Habiru or Apiru or ˁpr.w (Egyptian) was the name given by various Sumerian, Egyptian, Akkadian, Hittite, Mitanni, and Ugaritic sources (dated, roughly, between 1800 BC and 1100 BC) to a group of people living as nomadic invaders in areas of the Fertile Crescent from Northeastern Mesopotamia and Iran to the borders of Egypt in Canaan. Depending on the source and epoch, these Habiru are variously described as nomadic or semi-nomadic, rebels, outlaws, raiders, mercenaries, and bowmen, servants, slaves, migrant laborers, etc.

The names Habiru and Apiru are used in Akkadian cuneiform texts. The corresponding name in the Egyptian script appears to be ''ʕpr.w'', conventionally pronounced ''Apiru'' (W,or u-vowel "quail-chick" being used as the Egyptian plural suffix). In Mesopotamian records they are also identified by the Sumerian logogram ''SA.GAZ'', of unknown pronunciation. The name ''Habiru'' was also found in the Amarna letters, which again include many names of Canaanite peoples written in Akkadian. The Amarna letters written to Egyptian pharaohs in the 14th century BC document a time of unrest in Canaan that goes back before the battle of Kadesh to the time of Thutmose I.

The sources

As more texts were uncovered throughout the Near East, it became clear that the ''Habiru'' were mentioned in contexts ranging from unemployed agricultural workers and vagrants, to mounted mercenary bowmen. The context differed depending upon where the references were found.

Though found throughout most of the Fertile Crescent, the arc of civilization "extending from the Tigris-Euphrates river basins over to the Mediterranean littoral and down through the Nile Valley during the Second Millennium, the principal area of historical interest is in their engagement with Egypt."

Carol Redmount who wrote 'Bitter Lives: Israel in and out of Egypt' in ''The Oxford History of the Biblical World'' concluded that the term "Habiru" had no common ethnic affiliations, that they spoke no common language, and that they normally led a marginal and sometimes lawless existence on the fringes of settled society. She defines the various Apiru/Habiru as "a loosely defined, inferior social class composed of shifting and shifty population elements without secure ties to settled communities" who are referred to "as outlaws, mercenaries, and slaves" in ancient texts. In that vein, some modern scholars consider the Habiru to be more of a social designation than an ethnic or a tribal one.

Sumerian records

The earliest recorded instance of the term is dated to the reign of king Irkabtum of the north Mesopotamian (Amorite) kingdom of Yamkhad (c. 1740 BC), who had a year named "Year when king Irkabtum made peace with Semuma and the ''Habiru''." This has been taken to show that the Habiru led by Semuma already wielded such influence in the neighborhood of Alalakh that the local sovereign felt obliged to conclude a treaty with them.

Sumerian documents from the 15th century next describe these groups speaking various languages, and although described as vagrant, also having significant influence and military organisation. Those people are designated by a two-character cuneiform logogram of unknown pronunciation, which is conventionally transcribed as ''SA.GAZ'' and corresponds with the West Semitic ''hapiru'' and the Akkadian ''habbatu'' meaning bandit, robber or raider. Although the logogram occurs in Sumerian literature, the two symbols have no separate meaning in Sumerian.

Early Mesopotamian sources

The Sumerian logogram ''SA.GAZ'' appears in texts from Southern Mesopotamia, dated from about 1850 BC, where it is applied to small bands of soldiers, apparently mercenaries at the service of local city-states and being supplied with food or sheep.

One of those texts uses the Akkadian cuneiform word ''Hapiri'' instead of the logogram; another described them as "soldiers from the West". Their names are predominantly Akkadian; some are West Semitic, some unknown. Their origins, when recorded, are in local towns.

A letter to an Old Assyrian merchant resident in Ali?ar requests his aid in freeing or ransoming some ''Hapiri'', formerly attached to the palace of Shalahshuwe (as yet unidentified), now prisoners of the local authorities.

The Tikunani Prism, dated from around 1550 BC, lists the names of 438 ''Habiru'' soldiers or servants of king Tunip-Tessup of Tikunani, a small city-state in central Mesopotamia. The majority of these names are typically Hurrian, the rest are Semitic, one is Kassite.

Another text from around 1500 BC describes the ''Hapiru'' as soldiers or laborers, organized into bands of various sizes commanded by ''SA.GAZ'' leaders: one band from Tapduwa has 15 soldiers, another from Sarkuhe has 29, and another from Alalakh has 1,436.

Pronunciation of SA.GAZ

In cuneiform writing, each logogram can represents a word, a sound, or could represent an idea which clarifies what the attached word represents (acting as a determinative). Each logogram can have more than one pronunciation or word associated with it. When transliterating cuneiform writing, scholars will write the name of a symbol in capital letters, while writing the pronunciation that a logogram represents in lower-case letters, separating each logogram name or its pronunciation unit with periods or dashes, or — in the case of determinative logograms — superscripting the name.

In the case of SA.GAZ, the SA represents one logogram, while GAZ represents another. Together, these two logograms represent a word whose pronunciation is currently unknown to scholars, however it is very unlikely to have any pronunciation that even remotely resembles "sagaz". In Akkadian texts SA.GAZ has been equated with KU₆.KAŠ.RU, pronounced as "ḫa-bi-ru" (alternatively "ḫa-pi-ru"). However, this equation does not necessarily mean that SA.GAZ was pronounced as "ḫabiru" since "ḫa-bi-ru", in these instances, may be a translation of the word.

Canaanite sources

A number of the Amarna letters—sent to pharaohs Amenhotep III, Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV) and, briefly, his two successors from vassal kings in Canaan and Syria in the 14th century BC — mention the "Habiru". These letters, written by Canaanite scribes in the cuneiform-based Akkadian language, complain about attacks by armed groups who were willing to fight and plunder on any side of the local wars in exchange for equipment, provisions, and quarters.

Those people are identified by the Sumerian logogram ''SA.GAZ'' in most of the letters, and by the Akkadian name ''Hapiru'' in a few from the area of Jerusalem. They appear to be active on a broad area including Syria (at Upe near Damascus), Phoenicia (Sumur, Batrun and Byblos), and to the south as far as Jerusalem . None of the kings of the region, with the possible exception of one Abdi-Ashirta, are called ''Habiru'' or ''SA.GAZ''.

Sources also discuss one Labayu, who had been an Egyptian vassal, and set up for himself. Attacking Megiddo, he assembled a group of Hapiru who consisted of both dispossessed local people and invaders. Having won Megiddo for himself, he gave his supporters Shechem for their own. (Harrelson, van der Steen)

Idrimi, the 15th century BC King of Alalakh, son of the King of Aleppo, states in his chronicles, that after his family had been forced to flee to Emar, with his mother's people, he left them and joined the "Hapiru people" in "Ammija in the land of Canaan", where the Hapiru recognized him as the "son of their overlord" and "gathered around him;" after living among them for seven years, he led his Habiru warriors in a successful attack by sea on Alalakh, where he became king.

Abdi-Heba, the Egyptian vassal ruler of Jerusalem in the Amarna period (mid-1330s BC), wrote a series of letters to the Egyptian king in which he complained about the activities of the "Habiru." The Habiru were plundering the lands of the king.

Abdi-Heba wanted to know why the king was letting them behave in this way; why he was not sending archers to protect his, the king's properties. If he did not send military help the whole land would fall to the Habiru.

Egyptian sources

) | a:p:r-G43-A1-Z3 | align=right | era=default }} Several Egyptian sources, both before and after the Amarna letters, mention a people called ''`PR.W'' in the consonant-only Egyptian script, where ''.W'' is the plural marker. The pronunciation of this word has been reconstructed as ''apiru''. From similarity of context and description, it is believed that the Egyptian ''`PR.W'' are equivalent to the Akkadian Habiru/Hapiru.

This image from the inscriptions recording the Battle of Kadesh shows one of the ibrw or mounted bowmen used as scouts or messengers by the Egyptians. ibr is the Egyptian word for horse and w is the plural.

In his account of the conquest of Joppa, General Djehuty or Toth of pharaoh Thutmose III of Egypt (around 1440 BC) asks at some point that his horses be taken inside the city, lest they be stolen by a passing ''Apir''.

On two stelae at Memphis and Karnak, Thutmose III's son Amenhotep II boasts of having made 89,600 prisoners in his campaign in Canaan (around 1420 BC), including "127 princes and 179 nobles(?) of Retenu, 3600 ''Apiru'', 15,200 Shasu, 36,600 Hurrians", etc.

A stela from the reign of Seti I (around 1300 BC) tells that the pharaoh sent an expedition into the Levant, in response to an attack of "the ''apiru'' from Mount Yarmuta" upon a local town.

A list of goods bequeathed to several temples by Pharaoh Ramesses III (around 1160 BC) includes many serfs, Egyptian and foreign: 86,486 to Thebes (2607 foreigners), 12,364 to Heliopolis (2093 foreign), and 3079 to Memphis (205 foreign). The foreign serfs are described as "''maryanu'' (soldiers), ''apiru'', and people already settled in the temple estate".

The laborers that Ramesses IV sent to the quarry of Wadi Hammamat in his third year included 5,000 soldiers, 2,000 men attached to the temples of Pharaoh as well as 800 ''Apiru''. This is the last known reference to the Apiru in Egyptian documents.

Hittite sources

The ''SA.GAZ'' are mentioned in at least a dozen documents from the Hittite kingdom, starting from 1500 BC or earlier. Several documents contain the phrase "the troops from Hatti and the ''SA.GAZ'' troops", Hatti being the core region of the Hittite kingdom.

Two oaths from the reigns of Suppiluliuma (probably Suppiluliuma I, reigned ca. 1358 BC ? 1323 BC) and Mursilis II (around 1300 BC) invoke, among a long list of deities, "...the Lulahhi gods (and) the Hapiri gods, Ereshkigal, the gods and goddesses of the Hatti land, the gods and goddesses of Amurru land, ...".

Another mention occurs in a treaty between kings Duppi-Teshub of Amurru and Tudhaliya of Carchemish, arbitrated by Mursili II. The Hittite monarch recalls how he had restored king Abiradda to the throne of Jaruwatta, a town in the land of Barga, which had been captured by the Hurrians and given to "the grandfather of Tette, the ''SA.GAZ''".

Another text record the existence of a Habiru settlement somewhere near a Hittite temple; one from Tahurpa names two female SA.GAZ singers.

Mitanni sources

An inscription on a statue found at Alalakh in southeastern Anatolia , the Mitanni prince Idrimi of Aleppo (who lived from about 1500 BC to 1450 BC), tells that, after his family had been forced to flee to Emar, he left them and joined the "Hapiru people" in "Ammija in the land of Canaan". The Hapiru recognized him as the "son of their overlord" and "gathered around him;" they are said to include "natives of Halab, of the country of Mushki, of the country Nihi and also warriors from the country Amae." After living among them for seven years, he led his Habiru warriors in a successful attack by sea on the city-state of Alalakh, where he became king.

Several detailed lists of SA.GAZ troops have been found on the same site, enumerating eighty in all. Their names are predominantly Hurrian; seven are perhaps Semitic. They come from a variety of settlements scattered around the region. One had been a thief, another a slave, two others, priests; most became infantry, a handful were charioteers, one a messenger.

Like the SA.GAZ soldiers of the earlier Mesopotamian city-states, they received payment, or perhaps rations, in the form of sheep. A general enumeration of SA.GAZ soldiers within the city counts 1436 in all.

At Nuzi in Mesopotamia, documents from the household of an official named Tehiptilla record a number of Habiru voluntarily entering long-term service in exchange for food, clothing, and shelter. Public records from the same city tally handouts of food and clothing to Habiru, the former to groups, the latter to individuals. One is given feed for a horse, perhaps indicating a military role. Another document allocates Habiru laborers to various individuals.

The local population was predominantly Hurrian, while approximately 2/3 of the Habiru names are Semitic; of these, all are East Semitic (Akkadian), none West Semitic.

Ugarit

In the port town of Ugarit in northern Syria, a cuneiform tablet that was still being baked when the city was destroyed (around 1200 BC) mentions the ''PRM'' (which are assumed to be the Hapiru, ''-M'' being the Ugaritic plural suffix). Tax lists from the city record the existence of "Aleppo of the ''PRM''" (in Ugaritic) and "Aleppo of the SAG.GAZ" (in Akkadian; the logogram is slightly modified from the usual SA.GAZ).

Being found in lists of four Aleppos that are otherwise the same, these are certainly the same location, but it is unclear whether they are separate settlements or quarters of one city.

Habiru and the biblical Hebrews

Since the discovery of the 2nd millennium inscriptions mentioning the Habiru there have been many theories linking these to the 1st millennium Hebrews of the Bible. However, the modern scholarly conclusion is that "the plethora of attempts to relate ''apiru'' (Habiru) to the gentilic (i.e. biblical word) ''ibri'' are all nothing but wishful thinking."

Footnotes

See also

Shasu

Further reading

W.F. Albright, "The Amarna Letters from Palestine," ''Cambridge Ancient History'', vol. 2.

Forrest Reinhold, ''Hurrian Hebrews; Ea as Yahweh; The Origins Of The Hebrews & "The Lord'' Iowa, 2000.

Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman, ''The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of its Sacred Texts''. 2003

Moshe Greenberg, ''The Hab/piru'', American Oriental Society, New Haven, 1955.

''Oxford History of the Biblical World'', page 72. ISBN 0-19-513937-2

Mirjo Salvini, ''The Habiru prism of King Tunip-Te??up of Tikunani.'' Istituti Editoriali e Poligrafici Internazionali, Rome (1996). ISBN 88-8147-093-4

Robert D. Biggs, (Review of the above). ''Journal of Near Eastern Studies 58 (4)'', October 1999, p294.

Mendenhall, George E. The Tenth Generation: The Origins of the Biblical Tradition, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973.

Mendenhall, George E. Ancient Israel's Faith and History: An Introduction to the Bible in Context, Westminster John Knox Press, 2001.

George Roux, ''Ancient Iraq'', third edition 1992 ISBN 0-14-012523-X

Daniel C. Snell, ''Life in the Ancient Near East'', Yale, 1997. ISBN 0-300-06615-5

Robert Drews, ''The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe CA. 1200 B.C.'', Princeton, 1993. ISBN 0-691-02591-6

Robert Drews, ''The Coming of the Greeks: Indo-European Conquests in the Aegean and the Near East'', Princeton, 1988. ISBN 0-691-03592-X

''Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament'', James B. Pritchard, Ed. Second Edition. Princeton, 1955.

van der Steen, Eveline J. Tribes and Territories in Transition: The Central East Jordan Valley: A Study of the Sources Peeters 2003 ISBN 978-9042913851

ar:عبيرو bg:Хабиру ca:Habiru de:Apiru es:Habiru eo:Habiroj fr:Apirou id:Habiru ia:Habiru it:Habiru he:חבירו nl:Habiru no:Habiru pl:Habiru pt:Habiru ru:Хабиру

Coordinates	39°44′21″N104°59′5″N
name	Gary Valenciano
background	solo_singer
birth name	Edgardo Jose Martin Santiago Valenciano
alias	Gary V.
born	August 06, 1964
origin	Manila, Philippines
instrument	Vocals, Keyboards, Percussions
genre	Gospel, Pinoy pop, Manila Sound
occupation	Singer, Songwriter, Record producer, Actor, Dancer
years active	1983–present
label	Manila Genesis Entertainment & Management, Inc.Universal Records (Philippines)
website	GaryV.com
notable instruments	}}

Edgardo Jose Martin Santiago Valenciano (born August 6, 1964) , better known as Gary Valenciano or Gary V., is a Filipino musician. He is also dubbed as Mr. Pure Energy. He has released 26 albums, and won the Awit Awards for "Best Male Performer" 11 times. In 1998, he became UNICEF Philippines first national Ambassador. His most notable songs include ''Di Bale Na Lang'', ''Sana Maulit Muli'', ''Natutulog Ba Ang Diyos?'', ''Gaya ng Dati'', ''Pasko na Sinta Ko'', ''Narito''.

He is currently part of ABS-CBN contract actors, and is frequently tapped to sing the theme songs for the network's soap operas and Star Cinema movies.

Biography

Gary Valenciano was born in Santa Mesa, Manila on August 6, 1964. He is the sixth of Vicente Valenciano and Grimilda Santiago Ortiz's seven children. His parents met in New York, married, and settled in Manila. His father is from Bicol, Philippines. His mother is a Puerto Rican woman of Italian descent, who sang opera in Manila during the 1960s. Valenciano took his primary and secondary studies in La Salle Green Hills.

Career

Valenciano had already been in early appearance in an on-screen television when he was first discovered in a Philippine soft-drink commercial in the late of 70swhen he was 14 years old at that time. He was started as a choir singer, then performing in 1982 and launched his career in singing and show business on May 13, 1983. He was also first appeared as a solo in a television show called ''The Pilita and Jackie Show'' in 1982, and later in ''Germspesyal'' and ''Penthouse Live''. He had his first solo concert, in April 1984 at the Araneta Coliseum. That would be followed a number of albums, three of them released internationally, including a Christian inspired album called ''Out of the Dark''.

He is married to Maria Anna Elizabeth "Angeli" Pangilinan, with whom he has three children: Juan Paolo Martin, Jose Angelo Gabriel and Kristiana Maria Mikaela.

Valenciano has released multiple albums. He has won the Awit Award for "Best Male Performer" 11 of the past 21 times. He has been called "Mr. Pure Energy."

In 1998, he became UNICEF Philippines first national Ambassador. In 2008, he marked his tenth year as a UNICEF Ambassador with a visit to Sitio Avocado, a former war zone in Negros Oriental.

In 2008, Valenciano returned to acting by appearing in "Maalaala Mo Kaya" which he plays a prisoner who turns his life to Jesus and becomes a changed man as a Christian. The same year, he was nominated as "Best Single Performance By An Actor" in the 22nd PMPC Star Awards for TV.

In 2009, Valenciano released a collaborative album with Martin Nievera called "As 1", with their carrier single, "As 1".

In 2010, Gary V. returns to acting again via a Holy Week drama special, ''Gulong'', a CBN Asia Production was recently shown on GMA 7, this was his 3rd GMA 7 holy week special since 2006. The same year, Gary V. releases his brand new 25th full-length album and his 4th compilation album, "Replay" was recently released, with his carrier single, "Did It Ever".

He is currently living with diabetes.

Discography

Studio albums

{|class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Album details ! Certifications(sales thresholds) |- | 1984 | ''Gary''

Released: 1984

Label: Universal

| |- | 1985 | ''Gary...Next''

Released: 1985

Label: Universal

| |- | rowspan="2" | 1986 | ''Gary...Inside Out''

Released: 1986

Label: Universal

| |- | ''From Gary, Merry Christmas''

Released: 1986

Label: Universal

| |- | 1987 | ''Moving Thoughts''

Released: 1987

Label: Warner

| |- | 1989 | ''Faces of Love''

Released: 1989

Label: Warner / Dyna

| |- | 1991 | ''Shout4Joy''

Released: 1991

Label: Universal

| |- | 1992 | ''Dancing in the Moonlight''^[A]

Released: 1992

Label: Universal, Toshiba-EMI

| |- | 1993 | ''Hataw Na!''

Released: 1993

Label: Universal

| |- | rowspan="2" | 1995 | ''Out of the Dark''^[B]

Released: 1995

Label: Universal

| |- | ''Outside Looking In''^[C]

Released: 1995

Label: Universal, Polygram

| |- | 1998 | ''Interactive''

Released: 1998

Label: Universal

| PARI: Gold |- | 2001 | ''Revive''

Released: 2001

Label: Universal

| PARI: 6× Platinum |- | rowspan="2" | 2002 | ''one2one''

Released: 2002

Label: VIVA

| PARI: Platinum |- | ''I Will Be Here''

Released: 2002

Label: Universal

| |- | rowspan="2" | 2003 | ''Beyond Words''

Released: 2003

Label: Universal

| |- | ''At the Movies''

Released: 2003

Label: Universal

| PARI: Platinum |- | rowspan="2" | 2005 | ''Pure Heart''

Released: 2005

Label: Star

| PARI: Platinum |- | ''Soul Full''

Released: 2005

Label: Universal

| PARI: Gold |- | 2006 | ''Relevance''

Released: 2006

Label: Universal

| PARI: Platinum |- | 2008 | ''Rebirth''

Released: April 24, 2008

Label: Universal

| |- | 2009 | ''As 1'' (with Martin Nievera)^[D]

Released: 2009

Label: Universal

| |- |} Notes

^[A] Album was released in Japan under Toshiba-EMI.

^[B] Album was released in the United States.

^[C] Album was released internationally under Polygram Records.

^[D] ''As 1'' is a collaborative album, with Martin Nievera.

Live albums

{|class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Album details ! Certifications(sales thresholds) |- | 1988 | ''Heart and Soul''

Released: 1988

Label: Universal

| |- | 1993 | ''Shout Live''

Released: 1993

Label: Universal

| |- | 1995 | ''Move Live''

Released: 1995

Label: Warner

| |- |}

Compilation albums

{|class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Album details ! Certifications(sales thresholds) |- | 1997 | ''Greatest Hits Vol. 1 and 2''

Released: 1997

Label: Universal

| PARI: 4× Platinum |- | 2004 | ''Gary V.: The Blackgold Collection''

Released: 2004

Label: Universal

| |- | 2008 | ''The Platinum Ballad Collection: 25th Anniversary Album''

Released: 2008

Label: Universal

| |- | 2010 | ''Replay'' Released: October 2010

Label: Universal

| |- |}

Collaboration Albums

Salubungin Ang Pasko (Universal Records, 1986)

Ginintuang Diwa ng Pasko (Universal Records, 1989)

18 Classic OPM Love Songs (EMI Music Philippines, 1998)

The Best Of Crossover Presents (Viva Records, 2003)

Only Selfless Love 2 (Universal Records, 2003)

OPM Rewind (Universal Records, 2004)

The Love Song Collection (Universal Records, 2004)

Top Male OPM Hits (Star Records, 2004)

Various Movie Themes (Vicor Music, 2005)

Nagmamahal Kapamilya Songs For Global (Star Records, 2005)

Best Of OPM Inspirational Songs (Universal Records, 2005)

Best Of OPM Love Duets (Universal Records, 2005)

Best Of OPM Love Ballads (Universal Records, 2005)

Best Of OPM Movie & TV Themes (Universal Records, 2005)

Pinoy Biggie Hits (Star Records, 2006)

OPM With Love (Universal Records, 2006)

Lovestruck Vol. 1 (Viva Records, 2006)

OPM Gold (Universal Records, 2006)

OPM Superstars Christmas (Universal Records, 2006)

Hotsilog The ASAP Hotdog Compilation (Star Records, 2006)

Top Male OPM Hits (Star Records, 2007)

Pinoy Biggie Hits Rewind (Star Records, 2007)

Musika At Pelikula: A Star Cinema Music Collection (Star Records, 2008)

No.1 Signature Hits OPM's Best (Vicor Music, 2008)

Kris Aquino: The Greatest Love (Universal Records, 2008)

Wings of the Soul (Star Records, 2008)

OPM No. 1's (Star Records, 2009)

I-Star 15: Best Of TV & Movie Themes (Star Records, 2010)

60 Taon Ng Musika At Soap Opera (Star Records, 2010)

OPM All-Star Christmas (Universal Records, 2010)

Ngayong Pasko Magniningning Ang Pilipino (Star Records, 2010)

OPM Number 1s Vol.2 (Star Records, 2011)

I Love You (Star Records, 2011)

Bida Best Hits Da Best (Star Records, 2011)

Songs

Valenciano's songs include:

'' 1983 – Growing Up (Theme Song of the Philippine Movie "Bagets")

'' 1983 – You Got Me Working

'' 1983 – Hang On

'' 1983 – Betty's in Bed

'' 1984 – Love of Mine

'' 1984 – Reaching Out

'' 1984 – Hotshots

'' 1985 – Move Your Body

'' 1985 – Once Upon a Life

'' 1986 – Paano

'' 1986 – Pasko Na Sinta Ko

'' 1987 – 'Di Bale Na Lang

'' 1987 – 'Wag Mo Na Sanang Isipin

'' 1987 – 'Di Na Natuto

'' 1987 - Sana Maulit Muli

'' 1988 – Take Me Out Of The Dark

'' 1989 – Heto na Naman

'' 1989 – Laughter All The Time

'' 1989 – Each Passing Night (with Regine Velasquez)

'' 1989 – Narito

'' 1989 – Letting Go

'' 1989 – Mahal Na Mahal Ko Siya

'' 1990 – Natutulog Ba Ang Diyos?

'' 1990 – Look In Her Eyes

'' 1991 – Shout For Joy

'' 1991 – Could You be Messiah?

'' 1991 - Sa Tuwing Naaalala Ka (with Sharon Cuneta)

'' 1992 – Gaya ng Dati

'' 1993 – Hataw Na!

'' 1993 - Sa Yahweh!

'' 1993 – Muli (with Regine Velasquez)

'' 1994 – Babalik Ka Rin

'' 1995 – Hele ni Inay

'' 1997 – Until Then (remade from the Side A original)

'' 1998 – (Everybody) Get Down

'' 1998 - Pampanga

'' 1999 – More and More

'' 2000 - Anak

'' 2000 – I Will Be Here

'' 2001 – The Warrior is a Child

'' 2002 – Can't We Just Stop And Talk a While (with Kyla)

'' 2002 – Kung Mawawala Ka (with Zsa Zsa Padilla)

'' 2003 – Kailangan Kita

'' 2004 – How Did You Know

'' 2005 – Ikaw Lamang

'' 2005 – Break Me

'' 2005 – Lipad ng Pangarap

'' 2005 – Break me

'' 2006 – Wait Forever

'' 2007 – You Are (with Joni Villanueva)

'' 2008 – Only Hope

'' 2008 – Ilaan mo (theme from ICare Compassion Ministry)

'' 2009 – Tayong Dalawa

'' 2009 – AYT! (with Sponge Cola)

'' 2009 – And I Love You So

'' 2010 – Kung Tayo'y Magkakalayo

'' 2010 – How Can I?

'' 2010 - Did It Ever

'' 2011 - Minsan Lang Kita Iibigin

'' 2011 - Home

Television

CBN Asia Holy Week Special (GMA Network, 1995)

Ikaw Lang Ang Mamahalin (GMA Network, 2002) - cameo appearance

Sa Ngalan Ng Anak: A CBN Asia Holy Week Special (GMA Network, 2006)

ASAP (ABS-CBN, 2006–present)

Maalaala Mo Kaya? (ABS-CBN, 2008)

May Bukas Pa (ABS-CBN, 2009) - guest

Gulong: A CBN Asia Holy Week Special (GMA Network, 2010)

Twist & Shout (ABS-CBN, 2010)

Minsan Lang Kita Iibigin (ABS-CBN, 2011) - guest/himself

Awards

20th Awit Awards (2007) – Best Performance by a Male Recording Artist – "In Another Lifetime"

See also

Kuh Ledesma

George Canseco

Pilita Corrales

Martin Nievera

Amapola (Amapola Cabase)

References

External links

Gary Valenciano's Official Website

Category:1964 births Category:Living people Category:Filipino actors Category:Filipino film actors Category:Filipino television actors Category:Filipino television personalities Category:Filipino male singers Category:Filipino musicians Category:Filipino pop singers Category:Filipino Christians Category:Filipino evangelicals Category:Filipino Pentecostals Category:People from Manila Category:Performers of Christian music Category:Filipino film score composers Category:UNICEF people

es:Gary Valenciano tl:Gary Valenciano

Coordinates	39°44′21″N104°59′5″N
name	Dries van Agt
office	Queen's Commissioner of North Brabant
term start	June 1, 1983
term end	April 22, 1987
monarch	Beatrix
predecessor	Jan Dirk van der Harten
successor	Frank Houben
office1	Member of the House of Representatives
term start1	September 16, 1982
term end1	June 16, 1983
office2	Minister of Foreign Affairs
term start2	May 28, 1982
term end2	November 4, 1982
primeminister2	Himself
predecessor2	Max van der Stoel
successor2	Hans van den Broek
office3	Prime Minister of the Netherlands
term start3	December 19, 1977
term end3	November 4, 1982
monarch3	Juliana (1977-1980) Beatrix (1980-1982)
predecessor3	Joop den Uyl
successor3	Ruud Lubbers
office4	Member of the House of Representatives
term start4	June 8, 1977
term end4	December 19, 1977
office5	Parliamentary leader - Christian Democratic Appeal House of Representatives
term start5	May 26, 1977
term end5	December 19, 1977
predecessor5	''First''
successor5	Wim Aantjes
office6	Deputy Prime Minister
term start6	May 11, 1973
term end6	September 8, 1977
primeminister6	Joop den Uyl
predecessor6	Roelof Nelissen Molly Geertsema
successor6	Wilhelm Friedrich de Gaay Fortman
office7	Minister of Justice
term start7	July 6, 1971
term end7	September 8, 1977
primeminister7	Barend Biesheuvel (1971-1973) Joop den Uyl (1973-1977)
predecessor7	Carel Polak
successor7	Wilhelm Friedrich de Gaay Fortman
birth date	February 02, 1931
birth place	Geldrop, Netherlands
birthname	Andreas Antonius Maria van Agt
nationality	Dutch
party	Catholic People's Party (1971-1980) Christian Democratic Appeal (from 1980)
spouse	Eugenie Krekelberg (born 1930)
residence	Nijmegen, Netherlands
alma mater	Radboud University Nijmegen (LL.M.) Ritsumeikan University (Dr.h.c.) Kwansei Gakuin University (Dr.h.c.) Hansung University (Dr.h.c.) University of South Carolina (Dr.h.c.)
occupation	Politician Diplomat Civil servant Lawyer Jurist Activist Professor
religion	Roman Catholic
website	Official site }}

Andreas Antonius Maria "Dries" van Agt (; born February 2, 1931) is a retired Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from December 19, 1977, until November 4, 1982.

He previously served as Minister of Justice from July 6, 1971 until September 8, 1977 in the Cabinets Biesheuvel I, II and Den Uyl. And Deputy Prime Minister from May 11, 1973 until September 8, 1977 in the Cabinet Den Uyl. He resigned as Minister of Justice and Deputy Prime Minister to become the first Christian Democratic Appeal Party leader and the first Parliamentary leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal in the House of Representatives which he served from May 26, 1977 until December 19, 1977 and a Member of the House of Representatives from from June 8, 1977 until December 19, 1977. Van Agt became Prime Minister of the Netherlands, leading the Cabinets Van Agt I, II and III. He served as Minister of Foreign Affairs for his Third cabinet.

After his prime-ministership, Van Agt became the Queen's Commissioner of North Brabant from June 1, 1983 April 22, 1987, he resigned as Queen's Commissioner because of criticism on his performance and his cooperation with the States-Provincial. After leaving North Brabant he became a diplomat for the European Communities, serving first as ambassador to Japan from April 1, 1987 until April, 1 1989 when he became the ambassador to the United States until April 1, 1995.

Biography

Early life

Andreas Antonius Maria van Agt was born on February 2, 1931, in Geldrop in the Netherlands province of North Brabant. After receiving his diploma Gymnasium-A at the Augustinianum he studied at the Catholic University of Nijmegen, where he received his Doctorate in Law in 1955. After graduating, he practiced law in Eindhoven until 1957, after which he worked in the office of legal and business affairs of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries until 1962. From 1962 to 1968, he worked for the Ministry of Justice.

Politics

Van Agt entered politics as a member of the Catholic People's Party, which merged with the other two major Christian Democratic parties in 1980 to form the CDA. From 1968 to 1971, Van Agt was Professor of Criminal Law at the Catholic University of Nijmegen. From 1971 to 1973, he was Minister of Justice in the government of Barend Biesheuvel. He caused outrage when he tried to pardon the last three Nazi war criminals still in Dutch prisons in 1972. From 1973 to 1977 he was Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Justice in the government of Joop den Uyl.

From December 1977 to November 1982, Dries van Agt was Prime Minister of the Netherlands in three successive governments. After the resignation of his government, he remained a member of the Dutch Parliament until 1983, when he was appointed as the Queen's Commissioner of the province North Brabant.

Dries van Agt served as Ambassador of the European Community to Japan from 1987 to 1989 and to the United States from 1989 to 1995. From 1995 to 1996, he was a Visiting Professor of International Relations at the University of Kyoto.

He is currently Prime Counsellor for the International Forum for Justice and Peace, a foundation under Dutch law, registered at the Chamber of Commerce in Amsterdam. Chaired by retired international businessman Ben Smoes, they are currently focused on justice and peace in regard to the Israel/Palestine conflict.

Van Agt is known for his use of archaic language and complicated phrasing, as well as for his love for cycling.

On Arab–West understanding

Van Agt lectured in May 2006 in Cairo at the invitation of the Egyptian electronic magazine Arab-West Report about great changes in the cultural climate of north-western Europe in the past decades, becoming more hostile to religion, including Islam. Muslims, he argued, need to understand those changes in order to be able to respond better to European criticism on Islam and the Muslim world.

Van Agt has also spoken against the Council of State in Egypt for continuous delay in granting the Center for Arab West Understanding (CAWU) the NGO status. He met with prominent figures in Egypt to persuade them to do so. The Egyptian Council of State, after van Agt's visit to Cairo in 2006, ruled on February 18, 2007 that the Center for Arab-West Understanding (CAWU) should be recognized as an NGO under Egyptian law, ending its three-year struggle to obtain this status. Egypt is known for its reluctance in granting NGO status in order to discourage political participation. Cornelis Hulsman, a Dutch sociologist, the editor-in-chief of Arab-West Report, and the head of CAWU, stated that van Agt's effort significantly impacted the realization of their goals, which usually requires a lengthy amount of time and scrutiny in its political purposes.

On the Middle East and Dutch involvement in the Iraq War

For some years he has taken an outspoken stance regarding the Middle East, resulting in a fierce criticism of the policies undertaken by the government of Israel with regard to the Palestinians. When in office, van Agt was a staunch supporter of Israel, but after he stepped down in 1982 he changed his mind. He has accused Israel of "state terrorism" and turning the Palestinian Authority territories into "bantustans".

On 30 March 2007, Van Agt claimed on the Dutch radio show Argos that the new Dutch cabinet was 'muzzling' parliament with its decision to block an investigation into the circumstances surrounding Dutch involvement in the Iraq war.

He urged fellow party member and prime minister Jan Peter Balkenende not to stand in the way of the debate.

Decorations

Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Oranje-Nassau (1982)

Honorary medal for Initiative and Ingenuity of the Order of the House of Orange (1974)

Honorary Medal of the province North Brabant

Honorary citizenship of the city Geldrop

Honorary citizenship of the city Lille (France)

References

External links

Mr. A.A.M. van Agt (Ministry of General Affairs)

Mr. A.A.M. (Dries) van Agt (Parlement & Politiek)

Van Agt, Dries Van Agt, Dries Category:Catholic People's Party politicians Category:Christian Democratic Appeal politicians Category:Deputy Prime Ministers of the Netherlands Category:Dutch activists Category:Dutch anti-war activists Category:Dutch civil servants Category:Dutch diplomats Category:Dutch lawyers Category:Dutch legal scholars Category:Dutch political activists Category:Dutch politicians Category:Dutch Roman Catholics Van Agt, Dries Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau Van Agt, Dries Van Agt, Dries Category:Members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands Category:Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands Category:Ministers of Justice of the Netherlands Category:Party leaders of the Christian Democratic Appeal Category:People from Geldrop Category:People from Nijmegen Category:Prime Ministers of the Netherlands Category:Queen's Commissioners Category:Radboud University Nijmegen alumni Category:Radboud University Nijmegen faculty Category:Recipients of the Order of the House of Orange Van Agt, Dries Van Agt, Dries

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