Korea over its third nuclear test, calling it a clear threat to international security. At an emergency meeting, the UN said it would begin work on measures to halt the North's nuclear ambitions. The US called the test highly provocative, while China, Pyongyang's sole key ally, said it was strongly dissatisfied ... Continue reading the main story Analysis ... 'Serious threat'....(size: 4.2Kb)
photo: AP / Los Angeles Police Department
This undated photo released by the Los Angeles Police Department shows suspect Christopher Dorner, a former Los Angeles officer.
Denver Post
11 Feb 2013
A San Bernardino County sheriff's deputy searches a home for Christopher Dorner, a former police officer, on Sunday in Big Bear Lake, Calif. (Jae C. Hong, The Associated Press) ... "We will not tolerate anyone undermining the security of the community," Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa said at a news conference. "We will not tolerate this reign of terror." ... "He has targeted those we entrust to protect the public." ... Copyright 2012 The Denver Post ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)
photo: White House / Pete Souza
File - President Barack Obama holds a National Security Staff (NSS) meeting with Vice President Joe Biden in the Situation Room of the White House, Dec. 7, 2012.
News24
13 Feb 2013
Washington - President Barack Obama brought the wounds inflicted by the recent spate of shooting deaths to Congress on Tuesday, ending his State of the Union address with an emotional plea for tougher gun control. Speaking for victims' relatives and gun crime survivors among the guests attending the joint session of Congress, he demanded their voices be heard amid the raucous debate triggered by a spate of bloody mass shootings ... - AFP....(size: 15.2Kb)
photo: AP / Lee Jin-man
A South Korean man watches a TV news showing a file footage of North Korea's nuclear test at the Seoul train station in Seoul, South Korea, Tuesday, Feb. 12, 2013.
The Hindu
12 Feb 2013
A magnitude 5.1 “artificial earthquake” was reported near a nuclear test site in North Korea on Tuesday morning, with South Korean Defence Ministry officials telling local media that the seismic activity was the result of a third nuclear test conducted by the reclusive state ... The reported test has, however, not yet been confirmed by North Korean State media ... The move is set to heighten regional tensions ... Keywords....(size: 3.4Kb)



Chicago Sun-Times
14 Feb 2013
Perhaps Joseph DuCanto’s wartime experience prepared him for his life’s work as a divorce attorney. Mr ... He practiced divorce law for half a century ... Mr ... Mr ... Mr ... Schiller ... And, Jews and Gentiles did not mix, with social club structures and memberships so restrictive such that Western (German) Jews belonged to the Standard Club and Eastern Jews to the Covenant Club, and all the Gentiles had a dozen clubs that sorted them out,” he said ... Feb ... ....(size: 4.1Kb)
Indianapolis Star
14 Feb 2013
Several years ago, at my daughter's Bat Mitzvah, three generations of women in our family wore tallit, the Jewish prayer shawl traditionally worn by men. So did the rabbi, also a woman. In Israel, this behavior can get you arrested. This week, 10 women were detained by Israeli police for wearing tallit at Jerusalem's Western Wall ... This episode may sound like some obscure tribal fight, and it is -- we Jews excel at obscure tribal fights ... ....(size: 4.6Kb)
Bloomberg
14 Feb 2013
Herod the Great, who ruled ancient Judea 2,000 years ago at the time of the birth of Christ, has suffered two millennia of bad press. Now he’s finally getting his due in an exhibition at Jerusalem’s Israel Museum. Herod was condemned in the New Testament as a bloodthirsty tyrant who ordered the massacre of infants in Bethlehem to prevent the prophesied birth of a new king of the Jews ... There is another side to Herod, though ... Information ... ....(size: 5.1Kb)
The New York Times
14 Feb 2013
In an interview with the German magazine Der Spiegel in 2009, Mr. Taylor said.. The neo-Nazis use the anniversary in two ways ... They refer to a “bomb holocaust” of the Allies against the civilian inhabitants of German cities, wildly inflating the figures involved and, of course, underplaying the number of Jews, Sinti, Roma, homosexuals and political prisoners, and other millions of victims of the real Holocaust ... Related Posts....(size: 9.5Kb)
North Jersey
13 Feb 2013
It seeks to put a friendly face on Jewish traditions for secular Israeli Jews alienated by the ultra-Orthodox functionaries that regulate religious services ... Every 10 years, two rabbis — one representing Ashkenazi, or European-descended Jews, the other of Sephardic, or Middle Eastern lineage — are appointed to co-lead the Chief Rabbinate....(size: 2.4Kb)
The Independent
13 Feb 2013
The liberal streams want more recognition for their traditions in Israel, where they are marginal, although they predominate among American Jews. While Hartman adhered to the Orthodox tradition, he was known for his efforts to promote understanding between Jews of various affiliations both inside and outside Israel....(size: 2.9Kb)
BBC News
13 Feb 2013
Lib Dem MP David Ward has been summoned to a meeting with Nick Clegg following a series of controversial comments he has made about Jews ... But there was subsequent controversy when a Jewish newspaper reported Mr Ward had asked if it would satisfy his critics if he changed the wording to read "the Jewish community" instead of "the Jews." Continue reading the main story “Start Quote....(size: 3.2Kb)
Huffington Post
13 Feb 2013
anti-Semitism even as the sponsoring group is made up of Jews -- with at least one Israeli among them ... To them, as I explain in an essay in my book Blogothon, Kushner became the symbol of those closet anti-Semites or self-hating Jews bashing Israel -- and so a group of university trustees turned him into an Israel-hater ... 'Kapos' were Jews who worked for the Germans in concentration camps....(size: 8.8Kb)
Huffington Post
13 Feb 2013
The Conduct of Saints. By Christopher Davis. The Permanent Press, 2013. _____________ ... So it's a dubious honor ... His range is breathtaking ... The Roman Jews are gone, eradicated ... Pietro Koch (another real figure), a fascist police officer widely known to have murdered Jews, is jailed awaiting trial. (The film director Lucho Visconti will testify on his behalf.) The Ferri family, educated Jews, hope to convert to Catholicism to save their lives....(size: 4.3Kb)
Middle East Online
13 Feb 2013
Among other speakers was Serge Berdugo, a Jewish former Moroccan minister ... The Jews of Morocco are now estimated to number less than 3,000. In 1900, Fez, then the imperial capital, had 10,000 Jews out of a population of 100,000 and 20 synagogues, according to Simon Levy, a specialist on Judaism in Morocco ... ....(size: 1.8Kb)
The Washington Post
13 Feb 2013
It seeks to put a friendly face on Jewish traditions for secular Israeli Jews alienated by the ultra-Orthodox functionaries that regulate religious services ... Every 10 years, two rabbis — one representing Ashkenazi, or European-descended Jews, the other of Sephardic, or Middle Eastern lineage — are appointed to co-lead the Chief Rabbinate....(size: 4.7Kb)
Denver Post
13 Feb 2013
Click photo to enlarge. FILE - In this Jan ... Galliano landed on the front of the New York Post on Wednesday, Feb. 13, 2013, with a photo of the designer wearing a hat and ringlets described as resembling those of a Hasidic Jew ... «1» ... Galliano landed on the front of the New York Post on Wednesday under the headline "Shmuck!" with a photo of the designer wearing a hat and ringlets described as resembling those of a Hasidic Jew ... ....(size: 3.3Kb)
Seattle Post
13 Feb 2013
It seeks to put a friendly face on Jewish traditions for secular Israeli Jews alienated by the ultra-Orthodox functionaries that regulate religious services ... Every 10 years, two rabbis — one representing Ashkenazi, or European-descended Jews, the other of Sephardic, or Middle Eastern lineage — are appointed to co-lead the Chief Rabbinate....(size: 7.1Kb)
Jews
Hebrew: יהודים‎ (Yehudim)
Total population
13,428,300 [1]
Regions with significant populations
 Israel 5,703,700 [1]
 United States 5,275,000 [1]
 France 483,500 [1]
 Canada 375,000 [1]
 United Kingdom 292,000 [1]
 Russia 205,000 [1]
 Argentina 182,300 [1]
 Germany 119,000 [1]
 Australia 107,500 [1]
 Brazil 95,600 [1]
 Ukraine 71,500 [1]
 South Africa 70,800 [1]
 Hungary 48,600 [1]
 Mexico 39,400 [1]
 Belgium 30,300 [1]
 Netherlands 30,000 [1]
 Italy 28,400 [1]
 Chile 20,500 [1]
Languages

Predominant spoken languages:
Hebrew · English · Russian · the vernacular languages of other countries in the diaspora

Historical languages:
Yiddish · Ladino · Judeo-Arabic · others

Sacred languages:
Biblical Hebrew · Aramaic

Religion

Star of David.svg Judaism

The Jews (Hebrew: יְהוּדִים‎‎ ISO 259-3 Yhudim Israeli pronunciation [jehuˈdim]), also known as the Jewish people, are a nation and an ethnoreligious group, originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation.[2][3][4] Converts to Judaism, whose status as Jews within the Jewish ethnos is equal to those born into it, have been absorbed into the Jewish people throughout the millennia.

In Jewish tradition, Jewish ancestry is traced to the Biblical patriarchs Abraham, Isaac and Jacob in the second millennium BCE. The modern State of Israel defines itself as a Jewish state in its Basic Laws, and Israel's Law of Return states: "Every Jew has the right to come to this country as an oleh."[5] Israel is the only country where Jews are a majority of the population. Jews achieved political autonomy twice before in ancient history. The first of these periods lasted from 1350[6] to 586 BCE, and encompassed the periods of the Judges, the United Monarchy, and the Divided Monarchy of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah, ending with the destruction of the First Temple. The second was the period of the Hasmonean Kingdom spanning from 140 to 37 BCE. Since the destruction of the First Temple, most Jews have lived in diaspora.[7] A minority in every country in which they live (except Israel), they have frequently experienced persecution throughout history, resulting in a population that has fluctuated both in numbers and distribution over the centuries.

As of 2010, the world Jewish population was estimated at 13.4 million by the North American Jewish Data Bank,[1] or roughly 0.2% of the total world population. According to this report, about 42.5% of all Jews reside in Israel (5.7 million), and 39.3% in the United States (5.3 million), with most of the remainder living in Europe (1.5 million) and Canada (0.4 million).[1] These numbers include all those who consider themselves Jews, whether or not they are affiliated with a Jewish organization. The total world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure. In addition to issues with census methodology, there are halakhic disputes regarding who is a Jew and secular, political, and ancestral identification factors that may affect the figure considerably.[8]

Contents

Name and etymology[link]

The English word Jew continues Middle English Gyw, Iewe, a loan from Old French giu, earlier juieu, ultimately from Latin Iudaeum. The Latin Iudaeus simply means Judaean, "from the land of Judaea". The Latin term itself, like the corresponding Greek Ἰουδαῖος, is a loan from Aramaic Y'hūdāi, corresponding to Hebrew: יְהוּדִי‎‎, Yehudi (sg.); יְהוּדִים, Yehudim (pl.), in origin the term for a member of the tribe of Judah or the people of the kingdom of Judah. The name of both the tribe and kingdom derive from Judah, the fourth son of Jacob.[9]

The Hebrew word for Jew, יְהוּדִי ISO 259-3 Yhudi, is pronounced [jehuˈdi], with the stress on the final syllable, in Israeli Hebrew, in its basic form.[10]

The Ladino name is ג׳ודיו, Djudio (sg.); ג׳ודיוס, Djudios (pl.); Yiddish: ייִד Yid (sg.); ייִדן, Yidn (pl.).

The etymological equivalent is in use in other languages, e.g., "Yahoud"/"Yahoudi" (Arabic: يهود/يهودي‎) in Arabic language, "Jude" in German, "judeu" in Portuguese, "juif" in French, "jøde" in Danish, "judío" in Spanish, "joodse" in Dutch, etc., but derivations of the word "Hebrew" are also in use to describe a Jew, e.g., in Italian (Ebreo), in Persian ("Ebri/Ebrani" (Persian: عبری/عبرانی‎)) and Russian (Еврей, Yevrey).[11] The German word "Jude" is pronounced [ˈjuːdə], the corresponding adjective "jüdisch" [ˈjyːdɪʃ] (Jewish) is the origin of the word "Yiddish".[12] (See Jewish ethnonyms for a full overview.)

According to The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition (2000):

It is widely recognized that the attributive use of the noun Jew, in phrases such as Jew lawyer or Jew ethics, is both vulgar and highly offensive. In such contexts Jewish is the only acceptable possibility. Some people, however, have become so wary of this construction that they have extended the stigma to any use of Jew as a noun, a practice that carries risks of its own. In a sentence such as There are now several Jews on the council, which is unobjectionable, the substitution of a circumlocution like Jewish people or persons of Jewish background may in itself cause offense for seeming to imply that Jew has a negative connotation when used as a noun.[13]

Origins[link]

According to their tradition, the Jewish people originated from the Israelites of the Southern Levant, who had several independent states before being overtaken first by the Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and later the Roman Empire, with a large portion of the population being scattered throughout the world. According to the Hebrew Bible, all Israelites were descended from Abraham, who was born in the Sumerian city of Ur, and migrated to Canaan (commonly known as the Land of Israel) with his family. Genetic studies on Jews show that most Jews worldwide do indeed bear a common genetic heritage which originates in the Middle East, and that they bear their strongest resemblance to the peoples of the Fertile Crescent, with only minor contribution from their host populations[14] (historically due to the taboo on intermarriage in Jewish tradition, the low number of converts to Judaism, as well as the general isolations and persecutions of Jews throughout history). According to some Biblical archaeologists, however, Israelite culture did not overtake the region, but rather grew out of Canaanite culture.

Judaism[link]

Judaism guides its adherents in both practice and belief, and has been called not only a religion, but also a "way of life,"[15] which has made drawing a clear distinction between Judaism, Jewish culture, and Jewish identity rather difficult. Throughout history, in eras and places as diverse as the ancient Hellenic world,[16] in Europe before and after The Age of Enlightenment (see Haskalah),[17] in Islamic Spain and Portugal,[18] in North Africa and the Middle East,[18] India,[19] and China,[20] or the contemporary United States[21] and Israel,[22] cultural phenomena have developed that are in some sense characteristically Jewish without being at all specifically religious. Some factors in this come from within Judaism, others from the interaction of Jews or specific communities of Jews with their surroundings, others from the inner social and cultural dynamics of the community, as opposed to from the religion itself. This phenomenon has led to considerably different Jewish cultures unique to their own communities, each as authentically Jewish as the next.[23]

Who is a Jew?[link]

Judaism shares some of the characteristics of a nation, an ethnicity, a religion, and a culture, making the definition of who is a Jew vary slightly depending on whether a religious or national approach to identity is used.[24] Generally, in modern secular usage, Jews include three groups: people who were born to a Jewish family regardless of whether or not they follow the religion; those who have some Jewish ancestral background or lineage (sometimes including those who do not have strictly matrilineal descent); and people without any Jewish ancestral background or lineage who have formally converted to Judaism and therefore are followers of the religion.[25]

Historical definitions of Jewish identity have traditionally been based on halakhic definitions of matrilineal descent, and halakhic conversions. Historical definitions of who is a Jew date back to the codification of the oral tradition into the Babylonian Talmud. Interpretations of sections of the Tanakh, such as Deuteronomy 7:1–5, by learned Jewish sages, are used as a warning against intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews because "[the non-Jewish husband] will cause your child to turn away from Me and they will worship the gods of others." Leviticus 24:10 says that the son in a marriage between a Hebrew woman and an Egyptian man is "of the community of Israel." This is complemented by Ezra 10:2–3, where Israelites returning from Babylon vow to put aside their gentile wives and their children.[26][27] Since the Haskalah, these halakhic interpretations of Jewish identity have been challenged.[28]

At times, conversion has accounted for a substantial part of Jewish population growth. In the first century of the Christian era, for example, the population more than doubled, from four to 8–10 million within the confines of the Roman Empire, in good part as a result of a wave of conversion.[29]

Ethnic divisions[link]

Within the world's Jewish population there are distinct ethnic divisions, most of which are primarily the result of geographic branching from an originating Israelite population, and subsequent independent evolutions. An array of Jewish communities were established by Jewish settlers in various places around the Old World, often at great distances from one another resulting in effective and often long-term isolation from each other. During the millennia of the Jewish diaspora the communities would develop under the influence of their local environments; political, cultural, natural, and populational. Today, manifestation of these differences among the Jews can be observed in Jewish cultural expressions of each community, including Jewish linguistic diversity, culinary preferences, liturgical practices, religious interpretations, as well as degrees and sources of genetic admixture.[30]

Jews are often identified as belonging to one of two major groups: the Ashkenazim, or "Germanics" (Ashkenaz meaning "Germany" in Medieval Hebrew, denoting their Central European base), and the Sephardim, or "Hispanics" (Sefarad meaning "Spain/Hispania" or "Iberia" in Hebrew, denoting their Spanish, and Portuguese, base). The Mizrahim, or "Easterners" (Mizrach being "East" in Hebrew), that is, the diverse collection of Middle Eastern and North African Jews, constitute a third major group, although they are sometimes termed Sephardi for liturgical reasons.[31]

Smaller groups include, but are not restricted to, Indian Jews such as the Bene Israel, Bnei Menashe, Cochin Jews, and Bene Ephraim; the Romaniotes of Greece; the Italian Jews ("Italkim" or "Bené Roma"); the Teimanim from Yemen and Oman; various African Jews, including most numerously the Beta Israel of Ethiopia; and Chinese Jews, most notably the Kaifeng Jews, as well as various other distinct but now almost extinct communities.[32]

The divisions between all these groups are approximate and their boundaries are not always clear. The Mizrahim for example, are a heterogeneous collection of North African, Central Asian, Caucasian, and Middle Eastern Jewish communities that are often as unrelated to each other as they are to any of the earlier mentioned Jewish groups. In modern usage, however, the Mizrahim are sometimes termed Sephardi due to similar styles of liturgy, despite independent development from Sephardim proper. Thus, among Mizrahim there are Egyptian Jews, Iraqi Jews, Lebanese Jews, Kurdish Jews, Libyan Jews, Syrian Jews, Bukharian Jews, Mountain Jews, Georgian Jews, Iranian Jews and various others. The Teimanim from Yemen and Oman are sometimes included, although their style of liturgy is unique and they differ in respect to the admixture found among them to that found in Mizrahim. In addition, there is a differentiation made between Sephardi migrants who established themselves in the Middle East and North Africa after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain and Portugal in the 1490s and the pre-existing Jewish communities in those regions.[32]

Despite this diversity, Ashkenazi Jews represent the bulk of modern Jewry, with at least 70% of Jews worldwide (and up to 90% prior to World War II and the Holocaust). As a result of their emigration from Europe, Ashkenazim also represent the overwhelming majority of Jews in the New World continents, in countries such as the United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia, and Brazil. In France, emigration of Jews from North Africa has led them to outnumber the Ashkenazim .[33] Only in Israel is the Jewish population representative of all groups, a melting pot independent of each group's proportion within the overall world Jewish population.[34]

Languages[link]

Hebrew is the liturgical language of Judaism (termed l'shon ha-kodesh, "the holy tongue"), the language in which the Hebrew scriptures (Tanakh) were composed, and the daily speech of the Jewish people for centuries. By the 5th century BCE, Aramaic, a closely related tongue, joined Hebrew as the spoken language in Judea.[35] By the third century BCE, Jews of the diaspora were speaking Greek.[36]

For centuries, Jews worldwide have spoken the local or dominant languages of the regions they migrated to, often developing distinctive dialectal forms or branches that became independent languages. Yiddish is the Judæo-German language developed by Ashkenazi Jews who migrated to Central Europe. Ladino is the Judæo-Spanish language developed by Sephardic Jews who migrated to the Iberian peninsula. Due to many factors, including the impact of the Holocaust on European Jewry, the Jewish exodus from Arab lands, and widespread emigration from other Jewish communities around the world, ancient and distinct Jewish languages of several communities, including Gruzinic, Judæo-Arabic, Judæo-Berber, Krymchak, Judæo-Malayalam and many others, have largely fallen out of use.[37]

For over sixteen centuries Hebrew was used almost exclusively as a liturgical language, and as the language in which most books had been written on Judaism, with a few speaking only Hebrew on the Sabbath.[38] Hebrew was revived as a spoken language by Eliezer ben Yehuda, who arrived in Palestine in 1881. It had not been used as a mother tongue since Tannaic times.[35] Modern Hebrew is now one of the two official languages of the State of Israel along with Arabic.[39]

The three most commonly spoken languages among Jews today are Hebrew, English and Russian. Some Romance languages, such as French and Spanish, are also widely used.[37] Yiddish has been spoken by more Jews in history than any other language,[40] but it is far less used today, after the Holocaust and the adoption of Hebrew by the Zionist movement, then Israel.

Genetic studies[link]

Genetic studies indicate various lineages found in modern Jewish populations; however, most of these populations share a lineage in common, traceable to an ancient population that underwent geographic branching and subsequent independent evolutions.[41] While DNA tests have demonstrated inter-marriage in all of the various Jewish ethnic divisions over the last 3,000 years, it was substantially less than in other populations.[42] The findings lend support to traditional Jewish accounts accrediting their founding to exiled Israelite populations, and counters theories that many or most of the world's Jewish populations were founded entirely by local populations that adopted the Jewish religion, devoid of any actual Israelite genetic input.[42]

DNA analysis further determined that modern Jews of the priesthood tribe—"Kohanim"—share an ancestor dating back about 3,000 years.[43] This result is consistent for all Jewish populations around the world.[43] The researchers estimated that the most recent common ancestor of modern Kohanim lived between 1000 BCE (roughly the time of the Biblical Exodus) and 586 BCE, when the Babylonians destroyed the First Temple.[44] They found similar results analyzing DNA from Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews.[44] The scientists estimated the date of the original priest based on genetic mutations, which indicated that the priest lived roughly 106 generations ago, between 2,650 and 3,180 years ago depending whether one counts a generation as 25 or 30 years.[44] These Jews belong to the haplotypes J1e and J2a. However, more recent research has shown that many ethnic groups in the Middle East and Mediterranean area also share this genetic profile.[45]

Although individual and groups of converts to Judaism have historically been absorbed into contemporary Jewish populations, it is unlikely that they formed a large percentage of the ancestors of modern Jewish groups, and much less that they represented their genesis as Jewish communities.[41][46]

Biologist Robert Pollack stated in 2003 that one cannot determine the biological "Jewishness" of an individual because "there are no DNA sequences common to all Jews and absent from all non-Jews".[47] A 2009 study was able to genetically identify individuals with full or partial Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry.[48]

Male lineages: Y chromosomal DNA[link]

A study published by the National Academy of Sciences found that "the paternal gene pools of Jewish communities from Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East descended from a common Middle Eastern ancestral population", and suggested that "most Jewish communities have remained relatively isolated from neighboring non-Jewish communities during and after the Diaspora".[41] Researchers expressed surprise at the remarkable genetic uniformity they found among modern Jews, no matter where the diaspora has become dispersed around the world.[41]

Other Y-chromosome findings show that the world's Jewish communities are closely related to Kurds, Syrians and Palestinians.[43][49] Skorecki and colleague wrote that "the extremely close affinity of Jewish and non-Jewish Middle Eastern populations observed ... supports the hypothesis of a common Middle Eastern origin".[43] According to another study of the same year, more than 70% of Jewish men and half of the Arab men (inhabitants of Israel and the territories only) whose DNA was studied inherited their Y-chromosomes from the same paternal ancestors who lived in the region within the last few thousand years. The results are consistent with the Biblical account of Jews and Arabs having a common ancestor. About two-thirds of Israeli Arabs and Arabs in the territories and a similar proportion of Israeli Jews are the descendants of at least three common ancestors who lived in the Middle East in the Neolithic period. However, the Palestinian Arab clade includes two Arab modal haplotypes which are found at only very low frequency among Jews, reflecting divergence and/or large scale admixture from non-local populations to the Palestinians.[50]

A study of haplotypes of the Y-chromosome, published in 2000, addressed the paternal origins of Ashkenazi Jews. Hammer et al.[41] found that the Y chromosome of some Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews contained mutations that are also common among Middle Eastern peoples, but uncommon in the general European population. This suggested that the male ancestors of the Ashkenazi Jews could be traced mostly to the Middle East. The proportion of male genetic admixture in Ashkenazi Jews amounts to less than 0.5% per generation over an estimated 80 generations, with "relatively minor contribution of European Y chromosomes to the Ashkenazim," and a total admixture estimate "very similar to Motulsky's average estimate of 12.5%." This supported the finding that "Diaspora Jews from Europe, Northwest Africa, and the Near East resemble each other more closely than they resemble their non-Jewish neighbors." However, when all haplotypes were included in the analysis, m (the admixture percentage) increased to 23% ± 7%. In addition, of the Jewish populations in this cluster, the Ashkenazim were closest to South European populations, specifically the Greeks.[41]

In Jewish populations, Haplogroup J1 (defined by the 267 marker) constitutes 30% of the Yemenite Jews[51] 20.0% of the Ashkenazim results and 12% of the Sephardic results.[51][52][53][54] However, J1 is most frequent in Yemen (76%),[55][56] Saudi (64%),[57] Qatar (58%).[56] J1 is generally frequent amongst Negev Bedouins (62%[58]). It is also very common among other Arabs such as those of the Levant, i.e. Palestinian (38.4%),[52] Syria (30%), Lebanon (25%).[59][60] In Europe, higher frequencies have been reported in the central Adriatic regions of Italy: Gargano (17.2%),[61] Pescara (15%),[61] in the Mediterranean Paola (11.1%)[61] and in South Sicilian Ragusa (10.7%).[62] Fairly high frequencies have also been reported in other nearby Mediterranean areas: Crete (8.3%),[63] Malta (7.8%), Cyprus (6.2%),[64] Greece (5.3%).[63]

Haplogroup J2 which is found in the Sephardic Jews (29%)[65] and Ashkenazi Jews (23%),[65] or 19%.[66] is found mainly in the Fertile Crescent, the Caucasus,[67] Anatolia, the Balkans, Italy, the Mediterranean littoral, the Iranian plateau, Central Asia, and South Asia.[65] More specifically, it is found in Iraq,[68] Syria, Lebanon,[69] Turkey, Israel, Palestine, Greece, Italy and the eastern coasts of the Iberian Peninsula,[61] and more frequently in Iraqis 29.7%,[70] Lebanese 25%,[71] Palestinians 16.8%,[65] Syrians 22.5%,[72] Kurds 28.4%, Saudi Arabia 15.92%,[73] Jordan 14.3%, Oman 10–15%,[74] UAE 10.4%, Yemen 9.7%,[56] in Israel,[65] in Palestine,[65] and in Turkey.[75]

Female lineages: Mitochondrial DNA[link]

Before 2006, geneticists largely attributed the genesis of most of the world's Jewish populations to founding acts by males who migrated from the Middle East and "by the women from each local population whom they took as wives and converted to Judaism", though no genetic relation was found between Jewish and non Jewish female lineages. However, more recent findings of studies of maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA, at least in Ashkenazi Jews, has led to a review of this archetype.[76] This research has suggested that, in addition to Israelite male, significant female founder ancestry might also derive from the Middle East-with 40% of Ashkenazim descended from four women lived about 1000–1500 years ago in the Middle East.[76] In addition, Behar (2006) suggested that the rest of Ashkenazi mtDNA is originated from about 150 women, most of those were probably of Middle Eastern origin.[77] Approximately 32% of people with Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry belong to the mtDNA haplogroup K. This high percentage points to a genetic bottleneck occurring some 100 generations ago.[78]

Research in 2008 found significant founder effects in many non-Asheknazi Jewish populations. In Belmonte, Azerbaijani, Georgian, Bene Israel and Libyan Jewish communities "a single mother was sufficient to explain at least 40% of their present-day mtDNA variation". In addition, "the Cochin and Tunisian Jewish communities show an attenuated pattern with two founding mothers explaining >30% of the variation." In contrast, Bulgarian, Turkish, Moroccan and Ethiopian Jews were heterogeneous with no evidence "for a narrow founder effect or depletion of mtDNA variation attributable to drift". The authors noted that "the first three of these communities were established following the Spanish expulsion and/or received large influxes of individuals from the Iberian Peninsula and high variation presently observed, probably reflects high overall mtDNA diversity among Jews of Spanish descent. Likewise, the mtDNA pool of Ethiopian Jews reflects the rich maternal lineage variety of East Africa." Jewish communities from Iraq, Iran, and Yemen showed a "third and intermediate pattern... consistent with a founding event, but not a narrow one".[79]

In this and other studies Yemenite Jews differ from other Mizrahim, as well as from Ashkenazim, in the proportion of sub-Saharan African gene types which have entered their gene pools.[80] African-specific Hg L(xM,N) lineages were found only in Yemenite and Ethiopian Jewish populations.[79] Among Yemenites, the average stands at 35% lineages within the past 3,000 years.[80]

Genome-wide association and linkage studies[link]

In genetic epidemiology, a genome-wide association study (GWA study, or GWAS) is an examination of all or most of the genes (the genome) of different individuals of a particular species to see how much the genes vary from individual to individual. These techniques were originally designed for epidemiological uses, to identify genetic associations with observable traits.[81]

A 2006 study by Seldin, et al. used over five thousand autosomal SNPs to demonstrate European genetic substructure amongst the Ashkenazi. The results showed "a consistent and reproducible distinction between 'northern' and 'southern' European population groups". Most northern, central, and eastern Europeans (Finns, Swedes, English, Irish, Germans, and Ukrainians) showed >90% in the 'northern' population group, while most individual participants with southern European ancestry (Italians, Greeks, Portuguese, Spaniards) showed >85% in the 'southern' group. Both Ashkenazi Jews as well as Sephardic Jews showed >85% membership in the "southern" group. Referring to the Jews clustering with southern Europeans, the authors state the results were "consistent with a later Mediterranean origin of these ethnic groups".[82]

A 2007 study by Bauchet, et al. found that Ashkenazi Jews were most closely clustered with Arabic North African populations when compared to Global population, and in the European structure analysis, they share similarities only with Greeks and Southern Italians, reflecting their east Mediterranean origins.[83][84]

A 2010 study on Jewish ancestry by Atzmon-Ostrer et al. stated "Two major groups were identified by principal component, phylogenetic, and identity by descent (IBD) analysis: Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews. The IBD segment sharing and the proximity of European Jews to each other and to southern European populations suggested similar origins for European Jewry and refuted large-scale genetic contributions of Central and Eastern European and Slavic populations to the formation of Ashkenazi Jewry.", as both groups—the Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews shared common ancestors in the Middle East about 2500 years ago. The study examines genetic markers spread across the entire genome and shows that the Jewish groups (Ashkenazi and non Ashkenazi) share large swaths of DNA, indicating close relationships and that each of the Jewish groups in the study (Iranian, Iraqi, Syrian, Italian, Turkish, Greek and Ashkenazi) has its own genetic signature but is more closely related to the other Jewish groups than to their non Jewish fellow countrymen.[85] Atzmon's team found that the SNP markers in genetic segments of 3 million DNA letters or longer were 10 times more likely to be identical among Jews than non-Jews. Results of the analysis also tally with biblical accounts of the fate of the Jews. Using their DNA analysis, the authors traced the ancestors of all Jews to Persia and Babylon, areas that now form part of Iran and Iraq.[86] The study also found that with respect to non-Jewish European groups, the population most closely related to Ashkenazi Jews are modern-day Italians. The study speculated that the genetic-similarity between Ashkenazi Jews and Italians may be due to inter-marriage and conversions in the time of the Roman Empire. It was also found that any two Ashkenazi Jewish participants in the study shared about as much DNA as fourth or fifth cousins[87][88]

A 2010 study by Bray et al, using SNP microarray techniques and linkage analysis, estimated that 35 to 55 percent of the modern Ashkenazi genome is specifically traceable to Europe, and that European "admixture is considerably higher than previous estimates by studies that used the Y chromosome". The study assumed Druze and Palestinian Arabs populations to represent the reference to world Jewry ancestor genome. With this reference point, the linkage disequilibrium in the Ashkenazi Jewish population was interpreted as "matches signs of interbreeding or 'admixture' between Middle Eastern and European populations". In their press release, Bray stated: "We were surprised to find evidence that Ashkenazi Jews have higher heterozygosity than Europeans, contradicting the widely-held presumption that they have been a largely isolated group". "Thus, the AJ population shows evidence of past founding events; however, admixture and selection have also strongly influenced its current genetic makeup." The authors note that their results will require further investigation.[89][90]

Demographics[link]

Population centres[link]

Country[1] Jews, № Jews, %
Israel Israel 5,916,200[91] 75.52%
United States United States 5,275,000 1.71%
France France 483,500 0.77%
Canada Canada 375,000 1.11%
United Kingdom United Kingdom 292,000 0.47%
Russia Russia 205,000 0.15%
Argentina Argentina 182,300 0.45%
Germany Germany 119,000 0.15%
Australia Australia 107,500 0.50%
Brazil Brazil 95,600 0.05%
Ukraine Ukraine 71,500 0.16%
South Africa South Africa 70,800 0.14%
Hungary Hungary 48,600 0.49%
Mexico Mexico 39,400 0.04%
Belgium Belgium 30,300 0.28%
Netherlands Netherlands 30,000 0.18%
Italy Italy 28,400 0.05%
Total 13,558,300 0.21%

There are an estimated 13–14 million Jews worldwide.[1] The table lists countries with significant populations.[1] Please note that these populations represent low-end estimates of the worldwide Jewish population, accounting for around 0.2% of the world's population.

State of Israel[link]

Israel, the Jewish nation-state, is the only country in which Jews make up a majority of the citizens.[92] Israel was established as an independent democratic and Jewish state on May 14, 1948.[93] Of the 120 members in its parliament, the Knesset,[94] currently, 12 members of the Knesset are Arab citizens of Israel, most representing Arab political parties and one of Israel's Supreme Court judges is a Palestinian Arab.[95]

Between 1948 and 1958, the Jewish population rose from 800,000 to two million.[96] Currently, Jews account for 75.8% of the Israeli population, or 5.4 million people.[97] The early years of the state of Israel were marked by the mass immigration of Holocaust survivors and Jews fleeing Arab lands.[98] Israel also has a large population of Ethiopian Jews, many of whom were airlifted to Israel in the late 1980s and early 1990s.[99] Between 1974 and 1979 nearly 227,258 immigrants arrived in Israel, about half being from the Soviet Union.[100] This period also saw an increase in immigration to Israel from Western Europe, Latin America, and the United States[101]

A trickle of immigrants from other communities has also arrived, including Indian Jews and others, as well as some descendants of Ashkenazi Holocaust survivors who had settled in countries such as the United States, Argentina, Australia, Chile, and South Africa. Some Jews have emigrated from Israel elsewhere, due to economic problems or disillusionment with political conditions and the continuing Arab-Israeli conflict. Jewish Israeli emigrants are known as yordim.[102]

Diaspora (outside Israel)[link]

The waves of immigration to the United States and elsewhere at the turn of the 19th century, the founding of Zionism and later events, including pogroms in Russia, the massacre of European Jewry during the Holocaust, and the founding of the state of Israel, with the subsequent Jewish exodus from Arab lands, all resulted in substantial shifts in the population centers of world Jewry by the end of the 20th century.[103]

In this Rosh Hashana greeting card from the early 1900s, Russian Jews, packs in hand, gaze at the American relatives beckoning them to the United States. Over two million Jews fled the pogroms of the Russian Empire to the safety of the US between 1881 and 1924.[104]

Currently, the largest Jewish community in the world is located in the United States, with 5.3 million to 6.4 million Jews by various estimates. Elsewhere in the Americas, there are also large Jewish populations in Canada, Argentina, and Brazil, and smaller populations in Mexico, Uruguay, Venezuela, Chile, and several other countries (see History of the Jews in Latin America).[97]

Western Europe's largest Jewish community can be found in France, home to 490,000 Jews, the majority of whom are immigrants or refugees from North African Arab countries such as Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia (or their descendants).[105] There are 295,000 Jews in the United Kingdom. In Eastern Europe, there are anywhere from 350,000 to one million Jews living in the former Soviet Union, but exact figures are difficult to establish. The fastest-growing Jewish community in the world, outside Israel, is the one in Germany, especially in Berlin, its capital. Tens of thousands of Jews from the former Eastern Bloc have settled in Germany since the fall of the Berlin Wall.[106]

The Arab countries of North Africa and the Middle East were home to around 900,000 Jews in 1945. Fueled by anti-Zionism[107] after the founding of Israel, systematic persecution caused almost all of these Jews to flee to Israel, North America, and Europe in the 1950s (see Jewish exodus from Arab lands). Today, around 8,000 Jews remain in all Arab nations combined.[108]

Iran is home to around 10,800 Jews, down from a population of 100,000 Jews before the 1979 revolution. After the revolution some of the Iranian Jews emigrated to Israel or Europe but most of them emigrated (with their non-Jewish Iranian compatriots) to the United States (especially Los Angeles, where the principal community is called "Tehrangeles").[108][109]

Outside Europe, the Americas, the Middle East, and the rest of Asia, there are significant Jewish populations in Australia and South Africa.[108]

Demographic changes[link]

Assimilation[link]

Since at least the time of the Ancient Greeks, a proportion of Jews have assimilated into the wider non-Jewish society around them, by either choice or force, ceasing to practice Judaism and losing their Jewish identity.[110] Assimilation took place in all areas, and during all time periods,[110] with some Jewish communities, for example the Kaifeng Jews of China, disappearing entirely.[111] The advent of the Jewish Enlightenment of the 18th century (see Haskalah) and the subsequent emancipation of the Jewish populations of Europe and America in the 19th century, accelerated the situation, encouraging Jews to increasingly participate in, and become part of, secular society. The result has been a growing trend of assimilation, as Jews marry non-Jewish spouses and stop participating in the Jewish community.[112]

Rates of interreligious marriage vary widely: In the United States, they are just under 50%,[113] in the United Kingdom, around 53%, in France, around 30%,[114] and in Australia and Mexico, as low as 10%.[115][116] In the United States, only about a third of children from intermarriages affiliate themselves with Jewish religious practice.[117] The result is that most countries in the Diaspora have steady or slightly declining religiously Jewish populations as Jews continue to assimilate into the countries in which they live.

War and persecution[link]

Jews (identifiable by the distinctive hats that they were required to wear) being killed by Christian knights. French Bible illustration from 1255.
World War I poster shows a soldier cutting the bonds from a Jewish man, who says, "You have cut my bonds and set me free - now let me help you set others free!"

The Jewish people and Judaism have experienced various persecutions throughout Jewish history. During late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages the Roman Empire (in its later phases known as the Byzantine Empire) repeatedly repressed the Jewish population, first by ejecting them from their homelands during the pagan Roman era and later by officially establishing them as second-class citizens during the Christian Roman era.[118][119]

According to James Carroll, "Jews accounted for 10% of the total population of the Roman Empire. By that ratio, if other factors had not intervened, there would be 200 million Jews in the world today, instead of something like 13 million."[120]

Later in medieval Western Europe, further persecutions of Jews in the name of Christianity occurred, notably during the Crusades—when Jews all over Germany were massacred—and a series of expulsions from England, Germany, France, and, in the largest expulsion of all, Spain and Portugal after the Reconquista (the Catholic Reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula), where both unbaptized Sephardic Jews and the ruling Muslim Moors were expelled.[121][122]

In the Papal States, which existed until 1870, Jews were required to live only in specified neighborhoods called ghettos.[123] In the 19th and (before the end of World War II) 20th centuries, the Roman Catholic Church adhered to a distinction between "good antisemitism" and "bad antisemitism". The "bad" kind promoted hatred of Jews because of their descent. This was considered un-Christian because the Christian message was intended for all of humanity regardless of ethnicity; anyone could become a Christian. The "good" kind criticized alleged Jewish conspiracies to control newspapers, banks, and other institutions, to care only about accumulation of wealth, etc.[124]

Islam and Judaism have a complex relationship. Traditionally Jews and Christians living in Muslim lands, known as dhimmis, were allowed to practice their religions and to administer their internal affairs, but subject to certain conditions.[125] They had to pay the jizya (a per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males) to the Islamic state.[125] Dhimmis had an inferior status under Islamic rule. They had several social and legal disabilities such as prohibitions against bearing arms or giving testimony in courts in cases involving Muslims.[126] Many of the disabilities were highly symbolic. The one described by Bernard Lewis as "most degrading"[127] was the requirement of distinctive clothing, not found in the Qur'an or hadith but invented in early medieval Baghdad; its enforcement was highly erratic.[127] On the other hand, Jews rarely faced martyrdom or exile, or forced compulsion to change their religion, and they were mostly free in their choice of residence and profession.[128]

Notable exceptions include the massacre of Jews and/or forcible conversion of some Jews by the rulers of the Almohad dynasty in Al-Andalus in the 12th century,[129] as well as in Islamic Persia,[130] and the forced confinement of Moroccan Jews to walled quarters known as mellahs beginning from the 15th century and especially in the early 19th century.[131] In modern times, it has become commonplace for standard antisemitic themes to be conflated with anti-Zionist publications and pronouncements of Islamic movements such as Hezbollah and Hamas, in the pronouncements of various agencies of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and even in the newspapers and other publications of Turkish Refah Partisi."[132]

Jews in Minsk, 1941. Before World War II some 40% of the population was Jewish. By the time the Red Army retook the city on 3 July 1944, there were only a few Jewish survivors.

Throughout history, many rulers, empires and nations have oppressed their Jewish populations or sought to eliminate them entirely. Methods employed ranged from expulsion to outright genocide; within nations, often the threat of these extreme methods was sufficient to silence dissent. The history of antisemitism includes the First Crusade which resulted in the massacre of Jews;[121] the Spanish Inquisition (led by Torquemada) and the Portuguese Inquisition, with their persecution and autos-da-fé against the New Christians and Marrano Jews;[133] the Bohdan Chmielnicki Cossack massacres in Ukraine;[134] the Pogroms backed by the Russian Tsars;[135] as well as expulsions from Spain, Portugal, England, France, Germany, and other countries in which the Jews had settled.[122] According to a recent study published in the American Journal of Human Genetics 19.8% of the modern Iberian population has Sephardic Jewish ancestry,[136] indicating that the number of conversos may have been much higher than originally thought.[137][138]

The persecution reached a peak in Nazi Germany's Final Solution, which led to the Holocaust and the slaughter of approximately 6 million Jews.[139] The Holocaust — the state-led systematic persecution and genocide of European Jews (and certain communities of North African Jews in European controlled North Africa) and other minority groups of Europe during World War II by Germany and its collaborators remains the most notable modern day persecution of Jews.[140] The persecution and genocide were accomplished in stages. Legislation to remove the Jews from civil society was enacted years before the outbreak of World War II.[141] Concentration camps were established in which inmates were used as slave labour until they died of exhaustion or disease.[142] Where the Third Reich conquered new territory in eastern Europe, specialized units called Einsatzgruppen murdered Jews and political opponents in mass shootings.[143] Jews and Roma were crammed into ghettos before being transported hundreds of miles by freight train to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, the majority of them were killed in gas chambers.[144] Virtually every arm of Germany's bureaucracy was involved in the logistics of the mass murder, turning the country into what one Holocaust scholar has called "a genocidal nation."[145]

Migrations[link]

Etching of the expulsion of the Jews from Frankfurt on August 23, 1614. The text says: "1380 persons old and young were counted at the exit of the gate"
Jews fleeing pogroms, 1882

Throughout Jewish history, Jews have repeatedly been directly or indirectly expelled from both their original homeland and the areas in which they have resided. This experience as refugees has shaped Jewish identity and religious practice in many ways, and is thus a major element of Jewish history.[146] The incomplete list of major and other noteworthy migrations that follows includes numerous instances of expulsion or departure under duress:

Growth[link]

Hasidic Jews in Brooklyn

Israel is the only country with a consistently growing Jewish population due to natural population increase, though the Jewish populations of other countries in Europe and North America have recently increased due to immigration. In the Diaspora, in almost every country the Jewish population in general is either declining or steady, but Orthodox and Haredi Jewish communities, whose members often shun birth control for religious reasons, have experienced rapid population growth.[168]

Orthodox and Conservative Judaism discourage proselytism to non-Jews, but many Jewish groups have tried to reach out to the assimilated Jewish communities of the Diaspora in order for them to reconnect to their Jewish roots. Additionally, while in principle Reform Judaism favors seeking new members for the faith, this position has not translated into active proselytism, instead taking the form of an effort to reach out to non-Jewish spouses of intermarried couples.[169]

There is also a trend of Orthodox movements pursuing secular Jews in order to give them a stronger Jewish identity so there is less chance of intermarriage. As a result of the efforts by these and other Jewish groups over the past 25 years, there has been a trend of secular Jews becoming more religiously observant, known as the Baal Teshuva movement, though the demographic implications of the trend are unknown.[170] Additionally, there is also a growing movement of Jews by Choice by gentiles who make the decision to head in the direction of becoming Jews.[171]

Leadership[link]

There is no single governing body for the Jewish community, nor a single authority with responsibility for religious doctrine.[172] Instead, a variety of secular and religious institutions at the local, national, and international levels lead various parts of the Jewish community on a variety of issues.[173]

Notable individuals[link]

Jews have made contributions in a broad range of human endeavors, including the sciences, arts, politics, and business.[174][175] Although Jews comprise only 0.2% of the world's population, over 20%[175][176] of Nobel Prize laureates have been Jewish, with multiple winners in each field.

See also[link]

Notes[link]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x DellaPergola, Sergio (November 2, 2010). "World Jewish Population, 2010". In Dashefsky, Arnold; Sheskin, Ira (PDF). Current Jewish Population Reports. Storrs, Connecticut: North American Jewish Data Bank. http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Reports/World_Jewish_Population_2010.pdf. Retrieved March 3, 2012. 
  2. ^ Brandeis, Louis (April 25, 1915). "The Jewish Problem: How To Solve It". University of Louisville School of Law. http://www.law.louisville.edu/library/collections/brandeis/node/234. Retrieved April 2, 2012. "Jews are a distinctive nationality of which every Jew, whatever his country, his station or shade of belief, is necessarily a member" 
  3. ^ Palmer, Edward Henry (October 14, 2002) [First published 1874]. A History of the Jewish Nation: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Gorgias Press. ISBN 978-1-931956-69-7. OCLC 51578088. http://archive.org/details/historyofjewishn00palm. Retrieved April 2, 2012. Lay summary. 
  4. ^ Einstein, Albert (June 21, 1921). "How I Became a Zionist". Einstein Papers Project. Princeton University Press. http://press.princeton.edu/einstein/materials/jewish_nationality.pdf. Retrieved April 5, 2012. "The Jewish nation is a living fact" 
  5. ^ A 1970 amendment to Israel's Law of Return defines "Jew" as "a person who was born of a Jewish mother or has become converted to Judaism and who is not a member of another religion." "Law of Return". http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Immigration/Text_of_Law_of_Return.html. 
  6. ^ Ancient Canaan and Israel: an introduction. Golden, Jonathan M. (2009). Oxford University Press US.
  7. ^ Johnson (1987), p. 82.
  8. ^ Pfeffer, Anshel (September 12, 2007). "Jewish Agency: 13.2 million Jews worldwide on eve of Rosh Hashanah, 5768". Haaretz. Archived from the original on March 19, 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090319024731/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/903585.html. Retrieved January 24, 2009. 
  9. ^ "Jew", Oxford English Dictionary.
  10. ^ Grintz, Yehoshua M. (2007). "Jew". In Fred Skolnik. Encyclopaedia Judaica. 11 (2d ed.). Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. p. 253. ISBN 0-02-865928-7. 
  11. ^ Falk, Avner (1996). A Psychoanalytic History of the Jews. Madison, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 131. ISBN 0-8386-3660-8. 
  12. ^ "Yiddish". Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.). Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster. 2004. p. 1453. ISBN 0-87779-809-5. 
  13. ^ "Jew". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/Jew. Retrieved April 2, 2012. 
  14. ^ Jared Diamond (1993). "Who are the Jews?". http://ftp.beitberl.ac.il/~bbsite/misc/ezer_anglit/klali/05_123.pdf. Retrieved November 8, 2010.  Natural History 102:11 (November 1993): 12-19.
  15. ^ Neusner (1991) p. 64
  16. ^ Patai, Raphael (1996) [1977]. The Jewish Mind. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 7. ISBN 0-8143-2651-X. 
  17. ^ Johnson, Lonnie R. (1996). Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 145. ISBN 0-19-510071-9. 
  18. ^ a b Sharot (1997), pp. 29–30.
  19. ^ Sharot (1997), pp. 42–3.
  20. ^ Sharot (1997), p. 42.
  21. ^ Fishman, Sylvia Barack (2000). Jewish Life and American Culture. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. p. 38. ISBN 0-7914-4546-1. 
  22. ^ Kimmerling, Baruch (1996). The Israeli State and Society: Boundaries and Frontiers. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. p. 169. ISBN 0-88706-849-9. 
  23. ^ Lowenstein, Steven M. (2000). The Jewish Cultural Tapestry: International Jewish Folk Traditions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 228. ISBN 0-19-513425-7. 
  24. ^ Weiner, Rebecca (2007). "Who is a Jew?". Jewish Virtual Library. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/whojew1.html. Retrieved 2007-10-06. 
  25. ^ Fowler, Jeaneane D. (1997). World Religions: An Introduction for Students. Sussex Academic Press. p. 7. ISBN 1-898723-48-6. 
  26. ^ "What is the origin of Matrilineal Descent?". Shamash.org. September 4, 2003. http://www.shamash.org/lists/scj-faq/HTML/faq/10-11.html. Retrieved January 9, 2009. 
  27. ^ "What is the source of the law that a child is Jewish only if its mother is Jewish?". Torah.org. http://www.torah.org/qanda/seequanda.php?id=318. Retrieved January 9, 2009. 
  28. ^ Dosick (2007), pp. 56–7.
  29. ^ Bauer, Yehuda. "Beyond the fourth wave: contemporary anti-Semitism and radical Islam". http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0411/is_1-2_55/ai_n26961277/. Retrieved April 2, 2012. 
  30. ^ Dosick (2007), p. 60.
  31. ^ Dosick (2007), p. 59.
  32. ^ a b Schmelz, Usiel Oscar; Sergio DellaPergola (2007). "Demography". In Fred Skolnik. Encyclopaedia Judaica. 5 (2d ed.). Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. p. 571. ISBN 0-02-865928-7. 
  33. ^ Schmelz, Usiel Oscar; Sergio DellaPergola (2007). "Demography". In Fred Skolnik. Encyclopaedia Judaica. 5 (2d ed.). Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. pp. 571–2. ISBN 0-02-865928-7. 
  34. ^ Dosick (2007), p. 61.
  35. ^ a b Grintz, Jehoshua M. (March 1960). "Hebrew as the Spoken and Written Language in the Last Days of the Second Temple". Journal of Biblical Literature (The Society of Biblical Literature) 79 (1): 32–47. DOI:10.2307/3264497. JSTOR 3264497. 
  36. ^ Feldman (2006), p. 54.
  37. ^ a b "Links". Beth Hatefutsoth. Archived from the original on March 26, 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090326102214/http://www.bh.org.il/links/jewishlangs.asp. Retrieved April 2, 2012. 
  38. ^ Parfitt, T. V. (1972). "The Use Of Hebrew In Palestine 1800–1822". Journal of Semitic Studies 17 (2): 237–52. DOI:10.1093/jss/17.2.237. http://jss.oxfordjournals.org/content/17/2/237.full.pdf+html. 
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    • Shalev, Baruch (2005). 100 Years of Nobel Prizes. p. 57. "A striking fact... is the high number of Laureates of the Jewish faith—over 20% of the total Nobel Prizes (138); including: 17% in Chemistry, 26% in Medicine and Physics, 40% in Economics and 11% in Peace and Literature each. These numbers are especially startling in light of the fact that only some 14 million people (0.2% of the world's population) are Jewish." 
    • Dobbs, Stephen Mark (October 12, 2001). "As the Nobel Prize marks centennial, Jews constitute 1/5 of laureates". j.. http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/16556/as-the-nobel-prize-marks-centennial-jews-constitute-1-5-of-laureates/. Retrieved April 3, 2012. "Throughout the 20th century, Jews, more so than any other minority, ethnic or cultural group, have been recipients of the Nobel Prize -- perhaps the most distinguished award for human endeavor in the six fields for which it is given. Remarkably, Jews constitute almost one-fifth of all Nobel laureates. This, in a world in which Jews number just a fraction of 1 percent of the population." 
    • "Jewish Nobel Prize Winners". http://www.jewishbiography.com/biographies/list-of-jews/jewish-nobel-prize-winners/index.html. Retrieved 25 November 2011. 
    • Ted Falcon, David Blatner (2001). "28". Judaism for dummies. John Wiley & Sons. "Similarly, because Jews make up less than a quarter of one percent of the world's population, it's surprising that over 20 percent of Nobel prizes have been awarded to Jews or people of Jewish descent." 
    • Lawrence E. Harrison (2008). The Central Liberal Truth: How Politics Can Change a Culture and Save It. Oxford University Press. p. 102. "That achievement is symbolized by the fact that 15 to 20 percent of Nobel Prizes have been won by Jews, who represent two tenths of one percent of the world's population." 
    • Jonathan B. Krasner, Jonathan D. Sarna (2006). The History of the Jewish People: Ancient Israel to 1880's America. Behrman House, Inc.. p. 1. "These accomplishments account for 20 percent of the Nobel Prizes awarded since 1901. What a feat for a people who make up only .2 percent of the world's population!" 

References[link]

  • Baron, Salo Wittmayer (1952). A Social and Religious History of the Jews, Volume II, Ancient Times, Part II. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America.
  • Carr, David R. (2003) [2000]. "Judaism in Christendom". In Neusner, Jacob; Avery-Peck, Alan J.. The Blackwell Companion to Judaism. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-57718-058-5. 
  • Cowling, Geoffrey (2005). Introduction to World Religions. Singapore: First Fortress Press. ISBN 0-8006-3714-3. 
  • Danzger, M. Herbert (2003) [2000]. "The "Return" to Traditional Judaism at the End of the Twentieth Century: Cross-Cultural Comparisons". In Neusner, Jacob; Avery-Peck, Alan J.. The Blackwell Companion to Judaism. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-57718-058-5. 
  • Dekmejian, R. Hrair (1975). Patterns of Political Leadership: Egypt, Israel, Lebanon. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-87395-291-X. 
  • de Lange, Nicholas (2002) [2000]. An Introduction to Judaism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-46073-5. 
  • Dosick, Wayne (2007). Living Judaism. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-062179-6. 
  • Elazar, Daniel J. (2003) [2000]. "Judaism as a Theopolitical Phenomenon". In Neusner, Jacob; Avery-Peck, Alan J.. The Blackwell Companion to Judaism. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-57718-058-5. 
  • Feldman, Louis H. (2006). Judaism and Hellenism Reconsidered. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. ISBN 90-04-14906-6. 
  • Gartner, Lloyd P. (2001). History of the Jews in Modern Times. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-289259-2. 
  • Goldenberg, Robert (2007). The Origins of Judaism: From Canaan to the Rise of Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84453-3. 
  • Goldstein, Joseph (1995). Jewish History in Modern Times. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 1-898723-06-0. 
  • Johnson, Paul (1987). A History of the Jews. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-091533-1. 
  • Kaplan, Dana Evan (2003) [2000]. "Reform Judaism". In Neusner, Jacob; Avery-Peck, Alan J.. The Blackwell Companion to Judaism. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-57718-058-5. 
  • Katz, Shmuel (1974). Battleground: Fact and Fantasy in Palestine. Taylor Productions. ISBN 0-929093-13-5. 
  • Lewis, Bernard (1984). The Jews of Islam. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00807-8
  • Lewis, Bernard (1999). Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice. W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-31839-7
  • Littman, David (1979). "Jews Under Muslim Rule: The Case Of Persia". The Wiener Library Bulletin XXXII (New series 49/50). 
  • Neusner, Jacob (1991). Studying Classical Judaism: A Primer. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-25136-6. 
  • Poliakov, Leon (1974). The History of Anti-semitism. New York: The Vanguard Press.
  • Ruderman, David B. Early Modern Jewry: A New Cultural History (Princeton University Press; 2010) 326 pages. Examines print culture, religion, and other realms in a history emphasizing the links among early modern Jewish communities from Venice and Kraków to Amsterdam and Smyrna.
  • Sharot, Stephen (1997). "Religious Syncretism and Religious Distinctiveness: A Comparative Analysis of Pre-Modern Jewish Communities". In Endelman, Todd M.. Comparing Jewish Societies. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-06592-0. 
  • Stillman, Norman (1979). The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. ISBN 0-8276-0198-0
  • Sweeney, Marvin A. (2003) [2000]. "The Religious World of Ancient Israel to 586 BCE". In Neusner, Jacob; Avery-Peck, Alan J.. The Blackwell Companion to Judaism. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-57718-058-5. 

External links[link]

General
Secular organizations
Religious organizations
Zionist organizations

lez:Чувудар

http://wn.com/Jews

Related pages:

http://de.wn.com/Juden

http://es.wn.com/Pueblo judío

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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews

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The Shadow

"Who knows what evil lurks...?"
The Shadow as depicted on the cover of the July 15, 1939 issue of The Shadow Magazine. The story, "Death from Nowhere," was one of the magazine plots adapted for the legendary radio drama.
Publication information
Publisher Street & Smith
Condé Nast
First appearance Detective Story Hour
(July 31, 1930)[1] (radio)
"The Living Shadow"
(April 1, 1931)[1] (print)
Created by Walter B. Gibson
In-story information
Alter ego Kent Allard (print)
Lamont Cranston (radio and film)
Notable aliases Lamont Cranston (print)
Abilities

In print:
Skilled marksman and martial artist
Master of disguise
Master of stealth

In radio and film:
Able to make himself nearly invisible to the naked eye
Can alter and control a person's thoughts and perceptions

The Shadow is a collection of serialized dramas, originally in pulp magazines, then on 1930s radio and then in a wide variety of media, that follow the exploits of the title character, a crimefighting vigilante in the pulps, which carried over to the airwaves as a "wealthy, young man about town" with psychic powers.[2] One of the most famous pulp heroes of the 20th century, The Shadow has been featured in comic books, comic strips, television, video games, and at least five motion pictures. The radio drama is well-remembered for those episodes voiced by Orson Welles.

Introduced as a mysterious radio narrator by David Chrisman, William Sweets and Harry Engman Charlot for Street and Smith Publications, The Shadow was fully developed and transformed into a pop culture icon by pulp writer Walter B. Gibson.

The Shadow debuted on July 31, 1930, as the mysterious narrator of the Street and Smith radio program Detective Story Hour.[3] After gaining popularity among the show's listeners, the narrator became the star of The Shadow Magazine on April 1, 1931, a pulp series created and primarily written by the prolific Gibson.

Over the years, the character evolved. On September 26, 1937, The Shadow radio drama officially premiered with the story "The Deathhouse Rescue", in which the character had "the power to cloud men's minds so they cannot see him." This was a contrivance for the radio; in the magazine stories, The Shadow did not have the ability to become literally invisible.

The introduction from The Shadow radio program, long-intoned by actor Frank Readick Jr., has earned a place in the American idiom: "Who knows what evil lurks in the hearts of men? The Shadow knows!" These words were accompanied by an ominous laugh and a musical theme, Camille Saint-Saëns' Le Rouet d'Omphale ("Omphale's Spinning Wheel", composed in 1872). At the end of each episode, The Shadow reminded listeners, "The weed of crime bears bitter fruit. Crime does not pay.... The Shadow knows!"

Contents

Publication history[link]

Detective Story Hour[link]

In order to boost the sales of their Detective Story Magazine, Street and Smith Publications hired David Chrisman of the Ruthrauff & Ryan advertising agency and writer-director William Sweets to adapt the magazine's stories into a radio series. Chrisman and Sweets felt the upcoming series should be narrated by a mysterious storyteller with a sinister voice, and began searching for a suitable name. One of their scriptwriters, Harry Engman Charlot, suggested various possibilities, such as "The Inspector" or "The Sleuth."[4] Charlot then proposed the ideal name for the phantom announcer: "... The Shadow."[4]

Thus, beginning on July 31, 1930,[1][5] "The Shadow" was the name given to the mysterious narrator of the Detective Story Hour. The narrator was voiced by James LaCurto[5] and, later, Frank Readick. The episodes were drawn from the Detective Story Magazine issued by Street and Smith, "the nation's oldest and largest publisher of pulp magazines."[5] Although the latter company had hoped the radio broadcasts would boost the declining sales of the Detective Story Magazine, the result was quite different. Listeners found the sinister announcer much more compelling than the unrelated stories. They soon began asking newsdealers for copies of "that Shadow detective magazine," even though it did not exist.[5]

Development[link]

Recognizing the demand and responding promptly, circulation manager Henry William Ralston of Street & Smith commissioned Walter B. Gibson to begin writing stories about "The Shadow." Using the pen name of Maxwell Grant and claiming that the stories were "from The Shadow's private annals as told to" him, Gibson wrote 282 out of 325 tales over the next 20 years: a novel-length story twice a month (1st and 15th). The first story produced was "The Living Shadow", published April 1, 1931.[5]

Gibson initially fashioned the character as a man with villainous characteristics, who used them to battle crime, and in this was the very first superhero in the modern century for modern times complete with a stylized imagery, a stylized name, sidekicks, supervillains, and a secret identity. Clad in black, The Shadow operated mainly after dark, burglarizing in the name of justice, and terrifying criminals into vulnerability before he or someone else gunned them down. The character was a film noir antihero in every sense; Gibson himself claimed the literary inspirations for The Shadow were Bram Stoker's Dracula and Edward Bulwer-Lytton's The House and the Brain.[4]

Because of the great effort involved in writing two full-length novels every month, several guest writers were hired to write occasional installments in order to lighten Gibson's work load. These guest writers included Lester Dent — who penned the Doc Savage stories — and Theodore Tinsley. In the late 1940s, mystery novelist Bruce Elliott (also a magician) would temporarily replace Gibson as the primary author of the pulp series.[6] Richard Edward Wormser, a reader for Street & Smith, wrote two Shadow stories.[7]

The Shadow Magazine ceased publication with the Summer 1949 issue, but Walter B. Gibson wrote three new "official" stories between 1963 and 1980. The first of these began a new series of nine updated Shadow novels from Belmont Books, starting with Return of The Shadow under his own by-line. But the remaining eight, The Shadow Strikes, Beware Shadow, Cry Shadow, The Shadow's Revenge, Mark of The Shadow, Shadow Go Mad, Night of The Shadow, and The Shadow, Destination: Moon, were not penned by Gibson but by Dennis Lynds under the "Maxwell Grant" byline. In these last eight novels, The Shadow was given psychic powers, including the radio character's ability "to cloud men's minds" so that he effectively became invisible, and was more of a spymaster than crime fighter.

Publications[link]

See List of The Shadow stories

Character development[link]

The character and look of The Shadow gradually evolved over his lengthy fictional existence.

As depicted in the pulps, The Shadow wore a black slouch hat and a black, crimson-lined cloak with an upturned collar over a standard black business suit. In the 1940s comic books, the later comic book series, and the 1994 film starring Alec Baldwin, he wore either the black slouch hat or a wide-brimmed, black fedora and a crimson scarf just below his nose and across his mouth and chin. Both the cloak and scarf covered either a black doubled-breasted trench coat or regular black suit. As seen in some of the later comics series, the hat and scarf would also be worn with either a black Inverness coat or Inverness cape.

But in the radio drama, which debuted in 1937, The Shadow became an invisible avenger who had learned, while "traveling through East Asia," "the mysterious power to cloud men's minds, so they could not see him." This revision of the character was born out of necessity: Time constraints of 1930s radio made it difficult to explain to listeners where The Shadow was hiding and how he was remaining concealed. Thus, the character was given the power to escape human sight. Voice effects were added to suggest The Shadow's seeming omnipresence.

In order to explain this power, The Shadow was described as a master of hypnotism, as explicitly stated in several radio episodes.

Background[link]

File:Shadow1livingshadow.JPG
"The Living Shadow" from The Shadow #1 (April 7, 1931)

In print, The Shadow's real name is Kent Allard, and he was a famed aviator who fought for the French during World War I. He became known by the alias of The Black Eagle, according to The Shadow's Shadow, 1933, although later stories revised this alias as The Dark Eagle beginning with The Shadow Unmasks, 1937. After the war, Allard seeks a new challenge and decides to wage war on criminals. Allard fakes his death in the South American jungles, then returns to the United States. Arriving in New York City, he adopts numerous identities to conceal his existence.

One of these identities—indeed, the best known—is Lamont Cranston, a "wealthy young man about town." In the pulps, Cranston is a separate character; Allard frequently disguises himself as Cranston and adopts his identity ("The Shadow Laughs," 1931). While Cranston travels the world, Allard assumes his identity in New York. In their first meeting, Allard/The Shadow threatens Cranston, saying that he has arranged to switch signatures on various documents and other means that will allow him to take over the Lamont Cranston identity entirely unless Cranston agrees to allow Allard to impersonate him when he is abroad. Terrified, Cranston agrees. The two men sometimes meet in order to impersonate each other ("Crime over Miami," 1940). Apparently, the disguise works well because Allard and Cranston bear something of a resemblance to each other ("Dictator of Crime," 1941).

His other disguises include businessman Henry Arnaud, who first appeared in Green Eyes, Oct. 1932, elderly gentleman Isaac Twambley, who first appeared in No Time For Murder, and Fritz, who first appeared in The Living Shadow, Apr. 1931; in this last disguise, he pretends to be a doddering old janitor who works at Police Headquarters in order to listen in on conversations.

The Shadow appears as Henry Arnaud in "Atoms of Death," "Buried Evidence," "Death Jewels," "Death Premium," "Death Ship," "Green Eyes," "House of Silence," "Murder Trail," "Quetzal," "Realm of Doom," "The Black Master," "The Blue Sphinx," "The Case of Congressman Coyd," "The Circle of Death," "The City of Doom," "The Condor," "The Embassy Murders," "The Five Chameleons," "The Ghost Murders," "The Man From Shanghai," "The Plot Master," "The Radium Murders," "The Romanoff Jewels," "The Seven Drops of Blood," "The Shadow Unmasks," "The Shadow's Shadow," and "Wizard of Crime."

The Shadow appears as Isaac Twambley in "No Time for Murder," "Guardians of Death," "Death Has Grey Eyes," "The Stars Promise Death," "Dead Man's Chest, and "The Magigal's Mystery."

The Shadow appears as Fritz in at least 23 Shadow novels: "The Living Shadow," "Hidden Death," "The Ghost Makers," "The Crime Clinic," "Crime Circus," "The Chinese Disks," "The Dark Death," "The Third Skull," "The Black Master," "The Voodoo Master," "The Third Shadow," "The Circle of Death," "The Sledge Hammer Crimes," "The Golden Masks," "The Ghost Murders," "Hills of Death," "The Hand," "The Racket's King," "The Green Hoods," "The Crime Ray," "The Getaway Ring," "Masters of Death," and "The Crystal Skull."

For the first half of The Shadow's tenure in the pulps, his past and identity are ambiguous, supposedly an intentional decision on Gibson's part. In The Living Shadow, a thug claims to have seen The Shadow's face, and thought he saw "a piece of white that looked like a bandage." In "The Black Master" and "The Shadow's Shadow," the villains both see The Shadow's true face, and they both remark that The Shadow is a man of many faces with no face of his own. It was not until the August 1937 issue, "The Shadow Unmasks," that The Shadow's real name is revealed.

Kent Allard appears as himself in at least twenty-eight Shadow novels: "The Shadow Unmasks," "The Yellow Band," "Death Turrets," "The Sealed Box," "The Crystal Buddha," "Hills of Death," "The Murder Master," "The Golden Pagoda," "Face of Doom," "The Racket's King," "Murder for Sale," "Death Jewels," "The Green Hoods," "Crime Over Boston," "The Dead Who Lived," "Shadow Over Alcatraz," "Double Death," "Silver Skull," "The Prince of Evil," "Masters of Death," "Xitli, God of Fire," "The Green Terror," "The Wasp Returns," "The White Column," "Dictator of Crime," "Crime out of Mind," "Crime Over Casco," and "Dead Man's Chest."

In the radio drama, the Allard secret identity was dropped for simplicity's sake. On the radio, The Shadow was only Lamont Cranston; he had no other aliases or disguises.

Supporting characters[link]

The Shadow has a network of agents who assist him in his war on crime. These include:

  • Harry Vincent, an operative whose life he saved when Vincent tried to commit suicide.
  • Moses "Moe" Shrevnitz, aka "Shrevvy," a cab driver who doubles as his chauffeur.
  • Margo Lane, a socialite created for the radio drama and later introduced into the pulps.
  • Clyde Burke, a newspaper reporter.
  • Burbank, a radio operator who maintains contact between The Shadow and his agents.
  • Cliff Marsland, a wrongly convicted ex-con who infiltrates gangs using his crooked reputation.
  • Dr. Rupert Sayre, The Shadow's personal physician.
  • Jericho Druke, a giant, immensely strong black man.
  • Slade Farrow, who works with The Shadow to rehabilitate criminals.
  • Miles Crofton, who sometimes pilots The Shadow's autogyro.
  • Rutledge Mann, a stock-broker who collects information.
  • Claude Fellows, the only agent of The Shadow ever to be killed, which he was in Gangdom's Doom, 1931.
  • Hawkeye, a reformed underworld snoop who trails gangsters and other criminals.
  • Myra Reldon, a female operative who uses the alias of Ming Dwan when in Chinatown.
  • Dr. Roy Tam, The Shadow's contact man in New York's Chinatown.

Though initially wanted by the police, The Shadow also works with and through them; notably gleaning information from his many chats with Commissioners Ralph Weston and Wainright Barth (who is also Cranston's uncle), while at the Cobalt Club. Weston believes that Cranston is merely a rich playboy who dabbles in detective work. Another police contact is Detective Joe Cardona, a key character in many Shadow novels.

In contrast to the pulps, The Shadow radio drama limited the cast of major characters to The Shadow, Commissioner Weston, and Margo Lane, the last of whom was created specifically for the radio series, as it was believed the abundance of agents would make it difficult to distinguish between characters.[8] Clyde Burke and Moe Shrevnitz (identified only as "Shrevvy") made occasional appearances, but not as agents of The Shadow. Shrevvy was merely an acquaintance of Cranston and Lane, and occasionally Cranston's chauffeur.

Enemies[link]

The Shadow also faces a wide variety of enemies, ranging from kingpins and mad scientists to international spies and "super-villains," many of whom were predecessors to the rogues's galleries of comic super-heroes. Among The Shadow's recurring foes are Shiwan Khan (The Golden Master, Shiwan Khan Returns, and The Invincible Shiwan Khan)--who appears in the feature film portrayed by John Lone--The Voodoo Master (The Voodoo Master, The City of Doom, and Voodoo Trail), The Prince of Evil (The Prince of Evil, The Murder Genius, The Man Who Died Twice, and The Devil's Paymaster, all written by Theodore Tinsley), and The Wasp (The Wasp and The Wasp Returns).

The series also featured a myriad of one-shot villains, including The Red Envoy, The Death Giver, Gray Fist, The Black Dragon, Silver Skull, The Red Blot, The Black Falcon, The Cobra, Zemba, The Black Master, Five-Face, The Gray Ghost, and Dr. Z.

The Shadow also battles collectives of criminals, such as The Silent Seven, The Hand, The Salamanders, and The Hydra.

Radio program[link]

Publicity photograph of Orson Welles, dated 1937.
Promotional photograph of Orson Welles dressed as The Shadow, dated 1937 or 1938.
Orson Welles was the voice of The Shadow from September 1937 to October 1938. He was succeeded by Bill Johnstone.

In early 1930, Street & Smith Publications hired David Chrisman and Bill Sweets to adapt the Detective Story Magazine to radio format. Chrisman and Sweets felt the program should be introduced by a mysterious storyteller. A young scriptwriter, Harry Charlot, suggested the name of "The Shadow."[4] Thus, "The Shadow" premiered over CBS airwaves on July 31, 1930,[1] as the host of the Detective Story Hour,[5] narrating "tales of mystery and suspense from the pages of the premier detective fiction magazine."[5] The narrator was first voiced by James LaCurto,[5] but became a national sensation when radio veteran Frank Readick, Jr. assumed the role and gave it "a hauntingly sibilant quality that thrilled radio listeners."[5]

Early years[link]

Following a brief tenure as narrator of Street & Smith's Detective Story Hour, "The Shadow" character was used to host segments of The Blue Coal Radio Revue, playing on Sundays at 5:30 p.m. Eastern Standard Time. This marked the beginning of a long association between the radio persona and sponsor Blue Coal.

While functioning as a narrator of The Blue Coal Radio Revue, the character was recycled by Street & Smith in October 1931, to oddly serve as the storyteller of Love Story Hour.

In October 1932, the radio persona temporarily moved to NBC. Frank Readick again played the role of the sinister-voiced host on Mondays and Wednesdays, both at 6:30 p.m., with LaCurto taking occasional turns as the title character.

Readick returned as The Shadow to host a final CBS mystery anthology that fall. The series disappeared from CBS airwaves on March 27, 1935, due to Street & Smith's insistence that the radio storyteller be completely replaced by the master crime-fighter described in Walter B. Gibson's ongoing pulps.

Radio drama[link]

Street & Smith entered into a new broadcasting agreement with Blue Coal in 1937, and that summer Gibson teamed with scriptwriter Edward Hale Bierstadt to develop the new series. As such, The Shadow returned to network airwaves on September 26, 1937, over the new Mutual Broadcasting System. Thus began the "official" radio drama that many Shadow fans know and love, with 22-year-old Orson Welles starring as Lamont Cranston, a "wealthy young man about town." Once The Shadow joined Mutual as a half-hour series on Sunday evenings, the program did not leave the air until December 26, 1954.

Welles did not speak the signature line of "Who knows what evil lurks in the hearts of men?". Instead, Readick did, using a water glass next to his mouth for the echo effect. The famous catch phrase was accompanied by the strains of an excerpt from Opus 31 of the Camille Saint-Saëns classical composition, Le Rouet d'Omphale.

After Welles departed the show in 1938, Bill Johnstone was chosen to replace him and voiced the character for five seasons. Following Johnstone's departure, The Shadow was portrayed by such actors as Bret Morrison (the longest tenure, with 10 years in two separate runs), John Archer, and Steve Courtleigh.

The Shadow also inspired another radio hit, The Whistler, whose protagonist likewise knows "many things, for I walk by night. I know many strange tales, many secrets hidden in the hearts of men and women who have stepped into the shadows. Yes, I know the nameless terrors of which they dare not speak".

Margo Lane[link]

The radio drama also introduced female characters into The Shadow's realm, most notably Margo Lane (played by Agnes Moorehead, among others) as Cranston's love interest, crime-solving partner and the only person who knows his identity as The Shadow.[9] Four years later, the character was introduced into the pulp novels. Her sudden, unexplained appearance in the pulps annoyed readers and generated a flurry of hate mail printed in The Shadow Magazine's letters page.[9]

Lane was described as Cranston's "friend and companion" in later episodes, although the exact nature of their relationship was unclear. In the early scripts of the radio drama the character's name was spelled "Margot." The name itself was originally inspired by Margot Stevenson,[9] the Broadway ingénue who would later be chosen to voice Lane opposite Welles' Shadow during "the 1938 Goodrich summer season of the radio drama."[10] In the 1994 film in which Penelope Ann Miller portrayed the character, she is characterized as a telepath.

Comic strips, comic books, and graphic novels[link]

File:Shadowverngreene1.jpg
Walter Gibson's and Vernon Greene's The Shadow (August 12, 1940).

The Shadow has been adapted for the comics quite a few times; his first appearance was on June 17, 1940 as a syndicated daily newspaper comic strip offered by the Ledger Syndicate. The strip's story continuity was written by Walter B. Gibson, with plot lines adapted from the Shadow pulps, and the strip was illustrated by Vernon Greene. Due to pulp paper shortages and the growing amount of space required for war news from the European and Pacific fronts, the strip was canceled June 13, 1942. The Shadow daily was collected decades later in two comic book series from two different publishers (see below), first in 1988 and again in 1999.

To both cross-promote The Shadow and attract a younger audience to their other pulp magazines, Street & Smith published 101 issues of the comic book Shadow Comics from Vol. 1, #1 - Vol. 9, #5 (March 1940 - Sept. 1949).[11] A Shadow story led off each issue, with the remainder of the stories being strips based on other Street & Smith pulp heroes.

In Mad #4 (April–May 1953), The Shadow was spoofed by Harvey Kurtzman and Will Elder. Their character was called the Shadow' (with an apostrophe), which is short for Lamont Shadowskeedeeboomboom. In this satire, Margo Pain gets Shad, as she calls him, into various predicaments, including fights with gangsters and a piano falling on him from above. At the conclusion of the tale, after Margo is tricked into going inside an outhouse surrounded by wired-up dynamite, Shad is seen gleefully pushing down a detonator's plunger.

During the superhero revivial of the 1960s, Archie Comics published an eight-issue series, The Shadow (Aug. 1964 - Sept. 1965), under the company's Mighty Comics imprint. In the first issue, The Shadow depicted was loosely based on the radio version, but with blond hair. In issue #2 (Sept. 1964), the character was transformed into a campy, heavily muscled, green and blue costume-wearing superhero by writer Robert Bernstein (Jerry Siegel) and artist John Rosenberger.[12]

During the mid-1970s, DC Comics published an "atmospheric interpretation" of the character by writer Dennis O'Neil and artist Michael Kaluta[13] in a 12-issue series (Nov. 1973 - Sept. 1975). Kaluta drew issues 1-4 and 6 and was followed by Frank Robbins and then E. R. Cruz. Faithful to both the pulp-magazine and radio-drama character, the series guest-starred fellow pulp fiction hero The Avenger in issue #11.[14] The Shadow also appeared in DC's Batman #253 (Nov. 1973), in which Batman teams with an aging Shadow and calls the famous crime fighter his "greatest inspiration". In Batman #259 (Dec. 1974), Batman again meets The Shadow, and we learn The Shadow saved Bruce Wayne's life when the future Batman was a boy.

File:TheShadowComic01.jpg
DC Comics' The Shadow #1 (Nov. 1973). Cover art by Michael Kaluta.

The Shadow is also referenced in DC's Detective Comics #446 (1975), page 4, panel 2: Batman, out of costume and in disguise as an older night janitor, makes a crime fighting acknowledgement, in a (thought balloon) to the Shadow.

In 1986, another DC incarnation was created by Howard Chaykin. This four issue mini-series, also collected as a one-shot graphic novel (Shadow: Blood and Judgement), brought The Shadow into modern-day New York. While initially successful,[15] this version proved unpopular with traditional Shadow fans[16] because it depicted The Shadow using Uzi submachine guns and rocket launchers, as well as featuring a strong strain of black comedy and extreme violence throughout.[17]

The Shadow, set in our modern era, was continued the following year, in 1987, as a monthly DC comics series by writer Andy Helfer (editor of the mini-series), and was drawn primarily by artists Bill Sienkiewicz (issues 1-6) and Kyle Baker (issues 8-19 and two Shadow Annuals).

In 1988, O'Neil and Kaluta, with inker Russ Heath, returned to The Shadow with the Marvel Comics graphic novel The Shadow 1941: Hitler's Astrologer, set during World War II. This one-shot appeared in both hardcover and trade paperback editions.

The Vernon Greene/Walter Gibson Shadow newspaper comic strip from the early 1940s was finally collected by Malibu Graphics (Malibu Comics) under their Eternity Comics imprint, beginning with the first issue of Crime Classics dated July, 1988. Each cover was illustrated by Greene and colored by one of Eternity's colorists. A total of 13 issues appeared featuring just the black-and-white daily until the final issue, dated November, 1989. Some of the Shadow story lines were contained in one issue, while others were continued over into the next. When a Shadow story ended, another tale would begin in the same issue. This back-to-back format continued until the final 13th issue, when the strip story lines ended.

Dave Stevens' nostalgic comics series The Rocketeer contains a great number of pop culture references to the 1930s. Various characters from the Shadow pulps make appearances in the story line published in the Rocketeer Adventure Magazine, including The Shadow's famous alter ego Lamont Cranston. Two issues were published by Comico Comics in 1988 and 1989, but the third and final installment did not appear until years later, finally appearing in 1995 from Dark Horse Comics. All three issues were then collected by Dark Horse into a slick trade paperback titled The Rocketeer: Cliff's New York Adventure (ISBN 1-56971-092-9).

From 1989 to 1992, DC published a new Shadow series, The Shadow Strikes, written by Gerard Jones and Eduardo Barreto. This series was set in the 1930s and returned The Shadow to his pulp origins. During its run, it featured The Shadow's first team-up with Doc Savage, another very popular hero of the pulp magazine era. Both characters appeared together in a four-issue story line that crossed back and forth between each character's DC comic series. "The Shadow Strikes" often led The Shadow into encounters with well-known celebrities of the 1930s, such as Albert Einstein, Amelia Earhart, Charles Lindbergh, union organizer John L. Lewis, and Chicago gangsters Frank Nitti and Jake Guzik. In issue #7, The Shadow meets a radio announcer named Grover Mills — a character based on the young Orson Welles — who has been impersonating The Shadow on the radio. The character's name is taken from Grover's Mill, New Jersey, the name of the small town where the Martians land in Welles' famous 1938 radio broadcast of The War of the Worlds. When Shadow rights holder Conde Nast increased its licensing fee, DC concluded the series after 31 issues and one Annual; it became the longest running Shadow comic series since Street and Smith's original 1940s series.

During the early-to-mid-1990s, Dark Horse Comics acquired the comics rights to the Shadow from Conde Nast. It published the Shadow miniseries In The Coils of Leviathan (four issues) in 1993, and Hell's Heat Wave (three issues) in 1995. In the Coils of the Leviathan was later collected and issued by Dark Horse in 1994 as a trade paperback graphic novel. Both series were written by Joel Goss and Michael Kaluta, and drawn by Gary Gianni. A one-shot Shadow issue The Shadow and the Mysterious Three was also published by Dark Horse in 1994, again written by Joel Goss and Michael Kaluta, with Stan Manoukian and Vince Roucher taking over the illustration duties but working over Kaluta's layouts. A comics adaptation of the 1994 film The Shadow was published in two issues by Dark Horse as part of the movie's merchandising campaign. The script was by Goss and Kaluta and once again drawn from cover to cover by Kaluta. It was collected and published in England by Boxtree as a graphic novel tie-in for the film's British release. Emulating DC's earlier team-up, Dark Horse also published a two-issue mini-series in 1995 called The Shadow and Doc Savage. It was written by Steve Vance, and illustrated once again by Manoukian and Roucher. Of special note, both issues' covers were drawn by Rocketeer creator Dave Stevens. The final Dark Horse Shadow team-up was published in 1995. It was a single issue of Ghost and the Shadow, written by Doug Moench, pencilled by H. M. Baker, and inked by Bernard Kolle.

The Shadow made an uncredited cameo appearance in issue #2 of DC's 1996 four issue mini-series Kingdom Come. Those four issues were then collected into a single graphic novel in 1997. The Shadow appears in the nightclub scene standing in the background next to The Question and Rorschach.

The early 1940s Shadow newspaper daily strip was again put back into print, this time by Avalon Communications under their ACG Classix imprint. The Shadow daily began appearing in the first issue of Pulp Action comics. It carries no monthly date or issue number on the cover, only a 1999 copyright and a "Pulp Action #1" notation at the bottom of the inside cover. Each issue's cover is a colorized, partial comics panel blow-up, taken from one of the reprinted strips. The eighth issue uses for its cover a partial Shadow serial black-and-white movie still, with several hand-drawn alterations added. The first issue of Pulp Action is devoted entirely to reprinting the Shadow daily, but subsequent issues began offering back-up, non-Shadow stories of various page lengths in every issue. These Shadow strip reprints stopped with Pulp Action's eighth issue, never completing the daily's story lines; that last issue carries a 2000 copyright date.

Writer Garth Ennis signing copies of Dynamite Entertainment's The Shadow (volume 5) #1 at an April 19, 2012 signing at Midtown Comics Downtown in Manhattan.

In August 2011 Newsarama reported that Dynamite Entertainment had licensed the Shadow from Conde Nast and would be developing a new comic book series around the character.[18] The series, which is written by Garth Ennis and illustrated by Aaron Campbell, debuted on April 19, 2012 in comics shops and was also available for sale through various website sales outlets like eBay and Amazon.com; the Ennis story arc, set during the Shadow's original 1930s time period, will be featured in the first six issues. The first Dynamite issue was published with four different color covers and 8 special variants; including Retailer Incentive versions, regional comic shop specials, and even two offering limited, hand-drawn original cover sketches. This first issue was drawn by artists Alex Ross, Jae Lee, Howard Chaykin, and John Cassaday.[19]

Films[link]

The character has been adapted for several motion pictures.

[edit] The Shadow Strikes (1937)

The film The Shadow Strikes was released in 1937, starring Rod La Rocque in the title role. Lamont Cranston assumes the secret identity of "The Shadow" in order to thwart an attempted robbery at an attorney's office. Both The Shadow Strikes (1937) and its sequel, International Crime (1938), were released by Grand National Pictures.

[edit] International Crime (1938)

La Rocque returned the following year in International Crime. In this version, reporter Lamont Cranston is an amateur criminologist and detective who uses the name of "The Shadow" as a radio gimmick. Thomas Jackson portrayed Police Commissioner Weston, and Astrid Allwyn was cast as Phoebe Lane, Cranston's assistant.

[edit] The Shadow (1940)

A 15-chapter serial produced by Columbia Studios starring Victor Jory premiered in 1940. The Black Tiger is a criminal mastermind who has been sabotaging rail lines and factories across the United States, and Lamont Cranston must become his shadowy alter ego to uncover the fiend and halt his schemes.

[edit] The Shadow Returns (1946)

Low-budget motion picture studio Monogram produced a trio of films in 1946 starring Kane Richmond: The Shadow Returns, Behind the Mask and The Missing Lady. Richmond's Shadow wore a black face-mask similar to the type worn by the serial hero The Masked Marvel instead of his signature red scarf.

[edit] The Shadow (1994)

In 1994 the character was adapted once again into a feature film, The Shadow, starring Alec Baldwin as Lamont Cranston, alongside Penelope Ann Miller as Margo Lane. As the film opens, Cranston has become the evil and corrupt Ying-Ko (literally "Eagle's Beak"), a brutal warlord and opium smuggler in early 1930s Mongolia. Ying Ko is kidnapped by agents of the mysterious tulku, who then begins to reform the warlord using the psychic power of his evolved mind to restore Cranston's humanity. The tulku also teaches him the ability to "cloud men's minds" using psychic power in order to fight evil in the world. Cranston eventually returns to his native New York City and takes up the guise of the mysterious Shadow, in payment to humanity for his past evil misdeeds: "Who knows what evil lurks in the hearts of men? The Shadow knows..."

His nemesis in the film is adapted from the pulp series' long-running Asian villain (and for the film, a fellow telepath), the evil Shiwan Khan (John Lone), the last descendant of Genghis Khan. He seeks to finish his ancestors' legacy of conquering the world by first destroying New York City, using a newly developed atomic bomb, in a show of his power. Khan nearly succeeds but is thwarted by the Shadow in a final psychic duel of death: Cranston imposes his Will and defeats Khan during a telekinetically enhanced battle in a mirrored room, which suddenly explodes into thousands of flying mirror fragments. Focusing his mind's telekinatic power, Cranston flips a flying piece of jagged mirror shard midair, and hurls it directly at Khan's forehead; this doesn't kill him, it only renders Khan unconscious. To both save the warlord and the world, the Shadow has arranged with one of his operatives, an administrative doctor at an unidentified New York asylum for the criminally insane, to have Khan locked away in a padded cell. Khan's mirror shard-damaged frontal lobe, which controlled his powers, has been surgically removed; he is now under the Shadow's control forever.

The film combined elements from the Shadow pulp novels and comic books with the aforementioned ability to cloud minds, described only on the radio show. The Shadow wears a large, red-lined black cloak, a long, red mouth and chin scarf, a black trench coat, and a wide-brimmed fedora; he is armed with dual .45 semi-automatic pistols, as in the pulps and the comics. The film also displays Cranston's ability to conjure a false face whenever he is in his Shadow guise, in keeping with his physical portrayal in the novels and the comics.

Upcoming film[link]

On December 11, 2006, the website SuperHero Hype reported that director Sam Raimi and Michael Uslan will co-produce a new Shadow film for Columbia Pictures.[20] After failing to gain the rights in the late 1980s, Raimi instead created an original character for the 1990 feature film, Darkman.

On October 16, 2007, Raimi stated that: "I don't have any news on 'The Shadow' at this time, except that the company that I have with Josh Donen, my producing partner, we've got the rights to 'The Shadow.' I love the character very much and we're trying to work on a story that'll do justice to the character."[21]

On January 29, 2010, it was reported[by whom?] that Sam Raimi was searching for a new project after it was announced that the Spider-Man movie franchise would be rebooted without him. The Shadow was said to be at the top of his list. Recently, it was incorrectly rumoured that David Slade will direct the upcoming film, with a release date of 2012.

On Thursday, August 5, 2010, it was reported that Quentin Tarantino - who was attached as a co-writer for the script - had been attached to direct as well.[22] However this would later be denied by an official representative of Tarantino who informed MTV News that "There is no truth to this story"[23]

TV series[link]

Two attempts were made to make a television series based on the character. The first in 1954 was called The Shadow, starring Tom Helmore as Lamont Cranston.

The second attempt in 1958 was called The Invisible Avenger, which compiled the first two unaired episodes and was released theatrically instead. This film was later re-released in 1962 as Bourbon Street Shadows, with additional footage meant to appeal to "adult" audiences.[citation needed] Starring Richard Derr as The Shadow, The Invisible Avenger centers upon Lamont Cranston investigating the murder of a New Orleans bandleader. The film is notable as the second directorial effort of James Wong Howe (one of the two episodes only).

Influence on superheroes[link]

Characters such as Batman[24] and the Green Hornet resemble Lamont Cranston's alter ego. Both characters operate mostly by night, and the Green Hornet in particular operates outside the law, insinuating himself into criminal plots in order to put an end to the activities of master criminals. But whereas the Shadow carries a real gun, the Green Hornet carries only a lightweight pistol that fires non-lethal gas.

When Bob Kane and Bill Finger first conceived of the "Bat-Man", Finger suggested they pattern the character after pulp mystery men such as the Shadow.[25] Finger then used "Partners of Peril"[26]—a Shadow pulp written by Theodore Tinsley—as the basis for Batman's debut story, "The Case of the Chemical Syndicate."[27] Finger later publicly acknowledged that "my first Batman script was a take-off on a Shadow story"[28] and that "Batman was originally written in the style of the pulps."[29] This influence was further evident with Batman showing little remorse over killing or maiming criminals and was not above using firearms.[29]

Alan Moore has credited The Shadow as one of the key influences for the creation of V, the title character in his DC Comics miniseries V for Vendetta,[30][31] that later became a big-budget film release in 2005 from Warner Bros.

See also[link]

Notes[link]

  1. ^ a b c d "History of The Shadow". http://www.fortunecity.com/meltingpot/kes/350/history.html. Retrieved 2008-01-11. 
  2. ^ Stedman, Raymond William (1977). Serials: Suspense and Drama By Installment. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-8061-1695-2. "The definite article in The Shadow's name was always capitalized in the pulp adventures" 
  3. ^ "The Shadow: A Short Radio History". http://www.old-time.com/sights/shadow.html. Retrieved 2008-03-23. 
  4. ^ a b c d Anthony Tollin. "Foreshadowings," The Shadow #5: The Salamanders and The Black Falcon; February 2007, Nostalgia Ventures.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Tollin, Anthony (2006-06). "Spotlight on The Shadow". The Shadow #1: the Golden Vulture and Crime Insured (Nostalgia Ventures): 4–5. 
  6. ^ "The Shadow in Review". http://www.spaceports.com/~deshadow/reviews/shadow321.html. Retrieved 2008-02-02. 
  7. ^ p.28 Wormser, Richard & Skutch, Ira How to Become a Complete Non-Entity: A Memoir 2006 iUniverse
  8. ^ Tollin, Anthony (2007-02). "The Shadow on the Radio". The Shadow (Nostalgia Ventures) (#5: The Salamanders and The Black Falcon). 
  9. ^ a b c Will Murray. "Introducing Margo Lane", p. 127, The Shadow #4: Murder Master and The Hydra; January 2007, Nostalgia Ventures.
  10. ^ Anthony Tollin. "Voices from the Shadows," p. 120, The Shadow #5: The Salamanders and The Black Falcon; February 2007, Nostalgia Ventures.
  11. ^ Grand Comics Database: Shadow Comics
  12. ^ Grand Comics Database: The Shadow (1964 series)
  13. ^ McAvennie, Michael; Dolan, Hannah, ed. (2010). "1970s". DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. Dorling Kindersley. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9. "Writer Denny O'Neil and artist Mike Kaluta presented their interpretation of writer Walter B. Gibson's pulp-fiction mystery man of the 1930s" 
  14. ^ Grand Comics Database: The Shadow (1973 series)
  15. ^ "the series sold well -- earning an early graphic novel treatment and leading to an ongoing series by Andy Helfer, Bill Sienkiewicz and Kyle Baker". Kiel Phegley, Howard Chaykin: The Art of The Shadow. In Comic Book Resources, Feb. 28, 2012, page found 2012-03-30.
  16. ^ "... Simply for bucks because he has confessed in interviews that he never cared a gram about the character, auteur Howard Chaykin has taken The Shadow and turned him, in a four-issue mini-series, into a sexist, calloused, clearly psychopathic obscenity. Rather than simply ignoring characters from the Shadow's past, Chaykin has murdered them in full view... And when Mr. Chaykin was asked why he had this penchant for drawing pictures of thugs jamming .45's into the mouths of terrified women, Mr. Chaykin responded that the only readers who might object to this bastardization of a much-beloved fictional character were 'forty-year-old boys'. These comics bear the legend FOR MATURE READERS. For MATURE read DERANGED." Harlan Ellison, essay titled "In Which Youth Goeth Before A Fall", in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, August 1986.
  17. ^ Chaykin, in an interview after the book came out, had this to say: "I thought the book was well received by the people I cared about. Comic book fandom is evenly divided between people who like comics in a general way and are fans of comics in general, and then there's an entire spade of juvenilists who attach themselves to the old joke about the Golden Age of comics. 'What's the Golden Age of comics? 12!' There's this tremendous idea that their tastes were formed and refined at 12, and frankly, I'm not interested in supporting that sensibility. By the same token, if I'm going to be doing a mature readers product, I don't feel the need to stand by the standards of a 12-year-old sensibility. I certainly feel the pain of the people who were offended by the material, but fuck 'em. Life is hard all over. I was hired to do a job, and I feel I did a pretty damn good job with the material I had to work with. I'm happy with the work. I know that I antagonize and piss people off, but it's fine. Who cares?" Kiel Phegley, Howard Chaykin: The Art of The Shadow. In Comic Book Resources, Feb. 28, 2012, page found 2012-03-30.
  18. ^ Siegel, Lucas (August 17, 2011). "Dynamite Returns THE SHADOW to Comics After 16-Year Hiatus" Newsarama.
  19. ^ Webb, Charles (January 19, 2012). "Interview: Garth Ennis and Aaron Campbell On Bringing 'The Shadow' To Dynamite". MTV Geek.
  20. ^ Columbia & Raimi Team Up on The Shadow
  21. ^ Rotten, Ryan (2007-10-16). "Sam Raimi on Spider-Man 4 and The Shadow". Superherohype.com. Coming Soon Media, ltd.. http://www.superherohype.com/news/topnews.php?id=6410. Retrieved 2008-07-28. 
  22. ^ http://aintitcool.com/node/46041
  23. ^ http://splashpage.mtv.com/2010/08/04/is-quentin-tarantino-directing-the-shadow/
  24. ^ Boichel, Bill (1991). "Batman: Commodity as Myth." The Many Lives of the Batman: Critical Approaches to a Superhero and His Media. London: Routledge. pp. 6–7. ISBN 0-85170-276-7. 
  25. ^ Secret Origins of Batman (Part 1 of 3) - Retrieved on January 13, 2008.
  26. ^ The Shadow Vol. 9 - "Foreshadowing The Batman" - Retrieved on January 13, 2008.
  27. ^ Secret Origins of Batman (Part 2 of 3) - Retrieved on January 13, 2008.
  28. ^ Steranko, James (1972). The Steranko History of Comics. Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 0-7851-2116-1. 
  29. ^ a b Daniels, Les (1999). Batman: The Complete History. Chronicle Books. p. 25. ISBN 0-8118-4232-0. 
  30. ^ Moore, Alan (1990). V for Vendetta: Behind the Painted Smile. DC Comics. 
  31. ^ Boudreaux, Madelyn (2006-10-17). "Annotation of References in Alan Moore's V For Vendetta". http://madelyn.utahunderground.net/vendetta/vendetta1.html. Retrieved 2008-07-28. 

References[link]

  • Cox, J. Randolph. Man of Magic & Mystery, A Guide to the Work of Walter B. Gibson, Scarecrow Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8108-2192-3. (Comprehensive history and career bibliography of Gibson's works.)
  • Eisgruber, Jr., Frank. Gangland's Doom, The Shadow of the Pulps, Starmont House, 1985. ISBN 0-930261-74-7.
  • Gibson, Walter B., Tollin, Anthony. The Shadow Scrapbook, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979. ISBN 0-15-681475-7. (Comprehensive history of The Shadow in all media forms up through the late 1970s.)
  • Goulart, Ron. Cheap Thrills: An Informal History of the Pulp Magazine, Arlington House, 1972. ISBN 08700017228.
  • Murray, Will. Duende History of the Shadow Magazine, Odyssey Publications, 1980. ISBN 0-933752-21-0.
  • Overstreet, Robert. The Official Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide, 35th Edition., House of Collectibles, 2005. ISBN 0-375-72107-X. (Lists all Shadow comics published to date.)
  • Sampson, Robert. The Night Master, Pulp Press, 1982. ISBN 0-934498-08-3.
  • Shimfield, Thomas J. Walter B. Gibson and The Shadow. McFarland & Company, 2003. ISBN 0-7864-1466-9. (Comprehensive Walter Gibson biography with an emphasis on The Shadow.)
  • Steranko, James. Steranko's History of the Comics, Vol. 1, Supergraphics, 1970. No ISBN.
  • Steranko, James, (1972), Steranko's History of the Comics, Vol. 2, Supergraphics, 1972. No ISBN.
  • Steranko, James. Unseen Shadows, Supergraphics, 1978. No ISBN. (Collection of Steranko's detailed black-and-white cover roughs, including alternate/unused versions, done for the Shadow novel reprints from Pyramid Books and Jove/HBJ.)
  • Van Hise, James. The Serial Adventures of the Shadow, Pioneer Books, 1989. No ISBN.

External links[link]

http://wn.com/The_Shadow

Related pages:

http://ru.wn.com/The Shadow

http://fr.wn.com/The Shadow

http://pt.wn.com/O Sombra

http://de.wn.com/The Shadow

http://it.wn.com/The Shadow

http://es.wn.com/La Sombra




This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadow

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Peter Pan
Peter Pan character
Peter pan 1911 pipes.jpg
Illustration of Peter Pan playing the pipes, by F. D. Bedford from Peter and Wendy (1911)
First appearance The Little White Bird (1902)
Created by J. M. Barrie
Information
Aliases The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up
Gender Male
Nationality English

Peter Pan is a character created by Scottish novelist and playwright J. M. Barrie. A mischievous boy who can fly and who never ages, Peter Pan spends his never-ending childhood adventuring on the small island of Neverland as the leader of his gang the Lost Boys, interacting with mermaids, Indians, fairies, pirates, and occasionally ordinary children from the world outside of Neverland. In addition to two distinct works by Barrie, the character has been featured in a variety of media and merchandise, both adapting and expanding on Barrie's works.

Contents

History[link]

Cover of 1915 edition of J. M. Barrie's novel, first published in 1911, illustrated by F. D. Bedford.

Peter Pan first appeared in a section of The Little White Bird, a 1902 novel written by Barrie for adults.

The character's best-known adventure debuted on 27 December 1904, in the stage play Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up. The play was adapted and expanded somewhat as a novel, published in 1911 as Peter and Wendy (later as Peter Pan and Wendy, and still later as Peter Pan).

Following the highly successful debut of the 1904 play, Barrie's publishers, Hodder and Stoughton, extracted chapters 13–18 of The Little White Bird and republished them in 1906 under the title Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens, with the addition of illustrations by Arthur Rackham.[1]

Appearance[link]

Barrie never described Peter's appearance in detail, even in the novel Peter and Wendy, leaving much of it to the imagination of the reader and the interpretation of anyone adapting the character. Barrie mentions in Peter and Wendy that Peter Pan still had all of his baby teeth. He describes him as a beautiful boy with a beautiful smile, "clad in skeleton leaves and the juices that flow from trees". In the play, Peter's outfit is made of autumn leaves and cobwebs. His name and playing the flute suggest the mythological character Pan.

Traditionally, the character has been played on stage by an adult woman.

In Peter Pan in Scarlet, Geraldine McCaughrean adds to the description of his appearance, mentioning his blue eyes, and saying that his hair is light (or at least any colour lighter than black). In this novel, Never Land has moved on to autumn, so Peter wears a tunic of jay feathers and maple leaves. In the Starcatcher stories written by Dave Barry and Ridley Pearson, Peter has carrot-orange hair and bright blue eyes.

In the Disney films, Peter wears an outfit that was easier to animate, consisting of a short-sleeved green tunic and tights apparently made of cloth, and a cap with a red feather in it. He has pointed elf-like ears, and his hair is a very red auburn. In the live-action 2003 film, he is portrayed by Jeremy Sumpter, who has blond hair and blue eyes, and his outfit is made of leaves and vines. In Hook, he is played as an adult by Robin Williams with dark brown hair, but in flashbacks to his youth his hair is more orangish. In this film his ears appear pointed only when he is Peter Pan, not Peter Banning; his Pan clothing resembles the Disney outfit.

Age[link]

Statue of Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens, London.
Statue of Peter Pan in Kirriemuir.

The notion of a boy who would never grow up was based on J. M. Barrie's older brother who died in an ice-skating accident the day before he turned 14, and thus always stayed a young boy in his mother's mind.[2] The "boy who wouldn't grow up" has appeared at a variety of ages. In his original appearance in The Little White Bird he was only seven days old. Although his age is not stated in Barrie's later play and novel, his characterization is clearly years older. The book states that he has all of his baby teeth, and Barrie's intended model for the statue of Peter that was erected in Kensington Gardens was a set of photos of Michael Llewelyn Davies taken at the age of six. Early illustrations of the character generally appeared to be that age or perhaps a few years older. In the 1953 Disney adaptation and its 2002 sequel, Peter appears to be in late childhood, between 10 and 13 years old. (The actor who provided the voice in 1953 was 15-year-old Bobby Driscoll.) In the 2003 film, Jeremy Sumpter was 13 at the time filming started; by the end of filming he was 14 and had grown several inches taller. In the movie Hook, Peter is said to have left Neverland many years earlier, forsaking his eternal youth and ageing normally. When remembering his buried past, Peter is shown as a baby, and little boy, and also a near-teenager, suggesting that the ageing process does not entirely stop in Neverland until puberty or just before, or that Peter aged a little bit every time he left Neverland to come to the real world. When Peter says, "I remember you being a lot bigger," in the final duel, Hook answers, "to a 10-year-old I'm huge." He is portrayed by Robin Williams, who turned 40 during production of the film.

Personality[link]

Peter is mainly an exaggerated stereotype of a boastful and careless boy. He is quick to point out how great he is, even when such claims are questionable (such as when he congratulates himself for Wendy's successful reattachment of his shadow).

Peter has a nonchalant, devil-may-care attitude, and is fearlessly cocky when it comes to putting himself in danger. Barrie writes that when Peter thought he was going to die on Marooner's Rock, he felt scared, yet he felt only one shudder run through him when any other person would have felt scared up until death. With his blissful unawareness of the tragedy of death, he says, "To die will be an awfully big adventure". He repeats this line as an adult in the film Hook during the battle with Hook near the film's climax. He then inverts the phrase at the film's very end claiming "To live will be an awfully big adventure."

In some variations of the story and some spin-offs, Peter can also be quite nasty and selfish. In the Disney adaptation of the tale, Peter appears very judgemental and pompous (for example, he calls the Lost Boys "blockheads" and when the Darling children say that they should leave for home at once, he gets the wrong message and angrily assumes that they want to grow up). Nonetheless, he has a strong sense of justice and is always quick to help those in danger.

In the 2003 live-action film, Peter Pan is sensitive about the subject of "growing up". When confronted by Hook about Wendy's growing up, marrying and eventually "shutting the window" on Peter, he becomes very depressed and finally gives up on Wendy.

Abilities[link]

Peter Pan statue in Mary Martin's hometown of Weatherford in Parker County, Texas

Peter's archetypal ability is his unending youth. In "Peter and Wendy" it is explained that Peter must forget his own adventures and what he learns about the world in order to stay child-like. The fact that the other Lost Boys are growing up and able to be killed in Peter and Wendy contradicts this idea. The unauthorized prequels by Barry and Pearson attribute Peter's everlasting youth to his exposure to starstuff, a magical substance which has fallen to earth.

Peter's ability to fly is explained somewhat, but inconsistently. In The Little White Bird he is able to fly because he – like all babies – is part bird. In the play and novel, he teaches the Darling children to fly using a combination of "lovely wonderful thoughts" (which became "happy thoughts" in Disney's film) and fairy dust; it is unclear whether he is serious about "happy thoughts" being required (it was stated in the novel that this was merely a silly diversion from the fairy dust being the true source), or whether he requires the fairy dust himself. In Hook, the adult Peter is unable to fly until he remembers his "happy thought". The ability to fly is also attributed to starstuff – apparently the same thing as fairy dust – in the Starcatcher prequels.

Peter has an effect on the whole of Never Land and its inhabitants when he is there. Barrie states that although Never Land appears different to every child, the island "wakes up" when he returns from his trip to London. In the chapter "The Mermaid Lagoon" in the book Peter and Wendy, Barrie writes that there is almost nothing that Peter cannot do. He is a skilled swordsman, rivalling even Captain Hook, whose hand he cut off in a duel. He has remarkably keen vision and hearing. He is skilled in mimicry, copying the voice of Hook, and the tick-tock of the Crocodile. In the 2003 film, the mermaids speak by making dolphin-like noises, which Peter can both understand and speak.

In both Peter Pan and Wendy and Peter Pan in Scarlet, there are various mentions of Peter's ability to imagine things into existence, such as food, though this ability plays a more central role in Peter Pan in Scarlet. He also creates imaginary windows and doors as a kind of physical metaphor for ignoring or shunning his companions. He is said to be able to feel danger when it is near. In Peter Pan in Scarlet, it says that when Curly's puppy licks Peter, it licks off a lot of fairy dust, which may be interpreted to mean that he has become fairy-like to the point of producing his own dust, but could also simply mean that he spends so much time with fairies that he is coated in their dust.

In Peter and Wendy, Barrie states that the Peter Pan legend Mrs Darling heard as a child was that when children died, he accompanied them part of the way to their destination so that they would not be scared; he thus resembles the Greek god Hermes in his role as a psychopomp.

In the original play, Peter states that no one must ever touch him (though he does not know why), and the stage instructions specify that no one does so throughout the play. Wendy approaches Peter to give him a "thimble" (kiss), but is prevented by Tinker Bell.

Relationships[link]

Peter does not know his parents. In Kensington Gardens Barrie wrote that he left them as an infant, and seeing the window closed and a new baby in the house when he returned, he assumed they no longer wanted him. In Starcatchers he is said to be an orphan, though his friends Molly and George discover who his parents are in Rundoon. In Hook, Peter remembers his parents, specifically his mother, who wanted him to grow up and go to the best schools in London to become a judge like his father and have a family of his own. After Peter "ran away" to Neverland, he returned to find his parents forgot about him and had another child (the gender of Peter's sibling is revealed to be another boy in Peter and Wendy).

Peter is the leader of the Lost Boys, a band of boys who were lost by their parents, and came to live in Neverland; it is reported that he "thins them out" when they start to grow up. He is best friends with Tinker Bell, a common fairy who is often jealously protective of him. His arch-enemy is Captain Hook, whose hand he cut off in a duel. Hook's crew, including Smee and Starkey, also consider him a foe. The Starcatchers books introduce additional foes: Slank, Lord Ombra, and Captain Nerezza.

From time to time Peter visits the real world, particularly around Kensington Gardens, and befriends children there. Wendy Darling, whom he recruited to be his "mother", is the most significant of them; he also brings her brothers John and Michael to Neverland at her request. It is hinted that Wendy has romantic feelings for Peter. In the 2003 film Peter Pan, the feeling is mutual, as the only unhappy thoughts that Captain Hook is able to use to take away Peter's ability to fly are thoughts of Wendy leaving him, growing up, and replacing him with a husband; Wendy is also able to save Peter by giving him her hidden kiss (signifying that Peter is her true love), which once again gives him the will to live. He later befriends Wendy's daughter Jane (and her subsequent daughter Margaret), and Peter and Wendy says that he will continue this pattern indefinitely. In Starcatchers he previously befriends Molly Aster and young George Darling.

Peter appears to be known to all the residents of Neverland, including the Indian princess Tiger Lily and her tribe, the mermaids, and the fairies.

In Hook, Peter states that the reason he wanted to grow up was to be a father. He married Wendy's granddaughter, Moira, and they have two children, Maggie and Jack.

In the 1953 Disney film version it is hinted at the end that Wendy's father George also met Peter Pan once and went to Neverland, when Mr. Darling, seeing the Pirate Ship flying through the air, remarks that he has a strange feeling he has seen the ship before, when he was very young.

In the adaptation of Peter Pan by French comic artist Loisel, Peter Pan is a bastard child and is kicked out of the house by his abusive mother. He does not have a good relationship with her; he tries to win her love by procuring gold for her from Neverland, yet she rejects him countless times. She is later murdered but Peter Pan eventually forgets her death and seems to remember his mother as a kindhearted, beautiful woman and believes she is still alive; it is also implied that Hook is his father, as Hook has a photo of Peter's mother, but this point never was developed in the series.

In the 2011 Neverland TV miniseries, the origin story of Peter Pan is discussed. It is hinted at multiple points throughout the TV special that Peter and the Indian Princess, Tiger Lily, have romantic feelings for each other. It is also mentioned that James "Jimmy" Hook was originally a friend of Peter's. Prior to the film, Hook loved Peter's mother and murdered Peter's father. Feeling guilty after Peter's mother died, Hook took care of Peter, until later on when Peter finds out and becomes angry with Hook, sparking his hatred towards him. The hatred became mutual when Peter (as in other adaptations) cut off Hook's hand and fed it to a crocodile.

Major stories[link]

Of the stories written about Peter Pan, several have gained widespread notability.

By Barrie[link]

Later expansion[link]

In popular culture[link]

Statue in Queens Gardens, Perth, Western Australia

The character of Peter Pan (or thinly disguised versions of him) has appeared in tributes and parodies and has been the subject of several later works of fiction. (See Works based on Peter Pan for notable examples.) J. R. R. Tolkien's biographer Humphrey Carpenter has speculated that Tolkien's impressions of a production of Barrie's Peter Pan in Birmingham in 1910 "may have had a little to do with" his original conception of the Elves of Middle Earth.[3] Since featuring the character in their 1953 animated film, Walt Disney has continued to use him as one of their traditional characters, featuring him in the sequel film Return to Neverland and in their parks as a meetable character, and the focus of the dark ride, Peter Pan's Flight; he appears in House of Mouse, Mickey's Magical Christmas, and the Kingdom Hearts video games.

The name Peter Pan has been adopted for various purposes over the years. Three thoroughbred racehorses have been given the name, the first born in 1904. It has been adopted by several businesses, including Peter Pan peanut butter, Peter Pan Bus Lines, and Peter Pan Records. An early 1960s program in which Cuban children were sent unattended to Miami to escape feared mistreatment under the then-new Castro regime was called Operation Peter Pan (or Operación Pedro Pan). The Peter Pan syndrome was popularized in 1983 by a book with that name, about individuals (usually male) with underdeveloped maturity. Peter Pan is the name for an Indonesian pop-rock band.

Peter Pan has appeared in a number of adaptations, sequels, and prequels. These include the 1953 Disney animated feature film Peter Pan, various stage musicals (including one by Jerome Robbins, starring Cyril Ritchard and Mary Martin, filmed for television), live-action feature films Hook (1991) and Peter Pan (2003), and the authorized sequel novel Peter Pan in Scarlet (2006). He has also appeared in various works not authorized by the holders of the character's copyright, which has lapsed in most parts of the world.

Peter Pan is depicted in public sculpture. The original statue in Kensington Gardens by sculptor George Frampton was commissioned by Barrie and erected overnight on 30 April 1912 as a May Day surprise to the children of London. There are seven statues cast from the original mould.[4] The other six are located in:

Two statues by a different sculptor are in Kirriemuir, Scotland, the birthplace of J. M. Barrie.[12][13] A bronze statue by Diarmuid Byron O'Connor was commissioned by Great Ormond Street Hospital in London and unveiled in 2000, showing Peter blowing fairy dust, with Tinker Bell added in 2005.[14]

See also[link]

References[link]

  1. ^ Birkin, Andrew (2003). J.M. Barrie & the Lost Boys. Yale University Press. p. 47. ISBN 0-300-09822-7. 
  2. ^ Birkin, Andrew (2003). J.M. Barrie & the Lost Boys. Yale University Press
  3. ^ Carpenter, Humphrey (1977), Tolkien: A Biography, New York: Ballantine Books, ISBN 0-04-928037-6 
  4. ^ "Peter Pan Statue". Public Art Around the World. http://www.publicartaroundtheworld.com/Peter_Pan_Statue.html. Retrieved 2012-05-22. 
  5. ^ "Peter Pan". Liverpoolmuseums.org.uk. 16 June 1928. http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/hamlyn/peterpan/. Retrieved 8 May 2010. 
  6. ^ (image)
  7. ^ http://www.brussels.be/artdet.cfm/6066/Peter-Pan-statue-regains-panflute
  8. ^ "Johnson Park Restoration". Johnson-park.camden.rutgers.edu. 24 September 1926. http://johnson-park.camden.rutgers.edu/peter-pan.htm. Retrieved 8 May 2010. 
  9. ^ "Perth Vista-Queens Gardens". Globe Vista. 2008. http://www.perthvista.com/queens-gardens.html. 
  10. ^ Cities of the World, Lostrivers.ca
  11. ^ "File:Peter Pan Statue.jpg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia". En.wikipedia.org. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Pan_Statue.jpg. Retrieved 2012-05-22. 
  12. ^ (image)
  13. ^ "Peter Pan House J M Barrie Birthplace Kirriemuir Scotland". Aboutaberdeen.com. http://www.aboutaberdeen.com/peter_pan_house.php. Retrieved 8 May 2010. 
  14. ^ "Tinker Bell statue dedication press release". Ich.ucl.ac.uk. http://www.ich.ucl.ac.uk/pressoffice/pressrelease_00374. Retrieved 8 May 2010. 

External links[link]

http://wn.com/Peter_Pan

Related pages:

http://it.wn.com/Peter Pan

http://cs.wn.com/Petr Pan

http://es.wn.com/Peter Pan

http://ru.wn.com/Питер Пэн (персонаж)

http://nl.wn.com/Peter Pan (verhaal)

http://pt.wn.com/Peter Pan

http://pl.wn.com/Piotruś Pan (powieść)

http://fr.wn.com/Peter Pan

http://de.wn.com/Peter Pan

http://hi.wn.com/पीटर पैन




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Rashida Jones

Rashida Jones, May 2007
Born Rashida Leah Jones
(1976-02-25) February 25, 1976 (age 36)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Alma mater Harvard University
Occupation Actress
Years active 1997–present
Parents Peggy Lipton
Quincy Jones

Rashida Leah Jones (born February 25, 1976) is an American film and television actress, comic book author, screenwriter and occasional singer. She played Louisa Fenn on Boston Public and Karen Filippelli on The Office as well as roles in the films I Love You, Man, Our Idiot Brother, The Social Network and The Muppets. As of 2009, Jones stars on the NBC comedy series Parks and Recreation as Ann Perkins.

Contents

Early life[link]

Jones was born in Los Angeles, the younger daughter of media mogul, producer and musician Quincy Jones and actress Peggy Lipton. She has an older sister, Kidada Jones, and five half-siblings by her father's other relationships. Her father is of mostly black American, as well as European, ancestry,[1] and is from a Christian family.[2] Her mother is Ashkenazi Jewish (a descendant of immigrants from Russia and Latvia via Ireland),[3] and Rashida Jones attended Hebrew school.[4] She was raised in Bel Air, Los Angeles, California.

In his autobiography, Jones's father recalled how he would often find his six-year-old daughter under the covers after bedtime with a flashlight reading five books at a time.[5] Jones also displayed musical ability from a young age and can play classical piano.[6] Her mother told Entertainment Tonight that Jones is "also a fabulous singer and songwriter, so she has inherited it (from Quincy), there's no question about it. Her dad's teaching her how to orchestrate and arrange too."[7]

Jones attended The Buckley School in Sherman Oaks, California, where she made the National Honor Society and was voted "Most Likely To Succeed" by her classmates.[citation needed] Jones's parents divorced when she was 14 years old; her sister subsequently remained with their father while she moved to Brentwood with their mother.

In 1994, Jones garnered attention with an open letter responding to scathing remarks made by Tupac Shakur about her parents' interracial marriage.[8] She later befriended Shakur, who was engaged to her sister before he was killed.[5] After high school, Jones left California to attend Harvard University.

At Harvard, Jones was a resident of Eliot House and belonged to the Hasty Pudding Theatricals, Harvard Radcliffe Dramatic Club, Harvard-Radcliffe Opportunes, Black Students Association and the Signet Society.[9] She was initially interested in becoming a lawyer but lost interest after being disillusioned by the O. J. Simpson murder case.[5] Instead, she became involved in the performing arts, and served as musical director for the Opportunes a cappella group, co-composed the score for the 149th annual Hasty Pudding Theatricals performance, and acted in several plays.[10] In her second year at college, she performed in For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide When the Rainbow Is Enuf, which she said was "healing" because she was seen by many blacks as not being "black enough".[11] She studied Religion and Philosophy and graduated in 1997.

Career[link]

Jones made her professional acting debut in The Last Don, a 1997 mini-series based on the novel by Mario Puzo. She then appeared in Myth America, East of A and If These Walls Could Talk 2. In 2000, she guest starred as Karen Scarfolli in an episode of Freaks and Geeks before landing the role of Louisa Fenn on Boston Public. Between 2000 and 2002, she appeared in 26 episodes, earning an NAACP Image Award nomination in her final year.[12] Although she only had a minor supporting role in the series, film opportunities quickly surfaced. She had a small role in Full Frontal, directed by Steven Soderbergh, and starred in Now You Know, written and directed by Kevin Smith regular Jeff Anderson. She also starred in the short film Roadside Assistance with Adam Brody.

After Jones left Boston Public, she appeared in Death of a Dynasty, directed by Damon Dash, and two episodes of Chappelle's Show on Comedy Central. In 2004, she was cast in Strip Search, an HBO film directed by Sidney Lumet, but her scenes were cut from the final broadcast version. Later that year, she played Dr. Rachel Keyes in Little Black Book and starred as Edie Miller in British drama series NY-LON. In 2005, Jones played Karen in the Stella pilot on Comedy Central and special government agent Carla Merced in the TNT police drama Wanted.

Jones joined the ensemble cast of The Office in September 2006, playing the role of Karen Filippelli. She appeared regularly during the third season and then returned as a guest star for two episodes in season four and another in season five. Jones had been considering leaving the acting profession and pursuing a graduate degree in public policy before she was offered the part on The Office.[13] Jones also played Karen in the February 2007 Saturday Night Live episode hosted by Rainn Wilson, appearing briefly in the opening monologue's Office parody. Jones filmed cameo roles in The Ten and Role Models, both directed by David Wain, with the latter appearing on the Blu-ray release.[14] She then co-starred in Unhitched, the short-lived 2008 comedy series produced by the Farrelly brothers.

In January 2009, Jones voiced several characters in an episode of the Adult Swim show Robot Chicken.[15] She played Hannah in Brief Interviews with Hideous Men, an independent film by John Krasinski that screened during the 2009 Sundance Film Festival. She also co-starred as Zooey Rice in I Love You, Man, a Dreamworks comedy with Paul Rudd and Jason Segel. Jones then accepted a role in Parks and Recreation, a mockumentary-style sitcom in development for NBC. The show was created by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur, who she previously worked with on the American version of The Office. She has played nurse Ann Perkins since its primetime debut in April 2009.

Jones had a small role in the Kevin Smith film Cop Out. She appeared in The Social Network, alongside Jesse Eisenberg, Andrew Garfield and Justin Timberlake, which is set at Harvard, coincidentally the school from which she graduated in 1997. She played Marylin Delpy, a second year legal associate assisting with the defense of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.

She has a starring role opposite Chris Messina in Monogamy, a drama directed by Dana Adam Shapiro. The film premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in April 2010 and was released theatrically on March 11th, 2011.[16][17]

Jones' other 2011 films were Friends with Benefits, starring Justin Timberlake and Mila Kunis, The Big Year, with Steve Martin, Owen Wilson, and JoBeth Williams, The Muppets, with Jason Segel, Amy Adams and Chris Cooper, and Our Idiot Brother, with Paul Rudd, Elizabeth Banks, and Emily Mortimer.[18] In the latter she played a lesbian lawyer named Cindy, the caring, responsible girlfriend of a flaky bisexual played by Zooey Deschanel.[19] Jones also has a cameo in the Beastie Boys' short film Fight For Your Right Revisited, which premiered at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival.[20]

Jones also appeared on an episode of Wilfred as Lisa, a hospice volunteer. The episode aired on July 21, 2011 on FX.

Other work[link]

Jones created Frenemy of the State, a comic book series about a socialite who is recruited by the CIA. The comics are published by Oni Press and co-written with husband-and-wife writing team Nunzio DeFilippis and Christina Weir.[21] In October 2009, before the first issue had been released, Jones sold the screen rights to Universal Pictures and Imagine Entertainment. Brian Grazer and Eric Gitter will produce the film and Jones will co-write the screenplay with writing partner Will McCormack.[22] Jones sold her first screenplay, a comedy titled Celeste and Jesse Forever, in March 2009. She co-wrote the script with McCormack and is attached to star in the film.[23] Jones' other written work has appeared in Teen Vogue magazine, where she worked as a contributing editor.[24] She also wrote chapter 36 of her father's biography, Q: The Autobiography Of Quincy Jones, published in 2001.

As a singer, Jones has provided backing vocals for the band Maroon 5. She appears on the tracks "Tangled", "Secret" and "Not Coming Home" from their debut record, Songs About Jane, and on "Kiwi" from the follow-up album It Won't Be Soon Before Long. Jones was a guest vocalist on the Tupac Shakur tribute album The Rose That Grew from Concrete, released in 2000. The track, "Starry Night", also featured her father's vocals, Mac Mall's rapping, and her half-brother QD3's production. Jones contributed vocals to songs on The Baxter, The Ten and Reno 911!: Miami soundtracks. She also sang in some episodes of Boston Public and for charitable events such as the What A Pair Benefit to raise money for breast cancer research.[25]

Jones in March 2009

As a model, Jones has appeared in print campaigns for Triple 5 Soul, television commercials for The Gap, and editorials for In Style and O Magazine, among others. She has been chosen as one of People magazine's "Most Beautiful People in the World" three times, in the years 2002,[26] 2007,[27] and 2009,[28] and as one of Harper's Bazaar's "Best Dressed Women In America".[8]

Jones has appeared in music videos for Aaliyah, The Boy Least Likely To song "Be Gentle With Me" and the Foo Fighters' single "Long Road to Ruin". In the latter she was credited as Racinda Jules and played the role of Susan Belfontaine.[29]

Jones has appeared in several online comedy series projects. She starred in Funny or Die's "Speak Out" series with Natalie Portman and guest starred in two episodes of Web Therapy with Lisa Kudrow.[30] She also played David Wain in disguise for an episode of My Damn Channel's Wainy Days. In 2008, Jones appeared with several other celebrities in Prop 8 – The Musical, an all-star video satirising California's anti-gay marriage initiative, written by Marc Shaiman.

In 2011, Dove selected Jones as its spokeswoman for its Dove Nourishing Oil Care Collection.[31]

Philanthropic efforts[link]

Jones has worked to promote Peace First (formerly Peace Games), a nonprofit that teaches children to resolve conflict without violence. She has been a board member since 2004 and holds several annual benefits to raise money for the organization.[32] Jones has participated in Stand Up to Cancer events, EDUN and ONE: The Campaign to Make Poverty History and The Art of Elysium's volunteer program, which runs artistic workshops for hospitalized children.[33][34][35][36] In 2007, she was honorary chair of the annual Housing Works benefit, which fights AIDS and homelessness in New York City.[37] She has also been involved in fundraising for St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, the EB Medical Research Foundation and New York's Lower Eastside Girls Club.[38][39][40][41]

Jones campaigned for Barack Obama during the 2008 presidential election. Along with Kristen Bell, she visited college campuses in Missouri to discuss the candidates and to encourage voter registration for the Democratic Party.[42][43] She previously campaigned for Democratic candidate John Kerry during the 2004 election, speaking at student rallies and a public gallery in Ohio.[44][45]

Personal life[link]

Jones had a 3½ year relationship with actor Tobey Maguire, ending in 2000.[46][47] Jones became engaged to the Grammy Award-winning music producer Mark Ronson in February 2003. He proposed on her 27th birthday, using a custom-made crossword puzzle spelling out "Will you marry me?" Their relationship ended approximately one year later.[48][49] Jones then dated actor John Krasinski prior to becoming his co-star on The Office[24][47] (their characters were also dating on the show). She also dated Jon Favreau, the Director of Speechwriting for President Barack Obama.[50][51][52]

Though raised Jewish, Jones, like her mother, began practicing Hinduism in her early teens after the two visited an Ashram in India.[5] Today, however, she practices Judaism and told a reporter, "In this day and age, you can choose how you practice and what is your relationship with God. I feel pretty strongly about my connection, definitely through the Jewish traditions and the things that I learned dating the guy that I dated. My boyfriends tend to be Jewish and also be practicing ... I don’t see it as a necessity, but there’s something about it that I connect with for whatever reason."[4]

Awards[link]

Jones was nominated for an NAACP Image Award, and was recognized as a 2011 Influential Multiracial Public Figure runner-up.[53] She also contributed to the Grammy Award-winning audio version of Q: The Autobiography Of Quincy Jones.

Filmography[link]

Film
Year Film Role Notes
1998 Myth America
2000 East of A Emily
2001 Roadside Assistance Lucy
2002 Full Frontal
Now You Know Kerri
2003 Death of a Dynasty Layna Hudson
2004 Little Black Book Dr. Rachel Keyes
2007 The Ten Hostess Rebecca Fornier Also Producer
2009 Brief Interviews with Hideous Men Hannah
I Love You, Man Zooey
2010 Cop Out Debbie
The Social Network Marylin Delpy Hollywood Film Award for Ensemble of the Year
Nominated – Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Acting Ensemble
Nominated – Washington DC Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Acting Ensemble
Monogamy Nat 2010 Tribeca Film Festival
2011 The Big Year Ellie
Friends with Benefits Maddison uncredited
Our Idiot Brother Cindy 2011 Sundance Film Festival
The Muppets Veronica Martin
Television
Year Title Role Notes
1997 The Last Don Johanna Miniseries
2000 If These Walls Could Talk 2 Feminist Television movie, segment: "1972"
Freaks and Geeks Karen Scarfolli 2 episodes
2000–2002 Boston Public Louisa Fenn 26 episodes
2003–2004 Chappelle's Show Pam 2 episodes
2004 Strip Search Television movie, scenes deleted
NY-LON Edie Miller 7 episodes
2005 Stella Karen 1 episode
Wanted Detective Carla Merced 13 episodes
Our Thirties Liz Television movie
2006–2011 The Office Karen Filippelli 24 episodes
2008 Unhitched Kate 6 episodes
2009–Present Parks and Recreation Ann Perkins Current, Main Cast
2011 Wilfred Lisa 1 episode
Web Therapy Hayley Feldman-Tate
2012 Who Do You Think You Are? Herself Featured. Quincy Jones, Peggy Lipton and Kidada Jones also appeared.

References[link]

  1. ^ http://www.bookerrising.net/2010/09/did-you-know-ancestry-of-quincy-jones.html
  2. ^ http://www.metro.co.uk/showbiz/interviews/628844-rashida-jones-why-the-nepotism-myth-needs-to-be-shattered
  3. ^ Stated on Who Do You Think You Are?, May 4, 2012
  4. ^ a b Miller, Gerri (2007). "The Daughter of Q". American Jewish Life Magazine. Genco Media LLC. http://www.ajlmagazine.com/content/012007/rashidajones.html. Retrieved 2007-11-01. 
  5. ^ a b c d "The Bob Rivers Show: Interview with Actress Rashida Jones". http://www.bobrivers.com/#v0c6i6762. Retrieved 2007-11-28. 
  6. ^ Jones, Quincy. "Q Notes: It's A Family Affair". The Official Website of Quincy Jones. http://www.quincyjones.com/archives/1428. Retrieved 2011-04-01. 
  7. ^ "The Women of Twin Peaks" Interview with Peggy Lipton, Entertainment Tonight. Airdate November 1990.
  8. ^ a b Williams, Kam (2009-03-09). "Rashida's Rhapsody". The Sly Fox. http://www.kamwilliams.com/2009/03/rashida-jones-i-love-you-man-interview.html. Retrieved 2009-07-01. 
  9. ^ "1997 Candidates for Harvard & Radcliffe Class Marshals". The Harvard Crimson, October 1, 1996. http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=89730. Retrieved 2009-05-24. 
  10. ^ Schaffer, Sarah J. (1997-03-11). "Drinks Before, Not After". The Harvard Crimson. http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=107183. Retrieved 2009-05-24. 
  11. ^ Bardin, Brantley (2008). "A Conversation With Rashida Jones". Women's Health (Rodale, Inc.) (April): 88. 
  12. ^ Awards for Rashida Jones @ IMDb
  13. ^ Zeitchik, Steven (March 26, 2011). "Rashida Jones knows her comedy stats". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-rashida-jones-20110326,0,6530688.story. Retrieved March 28, 2011. 
  14. ^ Role Models – Unrated Review, DVD Talk. Retrieved on 2009-03-17.
  15. ^ Episode: "Tell My Mom", The Robot Chicken Wiki. Retrieved on 2009-06-04.
  16. ^ "Monogamy". Tribeca 2010 Film Guide. http://www.tribecafilm.com/filmguide/87139902.html. Retrieved 2010-04-01. 
  17. ^ "Exclusive: Poster for Indie Drama 'Monogamy' Starring Chris Messina, Rashida Jones & Meital Dohan". IndieWire. http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/archives/exclusive_poster_for_indie_drama_monogamy_starring_chris_messina_rashida_jo. Retrieved 2011-02-15. 
  18. ^ "Rashida Jones Joins The Big Year". Empire Online. http://www.empireonline.com/news/feed.asp?NID=27761/. Retrieved 2010-09-17. 
  19. ^ "Sundance Review: My Idiot Brother". The Film Stage. http://thefilmstage.com/2011/01/23/sundance-review-my-idiot-brother/. Retrieved 2011-02-15. 
  20. ^ "Does Adam Yauch's 'Fight For Your Right Revisited' Contain The Most Epic Cast Ever?". IndieWire. http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/archives/does_adam_yauchs_fight_for_your_right_revisited_contain_the_most_epic_cast_/. Retrieved 2011-02-15. 
  21. ^ Frenemy of the State, Oni Press. Retrieved on 2010-09-17.
  22. ^ Fleming, Michael (2009-10-13). "Universal and Imagine make 'Frenemy'". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118009904.html?categoryid=13&cs=1/. Retrieved 2010-09-17. 
  23. ^ "Fox Atomic nabs 'Celeste and Jesse'", Variety, March 25, 2009. Retrieved on 2009-06-04
  24. ^ a b Fierman, Daniel (2007-02-16). "Paper Doll". Entertainment Weekly. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20011267,00.html. Retrieved 2009-10-03. 
  25. ^ "What a Pair! Cast 2002". http://www.whatapair.org/pages/cast2002.html. Retrieved 2007-11-28. 
  26. ^ Rashida Jones: Actress, People, May 13, 2002. Retrieved on 2009-07-01.
  27. ^ 10 Stars Without Makeup, People, May 07, 2007. Retrieved on 2009-07-01.
  28. ^ Pretty Funny, People, May 11, 2009. Retrieved on 2009-07-01.
  29. ^ "Video for "Long Road to Ruin" on MTV". http://www.mtv.com/overdrive/?id=1518071&vid=185625. Retrieved 2007-11-28. 
  30. ^ Natalie Portman and Rashida Jones Speak Out, FunnyOrDie.com. Retrieved on 2009-03-17.
  31. ^ "Rashida Jones stars in latest Dove Hair campaign". breitbart.com. breitbart.com. http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=D9PROK0G0&show_article=1. Retrieved 19 September 2011. 
  32. ^ About Peace First: Board & Committees, Peace First. Retrieved on 2011-03-30.
  33. ^ First-look video: Rashida Jones' 'Stand Up 2 Cancer' PSA, Los Angeles Times. Retrieved on 2011-02-15.
  34. ^ EDUN and ONE (Slide 13), Edun Online. Retrieved on 2009-06-26.
  35. ^ EDUN ONE Auction, ONE.org. Retrieved on 2009-06-26.
  36. ^ Celebrity Supporters, The Art of Elysium. Retrieved on 2009-06-26.
  37. ^ Housing Works Fashion for Action, TFI. Retrieved on 2009-06-26.
  38. ^ Celebrity Involvement: News, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. Retrieved on 2009-06-26.
  39. ^ EB Medical Research Foundation, Look To The Stars. Retrieved on 2009-06-26.
  40. ^ Events: GivEBig, EBMRF. Retrieved on 2009-06-26.
  41. ^ Doing Good for Downtown Girls, FWD. Retrieved on 2009-06-26.
  42. ^ Kotyk, KC (2008-10-04). "State urges voter registration". The Rolla Daily News. http://www.therolladailynews.com/news/x1272959530/State-urges-voter-registration. Retrieved 2009-06-26. 
  43. ^ Livengood, Chad (2008-10-05). "Battle for votes goes to Springfield streets". Springfield News-Leader. 
  44. ^ White, Christopher (2004-10-31). "Clout concerns". INF Magazine. http://inthefray.org/content/view/808/39/. Retrieved 2009-06-26. 
  45. ^ Mozzocco, J. Caleb (2004-09-29). "The Kerry camp's so-called outreach to young professionals". Columbus Alive. http://www.mahangallery.com/pdf/alive_kerrycampaign.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-26. 
  46. ^ Miller, Samantha (2002-05-20). "Web Master". People. http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20137084,00.html. Retrieved 2009-09-03. 
  47. ^ a b Wappler, Margaret (2008-03-02). "Cover Story: The Girl Stays in the Picture". The New York Post Page Six Magazine. 
  48. ^ "Rashida Jones: Biography". TV Guide. http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/rashida-jones/bio/193824. Retrieved 2008-10-02. 
  49. ^ Abel, Olivia (2003-03-17). "Passages". People. http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20139544,00.html. Retrieved 2009-07-01. 
  50. ^ Mullins, Anne Schroeder (2009-07-15). "Shenanigans: "Yep, they're dating"". Politico. http://www.politico.com/blogs/anneschroeder/0709/Yep_theyre_dating.html. Retrieved 2009-09-03. 
  51. ^ Zeitchik, Steven (2011-03-26). "Rashida Jones knows her comedy stats". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-rashida-jones-20110326,0,6530688.story. Retrieved 2011-04-01. 
  52. ^ Cwelich, Lorraine (2011-03-10). "Rashida Jones Is "Down With Nietzche"". Elle. http://fashion.elle.com/culture/2011/03/10/rashida-jones-is-down-with-nietzche/. Retrieved 2011-04-01. 
  53. ^ http://www.multiracialheritageweek.com/multiracial_celebrity_contest.html[dead link]

External links[link]

http://wn.com/Rashida_Jones

Related pages:

http://ru.wn.com/Джонс, Рашида

http://fr.wn.com/Rashida Jones

http://nl.wn.com/Rashida Jones

http://pt.wn.com/Rashida Jones

http://de.wn.com/Rashida Jones

http://it.wn.com/Rashida Jones

http://es.wn.com/Rashida Jones




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