- published: 24 Oct 2007
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- author: FirstscienceTV
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- 40th century BC
- Aardwolf
- Abbey of Saint Gall
- ABC islands (Alaska)
- Abyssinian genet
- Acinonyx
- Africa
- African civet
- African golden cat
- African linsang
- African palm civet
- Agriarctos
- Agriotherium
- Ailurarctos
- Ailuridae
- Ailuropoda
- Ailuropoda baconi
- Ailuropoda fovealis
- Ailuropoda microta
- Ailuropodinae
- Ainu religion
- Alaska
- Albanian language
- Alisphenoid
- Allen's olingo
- Amazon weasel
- American badger
- American black bear
- American Black Bear
- American marten
- American mink
- Amphicticeps
- Amphicynodon
- Amphicynodontinae
- Andean mountain cat
- Angolan genet
- Angolan kusimanse
- Animal
- Ant
- Ant (heraldry)
- Antarctic fur seal
- Aonyx
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- Arctic fox
- Arctocephalus
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- Arthur Rackham
- Asia
- Asian badger
- Asian black bear
- Asian golden cat
- Asian palm civet
- Asiatic black bear
- Asiatic linsang
- Atlas Bear
- Auditory bullae
- Australian sea lion
- Avestan
- Back-striped weasel
- Badger
- Baikal seal
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- Irish language
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- Island fox
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- Jackson's mongoose
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- Maned wolf
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- Marbled polecat
- Margay
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- Masked palm civet
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- Order (biology)
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- Orthodox Jewish
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- Palawan stink badger
- Pale fox
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- Pallas's cat
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- Pardine genet
- Pardofelis
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- PubMed Identifier
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- Ronald Reagan
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- Russia
- Russian (language)
- Russian bear
- Russian Bear
- Rusty-spotted cat
- Rusty-spotted genet
- Rüppell's fox
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- Saint Columbanus
- Saint Corbinian
- Saint Gall
- Salanoia durrelli
- Sand cat
- Sanskrit
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- Scotland
- Sea lion
- Sea otter
- Sea-lion
- Seal of California
- Seal of Missouri
- Sechuran fox
- Selous' mongoose
- Serpent (symbolism)
- Serval
- Servaline genet
- Sexual dimorphism
- Sexual maturity
- Short-eared dog
- Siberian peoples
- Siberian weasel
- Side-striped jackal
- Silurian
- Skunk
- Slavic languages
- Slender mongoose
- Sloth bear
- Small Asian mongoose
- Small Indian civet
- Smokey Bear
- Smooth-coated otter
- Snow leopard
- Solitary animals
- South America
- South American Coati
- Southern Hemisphere
- Southern river otter
- Soviet Union
- Species
- Spectacled bear
- Spectacled Bear
- Spectacled bears
- Speothos
- Spotted hyena
- Spotted linsang
- Spotted seal
- Spotted skunk
- Spotted-necked otter
- St. Ursula
- State animal
- Steller sea lion
- Steppe polecat
- Stink badger
- Stoat
- Stock market
- Striped hyena
- Striped polecat
- Striped skunk
- Stuffed toy
- Subgenus
- Sulawesi palm civet
- Sun Bear
- Sun bear
- Sunda stink badger
- Swift fox
- Synapomorphy
- Taboo deformation
- Taiwan
- Taxa
- Tayra
- Teddy bear
- Template Carnivora
- Ten Bears
- Termite
- The Arts
- The Great Game
- Theodor Kittelsen
- Tibetan blue bear
- Tibetan sand fox
- Tiger
- Toad (heraldry)
- Tremarctinae
- Tremarctos
- Tremarctos ornatus
- Trento
- Triassic
- Tribe
- Trichinella spiralis
- Trichinosis
- Turul
- U.S.
- UCLA Bruins
- UK
- Ungulate
- Unicorn
- United States
- University of Alaska
- Urocyon
- Ursa Major
- Ursari
- Ursavus
- Ursid hybrids
- Ursinae
- Ursine, Nevada
- Ursus (genus)
- Ursus abstrusus
- Ursus americanus
- Ursus arctos
- Ursus arctos arctos
- Ursus arctos dalli
- Ursus arctos nelsoni
- Ursus deningeri
- Ursus etruscus
- Ursus inopinatus
- Ursus maritimus
- Ursus minimus
- Ursus rossicus
- Ursus spelaeus
- Ursus thibetanus
- USSR
- Vep Bur kondi
- Vestigial
- Viverra
- Viverridae
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- Vulnerable species
- Vulpes
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- Warwickshire
- Weasel
- Weddell seal
- Welsh language
- West Virginia
- White-nosed Coati
- Wikipedia Link rot
- Wildcat
- William Faulkner
- Winnie the Pooh
- Winter sleep
- Wolf
- Wolverine
- Wolves in heraldry
- Wyvern
- Yellow mongoose
- Yiddish
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- Zionism
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Abbey of Saint Gall
The Abbey of Saint Gall (German: Fürstabtei Sankt Gallen) is a religious complex in the city of St. Gallen in present-day Switzerland. The Carolingian-era Abbey has existed since 719 and became an independent principality during the 13th century, and was for many centuries one of the chief Benedictine abbeys in Europe. It was founded by Saint Othmar on the spot where Saint Gall had erected his hermitage. The library at the Abbey is one of the richest medieval libraries in the world. Since 1983 it has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Around 613 an Irish monk named Gallus, a disciple and companion of Saint Columbanus, established a hermitage on the site that would become the Abbey. He lived in his cell until his death in 646.
Following Gallus' death, Charles Martel appointed Othmar as custodian of St Gall's relics. During the reign of Pepin the Short, in the 8th Century, Othmar founded the Carolingian style Abbey of St. Gall, where arts, letters and sciences flourished. Several different dates are given for the foundation of the Abbey, including 719, 720, 747 and the middle of the 8th century. Under Abbot Waldo of Reichenau (740–814) copying of manuscripts was undertaken and a famous library was gathered. Numerous Anglo-Saxon and Irish monks came to copy manuscripts. At Charlemagne's request Pope Adrian I sent distinguished chanters from Rome, who propagated the use of the Gregorian chant.
wn.com/Abbey_of_Saint_Gall -
Alaska
Alaska (
i/əˈlæskə/) is the largest state in the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. Alaska is the 4th least populous and the least densely populated of the 50 United States. Approximately half of Alaska's 722,718 residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area.
Alaska was purchased from Russia on March 30, 1867, for $7.2 million ($120 million in today's[when?] dollars) at approximately two cents per acre ($4.74/km²). The land went through several administrative changes before becoming an organized (or incorporated) territory on May 11, 1912, and the 49th state of the U.S. on January 3, 1959.
The name "Alaska" (Аляска) was already introduced in the Russian colonial period, when it was used only for the peninsula and is derived from the Aleut alaxsxaq, meaning "the mainland" or, more literally, "the object towards which the action of the sea is directed". It is also known as Alyeska, the "great land", an Aleut word derived from the same root.
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Berlin
Berlin (
/bɜrˈlɪn/; German pronunciation: [bɛɐ̯ˈliːn] (
listen)) is the capital city of Germany and one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.5 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city and is the second most populous city proper and the eighth most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany, it is the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region, which has 5.9 million residents from over 190 nations. Located in the European Plains, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one third of the city's area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes.
First documented in the 13th century, Berlin was the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918), the German Empire (1871–1918), the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) and the Third Reich (1933–1945).Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world. After World War II, the city became divided into East Berlin—the capital of East Germany—and West Berlin, a West German exclave surrounded by the Berlin Wall (1961–1989). Following German reunification in 1990, the city regained its status as the capital of Germany, hosting 147 foreign embassies.
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California
California (pronouncedi/kælɨˈfɔrnjə/) is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third most extensive (after Alaska and Texas). It is home to the nation's second- and sixth-largest census statistical areas (Los Angeles Metropolitan Area and San Francisco Bay Area), and eight of the nation's fifty most populated cities (Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, Fresno, Sacramento, Long Beach and Oakland). The capital city is Sacramento.
California's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west, to the Sierra Nevada mountains in the east – from the Redwood–Douglas-fir forests of the northwest, to the Mojave Desert areas in the southeast. The center of the state is dominated by Central Valley, a major agricultural area. California contains both the highest and lowest points in the contiguous United States (Mount Whitney and Death Valley), and has the third-longest coastline of all states (after Alaska and Florida). Earthquakes are a common occurrence due to the state's location along the Pacific Ring of Fire: about 37,000 are recorded annually.
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Finland
Coordinates: 65°N 27°E / 65°N 027°E / 65; 027
Finlandi/ˈfɪnlənd/ ( Finnish: Suomi; Swedish: Finland (help·info)), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
Around 5.4 million people reside in Finland, with the majority concentrated in the southern region. It is the eighth largest country in Europe in terms of area and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union. Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in Helsinki and local governments in 336 municipalities, and an autonomous region of the Åland Islands. About one million residents live in the Greater Helsinki area, which consists of Helsinki, Espoo, Kauniainen and Vantaa, and a third of the country's GDP is produced there. Other larger cities include Tampere, Turku, Oulu, Jyväskylä, Lahti and Kuopio.
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Israel
Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
Israel, officially the State of Israel ( /ˈɪzriːəl/ or /ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Medīnat Yisrā'el, IPA: [me̞diˈnät jisʁäˈʔe̞l] ( listen); Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل, Dawlat Isrāʼīl, IPA: [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state.
Following the adoption of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption and implementation of the United Nations plan to partition Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, a state independent from the British Mandate for Palestine. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Portions of these territories, including east Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel, but the border with the neighboring West Bank has not yet been permanently defined.[neutrality is disputed] Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.
wn.com/Israel -
Isthmus of Panama
The Isthmus of Panama, also historically known as the Isthmus of Darien, is the narrow strip of land that lies between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, linking North and South America. It contains the country of Panama and the Panama Canal. Like many isthmuses, it is a location of great strategic value.
The Isthmus was formed some three million years ago during the Pliocene epoch. This major geological event separated the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and caused the creation of the Gulf Stream.
Vasco Núñez de Balboa heard of the South Sea from the natives while sailing along the Caribbean coast. On 25 September 1513 he saw the Pacific. In 1519 the town of Panamá was founded near a small indigenous settlement on the Pacific coast. After the discovery of Peru it developed into an important port of trade and became an administrative centre. 1671 the Welsh pirate Henry Morgan crossed the Isthmus of Panamá coming from the Caribbean and destroyed the city. Afterwards the town was relocated some kilometers to the west at a small peninsula. The ruins of the old town Panamá la Vieja are preserved, and were declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997.
wn.com/Isthmus_of_Panama -
Louisiana
Louisiana (i/luːˌiːziˈænə/ or i/ˌluːziˈænə/; French: État de Louisiane, [lwizjan] ( listen); Louisiana Creole: Léta de la Lwizyàn) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the only state in the U.S. with political subdivisions termed parishes, which are local governments equivalent to counties. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, and the largest by land area is Cameron Parish.
Much of the state was formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh and swamp. These contain a rich southern biota; typical examples include birds such as ibis and egrets. There are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a natural process in the landscape, and has produced extensive areas of longleaf pine forest and wet savannas. These support an exceptionally large number of plant species including many species of orchids and carnivorus plants.
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Montana
Montana (i/mɒnˈtænə/) is a state in the Western United States. The western third of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges. Smaller "island ranges" are found in the central third of the state, for a total of 77 named ranges that are part of the Rocky Mountains. This geographical fact is reflected in the state's name, derived from the Spanish word montaña (mountain). Montana has several nicknames, none official, including: "Big Sky Country" and "The Treasure State", and slogans that include "Land of the Shining Mountains" and more recently, "The Last Best Place". Montana is the 4th-most extensive, but the 7th-least populous and the 3rd-least densely populated of the 50 United States. The economy is primarily based on services, with ranching, wheat farming, oil and coal mining in the east, and lumber, tourism, and hard rock mining in the west. Millions of tourists annually visit Glacier National Park, the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, and three of the five entrances to Yellowstone National Park.
wn.com/Montana -
Moscow
Moscow (
/ˈmɒskaʊ/ or /ˈmɒskoʊ/; Russian: Москва́, tr. Moskva; IPA: [mɐˈskva] (
listen)) is the capital and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural and scientific center of Russia and the continent. Moscow is the northernmost megacity on Earth, the most populous city in Europe, and the 6th largest city proper in the world. Its population, according to the results of the 2010 Census, is 11,503,501. Based on Forbes 2011, Moscow has the largest community of billionaires in the world.
Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia. In the course of its history the city has served as the capital of a progression of states, from the medieval Grand Duchy of Moscow and the subsequent Tsardom of Russia to the Soviet Union. Moscow is the site of the Moscow Kremlin, an ancient fortress that is today the residence of the Russian President and of the executive branch of the Government of Russia. The Kremlin is also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament (the State Duma and the Federation Council) also sit in Moscow.
wn.com/Moscow -
New Mexico
New Mexico (i/nuː ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/) is a state located in the southwest and western regions of the United States. New Mexico is also usually considered one of the Mountain States. New Mexico is the 5th most extensive, the 36th most populous, and the 6th least densely populated of the 50 United States.
Inhabited by Native American populations for many centuries, New Mexico has also been part of the Imperial Spanish viceroyalty of New Spain, part of Mexico, and a U.S. territory. Among U.S. states, New Mexico has the highest percentage of Hispanics, including descendants of Spanish colonists and recent immigrants from Latin America. It also has the second-highest percentage of Native Americans, after Alaska, and the fourth-highest total number of Native Americans after California, Oklahoma, and Arizona. The tribes in the state consist of mostly Navajo and Pueblo peoples. As a result, the demographics and culture of the state are unique for their strong Hispanic and Native American influences. The flag of New Mexico is represented by the red and gold colors, which represent Spain, as well as the Zia symbol, an ancient Native American symbol for the sun.
wn.com/New_Mexico -
Northern Hemisphere
Coordinates: 45°0′0″N 0°0′0″E / 45°N 0°E / 45; 0
The Northern Hemisphere is the half of a planet that is north of its equator—the word hemisphere literally means “half sphere”. It is also that half of the celestial sphere north of the celestial equator. Earth's northern hemisphere contains most of the planet's land, and roughly 90% of its human population. See also Arctic, Temperate zone, Tropics, Seasons and Climate
Due to the Earth's axial tilt, winter lasts from the winter solstice (typically December 22) to the vernal equinox (typically March 20), while summer lasts from the summer solstice (typically June 21) through to the autumnal equinox (typically September 21).
The Arctic is the region north of the Arctic Circle. Its climate is characterized by cold winters and cool summers. Precipitation mostly comes in the form of snow. The Arctic experiences some days in summer when the Sun never sets, and some days during the winter when it never rises. The duration of these phases varies from one day for locations right on the Arctic Circle to several months near the North Pole.
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Norway
Norwayi/ˈnɔrweɪ/ (Norwegian: Norge (Bokmål) or Noreg (Nynorsk)), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and the subantarctic Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres (148,747 sq mi) and a population of about 5 million. It is the second least densely populated country in Europe. The majority of the country shares a border to the east with Sweden; its northernmost region is bordered by Finland to the south and Russia to the east; in its south Norway borders the Skagerrak Strait across from Denmark. The capital city of Norway is Oslo. Norway's extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea, is home to its famous fjords.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Scotland
Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba ([ˈalˠ̪apə] listen (help·info))) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland constitutes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
Edinburgh, the country's capital and second largest city, is one of Europe's largest financial centres. Edinburgh was the hub of the Scottish Enlightenment of the 18th century, which transformed Scotland into one of the commercial, intellectual and industrial powerhouses of Europe. Glasgow, Scotland's largest city, was once one of the world's leading industrial cities and now lies at the centre of the Greater Glasgow conurbation. Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third largest city in Scotland, the title of Europe's oil capital.
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Southern Hemisphere
Coordinates: 45°0′0″S 0°0′0″E / 45°S 0°E / -45; 0
The Southern Hemisphere is the part of Earth that lies south of the equator. The word hemisphere (from the Greek word σφαιρα (sphere) +ημι (half)) literally means 'half ball' or "half sphere". It is also that half of the celestial sphere south of the celestial equator.
The Southern Hemisphere contains all or parts of four continents (Antarctica, Australia, most parts of South America and southern half of Africa), four oceans (South Atlantic, Indian, South Pacific, and Southern) and most of Oceania. Several islands off the Asian continental mainland are also in the Southern Hemisphere. Due to the tilt of Earth's rotation relative to the Sun and the ecliptic plane, summer is December to March and winter is June to September. September 22 or 23 is the vernal equinox and March 20 or 21 is the autumnal equinox.
Climates in the Southern Hemisphere overall tend to be slightly milder than those in the Northern Hemisphere at similar latitudes except in the Antarctic which is colder than the Arctic. This is because the Southern Hemisphere has significantly more ocean and much less land. Water heats up and cools down more slowly than land.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] ( listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
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Taiwan
Taiwan (i/ˌtaɪˈwɑːn/ TY-WAHN; Chinese: 臺灣 or 台灣; pinyin: Táiwān; see below), officially the Republic of China (ROC; Chinese: 中華民國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a state in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China now governs the island of Taiwan (formerly known as Formosa), which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands. Neighboring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east and northeast, and the Philippines to the south. Taipei is the capital city and economic and cultural centre of the country, and New Taipei is the most populous city.
The earliest evidence of inhabitation of Taiwan dates back to the late Paleolithic era. The island of Taiwan was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before being colonized in the 17th century by the Dutch and the Spanish Empire. The first Han Chinese polity on Taiwan began when Koxinga's troops defeated Dutch forces and established the Kingdom of Tungning. The island was subsequently ruled by the Qing Dynasty after the kingdom's defeat in the Battle of Penghu in 1683, a period that lasted for over 200 years. Following Japan's victory over the Qing Dynasty in the first Sino-Japanese war, Taiwan was ceded to Japan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895.
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Trento
Trento listen (help·info) (traditional English: Trent; Italian: Trento, pronounced [ˈtrɛnto] or [ˈtrento][citation needed]; local dialects: Trènt; German: Trient) is an Italian city located in the Adige River valley in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol. It is the capital of Trentino. In the 16th century the city was the location of the Council of Trent.
Trento is a major educational, scientific, financial and political centre in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and Northern Italy in general. The University of Trento ranks highly out of Italy's top 30 colleges, coming 1st in the Italian Ministry of Education ranking, 1st in Engineering area according to Censis-La Repubblica ranking and 5th in the Il Sole 24 Ore ranking of Italian universities, and amongst the 500 best in the world according to the Times Higher Education, coming 252nd. The city contains a picturesque Medieval and Renaissance historic centre, with ancient buildings such as Trento Cathedral and the Castello del Buonconsiglio.
Modern-day Trento is a cosmopolitan city, with highly-developed and organized modern social services.[citation needed] The city often ranks extremely highly out of all 103 Italian cities for quality of life, standard of living, and business and job opportunities, coming 1st, 6th and 2nd respectively. Trento is also one of the nation's wealthiest and most prosperous, with its province being one of the richest in Italy, although poorer than its neighbours Lombardy and South Tyrol, with a GDP per capita of €29,500 and a GDP (nominal) of €14.878 billion.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Warwickshire
Warwickshire (i/ˈwɒrɨkʃər/ or /ˈwɒrɨkʃɪər/) is a landlocked non-metropolitan county in the West Midlands region of England. The county town is Warwick, although the largest town is Nuneaton. The county is famous for being the birthplace of William Shakespeare and George Elliot. Commonly used abbreviations for the county are Warks or Warwicks.
The five districts of North Warwickshire, Nuneaton & Bedworth, Rugby, Warwick and Stratford-on-Avon together form the Warwickshire County Council area, and are within the 1974 boundaries. The shape of the administrative area of Warwickshire differs considerably from that of the historic county, which also includes the now autonomous unitary authorities of Coventry and Solihull, as well as a small area around central and northeast Birmingham.
For Eurostat purposes it is a NUTS 3 region (code UKG13) and is one of three counties that comprise the "Herefordshire, Worcestershire and Warwickshire" NUTS 2 region.
Warwickshire is bounded to the north-west by the West Midlands metropolitan county and Staffordshire, by Leicestershire to the north-east, Northamptonshire to the east, Worcestershire to the west, Oxfordshire to the south and Gloucestershire to the south-west. The northern tip of the county is only 3 miles (5 km) from the Derbyshire border. An average-sized English county covering an area of almost 2,000 km2, it runs some 60 miles (97 km) north to south.
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West Virginia
West Virginia (i/ˌwɛst vərˈdʒɪnjə/) is a state in the Appalachian region of the Eastern United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Ohio to the northwest, Pennsylvania to the northeast and Maryland to the east. West Virginia is the 41st most extensive and the 37th most populous of the 50 United States. The capital and largest city is Charleston.
West Virginia became a state following the Wheeling Conventions and broke away from Virginia during the American Civil War. The new state was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863, and was a key Civil War border state. West Virginia was the only state to form by seceding from a Confederate state, and was one of two states formed during the American Civil War (the other one being Nevada, which separated from Utah Territory).
The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the South. The northern panhandle extends adjacent to Pennsylvania and Ohio, with the West Virginia cities of Wheeling and Weirton just across the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while Bluefield is less than 70 miles (110 km) from North Carolina. Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered to be a part of the Washington metropolitan area, in between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. Notably, it is the only state that is entirely within the area served by the Appalachian Regional Commission; the area is commonly defined as "Appalachia".
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Armand David
Father Armand David (27 September 1826 near Bayonne –10 November 1900 in Paris) was a Lazarist missionary Catholic priest as well as a zoologist and a botanist.
Born in Ezpeleta near Bayonne, in the north of Basque Country, in Pyrénées-Atlantiques département of France, he entered the Congregation of the Mission in 1848, having already displayed great fondness for the natural sciences. Ordained in 1862, he was shortly afterwards sent to Beijing, where he began a collection of material for a museum of natural history, mainly zoological, but in which botany, geology, and palaeontology were also well represented.
At the request of the French government, important specimens from his collection were sent to Paris and aroused the greatest interest. The Jardin des Plantes commissioned him to undertake scientific journeys through China to make further collections. He succeeded in obtaining many specimens of hitherto unknown animals and plants, and the value of his comprehensive collections for the advance of systematic zoology and especially for the advancement of animal geography received universal recognition from the scientific world.
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Arthur Rackham
Arthur Rackham (19 September 1867 – 6 September 1939) was an English book illustrator.
Rackham was born in London as one of 12 children. At the age of 18, he worked as a clerk at the Westminster Fire Office and began studying part-time at the Lambeth School of Art.
In 1892 he left his job and started working for The Westminster Budget as a reporter and illustrator. His first book illustrations were published in 1893 in To the Other Side by Thomas Rhodes, but his first serious commission was in 1894 for The Dolly Dialogues, the collected sketches of Anthony Hope, who later went on to write The Prisoner of Zenda. Book illustrating then became Rackham's career for the rest of his life.
In 1903 he married Edyth Starkie, with whom he had one daughter, Barbara, in 1908. Rackham won a gold medal at the Milan International Exhibition in 1906 and another one at the Barcelona International Exposition in 1912. His works were included in numerous exhibitions, including one at the Louvre in Paris in 1914. Arthur Rackham died in 1939 of cancer in his home in Limpsfield, Surrey.
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Corbinian
Saint Corbinian (c. 670 – September 8, c. 730) was a Frankish bishop. His feast day is September 8. The commemoration of the translation of his relics is November 20.
Corbinian was born and baptized as Waldegiso at Châtres, near Melun, in Frankish territory. He was named after his father, who may have died when Corbinian was an infant. Soon after his father's death, his mother Corbiniana soon renamed Waldegiso to "Corbinian," after herself. Nothing else is known of his childhood. The early source for Corbinian's life is the Vita Corbiniani of Bishop Arbeo of Freising.
He lived in Châtres on the road to Orléans as a hermit for fourteen years, near a church dedicated to Saint Germain. His reputation attracted students to him, which distracted him from his hermitage. His devotion to Saint Peter the Apostle prompted a decision to make a journey to Rome, accompanied by some of the disciples. While in Rome, Pope Gregory II admonished him to use his talents to evangelize Bavaria. Corbinian, who may already have been a bishop or who was so consecrated by Gregory, was sent to minister to Grimoald, the Frankish Duke of Bavaria. Corbinian probably arrived in Bavaria in 724.
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Flora Annie Steel
Flora Annie Steel (2 April 1847 – 12 April 1929) was an English writer. She was the daughter of George Webster. In 1867 she married Henry William Steel, a member of the Indian civil service, and for the next twenty-two years lived in India, chiefly in the Punjab, with which most of her books are connected.
When her husband's health was weak, Flora Annie Steel looked after some of his responsibilities. She acted as school inspector and mediator in local arguments.
She was interested in relating to all classes of Indian society. The birth of her daughter gave her a chance to interact with local women and learn their language.
She encouraged the production of local handicrafts and collected folk-tales, a collection of which she published in 1884.
Her interest in schools and the education of women gave her a special insight into native life and character. A year before leaving India, she coauthored and published The Complete Indian Housekeeper, giving detailed directions to European women on all aspects of household management in India.
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Irish people
The Irish people (Irish: Muintir na hÉireann or na hÉireannaigh; Ulster-Scots: Airisch or Airish fowk) are an ethnic group who originate in Ireland, an island in northwestern Europe. Ireland has been populated for around 9,000 years (according to archaeological studies, see Prehistoric Ireland). The Irish people's earliest ancestors are recorded in legends – they are claimed to be descended from groups such as the Nemedians, Fomorians, Fir Bolg, Tuatha Dé Danann and the Milesians.Lebor Gabála Érenn, a book of Irish mythology tells that Tuatha Dé Dananns were Scythian descendants.
The main groups that interacted with the Irish in the Middle Ages include the Picts, Scots, and the Vikings. Due to this contact, Icelanders are noted for having some Irish descent. The Anglo-Norman invasion of the High Middle Ages, the English plantations and the subsequent English rule of the country introduced the Normans and Flemish into Ireland. Welsh, Picts, Bretons, and small parties of Gauls and even Anglo-Saxons are known in Ireland from much earlier times.
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Joseph Campbell
Joseph John Campbell (March 26, 1904 – October 30, 1987) was an American mythologist, writer and lecturer, best known for his work in comparative mythology and comparative religion. His work is vast, covering many aspects of the human experience. His philosophy is often summarized by his phrase: "Follow your bliss."
Joseph Campbell was born and raised in White Plains, New York in an upper middle class Irish Catholic family. As a child Campbell became fascinated with Native American culture after his father took him to see the American Museum of Natural History in New York where he saw on display featured collections of Native American artifacts. He soon became versed in numerous aspects of Native American society, primarily in Native American mythology. This led to Campbell's lifelong passion for myth and to his study and mapping of the cohesive threads in mythology that appeared to exist among even disparate human cultures.
In 1921 he graduated from the Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut.
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Pope Benedict XVI
Benedict XVI (Latin: Benedictus PP. XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI.; born Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger on 16 April 1927) is the 265th Pope, a position in which he serves dual roles as Sovereign of the Vatican City State and leader of the Catholic Church. As pope he is regarded as the successor of Saint Peter. Benedict XVI was elected on 19 April 2005 in a papal conclave, celebrated his Papal Inauguration Mass on 24 April 2005, and took possession of his cathedral, the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran, on 7 May 2005. A native of Bavaria, Pope Benedict XVI has both German and Vatican citizenship.
After a long career as an academic, serving as a professor of theology at various German universities—the last being the University of Regensburg—he was appointed Archbishop of Munich and Freising and cardinal by Pope Paul VI in 1977. In 1981, he settled in Rome when he became Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, one of the most important dicasteries of the Roman Curia. From 2002 until his election as Pope, he was also Dean of the College of Cardinals, and as such the primus inter pares among the cardinals. Prior to becoming Pope, he was "a major figure on the Vatican stage for a quarter of a century" as "one of the most respected, influential and controversial members of the College of Cardinals"; he had an influence "second to none when it came to setting church priorities and directions" as one of Pope John Paul II's closest confidants.
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Romedius
Saint Romedius (in Italian, San Romedio; 4th century) was a son of the Tyrolese count of Thaur (in the Inn Valley near Innsbruck). Though the son of a nobleman, as a young man he withdrew to a rock cave in order to meditate. After the death of his parents, he gave away all of his possessions and established himself in the Val di Non (German Nonstal) in Trentino.
Romedius is often depicted alongside or astride a bear. According to his hagiography he wanted to visit the friend of his youth, St. Vigilius, Bishop of Trento, (who died in 405), but his horse was torn to pieces by a wild bear. Romedius, however, had the bear bridled by his disciple David (Davide). The bear became docile and carried Romedius on its back to Trento. The tamed bear is a motif also of Saint Corbinian, bishop of Freising.
Upon Romedius' death, his body was laid to rest in a small tomb above his cave in the mountains, a site that was soon visited by pilgrims. The Sanctuary of San Romedio grew from the little church that was built to venerate him to the popular pilgrimage shrine, the Santuario di San Romedio is across the lake from Cles at the head of the Val di Non, above the village of Sanzeno. The sanctuary where Romedio lived with his bear companion is a complex of several churches, from the Romanesque period to the 19th century beyond a gateway in the forested slopes. Votive offerings of crutches line the walls of the narrow stone stairwell up to the highest chapel, said to be the saint's retreat.
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Ronald Reagan
Ronald Wilson Reagan ( /ˈrɒnəld ˈwɪlsən ˈreɪɡən/; February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States, serving from 1981 to 1989. Prior to that, he was the 33rd Governor of California from 1967 to 1975 and a radio, film and television actor.
Born in Tampico, Illinois and raised in Dixon, Reagan was educated at Eureka College, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics and sociology. After his graduation, Reagan moved first to Iowa to work as a radio broadcaster and then in to Los Angeles in 1937 where he began a career as an actor, first in films and later television. Some of his most notable films include Knute Rockne, All American, Kings Row, and Bedtime for Bonzo. Reagan served as president of the Screen Actors Guild, and later as a spokesman for General Electric (GE); his start in politics occurred during his work for GE. Originally a member of the Democratic Party, his positions began shifting rightward in the late 1950s, and he switched to the Republican Party in 1962. After delivering a rousing speech in support of Barry Goldwater's presidential candidacy in 1964, he was persuaded to seek the California governorship, winning two years later and again in 1970. He was defeated in his run for the Republican presidential nomination in 1968 as well as 1976, but won both the nomination and general election in 1980, defeating incumbent Jimmy Carter.
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Saint Gall
Saint Gall, Gallen, or Gallus (c. 550 – c. 646) was an Irish disciple and one of the traditionally twelve companions of Saint Columbanus on his mission from Ireland to the continent. Saint Deicolus is called an older brother of Gall.
Gall and his companions established themselves with Columbanus at first at Luxeuil in Gaul. In 610, he accompanied Columbanus on his voyage up the Rhine River to Bregenz but when in 612 Columbanus traveled on to Italy from Bregenz, Gall had to remain behind due to illness and was nursed at Arbon. He remained in Swabia, where, with several companions, he led the life of a hermit in the forests southwest of Lake Constance, near the source of the river Steinach in cells.
He died around 646–650 in Arbon, and his feast is celebrated on 16 October.
After his death a small church was erected which developed into the Abbey of St. Gall, the nucleus of the Canton of St. Gallen in eastern Switzerland the first abbot of which was Saint Othmar. The monastery was freed from its dependence of the bishop of Constance and Emperor Louis the Pious made it an imperial institution. The "Abbey of St. Gall", (not from the name of its founder and first abbot, but of the saint who had lived in this place and whose relics were honoured there) the monastery and especially its celebrated scriptorium played an illustrious part in Catholic and intellectual history until it was secularized in 1798.
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Ten Bears
Chief Ten Bears ("Padda-Wah-Ser-Man-Oh") - born Paruasemana (ca. 1790-November 23, 1872), became the paraivo or chief of the Ketahto ("Don't Wear Shoes") local group of Native Americans, and later the Principal Chief of the northern Yamparika or "Root Eater" division of the Numunuu Comanche, ca. 1850-60. As Comanche personal names are seldom translated into English, he is commonly known as Paruasemena.
Paruasemena was orphaned as a baby when his family group was murdered by Lakotas. Later Comanche oral history states that in his young adult years, he was noted for leading horse-mounted spear attacks on Lakota villages.
The ethnonym (group name), Yamparika or "Root Eater" Comanche was known to the Spaniards of New Mexico as early as the 1750s, but until about 1780, they were generally north of the Arkansas River and so were seldom specifically mentioned in Spanish documents. After that time, with the advance of Cheyennes (Comanche: paka naboo 'striped arrows'), and Cuampes, likely Arapahos, some local Yamparika groups relocated to the valley of the North Canadian River in New Mexico and Texas.
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Theodor Kittelsen
Theodor Severin Kittelsen (April 27, 1857 – January 21, 1914) was a Norwegian artist. He is one of the most popular artists in Norway. Kittelsen became famous for his nature paintings, as well as for his illustrations of fairy tales and legends, especially of trolls.
Kittelsen was born in the coastal town of Kragerø in Telemark county, Norway. His father died at an early age, leaving a wife and eight children in straightened circumstances. Theodor was only 11 years old when he was apprenticed to a watchmaker. When at the age of 17 his talent was discovered by Diderich Maria Aall, he became a pupil at Wilhelm von Hanno’s drawing school in Christiania (now Oslo). Because of generous financial support by Aall he later studied in Munich. However, in 1879 Diderich Aall could no longer manage to support him, so Kittelsen had to earn his money as a draftsman for German newspapers and magazines.
In 1882 Kittelsen was granted a state scholarship to study in Paris. In 1887 he returned to Norway for good. When back in Norway, he found nature to be a great inspiration. He spent the next two years in Lofoten where he lived with his sister and brother-in-law at Skomvær Lighthouse. Kittelsen also started to write texts to his drawings here.
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Ursari
The Ursari (generally read as "bear leaders" or "bear handlers"; from the Romanian urs, meaning "bear"; singular: ursar; Bulgarian: урсари, ursari) or Richinara are the traditionally-nomad occupational group of animal trainers among the Roma people.
An endogamous category originally drawing the bulk of its income from busking performances in which they used brown bears and, in several instances, Old world monkeys, they have largely become settled after the 1850s. The Ursari form an important part of the Roma community in Romania, where they are one of the 40 tribal groups, as well as notable segments of the Bulgarian Roma population and of the one in Moldova. They also form a sizable part of the Roma present in Serbia and Western European countries such as the Netherlands and Italy.
The word Ursari may also refer to a dialect of Balkan Romani, as spoken in Romania and Moldova, although it is estimated that most Ursari, like the Boyash, speak Romanian as their native language. There is no scholarly consensus on whether Ursari belong to the Sinti subgroup of the Roma people or to the other half of the Roma population. A Romanian poll conducted in 2004 among 347 Roma found that 150 referred to themselves as "Ursari" (or 43.2%, and the largest single group).
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William Faulkner
William Cuthbert Faulkner (born Falkner, September 25, 1897 – July 6, 1962) was an American writer and Nobel Prize laureate from Oxford, Mississippi. Faulkner worked in a variety of media; he wrote novels, short stories, a play, poetry, essays and screenplays during his career. He is primarily known and acclaimed for his novels and short stories, many of which are set in the fictional Yoknapatawpha County, a setting Faulkner created based on Lafayette County, where he spent most of his childhood, and Holly Springs/Marshall County.
Faulkner is one of the most important writers of the Southern literature of the United States, along with Mark Twain, Robert Penn Warren, Flannery O'Connor, Truman Capote, Eudora Welty, Thomas Wolfe, Harper Lee and Tennessee Williams. Though his work was published as early as 1919, and largely during the 1920s and 1930s, Faulkner was relatively unknown until receiving the 1949 Nobel Prize in Literature. Two of his works, A Fable (1954) and his last novel The Reivers (1962) won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.
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Bear Filmography
- Penthouse Variations: Naughty & Nice (2011)
- The Orgasm (2011)
- Penthouse Vacation (2011)
- My Mom's Best Friend (2011)
- On Call (2010)
- Tales of Twisted Sex (2010)
- Nurses 101 (2010)
- Dreamgirl (2010)
- Not Really.. The Dukes of Hazzard: A Hardcore Parody (2010)
- Any Way You Want It (2010)
- Maximum Climax (2010)
- Interoffice Intercourse (2010)
- Infidelities (2010)
- Guide to Getting Girls (2010)
- Foot Fetishes Exposed (2010)
- Ghost Fuckers (2010)
- Sisters Who Sin (2010)
- Sexy Seductive Housewives (2010)
- Sex Obsessed (2010)
- Wife Swapping (2010)
- Big Boob Blondes (2010)
- Big Bust Cougars (2010)
- Sex Driven (2010)
- 30 Dirty Years (2010)
- Sex After Dark (2010)
- Penthouse Variations: Fetish Fucking (2010)
- Cheating Sex (2010)
- 5 Filthy Fetishes (2010)
- Pandora's XXX Toy Box (2010)
- Our Little Secret (2010)
- A Devil in Bed (2010)
- Opposites Attract (2010)
- Pandora's XXX Toy Box (2010)
- The Dinner Affair (2010)
- The Red Panties (2010)
- Behind the Cyber Door (2009)
- Cougar Cruisin' (2009)
- Roommates (2009)
- She-Devilled (2009)
- 18 and Dangerous (2009)
- A Girl's Guide to Girls (2009)
- All Night at the DDD Diner (2009)
- Another Man's MILF (2009)
- 18 and Dangerous (2009)
- Booby Trap (2009)
- Cheating Sports Celebrity Wives (2009)
- Confessions of a Cam Girl (2009)
- Confessions of a Cheating Housewife (2009)
- Cougar Cruisin' (2009)
- Cougars Cruisin' Coeds (2009)
- Diary of a Horny Housewife (2009)
- Drill Baby Drill! (2009)
- Everybody Needs MILF (2009)
- Guide to Great Sex (2009)
- Guide to Threesomes (2009)
- House of Wicked (2009)
- How I Did a MILF (2009)
- Kittens vs. Cougars (2009)
- Korporate Kougars (2009)
- Last Call (2009)
- Mike's Dirty Movie (2009)
- MILF and Cookies (2009)
- MILFs in High Heels (2009)
- Mobster's Ball 2 (2009)
- My Teacher's a MILF (2009)
- My Wife & My Mistress (2009)
- My Wife's a Tramp (2009)
- Naughty Cheerleaders (2009)
- Naughty Nurse Nancy (2009)
- Never Say Never (2009)
- Operation: Tropical Stormy (2009)
- Oriental Babysitters (2009)
- Pin Up (2009)
- Playgirl: Needing Him (2009)
- Predator III: The Final Chapter (2009)
- Pubic Enemy (2009)
- Roommates (2009)
- Secret Diary of a Cam Girl (2009)
- Secret Diary of a Secretary (2009)
- Secrets of a Trophy Wife (2009)
- Sex Secrets of a Dirty Blonde (2009)
- Sex with Strangers (2009)
- She-Devilled (2009)
- Sideline Sluts: Cheerleader Confessions (2009)
- Sinful (2009)
- Sorority Sex Scandals (2009)
- Sportin' Big Boobs (2009)
- Statuesque (2009)
- The Fetish Mansion (2009)
- The Lifestyle (2009)
- The Penthouse Pet's Guide to Blow Jobs (2009)
- The Scarlet Manor (2009)
- The Screw Club (2009)
- The Sex Party (2009)
- This Ain't Gilligan's Island XXX (2009)
- Tiger's Got Wood! (2009)
- Tits to Die For (2009)
- Wives' Secret Fantasies (2009)
- You, Me, Them (2009)
- Dating 101 (2008)
- Two (2008)
- Tasty (2008)
- The Artist (2008)
- Netchixxx (2008)
- Alektra-fied (2008)
- Dreams & Desires (2008)
- Double Exposure (2008)
- One Night Stand (2008)
- The Footman (2008)
- Close Shave (2008)
- Chop Shop Chicas (2008)
- Cheating Affairs (2008)
- Carmen Goes South (2008)
- Bring Me the Head of Shawna Leneé (2008)
- The Itch (2008)
- Virgin Diaries (2008)
- Pleasure Dome (2008)
- Possessed (2008)
- Wicked Wives: A Voyeur's Diary (2008)
- Watch Me (2008)
- Remodeled (2008)
- Rise (2008)
- The Perfect Fantasy (2008)
- Route 66 (2008)
- Two (2008)
- What Girls Like (2008)
- When the Cat's Away (2008)
- Breaking & Entering (2008)
- Blondes in Black Leather (2008)
- Bad Wives Book Club (2008)
- Where There's Smoke (2008)
- Who's Killing the Pets? (2008)
- Friends with Benefits (2008)
- Foxtrot (2008)
- Fleshdance (2008)
- Sexy Bitch (2008)
- Bad Girls Ink. (2008)
- Hardcore Cougars (2008)
- Hot Chocolate (2008)
- Tied Up (2008)
- Housewives of Amber Lane (2008)
- Wicked Wives: A Voyeur's Diary (2008)
- Identity (2008)
- Impulsive (2008)
- Fired (2008)
- Family Jewels (2008)
- Kinky Cougars (2008)
- Kissing Girls (2008)
- Bad Girls (2008)
- Last Call (2008)
- Small Town (2008)
- Latina Hollywood Hookers (2008)
- Layover (2008)
- Love for the First Time (2008)
- Lucky Stiff (2008)
- Fame (2008)
- My Pleasure Pet (2008)
- Spiked Heels (2008)
- Miss Blackwood Diaries (2008)
- Spring Fling (2008)
- Moving Out (2008)
- Erica's Fantasies (2008)
- My Pleasure Pet (2008)
- My Secret Girlfriend (2008)
- Traderz (2008)
- Almost Perfect (2008)
- Compulsion (2007)
- RefleXXXions (2007)
- Touched (2007)
- The Craving (2007)
- Time After Time (2007)
- Off the Air (2007)
- Girl Talk (2007)
Bear, The Filmography
- Behind the Curtain: The Making of Moscow (2002)
- Behind the Curtain: The Making of Moscow (2002)
- Behind the Curtain: The Making of Moscow (2002)
- Moscow: The Power of Submission (2001)
- Moscow: The Power of Submission (2001)
- Moscow: The Power of Submission (2001)
- Thick as Thieves (1999)
- Hot Times in Little Havana (1998)
- The Anchor Hotel (1997)
- The Caracas Adventure (1995)
- Comrades in Arms (1995)
- Jungle Heat (1993)
Bear Filmography
Follow these thoughts through the maze of life
Amazed by the little things that catch my eye
Not knowing what to do, where to go, what to be
But I need you there to rest at ease
At best that is worth wasting a smile
For you Iwould walk a hundred miles
Till the end of time, into the sunshine
Follow me there, it€™ll be alright
No more than you can bear, no more than I can bear
Now let me see your eyes ' let me see you
No more than you can bear,no more than I can bear
I€™m sick of hearing lies ' let me hear you
Paperbacks full of unholy scriptures
Someone painting a worthless picture
I see your face thru the rain and the darkness
Pain and suffering become my fortress
I rest my head on the solid ground
Angels walking up and down
The latter of my mind in the sweetest dreams
As I lose myself, least so it seems
There's a bear inside your stomach.
The cub's been kicking from within.
He's loud, though without vocal chords
We'll put an end to him.
We'll make all the right appointments.
No one ever has to know.
And then tomorrow I'll turn 21.
We'll script another show.
We'll play charades up in the Chelsea.
Drink champagne although you shouldn't be.
We'll be blind and dumb until we fall asleep.
None of our friends will come.
They dodge our calls.
And they have for quite awhile now.
It's not a shock.
You don't seem to mind and I just can't see how.
We're too old.
We're not old, old at all.
Just too old.
We're not old, old at all.
There's a bear inside your stomach.
The cub's been kicking you for weeks.
And if this isn't all a dream.
Well then we'll cut him from beneath.
Well we're not scared of making caves.
Or finding food for him to eat.
We're terrified of one another.
And terrified of what that means.
But we'll make only quick decisions.
And you'll just keep me in the waiting room.
And all the while i'll know we're fucked.
And not getting unfucked soon.
When we get home we're bigger strangers than we've ever been before.
You sit in front of snowy television, suitcase on the floor.
We're too old.
We're not old, old at all.
Just too old.
We're not old, old at all.
Just too old.
We're not old, old at all.
Just too old.
We're not old, old at all.
Just too old.
We're not old, old at all.
Just too old.
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Polar bears and dogs playing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:18
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
A strange relationship between dogs and bears. Taken from the show "Jailed Polar Bear" on FirstScience.tv Download in full from: firstscience.tv
http://wn.com/Polar_bears_and_dogs_playing
A strange relationship between dogs and bears. Taken from the show "Jailed Polar Bear" on FirstScience.tv Download in full from: firstscience.tv
The Gummy Bear Song - Long English Version
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:41
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
www.gummibar.net Download from iTunes tinyurl.com CD available on Amazon: tinyurl.com DVD available on Amazon: tinyurl.com Shirts and merch - www.gummytees.com Full length English version of I Am A Gummy Bear (The Gummy Bear Song) from the album "I Am Your Gummy Bear". Artist Gummibär Title: I Am A Gummy Bear Album: I Am Your Gummy Bear Subscribe to Gummibär's YouTube Channel - www.youtube.com GUMMIBÄR T-SHIRTS AND MERCH: imagummybear.spreadshirt.com Sign up for the Gummibär mailing list to win great prizes! - http PLAY GUMMIBÄR (THE GUMMY BEAR) GAME: www.gummybeargame.com VISIT ON FACEBOOK www.facebook.com FOLLOW ON TWITTER: www.twitter.com VISIT ON MYSPACE: www.myspace.com FOLLOW ON PINTEREST: www.pinterest.com SEND A GUMMIBÄR ECARD: www.funnygummy.com GUMMIBÄR JAPAN www.gummybear.jp OSITO GOMINOLA www.ositogominola.mx More about Gummibär Gummibär, a funny and lovable cartoon character, is a green animated gummy bear with a multitude of talents. Whether he is singing, break dancing, or playing his tuba, both children and adults can't get enough of his funny gummy antics. His multi-lingual abilities have led to a huge International following and allow him to sing in 20 different languages including English, Hungarian, French, German, Spanish, Swedish, Portuguese, Czech, Slovak, Russian, and Hebrew with more to follow. With close to 1 billion plays and counting, the video for "I Am A Gummy Bear" (The Gummy Bear Song) by Gummibär, has captured the hearts and minds of ...
http://wn.com/The_Gummy_Bear_Song_Long_English_Version
www.gummibar.net Download from iTunes tinyurl.com CD available on Amazon: tinyurl.com DVD available on Amazon: tinyurl.com Shirts and merch - www.gummytees.com Full length English version of I Am A Gummy Bear (The Gummy Bear Song) from the album "I Am Your Gummy Bear". Artist Gummibär Title: I Am A Gummy Bear Album: I Am Your Gummy Bear Subscribe to Gummibär's YouTube Channel - www.youtube.com GUMMIBÄR T-SHIRTS AND MERCH: imagummybear.spreadshirt.com Sign up for the Gummibär mailing list to win great prizes! - http PLAY GUMMIBÄR (THE GUMMY BEAR) GAME: www.gummybeargame.com VISIT ON FACEBOOK www.facebook.com FOLLOW ON TWITTER: www.twitter.com VISIT ON MYSPACE: www.myspace.com FOLLOW ON PINTEREST: www.pinterest.com SEND A GUMMIBÄR ECARD: www.funnygummy.com GUMMIBÄR JAPAN www.gummybear.jp OSITO GOMINOLA www.ositogominola.mx More about Gummibär Gummibär, a funny and lovable cartoon character, is a green animated gummy bear with a multitude of talents. Whether he is singing, break dancing, or playing his tuba, both children and adults can't get enough of his funny gummy antics. His multi-lingual abilities have led to a huge International following and allow him to sing in 20 different languages including English, Hungarian, French, German, Spanish, Swedish, Portuguese, Czech, Slovak, Russian, and Hebrew with more to follow. With close to 1 billion plays and counting, the video for "I Am A Gummy Bear" (The Gummy Bear Song) by Gummibär, has captured the hearts and minds of ...
- published: 29 Mar 2008
- views: 42378819
- author: GummyBearIntl
bear desert island
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:59
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
bear desert island
http://wn.com/bear_desert_island
Bear by Nash Edgerton: VICE Shorts
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:51
- Updated: 09 Feb 2013
Jack has the perfect birthday surprise planned for Emelie. Sometimes, though, plans go horrifically wrong. Buy the end credits song, "Beautiful Flirt" from Bear on iTunes: bit.ly Directed by Nash Edgerton Produced by Lauren Edwards & John Polson Written by Nash Edgerton & David Michôd Cast - Nash Edgerton, Teresa Palmer & Warwick Thornton With new music by Ben Lee, Ione Skye & Jack Graddis ©2011 Blue-Tongue Films bluetonguefilms.com http facebook.com twitter.com ** We're releasing some of our favorite short films right here on YouTube, including work from Nash Edgerton (THE SQUARE), Spencer Susser (HESHER), Ray Tintori (MGMT, BEASTS OF THE SOUTHERN WILD), and more. Check back next Friday for more great shorts! ** Watch the Best of VICE here: bit.ly Subscribe to VICE here! bit.ly Check out our full video catalog: bit.ly Videos, daily editorial and more: vice.com Like VICE on Facebook fb.com Follow VICE on Twitter: twitter.com Read our tumblr: vicemag.tumblr.com
http://wn.com/Bear_by_Nash_Edgerton_VICE_Shorts
Jack has the perfect birthday surprise planned for Emelie. Sometimes, though, plans go horrifically wrong. Buy the end credits song, "Beautiful Flirt" from Bear on iTunes: bit.ly Directed by Nash Edgerton Produced by Lauren Edwards & John Polson Written by Nash Edgerton & David Michôd Cast - Nash Edgerton, Teresa Palmer & Warwick Thornton With new music by Ben Lee, Ione Skye & Jack Graddis ©2011 Blue-Tongue Films bluetonguefilms.com http facebook.com twitter.com ** We're releasing some of our favorite short films right here on YouTube, including work from Nash Edgerton (THE SQUARE), Spencer Susser (HESHER), Ray Tintori (MGMT, BEASTS OF THE SOUTHERN WILD), and more. Check back next Friday for more great shorts! ** Watch the Best of VICE here: bit.ly Subscribe to VICE here! bit.ly Check out our full video catalog: bit.ly Videos, daily editorial and more: vice.com Like VICE on Facebook fb.com Follow VICE on Twitter: twitter.com Read our tumblr: vicemag.tumblr.com
- published: 01 Feb 2013
- views: 145450
- author: vice
Polite Bear Waves Hello - a waving bear
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:07
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
funniest bear i have ever seen
http://wn.com/Polite_Bear_Waves_Hello_a_waving_bear
Huge Bear Surprises Crew on EcoBubble Photo Shoot in BC
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:00
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
Check out what happened to this crew on a photoshoot for the EcoBubble washing machine. They were near Manning Park, BC.
http://wn.com/Huge_Bear_Surprises_Crew_on_EcoBubble_Photo_Shoot_in_BC
Check out what happened to this crew on a photoshoot for the EcoBubble washing machine. They were near Manning Park, BC.
- published: 14 Jan 2013
- views: 10575647
- author: SamsungHomeAppliance
The Only Man In The World Who Can Swim With A Polar Bear
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:16
- Updated: 09 Feb 2013
Subscribe tinyurl.com twitter: twitter.com Facebook: www.facebook.com Grizzly man Mark Dumas, 60, is the only man in the world who can touch a polar bear. And as these incredible pictures show the fearless bear handler from Abbotsford, British Columbia, even goes for dip in his swimming pool where he and 16-year-old polar bear Agee enjoy a watery cuddle together. Mark and wife Dawn, 60, train the 60-stone (800lb) friendly beast - the world's largest land predator - to star in high-budget TV adverts. She has even performed in movies like 'Alaska' in 1995 when she was just a few weeks old. With his incredibly intimate bond Mark wrestles on the grass with Agee, kisses her, puts his head in her huge jaws, and even bear hugs her as she rears up on her hind legs to over seven feet. Mark and Dawn have owned Agee since she was six weeks old and the colossal mammal even lived in their home as a cub where she played with the family dogs and was bottle fed.
http://wn.com/The_Only_Man_In_The_World_Who_Can_Swim_With_A_Polar_Bear
Subscribe tinyurl.com twitter: twitter.com Facebook: www.facebook.com Grizzly man Mark Dumas, 60, is the only man in the world who can touch a polar bear. And as these incredible pictures show the fearless bear handler from Abbotsford, British Columbia, even goes for dip in his swimming pool where he and 16-year-old polar bear Agee enjoy a watery cuddle together. Mark and wife Dawn, 60, train the 60-stone (800lb) friendly beast - the world's largest land predator - to star in high-budget TV adverts. She has even performed in movies like 'Alaska' in 1995 when she was just a few weeks old. With his incredibly intimate bond Mark wrestles on the grass with Agee, kisses her, puts his head in her huge jaws, and even bear hugs her as she rears up on her hind legs to over seven feet. Mark and Dawn have owned Agee since she was six weeks old and the colossal mammal even lived in their home as a cub where she played with the family dogs and was bottle fed.
- published: 11 Apr 2012
- views: 11287032
- author: barcroftmedia
Grizly Bear Cub & Wolf Cub Playing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:06
- Updated: 09 Feb 2013
Lil' Bear and Tala playing in the Gift Shop of the Woodland Zoo. Note: In the middle of the clip there are pictures of these guys as they are 6 years later. THERE ARE NO VIDEO OF THEM 6 YEARS LATER BECAUSE THEY LEFT THE ZOO WHEN THEY WERE 5 MONTHS OLD AND I AM UNABLE TO CONTACT THE CURRENT OWNER. Also note that in the clip I keep referring to the bear as a "boy", it's actually a girl.
http://wn.com/Grizly_Bear_Cub_Wolf_Cub_Playing
Lil' Bear and Tala playing in the Gift Shop of the Woodland Zoo. Note: In the middle of the clip there are pictures of these guys as they are 6 years later. THERE ARE NO VIDEO OF THEM 6 YEARS LATER BECAUSE THEY LEFT THE ZOO WHEN THEY WERE 5 MONTHS OLD AND I AM UNABLE TO CONTACT THE CURRENT OWNER. Also note that in the clip I keep referring to the bear as a "boy", it's actually a girl.
- published: 27 Jan 2012
- views: 4372947
- author: denmortube
L'Ours (1988) - the cougar scene
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
The whole movie made me cry.
http://wn.com/L'Ours_1988_the_cougar_scene
Bear Trampoline
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:49
- Updated: 07 Feb 2013
Cruel, but funny as a Bear is tranquilized in a tree, and falls...
http://wn.com/Bear_Trampoline
Cruel, but funny as a Bear is tranquilized in a tree, and falls...
- published: 07 Jul 2006
- views: 3120403
- author: Anyone4Buttons
Je m'appelle Funny Bear - Full French Version - Gummy Bear Song
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:44
- Updated: 09 Feb 2013
www.gummibar.net - From the CD "I Am Your Gummy Bear". Also from the DVD "I Am A Gummy Bear". Available on Amazon at tinyurl.com Shirts and merch - www.gummytees.com Available on iTunes at tinyurl.com Available on Amazon at: tinyurl.com GUMMIBÄR T-SHIRTS AND MERCH: imagummybear.spreadshirt.co...
http://wn.com/Je_m'appelle_Funny_Bear_Full_French_Version_Gummy_Bear_Song
www.gummibar.net - From the CD "I Am Your Gummy Bear". Also from the DVD "I Am A Gummy Bear". Available on Amazon at tinyurl.com Shirts and merch - www.gummytees.com Available on iTunes at tinyurl.com Available on Amazon at: tinyurl.com GUMMIBÄR T-SHIRTS AND MERCH: imagummybear.spreadshirt.co...
- published: 15 Oct 2007
- views: 136242860
- author: icanrockyourworld
Skyrim : Bear
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:05
- Updated: 09 Feb 2013
The most efficient way to deal with Bears in Skyrim. www.facebook.com www.twitter.com www.districtlines.com www.ohbowz.com
http://wn.com/Skyrim_Bear
The most efficient way to deal with Bears in Skyrim. www.facebook.com www.twitter.com www.districtlines.com www.ohbowz.com
- published: 27 Dec 2011
- views: 3192828
- author: AnimBowz
Where The Bears Are - Episode 1 BEAR DOWN
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:45
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
WATCH THIS SHOW AT wherethebearsare.tv And follow us at www.facebook.com twitter.com THIS SERIES IS INTENDED FOR MATURE AUDIENCES! In the opener, roommates Nelson Dorkoff, Reggie Hatch and Wood Burns (Ben Zook, Rick Copp, Joe Dietl) wake up the morning after a blow out party at their house to find a hot young bear cub in bed with Nelson and a very dead body in their bathtub. Hot Toddy: Ian Parks. J Cub: Julio Tello.
http://wn.com/Where_The_Bears_Are_Episode_1_BEAR_DOWN
WATCH THIS SHOW AT wherethebearsare.tv And follow us at www.facebook.com twitter.com THIS SERIES IS INTENDED FOR MATURE AUDIENCES! In the opener, roommates Nelson Dorkoff, Reggie Hatch and Wood Burns (Ben Zook, Rick Copp, Joe Dietl) wake up the morning after a blow out party at their house to find a hot young bear cub in bed with Nelson and a very dead body in their bathtub. Hot Toddy: Ian Parks. J Cub: Julio Tello.
- published: 01 Aug 2012
- views: 438904
- author: WhereTheBearsAre
Grizzly Bear - Two Weeks (music video in HD) Veckatimest out now
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:11
- Updated: 09 Feb 2013
Music Video (HD) for Two Weeks directed by Patrick Daughters. Producer Karen Lin VFX The Mill Production company The Directors Bureau Follow Grizzly Bear on Twitter: twitter.com Find Grizzly Bear on Facebook: facebook.com
http://wn.com/Grizzly_Bear_Two_Weeks_music_video_in_HD_Veckatimest_out_now
Music Video (HD) for Two Weeks directed by Patrick Daughters. Producer Karen Lin VFX The Mill Production company The Directors Bureau Follow Grizzly Bear on Twitter: twitter.com Find Grizzly Bear on Facebook: facebook.com
- published: 23 May 2009
- views: 7114294
- author: grizzlybearband
Bare Necessities
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:22
- Updated: 09 Feb 2013
Bare Necessities from the Jungle Book.
http://wn.com/Bare_Necessities
Bear - teaser
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:27
- Updated: 04 Feb 2013
Buy song at iTunes: bit.ly This is a teaser to Nash Edgerton's new short film follow up to Spider called Bear. Directed by Nash Edgerton Produced by Lauren Edwards & John Polson Written by Nash Edgerton & David Michôd Cast - Nash Edgerton, Teresa Palmer & Warwick Thornton With new music by Ben Lee, Ione Skye & Jack Graddis ©2011 Blue-Tongue Films
http://wn.com/Bear_teaser
Buy song at iTunes: bit.ly This is a teaser to Nash Edgerton's new short film follow up to Spider called Bear. Directed by Nash Edgerton Produced by Lauren Edwards & John Polson Written by Nash Edgerton & David Michôd Cast - Nash Edgerton, Teresa Palmer & Warwick Thornton With new music by Ben Lee, Ione Skye & Jack Graddis ©2011 Blue-Tongue Films
- published: 21 May 2011
- views: 48417
- author: bluetonguefilms
Coca-Cola Polar Bears Film 2013 produced by Ridley Scott
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:21
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
Watch this 6 minute film of our Coca-Cola #PolarBears as you've never seen them before!
http://wn.com/Coca-Cola_Polar_Bears_Film_2013_produced_by_Ridley_Scott
Watch this 6 minute film of our Coca-Cola #PolarBears as you've never seen them before!
- published: 31 Dec 2012
- views: 1603153
- author: cocacola
Canal+ "The Bear" by BETC Paris
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:19
- Updated: 09 Feb 2013
Canal+ "The Bear" by BETC Paris
http://wn.com/Canal+_The_Bear_by_BETC_Paris
Bear surprises Samsung crew on washing machine shoot
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:04
- Updated: 09 Feb 2013
Check out this "cool" video. On an advertising shoot for washing machines in Canada to show off the cold wash performance, the Samsung crew are suprised when a bear wanders into the shoot location.
http://wn.com/Bear_surprises_Samsung_crew_on_washing_machine_shoot
Check out this "cool" video. On an advertising shoot for washing machines in Canada to show off the cold wash performance, the Samsung crew are suprised when a bear wanders into the shoot location.
- published: 18 Jan 2013
- views: 941238
- author: Samsungtvaustralia
The Bear Meets Nishanto
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:05
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
See what this lady did to send this bear a packing. She helped send the economic woes a packing too - www.cheetahmastermind.com.
http://wn.com/The_Bear_Meets_Nishanto
See what this lady did to send this bear a packing. She helped send the economic woes a packing too - www.cheetahmastermind.com.
- published: 28 Sep 2012
- views: 3129772
- author: BearMeetsNishanto
Cycles
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:59
- Updated: 07 Feb 2013
the day Worthing sea-front was invaded by infinite teddy-bears. No teddy bears were harmed in the making of this video. music is available here: cyriak.co.uk The software used was adobe after effects.
http://wn.com/Cycles
the day Worthing sea-front was invaded by infinite teddy-bears. No teddy bears were harmed in the making of this video. music is available here: cyriak.co.uk The software used was adobe after effects.
- published: 09 Mar 2010
- views: 5086339
- author: cyriak
The Teddynator
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:57
- Updated: 07 Feb 2013
www.bbc.co.uk Misery Bear has turned to desperate measures in a bid to finally make himself happy. Will it work? Or will it have disastrous side effects and end up feeling uncannily like The Terminator (1984) directed by James Cameron and starring Arnold Schwarzenegger and Linda Hamilton?
http://wn.com/The_Teddynator
www.bbc.co.uk Misery Bear has turned to desperate measures in a bid to finally make himself happy. Will it work? Or will it have disastrous side effects and end up feeling uncannily like The Terminator (1984) directed by James Cameron and starring Arnold Schwarzenegger and Linda Hamilton?
- published: 30 Nov 2011
- views: 217416
- author: BBCComedy
Comic Relief Starring Kate Moss
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:25
- Updated: 07 Feb 2013
Misery Bear hopes that trying to help Comic Relief might give his life some meaning. He's got himself a spacehopper and is going to do a sponsored 24-hour bounce. If only there was a beautiful supermodel like Kate Moss who might sponsor him.
http://wn.com/Comic_Relief_Starring_Kate_Moss
Misery Bear hopes that trying to help Comic Relief might give his life some meaning. He's got himself a spacehopper and is going to do a sponsored 24-hour bounce. If only there was a beautiful supermodel like Kate Moss who might sponsor him.
- published: 07 Mar 2011
- views: 317139
- author: BBCComedy
photo: US Army / Chief Warrant Officer 4 Daniel McClinton
06 Feb 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. "The art of war is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin." Sun Tzu, "The Art of War," 4th Century BCE. During confirmation hearings for the next U.S. Defense Secretary, it was appalling to observe several senators haggling with Chuck Hagel over whether the surge during the disastrous U.S.-Iraqi preemptive war and military occupation was a success or not ... The U.S....(size: 6.2Kb)
photo: Creative Commons / Adam Moss
07 Feb 2013
Juror in Texas case wishes he heard more evidence. 12 minutes ago. Blizzard threatens New England; 1 to 2 feet feared. 17 minutes ago. UN. US air raids kill hundreds of Afghan children. 27 minutes ago. Ohio Amish set for sentencing in beard attacks. 44 minutes ago. Add-ons let semi-autos fire like military weapons. 1 hour ago. Deals!. View All. . . . . . ... St ... ....(size: 15.7Kb)
photo: USAF / Senior Airman Larry E. Reid Jr.
07 Feb 2013
Updated. February 7, 2013 12.29AM. WASHINGTON — President Barack Obama has directed the Justice Department to give Congress’ intelligence committees access to classified legal advice providing the government’s rationale for drone strikes against American citizens working with al-Qaida abroad, a senior administration official and Democratic lawmakers said Wednesday ... The unclassified memo says it is legal for the government to kill U.S ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)
photo: AP / World Vision
07 Feb 2013
Aid workers struggled to reach remote, tsunami-ravaged villages in the Solomon Islands on Thursday, as the death toll rose with more bodies found in wrecked homes and debris in the South Pacific island chain ... Around 100 homes across five villages were damaged or destroyed ... Three more bodies were found Thursday, but Herming said details of how those victims died were not immediately available ... - AP. ....(size: 1.9Kb)
photo: AP / Mehr News Agency, Sajjad Safari
07 Feb 2013
Iran's supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, strongly rejected proposals for direct talks with U.S. TEHRAN, Iran -- Iran's supreme leader Thursday strongly rejected proposals for direct talks with United States, apparently quashing suggestions for a breakthrough dialogue on the nuclear standoff and potentially other issues ... Vice President Joe Biden ... "Talks will not solve any problems," Khamenei said in a statement ... Like ... ....(size: 3.5Kb)
The Inquisitr
09 Feb 2013
Big >Bear, CA – The Big Bear lockdown answers the question, “Where is Dorner?”, that everyone is asking. The Big Bear Mountain Resort area near Los Angeles is under lockdown after police found a burned out truck belonging to Christopher Dorner. “Fresh tracks” in the snow near the ski resort led to the Big Bear lockdown being instituted during the massive manhunt for Dorner. ...(size: 2.9Kb)
Fresno Bee
09 Feb 2013
STL Today
09 Feb 2013
Located just 90 miles to the east of Los Angeles, in the rugged San Bernardino National Forest, Big >Bear Lake provides the perfect weekend refuge for folks fleeing the crowded, smelly streets and smoggy skies of the city for a quick winter weekend of alpine skiing ... Big Bear Lake, with 23 miles of shoreline, sits at an elevation of 6,750 feet. ...(size: 2.9Kb)
The Los Angeles Times
09 Feb 2013
Despite a massive manhunt for an alleged cop killer, tourism officials are making clear that the town of Big >Bear Lake and its two nearby ski resorts are open for business. More than 100 officers, many in tactical gear and armed with automatic weapons, were executing door-to-door searches around the town of Big Bear in search of former LAPD Officer Christopher Jordan Dorner, who is suspected in three murders. ...(size: 35.1Kb)
Wall Street Journal
09 Feb 2013
"The bears look good," he said ... We'd both been hanging around the tiny town of Churchill, Manitoba, ground zero for everything having to do with polar bears. Every fall the town is overrun with bears waiting for Hudson Bay to freeze. The bears, in turn, are trailed by herds of tourists, tour guides, scientists, green-leaning types and B-list celebrities—all looking for communion with The Most Important Animal of Our Time....(size: 6.8Kb)
The Washington Post
09 Feb 2013
Located just 90 miles east of Los Angeles in the rugged San Bernardino National Forest, Big >Bear Lake provides the perfect weekend refuge for folks fleeing the crowded, smelly streets and smoggy skies of the city for a quick winter weekend of alpine skiing ... Big Bear Lake, with 23 miles of shoreline, sits at an elevation of 6,750 feet. ...(size: 5.6Kb)
The Los Angeles Times
09 Feb 2013
A massive manhunt in the Big >Bear area for a former police officer suspected of killing three people is scaring off some visitors to nearby ski slopes just as resort operators were counting on fresh powder to help them rebound from an abysmal snow season last year ... The Bear Mountain and Snow Summit ski resorts opened as usual Friday morning after the manhunt forced the early closure of Bear Mountain on Thursday afternoon.. ...(size: 36.7Kb)
The Daily Mail
09 Feb 2013
U~T San Diego
09 Feb 2013
Houston Chronicle
09 Feb 2013
By STEVE LeBLANC, Associated Press . February 8, 2013 . Updated. February 8, 2013 6.36pm. Comments (0) E-mail Print. Tweet. Page 1 of 1. BOSTON (AP) — Massachusetts residents hunkered down Friday for a blizzard that brought gusty winds, coastal flooding potential and the possibility of as much as 3 feet of snow to the eastern part of the state. Gov ... Saturday ... ___ ... residents hibernate as storm bears down ... residents hibernate as storm bears down ... ....(size: 17.7Kb)
Skiddle
09 Feb 2013
Bungalows & Bears, Sheffield Tue 19th February 2013. Glaswegian-based PAWS play a free entry show at Bungalows & Bears in Sheffield, fresh from supporting Japandroids on tour ... Bungalows & Bears » ... Glaswegian-based PAWS play a free entry show at Bungalows & Bears in ......(size: 1.5Kb)
LA Daily News
09 Feb 2013
Sheriff's deputies and police officers pursuing murder suspect Christopher Jordan Dorner in the Bear Valley area will continue their search until sundown and maintain elevated patrols overnight ... Investigators found a burning Nissan Titan they believe belonged to Dorner Thursday morning in the parking lot of Bear Mountain Ski Resort....(size: 1.7Kb)
This article is about the mammalian family. For the koala and extinct bear-like marsupials, see Phascolarctidae. For other uses, see Bear (disambiguation).
"Ursine" redirects here. For the village, see Ursine, Nevada.
| Bears Temporal range: 38–0 Ma Late Eocene – Recent |
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|---|---|
 |
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| Brown bear, Ursus arctos in Norway | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Suborder: | Caniformia |
| Family: | Ursidae G. Fischer de Waldheim, 1817 |
| Genera | |
Bears are mammals of the family Ursidae. Bears are classified as caniforms, or doglike carnivorans, with the pinnipeds being their closest living relatives. Although there are only eight living species of bear, they are widespread, appearing in a wide variety of habitats throughout the Northern Hemisphere and partially in the Southern Hemisphere. Bears are found in the continents of North America, South America, Europe, and Asia.
Common characteristics of modern bears include a large body with stocky legs, a long snout, shaggy hair, plantigrade paws with five nonretractile claws, and a short tail. While the polar bear is mostly carnivorous and the giant panda feeds almost entirely on bamboo, the remaining six species are omnivorous, with largely varied diets including both plants and animals.
With the exceptions of courting individuals and mothers with their young, bears are typically solitary animals. They are generally diurnal, but may be active during the night (nocturnal) or twilight (crepuscular), particularly around humans. Bears are aided by an excellent sense of smell, and despite their heavy build and awkward gait, they can run quickly and are adept climbers and swimmers. In autumn some bear species forage large amounts of fermented fruits which affects their behaviour.[1] Bears use shelters such as caves and burrows as their dens, which are occupied by most species during the winter for a long period of sleep similar to hibernation.
Bears have been hunted since prehistoric times for their meat and fur. To this day, they play a prominent role in the arts, mythology, and other cultural aspects of various human societies. In modern times, the bear's existence has been pressured through the encroachment on its habitats and the illegal trade of bears and bear parts, including the Asian bile bear market. The IUCN lists six bear species as vulnerable or endangered, and even least concern species such as the brown bear are at risk of extirpation in certain countries. The poaching and international trade of these most threatened populations are prohibited, but still ongoing.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
The English word "bear" comes from Old English bera and belongs to a family of names for the bear in Germanic languages, in origin from an adjective meaning "brown".[2] In Scandinavia the word for bear is björn (or bjørn), and is a relatively common given name for males. The use of this name is ancient and has been found mentioned in several runestone inscriptions.[3] In Germanic culture, the bear was a symbol of the warrior, as evident from the Old English term beorn which can take the meaning of both "bear" and "warrior".
The reconstructed Proto-Indo-European name of the bear is *h₂ŕ̥tḱos, whence Sanskrit r̥kṣa, Avestan arša, Greek ἄρκτος (arktos), Latin ursus, Welsh arth (whence perhaps "Arthur"), Albanian ari, Armenian arj. Also compared is Hittite ḫartagga-, the name of a monster or predator.[2] In the binomial name of the brown bear, Ursus arctos, Linné simply combined the Latin and Greek names.
The Proto-Indo-European word for bear, *h₂ŕ̥tḱos seems to have been subject to taboo deformation or replacement in some languages (as was the word for wolf, wlkwos), resulting in the use of numerous unrelated words with meanings like "brown one" (English bruin) and "honey-eater" (Slavic medved).[4] Thus some Indo-European language groups do not share the same PIE root. The theory of the bear taboo is taught to almost all beginning students of Indo-European and historical linguistics; the putative original PIE word for bear is itself descriptive, because a cognate word in Sanskrit is rakṣas, meaning "harm, injury".[5]
Evolutionary history[link]
The family Ursidae is one of nine families in the suborder Caniformia, or "doglike" carnivores, within the order Carnivora. Bears' closest living relatives are the pinnipeds and musteloids.[6]
The following synapomorphic (derived) traits set bears apart from related families:
- presence of an alisphenoid canal
- paroccipital processes that are large and not fused to the auditory bullae
- auditory bullae are not enlarged
- lacrimal bone is vestigial
- cheek teeth are bunodont and hence indicative of a broad, hypocarnivorous (non-strictly meat-eating) diet (although hypercarnivorous (strictly meat-eating) taxa are known from the fossil record)[7]
- carnassials are flattened
Additionally, members of this family possess posteriorly oriented M2 postprotocrista molars, elongated m2 molars, and a reduction of the premolars.
Modern bears comprise eight species in three subfamilies: Ailuropodinae (monotypic with the giant panda), Tremarctinae (monotypic with the Spectacled Bear), and Ursinae (containing six species divided into one to three genera, depending upon authority).
Fossil bears[link]
The earliest members of Ursidae belong to the extinct subfamily Amphicynodontinae, including Parictis (late Eocene to early middle Miocene, 38–18 million years (Ma) ago) and the slightly younger Allocyon (early Oligocene, 34–30 Ma), both from North America. These animals looked very different from today's bears, being small and raccoon-like in overall appearance, and a diet perhaps more similar to that of a badger. Parictis does not appear in Eurasia and Africa until the Miocene.[8] It is unclear whether late Eocene ursids were also present in Eurasia, although faunal exchange across the Bering land bridge may have been possible during a major sea level low stand as early as the late Eocene (~37 Ma) and continuing into the early Oligocene.[9] European genera morphologically very similar to Allocyon, and also the much younger American Kolponomos (~18 Ma), are known from the Oligocene, including Amphicticeps and Amphicynodon.
The raccoon-sized, dog-like Cephalogale is the oldest-known member of the subfamily Hemicyoninae which first appeared during the middle Oligocene in Eurasia ~30 Ma ago. The subfamily also includes the younger genera Phoberocyon (~ 20–15 Ma), and Plithocyon (~ 15–7 Ma).
A Cephalogale-like species gave rise to the genus Ursavus during the early Oligocene (30–28 Ma); this genus proliferated into many species in Asia and is ancestral to all living bears. Species of Ursavus subsequently entered North America together with Amphicynodon and Cephalogale during the early Miocene (21–18 Ma).
Members of living lineages of bears diverged from Ursavus ~20 Ma ago, likely via the species Ursavus elmensis. Based on genetic and morphological data, the subfamily Ailuropodinae (pandas) was the first to diverge from other living bears ~19 Ma ago, although no fossils of this group have been found pre-dating about 5 Ma.[10]
The New World short-faced bears (Tremarctinae) differentiated from Ursinae following a dispersal event into North America during the mid Miocene (~13 Ma).[10] They invaded South America (~1 Ma) following formation of the Isthmus of Panama.[11] Their earliest fossil representative is Plionarctos in North America (~ 10–2 Ma). This genus is probably the direct ancestor to the North American short-faced bears (genus Arctodus), the South American short-faced bears (Arctotherium), and the spectacled bears, Tremarctos, represented by both an extinct North American species (T. floridanus), and the lone surviving representative of the Tremarctinae, the South American spectacled bear (T. ornatus).
The subfamily Ursinae experienced a dramatic proliferation of taxa ~5.3-4.5 Ma ago coincident with major environmental changes, with the first members of the genus Ursus also appearing around this time.[10] The sloth bear is a modern survivor of one of the earliest lineages to diverge during this radiation event (~5.3 Ma); it took on its peculiar morphology related to its diet on termites and ants no later than by the early Pleistocene. By 3–4 Ma ago, the species Ursus minimus appears in the fossil record of Europe, which apart from size is nearly identical to today's Asiatic black bear. It is likely ancestral to all bears within Ursinae, perhaps aside from the sloth bear. Two lineages evolved from U. minimus, the black bears (including the sun bear, the Asiatic black bear, and the American black bear), and the brown bears. Modern brown bears evolved from U. minimus via Ursus etruscus, which itself is ancestral to both the extinct Pleistocene cave bear and today's brown and polar bears. Species of Ursinae have migrated repeatedly into N. America from Eurasia as early as 4 Ma ago during the early Pliocene.[12]
The fossil record of bears is exceptionally good. Direct ancestor-descendent relationships between individual species are often fairly well established, with sufficient intermediate forms known to make the precise cut-off between an ancestral and its daughter species subjective.[13]
Other extinct bear genera include Agriarctos, Indarctos, and Agriotherium (sometimes placed within hemicyonids).
Taxonomic revisions of living bear species[link]
The giant panda's taxonomy (subfamily Ailuropodinae) has long been debated. Its original classification by Armand David in 1869 was within the bear genus Ursus, but in 1870 it was reclassified by Alphonse Milne-Edwards to the raccoon family.[14] In recent studies, the majority of DNA analyses suggest that the giant panda has a much closer relationship to other bears and should be considered a member of the family Ursidae.[15] Estimates of divergence dates place the giant panda as the most ancient offshoot among living taxa within Ursidae, having split from other bears 17.9 to 22.1 Ma ago.[10] The red panda was included within Ursidae in the past. However, more recent research does not support such a conclusion and instead places it in its own family Ailuridae, in superfamily Musteloidea along with Mustelidae, Procyonidae, and Mephitidae.[16][17][18] Multiple similarities between the two pandas, including the presence of false thumbs, are thus thought to represent an example of convergent evolution for feeding primarily on bamboo.
There is also evidence that, unlike their neighbors elsewhere, the brown bears of Alaska's ABC islands are more closely related to polar bears than they are to other brown bears in the world. Researchers Gerald Shields and Sandra Talbot of the University of Alaska Fairbanks Institute of Arctic Biology studied the DNA of several samples of the species and found that their DNA is different from that of other brown bears. The researchers discovered that their DNA was unique compared to brown bears anywhere else in the world. The discovery has shown that while all other brown bears share a brown bear as their closest relative, those of Alaska's ABC Islands differ and share their closest relation with the polar bear.[19] There is also the very rare Tibetan blue bear, which is a type of brown bear. This animal has never been photographed.
Koalas are often referred to as bears due to their appearance; they are not bears, however, but marsupials.
Classification[link]
.JPG)
- Family Ursidae
- Subfamily Ailuropodinae
- † Ailurarctos
- † Ailurarctos lufengensis
- † Ailurarctos yuanmouenensis
- Ailuropoda (pandas)
- † Ailuropoda baconi
- † Ailuropoda fovealis
- Ailuropoda melanoleuca, giant panda
- Ailuropoda melanoleuca melanoleuca, giant panda
- Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis, Qinling panda
- † Ailuropoda microta
- † Ailuropoda wulingshanensis
- † Ailurarctos
- Subfamily Tremarctinae
- Tremarctos (Spectacled bears)
- Tremarctos ornatus, spectacled bear
- † Tremarctos floridanus
- † Arctodus
- † Arctodus simus
- † Arctodus pristinus
- † Arctotherium
- † Arctotherium angustidens
- † Arctotherium bonariense
- † Arctotherium brasilense
- † Arctotherium latidens
- † Arctotherium tarijense
- † Arctotherium vetustum
- † Arctotherium wingei
- † Plionarctos
- † Plionarctos edensis
- † Plionarctos harroldorum
- Tremarctos (Spectacled bears)
- Subfamily Ursinae
- † Agriotherium
- † Agriotherium inexpetans
- † Agriotherium schneideri
- † Agriotherium sivalensis
- Helarctos
- Helarctos malayanus, Sun bear
- Helarctos malayanus malayanus
- Helarctos malayanus euryspilus, Borneo sun bear
- Helarctos malayanus, Sun bear
- † Indarctos
- † Indarctos anthraciti
- † Indarctos arctoides
- † Indarctos atticus
- † Indarctos nevadensis
- † Indarctos oregonensis
- † Indarctos salmontanus
- † Indarctos vireti
- † Indarctos zdanskyi
- Melursus
- Melursus ursinus, sloth bear
- Melursus ursinus inornatus, Sri Lankan sloth bear
- Melursus ursinus ursinus, Indian sloth bear
- Melursus ursinus, sloth bear
- † Ursavus
- † Ursavus brevirhinus
- † Ursavus depereti
- † Ursavus elmensis
- † Ursavus pawniensis
- † Ursavus primaevus
- Ursus
- † Ursus abstrusus
- Ursus americanus, American black bear
- Ursus americanus altifrontalis, Olympic black bear
- Ursus americanus amblyceps, New Mexico black bear
- Ursus americanus americanus, Eastern black bear
- Ursus americanus californiensis, California black bear
- Ursus americanus carlottae, Haida Gwaii black bear or Queen Charlotte black bear
- Ursus americanus cinnamomum, cinnamon bear
- Ursus americanus emmonsii, Glacier bear
- Ursus americanus eremicus, Mexican black bear
- Ursus americanus floridanus, Florida black bear
- Ursus americanus hamiltoni, Newfoundland black bear
- Ursus americanus kermodei, Kermode bear or spirit bear
- Ursus americanus luteolus, Louisiana black bear
- Ursus americanus machetes, West Mexico black bear
- Ursus americanus perniger, Kenai black bear
- Ursus americanus pugnax, Dall black bear
- Ursus americanus vancouveri, Vancouver Island black bear
- Ursus arctos, brown bear
- Ursus arctos arctos, Eurasian brown bear
- Ursus arctos alascensis
- Ursus arctos beringianus, Kamchatka brown bear or Far Eastern brown bear
- † Ursus arctos californicus, California golden bear
- † Ursus arctos crowtheri, Atlas bear
- † Ursus arctos dalli
- Ursus arctos gobiensis, Gobi bear (very rare)
- Ursus arctos horribilis, grizzly bear
- Ursus arctos isabellinus, Himalayan brown bear or Himalayan red bear
- Ursus arctos lasiotus, Ussuri brown bear or black grizzly
- Ursus arctos middendorffi, Kodiak bear
- † Ursus arctos nelsoni, Mexican grizzly bear
- Ursus arctos piscator, Bergman's bear (extinct?)
- Ursus arctos pruinosus, Tibetan blue bear or Tibetan bear or Himalayan blue bear
- Ursus arctos sitkensis
- Ursus arctos syriacus Syrian (brown) bear
- † Ursus deningeri
- † Ursus etruscus
- † Ursus inopinatus, MacFarlane's bear (cryptid; if an authentic species, extinct)
- † Ursus minimus
- Ursus maritimus, polar bear
- † Ursus rossicus
- † Ursus sackdillingensis
- † Ursus spelaeus, cave bear
- Ursus thibetanus, Asian black bear
- † Agriotherium
- † Kolponomos
- † Kolponomos clallamensis
- † Kolponomos newportensis
- Subfamily Ailuropodinae
The genera Melursus and Helarctos are sometimes also included in Ursus. The Asiatic black bear and the polar bear used to be placed in their own genera, Selenarctos and Thalarctos which are now placed at subgenus rank.
A number of hybrids have been bred between American black, brown, and polar bears (see Ursid hybrids).
Biology[link]
Morphology[link]
File:Bear foot.jpg
Unlike other carnivora, bears have plantigrade hind feet
Bears are generally bulky and robust animals with relatively short legs. Bears are sexually dimorphic with regard to size, with the males being larger. Larger species tend to show increased levels of sexual dimorphism in comparison to smaller species, and where a species varies in size across its distribution individuals from larger sized areas tend also to vary more. Bears are the most massive terrestrial members of the order Carnivora, with some Polar Bears and Brown Bears weighing over 750 kilograms (1,700 lb). As to which species is the largest may depend on whether the assessment is based on which species has the largest individuals (brown bears) or on the largest average size (polar bears). The smallest bears are the Sun Bears of Asia, which weigh an average of 65 kilograms (140 lb) for the males and 45 kilograms (99 lb) for the females.[20]
Unlike other land carnivorans, bears are plantigrade. They distribute their weight toward the hind feet which makes them look lumbering when they walk. They are still quite fast with the brown bear reaching 30 miles per hour (48 km/h) although they are still slower than felines and canines. Bears can stand on their hind feet and sit up straight with remarkable balance. Bears have non-retractable claws which are used for digging, climbing, tearing and catching prey. Their ears are rounded.
Bears have an excellent sense of smell, a better sense of smell than the dogs (Canidae), or possibly any other mammal. This sense of smell is used for signalling between bears (either to warn off rivals or detect mates) and for finding food. Smell is the principal sense used by bears to find most of their diet.[20]
Dentition[link]
Unlike most other members of the Carnivora, bears have relatively undeveloped carnassial teeth, and their teeth are adapted for a diet that includes a significant amount of vegetable matter. The canine teeth are large, and the molar teeth flat and crushing. There is considerable variation in dental formula even within a given species. It has been suggested that this indicates bears are still in the process of evolving from a carnivorous to a predominantly herbivorous diet. Polar bears appear to have secondarily re-evolved fully functional carnassials, as their diet has switched back towards carnivory.[21] The dental formula for living bears is: Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \tfrac{ 3.1.2-4.2}{ 3.1.2-4.3}
Distribution and habitat[link]
The bears are mostly found in the northern hemisphere, with a single species, the spectacled bear, occurring in South America. The Atlas Bear, a subspecies of the Brown Bear, was the only bear native to Africa. It was distributed in North Africa from Morocco to Libya, but has been extinct since around the 1870s. All the other species are found in North America, Asia and Europe. The most widespread species is the Brown Bear, which occurs from Western Europe eastwards through Asia to the western areas of North America. The American Black Bear is restricted to North America, and the Polar bear is restricted to the Arctic Sea. All the remaining species are Asian.[20]
With the exception of the Polar Bear the bears are mostly forest species. Some species, particularly the Brown Bear, may inhabit or seasonally use other areas such as alpine scrub or tundra.
Behaviour[link]
While many people think that bears are nocturnal, they are in fact generally diurnal, active for the most part during the day. The belief that they are nocturnal apparently comes from the habits of bears that live near humans which engage in some nocturnal activities, such as raiding trash cans or crops while avoiding humans. The sloth bear of Asia is the most nocturnal of the bears, but this varies by individual and females with cubs are often diurnal in order to avoid competition with males and nocturnal predators.[20] Bears are overwhelmingly solitary and are considered to be the most asocial of all the Carnivora. Liaisons between breeding bears are brief, and the only times bears are encountered in small groups are mothers with young or occasional seasonal bounties of rich food (such as salmon runs).[20]
Vocalizations[link]
Bears produce a variety of vocalizations such as:
- Moaning: produced mostly as mild warnings to potential threats or in fear.
- Barking: produced during times of alarm, excitement or to give away the animal's position.
- Huffing: made during courtship or between mother and cubs to warn of danger.
- Growling: produced as strong warnings to potential threats or in anger.
- Roaring: used much for the same reasons as growls and also to proclaim territory and for intimidation.
Diet and interspecific interactions[link]
.jpg)
Their carnivorous reputation non-withstanding, most bears have adopted a diet of more plant than animal matter and are completely opportunistic omnivores. Some bears will climb trees in order to obtain mast (edible vegatative or reproductive parts such as acorns); smaller species which are more able to climb include a greater amount of this in their diet.[22] Such masts can be very important to the diet of these species, and mast failures may result in long range movements by bears looking for alternative sources of food.[23] One exception is the polar bear, which has adopted a diet mainly of marine mammals to survive in the Arctic. The other exception is the giant panda which has adopted a diet mainly of bamboo. Stable isotope analysis of the extinct giant short-faced bear (Arctodus simus) shows that it was also an exclusive meat eater, probably a scavenger.[24] The sloth bear, though not as specialized as the previous two species, has lost several front teeth usually seen in bears and developed a long, suctioning tongue in order to feed on the ants, termites and other burrowing insects that they favour. At certain times of the year these insects can make up 90% of their diet.[25] All bears will feed on any food source that becomes available, and the nature of that varies seasonally. A study of Asiatic black bears in Taiwan found that they would consume large numbers of acorns when they were most common, and switch to ungulates in other times of the year.[26]
When taking warm-blooded animals, bears will typically take small or young animals, as they are easier to catch. Although (besides polar bears) both species of black bear and the brown bear can sometimes take large prey, such as ungulates.[26][27] Often, bears will feed on other large animals when they encounter a carcass, whether or not the carcass is claimed by or is the kill of another predator. This competition is the main source of interspecies conflict. Bears are typically the apex predators in their range due to their size and power, and can defend a carcass against nearly all comers. Mother bears also can usually defend their cubs against other predators. The tiger is the only known predator known to regularly prey on adult bears, including sloth bears, Asiatic black bears, giant pandas, sun bears and small brown bears.
Breeding[link]
The age at which bears reach sexual maturity is highly variable, both between and within species. Sexual maturity is dependent on body condition, which is in turn dependent upon the food supply available to the growing individual. In the females of smaller species may have young in as little as two years, whereas the larger species may not rear young until they are four or even nine years old. First breeding may be even later in males, where competition for mates may leave younger males without access to females.[20]
The bear's courtship period is very brief. Bears in northern climates reproduce seasonally, usually after a period of inactivity similar to hibernation, although tropical species breed all year round. Cubs are born toothless, blind, and bald. The cubs of brown bears, usually born in litters of 1–3, will typically stay with the mother for two full seasons. They feed on their mother's milk through the duration of their relationship with their mother, although as the cubs continue to grow, nursing becomes less frequent and cubs learn to begin hunting with the mother. They will remain with the mother for approximately three years, until she enters the next cycle of estrus and drives the cubs off. Bears will reach sexual maturity in five to seven years. Male bears, especially Polar and Brown Bears, will kill and sometimes devour cubs born to another father in order to induce a female to breed again. Female bears are often successful in driving off males in protection of their cubs, despite being rather smaller.
Winter dormancy[link]
Many bears of northern regions are assumed[by whom?] to hibernate in the winter. While many bear species[which?] do go into a physiological state often colloquially called "hibernation" or "winter sleep", it is not true hibernation. In true hibernators, body temperatures drop to near ambient and heart rate slows drastically, but the animals periodically rouse themselves to urinate or defecate and to eat from stored food. The body temperature of bears, on the other hand, drops only a few degrees from normal and heart rate slows only slightly. They normally do not wake during this "hibernation", and therefore do not eat, drink, urinate or defecate the entire period. Higher body heat and being easily roused may be adaptations, because females give birth to their cubs during this winter sleep.
Relationship with humans[link]
See also: Bear danger
Some species, such as the polar bear, American black bear, sloth bear and the brown bear, are dangerous to humans, especially in areas where they have become used to people. All bears are physically powerful and are likely capable of fatally attacking a person, but they, for the most part, are shy, are easily frightened and will avoid humans. Injuries caused by bears are rare, but are often widely reported.[28] The danger that bears pose is often vastly exaggerated, in part by the human imagination. However, when a mother feels her cubs are threatened, she will behave ferociously. It is recommended to give all bears a wide berth because they are behaviorally unpredictable.
Bears may also come into conflict with humans where they raid crops or attack livestock.[29][30] These problems may be the work of only a few bears but create a climate of conflict as farmers and ranchers may perceive all losses as due to bears and advocate the preventive removal of all bears.[30] Mitigation methods may be used to reduce bear damage to crops, and reduce local antipathy towards bears.[29]
Laws have been passed in many areas of the world to protect bears from hunters' habitat destruction. Public perception of bears is often very positive, as people identify with bears due to their omnivorous diet, ability to stand on two legs, and symbolic importance,[31] and there is widespread support for bear protection, at least in more affluent societies.[32] In more rural and poorer regions attitudes may be more shaped by the dangers posed by bears and the economic costs that they incur to farmers and ranchers.[30] Some populated areas with bear populations have also outlawed the feeding of bears, including allowing them access to garbage or other food waste. Bears in captivity have been trained to dance, box, or ride bicycles; however, this use of the animals became controversial in the late 20th century. Bears were kept for baiting in Europe at least since the 16th century.
Bear hunt[link]
Some cultures use bears for food and folk medicine. Their meat is dark and stringy, like a tough cut of beef. In Cantonese cuisine, bear paws are considered a delicacy. The peoples of China, Japan, and Korea use bears' body parts and secretions (notably their gallbladders and bile) as part of traditional Chinese medicine. It is believed more than 12,000 bile bears are kept on farms, farmed for their bile, in China, Vietnam and South Korea.[33] Bear meat must be cooked thoroughly as it can often be infected with Trichinella spiralis, which can cause trichinosis.[34][35][36]
Culture[link]
Names[link]
The female first name "Ursula", originally derived from a Christian saint's name and common in English- and German-speaking countries, means "little she-bear" (diminutive of Latin ursa). In Switzerland the male first name "Urs" is especially popular, while the name of the canton and city of Bern is derived from Bär, German for bear.
In Scandinavia, the male personal names Björn (Sweden, Iceland) and Bjørn (Norway, Denmark) meaning "bear" are relatively common. In Finland, male personal name Otso is an old poetic name for bear, similar to Kontio.
In Russian and other Slavic languages, the word for bear, "Medved" (медведь), and variants or derivatives such as Medvedev, are common surnames.
The Irish family name "McMahon" means "Son of Bear" in Irish.
In East European Jewish communities, the name "Ber" (בער) — Yiddish cognate of "Bear" — has been attested as a common male first name, at least since the 18th century, and was among others the name of several prominent Rabbis. The Yiddish "Ber" is still in use among Orthodox Jewish communities in Israel, the US and other countries. With the transition from Yiddish to Hebrew under the influence of zionism, the Hebrew word for "bear", "Dov" (דב), was taken up in contemporary Israel and is at present among the commonly used male first names in that country.
"Ten Bears" (Paruasemana) was the name of a well-known 19th century chieftain among the Comanche. Also among other Native American tribes, bear-related names are attested.
Myth and legend[link]
There is evidence of prehistoric bear worship. Anthropologists such as Joseph Campbell have regarded this as a common feature in most of the fishing and hunting-tribes. The prehistoric Finns, along with most Siberian peoples, considered the bear as the spirit of one's forefathers. This is why the bear (karhu) was a greatly respected animal, with several euphemistic names (such as otso, mesikämmen and kontio). The bear is the national animal of Finland.
This kind of attitude is reflected in the traditional Russian fairy tale "Morozko", whose arrogant protagonist Ivan tries to kill a mother bear and her cubs — and is punished and humbled by having his own head turned magically into a bear's head and being subsequently shunned by human society.
"The Brown Bear of Norway" is a Scottish fairy tale telling the adventures of a girl who married a prince magically turned into a bear, and who managed to get him back into a human form by the force of her love and after many trials and difficulties. In the 1970s this story was adapted into the East German fantasy film The Singing Ringing Tree and broadcast on British television.
There has been evidence about early bear worship in China and among the Ainu culture as well (see Iomante). Korean people in their mythology identify the bear as their ancestor and symbolic animal. According to the Korean legend, a god imposed a difficult test on a she-bear, and when she passed it the god turned her into a woman and married her.
Legends of saints taming bears are common in the Alpine zone. In the arms of the bishopric of Freising (see illustration) the bear is the dangerous totem animal tamed by St. Corbinian and made to carry his civilised baggage over the mountains. A bear also features prominently in the legend of St. Romedius, who is also said to have tamed one of these animals and had the same bear carry him from his hermitage in the mountains to the city of Trento.
Similar stories are told of Saint Gall and Saint Columbanus.
This recurrent motif was used by the Church as a symbol of the victory of Christianity over Paganism.[37] In the Norse settlements of northern England during the tenth century a type of "hogback" grave cover of a long narrow block of stone with a shaped apex like the roof beam of a long house, is carved with a muzzled, thus Christianised, bear clasping each gable end. Though the best collection of these is in the church at Brompton, North Yorkshire,[38] their distribution ranges across northern England and southern Scotland, with a scattered few in the north Midlands and single survivals in Wales, Cornwall and Ireland; a late group is found in the Orkney Islands.
Bears are a popular feature of many children's stories including Goldilocks and The Story of the Three Bears, the Berenstein Bears, and Winnie the Pooh.
Symbolic use[link]
For more details on this topic, see Bears in heraldry.
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The Russian bear is a common national personification for Russia (as well as the Soviet Union). The brown bear is also Germany's and Finland's national animal.
In the United States, the black bear is the state animal of Louisiana, New Mexico, and West Virginia; the grizzly bear is the state animal of both Montana and California. Bears also appear in the state seals of California and Missouri.
In the UK, the bear and staff has long featured on the heraldic arms of Warwickshire county.[39]
Bears appear in the canting arms of Bern and Berlin.
Also, "bear", "bruin", or specific types of bears are popular nicknames or mascots, for example, for sports teams (Chicago Bears, California Golden Bears, UCLA Bruins, Boston Bruins); and a bear cub called Misha was mascot of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, USSR.
Smokey Bear has become a part of American culture since his introduction in 1944. Known to almost all Americans, he and his message, "Only you can prevent forest fires" (updated in 2001 to "Only you can prevent wildfires"), have been a symbol of preserving woodlands.[40] Smokey wears a hat similar to one worn by U.S. Forest Service rangers; state police officers in some states wear a similar style, giving rise to the CB slang "bear" or "Smokey" for the highway patrol.
The name Beowulf has been hypothesized to mean "bee-wolf", a kenning for "bear".[41]
Figures of speech[link]
The physical attributes and behaviours of bears are commonly used in figures of speech in English.
- In the stock market, a bear market is a period of declining prices. Pessimistic forecasting or negative activity is said to be bearish (due to the stereotypical posture of bears looking downwards), and one who expresses bearish sentiment is a bear. Its opposite is a bull market, and bullish sentiment from bulls.
- In gay slang, the term "bear" refers to male individuals who possess physical attributes much like a bear, such as a heavy build, abundant body hair, and commonly facial hair.
- A bear hug is typically a tight hug that involves wrapping one's arms around another person, often leaving that person's arms immobile. It was used in the Ronald Reagan political ad "Bear in the woods".
- Bear tracking – in the old Western states of the U.S. and, to this day, in the former Dakota Territory, the expression "you ain't just a bear trackin'" is used to mean "you ain't lying" or "that's for sure". This expression evolved as an outgrowth of the experience pioneer hunters and mountainmen had when tracking bear. Bears often lay down false tracks and are notorious for doubling back on anything tracking them. If you are not following bear tracks, you are not following false trails or leads in your thoughts, words or deeds.
- In Korean culture a person is referred to as being "like a bear" when they are stubborn or not sensitive to what is happening around their surroundings. Used as a phrase to call a person "stubborn bear".
- The Bible compares King David's "bitter warriors", who fight with such fury that they could overcome many times their number of opponents, with "a bear robbed of her whelps in the field" (2 Samuel 17:8 s:Bible (King James)/2 Samuel#Chapter 17). The phrase "a bereaved bear" (דב שכול), derived from this Biblical source, is still used in the literary Hebrew of contemporary Israel.
Teddy bears[link]
Main article: Teddy bear
Around the world, many children have stuffed toys in the form of bears.
Organizations regarding bears[link]
There are at least two authoritative organizations for seeking scientific information on bear species of the world. These focus on, for example, the species' natural history, management, and conservation. The International Association for Bear Research & Management is also known as the International Bear Association (IBA). The Bear Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission is part of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature.
See also[link]
- Bear hunting
- List of fatal bear attacks in North America
- List of fictional bears
- List of non-fictional bears
- Ursari
References[link]
- ^ "Slovakia warns of tipsy bears". Archived from the original on 2010-11-18. http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/241001,slovakia-warns-of-tipsy-bears.html. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
- ^ a b Pokorny (1959) indo-european.nl
- ^ hildebrand.raa.se
- ^ Votruba, Martin. "Bears". Slovak Studies Program. University of Pittsburgh. Archived from the original on 2010-11-18. http://www.pitt.edu/~votruba/qsonhist/bear.html. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
- ^ "The Brown One, The Honey Eater, The Shaggy Coat, The Destroyer". Cloudline.org. Archived from the original on 2010-11-18. http://www.cloudline.org/LinguisticArchaeology.html. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
- ^ Welsey-Hunt, G.D. & Flynn, J.J. (2005). "Phylogeny of the Carnivora: basal relationships among the Carnivoramorphans, and assessment of the position of ‘Miacoidea’ relative to Carnivora". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 3 (1): 1–28. DOI:10.1017/S1477201904001518.
- ^ Wang, Xiaoming, Malcolm C. McKenna, and Demberelyin Dashzeveg (2005). "Amphicticeps and Amphicynodon (Arctoidea, Carnivora) from Hsanda Gol Formation, Central Mongolia and Phylogeny of Basal Arctoids with Comments on Zoogeography". American Museum Novitates (3483): 57. http://www.nhm.org/expeditions/rrc/wang/documents/Wangetal2005ShandGolarctoids.pdf. [dead link]
- ^ Kemp, T.S. (2005). The Origin and Evolution of Mammals. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850760-4.
- ^ Wang Banyue and Qiu Zhanxiang (2005). "Notes on Early Oligocene Ursids (Carnivora, Mammalia) from Saint Jacques, Nei Mongol, China" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 279 (279): 116–124. DOI:10.1206/0003-0090(2003)279<0116:C>2.0.CO;2. Archived from the original on 2009-11-20. http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/447/22/B279a05.pdf.
- ^ a b c d Krause, J.; Unger, T.; Noçon, A.; Malaspinas, A.; Kolokotronis, S.; Stiller, M.; Soibelzon, L.; Spriggs, H.; Dear, P. H.; Briggs, A. W.; Bray, S. C. E.; O'Brien, S. J.; Rabeder, G.; Matheus, P.; Cooper, A.; Slatkin, M.; Pääbo, S.; Hofreiter, M. (2008-07-28). "Mitochondrial genomes reveal an explosive radiation of extinct and extant bears near the Miocene-Pliocene boundary". BMC Evolutionary Biology 8 (220): 220. DOI:10.1186/1471-2148-8-220. PMC 2518930. PMID 18662376. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2518930.
- ^ Soibelzon, L. H.; Tonni, E. P.; Bond, M. (October 2005). "The fossil record of South American short-faced bears (Ursidae, Tremarctinae)". Journal of South American Earth Sciences 20 (1–2): 105–113. DOI:10.1016/j.jsames.2005.07.005.
- ^ Qiu Zhanxiang (2003). "Dispersals of Neogene Carnivorans between Asia and North America" (PDF). Bulletin American Museum of Natural History 279 (279): 18–31. DOI:10.1206/0003-0090(2003)279<0018:C>2.0.CO;2. Archived from the original on 2009-11-20. http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/447/25/B279a02.pdf.
- ^ Kurtén, B., 1995. The cave bear story: life and death of a vanished animal, Björn Kurtén, Columbia University Press
- ^ Lindburg, Donald G. (2004). Giant Pandas: Biology and Conservation, pp. 7–9. University of California Press
- ^ Olaf R. P. Bininda-Emonds. "Phylogenetic Position of the Giant Panda". In Lindburg, Donald G. (2004) Giant Pandas: Biology and Conservation, pp. 11–35. University of California Press
- ^ Flynn, J. J.; Nedbal, M. A.; Dragoo, J. W.; Honeycutt, R. L. (2000). "Whence the Red Panda?". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 17 (2): 190–199. DOI:10.1006/mpev.2000.0819. PMID 11083933. http://www.msb.unm.edu/mammals/publications/Flynn2000.pdf. Retrieved 2009-09-23.
- ^ Flynn, J. J.; 2, J. A.; Zehr, S.; 3, J.; Nedbal, M. A. (2005). "Molecular phylogeny of the carnivora (mammalia): assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships". Systematic Biology 54 (2): 317–337. DOI:10.1080/10635150590923326. PMID 16012099. Archived from the original on 2010-11-18. http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/54/2/317. Retrieved 2009-10-08.
- ^ Flynn, J. J.; Nedbal, M. A. (1998). "Abstract". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 9 (3): 414–426. DOI:10.1006/mpev.1998.0504. PMID 9667990. Archived from the original on 2010-11-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=9667990. . Retrieved 2009-10-08.
- ^ "The Brown Bear: Father of the Polar Bear?, Alaska Science Forum". Gi.alaska.edu. 1996-12-05. Archived from the original on 2010-01-17. http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF13/1314.html. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
- ^ a b c d e f Garshelis, David L. (2009). "Family Ursidae (Bears)". In Wilson, Don; Mittermeier, Russell. Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 1: Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-96553-49-1.
- ^ Bunnell, Fred (1984). Macdonald, D.. ed. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-87196-871-5.
- ^ Mattson, David J. (1998). "Diet and Morphology of Extant and Recently Extinct Northern Bears". Ursus, A Selection of Papers from the Tenth International Conference on Bear Research and Management, Fairbanks, Alaska, July 1995, and Mora, Sweden, September 1995 10: 479–496. JSTOR 3873160.
- ^ Ryan, Christopher; Pack, James C.; Igo, William K.; Billings, Anthony (2007). "Influence of mast production on black bear non-hunting mortalities in West Virginia". Ursus 18 (1): 46–53. DOI:10.2192/1537-6176(2007)18[46:IOMPOB]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ Matheus, Paul E. (1995). "Diet and Co-ecology of Pleistocene Short-Faced Bears and Brown Bears in Eastern Beringia". Quaternary Research 44 (3): 447–453. DOI:10.1006/qres.1995.1090.
- ^ Joshi, Anup (1997). "Seasonal and Habitat-Related Diets of Sloth Bears in Nepal". Journal of Mammalology 1978 (2): 584–597.
- ^ a b Hwang, Mei-Hsiu (2002). "Diets of Asiatic black bears in Taiwan, with Methodological and Geographical Comparisons". Ursus 13: 111–125.
- ^ Zager, Peter; Beecham, John (2006). "The role of American black bears and brown bears as predators on ungulates in North America". Ursus 17 (2): 95–108. DOI:10.2192/1537-6176(2006)17[95:TROABB]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ Clark, Douglas (2003). "Polar Bear–Human Interactions in Canadian National Parks, 1986–2000". Ursus 14 (1): 65–71.
- ^ a b Fredriksson, Gabriella (2005). "Human–sun bear conflicts in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo". Ursus 16 (1): 130–137. DOI:10.2192/1537-6176(2005)016[0130:HBCIEK]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ a b c Goldstein, Isaac; Paisley, Susanna; Wallace, Robert; Jorgenson, Jeffrey P.; Cuesta, Francisco; Castellanos, Armando (2006). "Andean bear–livestock conflicts: a review". Ursus 17 (1): 8–15. DOI:10.2192/1537-6176(2006)17[8:ABCAR]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ Kellert, Stephen (1994). "Public Attitudes toward Bears and Their Conservation". Bears: Their Biology and Management 9 (1): 43–50. DOI:10.2307/3872683. JSTOR 3872683.
- ^ Andersone, Žanete; Ozolinš, Jānis (2004). "Public perception of large carnivores in Latvia". Ursus 15 (2): 181–187. DOI:10.2192/1537-6176(2004)015<0181:PPOLCI>2.0.CO;2.
- ^ Black, Richard (2007-06-11). "BBC Test kit targets cruel bear trade". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2010-11-18. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6742671.stm. Retrieved 2010-01-01.
- ^ "Trichinellosis Associated with Bear Meat". http://www.cdc.gov/MMWR/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5327a2.htm. Retrieved 2006-10-04.
- ^ "BBC News - Bear meat poisoning in Siberia". 1997-12-21. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/41529.stm. Retrieved 2006-10-04.
- ^ "Finnish Food Safety Authority: Bear meat must be inspected before serving in restaurants". http://www.evira.fi/portal/en/food/current_issues/?id=346. Retrieved 2006-10-04.
- ^ Michel Pastoreau (2007) L'ours. Historie d'un roi déchu.
- ^ Noted and illustrated in Richard Hall, Viking Age Archaeology 1995:43 and fig. 22.
- ^ Warwickshire County Council, Civic heraldry
- ^ "Forest Fire Prevention - Smokey Bear (1944–Present)". Ad Council. 1944-08-09. Archived from the original on 2010-11-18. http://www.adcouncil.org/default.aspx?id=129. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
- ^ Sweet, Henry. (1884) Anglo-Saxon Reader in Prose and Verse. The Clarendon Press, page 202.
Further reading[link]
- Bears of the World, Terry Domico, photographs by Terry Domico and Mark Newman, Facts on File, Inc, 1988, hardcover, ISBN 978-0-8160-1536-8.
- The Bear by William Faulkner.
- Brunner, Bernd: Bears — A Brief History. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2007.
External links[link]
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- The Bears Project Information, reports and images of European brown bears and other living species
- Grizzly Bear Outreach Project Information on the history, biology, and conservation of North American Grizzly Bears
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Related pages:
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Nash Edgerton | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Born | (1973-01-19) 19 January 1973 (age 39) Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia |
| Occupation | Stuntman/Filmmaker |
| Years active | 1991 – present |
Nash Edgerton (born 19 January 1973) is an Australian film director and stuntman.
Life and career[link]
Edgerton was born in Blacktown, New South Wales and is the brother of actor Joel Edgerton.
As a stuntman he has worked on such films as The Matrix trilogy, The Thin Red Line, Superman Returns, and, most notably, Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones and Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith, as the stunt double for Ewan McGregor, who played Obi-Wan Kenobi.[1]
Filmography[link]
- Loaded (1996) (short) co-directed by Kieran Darcy-Smith
- Deadline (1997) (short)
- Bloodlock (1998) (short) co-directed by Kieran Darcy-Smith
- The Pitch (2001) (short)
- Fuel (2003) (short)
- Lucky (2005) (short)
- The IF Thing (2005) (short)
- Spider (2007) (short)
- The Square (2008)
- Crossfire (2010) (music video for Brandon Flowers song)
- Bear (2011) (short)
- I Am Number Four (film)(2011) (stunts)
References[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Edgerton, Nash |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 19 January 1973 |
| Place of birth | Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
 |
This article about an Australian film director is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
http://wn.com/Nash_Edgerton
Related pages:
http://es.wn.com/Nash Edgerton
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_Edgerton
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Sir Ridley Scott | |
|---|---|
 Sir Ridley Scott in March 2012. |
|
| Born | (1937-11-30) 30 November 1937 (age 74) South Shields, England, United Kingdom |
| Occupation | Film director, film producer |
| Years active | 1965–present |
| Notable work(s) | Alien, Blade Runner, Thelma & Louise, 1492: Conquest of Paradise, Gladiator, Hannibal, Black Hawk Down, American Gangster |
| Spouse | Felicity Heywood, (m. 1964–1975, divorced) Sandy Watson (m. 1979–1989, divorced) |
| Children | With Felicity Heywood Jake (born 1965) Luke (born 1968) With Sandy Watson Jordan (born 1978) |
Sir Ridley Scott (born 30 November, 1937) is an English film director and producer. His most famous films include The Duellists (1977), Alien (1979), Blade Runner (1982), Legend (1985), Black Rain (1989), Thelma & Louise (1991), Gladiator (2000), Hannibal (2001), Black Hawk Down (2001), Kingdom of Heaven (2005) American Gangster (2007), Body of Lies (2008), and Prometheus (2012).
Scott has been nominated for three Academy Awards for Directing, as well as Golden Globe and Emmy Awards. He was knighted in the 2003 New Year Honours.[1] In 2011, Scott received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[2] He is the older brother of film director Tony Scott.[3]
Contents |
Early Life[link]
Scott was born in South Shields,[4] England, the son of Elizabeth and Colonel Francis Percy Scott.[5] He was raised in an Army family, meaning that for most of his early life, his father — an officer in the Royal Engineers — was absent. Ridley's older brother, Frank, joined the Merchant Navy when he was still young and the pair had little contact. During this time the family moved around, living in (among other areas) Cumbria, Wales and Germany. He has a younger brother, Tony, also a film director. After the Second World War, the Scott family moved back to their native north-east England, eventually settling in Teesside (whose industrial landscape would later inspire similar scenes in Blade Runner). He enjoyed watching films, and his favourites include Lawrence of Arabia, Citizen Kane and Seven Samurai.[6] Scott studied in Teesside from 1954 to 1958, at Grangefield Grammar School and later in West Hartlepool College of Art, graduating with a Diploma in Design.
He went on to study at the Royal College of Art, contributing to the college magazine, ARK, and helping to establish its film department. For his final show, he made a black and white short film, Boy and Bicycle, starring his younger brother, Tony Scott, and his father. The film's main visual elements would become features of Scott's later work; it was issued on the 'Extras' section of The Duellists DVD. After graduation in 1963, he secured a job as a trainee set designer with the BBC, leading to work on the popular television police series Z-Cars and the science fiction series Out of the Unknown.
He was assigned to design the second Doctor Who serial, The Daleks, which would have entailed realising the famous alien creatures. However, shortly before Scott was due to start work, a schedule conflict meant that he was replaced on the serial by Raymond Cusick.[7]
In 1968, Ridley and Tony Scott founded Ridley Scott Associates (RSA), a film and commercial production company.[8] Five members of the Scott family are directors, all working for RSA.[9] Brother Tony has been a successful film director for more than two decades; sons, Jake and Luke are both acclaimed commercials directors as is his daughter, Jordan Scott. Jake and Jordan both work from Los Angeles and Luke is based in London.
In 1995, Shepperton Studios was purchased by a consortium headed by Ridley and Tony Scott, which extensively renovated the studios while also expanding and improving its grounds.[10]
Career[link]
Beginnings[link]
Working with Alan Parker, Hugh Hudson, Hugh Johnson at RSA during the 1970s, Scott made television commercials in the UK including most notably the 1974 Hovis advert, "Bike Round" (New World Symphony), which was filmed in Shaftesbury, Dorset.
[edit] The Duellists
Main article: The Duellists
The Duellists of 1977 was Ridley Scott's first feature film. It was produced in Europe and won a Best Debut Film medal at the Cannes Film Festival but made limited commercial impact in the US. Set during the Napoleonic Wars, it featured two French Hussar officers, D'Hubert and Feraud (played by Keith Carradine and Harvey Keitel). Their quarrel over an initially minor incident turns into a bitter, long-drawn out feud over the following fifteen years, interwoven with the larger conflict that provides its backdrop. The film is lauded for its historically authentic portrayal of Napoleonic uniforms and military conduct, as well as its accurate early-19th-century fencing techniques recreated by fight choreographer William Hobbs. It is also lauded for the stunning cinematography of the Dordogne.
[edit] Alien
Main article: Alien (film)
Scott's box office disappointment with The Duellists was compounded by the success received by Alan Parker with American-backed films — Scott admitted he was "ill for a week" with envy. Scott had originally planned to next adapt a version of Tristan and Iseult, but after seeing Star Wars, he became convinced of the potential of large scale, effects-driven films. He therefore accepted the job of directing Alien, the ground-breaking 1979 horror/science-fiction film that would give him international recognition.
While Scott would not direct the three Alien sequels, the female action hero Ellen Ripley (played by Sigourney Weaver), introduced in the first film, would become a cinematic icon. Scott was involved in the 2003 restoration and re-release of the film including media interviews for its promotion. At this time Scott indicated that he had been in discussions to make the fifth and final film in the Alien franchise. However, in a 2006 interview, the director remarked that he had been unhappy about Alien: The Director's Cut, feeling that the original was "pretty flawless" and that the additions were merely a marketing tool.[11]
[edit] Blade Runner
Main article: Blade Runner
After a year working on the film adaptation of Dune, and following the sudden death of his brother Frank, Scott signed to direct the film version of Philip K. Dick's novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?. Starring Harrison Ford and featuring an acclaimed soundtrack by Vangelis, Blade Runner was a disappointment in theatres in 1982 and was pulled shortly thereafter. Scott's notes were used by Warner Brothers to create a rushed director's cut in 1991 which removed the voiceovers and modified the ending. Scott personally supervised a digital restoration of Blade Runner and approved the Final Cut. This version was released in Los Angeles, New York, and Toronto cinemas on 5 October 2007, and as an elaborate DVD release on 18 December 2007.[12] Today, Blade Runner is often ranked by critics as one of the most important and influential science fiction films of the 20th century[13] and is usually discussed along with William Gibson's novel Neuromancer as initiating the cyberpunk genre. Scott regards Blade Runner as his "most complete and personal film".[14]
"1984" Apple Macintosh commercial[link]
Main article: 1984 (advertisement)
In 1984 Scott directed the television commercial 1984, written by Steve Hayden and Lee Clow, produced by Chiat\Day, and starring Anya Major as the unnamed heroine and David Graham as "Big Brother".[15][16] It was released for a single airing in the United States on 22 January 1984 during the third quarter of Super Bowl XVIII.[17] It introduced the Macintosh for the first time and is now considered a "watershed event"[18] and a "masterpiece".[19]
1984 used the unnamed heroine to represent the coming of the Macintosh (indicated by her white tank top with a Picasso-style picture of Apple’s Macintosh computer on it) as a means of saving humanity from "conformity" (Big Brother).[20]
These images were an allusion to George Orwell's noted novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four, which described a dystopian future ruled by a supposedly fictional "Big Brother".
[edit] Legend
Main article: Legend (film)
In 1985 Scott directed Legend, a fantasy film produced by Arnon Milchan. Having not tackled the fairy tale genre, Scott decided to create a "once upon a time" film set in a world of fairies, princesses, and goblins. Scott cast Tom Cruise as the film's hero, Jack, Mia Sara as Princess Lily, and Tim Curry as the Satan-horned Lord of Darkness. A series of problems with both principal photography, including the destruction of the forest set by fire, and post-production (including heavy editing and substitution of Jerry Goldsmith's original score with a score by Tangerine Dream) hampered the film's release. Legend received scathing reviews.
1987–92[link]
Scott made Someone to Watch Over Me, a romantic police drama starring Tom Berenger, Lorraine Bracco and Mimi Rogers in 1987, and Black Rain, a 1989 cop drama starring Michael Douglas and Andy García, shot partially in Tokyo and Osaka, Japan. Both achieved mild success at the box office.
Thelma & Louise (1991) starring Geena Davis as Thelma, and Susan Sarandon as Louise, was successful, and revived Scott's reputation. However, his next project—an independent movie, 1492: Conquest of Paradise—was less successful. It is a visually striking film telling the story of Christopher Columbus. However, it was a box office failure, and Scott did not release another film for four years.
Recent career[link]
In 1995, with his brother Tony, Scott formed the film and television production company, Scott Free Productions in Los Angeles. All his subsequent feature films, starting with White Squall and G.I. Jane, starring Demi Moore and Viggo Mortensen, were produced under the Scott Free banner. Also in 1995 the two brothers purchased controlling interest in Shepperton Studios, which later merged with Pinewood Studios. Scott and his brother have produced the CBS series Numb3rs (2005–2010), a crime drama about a genius mathematician who helps the FBI solve crimes, and The Good Wife (2009–), a legal drama concerning an attorney continuing her law practice while coping with her husband, a former state attorney trying to rebuild his political career after a major scandal.
2000–2005[link]
The huge success of Scott's film Gladiator (2000) has been credited with reviving the nearly defunct "sword and sandal" historical genre. Scott then turned to Hannibal (2001), the sequel to Jonathan Demme's The Silence of the Lambs. In 2002, Scott released the war film, Black Hawk Down, which further established his position as a critically and financially successful film maker. The film won two Oscars.
In 2003 Scott directed Matchstick Men, adapted from the novel by Eric Garcia and starring Nicolas Cage, Sam Rockwell and Alison Lohman. It received mostly positive reviews and performed moderately at the box office. In 2005 he made the modestly successful Kingdom of Heaven, a movie about the Crusades which consciously sought to connect history to current events. The Moroccan government sent the Moroccan cavalry as extras in the epic battle scenes.[21]
Unhappy with the theatrical version of the film (which he blamed on paying too much attention to the opinions of preview audiences), Scott supervised a director's cut of Kingdom of Heaven, which was released on DVD in 2006.[22] In an interview to promote the latter, when asked if he was against previewing in general, Scott stated: "It depends who's in the driving seat. If you've got a lunatic doing my job, then you need to preview. But a good director should be experienced enough to judge what he thinks is the correct version to go out into the cinema."[23]
2006–present[link]
Scott teamed up again with Gladiator star Russell Crowe, directing the movie A Good Year, based on the best-selling book. The film was released on 10 November 2006, with a score by Marc Streitenfeld. Rupert Murdoch, chairman of News Corp and Subsidiary studio 20th Century Fox (who backed the film) dismissed A Good Year as "a flop" at a shareholders' meeting only a few days after the film's release.[24]
Scott's next directorial work was on American Gangster, the story of real-life drug kingpin Frank Lucas. He was the third director to attempt the project after Antoine Fuqua and Terry George. Denzel Washington and Benicio del Toro had been cast in the initial Steven Zaillian-scripted project under the working title Tru Blu, both actors having been paid salaries of $20 m and $15 m respectively without doing any production on the film. Following George's departure, Scott took over the project in early 2006. He had Zaillian rewrite the script to focus on the dynamic between Frank Lucas and Richie Roberts. Washington signed back on to the project as Lucas, and Crowe signed on to play Roberts. The film finally premiered in November 2007 to positive reviews and good box office. In late 2008 Scott released the espionage thriller Body of Lies starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Crowe once again which opened to luke-warm ticket-sales and mixed reviews.
Scott directed an adaptation of Robin Hood titled Robin Hood, which starred Russell Crowe as Robin Hood and Cate Blanchett as Maid Marian, and which was released on 13 May 2010 in Australia and 14 May 2010 in America. The film also starred Max von Sydow and Mark Strong.
Scott and his brother Tony produced the film adaptation of the 1980s TV cult classic The A-Team, which was directed by Joe Carnahan and released on 11 June 2010.
On 31 July 2009, news surfaced of a two part prequel to Alien, developed by 20th Century Fox.[25] with Scott attached to direct.[26]. The project, ultimately reduced to a single film called Prometheus, which Scott describes as sharing "strands of Alien's DNA" while not being a direct prequel, is scheduled for release in June 2012.
On 6 July 2010, YouTube announced the launch of Life In A Day, an experimental documentary that was to be executive produced by Scott. Released at the Sundance Film Festival on 27 January 2011, it incorporates footage shot on 24 July 2010 that was submitted by YouTube users from around the world.[27]
Planned projects[link]
In April 2008, Scott announced his new project, The Kind One, a period drama set for release in 2012. The film will star recent Academy Award nominee Casey Affleck.[28] It is based on the novel of the same name by screenwriter Tom Epperson.
On 12 October 2008, Scott confirmed that after a 25 year wait for the rights to become available, he is making a return to science fiction with a film adaptation of the book The Forever War by Joe Haldeman. He was looking for a script writer.[29] In March 2009, Scott confirmed that the film would be in 3D citing James Cameron's Avatar as an inspiration for doing so. "I'm filming a book by Joe Haldeman called Forever War. I've got a good writer doing it. I've seen some of James Cameron's work, and I've got to go 3D. It's going to be phenomenal."[30][31]
Another science fiction project to which Scott has been attached is an adaptation of Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, with Leonardo DiCaprio also attached.[32]
In August 2011, information leaked about production of a sequel to Blade Runner by Alcon Entertainment, with Alcon partners Broderick Johnson and Andrew Kosove.[33] Scott announced on 15 October 2009 that he will direct a film adaptation of the Red Riding trilogy.[34]
As of 1 February 2012, Ridley Scott discussed a project based on a screenplay called The Counsellor by Cormac McCarthy with the producers of The Road, Nick Wechsler and Steve and Paula Mae Schwartz. [35]
Personal life[link]
Ridley Scott was married to Felicity Heywood from 1964 to 1975. The couple had two sons, Jake and Luke, both of whom work as directors on Scott's production company Ridley Scott Associates. Scott later married advertising executive Sandy Watson in 1979, with whom he had a daughter, Jordan Scott, and divorced in 1989.[36][37]
His current partner is the actress Giannina Facio, whom he has cast in all his movies since White Squall except American Gangster.[citation needed] He divides his time between homes in London, France, and Los Angeles.
Approach and style[link]
Scott was not initially considered an actors' director[citation needed], but has become more receptive to ideas from his cast as his career has developed. Examples include Susan Sarandon's suggestions that the character of Louise pack shoes in plastic bags in one scene of Thelma & Louise, and another where her character exchanges jewelry for a hat and other items— and Tim Robbins' collaboration with Scott and Susan Sarandon to rework the final scene with a more upbeat ending. Russell Crowe commented, "I like being on Ridley's set because actors can perform [...] and the focus is on the performers."[38] Paul M. Sammon, in his book Future Noir: The Making of Blade Runner, commented in an interview with Brmovie.com that Scott's relationship with his actors has improved considerably over the years.[39] More recently during the filming of Scott's 2012 film, Prometheus, Charlize Theron praised the director's willingness to listen to suggestions from the cast for improvements in the way their characters are portrayed on script. Theron worked alongside the writers and Scott to give more depth to her character during filming.[40]
On the other hand, he can be a demanding and difficult director to work for. He was nicknamed "Guvnor" in the Blade Runner production. Several crew members wore protest t-shirts with slogans such as "Yes Guvnor, my ass" and "Will Rogers never met Ridley Scott" in reference to Will Rogers' most famous quotation, "I never met a man I didn't like".[41][citation needed] This was mainly in response to the way that Scott directed his first American crew, which some considered too harsh.
His striking visual style, incorporating a detailed approach to production design and innovative, atmospheric lighting, has been influential on a subsequent generation of filmmakers — many of whom have imitated his style. Scott commonly uses slow pacing until the action sequences. Examples include Alien and Blade Runner; the LA Times critic Sheila Benson, for example, would call the latter "Blade Crawler" "because it's so damn slow". Another technique he employs is use of sound or music to build tension, as heard in Alien, with hissing steam, beeping computers and the noise of the machinery in the space ship.
Scott has developed a method for filming intricate shots as swiftly as possible:
"I like working, always, with a minimum of three cameras. [...] So those 50 set-ups [a day] might only be 25 set-ups except I'm covering in the set-up. So you're finished. I mean, if you take a little bit more time to prep on three cameras, or if it's a big stunt, eleven cameras, and — whilst it may take 45 minutes to set up — then when you're ready you say 'Action!', and you do three takes, two takes and is everybody happy? You say, 'Yeah, that's it.' So you move on."[38]
Although Scott is often known for his painterly directorial style, other techniques and elements include:
- Strong female characters.[42][43]
- Some of his movies feature strong conflicts between father and son that usually end with the latter killing the former (Blade Runner, Gladiator) or witnessing the event (Kingdom of Heaven, Robin Hood). The Lord of Darkness in Legend also mentions his "father" on a few occasions. As part of the conflict between father and son there are some repetitive scenes: in Gladiator, the son hugs the father seemingly as an expression of love but this embrace turns into the suffocation and death of the father. There is a similar sequence in Blade Runner.
- Scott utilises cityscapes as an emphasis to his storytelling (i.e., a futuristic Los Angeles in Blade Runner, Tokyo in Black Rain, Jerusalem in Kingdom of Heaven).
- In Gladiator, Blade Runner and Kingdom of Heaven, a son gets to know his father when he is grown up. Other common elements are that the mother is not seen, and that the son or father is seen performing his last actions. For example, Roy Batty is dying when he saves Deckard, Maximus dies after killing Commodus and Godfrey of Ibelin kills some enemies after he has been mortally wounded by an arrow. In addition, the hero is saved from death before attaining his greatest deeds: Deckard is saved by Rachel, Maximus is saved by a slave and Balian is saved by a Muslim enemy. Similar situations can be seen in Tony Scott's Man on Fire.
- Military and officer classes as characters reflecting his father's career, such as in G.I. Jane and Black Hawk Down and Kingdom of Heaven.
- Storyboarding his films extensively. These illustrations, when made by himself, have been referred to as "Ridleygrams" in DVD releases.
- Scott was once known for requesting a great many takes. This was evident on Blade Runner: the crew nicknamed the movie "Blood Runner" because of this.
- He often makes use of classical music (the Hovis advertisements, Someone to Watch Over Me).
- Extensive use of smoke and other atmospheres (in Alien, Blade Runner and Black Rain), plus fans and fan-like objects (Blade Runner, Black Rain and the large Boeing jet engines in the 1984 TV advertisement). Fans are also used in Hannibal, for symbolic purposes.
- Consistency in his choice of composers, using Jerry Goldsmith (Alien and Legend), Vangelis (Blade Runner and 1492: Conquest of Paradise), Hans Zimmer (Black Rain, Thelma & Louise, Gladiator, Hannibal, Black Hawk Down and Matchstick Men) or Marc Streitenfeld (A Good Year, American Gangster, Body of Lies, Robin Hood and Prometheus). Scott has also twice used songs by Sting during the film credits ("Valparaiso" for White Squall and "Someone to Watch Over Me" for the movie of the same title).
DVD format and director's cut[link]
Scott is known for his enthusiasm for the DVD format, providing audio commentaries and interviews for all his films where possible. In the July 2006 issue of Total Film magazine, he stated: "After all the work we go through, to have it run in the cinema and then disappear forever is a great pity. To give the film added life is really cool for both those who missed it and those who really loved it."[23]
Running alongside his enthusiasm for DVD, Scott is sometimes considered the "father" of the director's cut, though the impetus to produce such versions has sometimes begun with other parties. The positive reaction to the Blade Runner Director's Cut encouraged Scott to re-cut several movies that were a disappointment at the time of their release (including Legend and Kingdom of Heaven). Today the practice of alternative cuts is more commonplace, though often as a way to make a film stand out in the DVD marketplace by adding new material.
Filmography[link]
| Year | Film | Oscars | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominations | Wins | ||
| 1977 | The Duellists | ||
| 1979 | Alien | 2 | 1 |
| 1982 | Blade Runner | 2 | |
| 1985 | Legend | 1 | |
| 1987 | Someone to Watch Over Me | ||
| 1989 | Black Rain | 2 | |
| 1991 | Thelma & Louise | 6 | 1 |
| 1992 | 1492: Conquest of Paradise | ||
| 1996 | White Squall | ||
| 1997 | G.I. Jane | ||
| 2000 | Gladiator | 12 | 5 |
| 2001 | Hannibal | ||
| Black Hawk Down | 4 | 2 | |
| 2003 | Matchstick Men | ||
| 2005 | Kingdom of Heaven | ||
| 2006 | A Good Year | ||
| 2007 | American Gangster | 2 | |
| 2008 | Body of Lies | ||
| 2010 | Robin Hood | ||
| 2012 | Prometheus | ||
Commercials[link]
- Bike Round for Hovis (1973)
- Chanel... Share the fantasy. for Chanel (1979)
- 1984 for Apple Computer (1984)
- Deficit Trials for W.R. Grace (1986)
- The Choice of a New Generation for Pepsi (1986) (Starred Don Johnson and Glenn Frey)
- Nissan 300ZX Twin Turbo Super Bowl commercial (1992)
TV shows[link]
- Numb3rs (Producer, 2005–2010)
- The Good Wife (Executive producer, 2009–present)
- The Pillars of the Earth (Executive producer, 2010)
- Prophets of Science Fiction (Executive producer, 2011)
- Labyrinth (Executive producer, 2012)
Awards & Nominations[link]
Scott has been nominated for three Academy Awards for Directing: for Thelma & Louise, Gladiator and Black Hawk Down, as well as a Golden Globe, BAFTA and Emmy Award. He has won 3 British Academy Awards for the film Blade Runner.[44] He was knighted in the 2003 New Year Honours. In 2011, He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[45] [1]
| Year | Award | Category | Title | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1977 | Cannes | Best Debut Film Award | The Duellists | Won |
| Palme d'Or | Nominated | |||
| 1979 | Saturn Awards | Best Director | Alien | Won |
| Best Science Fiction film | Won | |||
| 1983 | Best Director | Blade Runner | Nominated | |
| 2001 | Gladiator | Nominated | ||
| 2003 | George Pal Memorial Award | Won | ||
| 1991 | DGA | Best Director - Motion Picture | Thelma & Louise | Nominated |
| 2001 | Gladiator | Nominated | ||
| 2002 | Black Hawk Down | Nominated | ||
| 1991 | Academy Awards | Best Director | Thelma & Louise | Nominated |
| 2000 | Best Director | Gladiator | Nominated | |
| 2001 | Best Director | Black Hawk Down | Nominated | |
| 2000 | Golden Globe | Best Director - Motion Picture | Gladiator | Won |
| 2006 | Best Director - Motion Picture | American Gangster | Nominated | |
| 1991 | BAFTA | Best Director | Thelma & Louise | Nominated |
| 2000 | Gladiator | Nominated | ||
| 2001 | Satellite Award | Best Director | Gladiator | Nominated |
| 2002 | American Film Institute | Director of the Year | Black Hawk Down | Nominated |
| Movie of the Year | Nominated | |||
| 2009 | Emmy | Outstanding Drama Series | The Good Wife | Nominated |
| 2010 | Nominated |
Box office performance[link]
| Date | Movie | Studio | United States gross | Worldwide gross | Theatres | Opening weekend | Opening theatres | Budget |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1977 | The Duellists | Par. | $900,000 | |||||
| 1979 | Alien | Fox | $80,931,801 | $104,931,801 | 757 | $3,527,881 | 91 | $11,000,000 |
| 1982 | Blade Runner | WB | $32,768,670 | $33,139,618 | 1,325 | $6,150,002 | 1,295 | $28,000,000 |
| 1985 | Legend | Uni. | $15,502,112 | 1,187 | $4,261,154 | 1,187 | $30,000,000 | |
| 1987 | Someone to Watch Over Me | Col. | $10,278,549 | 894 | $2,908,796 | 892 | $17,000,000 | |
| 1989 | Black Rain | Par. | $46,212,055 | $134,212,055 | 1,760 | $9,677,102 | 1,610 | $30,000,000 |
| 1991 | Thelma & Louise | MGM | $45,360,915 | 1,180 | $6,101,297 | 1,179 | $16,500,000 | |
| 1992 | 1492: Conquest of Paradise | Par. | $7,191,399 | 1,008 | $3,002,680 | 1,008 | $47,000,000 | |
| 1996 | White Squall | BV | $10,292,300 | 1,524 | $3,908,514 | 1,524 | $38,000,000 | |
| 1997 | G.I. Jane | BV | $48,169,156 | 2,043 | $11,094,241 | 1,945 | $50,000,000 | |
| 2000 | Gladiator | DW | $187,705,427 | $457,640,427 | 3,188 | $34,819,017 | 2,938 | $103,000,000 |
| 2001 | Hannibal | MGM | $165,092,268 | $351,692,268 | 3,292 | $58,003,121 | 3,230 | $87,000,000 |
| 2001 | Black Hawk Down | Sony | $108,638,745 | $172,989,651 | 3,143 | $179,823 | 4 | $92,000,000 |
| 2003 | Matchstick Men | WB | $36,906,460 | $65,565,672 | 2,711 | $13,087,307 | 2,711 | N/A |
| 2005 | Kingdom of Heaven | Fox | $47,398,413 | $211,652,051 | 3,219 | $19,635,996 | 3,216 | $130,000,000 |
| 2006 | A Good Year | Fox | $7,459,300 | $42,056,466 | 2,067 | $3,721,526 | 2,066 | $35,000,000 |
| 2007 | American Gangster | Uni. | $130,164,645 | $265,697,825 | 3,110 | $43,565,115 | 3,054 | $100,000,000 |
| 2008 | Body of Lies | WB | $39,394,666 | $115,321,950 | 2,714 | $12,884,416 | 2,710 | $70,000,000 |
| 2010 | Robin Hood | Uni. | $105,269,730 | $321,669,730 | 3,505 | $36,063,385 | 3,503 | $155,000,000 |
| 2012 | Prometheus | Fox | $250,000,000 (estimated) |
References[link]
- ^ a b "Bates and Scott lead showbiz honours". BBC News. 31 December 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/showbiz/2615423.stm. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- ^ Hollywood stars for Simon Fuller and Sir Ridley Scott BBC News'.' Retrieved 20 June 2010.
- ^ "Ridley Scott Career". Monsters-movies.com. http://www.monsters-movies.com/ridley_scott.htm.
- ^ "Sir Ridley Scott". Monsters-movies.com. http://www.monsters-movies.com/ridley_scott.htm. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
- ^ "How Winston helped save the nation". Scotsman.com Living. 6 July 2002. http://living.scotsman.com/tvradio/How-Winston-helped-save-the.2341166.jp. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
- ^ Interview by Rob Carnevale (25 September 2006). "BBC Movies: Calling the Shots". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/callingtheshots/ridley_scott.shtml. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- ^ Howe, David J.; Mark Stammers, Stephen James Walker (1994). The Handbook: The First Doctor — The William Hartnell Years 1963–1966. Virgin Books. p. 61. ISBN 0-426-20430-1.
- ^ Dutta, Kunal (30 November 2007). "Great Scott — Forty years of RSA". Campaign. http://www.campaignlive.co.uk/news/features/770904/Great-Scott–-Forty-years-RSA/.
- ^ "Ridley Scott Associates (RSA)". Rsafilms.com. http://www.rsafilms.com. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- ^ "History of Shepperton Studios". pinewoodgroup.com. http://www.pinewoodgroup.com/uploads/PDF/SheppertonStudiosHistory.pdf.
- ^ "A good year ahead for Ridley". BBC News. 20 October 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/nolavconsole/ukfs_news/hi/newsid_6060000/newsid_6068400/bb_rm_6068470.stm. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- ^ "Blade Runner Final Cut Due", SciFi Wire, 26 May 2006[dead link]
- ^ "',The Guardian',: Top 10 sci-fi films". Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/life/news/page/0,12983,1290764,00.html. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- ^ Barber, Lynn (2 January 2002). "Scott's Corner". The Observer (London). http://film.guardian.co.uk/interview/interviewpages/0,,628186,00.html. Retrieved 22 February 2007.
- ^ "David Graham". http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0333986/otherworks.
- ^ "Google Answers article #741952". Google. http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview?id=741952#a. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- ^ "Apple's 1984: The Introduction of the Macintosh in the Cultural History of Personal Computers". Duke.edu. http://www.duke.edu/~tlove/mac.htm. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- ^ "Apple's '1984' Super Bowl commercial still stands as watershed event". USA Today. 28 January 2004. http://www.usatoday.com/tech/columnist/kevinmaney/2004-01-28-maney_x.htm. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- ^ Leopold, Todd (3 February 2006). "Why 2006 isn't like '1984'". CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/02/02/eye.ent.commercials. Retrieved 10 May 2008.
- ^ Cellini, Adelia (January 2004). "The Story Behind Apple's '1984' TV commercial: Big Brother at 20". MacWorld 21.1, page 18. Archived from the original on 26 June 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080626112220/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb197/is_200401/ai_n5556112. Retrieved 9 May 2008.
- ^ "Mooviess.com Kingdom of Heaven production notes". http://www.mooviees.com/9136/1804-production_notes.
- ^ "Kingdom of Heaven: Director's Cut DVD official website". http://www.kingdomofheavendvd.com.
- ^ a b Total Film magazine, July 2006: 'Three hours, eight minutes. It's beautiful.' (Interview to promote Kingdom of Heaven: The Director's Cut)
- ^ "A Good Year is a 'flop', Murdoch admits". The Guardian (UK). 16 November 2006. http://film.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,,1949283,00.html. Retrieved 24 February 2007.
- ^ "Ridley Scott Talks 'Alien' Prequel and Timeline". Bloody-disgusting.com. http://www.bloody-disgusting.com/news/17890. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- ^ Child, Ben (27 April 2010). "Ridley Scott plans two-part Alien prequel". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2010/apr/27/ridley-scott-alien-prequels-3d. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- ^ "Life in a Day". The Official YouTube Blog. 6 July 2010. http://youtube-global.blogspot.com/2010/07/life-in-day.html. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
- ^ "Paste Magazine :: News :: Ridley Scott, Casey Affleck take on The Kind One". Paste. 17 April 2008. http://www.pastemagazine.com/action/article/7175/news/film/ridley_scott_taking_on_the_kind_one. Retrieved 27 April 2008.
- ^ Child, Ben (13 October 2008). "Ridley Scott puts off Brave New World for The Forever War". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2008/oct/13/ridley-scott-forever-war. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- ^ Alex Billington. "Ridley Scott Says Cameron Inspired Him to Make Forever War in 3D". http://www.firstshowing.net/2009/03/26/ridley-scott-says-cameron-inspired-him-to-make-forever-war-in-3d.
- ^ "James Cameron's Avatar Influences Ridley Scott's Forever War". http://io9.com/5187373/james-camerons-avatar-influences-ridley-scotts-forever-war.
- ^ "A new world for a 'Brave New World'". Riskybusinessblog.com. http://www.riskybusinessblog.com/2009/08/brave-new-world-ridley-scott-dicaprio.html. Retrieved 6 March 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "Ridley Scott To Direct New 'Blade Runner' Installment For Alcon Entertainment". 19 August 2011. http://www.deadline.com/2011/08/ridley-scott-ready-to-direct-new-version-of-seminal-sci-fi-film-blade-runner/. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
- ^ "Ridley Scott to Helm Red Riding". Dreadcentral.com. 15 October 2009. http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/34032/ridley-scott-helm-red-riding. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- ^ Fleming, Mike. "Ridley Scott In Talks For Cormac McCarthy’s ‘The Counselor’". Deadline. http://www.deadline.com/2012/01/ridley-scott-in-talks-for-cormac-mccarthys-the-counselor/.
- ^ Jordan Scott at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ Biography for Ridley Scott at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ a b American Gangster DVD, Fallen Empire: The Making of American Gangster documentary
- ^ Caldwell, David. "Paul M. Sammon interview". BRmovie.com. http://www.brmovie.com/Articles/Sammon_Interview_11.htm. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- ^ "“Prometheus” Crew: On A Mission Collision". Inquirer.net (Philippine Daily Inquirer). April 29, 2012. http://movies.inquirer.net/3843/%E2%80%9Cprometheus%E2%80%9D-crew-on-a-mission-collision. Retrieved May 07, 2012.
- ^ "I never met a man I didn't like". Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/i-never-met-a-man-i-didn-t-like. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- ^ "Yahoo! Movies: Ridley Scott". Movies.yahoo.com. 30 November 1937. http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800015105/bio. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- ^ "AmericanCinemateque.com: Press release". Americancinematheque.com. http://www.americancinematheque.com/pressreleases/2001/ridleyscott.htm. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- ^ Awards for Ridley Scott at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ Hollywood stars for Simon Fuller and Sir Ridley Scott BBC News'.' Retrieved 20 June 2010.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ridley Scott |
- Ridley Scott at the Internet Movie Database
- Ridley Scott at AllRovi
- Ridley Scott at Rotten Tomatoes Celebrity Profile
- Scott Free Productions at the Internet Movie Database
- Ridley Scott Associates (RSA)
- They Shoot Pictures, Don't They?
- Video interview with STV's Grant Lauchlan, discussing Kingdom of Heaven and Blade Runner
- Times Interview with Ridley Scott 5 October 2006
- Total Film: Interview with Ridley Scott, 15 July 2007
- RSA Films (Ridley and Tony Scott's advertising production company), 30 November 2007
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Scott, Ridley |
| Alternative names | Scott, Sir Ridley |
| Short description | English film director, and producer |
| Date of birth | 30 November 1937 |
| Place of birth | South Shields, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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For the author and broadcaster, see Kate Mosse.
| Kate Moss | |
|---|---|
 Moss in 2005 |
|
| Born | (1974-01-16) 16 January 1974 (age 38) Addiscombe, Croydon, London, England |
| Occupation | Model |
| Height | 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m)[1] |
| Hair colour | Brown[2] |
| Eye colour | Hazel |
| Dress size | UK 6 – US 2 – EU 34[2] |
| Manager | Storm Model Management D'management Group Marilyn Model Agency IMG Models |
| Spouse | Jamie Hince (m. 2011) «start: (2011-07)»"Marriage: Jamie Hince to Kate Moss" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Kate_Moss) |
| Children | 1 |
Kate Moss (born 16 January 1974) is an English model who is known for her waifish figure and popularising the heroin chic look in the 1990s. She is also known for her controversial private life, high profile relationships, party lifestyle, and drug use. Moss changed the look of modelling and started a global debate on eating disorders, and her role in size zero fashion. In 2007, she came 2nd on the Forbes top-earning models list, estimated to have earned $9 million in one year.[3]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Moss was born in Addiscombe, Croydon, London to Linda Rosina (Shepherd), a barmaid, and Peter Edward Moss, a travel agent.[4] Kate has a younger brother named Nick and a half-sister named Lottie (Charlotte) and half-brother.[5][6][7] Moss' parents divorced when she was 13. She attended Ridgeway Primary School and Riddlesdown Collegiate, but most commonly known as Riddlesdown High School, in Purley. She was not noted for her academic success but she did excel at sport.
Career[link]
Moss was discovered in 1988 at the age of 14 by Sarah Doukas, the founder of Storm Model Management, at JFK Airport in New York City,[8] after a holiday in the Bahamas. Moss's career began when Corinne Day shot black-and-white photographs of her, styled by Melanie Ward, for British magazine The Face when she was 16, in a photo shoot titled "The 3rd Summer of Love". Day discovered Kate Moss when she was a young and unknown model and described the pictures that she took of Moss as ‘dirty realism’ or ‘grunge’.[9]Moss then went on to become the "anti-supermodel" of the 1990s[citation needed] in contrast to the "supermodels" of the moment[citation needed], such as Cindy Crawford, Elle Macpherson, Claudia Schiffer, and Naomi Campbell, who were known[citation needed] for their curvaceous and tall figures.
Moss was voted 9th in Maxim's "50 Sexiest Women of 1999" and 22nd in FHM's "100 Sexiest Women of 1995". Men's magazine Arena named her as their Sexiest Woman in their 150th issue. She was presented on the November 1999 Millennium cover of American Vogue as one of the "Modern Muses".[10] In March 2007, Moss won the Sexiest Woman NME Award.[11] She made her first appearance in the British women's Sunday Times Rich List in 2007, where she was estimated to be worth £45 million. She ranked as the 99th richest woman in Britain.[12] In the 2009 Rich List, she was ranked as the 1,348th richest person in the UK, with a net worth of £40 million.[13]
In July 2007, when she had earned an estimated total of $9 million in the preceding 12 months, Forbes magazine named her second on the list of the World's 15 top-earning models list.[3]
File:Kate Moss Calvin Klein.jpg
Moss during her "waif" period
Style[link]
Moss ushered in the heroin chic look in 1993[citation needed] (which prompted much speculation over her weight) with a highly publicised campaign for Calvin Klein. Her depiction in photographs also drew criticism from then-President of the United States Bill Clinton, who spoke out against the growing heroin chic trend.[14] When questioned about her weight, Moss commented, "It was just the time. It was a swing from more buxom girls like Cindy Crawford and people were shocked to see what they called a 'waif'. What can you say? How many times can you say 'I'm not anorexic'?"[15]
In addition to being known for her modelling work, Kate Moss is also an international fashion icon.[16] She has garnered many awards for her style, including the Council of Fashion Designers of America's fashion influence award and a place on the Vanity Fair international best-dressed list.[17][18] In the early part of the 21st century, she was, together with actress Sienna Miller, one of the main proponents of boho-chic.[citation needed] She appeared on the cover of Vanity Fair's September 2006 style issue. In recent years, she has popularised denim cutoff shorts,[19] Ugg boots, ballet flats, Vivienne Westwood Pirate Boots, skinny jeans, waistcoat, Alexander McQueen's skull scarf, Louis Vuitton's Sprouse Leopard Cashmere Scarf, and the Balenciaga handbag.[20]
In 2008, Moss was added to PETA's 'Worst-Dressed' Celebrities of 2008'[21] because of her frequent use of fur.
Campaigns[link]
Moss has had campaigns with major Italian, French, American, and British designers including Gucci, Dolce & Gabbana, Calvin Klein, Chanel, Rimmel,[22] and Bulgari. She has been featured in fashion spreads in most major fashion magazines including UK, US, and French Vogue magazines (as well as other international versions of Vogue), Another Man, Vanity Fair, the Face, and W. Moss has appeared on the cover of British Vogue 30 times,[23] in addition to dozens of other international Vogue covers, and has been featured on the cover of 17 issues of W, including one issue with nine different covers that featured the model. W even names Moss its muse (September 2003 issue). She has worked with the most well-known photographers in the fashion industry, such as Mario Testino, Mario Sorrenti, Steven Klein, Juergen Teller, and Peter Lindbergh, and won the prestigious Vogue/CFDA award from the Fashion Designers of America in July 2005 as Fashion Inspiration.[citation needed]
April 2005 saw the launch of the Rimmel London mascara TV ad featuring a leather-clad Kate Moss riding a motorbike through London to the sound of the rock song "Another Cold Beer" by Steven Crayn, an advertising campaign that is still running.[citation needed]
Twelve months after her cocaine scandal, Moss made a comeback by bagging 18 top modelling contracts for the Autumn/Winter 2006 season including Rimmel, Agent Provocateur, Virgin Mobile, Calvin Klein Jeans and Burberry.[citation needed] Moss designed a collection, in collaboration with Katy England, for Topshop.[24] Moss launched a fragrance and body lotion range bearing her name in association with Coty in 2007.[25]
According to Forbes, Moss has earned more money since her cocaine scandal than ever before: her 2004–2005 earnings were $5 million[26] and her 2005–2006 earnings were $8 million.[27] In 2007, with estimated earnings of $9 million, she was the second highest paid model in the world, behind Gisele Bündchen.[3]
In November 2006, Moss won the Model of the Year prize at the British Fashion Awards, the top accolade in British fashion, but the award divided opinion and stirred fresh controversy.[28]
On 27 September 2007, The Sun published a story entitled, "Kate Moss dumped by seven brands", describing her "cocaine honeymoon" as fading away. The story continues by stating that in autumn 2006 she had eighteen contracts in comparison to 2007's eleven, and that in 2006 fashion bible Vogue had six campaigns using Moss including Dior, Louis Vuitton and Burberry, but November 2007's issue has none. The story concludes by saying that an industry source has said "She is still very big but the honeymoon period has ended."[29]
In 2012 Moss appeared as a Model for the Spring/Summer Collection for Supreme
Fashion designer[link]
On 1 May 2007, a collection of clothes designed by Moss exclusively for the Topshop chain were launched across the UK in the chain's 225 stores. A Kate Moss "countdown to launch" board filled a window of the company's flagship Oxford Street store and on 30 April, Moss launched the clothing line at Topshop in Oxford Street, where she briefly appeared in the shop window modelling a red dress from the clothing collection just before the shop was opened, causing a media frenzy.[30] Topshop reportedly paid Moss £3 million for her work.[30] The collection of fifty designs included clothes, bags, shoes and belts, where prices range from £12 for a vest top to £150 for a cropped leather jacket. Clothes in the collection included skinny jeans, one-shoulder minidresses and T-shirts with the letter K woven into the design.[31] The Topshop range was later released in the United States at the New York chain store Barneys.[32]
In a collaboration with Coty, Moss has released four fragrances.[citation needed] In early 2010, it was revealed that she had designed a range of handbags for luxury goods house Longchamp.[33]
Other endeavours[link]
Moss appeared on Oasis singles "Don't Go Away" (1998) and "Fade Away" (1994), and on the Be Here Now album (1997), playing tambourine, Johnny Depp playing a guitar.
She has appeared in music videos such as "Kowalski" by Primal Scream, "I Just Don't Know What to Do with Myself" by the White Stripes, "Something About the Way You Look Tonight" by Elton John, "Sex with Strangers" by Marianne Faithfull, "Love Don't Bother Me" by Stage Dolls, and "Delia's Gone" and "God's Gonna Cut You Down" by Johnny Cash.
She has also provided vocals for songs by Primal Scream (the 2003 version of "Some Velvet Morning"), Babyshambles ("La Belle et la Bête") and The Lemonheads ("You're a Dirty Robot"). Prior to breaking up with Pete Doherty, Moss co-wrote four songs on Babyshambles' second album Shotter's Nation—"You Talk", "French Dog Blues", "Baddie's Boogie", and "Deft Left Hand".
In 1999, Moss played a non-musical role in the British screen comedy Blackadder: Back & Forth, appearing both as Maid Marian and as a fictional Queen of England "who looks good naked".[34] Director and writer Richard Curtis said in the making of video, that they wanted "the best looking woman in England" to play the role.[35]
Moss has also been the subject of portraits by contemporary artists such as Lucian Freud and Chuck Close. In 2005, a painting of Moss by Freud sold for £3.93 million at a Christie's auction.[36] Close has taken a series of daguerreotypes of Moss, which he has also translated into Jacquard tapestry.[37]
In October 2010, she appeared on the cover of Bryan Ferry's album Olympia.
In January 2012, having seen a performance by Dutch illusionist Hans Klok on the BBC's The One Show, Moss called fashion designer Stella McCartney and recommended that she book him as one of the attractions at her London Fashion Week show the following month.[38][39] It was originally planned that Moss, a self-confessed magic fan, would act as Klok's assistant, and she spent several days working with him to rehearse three illusions, a levitation, a sawing in half and a guillotine illusion. However, she was forced to drop out of the show after suffering temporary paralysis of her right arm due to a trapped nerve, and her place was taken by TV presenter and model Alexa Chung.[39][40]
Charity work[link]
Moss has been a supporter of the Breakthrough Breast Cancer charity, and in the 1990s featured in one of their target T-shirt campaigns.[citation needed] She also supported War Child.[citation needed] Moss also designed a charm in a necklace for Wallis in 2007 in aid of Cancer Research UK and said "I am happy to give my support to help fund crucial research, as so many lives are affected by this terrible disease".[41]
She has also helped to launch the SamandRuby charity in March 2006. The charity was started to provide funding for the education and shelter of Thai children. The SamandRuby organisation is named after a friend of Moss's, Samantha Archer Fayet, and her 6-month-old daughter Ruby Rose who were killed by the Tsunami while visiting Thailand.[citation needed] Moss also supports the Elton John AIDS Foundation, the Hoping Foundation, the Lucie Blackman Trust, Make Poverty History, Comic Relief and Homes of Hope.[42]
On 22 November 2006, Moss recorded an appearance in a Little Britain sketch for Comic Relief at the Hammersmith Apollo as a character called Katie Pollard, sister of Vicky Pollard played by Matt Lucas.[43]
Moss made a short film with Misery Bear for the March 2011 Comic Relief event entitled "Misery Bear's Comic Relief Starring Kate Moss".[44]
Personal life[link]
Kate Moss has a daughter, Lila Grace Moss Hack,[45] born on 29 September 2002, with Dazed & Confused editor Jefferson Hack.
Moss had a relationship with former Libertines member Pete Doherty, first meeting him at her 31st birthday party in January 2005.[46] On 11 April 2007, Doherty announced Moss as his fiancée during one of his concerts in London, at which Moss also performed.[47][48] In July 2007, Moss and Doherty split.[citation needed] She was due to model on the catwalk for John Galliano, but was too distraught with her break-up to participate.[49]
Moss began dating Jamie Hince, guitarist for The Kills in late 2007 with The Sun reporting on 26 March 2008, that they had became engaged during a trip to Amsterdam,[50] Hince proposing to Moss in bed with a vintage 1920s ring worth more than £10,000.[51] Moss married Hince on 1 July 2011 at St Peter's Church, Southrop in Gloucestershire; she wore a dress by John Galliano.[52]
Cocaine scandal[link]
On 15 September 2005, the Daily Mirror ran front page and inside photos that seemed to show Moss snorting several lines of a white powder that was presumed to be cocaine at a Babyshambles recording session. It was also reported that Moss snorted five lines in 40 minutes.[53] It has been alleged by Babyshambles' singer Pete Doherty that James Mullord, his former manager, sold the photos to the newspaper for more than £150,000 and spent the money on heroin.[54]
On 20 September 2005, the Swedish fashion retailer H&M, which had intended to feature her in a campaign of their autumn clothes range designed by Stella McCartney, announced it was dropping Moss after the drug allegations.[55] The contract was reportedly worth £4 million a year.[56] A day later, Chanel announced that it would not be renewing its contract with Moss, which was set to expire that October, although the company said that its decision had nothing to do with the drug scandal. Burberry also decided to drop Moss's campaign with them.[57] Moss quickly issued an apology, though she stopped short of admitting drug use.[58]
Moss continued to appear in major ad campaigns during this period for Dior.[citation needed] She was on the cover of the November 2005 W and also appeared inside in a multi-page fashion shoot. She was also defended by designer Alexander McQueen, who, during his walk-out after a fashion show, wore a t-shirt saying "We love you Kate".[59] Artist Stella Vine also publicly supported Moss, and paintings by Vine of the model, painted during the scandal, were exhibited and reproduced in the press.[60]
In November 2005, Moss ended her relationship with Doherty soon after he checked himself out of Meadows Clinic in Arizona, failing to complete a programme for drug rehabilitation.[citation needed] Moss herself underwent successful treatment there in October and had urged Doherty to seek the same treatment himself. Doherty claims that their separation involved other issues, telling The Sun that Moss left him because, "I can’t buy her diamonds."[61] On 5 January 2006, the Metropolitan Police asked Moss to return from the US to Britain to answer questions about the September 2005 cocaine scandal.[62] The following day, the Daily Mirror reported that Moss would return to Britain and face arrest for allegations of cocaine usage. She was interviewed by police in London on 31 January 2006, with her solicitor present, but reportedly made no admissions, and she was not arrested (photographs of alleged drug-taking are not admissible evidence in English courts). On 16 June 2006, British police finally dropped the charges for lack of evidence.[63] Ultimately, Moss was cleared of all charges and resumed her modelling career.[citation needed] Criticism of Moss has continued, and her career revival has been viewed as a sign of moral and cultural decline by critics such as Peter Hitchens.[64]
Gold statue[link]
A £1.5m ($2.8m) 100% gold statue was made of Moss in 2008 as part of a British Museum exhibition. Entitled Siren, the 50 kg (110 lb) hollow statue was made by Marc Quinn, who described Moss as "the ideal beauty of the moment". The statue is said to be the largest gold statue to be created since the era of Ancient Egypt.[65]
Quinn had previously unveiled a painted-bronze, life-size sculpture of Moss in a contorted yoga pose, titled Sphinx.[66]
References[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ http://www.celebheights.com/s/Kate-Moss-1495.html celebheights.com Retrieved 21 April 2012
- ^ a b Kate Moss in the FMD-database. Accessed 27 July 2008.
- ^ a b c Blakeley, Kiri (16 July 2007). "The World's Top-Earning Models". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2007/07/19/models-media-bundchen-biz-media-cz_kb_0716topmodels.html. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
- ^ Family detective: supermodel Kate Moss.[dead link] The Telegraph. Retrieved on 27 September 2007.
- ^ Richard Price (12 July 2006). "The divorce that haunts Kate Moss". Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-395419/The-divorce-haunts-Kate-Moss.html. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
- ^ "MOSS BRO'S NEW SUIT". Vogue. 25 June 2002. http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2002/06/25/moss-bros-new-suit. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
- ^ Jessica Misener (11 November 2011). "Lottie Moss, Kate Moss' 13-Year-Old Half-Sister, Makes Modeling Debut". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/10/kate-moss-13-year-old-sister-lottie-moss-model_n_1087047.html. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
- ^ "Kate Moss". Marie Claire UK. http://www.marieclaire.co.uk/celebrity/a-z/163221/kate-moss.html. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
- ^ Hartley, John; Ellie Rennie (November 2004). ""About A Girl"". Journalism 5 (4): 22.
- ^ Lee, Helen (11 April 2007). "Vogue’s ‘World’s Next Top Models’ cover". SassyBella.com. http://www.sassybella.com/2007/04/vogues-worlds-next-top-models-cover/. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
- ^ "Awards – Winners 2007". NME. UK. http://www.nme.com/awardswinners2007. Retrieved 7 March 2007. [dead link]
- ^ "Sunday Times – Rich List: Kate Moss". The Sunday Times (UK). 2007. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/richlist/person/0,,48301,00.html. Retrieved 28 May 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Rich List 2009: Kate Moss". The Sunday Times (UK). 23 April 2009. http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/specials/rich_list/rich_list_2009/article6154403.ece. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
- ^ President Clinton on Heroin Chic
- ^ "In Camera Kate Moss". SHOWstudio. http://www.showstudio.com/projects/kte/kte_start2.html. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
- ^ "Kate officially a style icon". The Sydney Morning Herald. 7 June 2005. http://www.smh.com.au/news/Fashion/Kate-officially-a-style-icon/2005/06/07/1117910285455.html. Retrieved 27 January 2007.
- ^ Gibbens, Nick (9 March 2006). "Kate Moss named top fashion icon". 999 Today. http://www.999today.com/stylefashionandbeauty/news/story/2857.html. Retrieved 27 January 2007. [dead link]
- ^ "Kate Moss Appears in Vanity Fair as 'Best-Dressed'". Fox News. 31 July 2006. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,206438,00.html?sPage=fnc.foxlife/lifestyles. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
- ^ "Celebrity Trend: Denim Mini-Shorts". Fashionising.com. 20 August 2006. http://www.fashionising.com/trends/b--Celebrity-Trend-Denim-Mini-Shorts-104.html. Retrieved 20 January 2010.
- ^ "Kate Moss receives Fashion Icon award". MSNBC. 21 June 2005. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8122266/. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
- ^ "Kate Moss is a "Super Tramp" say Peta". Female First. 21 February 2008. http://www.femalefirst.co.uk/lifestyle-fashion/stylenews/moss-4540.html. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
- ^ "Rimmel Advert featuring Kate Moss". Rimmel. 20 November 2007. http://www.kewego.co.uk/video/iLyROoaftxsc.html. Retrieved 20 November 2007.
- ^ "Vogue Magazine Archive". Vogue UK. http://www.vogue.co.uk/magazine/issue.aspx/Archive/Model,Kate%20Moss/Search,Model/. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
- ^ "Kate Moss Confirmed for TopShop". Fashionising.com. 20 September 2006. http://www.fashionising.com/clothing/b--Kate-Moss-Confirmed-For-TopShop-141.html. Retrieved 20 January 2010.
- ^ "Kate Moss Fragrance on the Horizon". Fashionising.com. 16 December 2006. http://www.fashionising.com/beauty/b--Kate-Moss-Fragrance-on-the-Horizon-182.html. Retrieved 20 January 2010.
- ^ "Kate Moss". Forbes. 2005. http://www.forbes.com/lists/2005/53/BMGU.html. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
- ^ "Kate Moss". Forbes. 2006. http://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/53/BMGU.html. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
- ^ Freeman, Hadley (3 November 2006). "Controversy as Moss wins fashion Oscar". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,1938129,00.html. Retrieved 17 April 2007.
- ^ "Bizarre: Kate Moss dumped by 7 brands". 27 September 2007. http://www.thesun.co.uk/article/0,,4-2007440831,00.html. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
- ^ a b "Kate Moss range debuts across UK". BBC News. 1 May 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6610423.stm. Retrieved 1 May 2007.
- ^ "Analysis:Kate Moss for Topshop". UTalk Marketing. 25 April 2007. Archived from the original on 29 April 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070429014203/http://www.utalkmarketing.com/Article.aspx?id=1843. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
- ^ "New Yorkers desperate for a piece of Kate Moss". Daily Mail (UK). 10 May 2007. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/showbiz/showbiznews.html?in_article_id=453865&in_page_id=1773. Retrieved 11 May 2007.
- ^ Dykes, Daniel P (19 January 2010). "Kate Moss handbags for Longchamp: first look". Fashionising.com. http://www.fashionising.com/clothing/b--Kate-Moss-handbags-for-Longchamp-first-look-2831.html. Retrieved 20 January 2010.
- ^ Quote from the closing song
- ^ "Baldrick's Video Diary" 1994, Directed by Anthony Palmer, as featured in Blackadder The Ultimate Edition 2009, 16:23
- ^ "Kate Moss portrait fetches £3.9m". BBC News. 9 February 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/4249177.stm. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
- ^ "White Cube—Family and Others." Retrieved 13 May 2009.
- ^ Klok 'n' roll, Kate!, The Sun, 29 February 2012, retrieved 28 March 2012
- ^ a b Interview with Hans Klok, LIVE with Gabby, Channel 5, 22 March 2012.
- ^ "Kate Moss's Paralysed Arm Prevented Her From Performing at Stella McCartney's Party". 29 February 2012. http://www.graziadaily.co.uk/fashion/archive/2012/02/29/alexa-chung-kate-moss-stella-mccartney.htm. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
- ^ Kate Moss and other celebs design charity necklace.[dead link]
- ^ Kate Moss's Charity Work
- ^ "Model Moss joins Little Britain". BBC News. 23 November 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6175608.stm. Retrieved 4 June 2007.
- ^ "Misery Bear's Comic Relief Starring Kate Moss". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w0Yr9QzOb-Q. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
- ^ Tennant, Laura. "Living Review: Life Etc – What's in a name?"[dead link] BNet Retrieved on 28 January 2008.
- ^ Williams, Lowri (18 January 2005). "Babyshambles' Pete Doherty Scores With Kate Moss?". Gigwise. http://www.gigwise.com/news/3946/Babyshambles-Pete-Doherty-Scores-With-Kate-Moss. Retrieved 15 April 2007.
- ^ McCartney, Jenny (15 April 2007). "Kate and Pete, babies and shambles". The Sunday Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2007/04/15/do1509.xml. Retrieved 15 April 2007.
- ^ "Moss is now 'fiancee'". The New Zealand Herald. 16 May 2007. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1501119/story.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=10434394. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
- ^ Furious Kate calls in removal men to cart away Pete's junk.[dead link] Daily Mail. Retrieved on 4 July 2007.
- ^ Samson, Pete (26 March 2008). "Kate Moss: I'm getting married". The Sun (UK). http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/bizarre/article959279.ece. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
- ^ Gould, Lara (20 February 2011). "Kate Moss to design her own wedding dress (...we hope it won't look like this little number)". Daily Mail (UK). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1358744/Kate-Moss-design-wedding-dress---hope-wont-look-like-this.html#ixzz1EbMOu5MJ. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
- ^ "Kate Moss and Jamie Hince wedding shuts roads". BBC News. 1 July. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-13991995. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
- ^ Valentine Low (15 September 2005). "Kate 'caught snorting coke'". Evening Standard. http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/showbiz/article-20367317-details/Kate+%27caught+snorting+coke%27/article.do. Retrieved 23 August 2007.
- ^ "Kate Moss to escape cocaine charges". Daily Mail (UK). 4 April 2006. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/showbiz/showbiznews.html?in_article_id=381902&in_page_id=1773. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
- ^ Oxlade, Andrew (20 September 2005). "H&M drops Kate Moss after drugs scandal". Daily Mail (UK). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/showbiz/showbiznews.html?in_article_id=362941&in_page_id=1773. Retrieved 11 May 2007.
- ^ Britt, Chantal (20 September 2005). "Kate Moss Ads Scrapped by H&M After Cocaine Pictures (Update1)". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aKRbq2pbajuc&refer=uk. Retrieved 29 January 2007. [dead link]
- ^ "Moss doubles her money after 'Cocaine Kate' scandal". Evening Standard. 14 June 2007. http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/showbiz/article-23400399-details/Moss+doubles+her+money+after+%27Cocaine+Kate%27+scandal/article.do. Retrieved 23 August 2007.
- ^ Busfield, Steve (23 September 2005). "Moss apology may limit damage to career". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2005/sep/23/marketingandpr.advertising. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
- ^ Morton, Camilla (7 October 2005). "Alexander McQueen Ready-To-Wear – Catwalk report – Paris Spring/Summer 2006". Vogue UK. http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/show.aspx/catwalk-report/id,2910. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
- ^ Mingay, Jane (25 November 2005). "Painting of Moss using drugs on display". USA Today. Associated Press, London. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2005-11-25-moss-paintings_x.htm. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
- ^ Clench, James (1 December 2005). "Pete: Drugs, Kate & me". The Sun (London). http://www.thesun.co.uk/article/0,,2-2005550682,00.html. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
- ^ "Police urge Kate Moss to return". BBC News. 5 January 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4582954.stm. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
- ^ "Prosecutors blow the case against Moss". Boston Herald. 16 June 2006. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070929102903/http://thetrack.bostonherald.com/starTracks/view.bg?articleid=143986. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
- ^ Hitchens, Peter (15 April 2007). "Frying your brains IS so wrong, Kate". The Mail on Sunday (London). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/columnists/mailonsunday.html?in_page_id=1791&in_article_id=448719&in_author_id=224. Retrieved 15 April 2007.
- ^ "Kate Moss Statue 'largest since ancient Egypt'". CNN. 28 August 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/08/28/kate.moss.gold/index.html. Retrieved 28 August 2008.
- ^ "Model Moss cast in bronze statue". BBC News. 13 April 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4906004.stm. Retrieved 28 August 2008.
Bibliography[link]
- Buttolph, Angela. Kate Moss: Style. London: Century, 2008. ISBN 1-84605-429-X.
- Collins, Laura. Kate Moss: The Complete Picture. London: Sidgwick & Jackson Ltd, 2008. ISBN 0-283-07063-3.
- Kendall, Katherine. Kate Moss: Model of Imperfection. New York: Penguin Group, 2005. ISBN 1-59609-033-2.
- Moss, Kate. Kate: The Kate Moss Book. New York: Universe, 1997. ISBN 0-7893-0101-6.
- Vermorel, Fred. Addicted To Love: Kate Moss London: Omnibus Press, 2006. ISBN 1-84609-158-6, second (updated) edition, 2007. ISBN 978-1-84609-755-3.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kate Moss |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Kate Moss |
- Kate Moss at the Internet Movie Database
- Kate Moss at the Fashion Model Directory
- Kate Moss at People.com
- Full Vogue 8 Aug Article
- Extract from Kate Moss: The Complete Picture by Laura Collins
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Moss, Katherine |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | English supermodel |
| Date of birth | 16 January 1974 |
| Place of birth | Addiscombe, Croydon, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
