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India
India (
i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Kerala
Kerala or Keralam /ˈkɛrələ/ is an Indian state located on the Malabar coast of south-west India. It was formed on 1 November 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act by combining various Malayalam speaking regions.
The state has an area of 38,863 km2 (15,005 sq mi) and is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Arabian Sea on the west. Thiruvananthapuram is the state capital. Kochi and Kozhikode are other major cities. According to a survey by The Economic Times, five out of ten best cities to live in India are located in Kerala.
Kerala has the highest Human Development Index in India, higher than that of most developed countries The state has the highest literacy rate in India with 93.91 percent. It hopes to be the first e-literate state in India through the state run Akshaya project. The state recently became and is currently the only one to have banking facilities in every village. A survey conducted in 2005 by Transparency International ranked Kerala as the least corrupt state in the country. Kerala is also ranked as India's cleanest state. Kerala has witnessed significant migration of its people, especially to the Persian Gulf countries during the Kerala Gulf boom and is heavily dependent on remittances from its large Malayali expatriate community.
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Adi Shankara
Adi Shankara (Sanskrit: आदिशङ्करः Ādi Śaṅkara, pronounced [aːd̪i ɕəŋkəɾə]) (788 CE - 820 CE), also known as Śaṅkara Bhagavatpādācārya and Ādi Śaṅkarācārya was an Indian sage from Kalady in present day Kerala who consolidated the doctrine of advaita vedānta. His teachings are based on the unity of the ātman and brahman— non-dual brahman, in which brahman is viewed as nirguna brahman, brahman without attributes.
Shankara travelled across the Indian subcontinent to propagate his philosophy through discourses and debates with other thinkers. He is reputed to have founded four mathas ("monasteries"), which helped in the historical development, revival and spread of Advaita Vedanta of which he is known as the greatest revivalist. Adi Shankara is believed to be the organizer of the Dashanami monastic order and the founder of the Shanmata tradition of worship.
His works in Sanskrit concern themselves with establishing the doctrine of advaita (nondualism). He also established the importance of monastic life as sanctioned in the Upanishads and Brahma Sutra, in a time when the Mimamsa school established strict ritualism and ridiculed monasticism. Shankara represented his works as elaborating on ideas found in the Upanishads, and he wrote copious commentaries on the Vedic canon (Brahma Sutra, principal upanishads and Bhagavad Gita) in support of his thesis. The main opponent in his work is the Mimamsa school of thought, though he also offers arguments against the views of some other schools like Samkhya and certain schools of Buddhism.
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Ananda Coomaraswamy
Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy (Tamil: ஆனந்த குமாரசுவாமி, Ānanda Kentiś Kūmaraswāmī) (22 August 1877, Colombo, Ceylon − 9 September 1947, Needham, Massachusetts) was a Ceylonese philosopher and metaphysician, as well as a pioneering historian and philosopher of Indian art, particularly art history and symbolism, and an early interpreter of Indian culture to the West. In particular, he is described as "the groundbreaking theorist who was largely responsible for introducing ancient Indian art to the West."
Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy was born in Colombo, Ceylon, now Sri Lanka, to the Ceylonese Tamil legislator and philosopher Sir Muthu Coomaraswamy and his English wife Elizabeth Beeby. His father died when Ananda was 2 years old, and Ananda spent much of his childhood and education abroad.
Coomaraswamy moved to England in 1879 and attended Wycliffe College, a preparatory school in Stroud, Gloucestershire, at the age of 12. In 1900, he graduated from University College, London, with a degree in geology and botany. On June 19, 1902, Coomaraswamy married Ethel Mary Partridge, an English photographer, who then traveled with him to Ceylon. Their marriage lasted until 1913. Coomaraswamy's field work between 1902 and 1906 earned him a doctor of science for his study of Ceylonese mineralogy, and prompted the formation of the Geological Survey of Ceylon which he initially directed. While in Ceylon, the couple collaborated on Mediaeval Sinhalese Art; Coomaraswamy wrote the text and Ethel provided the photographs. His work in Ceylon fueled Coomaraswamy's anti-Westernization sentiments. After their divorce, Partridge returned to England, where she later married the writer Philip Mairet.
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Ashtavakra
Ashtavakra (Sanskrit: अष्टावक्रः, IAST Aṣṭāvakra) is a sage mentioned in Hindu scriptures. He is described as one born with deformities in eight limbs of the body (two feet, two knees, two hands, the chest and the head). In Sanskrit, Ashtavakra means "one having eight bends". Ashta (IAST Aṣṭa) means eight, while Vakra means bend or deformity. Ashtavakra is the author of the work Ashtavakra Gita, also known as Ashtavakra Samhita, a treatise on the instruction by Ashtavakra to Janaka about the Self. Ashtavakra is the Guru of the king Janaka and the sage Yajnavalkya.
Ashtavakra is first referenced in a single verse (6.119.17) of Yuddha Kanda in Valmiki's Ramayana. When Dasaratha comes to see Rama from heaven after the war of the Ramayana, he tells Rama -
In the Vana Parva of the Mahabharata, the legend of Ashtavakra is described in greater detail. On losing the game of dice with the Kauravas, the five Pandava princes and Draupadi are exiled for twelve years. On their pilgrimage, they meet the sage Lomasha, who shows the river Samanga to Yudhishthira. Lomasha says that this is the same river, on bathing in which the deformed Ashtavakra was cured of his eight deformities. On being asked by Yudhishthira, Lomasha narrates to the Pandava princes the legend of Ashtavakra, which forms three chapters of the Mahabharata.
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Brahmin
Brahmin (also called Brahman; from Sanskrit brāhmaṇa ब्राह्मण) is a name used to designate a member of one of the four varnas (castes) in the traditional Hindu societys of Nepal and India.
Brahman, Brahmin and Brahma have different meanings. Brahman refers to the Supreme Self. Brahmin or Brahmana refers to an individual, while the word Brahma refers to the creative aspect of the universal consciousness. The English word brahmin is an anglicised form of the Sanskrit word Brāhmana. In the Smriti view there are four "varnas", or classes: the Brahmins, the Kshatriyas, the Vaishyas, and Shudras. The Atreya smriti 141-142 enjoins that
One is a Shudra by birth
samskarad dvija ucyate
By observing Sanskara one becomes a Dvija
vedapathi bhaved viprah
By studying the Vedas one becomes a Vipra
brahma janati brahmanah
Traditionally Brahmin was the name given to persons who had attained the highest spiritual knowledge (brahmavidya) and who adhered to different branches (shakhas) of Vedas. This was described to be a difficult path of discipline of body, mind, and intellect. Irrespective of their birth or class,[citation needed] people who were dedicated to such an austere life were recognized as Brahmins.[citation needed] An example of this definition of Brahmin, that a person becomes a Brahmin, rather than being born as one, is the story of the sage Vishwamitra, who was a warrior, who became a Brahmin after attaining brahmavidya, and composed the Gayatri mantra. [defunct example from period before dharmashastras So,[citation needed] The belief that people born into the Brahmin caste, automatically become Brahmins, is a concept that emerged later in ancient India.[citation needed]
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Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (also transliterated Caitanya, IAST caitanya mahāprabhu) (1486–1534) was a Vaishnava saint and social reformer in eastern India (specifically present-day Bangladesh and states of West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Manipur, Assam, and Orissa of India) in the 16th century, believed by followers of Gaudiya Vaishnavism to be the full incarnation of Lord Krishna. Sri Krishna Chaitanya was a notable proponent for the Vaishnava school of Bhakti yoga (meaning loving devotion to Krishna/God) based on the philosophy of the Bhagavata Purana and Bhagavad Gita. Specifically, he worshipped the forms of Krishna, popularised the chanting of the Hare Krishna maha mantra and composed the Siksastakam in Sanskrit. His line of followers, known as Gaudiya Vaishnavas, revere him as an Avatar of Krishna in the mood of Radharani who was prophesised to appear in the later verses of the Bhagavata Purana.
He was also sometimes referred to by the names Gaura (Sanskrit for golden one) due to his light skin complexion, and Nimai due to his being born underneath a Neem tree. There are numerous biographies available from the time giving details of Chaitanya's life, the most prominent ones being the Chaitanya Charitamrita of Krishnadasa Kaviraja Goswami and the earlier Chaitanya Bhagavata of Vrindavana Dasa (both originally written in Bengali but now widely available in English and other languages) and the Chaitanya Mangala, written by Lochana Dasa.
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Dayananda Saraswati
Maharishi Dayanand Saraswati (Hindi:स्वामी दयानन्द सरस्वती, Gujarati: મહષિૅ દયાનંદ સરસ્વતી) (Born:12 February 1824 – Died:30 October 1883. ) was an important Hindu religious scholar, reformer, and founder of the Arya Samaj, a Hindu reform movement. He was the first to give the call for Swarajya – "India for Indians" – in 1876, later taken up by Lokmanya Tilak. Denouncing the idolatry and ritualistic worship prevalent in Hinduism at the time, he worked towards reviving Vedic ideologies. Subsequently the philosopher and President of India, S. Radhakrishnan, called him one of "makers of Modern India," as did Sri Aurobindo.
One of his notable disciples was Shyamji Krishna Varma, who founded India House in London and guided other revolutionaries. Others who were influenced by and followed him included Madam Cama, Pran Sukh Yadav, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Lala Hardayal, Madan Lal Dhingra, Ram Prasad Bismil, Bhagat Singh, Swami Shraddhanand Swami Shradhanad gave Mohan Das Karam Chand Gandhi the title of Mahatma Gandhi when Gandhi visited Gurukul Kangri along with Madan Mohan Malviya, Mahatma Hansraj and Lala Lajpat Rai. One of his most influential works is the book Satyarth Prakash, which contributed to the Indian independence movement. He was a sanyasi (ascetic) from boyhood, and a scholar, who believed in the infallible authority of the Vedas.
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Dnyaneshwar
Sant Dnyāneshwar (or Sant Jñāneshwar) (Marathi: संत ज्ञानेश्वर) (1275–1296) is also known as Jñanadeva (Marathi: ज्ञानदेव).
He was a 13th century Maharashtrian Hindu saint (Sant - a title by which he is often referred), poet, philosopher and yogi of the Nath tradition whose works Bhavartha Deepika (a commentary on Bhagavad Gita, popularly known as "Dnyaneshwari"), and Amrutanubhav are considered to be milestones in Marathi literature.
According to Nath tradition Sant Dnyaneshwar [1] was the second of the four children of Vitthal Govind Kulkarni and Rukmini, a pious couple from Apegaon near Paithan on the banks of the river Godavari. Vitthal had studied Vedas and set out on pilgrimages at a young age. In Alandi, about 30 km from Pune, Sidhopant, a local Yajurveda brahmin, was very much impressed with him and Vitthal married his daughter Rukmini.
After some time, getting permission from Rukmini, Vitthal went to Kashi(Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh, India), where he met Ramananda Swami and requested to be initiated into sannyas, lying about his marriage. But Ramananda Swami later went to Alandi and, convinced that his student Vitthal was the husband of Rukmini, he returned to Kashi and ordered Vitthal to return home to his family. The couple was excommunicated from the brahmin caste as Vitthal had broken with sannyas, the last of the four ashrams. Four children were born to them; Nivrutti in 1273, Dnyandev (Dnyaneshwar) in 1275, Sopan in 1277 and daughter Mukta in 1279. According to some scholars their birth years are 1268, 1271, 1274, 1277 respectively. It is believed that later Vitthal and Rukmini ended their lives by jumping into the waters at Prayag where the river Ganges meets Yamuna hoping that their children would be accepted into the society after their death.
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Gangesha Upadhyaya
Gangesha Upadhyaya (Sanskrit: गंगेश उपाध्याय, Gaṅgeśa Upādhyāya) (late 12th century) was an Indian mathematician and philosopher from the kingdom of Mithila. He established the Navya-Nyāya ("New Logic") school. His Tattvacintāmaṇi (The Jewel of Thought on the Nature of Things) also known as Pramāṇacintāmaṇi (The Jewel of Thought on the Means of Valid Knowledge) is the basic text for all later developments. The logicians of this school were primarily interested in defining their terms and concepts related to non-binary logical categories.
Gengesha was born at Karion village on the banks of the river Kamala, 19 km south-east of Darbhanga in a Brahman family. According to tradition, he was illiterate in his early years but later he acquired the knowledge of logic as a boon from the goddess Kali. His son Vardhamana Upadhyaya was also a noted philosopher of the Nyaya school.
The text is divided into four khaṇḍas (books): Pratyakṣakhaṇḍa (book on perception), Anumānakhaṇḍa (book on inference), Upamānakhaṇḍa (book on comparison) and Śabdakhaṇḍa (book on verbal testimony). The first book opens with a salutation to Shiva.
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Gaudapada
Gaudapada (c. 8th century CE) (also referred as Shri Gaudapadacharya) was a very early guru in the tradition of Advaita Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy. He is traditionally said to have been the grand-guru of the great teacher Adi Shankara, one of the most important figures in Hindu philosophy and also believed to be the founder of Shri Gaudapadacharya Math.
There is some dispute about the date of Shankara, but the most probable date is in the 8th century CE, as per the evidence cited by scholars such as Bhandarkar, K. B. Pathak and Deussen. Gaudapada is said to have been the teacher of Govinda, who was the teacher of Shankara. Shankara himself affirms this and quotes and refers to Gaudapada as the teacher's teacher who knows the tradition of the Vedānta (sampradāya-vit). Therefore, Gaudapada must have lived and taught during the 7th century CE.
The following well known Sanskrit Verse among Smarthas provides the list of the early teachers of the Vedanta in their order.
From this verse we can understand that, first teacher being Lord Narayana himself and line of descent from father to son up-to Sri Shuka Acharya. From Lord Narayana to Sri Shuka Acharya the line of succession is known as Vamsarsi-Parampara and from Sri Gaudapadcharya starts the descent of Sanyasins and known as Manava-Guru-Sampradaya.
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Jaimini
Jaimini was an ancient Indian rishi (sage), who was a great philosopher of the Mimansa school of Indian philosophy. He was the disciple of the great Rishi Veda Vyasa, the son of Rishi Parashara.
Jaimini is most known for his great treatise Purva Mimamsa Sutras (“First Reflection”), or Karma-mimamsa (“Study of Ritual Action”), a system that investigates the nature of Vedic injunctions. The text founded the Purva-Mimamsa school of Ancient Indian philosophy, one of the six Darsanas or schools of Ancient Indian philosophy.
Dated to ca. the 3rd century BC, the text contains about 3,000 sutras and is the foundational text of the Mimamsa school. The text aims at an exegesis of the Vedas with regard to ritual practice (karma) and religious duty (dharma), commenting on the early Upanishads. Jaimini's Mimamsa is a ritualist counter-movement to the mysticist Vedanta currents of his day. He was commented upon by Śābara in the early centuries CE.
He is also considered the author of epic work, Jaimini Bharata, which presents a version of Mahabharata, which most known for its Aswamedha parva.
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Jayanta Bhatta
Jayanta Bhatta (c. 9th Century CE) was a Kashmiri poet and philosopher of Nyaya school of Indian philosophy. In his philosophical treatise Nyayamanjari and drama Agamadambara, Jayanta mentioned about the king Shankaravarman (883 – 902 CE) as his contemporary. Also, his son Abhinanda in his Kadambari-kathasara, mentioned that the great grandfather of Jayanta was a minister of king Lalitaditya of 8th Century CE. So most probably Jayanta belonged to the last quarter of 9th Century CE.
From Abhinanda’s Kadambari-kathasara (5-12), we came to know about the genealogy of Jayanta. His ancestor Shakti was a Brahman of Bharadvaja gotra from Gauda, who settled at Darvabhisara, a place at the border of Kashmir. His son was Mitra and grandson was Shaktisvamin. Shaktisvamin, great grandfather of Jayanta was a minister of Karkota dynasty king of Kashmir Lalitaditya Muktapida (c. 724 – 761 CE). Jayanta in Nyayamanjari mentioned that his grandfather obtained a village named Gauramulaka (probably located north of Rajouri) from the king. The name of Jayanta’s father was Chandra.
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Kabir
Kabīr (also Kabīra) (Hindi: कबीर, Punjabi: ਕਬੀਰ, Urdu: کبير) (1440–1518) was a mystic poet and saint of India, whose writings have greatly influenced the Bhakti movement. The name Kabir comes from Arabic al-Kabīr which means 'The Great' - the 37th name of God in Islam.
Apart from having an important influence on Sikhism, Kabir's legacy is today carried forward by the Kabir Panth ("Path of Kabir"), a religious community that recognizes him as its founder and is one of the Sant Mat sects. Its members, known as Kabir panthis, are estimated to be around 9,600,000. They are spread over north and central India, as well as dispersed with the Indian diaspora across the world, up from 843,171 in the 1901 census. His writings include Bijak, Sakhi Granth, Kabir Granthawali and Anurag Sagar.
Not much is known of Kabir's birth parents, but it is known that he was brought up in a family of Muslim weavers. He was found by a Muslim weaver named Niru and his wife, Nima, in Lehartara, situated in Varanasi. They adopted the boy and taught him the weaver's trade.
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Kanada
It has been claimed that Kashyapa, later known as Kanada (Sanskrit: कणाद; also transliterated as Canada as well as other forms) was a Hindu sage and philosopher who founded the philosophical school of Vaisheshika and authored the text Vaisheshika Sutra. He talked of Dvyanuka (biatomic molecule) and tryanuka (triatomic molecule).[citation needed] He probably lived around the 2nd century BCE, while other sources claim he lived in the 6th Century BCE. It is believed that he was born in Prabhas Kshetra (near Dwaraka) in Gujarat, India.
His primary area of study was Rasavādam, considered to be a type of alchemy. He is said to have believed that all living beings are composed of five elements: water, fire, earth, air, ether. Vegetables have only water, insects have water and fire, birds have water, fire, earth and air, and Humans, the top of the creation, have ether—the sense of discrimination (time, space, mind) are one. He theorized that Gurutva(Hindi/Sanskrit for Gravity) was responsible for the falling of objects on the Earth.
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Kapila
Kapila (Hindi: कपिल ऋषि) was a Vedic sage credited as one of the founders of the Samkhya school of philosophy. He is prominent in the Bhagavata Purana, which features a theistic version of his Samkhya philosophy. Traditional Hindu sources describe him as a descendant of Manu, a grandson of Brahma. The Bhagavad Gita depicts Kapila as a yogi hermit with highly developed siddhis, or spiritual powers.
Many of the details about sage Kapila's life are described in Book 3 of the Bhagavata Purana, where it is mentioned that his parents were Kardama Muni and Devahuti. Kapila is considered an incarnation of the supreme-being (Narayana) and listed as such in the list of incarnations in Bhagavata Purana .After his father left home, Kapila instructed his mother, Devahuti in the philosophy of yoga and devotional worship of Lord Vishnu, enabling her to achieve liberation (moksha). Kapila's Sankhya is also given by Krishna to Uddhava in Book 11 of the Bhagavata Purana, a passage also known as the "Uddhava Gita".
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Krishna
Krishna (Sanskrit: कृष्ण) (kṛṣṇa in IAST, pronounced [ˈkr̩ʂɳə] literally "dark, black") is a central figure of Hinduism. He is known as the eighth and "complete" avatar of Lord Vishnu, come to restore Dharma to the earth in a time of great dharmic imbalance. Krishna is identified as a historical individual who participated in the events of the Mahabharata.
Krishna is often described as an infant or young boy playing a flute as in the Bhagavata Purana, or as a youthful prince giving direction and guidance as in the Bhagavad Gita. The stories of Krishna appear across a broad spectrum of Hindu philosophical and theological traditions. They portray him in various perspectives: a god-child, a prankster, a model lover, a divine hero and the Supreme Being. The principal scriptures discussing Krishna's story are the Mahabharata, the Harivamsa, the Bhagavata Purana and the Vishnu Purana.
Worship of a deity of Krishna, in the form of Vasudeva, Bala Krishna or Gopala, can be traced to as early as 4th century BC. Worship of Krishna as svayam bhagavan, or the Supreme Being, known as Krishnaism, arose in the Middle Ages in the context of the bhakti movement. From the 10th century AD, Krishna became a favorite subject in performing arts and regional traditions of devotion developed for forms of Krishna such as Jagannatha in Orissa, Vithoba in Maharashtra and Shrinathji in Rajasthan. Since the 1960s the worship of Krishna has also spread in the West, largely due to the International Society for Krishna Consciousness.
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Kumārila Bhaṭṭa
Kumārila Bhaṭṭa (Devanagari: कुमारिल भट्ट, fl. roughly AD 700) was a Hindu philosopher and Mimamsa scholar from Assam. He is famous for many of his seminal theses on Mimamsa, such as Mimamsaslokavarttika. Bhaṭṭa was a staunch believer in the supreme validity of Vedic injunction, a great champion of Purva-Mimamsa and a confirmed ritualist. The varttika is mainly written as a subcommentary of Sabara's commentary on Jaimini's Purva Mimamsa Sutra. His philosophy is classified by some scholars as existential realism.
Scholars differ as regards Kumārila's views on a personal God. For example, Manikka Vachakar believed that Kumārila promoted a personal God (Parabrahman), which conflicts with the Mimamsa school. In his varttika Kumārila Bhaṭṭa goes to great lengths to argue against the theory of a creator God and held that the actions enjoined in the Veda had definite results without an external interference.
Bhaṭṭa is also credited with the logical formulation of the Mimamsic belief that the Vedas are unauthored (apaurusheya). In particular his defence against medieval Buddhist position on Vedic rituals, is noteworthy. Some believe that this contributed, to the decline of Buddhism in India because his lifetime coincides with the period in which Buddhism began to decline. Indeed, his dialectical success against buddhists is confirmed by Buddhist historian Tathagatha, who reports that Kumārila defeated disciples of Buddhapalkita, Bhavya, Dharmadasa, Dignaga and others. Though, records from Yi Jing's travelogue show Buddhism continued to proliferate in most of southern and northern India until the late 8th century CE.[citation needed] His work strongly influenced other schools of Indian philosophy, most notably Advaita Vedanta, especially since Vedanta adopts purva Mimamsa's epistemological arguments almost verbatim, with the exception that while Mimamsa considers the Upanishads to be subservient to the Vedas, the Vedanta school does not think so.
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Madhvacharya
Madhvacharya (Tulu: ಶ್ರೀ ಮಧ್ವಾಚಾರ್ಯ, Sanskrit: श्री मध्वाचार्यः Śrī Madhvācāryaḥ) (1238–1317 CE), also known as Purna Prajna and Ananda Tirtha, was the chief proponent of Tattvavāda "Philosophy of Reality", popularly known as the Dvaita (dualism) school of Hindu philosophy. It is one of the three most influential Vedānta philosophies. Madhvācārya was one of the important philosophers during the Bhakti movement. He was a pioneer in many ways, going against standard conventions and norms. According to tradition, Madhvācārya is believed to be the third incarnation of Vāyu (Mukhyaprāṇa).
Madhvācārya was born on the auspicious day of Vijaya-daśami (Dussehra) in 1238 CE (AD) at Pājaka, a tiny hamlet near Uḍupi. Nārāyaṇa Paṇḍitācārya who later wrote Madhvācārya's biography has not recorded his parents' names. Traditionally it is believed that Nadillaya Nārāyaṇa Bhaṭṭa as name of the father and Vedavati as Madhvācārya's mother. They named him Vāsudeva at birth. Later he became famous by the names Pūrṇa-prajña, Ānanda-tīrtha and Madhvācārya.
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Nama sankeerthanam
Nama Japam or Nama Sankeerthanam is the japa (repetition) or Sankirtana of nama (name) of the Almighty. This is one of the time-tested, easiest ways of Bhakti yoga. The devotee chooses Ishta-deva or Ishta devata (Sanskrit iṣṭa-deva(tā), literally "cherished divinity" from iṣṭa "desired, liked, cherished" and devatā "godhead, divinity," or deva "deity") and picks up a name of the Ishta deva to repeatedly chant the name vocally or in mind anytime, anywhere. Devotees can form a group and do sankeerthanam or singing together of name of the Almighty. Bhajans are one way of singing the glories of Almighty, thereby contemplating only on the Almighty. Nama Japa, Sankeerthanam, Bhajans all result only in one thing - sublimation of one's super-ego to ego-less. Nama sankeerthanam, helps the devotees identify themselves with their deity of adoration, ultimately resulting in culmination into Paramatman.
Many Hindu scriptures and philosophers could portend the difficulties people will face, to evolve spiritually in Kali yuga. For Kali yuga, this is the best, or the simplest way of God Realization. The prevailing situations and surroundings we are in, do not help us to meditate peacefully, do the yogas as enshrined in the spiritual scriptures. Hence Nama Japam is the ultimate, and simplest way of seeing Almighty in us and in everything.
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Namdev
Saint Namdeo (29 October, 1270 - 1350) (Marathi: संत नामदेव) or Bhagat Namdeo (Gurmukhi: ਭਗਤ ਨਾਮਦੇਵ) was born on October 29, 1270 in the state of Maharashtra village of Narasi-Bamani, in Hingoli district (presently called Narsi Namdev). His father, a calico printer/tailor, was named Damshet and his mother's name was Gonabai. Most of the spiritual message of Bhagat Namdeo emphasized the importance of living the life of a householder (गृहस्थ जीवन) and that through marriage and having a family one could attain enlightenment.
The first biographer and auto-biographer in Marathi and the foremost proponent of Bhagawad-Dharma who propagated the religion right up to Punjab
Saint Namdev, a contemporary saint-poet of Saint Dnyaneshwar, is considered a prominent religious poet of Maharashtra. He was one the earliest writers who wrote in the Marathi language. He is the foremost proponent of the Bhagwad-Dharma who reached beyond Maharashtra, right into Punjab. He also wrote some hymns in Hindi and Punjabi. His depth of devotion and talent in delivering Kirtan was of such a high standard that it is said even the Lord Pandurang swayed to his tune. Despite being a proponent of the Warkari sect, Saint Namdev established religious unity across the country.
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Narayana Guru
Sri Nārāyana Guru (Malayalam: ശ്രീ നാരായണ ഗുരു) (1856–1928), also known as Sree Nārāyana Guru Swami, was a Hindu saint, sadhu[Full citation needed] and social reformer of India. The Guru was born into an Ezhava family, in an era when people from backward communities like the Ezhavas faced much social injustices in the caste-ridden Kerala society. Gurudevan, as he was fondly known to his followers, led Reform movement in Kerala, revolted against casteism and worked on propagating new values of freedom in spirituality and of social equality, thereby transforming the Kerala society and as such he is adored as a prophet.
Nārāyana Guru is revered for his Vedic knowledge[citation needed], poetic proficiency[citation needed], openness to the views of others[citation needed], non-violent philosophy[citation needed] and his unrelenting resolve to set aright social wrongs. Nārāyana Guru was instrumental in setting the spiritual foundations for social reform in today's Kerala and was one of the most successful social reformers who tackled caste in India. He demonstrated a path to social emancipation without invoking the dualism of the oppressed and the oppressor.
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Neem Karoli Baba
Shri Neem Karoli Baba (Hindi: नीम करोली बाबा) or Shri Neeb Karori Baba (Hindi: नीब करौरी बाबा) (died September 11, 1973, in Vrindavan, India), also known to followers as Maharaj-ji, was a Hindu guru and devotee of the Hindu deity Hanuman. He is known outside India for being the guru of a number of Americans who travelled to India in the 1960s and 1970s, the most well-known being the spiritual teachers Ram Dass and Bhagavan Das, and the musicians Krishna Das and Jai Uttal. His ashrams are in Kainchi, Vrindavan, Rishikesh, Shimla, Bhumiadhar, Hanuman Gadi, Lucknow, Delhi in India and in Taos, New Mexico, USA.
The exact details of Neem Karoli Baba's birth and early years are not known. He was born in an affluent Brahmin family and his father's name was Pundit Durga Prasad 'Vedacharya'. He was born as Pundit Lakshmi Narayan Sharma at Akbarpur, Faizabad district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. He was married at the age of 11 to Rambeti (daughter of Pundit Rewati Ram) and is survived by three children: Aneg Singh Sharma, Dharma Narayan Sharma and Girija Bhatele (née Sharma). He had two havelis (palatial homes) in Akbarpur, the older of which has been converted to a temple and the newer one is being preserved as his birthplace shrine. He also had another home in Agra in Gokulpura where he visited multiple times after he left his married life. He had nine grandchildren and fifteen great grandchildren.[citation needed]
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Nimbarka
Nimbarka (Sanskrit: श्री निम्बार्काचार्य, Telugu: నింబార్కాచార్య Śrī Nimbārkācārya), is known for propagating the Vaishnava Theology of Dvaitadvaita, duality in unity. According to scholars headed by Prof. Roma Bose, he lived in the 13th Century, on the assumption that Śrī Nimbārkācārya was the author of the work Madhvamukhamardana. According to Nimbārka Sampradāya however, Śrī Nimbārkācārya appeared over 5000 years ago, in the year 3096 BCE at the time when the grandson of Arjuna was on the throne. He hailed from the present-day Andhra Pradesh, in South India.
Nimbarka's date is subject to much controversy. Although current research and scholarly consensus centres on a date somewhere just before Sankaracarya, in general scholars have not been able to come to a unilateral conclusion.
Dr. Bhandarkar has placed him as a philosopher after Ramanuja and has maintained his demise date as 1162 AD. Some hold that he is dated around 13th Century. However, Dr. S.N.Dasgupta dated Nimbarka to around middle of 14th Century. On the other hand, Dr. S A A Rizvi assigns the date of Circa 1130-1200 AD But Jadunath Sinha, has counted him as a 13th century philosopher, and Dr. Tarachand has held him to be a younger contemporary of Ramanuja.
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Prabhākara
Prabhākara (ca. 7th c. AD) was an Indian philosopher grammarian in the Mimamsa tradition. His views and his debate with Kumārila Bhaṭṭa led to the Prābhākara school within Mimamsa.
Commentaries on Prabhakara have been written by Shalikanatha in the 8th c.[citation needed]
One of the views of the prābhākaras is that words do not directly designate meaning; any meaning that arises is because it is connected with other words (anvitābhidhāna, anvita = connected; abhidhā = denotation). We know or learn the meaning of a word only by considering the sentential context which it appears; we learn such word meanings together with their possible semantic connections with other words. Sentence meanings are grasped directly, from perceptual and contextual cues, skipping the stage of grasping singly the individual word meanings (Matilal 1990:108).
This is very similar to the modern view of linguistic underspecification, and relates to the Dynamic Turn in Semantics, which opposes the purely compositional view of arriving at sentence meaning.
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Pāṇini
Pāṇini (Sanskrit: पाणिनि, IPA: [pɑːɳin̪i]; a patronymic meaning "descendant of Paṇi") was an Sanskrit grammarian from Pushkalavati, Gandhara - modern Charsadda, Pakistan (fl. 6th century BC).
Pāṇini is known for his Sanskrit grammar, particularly for his formulation of the 3,959 rules of Sanskrit morphology, syntax and semantics in the grammar known as Ashtadhyayi (अष्टाध्यायी Aṣṭādhyāyī, meaning "eight chapters"), the foundational text of the grammatical branch of the Vedanga, the auxiliary scholarly disciplines of Vedic religion.
The Ashtadhyayi is one of the earliest known grammars of Sanskrit, although Pāṇini refers to previous texts like the Unadisutra, Dhatupatha, and Ganapatha. It is the earliest known work on descriptive linguistics, and together with the work of his immediate predecessors (Nirukta, Nighantu, Pratishakyas) stands at the beginning of the history of linguistics itself. His theory of morphological analysis was more advanced than any equivalent Western theory before the mid 20th century, and his analysis of noun compounds still forms the basis of modern linguistic theories of compounding, which have borrowed Sanskrit terms such as bahuvrihi and dvandva.
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Raghunatha Siromani
Raghunatha Shiromani (Bengali: রঘুনাথ শিরোমণি, IAST: Raghunātha Śiromaṇi) (c. 1477–1547) was an Indian philosopher and logician. He was born at Nabadwip in present day Nadia district of West Bengal state. He was the grandson of Śulapāṇi (c. 14th century CE), a noted writer on Smṛti from his mother's side. He was a pupil of Vāsudeva Sārvabhauma. He brought the new school of Nyaya, Navya Nyāya, representing the final development of Indian formal logic, to its zenith of analytic power.
Raghunatha's analysis of relations revealed the true nature of number, inseparable from the abstraction of natural phenomena, and his studies of metaphysics dealt with the negation or nonexistence of a complex reality. His most famous work in logic was the Tattvacintāmaṇidīdhiti, a commentary on the Tattvacintāmaṇi of Gangeśa Upādhyāya, founder of the Navya Nyāya school.
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Ramakrishna
Ramakrishna (pronounced: IPA: [Ramkṛiṣṇo Pôromôhongśo]
listen (help·info)) (18 February 1836 – 16 August 1886), born Gadadhar Chattopadhyay (IPA: [Gôdadhor Chôṭṭopaddhae]), was a famous mystic of 19th-century India. His religious school of thought led to the formation of the Ramakrishna Mission by his chief disciple Swami Vivekananda – both were influential figures in the Bengali Renaissance as well as the Hindu renaissance during the 19th and 20th centuries. Many of his disciples and devotees believe he was an Avatar or incarnation of God. He is also referred to as "Paramahamsa" by his devotees, as such he is popularly known as Ramkrishna Paramhamsa.
Ramakrishna was born in a poor Brahmin Vaishnava family in rural Bengal. He became a priest of the Dakshineswar Kali Temple, dedicated to the goddess Kali, which had the influence of the main strands of Bengali bhakti tradition. The most widely known amongst his first spiritual teachers was an ascetic woman skilled in Tantra and Vaishnava bhakti. Later an Advaita Vedantin ascetic taught him non-dual meditation, and according to Ramakrishna, he experienced nirvikalpa samadhi under his guidance. Ramakrishna also experimented with other religions, notably Islam and Christianity, and said that they all lead to the same God. Though he quit conventional education, he attracted the attention of the middle class, upper middle class and numerous Bengali intellectuals.[citation needed]
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Ramana Maharshi
Sri Ramana Maharshi (Tamil: ரமண மஹரிஷி) (December 30, 1879 – April 14, 1950), born Venkataraman Iyer, was a Hindu spiritual master ("jnani"). He was born to a Tamil-speaking Brahmin family in Tiruchuzhi, Tamil Nadu. After experiencing at age 16 what he later described as liberation (moksha), he left home for Arunachala, a mountain considered sacred by Hindus. He lived at the mountain for the rest of his life. Although born a Brahmin, he declared himself an "Atiasrami", a Sastraic state of non-attachment to anything in life and beyond all caste restrictions. The ashram that grew around him, Sri Ramana Ashram, is situated at the foothill of Arunchala, to the west to the pilgrimage town of Tiruvannamalai.
Sri Ramana Maharshi maintained that the purest form of his teachings was the powerful silence which radiated from his presence and quieted the minds of those attuned to it. He gave verbal teachings only for the benefit of those who could not understand his silence (or, perhaps, could not understand how to attain the silent state). His verbal teachings were said to flow from his direct experience of Atman as the only existing reality. When asked for advice, he recommended self-enquiry as the fastest path to moksha. Though his primary teaching is associated with Non-dualism, Advaita Vedanta, and Jnana yoga, he recommended Bhakti to those he saw were fit for it, and gave his approval to a variety of paths and practices.
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Ramanuja
Śrī Ramanuja (Tamil: இராமானுஜர், Rāmānujar ?, Telugu: రామానుజాచార్యుల వారు, Rāmānujācārya ?, Kannada: ರಾಮಾನುಜಾಚಾರ್ಯ, Rāmānujācārya ?, Devanagari: रामानुज); traditionally 1017–1137, also known as Śrī Ramanujacharya, Ethirajar (Yatiraja), Emberumannar, Lakshmana Muni, was a theologian, philosopher, and scriptural exegete. He is seen by Śrīvaiṣṇavas as the most important teacher (ācārya) of their tradition who followed Nathamuni and Yamunacharya, and by Hindus in general as the leading expounder of Viśiṣṭādvaita, one of the classical interpretations of the dominant Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy.
The traditional biographies of Ramanuja place his life in the period of 1017–1137, yielding a lifespan of 120 years. However, the unusual length and roundness of this lifetime has led scholars to propose that Ramanuja was born 20–60 years later, and died as many as 20 years earlier than the traditional dates[citation needed]. Any chronology depends crucially on the major historical event mentioned in the traditional biographies: the persecution of Srivaishnavas under the Chola king Kulothunga and Ramanuja's subsequent 12-year exile in Melkote, in Karnataka[citation needed].
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Sai Baba of Shirdi
Sai Baba of Shirdi (Unknown – October 15, 1918), also known as Shirdi Sai Baba (Marathi: शिर्डीचे श्री साईबाबा, Urdu: شردی سائیں بابا), was an Indian guru, yogi, and fakir who is regarded by his Hindu and Muslim devotees as a saint. Many Hindu devotees - including Hemadpant, who wrote the famous Shri Sai Satcharitra - consider him an incarnation of Lord Krishna while other devotees consider him as an incarnation of Lord Dattatreya. Many devotees believe that he was a Satguru, an enlightened Sufi Pir, or a Qutub. No verifiable information is available regarding Sai Baba's birth and place of birth.
Sai Baba's real name is unknown. The name "Sai" was given to him upon his arrival at Shirdi, a town in the west-Indian state of Maharashtra. Mahalsapati, a local temple priest, recognized him as a Muslim saint and greeted him with the words 'Ya Sai!', meaning 'Welcome Sai!'. Sai or Sayi is a Persian title given to Sufi saints, meaning 'poor one'. However Sāī may also refer to the Sanskrit term "Sakshat Eshwar" or the divine. The honorific "Baba" means "father; grandfather; old man; sir" in Indo-Aryan languages. Thus Sai Baba denotes "holy father", "saintly father" or "poor old man".
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Samarth Ramdas
Ramdas (Marathi: समर्थ रामदास, Rāmdās) (1608–1681) was a prominent Marathi saint and religious poet in the Hindu tradition in Maharashtra, India. Samarth Ramdas was a devotee of Lord Hanuman and Lord Rama. His birth name was Narayan Suryajipant Kulkarni Thosar.
Ramdas Swami was born in a Deshastha Rugvedi Bramhan family to Suryāji and Rānu-Bāi Thosar in Jāmb in Jalna District of Maharashtra on Ram Navami (the birth festival of Lord Ram), 1530 according to "Shāliwāhan Shak" calendar. His given name was Nārāyan.
As a child, Ramdas showed an inclination toward metaphysical contemplation and religion. When Ramdas was eight, his father died; and when he was 18, his mother arranged his marriage. However, he wanted to pursue a monastic life. He ran away in the middle of the wedding ceremony, before the marriage vows were exchanged.
During the Hindu marriage ceremony, the last word which seals the marriage is "Saavdhan" meaning, 'be careful'. Swami Ramdas interpreted that word to mean that he had to be careful not to get entangled in the bonds of Maya, and must seek Self realization.
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Sri Aurobindo
Sri Aurobindo (Bengali: শ্রী অরবিন্দ Sri Ôrobindo) (15 August 1872 – 5 December 1950), born Aurobindo Ghosh or Ghose (Bengali: অরবিন্দ ঘোষ Ôrobindo Ghosh), was an Indian nationalist, freedom fighter, philosopher, yogi, guru, and poet. He joined the Indian movement for freedom from British rule and for a duration became one of its most important leaders, before developing his own vision of human progress and spiritual evolution.
The central theme of Aurobindo's vision was the evolution of human life into life divine. He wrote: "Man is a transitional being. He is not final. The step from man to superman is the next approaching achievement in the earth evolution. It is inevitable because it is at once the intention of the inner spirit and the logic of nature's process."
Aurobindo's writings synthesized Eastern and Western philosophy, religion, literature, and psychology. Aurobindo was the first Indian to create a major literary corpus in English.His works include philosophy; poetry; translations of and commentaries on the Vedas, Upanishads, and the Gita; plays; literary, social, political, and historical criticism; devotional works; spiritual journals and three volumes of letters. His principal philosophical writings are The Life Divine and The Synthesis of Yoga, while his principal poetic work is Savitri: A Legend and a Symbol.
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Srimanta Sankardeva
Srimanta Shankardeva (1449–1568) (Assamese: মহাপুৰুষ শ্ৰীমন্ত শঙ্কৰদেৱ Môhapurux Srimôntô Xônkôrdev), was a 15th-16th century Assamese saint-scholar, playwright, social-religious reformer and a colossal figure in the cultural and religious history of Assam, India. He is credited with providing a thread of unity to Assam straddling two major kingdoms (Ahom and Koch kingdoms), building on past literary activities to provide the bedrock of Assamese culture, and creating a religion that gave shape to a set of new values and social synthesis. The religion he started, Mahapuruxiya Dharma, was part of the Bhakti movement then raging in India, and he inspired bhakti in Assam just as Ramananda, Guru Nanak, Kabir, Basava and Chaitanya Mahaprabhu inspired it elsewhere.
His literary and artistic contributions are living traditions in Assam today. The religion he preached is practiced by a large population, and Sattras (monasteries) that he and his followers established continue to flourish and sustain his legacy.
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Swami Ramdas
Swami Ramdas (1884-1963) was a philosopher, philanthropist, and pilgrim. Giving up worldly possessions at a young age, he became a wandering monk. The inspirational story of his travels throughout India and his message of Universal Love has been presented in several different books and he is regarded by many as a spiritual master.
Vittal Rao was born in Kerala, India in 1884 to Sri Balakrishna Rao and Smt. Lalita Bai. He worked as a spinning master in a cotton mill and in 1908 he married. He experienced difficulties, both in his financial pursuits and domestic life, and seeking relief from his circumstances, he began to chant "Ram" – a name of God. Soon after, his father gave to him a holy mantra to repeat, the Ram Mantra - 'Sri Ram jai Ram jai jai Ram'. Through inner guidance he started adding the 'Om' to each repetition - 'Om Sri Ram Jai Ram Jai Jai Ram' and he found the benefit at least threefold.
He quickly became detached from materialistic pleasures and left on a pilgrimage, taking on the name Ramdas, and living on charity (though he never accepted money). His practice was to view the world as forms of Ram – and thus to see everything that might befall him as the will of Ram. His mantra practice also gradually became a round-the-clock practice.
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Tukaram
Sant Tukaram (1608–1650) was a prominent Varkari Sant (Saint) and spiritual poet during a Bhakti movement in India.
Sant Tukaram was born and lived most of his life in Dehu, a town close to Pune in Mahārāshtra, India. Kumar, Munshi, Kincaid and Parasanisa, consider him to be of the Vani or grocer caste. In accordance with an ancient Indian tradition, Tukaram's family name is rarely used in identifying him. His real name is Tukaram Vhilhoba Aambe. Rather, in accord with another tradition in India of assigning the epithet "sant" (संत) to persons regarded as thoroughly saintly, Tukaram is commonly known in Maharashtra as Sant Tukaram (संत तुकाराम). He is known as Bhakta Tukaram to southern Indian people.
Scholars assign various birth years to Sant Tukaram: 1577, 1598, 1608 and 1609 CE. The year of Sant Tukaram's death —1650 CE— is much more certain.
Sant Tukaram's first wife, Rakhumābāi, died in 1602 in her early youth. Sant Tukaram and his second wife, Jijābāi (also known as Āvali), had three sons: Santu or Mahādev, Vithobā, and Nārāyan.
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Tulsidas
Tulsidas (Devanagari: तुलसीदास, Hindi pronunciation: [t̪uls̪iːd̪ɑːs̪], also known as Goswami Tulsidas), (1497/1532–1623) was a Hindu poet-saint, reformer and philosopher renowned for his devotion for the god Rama. A composer of several popular works, he is best known for being the author of the epic Ramcharitmanas, a retelling of the Sanskrit Ramayana in the vernacular Awadhi. Tulsidas was acclaimed in his lifetime to be a reincarnation of Valmiki, the composer of the original Ramayana in Sanskrit. He is also considered to be the composer of the Hanuman Chalisa, a popular devotional hymn dedicated to Hanuman, the divine monkey helper and devotee of Rama. Tulsidas lived permanently and died in the city of Varanasi. The Tulsi Ghat in Varnasi is named after him. He founded the Sankatmochan Temple dedicated to Hanuman in Varanasi, believed to stand at the place where he had the sight of Hanuman. Tulsidas started the Ramlila plays, a folk-theatre adaption of the Ramayana. He has been acclaimed as one of the greatest poets in Hindi, Indian, and world literature. The impact of Tulsidas and his works on the art, culture and society in India is widespread and is seen to date in vernacular language, Ramlila plays, Hindustani classical music, popular music, and television series.
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Vallabha Acharya
Vallabhacharya (Telugu: వల్లబ్హాచార్య) (1479–1531 CE) was a devotional philosopher, who founded the Pushti sect in India, following the philosophy of Shuddha advaita (Pure Non-dualism).
Vallabhacharya accepted the 'Acharya' designation of Vishnuswami Sampraday (Rudra Sampraday) upon request of Bilvamangala Acharya, the last Vishnuswami Sampraday acharya before Vallabhacharya. This was after Vallabhacharya won the famous debate of Brahmavada over Shankaras in the courtyard of the Emperor Krishna Deva Raya of Vijayanagara Empire - the prosperous South Indian Empire. Apart from being the acharya of Vishnuswami Sampradaya, Vallabhacharya also propagated the Pushtimarga upon the god Krishna's order and thus became the acharya of not only Vishnuswami Sampradaya but also Pushti Sampradaya.
He is the Acharya and Guru within the Vaishnava traditions as promulgated and prescribed by the Vedanta philosophy. He is associated with Vishnuswami, a prominent Acharya of Rudra Sampradaya out of the four Vaishnava Sampradayas.
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Valmiki
Valmiki (Sanskrit: वाल्मीकि, vālmīki) (during Lord Rama's time) is celebrated as the poet harbinger in Sanskrit literature. He is the author of the epic Ramayana, based on the attribution in the text of the epic itself. He is revered as the Adi Kavi, which means First Poet, for he discovered the first śloka i.e. first verse, which set the base and defined the form to Sanskrit poetry.
At least by the 1st century AD, Valmiki's reputation as the father of Sanskrit classical poetry seems to have been legendary. Ashvagosha writes in the Buddhacarita:
This particular verse has been speculated to indicate a familial relationship between Valmiki and Chyavana, as implied by the previous and subsequent verses.
Valmiki was the son of Sumali. Maharishi Valmiki was born in a shudra family. His birth name was Ratnakara. But the trust factor of the sources is questionable.When everyone left to travel south Sumali took his son and wife and moved near the bank of Vipasa River (Northern India). The Uttara Khanda tells the story of Valmiki's early life, as an unnamed highway robber who used to rob people before killing them. Other versions name him Valya Meet. Robbing people who passed by was the only source of money for him.
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Vedanta Desika
Vedanta Desika (Swami Desikan, Swami Vedanta Desikan, Thoopul Nigamaantha Desikan) (1269–1370) was a Sri Vaishnava Guru. He was a poet, devotee, philosopher and master-teacher. He was the disciple of Swamy Sri Kidambi Appullar alias Sri Aathreya Ramanujachariar who comes in the lineage starting from Sri Ramanuja with Sri Thirukurugai Piran Pillan alias Sri Kurugesar,Sri Kidambi Aachan, Sri Aathreya Ramanujar, Sri Aathreya Rangarajachariar and many in the order. He is considered as an Avatar (incarnation) of Lord Venkateswara of Tirumalai by Sri Vaishavites.
In the case Swami Vedanta Desika, certain oblique biographical references are available internally in his works, for example in the Prologue to his Sankalpa Suryodayam. Prathivadi Bhayankaram Annan (1300–1400), a junior contemporary of Swami Desika and a disciple of Kumara Varadhacharya (son of Swamy Vedanta Desika) gives some details about Vedanta Desika's parentage, education etc. in his " Saptati Ratna Maalika".
The birth of Vedanta Desika was in the Kali yuga year 4370, which corresponds to 1268 AD in the Tamil Year Vibhava, month Purattaasi, on the Dasami day of Sukla Paksha, a Wednesday, in the constellation of Sravanam (the same as that of Lord of Tirumalai).He was born in Thooppul, near Tiruttangaa (Himavanam) adjacent to the temple of Deepa Prakaasar in Kanchipuram, the birthplace of Poigai Alwar.
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Vidyaranya
Vidyāraṇya also known as Mādhava Vidyāranya is variously known as being a kingmaker, patron saint and high priest to Harihara Raya I and Bukka Raya I, the founders of the Vijayanagar Empire. He was the 12th Jagadguru of the Sringeri Sharada Peetham from 1380 to 1386 A.D. He was born to Māyaṇācārya and Śrīmatīdevī in Pampakṣetra (modern day Hampi) in 1268 CE. Another account has it that he was born in Ekasila nagari (modern Warangal). He helped the brothers establish the empire sometime in 1336 AD. He later served as a mentor and guide to three generations of kings who ruled over the Vijayanagar empire. Vijayanagara or Hampi, the capital of the empire, has a temple dedicated to Mādhavācārya. He is the author of the Sarvadarśanasaṅ̇graha (सर्वदर्शनसङ्रह), a compendium of different philosophical schools of Hindu thought and Pañcadaśī, an important text in the Advaita Vedanta tradition.
Vidyaranya was an exponent of the Advaita school of philosophy in Hinduism. He is said to be the brother of Sāyaṇācārya who wrote a commentary on the four Vedas. He was a Hindu statesman and philosopher who lived at the court of Vijayanagara, the Southern Hindu kingdom. He is believed to have served as a minister under King Bukka of the Vijayanagara empire. His younger brother, Shyapa, was associated with him in the administration and was a famous commentator on the Rigveda. Shyapa's commentaries were influenced by and dedicated to Mādhava.
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Vyasa
Vyasa (Devanagari: व्यास, vyāsa) is a central and revered figure in most Hindu traditions. He is also sometimes called Veda Vyasa (वेद व्यास, veda vyāsa), (the one who classified the Vedas in to four parts) or Krishna Dvaipayana (referring to his complexion and birthplace). He is the author as well as a character in the Mahabharata and considered to be the scribe of both the Vedas, and the supplementary texts such as the Puranas. A number of Vaishnava traditions regard him as an Avatar of Vishnu. Vyasa is sometimes conflated by some Vaishnavas with Badarayana, the author of the Vedanta Sutras. Vyāsa is also considered to be one of the seven Chiranjivins (long lived, or immortals), who are still in existence according to general Hindu belief. He is also the fourth member of the Rishi Parampara of the Advaita Guru Paramparā of which Adi Shankara is the chief proponent.
The festival of Guru Purnima, is dedicated to him, and also known as Vyasa Purnima as it is the day, which is believed to be his birthday and also the day he divided the Vedas.
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Vācaspati Miśra
Vācaspati Miśra (900–980 CE) was an Indian philosopher who founded one of the main Advaita Vedanta schools, the Bhāmatī school (named after his commentary on Śankara's Brahma-sūtra-bhāṣya), and whose work was an important forerunner of the Navya-Nyāya system of thought.
Vācaspati was a Maithili Brahmin who lived near the frontier between India and Nepal (what is now Vachaspati Nagar (Andhra Thardhi), Madhubani). The details of his life have been lost, though he is said to have named one of his works after his wife, Bhāmatī. He wrote commentaries on the main works of all the major Hindu schools of thought at the time, as well as one non-commentary, Tattvabindu.
In Tattvabindu, Vācaspati examines four competing theories of linguistic meaning:
After examining each of these theories, Vācaspati presents his own theory, abhihitānvayavāda, according to which understanding of the meaning of a whole sentence is reached by inferring it, in a separate act of lakṣanā or implication, from the individual meanings of the constituent words.
wn.com/Vācaspati_Miśra -
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wn.com/Wikipedia_Persondata -
Yajnavalkya
Yājñavalkya (Devanagari: याज्ञवल्क्य) of Mithila was a legendary sage of Vedic India, credited with the authorship of the Shatapatha Brahmana (including the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad), besides the Yoga Yajnavalkya and the Yājñavalkya Smṛti. He is also a major figure in the Upanishads.
According to tradition, Yājñavalkya was the son of Devarāta and was the pupil of sage Vaiśampāyana. Once, Vaiśampāyana got angry with Yājñavalkya as the latter argued too much to separate some latter additions to Yajurveda in being abler than other students. The angry teacher asked his pupil Yājñavalkya to give back all the knowledge of Yajurveda that he had taught him.
As per the demands of his Guru, Yājñavalkya vomited all the knowledge that he acquired from his teacher in form of digested food. Other disciples of Vaiśampāyana took the form of partridge birds and consumed the digested knowledge (a metaphor for knowledge in its simplified form without the complexities of the whole but the simplicity of parts) because it was knowledge and they were very eager to receive the same.
wn.com/Yajnavalkya -
Yogi Ramsuratkumar
Yogi Ramsuratkumar (December 1st, 1918- February 20th, 2001) (யோகி ராம் சுரத் குமார் in Tamil )was an Indian saint and mystic. He was also referred to as "Visiri samiyar" (In Tamil விசிறி சாமியார் ) and spent most of his post enlightement period in Thiruvanamalai, a small town in Tamil Nadu which is famous for attracting spiritual seekers worldwide and has had a continuous lineage of enlightened souls. He acknowledges the contribution of three of the most well known saints of his time in his evolution to enlightenment. These individuals were Sri Aurobindo, the founder of Integral yoga, Ramana Maharishi, one of the "spiritual superman" of his time, and Papa Ramdas, Yogi's eventual guru.
Yogi Ramsuratkumar (யோகி ராம்சுரத்குமார் in Tamil) was born in a village Nardara near Kashi on December 1, 1918. In his childhood, he loved very much to meet the yogis and monks. He was befriended by a number of holy men who built their huts on the Ganges shore or simply wandered nearby.
He grew up as a Grihasta but eventually, the tugs of spirituality in his heart took over. In search of his "guru", he visited and spent time in the ashrams of both Sri Aurobindo and Ramana Maharishi. He later moved to Kerala at the ashram of Swami Ramdas. In his own assessment, Sri Aurobindo gave him Jnana, Sri Ramana Maharshi blessed him with tapas and Swami Ramadas gave him the nectar of Bhakti. Swami Ramadas initiated him into the holy mantra : " Om Sri Ram Jai Ram Jai Jai Ram ", by pronouncing it thrice in his ears. Yogi Ramsuratkumar often refers to this instance as his "death", since from this moment on, his ego no longer existed, and he had a profound spiritual experience.
wn.com/Yogi_Ramsuratkumar
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Government fails to help Indians in Gulf - Nama Nageshwara Rao - Tv9
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 16:34
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
Government fails to help Indians in Gulf - Nama Nageshwara Rao For more content go to www.freetv9.com Follow us on facebook at http Follow us on twitter at twitter.com
http://wn.com/Government_fails_to_help_Indians_in_Gulf_Nama_Nageshwara_Rao_Tv9
Government fails to help Indians in Gulf - Nama Nageshwara Rao For more content go to www.freetv9.com Follow us on facebook at http Follow us on twitter at twitter.com
Union budget ignores farmers - TDP's Nama Nageshwar Rao - Tv9
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:11
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
Union budget ignores farmers - TDP's Nama Nageshwar Rao For more content go to www.freetv9.com Follow us on facebook at http Follow us on twitter at twitter.com
http://wn.com/Union_budget_ignores_farmers_TDP's_Nama_Nageshwar_Rao_Tv9
Union budget ignores farmers - TDP's Nama Nageshwar Rao For more content go to www.freetv9.com Follow us on facebook at http Follow us on twitter at twitter.com
- published: 28 Feb 2013
- views: 83
- author: tv9telugu
Nama Basava
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 151:11
- Updated: 20 Feb 2013
A unique and political love story that revolves around the life of a young and pampered boy who is raised by his brother and sister in law. The girl to whom he already gave his heart to is already engaged to a womanizer. After knowing this the boy faces several types of challenges and other difficulties and wins the heart of his love and family.
http://wn.com/Nama_Basava
A unique and political love story that revolves around the life of a young and pampered boy who is raised by his brother and sister in law. The girl to whom he already gave his heart to is already engaged to a womanizer. After knowing this the boy faces several types of challenges and other difficulties and wins the heart of his love and family.
- published: 10 Dec 2011
- views: 28215
- author: ShemarooKannada
Valentine's Nama Chocolate バレンタインの生チョコレート
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:26
- Updated: 02 Mar 2013
facebook.com twitter.com Ingredients for Valentine's Nama Chocolate (Ganache) (12 pieces) 100g Dark Bittersweet Chocolate (3.5 oz) 50ml Whipping Cream with 36% fat (1.7 fl oz) 2 tsp Brandy or Rum Cocoa Powder バレンタインの生チョコレート＜材料12個分＞ ビターチョコレート：100g 生クリーム（乳脂肪分36％）：50ml ブランデー（またはラム酒）：小2 ココア：適量
http://wn.com/Valentine's_Nama_Chocolate_バレンタインの生チョコレート
facebook.com twitter.com Ingredients for Valentine's Nama Chocolate (Ganache) (12 pieces) 100g Dark Bittersweet Chocolate (3.5 oz) 50ml Whipping Cream with 36% fat (1.7 fl oz) 2 tsp Brandy or Rum Cocoa Powder バレンタインの生チョコレート＜材料12個分＞ ビターチョコレート：100g 生クリーム（乳脂肪分36％）：50ml ブランデー（またはラム酒）：小2 ココア：適量
- published: 01 Feb 2013
- views: 140173
- author: cookingwithdog
Azizi Singer Khan Sahib Siasi Manzer Nama & Firyad Hasb e Haal
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:20
- Updated: 02 Mar 2013
azizifun.blogspot.com Azizi Khan Sahib Siasi Manzer Nama Or Mirasi Nama and Firyad Hasb e Haal. Siasat defination by a musician. http Like our Facebook Page: www.facebook.com Follow us on: twitter.com/diversemr "If you like the Video, Don't forget to Share and leave your comments"
http://wn.com/Azizi_Singer_Khan_Sahib_Siasi_Manzer_Nama_Firyad_Hasb_e_Haal
azizifun.blogspot.com Azizi Khan Sahib Siasi Manzer Nama Or Mirasi Nama and Firyad Hasb e Haal. Siasat defination by a musician. http Like our Facebook Page: www.facebook.com Follow us on: twitter.com/diversemr "If you like the Video, Don't forget to Share and leave your comments"
- published: 02 Mar 2013
- views: 4
- author: diversemr
Mukhtar Nama Episode 40 Urdu
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 50:55
- Updated: 26 Feb 2013
High Quality (hq) Master Print, Mukhtar Nama 40 in Urdu No Cuts Voice dubbed by: Sayed Haider Manzar Abbas Video uploaded by: Sayed Haider Manzar Abbas Please Watch, Mukhtar Nama Episode 1 to 32 at: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Mukhtar_Nama_Episode_40_Urdu
High Quality (hq) Master Print, Mukhtar Nama 40 in Urdu No Cuts Voice dubbed by: Sayed Haider Manzar Abbas Video uploaded by: Sayed Haider Manzar Abbas Please Watch, Mukhtar Nama Episode 1 to 32 at: www.youtube.com
- published: 08 Aug 2012
- views: 34581
- author: Sayed Haider Abbas
Mukhtar Nama Episode 33 Urdu
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 56:34
- Updated: 25 Feb 2013
High Quality (hq) Master Print, Mukhtar Nama 33 in Urdu No Cuts Voice dubbed by: Sayed Haider Manzar Abbas Video uploaded by: Sayed Haider Manzar Abbas Please Watch, Mukhtar Nama Episode 1 to 32 at: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Mukhtar_Nama_Episode_33_Urdu
High Quality (hq) Master Print, Mukhtar Nama 33 in Urdu No Cuts Voice dubbed by: Sayed Haider Manzar Abbas Video uploaded by: Sayed Haider Manzar Abbas Please Watch, Mukhtar Nama Episode 1 to 32 at: www.youtube.com
- published: 07 Aug 2012
- views: 44641
- author: Sayed Haider Abbas
♥ How to Make Champagne Chocolate Truffles (Nama Chocolate) ♥
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Updated: 03 Mar 2013
Hi everyone ^_____^ Let's make high-end boutique style Champagne Chocolate Truffles! It's EASY TO MAKE & DELICIOUS~ Make it for any special occasion or anytime you crave it. It will DEFINITELY IMPRESS & DELIGHT the lucky person who gets a morsel!
http://wn.com/♥_How_to_Make_Champagne_Chocolate_Truffles_Nama_Chocolate_♥
Hi everyone ^_____^ Let's make high-end boutique style Champagne Chocolate Truffles! It's EASY TO MAKE & DELICIOUS~ Make it for any special occasion or anytime you crave it. It will DEFINITELY IMPRESS & DELIGHT the lucky person who gets a morsel!
- published: 21 Feb 2013
- views: 40
- author: noshingwithparis
Sai Nama Sankeerthanam Devotional Songs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 41:25
- Updated: 02 Mar 2013
http://wn.com/Sai_Nama_Sankeerthanam_Devotional_Songs
Atmasfera - Nama Om
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:29
- Updated: 02 Mar 2013
Only audio. Ukranian Folk-Rock band. Once at night....
http://wn.com/Atmasfera_Nama_Om
Only audio. Ukranian Folk-Rock band. Once at night....
- published: 13 Jan 2009
- views: 33251
- author: MartsypanA
BJP will need more than 'Modi nama' to win in 2014
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:46
- Updated: 03 Mar 2013
Z24 Ghantalu News @ For Entertainment - www.youtube.com Non Stop Comedy - www.youtube.com For News Updates - www.youtube.com Animated Rhymes Stories - www.youtube.com Free Movies - teluguone.com Short Films - teluguone.com
http://wn.com/BJP_will_need_more_than_'Modi_nama'_to_win_in_2014
Z24 Ghantalu News @ For Entertainment - www.youtube.com Non Stop Comedy - www.youtube.com For News Updates - www.youtube.com Animated Rhymes Stories - www.youtube.com Free Movies - teluguone.com Short Films - teluguone.com
- published: 03 Mar 2013
- author: Zee24Ghantalu
Nama-hatta 17/2/13
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 41:48
- Updated: 03 Mar 2013
Nama-hatta - Captured Live on Ustream at www.ustream.tv
http://wn.com/Nama-hatta_17_2_13
Nama-hatta - Captured Live on Ustream at www.ustream.tv
- published: 03 Mar 2013
- author: hrdayamandira
Nama-hatta 24/2/13
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 39:11
- Updated: 03 Mar 2013
Nama-hatta - Captured Live on Ustream at www.ustream.tv
http://wn.com/Nama-hatta_24_2_13
Nama-hatta - Captured Live on Ustream at www.ustream.tv
- published: 03 Mar 2013
- author: hrdayamandira
kecelaruan maklumat (lulz nama fancy gila)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:13
- Updated: 02 Mar 2013
Nobody's going to present you the truth, look for it instead. Terima kasih: 1. Thaqif - cameraman 2. Syafiq dan jambunya Ijat - Pakaian Soundtracks 1. Kasihan by Hujan 2. Selamanya Harimau Malaya by Ultras Malaya feat. Joe Flizzow, Carleed, Altimet
http://wn.com/kecelaruan_maklumat_lulz_nama_fancy_gila
Nobody's going to present you the truth, look for it instead. Terima kasih: 1. Thaqif - cameraman 2. Syafiq dan jambunya Ijat - Pakaian Soundtracks 1. Kasihan by Hujan 2. Selamanya Harimau Malaya by Ultras Malaya feat. Joe Flizzow, Carleed, Altimet
- published: 22 Apr 2012
- views: 724739
- author: matluthfi90
Penggunaan Nama ALLAH Oleh Bukan Islam - Dato' Dr MAZA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:03
- Updated: 01 Mar 2013
http://wn.com/Penggunaan_Nama_ALLAH_Oleh_Bukan_Islam_Dato'_Dr_MAZA
nama pun sampah
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:07
- Updated: 02 Mar 2013
Ramai yang skeptik untuk buang sampah dalam TONG SAMPAH, pelik bukan.
http://wn.com/nama_pun_sampah
Ramai yang skeptik untuk buang sampah dalam TONG SAMPAH, pelik bukan.
- published: 02 Feb 2011
- views: 926281
- author: matluthfi90
SHRI KALI SAHASRA NAMA STOTRA BY ANURADHA PODWAL ; EDITED BY SUJIT MADHUAL
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:59
- Updated: 01 Mar 2013
http://wn.com/SHRI_KALI_SAHASRA_NAMA_STOTRA_BY_ANURADHA_PODWAL_;_EDITED_BY_SUJIT_MADHUAL
SYNCHRONIZED CHANT - DayZ Namalsk Survival w/Nova & Immortal Ep.17
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 19:32
- Updated: 02 Mar 2013
Leave a like for SURVIVING ZOMBEHS www.youtube.com This session comes from a livestream Immortal was doing a few days back. I joined in about half way through his stream and we ended up having some of the craziest moments yet. From forming a line of soldiers walking in plain sight to #salutescarecrow watch and enjoy Immortal: www.youtube.com Facebook: tiny.cc Follow Mah Twitter: tiny.cc Shirts: tiny.cc DayZ is a persistent-world Zombie RPG on Chernarus. A 225 km2 open world post-soviet state and one of the areas hit by a new and presently unknown infection which has wiped out most of the world's population. You are one of the few who have survived and now you must search this new wasteland in order to fight for your life against what is left of the indigenous population, now infected with the disease. Go Solo, team up with friends or take on the world as you choose your path in this brutal and chilling landscape using whatever means you stumble upon to survive.
http://wn.com/SYNCHRONIZED_CHANT_DayZ_Namalsk_Survival_w_Nova_Immortal_Ep17
Leave a like for SURVIVING ZOMBEHS www.youtube.com This session comes from a livestream Immortal was doing a few days back. I joined in about half way through his stream and we ended up having some of the craziest moments yet. From forming a line of soldiers walking in plain sight to #salutescarecrow watch and enjoy Immortal: www.youtube.com Facebook: tiny.cc Follow Mah Twitter: tiny.cc Shirts: tiny.cc DayZ is a persistent-world Zombie RPG on Chernarus. A 225 km2 open world post-soviet state and one of the areas hit by a new and presently unknown infection which has wiped out most of the world's population. You are one of the few who have survived and now you must search this new wasteland in order to fight for your life against what is left of the indigenous population, now infected with the disease. Go Solo, team up with friends or take on the world as you choose your path in this brutal and chilling landscape using whatever means you stumble upon to survive.
- published: 07 Feb 2013
- views: 114466
- author: UberHaxorNova
Jozan - Bukan Kerna Nama (lawak-lawak)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:34
- Updated: 03 Mar 2013
Jozan - Bukan Kerna Nama (lawak-lawak) sambil nyanyi pon wat lawak...hehe..terbaik...:)
http://wn.com/Jozan_Bukan_Kerna_Nama_lawak-lawak
Jozan - Bukan Kerna Nama (lawak-lawak) sambil nyanyi pon wat lawak...hehe..terbaik...:)
- published: 03 Dec 2012
- views: 7432
- author: Lawak Habis
Zamanay Kay Andaaz (Saqi Nama) - Junoon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:13
- Updated: 01 Mar 2013
Zamanay Kay Andaaz by Junoon was originally a poem titled "Saqi Nama", written by the greatest poet of Pakistan, Allama Iqbal! This song is dedicated to everyone in Pakistan...it's time to wake up everyone! Urdu Lyrics: Zamanay Kay Andaaz Badlay Gaey, Naya Raag Hai Saaz Badlay Gaey! (x2) Khirad Ko Ghulami Say Azaad Kar, Jawanon Ko Peeron Ka Ustad Kar! Zamanay Kay Andaaz Badlay Gaey, Naya Raag Hai Saaz Badlay Gaey! Jigar Say Wohi Teer Phir Par Kar, Tamanna Ko Seenon Main Bedar Kar! (x2) Jawanon Ko Sozi Jigar Bakhsh Dey, Mera Ishq Meri Nazar Bakhsh Dey! Zamanay Kay Andaaz Badlay Gaey, Naya Raag Hai Saaz Badlay Gaey! Khirad Ko Ghulami Say Azaad Kar, Jawanon Jo Peeron Ka Ustad Kar! Zamanay Kay Andaaz Badlay Gaey, Naya Raag Hai Saaz Badlay Gaey! Piladey Mujhay Woh May Pardah Soz, Keh Aati Nahin Fasl-e-Gul roz roz! (x2) Woh May Jis Say Roshan Hai Zameer-e-Hayat, Woh May Jis Say Hai Masti-e-Kainaat! Masti-e-Kainaat! Zamanay Kay Andaaz Badlay Gaey, Naya Raag Hai Saaz Badlay Gaey! (x2) Khirad Ko Ghulami Say Azaad Kar, Jawanon Ko Peeron Ka Ustad Kar! Zamanay Kay Andaaz Badlay Gaey, Naya Raag Hai Saaz Badlay Gaey! (fade till end) English Translated Lyrics: The ways of the world have been changed, the lyrics are new, (and the) melodies have been changed. Let all humanity be free from slavery, and let the young (generation) be the teachers of the old. Let the same-old arrow pierce my heart again, and let the wishes grow inside your heart. Bestow the heart-ache to the young, and ...
http://wn.com/Zamanay_Kay_Andaaz_Saqi_Nama_Junoon
Zamanay Kay Andaaz by Junoon was originally a poem titled "Saqi Nama", written by the greatest poet of Pakistan, Allama Iqbal! This song is dedicated to everyone in Pakistan...it's time to wake up everyone! Urdu Lyrics: Zamanay Kay Andaaz Badlay Gaey, Naya Raag Hai Saaz Badlay Gaey! (x2) Khirad Ko Ghulami Say Azaad Kar, Jawanon Ko Peeron Ka Ustad Kar! Zamanay Kay Andaaz Badlay Gaey, Naya Raag Hai Saaz Badlay Gaey! Jigar Say Wohi Teer Phir Par Kar, Tamanna Ko Seenon Main Bedar Kar! (x2) Jawanon Ko Sozi Jigar Bakhsh Dey, Mera Ishq Meri Nazar Bakhsh Dey! Zamanay Kay Andaaz Badlay Gaey, Naya Raag Hai Saaz Badlay Gaey! Khirad Ko Ghulami Say Azaad Kar, Jawanon Jo Peeron Ka Ustad Kar! Zamanay Kay Andaaz Badlay Gaey, Naya Raag Hai Saaz Badlay Gaey! Piladey Mujhay Woh May Pardah Soz, Keh Aati Nahin Fasl-e-Gul roz roz! (x2) Woh May Jis Say Roshan Hai Zameer-e-Hayat, Woh May Jis Say Hai Masti-e-Kainaat! Masti-e-Kainaat! Zamanay Kay Andaaz Badlay Gaey, Naya Raag Hai Saaz Badlay Gaey! (x2) Khirad Ko Ghulami Say Azaad Kar, Jawanon Ko Peeron Ka Ustad Kar! Zamanay Kay Andaaz Badlay Gaey, Naya Raag Hai Saaz Badlay Gaey! (fade till end) English Translated Lyrics: The ways of the world have been changed, the lyrics are new, (and the) melodies have been changed. Let all humanity be free from slavery, and let the young (generation) be the teachers of the old. Let the same-old arrow pierce my heart again, and let the wishes grow inside your heart. Bestow the heart-ache to the young, and ...
- published: 08 Sep 2007
- views: 594913
- author: oichakdeyphatay
Biljana Secivanovic - Odavno sve je medju nama proslo (2013)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:38
- Updated: 02 Mar 2013
Odavno sve je medju nama proslo Ako si dos'o da me trazis nemoj, jer gotovo je to kada je trebalo ljubav da spasis tebe nije bilo Ref. 2x Odavno sve je medju nama proslo za tebe necu ni da znam i da mi zivot zavisi od tebe radije cu umreti, znaj Ako si dos'o da me molis molim te tvoje ne cujem kada je trebalo kraj mene da budes druge su ti bile sve Ref. 2x Ref. 2x
http://wn.com/Biljana_Secivanovic_Odavno_sve_je_medju_nama_proslo_2013
Odavno sve je medju nama proslo Ako si dos'o da me trazis nemoj, jer gotovo je to kada je trebalo ljubav da spasis tebe nije bilo Ref. 2x Odavno sve je medju nama proslo za tebe necu ni da znam i da mi zivot zavisi od tebe radije cu umreti, znaj Ako si dos'o da me molis molim te tvoje ne cujem kada je trebalo kraj mene da budes druge su ti bile sve Ref. 2x Ref. 2x
- published: 08 Feb 2013
- views: 881
- author: SuperStexmusic
Liputan Peluncuran Nama Baru exPeterpan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 55:15
- Updated: 20 Feb 2013
http://wn.com/Liputan_Peluncuran_Nama_Baru_exPeterpan
![Jozan Bukan Kerna Nama [Lawak Nyanyi]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130303185724im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/E-wJps-uRwk/default.jpg "Jozan Bukan Kerna Nama [Lawak Nyanyi]")
Jozan Bukan Kerna Nama [Lawak Nyanyi]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:34
- Updated: 03 Mar 2013
jom layan jozan..bess...lawak habis...:) Jozan Bukan Kerna Nama [Lawak Nyanyi]
http://wn.com/Jozan_Bukan_Kerna_Nama_Lawak_Nyanyi_
jom layan jozan..bess...lawak habis...:) Jozan Bukan Kerna Nama [Lawak Nyanyi]
- published: 18 Dec 2012
- views: 230
- author: Lawak Mega
photo: Malacañang Photo Bureau / Jay Morales
01 Mar 2013
TERESA CEROJANO. Associated Press= MANILA, Philippines (AP) — Shooting erupted in a Malaysian village that has been occupied by nearly 200 members of a Filipino clan for three weeks, but the Malaysian home minister denied Friday that his forces were responsible. Members of a Muslim royal clan from the southern Philippines landed in a coastal village in Malaysia's Sabah state on Feb ... He said his plan was "to fight." ... --- ... World news....(size: 3.0Kb)
photo: WN / Imran Nissar
02 Mar 2013
Srinagar, March 02.. Two local policemen were killed by separatist guerrillas in a hit-and-run attack in Kupwara district of north Kashmir Saturday. A senior police officer told IANS that militants fired from close range at two constables of an armed battalion near the bus stand in Handwara town, 75 kilometres from here this morning ... The area has been cordoned off and searches have started in the town....(size: 2.1Kb)
photo: AP / Hussein Malla
03 Mar 2013
Syrian president Bashar Assad has accused the British government of being "naive, confused and unrealistic" in its approach to the conflict in his country and warned of dire consequences if the West armed its rebels. In an interview with the Sunday Times Mr Assad said Britain was sacrificing peace talks to push for an end to an EU arms embargo, which would allow rebels to be armed ... "We do not expect an arsonist to be a firefighter." ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)
photo: AP
03 Mar 2013
"Our path to freedom is irreversible," declared Nelson Mandela on February 11, 1990. Addressing over fifty thousand cheering South African supporters in Cape Town, he had just been freed after three decades of imprisonment ... Millions of South Africans accepted his challenge. Political violence and interethnic tensions soon diminished. Educational and employment opportunities increased ... Without one the other two cannot exist....(size: 4.3Kb)
noodls
01 Mar 2013
NAMA - National Automatic Merchandising Association) ... The event, including a legislative update by both NAMA Senior Vice President Eric Dell and Regional Legislative Director Sheree Edwards, also featured a discussion regarding recent work on the USDA's proposed rules to amend the National School Lunch and Breakfast Program ... Founded in 1936, NAMA is the association representing the $42 billion U.S....(size: 2.4Kb)
Business Wire
01 Mar 2013
This year, Asahi’s Super Dry On Tap (Taru-Nama) Beer, imported from Japan’s Number One brewery, will take top billing alongside the culinary dishes as the official beer for the festival ... Since last year, sales of Asahi Super Dry Taru-Nama have increased by 150% in the US ... Asahi Super Dry Taru-Nama is our most popular beer, not just in Japan but worldwide....(size: 5.1Kb)
BBC News
01 Mar 2013
Bank of Scotland has appointed receivers to nine properties that were owned by one of Northern Ireland's biggest development firms ... In 2011 the bank placed a MAR subsidiary, Wen Inns, into administration ... Some of its bank loans are now controlled by the the Irish government's National Assets Management Agency (Nama). Share this page....(size: 1.8Kb)
noodls
01 Mar 2013
(Source. DA - Democratic Alliance) DA local governments have created 31 000 jobs in the last year. Mmusi Maimane, DA National Spokesperson. 1 March 2013. In the last year, DA Municipal governments have created 31 167 new temporary jobs for local communities using the expanded public works programme. These jobs provide valuable learning and training opportunities for individuals, and stimulate local economic growth ... Nama Khoi. 342....(size: 2.6Kb)
The Siasat Daily
01 Mar 2013
March 01.. At the beginning of the 70s, emerged a name in Urdu literature in the field of satire and humour, which attained global acclamation within a very short span. He is none other than Mujtaba Husain a prolific and critically acclaimed humourist ... Mujtaba Saheb’s first masterpiece was ‘Takalluf bar Taraf’, then came Qata-e-Kalam, Qissa-e-Mukhtasar, Baherhal, Admi-nama, and then Japan Chalo Japan ... MF Saleem ... Riots began ... Comments(0)....(size: 5.9Kb)
Irish Times
28 Feb 2013
An appeal to the Supreme Court is expected arising from a judgment yesterday that the National Asset Management Agency (Nama) was a public body for the purposes of a European regulation that provides for public access to environmental information ... It has no implications for the Irish freedom of information law, which is due to be changed as part of a process that will include Nama coming under its umbrella for the first time....(size: 3.0Kb)
Irish Times
28 Feb 2013
Mr Justice Peter Kelly ruled last month that those proceedings did not mean Irish courts could not deal with Nama’s application to recover the €29 million. The claim arises after Nama took over loans in 2010 that had been advanced by Bank of Ireland from 2002 to Mr Cullen ... Nama Act ....(size: 1.6Kb)
Irish Times
28 Feb 2013
Nama has secured a discovery order against Gayle Killilea in a court in the US compelling her to hand over details of any properties or money transferred to her from her husband Sean Dunne since 2008, but not as far back as 2004, as the State loans agency had sought. Nama, which is ......(size: 1.4Kb)
Irish Times
28 Feb 2013
“We read the regulations in a certain way but Nama and Anglo Irish Bank disagreed with that reading of it ... Nama can appeal the decision to the Supreme CourtEmail Us....(size: 0.9Kb)
noodls
28 Feb 2013
(Source. Nama Chemicals Co) 28 Feb 2013. NAMA CHEMICALS PUBLISHING THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL RESULTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED IN 31 DECEMBER 2012. Nama Chemicals announcing the consolidated Financial results for the year ended 31/12/2012 ... distributed by. This noodl was issued by Nama Chemicals Co. and was initially posted at www.nama.com.sa ... (noodl. 17704052) ....(size: 1.8Kb)
Independent online (SA)
28 Feb 2013
UMHLAZIYI. Ngqeshe Buthelezi. IMOTO. Chevrolet Spark. KUNGENZEKA ukuthi ufunda lolu daba nje usuzwile ngokuthi kwaChevrolet sebewandisile umndeni wabo weSpark ngezinye izinhlobo ... Into abayenzile nje zisuka ukushintsha igrille yathi ukuqumba, amalambu bawashintshile kanjalo nezibuko eseziphuma nama indicator. ISpark LT siphuma namasondo angu 14 no 15 inch kanti kuma LS nama LT sekutholakala ama stop light okuyinto ebingekho phambilini ... ....(size: 4.0Kb)
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Look up Nama or nama in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Nama may refer to:
- Nama band, a Greek pop/jazz/new age music group
- Nama (plant), a genus of plants in the family Hydrophyllaceae
- Holy Name (IASTnāma) in Indian religions
- Nama (folklore), a hero in folklore who built an ark to save his family from a flood, namesake of the crater on Callisto
- Nama (crater), a crater on Callisto, one of the many moons of Jupiter
- Nama (department store), one of the department stores in Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia
- Nama (Micronesia), an island of the State of Chuuk in the Federated States of Micronesia
- Nama (Chile), an archaeological site featuring pucará (ruined Inca fortifications)
- Nama, Nanning (那马镇), town in Liangqing District, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Nama, Burkina Faso, village in the Tenkodogo Department, Boulgou Province
- Nama, India, a village at the foot of the Nama Pass
- Nama people of Namibia
- Nama language, the language spoken by the Nama
- Draught beer (Nama beer), from the Japanese word nama = fresh or raw
- Nama (wine), the wine used by the Greek Orthodox in the Divine Liturgy
- Nama Chemicals, a joint stock Taduwal listed company established in 1992 with the objective of developing and establishing industrial projects particularly in the area of petrochemicals
- National Asset Management Agency, an agency created by the Irish government in 2009 in response to the financial crisis
- Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action, a set of policies and actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions outlined in the Bali Action Plan
See also[link]
- Nāma, Pali and Sanskrit for "name"
- Naamam, the identification mark of South Indian Vaishnavites
- All pages with titles containing "Nama"
- All pages beginning with "Nama"
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Nama Japam or Nama Sankeerthanam is the japa (repetition) or Sankirtana of nama (name) of the Almighty. This is one of the time-tested, easiest ways of Bhakti yoga. The devotee chooses Ishta-deva or Ishta devata (Sanskrit iṣṭa-deva(tā), literally "cherished divinity" from iṣṭa "desired, liked, cherished" and devatā "godhead, divinity," or deva "deity") and picks up a name of the Ishta deva to repeatedly chant the name vocally or in mind anytime, anywhere. Devotees can form a group and do sankeerthanam or singing together of name of the Almighty. Bhajans are one way of singing the glories of Almighty, thereby contemplating only on the Almighty. Nama Japa, Sankeerthanam, Bhajans all result only in one thing - sublimation of one's super-ego to ego-less. Nama sankeerthanam, helps the devotees identify themselves with their deity of adoration, ultimately resulting in culmination into Paramatman.
Many Hindu scriptures and philosophers could portend the difficulties people will face, to evolve spiritually in Kali yuga. For Kali yuga, this is the best, or the simplest way of God Realization. The prevailing situations and surroundings we are in, do not help us to meditate peacefully, do the yogas as enshrined in the spiritual scriptures. Hence Nama Japam is the ultimate, and simplest way of seeing Almighty in us and in everything.
Bhishma considered chanting of the Vishnu sahasranama the best and easiest of all dharmas, or the means to attain relief from all bondage - Gita." [1]
Adi Sankaracharya, the Advaita enlightened master, in verse 27 of his hymn, Bhaja Govindam,[2] said that the Gita and Vishnu sahasranama should be chanted and the form of the Lord of Lakshmi, Vishnu should always be meditated on. He also said that the Sahasranama bestowed all noble virtues on those who chanted it.[3]
The Almighty has mentioned in Srimad Bhagawad Gita, that He resides in the hearts of those who chant and sing His namas.
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Rama Nama Mahima[link]
Of all namas of the Almighty, Rama nama is considered to be ideal for nama japam.
Shiva (Purusha) and Shakthi (Prakriti) are the manifestations of one Antharyami. Of all the many Avatars or avatāra (Devanagari अवतार, Sanskrit) of Antharyami, the maryadha purushothama, Sri Rama's name, had remainined easy and beautiful source for spiritual enlightenment or moksha (Sanskrit: मोक्ष mokṣa) or mukti (Sanskrit: मुक्ति).
Rama's name is more potent than Rama Himself had been exemplified in many instances of great devotees' lives.
Valmiki, just by repeatedly uttering 'Ma-Ra' (not even Ra-ma), could create the greatest epic Ramayanam. Hanuman, who is a Shiva swaroopa, just by doing Rama nama japam could cross seas, fight rakshasas, monsters, carry Sanjeevani parvatham, could save Rama and Lakshmana from Mahiravana, could become Chiranjeevin. Hanuman, Samarth Ramdas, Tulasidas, Kabirdas, Thyagaraja, Ramadasu, Sai Baba, Papa Ramdas, Gandhi, Yogi Ramsuratkumar are some of the greatest devotees who believed in Sri Rama Japam and could do wonders on their own right, speaks volumes on Nama Japam.
Though the Almighty has thousands of names (sahasranama), Rama nama japam is ideal for everyone. The name Ra-ma is combination of MaheshwaRA-MAheshwari, denoting one Almighty, who is Ardhanarishvara (Sanskrit: अर्धनारीश्वर, Ardhanārīśvara), who is the single entity of Shiva (Purusha) and Shakthi (Prakriti), one who pervades everything - known and unknown - Antharyami.
Even breathing of all the living beings signify Ra-ma.
Purusha (absolute consciousness) / Maheshwa'Ra', initiates the living-beings to use the life force Prakriti (absolute energy) / 'Ma'heshwari. During inhalation and exhalation, both Shiva and Shakthi are in union, or co-exist, so life exists. When we do Rama nama japam, we do Pranayama, or conscious breathing, focussing on 'Ra-ma' (Inhalation/Exhalation), leading to God-realization.
Quotes[link]
- In Brhad-visnu-sahasranama-stotra, Uttara-khanda, Padma Purana 72.335, Lord Shiva addressed his wife, Parvati:
- sri rama rama rameti rame rame manorame; sahasra nama tat tulyam rama nama varanane
- "O Varanana (lovely-faced woman), I chant the holy name of Rama, Rama, Rama and thus constantly enjoy this beautiful sound. This holy name of Ramachandra is equal to one thousand holy names of Lord Vishnu."
- Neem Karoli Baba encouraged the constant repetition of "Ram" in order to become closer to God, saying "By taking the name of Ram, everything is accomplished."
- "People do not know what the Name of God can do. Those who repeat it constantly alone know its power. It can purify our mind completely... The Name can take us to the summit of spiritual experience." - Papa Ramdas[4]
- Papa Ramdas initiated Yogi Ramsuratkumar into the holy mantra : " Om Sri Ram Jai Ram Jai Jai Ram ", by pronouncing it thrice in his ears. Yogi Ramsuratkumar often refers to this instance as his "death", since from this moment on, his ego no longer existed, and he had a profound spiritual experience.
- Yogi Ramsuratkumar states "This beggar learnt at the feet of Swami Ramdas the divine name of Rama, and beg, beg all of you not to forget the divine name Rama. Whatever you do, wherever you are, be like Anjaneya -Maruthi thinking of Rama and doing your actions in this world. Live in the world and the problems will be there. If we are remembering the Divine name, we are psychologically sound. May be, we may feel a little some of the problems. Even then the intensity with which we feel if we don't have faith in God is much more than a man of faith - a man who remembers the name of Rama. So this beggar is always begging, begging for food, begging for clothes, begging that you should compose songs on this beggar, build a house for me - a cottage for me - this thing - that thing - so many things. But this beggar will beg of you this also, and you are always giving what this beggar has begged. So this beggar begs please don't forget the name of God. This Divine name has been always of great help to all in the world. You read Kabir, Tulsi, Sur, Appar Swamy, Manickavasaga Swamy - how they emphasized Namasivaya. Don't forget it- this is your heart- this is your soul. Whether it be Om Namasivaya or Om Namo Narayana whether Rama, Siva or Krishna whatever name you choose, whatever form you choose doesn't matter."
- Sri Muralidhara swamiji believes that Nama Kirtan (singing the name of the Lord) is the easiest way to perform Bhakti and attain liberation in this Kali Yuga. Srimad Bhagavatam and many other scriptures in Sanatana Dharma advocate this as the simplest means to attain the Lord. Scriptures say, “While mental repetition of the Divine Names leads to the good of the individual, chanting the Divine Names loudly purifies the chanter, the listener and the very place where the chanting is done.” In keeping with the Kali Santarana Upanishad, Sri Swamiji advocates the Singing of the Maha Mantra as the only way to overcome the ills of worldly existence and attain divine bliss.
See also[link]
External links[link]
References[link]
- ^ http://www.stephen-knapp.com/thousand_names_of_the_supreme.htm
- ^ Bhaja Govindam: kamakoti.org
- ^ "On the Buddha in verse". The Hindu (Chennai, India). December 16, 2005. http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/12/16/stories/2005121603040200.htm.
- ^ Ramdas, Swami. The Essential Swami Ramdas, World Wisdom, 2005.
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Ramdas |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1884 |
| Place of birth | Kerala, India |
| Date of death | 1963 |
| Place of death | |
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