- published: 15 Aug 2011
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- Acres
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Agartala
Agartala /ˌɑːɡərtəˈlɑː/ (Bengali: আগরতলা Agortôla, Kokborok: আগরতলা) is the capital of the Indian state of Tripura and is the second-largest city in North-east India after Guwahati in terms of municipal area as Well as population. It is situated in North-east India. It lies on the Haroa River and is located 2 km from Bangladesh. Agartala has temples and palaces. As per 2011 census, Population of Agartala city has exceeded 5,12,000. The population of Agartala was 3,67,822 in 2004 after the municipal expansion (1,89,327 in the 2001 census).
The ancient capital of the then Princely State ‘Swadhin Tripura’ was at Rangamati (Udaipur, South Tripura) by the bank of the river Gomati. In 1760 it was shifted by the Maharaja Krishna Chandra Manikya Bahadur (r.1829-1849) of Manikya Dynasty to present old Agartala by the bank of the river Howrah and was named ‘Haveli’. Due to frequent invasion of the Kuki's and also to keep easy communication with the British Bengal, the Maharaja Krishna Chandra Manikya started the process of shifting the capital from Old Haveli to New Haveli (present Agartala) in 1849.
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Agra
Agra (
i/ˈɑːɡrə/; Hindi: आगरा, Urdu: آ گرہ), the erstwhile capital of Hindustan, is a city on the banks of the river Yamuna in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, India, 363 kilometres (226 mi) west of state capital, Lucknow and 200 kilometres (124 mi) south of the national capital New Delhi. With a population of 1,686,976 (2010 est.), it is one of the most populous cities in Uttar Pradesh and the 19th most populous in India. Because 80 percent of the city's sewage flows into Yamuna River, it is 20th most polluted city in India. Agra can also refer to the administrative district that has its headquarters in Agra city.
The city finds mention in the epic Mahābhārata where it was called Agrevaṇa, or 'the border of the forest'. Legend ascribes the founding of the city to Rājā Badal Singh, a Sikarwar Rajput king (circa 1475), whose fort, Badalgarh, stood on or near the site of the present Fort. However, the 11th century Persian poet Mas'ūd Sa'd Salmān writes of a desperate assault on the fortress of Agra, then held by the Shāhī King Jayapala, by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni. Sultan Sikandar Lodī was the first to move his capital from Delhi to Agra in the year 1506; he died in 1517 and his son Ibrāhīm Lodī remained in power there for nine more years, finally being defeated at the Battle of Panipat in 1526. It achieved fame as the capital of the Mughal emperors from 1526 to 1658 and remains a major tourist destination because of its many splendid Mughal-era buildings, most notably the Tāj Mahal, Agra Fort and Fatehpūr Sikrī, all three of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
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Aizawl
Aizawl (Hindi: आइजोल) is the capital of the state of Mizoram in India. With a resident population 291,822, it is the largest city within the state. It is also the center of all important government offices, state assembly house and civil secretariat. The population of Aizawl strongly reflects the different communities of the ethnic Mizo people.
In 1890, Officer Dally of the Assam Police and his 400 men arrived at the site that is now Aizawl, to support Colonel Skinner's troops during a British military operation against the tribals. On Dally's recommendation, Aizawl was selected as the site of a fortified post that Colonel Skinner had been ordered to construct. The troops constructed stockades and buildings at the site.
Aizawl was the site of a tribal uprising in 1890, and was besieged from 9 to 28 September. Robert McCabe, Deputy Commissioner of the Lakhimpur district, restored order in the area and forced 15 tribal chiefs to surrender. After this, more troops were stationed at Aizawl. Another uprising in 1892 was also quelled by McCabe.
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Almora
Almora (Hindi: अल्मोड़ा) is a municipal board, a cantonment town in the Almora district in the state of Uttarakhand, India. Almora was founded in 1568.
It is a town bustling with activity and a rich cultural heritage and history. It is considered the cultural heart of the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand.
Almora is located at 29°37′N 79°40′E / 29.62°N 79.67°E / 29.62; 79.67. It has an average elevation of 1,651 metres (5,417 feet). It is located on a ridge at the southern edge of the Kumaon Hills of the Himalaya range. In the shape of a horse saddle shaped hillock, it is surrounded by thick forests of pine and fir trees. Flowing alongside the city are rivers of Koshi, (Kaushiki), and Suyal (Salmale). The snow capped Himalayas can be seen in the background.Almora got its name from "Kilmora" a short plant found nearby region. during olden days people living near Almora plug Kilmora plant for washing the utensils of "Katarmal Temple". Soon the people bringing Kilmora were called Kilmori and later "Almori". So the place from where Almori comes came to be known as "Almora".
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Ambala
Ambala is a city and a municipal corporation in Ambala district in the state of Haryana, India, located on the border of the states of Haryana and Punjab in India. Politically; Ambala has two sub-areas: Ambala Cantt (छावनी ) and Ambala City(अम्बाला शहर), approximately 3 kilometers apart from each other. It has a large Indian Army and Indian Air Force presence within the confines of its cantonment area. Ambala separates Ganges river network from Indus river network and surrounded by two rivers Ghaggar & Tangri from North & South side.Due to its geographical location, the Ambala district plays an important role in local tourism.
The Ambala Cantonment was established in 1843 after the British abandoned its cantonment at Saphera, following the malaria epidemic of 1841–42. The cantonment houses the ‘2 Corps’ one of the three Strike Corps of the Indian Army.
Ambala was given the status of a district in 1847, formed by the merging the jagir estates of hitherto independent chieftains whose territories had lapsed or had been confiscated by the British Indian Government. In its 160 years of existence as a district, Ambala has witnessed many changes in its boundaries. Its boundaries previously extended across tehsils of Ambala, Saphera, Jagadhri, Pipli, Kharar, Mohali, Ropar and Nalagarh. Kalka-cum-Kurari State, Pinjore, Manimajra, Kasauli & Sanawar were also merged into the district at different points of time.
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Amritsar
Amritsar (
pronunciation (help·info); Punjabi: ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ IPA: [əmːɾɪt̪səɾ], historically also known as ਰਾਮਦਾਸਪੁਰ Rāmdāspur and colloquially as ਅੰਬਰਸਰ, Ambarsar) is a city in the north-western part of India. It is the spiritual center for the Sikh religion and the administrative headquarters of the Amritsar district in the state of Punjab.
It is home to the Harmandir Sahib (referred to as the "Golden Temple" in the western media), the spiritual and cultural center for the Sikh religion. This important Sikh shrine attracts more visitors than the Taj Mahal with more than 100,000 visitors on week days alone and is the most popular destination for Non-resident Indians (NRI) in the whole of India. The city also houses the Sikh temporal and political authority, Akal Takht, as well as the Sikh Parliament.
The 2011 Indian census reported the population of the city to be 1,132,761. Amritsar is situated 217 kilometres (135 mi) northwest of state capital Chandigarh and is 32 kilometres (20 mi) east of Lahore, Pakistan and therefore, very close to India's western border with Pakistan.
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Bangalore
Bangalore /ˈbæŋɡəlɔər/, also rendered Bengaluru,[needs IPA] is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. Bangalore is nicknamed the Garden City for its gardens and parks and was once called a pensioner's paradise. Located on the Deccan Plateau in the south-eastern part of Karnataka, Bangalore is India's third most populous city and fifth-most populous urban agglomeration. Bangalore is well known as a hub for India's information technology sector. It is among the top 10 preferred entrepreneurial locations in the world.
A succession of South Indian dynasties ruled the region of Bangalore until in 1537 AD Kempe Gowda—a feudatory ruler under the Vijayanagara Empire—established a mud fort considered to be the foundation of modern Bangalore. Following transitory occupation by Maratha and Mughal, the city remained under the Mysore kingdom. Bangalore continued to be a cantonment of the British and a major city of the Princely State of Mysore which existed as a nominally sovereign entity of the British Raj. Following the independence of India in 1947, Bangalore became the capital of Mysore state, and later Karnataka.
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Bhopal
Bhopal /boʊˈpɑːl/ (Hindustani pronunciation: [bʱoːpaːl] (
listen)) is the capital of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh and the administrative headquarters of Bhopal District and Bhopal Division. The city was the capital of the former Bhopal State. Bhopal is known as the City of Lakes for its various natural as well as artificial lakes and is also one of the greenest cities in India.
A B-1 class city, Bhopal houses various institutions and installations of national importance. Some of these include ISRO's Master Control Facility, the CSIR Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER Bhopal), School of Planning and Architecture, Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal (associated with Hamidia Hospital, Sultania Zanana Hospital & Kamla Nehru Hospital), and the (approved, under-construction) All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal.
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Bhubaneswar
Bhubaneswar /ˌbʊvəˈneɪʃwər/, also spelled Bhubaneshwar (Oriya: ଭୁବନେଶ୍ଵର Bhubanēsbara pronunciation (help·info)), is the capital of the Indian state of Orissa, officially spelled Odisha. The city has a history of over 2000 years starting with the Chhedi dynasty (around 2nd century BCE) who had Sisupalgarh near present-day Bhubaneswar as their capital. Bhubaneswar has been known by names such as Toshali, Kalinga Nagari, Nagar Kalinga, Ekamra Kanan, Ekamra Kshetra and Mandira Malini Nagari (City of Temples) otherwise known as the Temple City of India. Bhubaneswar, literally means the Lord (Eeswar) of the Universe (Bhuban). It is the largest city of Orissa, and a center of economic and religious importance in the region today.
Bhubaneswar's possession of magnificent sculptures and architectural heritage, coupled with the sanctity as Ekamrakshetra make this one of the great religious centres of Orissa since early medieval days. With its large number of Hindu temples (over 600 in number), which span the entire spectrum of Kalinga architecture, Bhubaneswar is often referred to as a Temple City of India and together with Puri and Konark it forms the Swarna Tribhuja (Golden Triangle); one of the most visited destinations in East India.
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Brazil
Brazili/brəˈzɪl/ (Portuguese: Brasil, IPA: [bɾaˈziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, listen (help·info)), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km (4,655 mi). It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile.
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until 1815, when it was elevated to the rank of kingdom and the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed. The colonial bond was in fact broken in 1808, when the capital of the Portuguese colonial empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, after Napoleon invaded Portugal.Independence was achieved in 1822 with the formation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The country became a presidential republic in 1889, when a military coup d'état proclaimed the Republic, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to the ratification of the first constitution in 1824. Its current Constitution, formulated in 1988, defines Brazil as a Federal Republic. The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.
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British empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-fifth of the world's population at the time, and covered more than 33,700,000 km2 (13,012,000 sq mi), almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was often said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous territories.
During the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires. Envious of the great wealth these empires generated, England, France and the Netherlands began to establish colonies and trade networks of their own in the Americas and Asia. A series of wars in the 17th and 18th centuries with the Netherlands and France left England (and then, following union between England and Scotland in 1707, Great Britain) the dominant colonial power in North America and India. The loss of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after a war of independence deprived Britain of some of its oldest and most populous colonies.
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Chamba district
Chamba is the northwestern district of Himachal Pradesh, in India, with its headquarters in Chamba town. The towns of Dalhousie and Khajjhiar are popular hill stations and vacation spots for the people from the plains of northern India. Chamba is the only state in northern India to preserve a well-documented history from circa 500 A.D. Its high mountain ranges have given it a sheltered position and helped in preserving its centuries old relics and numerous inscriptions. The temples erected by rajas of Chamba more than a thousand years age continue to be under worship and the land grant-deeds executed on copper plates by them continue to be valid under the law.
Regarding the early history of this region it is believed that this area was at time inhabited by certain Kolian tribes,which were later, subjugated by the Khasas. The Khasas too after a time came under the sway of Audumbaras (2nd centaury B.C.). The Audmabaras had republican form of government and worshiped Shiva as their principal deity. From the Gupta period (4th Centaury A.D.) the Chamba region was under the control of Thakurs and Ranas who considered themselves superior to the low tribes of Kolis and Khasas. With the rise of Gurjara Pratiharas (7th Centaury A.D.) the Rajput Dynasties came to power. Much information about Himachal’s ancient history is given in epics like the Mahabharata and the Ramayana and other scriptures like the Vedas and the Puranas. The Mahabharata mentions the janapadas (some sort of a kingdom) of Kuluta (Kullu), Trigarta (Kangra), Kulind (Shimla hills and Sirmaur), Yugandhar (Bilaspur and Nalagarh), Gobdika (Chamba) and Audumbar (Pathankot).
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Chandigarh
Chandigarh /ˈtʃɑːndɨɡər/ is a city and union territory in India that serves as the capital of two states, Haryana and Punjab. The name Chandigarh translates as "The Fort of Chandi". The name is derived from an ancient temple called Chandi Mandir, devoted to the Hindu goddess Chandi, in the city. It is also referred to as The City Beautiful due to its beautiful surroundings, central grid of gardens, each dedicated to different species of flora.
The city of Chandigarh was the first planned city in India and is known internationally for its architecture and urban design. The city has projects designed by architects such as Le Corbusier, Pierre Jeanneret, Jane Drew, and Maxwell Fry. The city tops the list of Indian States and Union Territories with the highest per capita income in the country at Rs.99,262 at current prices and Rs.70,361 at constant prices (2006–2007). The city was reported in 2010 to be the "cleanest" in India, based on a national government study, and the territory also headed the list of Indian states and territories according to research conducted using 2005 data by Human Development Index.
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Chennai
Chennai /ˈtʃɛnaɪ/, formerly Madras /məˈdræs/, is the capital city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Located on the Coromandel Coast off the Bay of Bengal, it is a major commercial, cultural, and educational centre in South India, while the port of Chennai is the second largest port in India. As of the 2011 census, the city had 4.68 million residents making it the sixth most populous city in India; the urban agglomeration, which comprises the city and its suburbs, was home to approximately 8.9 million, making it the fourth most populous metropolitan area in the country.
Although the area has been part of successive South Indian kingdoms through centuries, the recorded history of the city began in the colonial times, specifically with the arrival of British East India Company and the establishment in 1644 of Fort St George, an English settlement. The British defended several attacks from the French colonial forces, and from the kingdom of Mysore, on Chennai's way to become a major naval port and presidency city by late eighteenth century. Following the independence of India, Chennai became the capital of Tamil Nadu and a hotbed of regional politics that tended to bank on Dravidian identity of the populace. Chennai had become a bustling metropolis with beautiful classical and colonial European styled buildings, lining the city’s thoroughfares.
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Chharabra
Chharabra, a small village situated approximately 8250 feet (2514 m) above sea level, 13 km from Shimla, India, on National Highway 22 (Hindustan-Tibet Road), has summer retreat of President of India, summer residence of Governor of Punjab, a five star luxury hotel, a boarding school, and a helipad even though the population would be less than 500 people (including students of boarding school, staff of the President's Retreat and Governor's house and the hotel). The village is surrounded by evergreen pine forests, and has magnificent views of the Himalayas.
The Pir Panjal Range of the Himalayas at more than 19,000 feet (5,800 m) high, Deo Tibba at 19,687 feet (6,001 m), Chota Shali and Shali peaks, Bandar Poonch peak, Rakt Dhar at 20,100 feet (6,100 m), and Badrinath at 23,190 feet (7,070 m) are all visible from here. Even though Chharabra is a separate village, it is officially considered part of Mashobra, which is a suburb of Shimla.
Chharabra is situated on top of mountains which are a major watershed. One side of Chharabra is part of the catchment area for the Yamuna river while the other side is part of the catchment area for the Satluj river. The entire area around Chharabra is densely forested and is part of Shimla Reserve Forest Sanctuary and Catchment Area.
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Dehradun
Dehra Dun, or Dehradun /ˌdɛrəˈduːn/ (Hindi: देहरादून, Dēharādūn), is the capital city of the State of Uttarakhand in north India. Located in the Garhwal region, it is 255 km north of India's capital New Delhi and consists of 6 tehsils, 6 community development blocks, 17 towns and 764 inhabited villages. The city has been chosen as one of the "Counter Magnets" of the National Capital Region (NCR) and is being developed as an alternative centre of growth to help ease the migration and population explosion in the Delhi metropolitan area.
Dehradun is renowned for its natural resources, publishing services, and for its prestigious educational institutions such as the Forest Research Institute (FRI), Indian Military Academy (IMA) and several day and boarding schools which are highly reputed across the country. It is also home to national foundations such as the Indian Institute of Petroleum, Survey of India, Wildlife Institute of India and the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation.
Located on the foothills of the Himalayas, the Doon Valley is nestled between two of India's mightiest rivers - the Ganges on the east and the Yamuna on the west. Dehradun is famous for its picturesque landscape and pleasant climate and provides a gateway to the surrounding region. It is well connected and in proximity to popular Himalayan tourist destinations such as Mussoorie, Nainital and Auli and the Hindu holy cities of Haridwar and Rishikesh along with the Himalayan pilgrimage circuit of Char Dham.
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Delhi
Delhi (/ˈdɛli/; locally pronounced Dillee or Dehli), officially the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT), is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest metropolis by population in India. It is the eighth largest metropolis in the world by population with 16.7 million inhabitants in the Territory at the 2011 Census. The region has been given special status of National Capital Region under The Constitution (69th Amendment) Act, 1991. There are nearly 22.2 million residents in the greater National Capital Region urban area (which also includes the cities Noida, Greater Noida, Ghaziabad, Gurgaon,Sonepat and Faridabad along with other smaller nearby towns).
Delhi is known to have been continuously inhabited since at least the 6th century BCE, though human habitation is believed to have existed since the second millennium BCE. Delhi is also widely believed to have been the site of Indraprastha, the legendary capital of the Pandavas during the times of the Mahabharata. Delhi re-emerged as a major political, cultural and commercial city along the trade routes between northwest India and the Gangetic plain after the rise of the Delhi sultanates. It is the site of many ancient and medieval monuments, archaeological sites and remains.
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Dispur
Dispur /dɪsˈpʊər/ pronunciation (help·info)) is the capital of Assam, in northeast India.
Dispur has existed as a locality on the outskirts of Guwahati, took its place as the capital of Assam in 1973. This was after Shillong, the erstwhile capital, became the capital of the state of Meghalaya that was carved out of Assam.
Dispur is the seat of Government of Assam. The Assam Secretariat building is located in Dispur along with the Assam Assembly House and the State Emergency Operations Centre. The Assam Trunk road and the G S road passes through Dispur. To the south of Dispur is the theologically important site of Basistha Ashram and the Shankardev Kalakshetra, a cultural center created in the 1990s. Next to Dispur is the ancient township of Jatia.
Though it is well known as the capital of Assam, Dispur is also known for its tea auctions market. It is easily accessible from Guwahati. As is the case of Assam, Dispur too is on the earthquake belt.
Dispur is part of Gauhati (Lok Sabha constituency).
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Gandhinagar
Gandhinagar /ɡɑːndɨˈnɑːɡər/ (Gujarati: ગાંધીનગર pronunciation (help·info)) is the capital of the state of Gujarat in western India. Gandhinagar is located approximately 23 km North from Ahmedabad, the biggest city of Gujarat, on the west central point of the Industrial corridor between Delhi, the political capital of India, and Mumbai, the financial capital of India.
In 1960, when the old Bombay State was bifurcated into the present states of Maharashtra and Gujarat, Bombay city fell to the share of Maharastra. It was then decided to build an entirely new capital for Gujarat.
Gandhinagar, Gujarat's new capital city, lies on the west bank of the Sabarmati River, about 464 km away from Mumbai, the financial capital of India. Gandhinagar presents the spacious, well-organized look of an architecturally integrated city.
Thirty sectors, into which the city has been divided, stretch around the central Government complex. Each sector has its own shopping and community center, primary school, health center, government and private housing. Apart from which there is a generous provision for wide open green parks, extensive planting and a large recreational area along the river giving the city a lush green garden-city atmosphere.
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Gangtok
Gangtok /ˈɡæŋtɒk/ (Devanagri: गान्तोक (help·info)Tibetan: སྒང་ཐོག་) is the capital and largest town of the Indian state of Sikkim. Gangtok is located in the Shivalik Hills of the eastern Himalayan range, at an altitude of 1,437 metres (4,715 ft). The town, with a population of thirty thousand belonging to different ethnicities such as Indian-Nepalis, Lepchas and Bhutia, is administered by the "Gangtok Municipal Corporation". Nestled within higher peaks of the Himalaya and enjoying a year-round mild temperate climate, Gangtok is at the centre of Sikkim’s tourism industry.
Gangtok rose to prominence as a popular Buddhist pilgrimage site after the construction of the Enchey Monastery in 1840. In 1894, the ruling Sikkimese Chogyal, Thutob Namgyal, transferred the capital to Gangtok. In the early 20th century, Gangtok became a major stopover on the trade route between Lhasa in Tibet and cities such as Kolkata (then Calcutta) in British India. After India won its independence from Britain in 1947, Sikkim chose to remain an independent monarchy, with Gangtok as its capital. In 1975, after the integration with the union of India, Gangtok was made India's twenty-second state capital.
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Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh /hɨˈmɑːtʃəl prəˈdɛʃ/ (Hindi: हिमाचल प्रदेश [ɦɪmaːtʃəl prəd̪eːʃ] ( listen)) is a state in Northern India. It is spread over 21,495 sq mi (55,670 km2), and is bordered by the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir on the north, Punjab on the west and south-west, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh on the south, Uttarakhand on the south-east and by the Tibet Autonomous Region on the east.
Himachal Pradesh is known to be abundant in natural beauty After the Anglo Gorkha War, the British colonial government came into power. In 1950 Himachal was declared as a union territory but after the State of Himachal Pradesh Act 1971, Himachal emerged as the 18th state of the Republic of India. Himachal has many prestigious boarding schools. Hima means snow in Sanskrit, and the literal meaning of the state's name is In the lap of Himalayas. It was named by one of the great Sanskrit scholars of Himachal Pradesh, Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma. Its name means "Abode of Snow".[citation needed]
The Economy of the Himachal Pradesh is currently the third fastest growing economy in India. Himachal Pradesh has been ranked fourth in the list of the highest per capita incomes of Indian states. Due to the abundance of perennial rivers, Himachal also sells hydro electricity to other states such as Delhi, Punjab and Rajasthan. The economy of the state is highly dependent on three sources: hydroelectric power, tourism and agriculture.
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Hindustan
Hindustan (Hindi: हिन्दुस्तान, Urdu: ہندوستان, both Hindustān [ɦɪnd̪ʊˈst̪aːn]) or Indostan, literally "land of Indians" or "land of the Indus", is a popular name for the Indian subcontinent. Delhi and Agra have been the traditional capitals of Hindustan. Though the meaning of Hindustan has evolved over the years, since the partition of India it primarily refers to the Republic of India.
Hindustan is conventionally believed to be derived from the Old Persian word Hindu, which in turn is derived from Sindhu, the Sanskrit name for the Indus River. Old Persian refers to the people living beyond the Indus as Hinduš. This combined with the Avestan suffix -stān (cognate to Sanskrit "sthān", both meaning "place") results in Hindustan, as the land on the other side (from Persia) of the Indus. The term came into common use under the rule of the Mughals who referred to their dominion, centred on Delhi, as 'Hindustan'. A similar term, Indostan, was in common use during the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to denote the countries of South Asia. Today "Indostan" is regarded as an archaism.
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Illinois
Illinois (i/ˌɪlɨˈnɔɪ/ IL-i-NOY) is the 25th most extensive and the 5th most populous of the 50 United States, and is often noted as a microcosm of the entire country. With Chicago in the northeast, small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and northern Illinois, and natural resources like coal, timber, and petroleum in the south, Illinois has a broad economic base. Illinois is a major transportation hub. The Port of Chicago connects the state to other global ports from the Great Lakes, via the Saint Lawrence Seaway, to the Atlantic Ocean; as well as the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River, via the Illinois River. For decades, O'Hare International Airport has ranked as one of the world's busiest airports. Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics.
Although the state's largest population centers today are in northern Illinois, originally the state's population grew from south to north, with settlers arriving from Kentucky in the 1810s. In 1818, Illinois achieved statehood. Chicago was founded in the 1830s on the banks of the Chicago River, one of the few natural harbors on southern Lake Michigan. Railroads and John Deere's invention of the self-scouring steel plow turned Illinois' rich prairie into some of the world's most productive and valuable farmlands, attracting immigrant farmers from Germany and Sweden. By 1900, the growth of industrial jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars. The Great Migration established a large community of African Americans in Chicago that created the city's famous jazz and blues cultures.
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Imphal
Imphal (/ˈɪmpəl/, Imphal.ogg (help·info)) is the capital of the Indian state of Manipur.
In the heart of the town and surrounded by a moat, are ruins of the old Palace of Kangla. Kangla Fort used to be the home of the Assam Rifles, a paramilitary force and on November 2004 it was handed over to state of Manipur by Prime minister Dr. Manmohan Singh. Another place of historical interest is the Polo Ground which is the oldest existing polo ground in the world.[citation needed] Near the Polo Ground is the Manipur State Museum, which has a collection of old artifacts and pictures depicting the history of Manipur. 'Ima Keithel' at Khwairamband Bazar is the only market in the world where, as the name suggests(Ima-Mother,Keithel-Market), all the stalls are run by women.[citation needed]
In 1944 during World War II the Battle of Imphal, along with the simultaneous Battle of Kohima, was the turning point in the Burma Campaign. For the first time in the South-East Asian Theatre of World War II the Japanese lost the initiative to the Allies, who retained it until the end of the war.[citation needed]
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Itanagar
Itanagar /ˌiːtəˈnɑːɡər/ (Hindi: ईटानगर pronunciation (help·info)) is the capital of the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. Itanagar is situated at the foothills of Himalayas. It comes administratively under Papum Pare district.
As a capital city, Itanagar is well connected with the rest of the country by road and air communications. There is a helicopter service between Guwahati and Naharlagun (Itanagar). Buses are available from Guwahati. The nearest railway station is Harmoti in Assam.
Interesting places around are historical fort called Ita-fort which dates back to the 15th century (after which the city is named), legendary Ganga Lake or Gyakar Sinyi and the new Buddhist temple known as Buddha Vihar consecrated by the Dalai Lama. As of today, Itanagar has two churches.
Important economic activities include farming and agriculture.
Arunachal Pradesh has an engineering, applied science and management institute named NERIST(North Eastern Regional Institute of Science And Technology) whose foundation stone was laid by then president of India, the late Giani Zail Singh. It is now a deemed university under the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD).
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Jaipur
Jaipur /ˈdʒaɪpʊər/ (Rajasthani: जैपर , Hindi: जयपुर Urdu: جئے پور [ˈdʒəjpʊɾ] ( listen)), also popularly known as the 'Pink City', is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Rajasthan. Founded on 18 November 1727 by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II, the ruler of Amber, the city today has a population of 3.1 million.
Jaipur is one of the finest planned cities of India, located in the semi-desert lands of Rajasthan. The city which once had been the capital of the royalty now is the capital city of Rajasthan. The very structure of Jaipur resembles the taste of the Rajputs and the Royal families. At present, Jaipur is a major business centre with all requisites of a metropolitan city.
Some of the famous areas in Jaipur include Mansarovar, the largest housing colony in Asia, Sanganer, famous for handmade paper industry and Sanganeri hand block-printing, Bapu Nagar, Malviya Nagar and Vaishali Nagar.
The city is remarkable among pre-modern Indian cities for the width and regularity of its streets which are laid out into six sectors separated by broad streets 34 m (111 ft) wide. The urban quarters are further divided by networks of gridded streets. Five quarters wrap around the east, south, and west sides of a central palace quarter, with a sixth quarter immediately to the east. The Palace quarter encloses a sprawling palace complex, (Hawa Mahal), formal gardens, and a small lake. Nahargarh Fort, which was the residence of the King Sawai Jai Singh II, crowns the hill in the northwest corner of the old city. The observatory, Jantar Mantar, is one of the World Heritage Sites. Included on the Golden Triangle tourist circuit, along with Delhi and Agra, Jaipur is an extremely popular tourist destination in Rajasthan and India.
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Jammu
Jammu /ˈdʒɑːmuː/ (Dogri: जम्मू, Urdu: جموں pronunciation (help·info), Punjabi: ਜੰਮੂ), also known informally as Duggardesh, is one of the three administrative divisions within Jammu and Kashmir, the northernmost state in India. The region is not a state per se but a part of the state of Jammu & Kashmir. It consists of the districts of Doda, Kathua, Jammu, Udhampur, Rajouri, Ramban, Reasi, Samba, Kishtwar & Poonch. Most of the land is hilly or mountainous, including the Pir Panjal range which separates it from the Kashmir Valley and part of the Great Himalayas in the eastern districts of Doda and Kishtwar. The principal river is the Chenab.
Jammu city, officially called Jammu-Tawi, is the largest city in Jammu and the winter capital of Jammu and Kashmir. Jammu City is also known as "City of Temples" as it has many temples and shrines, with glittering shikhars soaring into the sky, which dot the city’s skyline, creating the ambiance of a holy and peaceful Hindu city.
Home to some of the most popular Hindu shrines, such as Vaishno Devi, Jammu is a pilgrimage tourism destination in India. The majority of Jammu's 5.9 million population practices Hinduism, while Islam and Sikhism enjoy a strong cultural heritage in the region. Due to relatively better infrastructure, Jammu has emerged as the main economic center of the state.
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Kalka
Kalka (Hindi: कालका) is a town in the Panchkula district of Haryana, India. The name of the town is derived from the goddess Kali. The town is situated in the foothills of the Himalayas and is a gateway to the neighbouring state of Himachal Pradesh. It is on the National Highway 22 between Chandigarh and Shimla, and is the terminus of the Kalka-Shimla Railway. To the south of Kalka is Pinjore, and the industrial town of Parwanoo (Himachal Pradesh) is to the north on the NH 22. Industrial development has led to a continuous urban belt from Pinjore to Parwanoo, but Kalka remains largely unaffected by these developments. Nearby is Chandimandir Cantonment where the Western Command of the Indian army is based.
Kalka was acquired by British India from the Princely state of Patiala in 1843 as a depot for Simla, the summer capital of the Raj. It became the junction for the Delhi-Ambala - Kalka, and the Kalka - Simla railways. By 1901, the town, administered as a notified area, had a population of 7,045, a railway workshop, and was a market for ginger and turmeric. The Kalka municipal committee was created on 11 April 1933.
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Kangra district
Kangra is the most populousdistrict of the state of Himachal Pradesh, India. Dharamshala is the administrative headquarters of the district.
The Kangra District of Himachal Pradesh is situated in the Western Himalayas between 31°2 to 32°5 N and 75° to 77°45 E. The district has a geographical area of 5,739 km. which constitutes 10.31% of the geographical area of the State. According to 2001 census, the total population of the district was 13,39,030, which is the highest in the state (22.50% of the population). The altitude of the district ranges from 427 to 6401m above mean sea level, with the lowest being in the plains areas bordering Gurdaspur district of Punjab in the west and Una district of H.P. in the south. In the east, it borders Mandi district, in North with Kullu and Chamba. The district has considerable diversity in its soils, physiography, land use patterns and cropping systems. On the basis of these, the district has further been divided into five sub-regions i.e. Pir Panjal, Dhauladhar, Kangra Shiwalik, Kangra Valley and Beas Basin.
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Kavaratti
Kavaratti (Malayalam: കവരത്തി) is the capital of the Union Territory of Lakshadweep in India. Kavaratti is a census town as well as the name of the atoll upon which the town stands.
It is well-known for its pristine white sand beaches and calm lagoons, which makes it a popular tourist destination.
The island of Kavaratti lies 360 km (190 nmi) off the coast of the state of Kerala at 10°34′N 72°37′E / 10.57°N 72.62°E / 10.57; 72.62. It has an average elevation of 0 metres (0 feet).
The closest island is uninhabited Pitti islet, located 24 km (13 nmi) north of Kavaratti. The inhabited island of Agatti lies 54 km to the NW and the uninhabited Suheli Par 53 km to the SW.
Kochi is the closest major city on the Indian mainland at a distance of 404 km (218 nmi).
Kavaratti has a tropical monsoon climate. March to May are the hottest months of the year. The year-round temperature ranges between 25-35°C. Humidity range is 70-76%.
The monsoon rains usually start at the end of May and continue through early September. The island receives an average of 1600mm of rain during the year.
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Kinnaur district
Kinnaur is one of twelve administrative districts in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh, India. The district is divided into three administrative areas – Pooh, Kalpa, and Nichar – and has five tehsils (counties). The administrative headquarter of Kinnaur district is at Reckong Peo. From here Sangla valley, and district headquarters Recong Peo, Kalpa, Kinnaur Kailash, considered to be the abode of Lord Shiva, can be viewed. As of 2011 it is the second least populous district of Himachal Pradesh (out of 12), after Lahaul and Spiti.
As the region was inaccessible, there was very little interaction with people from the plains and, therefore, the ancient Hindu texts considered mystical Kinnars as halfway between humans and gods.
Kinnaur, surrounded by the Tibet to the east, is in the northeast corner of Himachal Pradesh, about 235 km (146 mi) from the state capital, Shimla. It has three high mountains ranges, namely, Zanskar, Himalayas and Dhauldhar that enclose valleys of Sutlej, Spiti, Baspa and their tributaries. The slopes are covered with thick wood, orchards, fields and picturesque hamlets. The much religious Shivling lies at the peak of Kinnaur Kailash mountain. The district was opened for the outsiders in 1989. The old Hindustan-Tibet Road passes through the Kinnaur valley along the bank of river Sutlej and finally enters Tibet at Shipki La pass.
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Kohima
Kohima /koʊˈhiːmə/ (Hindi: कोहिमा pronunciation (help·info)) is the hilly capital of India's north eastern border state of Nagaland which shares its borders with Burma. It lies in Kohima District and is also one of the three Nagaland towns with Municipal council status along with Dimapur and Mokokchung.
Kohima is the land of the Angami Naga tribe. The name, Kohima, was officially given by the British as they could not pronounce the Angami name Kewhima or Kewhira (Tenyidie for "the land where the flower Kewhi grows"). It is so called after the wild flowering plant Kewhi, found in the mountains. Earlier, Kohima was also known as Thigoma. Kohima is located south of Kohima District (25°40′N 94°07′E / 25.67°N 94.12°E / 25.67; 94.12) and has an average elevation of 1261 metres (4137 feet). The town of Kohima is located on the top of a high ridge and the town serpentines all along the top of the surrounding mountain ranges as is typical of most Naga settlements.
The British incursions into the Naga territory beginning in the 1840s met with stiff resistance from the independence loving Nagas who had never been conquered by any empire before. The stiffness of the resistance can be gauged by the fact that it took nearly four decades for the British to conquer a territory that is less than 10,000 square kilometres (the eastern region was left free). Kohima was the first seat of modern administration as the Headquarters of Naga Hills District (then under Assam) with the appointment of G.H. Damant as Political Officer in 1879. When Nagaland became a full fledged state on 1 December 1963, Kohima was christened as the state capital.
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Kolkata
Kolkata /kɒlˈkætə/, or Calcutta /kælˈkʌtə/, is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. Located on the east bank of the Hooghly River, it is the principal commercial, cultural, and educational centre of East India, while the Port of Kolkata is India's oldest port as well as its sole major riverine port. As of 2011, the city had 4.5 million residents; the urban agglomeration, which comprises the city and its suburbs, was home to approximately 14.1 million, making it the third-most populous metropolitan area in India. As of 2008, its economic output as measured by gross domestic product ranked third among South Asian cities, behind Mumbai and Delhi. As a growing metropolitan city in a developing country, Kolkata confronts substantial urban pollution, traffic congestion, poverty, overpopulation, and other logistic and socioeconomic problems.
In the late 17th century, the three villages that predated Kolkata were ruled by the Nawab of Bengal under Mughal suzerainty. After the Nawab granted the East India Company a trading license in 1690, the area was developed by the Company into an increasingly fortified mercantile base. Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah occupied Kolkata in 1756, and the East India Company retook it in the following year and by 1772 assumed full sovereignty. Under East India Company and later under the British Raj, Kolkata served as the capital of India until 1911, when its perceived geographical disadvantages, combined with growing nationalism in Bengal, led to a shift of the capital to New Delhi. The city was a centre of the Indian independence movement; it remains a hotbed of contemporary state politics. Following Indian independence in 1947, Kolkata—which was once the centre of modern Indian education, science, culture, and politics—witnessed several decades of relative economic stagnation. Since the early 2000s, an economic rejuvenation has led to accelerated growth.
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Kumaon division
For Kumaoni/Kumauni People see Kumauni People
Kumaon (Hindi: कुमाऊं) or Kumaun is one of the two regions and administrative divisions of Uttarakhand, a mountainous state of northern India, the other being Garhwal. It includes the districts of Almora, Bageshwar, Champawat, Nainital, Pithoragarh, and Udham Singh Nagar. It is bounded on the north by Tibet, on the east by Nepal, on the south by the state of Uttar Pradesh, and on the west by the Garhwal region. The people of Kumaon are known as Kumaonis and speak the Kumaoni language.
It is home to a famous Indian Army regiment, the Kumaon Regiment.
Important towns of Kumaon are Haldwani, Nainital, Almora, Pithoragarh, Rudrapur, Kashipur, Pantnagar, Mukteshwar and Ranikhet. Nainital is the administrative centre of Kumaon Division and this is where the Uttarakhand high court is located.
The Kumaon region consists of a large Himalayan tract, together with two submontane strips called the Terai and the Bhabhar. The submontane strips were up to 1850 an almost impenetrable forest, given up to wild animals; but after 1850 the numerous clearings attracted a large population from the hills, who cultivated the rich soil during the hot and cold seasons, returning to the hills in the rains. The rest of Kumaon is a maze of mountains, part of the Himalaya range, some of which are among the loftiest known. In a tract not more than 225 km in length and 65 km in breadth there are over thirty peaks rising to elevations exceeding 5500 m.
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Lok Sabha
Coordinates: 28°37′3″N 77°12′30″E / 28.6175°N 77.20833°E / 28.6175; 77.20833
The Lok Sabha (Hindi: लोक सभा) or House of the People is the lower house of the Parliament of India. Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by direct election under universal adult suffrage. As of 2009, there have been fifteen Lok Sabhas elected by the people of India. The Constitution limits the Lok Sabha to a maximum of 552 members, including no more than 20 members representing people from the Union Territories, and two appointed non-partisan members to represent the Anglo-Indian community (if the President feels that that community is not adequately represented).
Each Lok Sabha is formed for a five-year term, after which it is automatically dissolved, unless extended by a proclamation of emergency. In such cases, the term may be extended by one-year increments. The 15th Lok Sabha was formed in May 2009.
An exercise to redraw Lok Sabha constituencies' boundaries has been carried out by the Delimitation Commission based on the Indian census of 2001. This exercise, which was supposed to be carried out after every census, was suspended in 1976 following a constitutional amendment to avoid adverse effects of the family planning program which was being implemented. Today, the Lok Sabha has its own TV channel, Lok Sabha TV, head-quartered within the premises of Parliament.
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Lucknow
Lucknow /ˈlʌknaʊ/ (Hindi: लखनऊ, Urdu: لکھنؤ, Lakhnaū, IPA: [ˈləkʰnəu] ( listen)) is a city in India and capital of the state of Uttar Pradesh. Lucknow is the administrative headquarters of Lucknow District and Lucknow Division. Located in what was originally known as the Awadh (Oudh) region, Lucknow has always been known as a multicultural city, and flourished as a cultural and artistic capital of North India in the 18th and 19th centuries. Courtly manners, beautiful gardens, poetry, music, and fine cuisine patronised by the Shia Nawabs of Iranian origin, are well known amongst Indians and students of South Asian culture and history. Lucknow is popularly known as The City of Nawabs. It is also known as the "Golden City of the East," "Shiraz-i-Hind" and "The Constantinople of India."
The ancient history of Lucknow is mired in mystries and folk sayings. It is popularly believed that Lucknow (लखनऊ) derives its name from Lakshman (लक्ष्मण) (also known as Lakhan (लखन)), younger brother of Lord Rama, greatest hero of Suryawanshi kshatriya clan of India. Ram ordered Lakshman to establish a new town near Ayodhya, the capital of Rama. Lakshman came and built a strong fort. The present Lakshman Teela (लक्ष्मण टीला) in Lucknow is believed to be the site of ancient city of Lakhanpur built by Lakshman.
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Ludhiana
Ludhiana /ˌluːdiˈɑːnə/ (also Ludhyana; Punjabi: ਲੁਧਿਆਣਾ) is a city and a municipal corporation in Ludhiana district in the Indian state of Punjab. It is the largest city in the state, with an estimated population of 1,613,878 in 2011. The population increases substantially during the crop harvesting season due to migration of laborers from states like Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa and Delhi. It has an area of about 310 km². The city stands on the Sutlej River's old bank, 13 km south of its present course. It is a major industrial center of northern India. Residents of the city may be referred to as Ludhianvis.[citation needed]
Ludhiana is located 100 km west from state capital Chandigarh on NH 95 and is centrally located on National Highway 1 from Indian capital New Delhi to Amritsar, and is well connected to New Delhi by road, frequent train service and by air.
Ludhiana is a well known NRI district of Punjab with a large population living abroad in Canada, and the U.S.
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Mumbai
Mumbai /mʊmˈbaɪ/, also known as Bombay /bɒmˈbeɪ/, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the fourth most populous city in the world, with a total metropolitan area population of approximately 20.5 million. Along with the neighbouring urban areas, including the cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane, it is one of the most populous urban regions in the world. Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2009, Mumbai was named an Alpha world city. Mumbai is also the richest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West or Central Asia.
The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies. For centuries, the islands were under the control of successive indigenous empires before being ceded to the Portuguese and subsequently to the British East India Company. During the mid-18th century, Mumbai was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook the reclamation of the area between the seven constituent islands from the sea. Completed by 1845, the project along with construction of major roads and railways transformed Bombay into a major seaport on the Arabian Sea. Economic and educational development characterised the city during the 19th century. It became a strong base for the Indian independence movement during the early 20th century. When India became independent in 1947, the city was incorporated into Bombay State. In 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as capital. The city was renamed Mumbai in 1996.
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Nahan
Nahan नाहन is a town in Himachal Pradesh in India and is the headquarters of the Sirmaur District.
Nahan is located at 30°33′N 77°18′E / 30.55°N 77.3°E / 30.55; 77.3. It has an average elevation of 920 metre
As of 2005[update] India census, Nahan had a population of 34,632. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Nahan has an average literacy rate of 80%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 83%, and female literacy is 77%. In Nahan, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.
A well-laid out picturesque town, Nahan is situated on a hill top in the Shiwalik Hills, overlooking green hills. Traditionally, saints and princes are linked with the origin of Nahan. The city was founded as a capital by Raja Karan Prakash in 1621. He was very fond of flying kites and he started a tradition of flying kites on rakshabandhan day - a tradition followed till today. Another version recalls a saint who lived with a companion named Nahar on the site where the Nahan palace now stands. "Nahar" means Don't kill and the town probably takes its name from an incident when a king was trying to kill a lion and the saint said Nahar, that is do not kill it. The name of the saint was Baba Banwari Das.
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Nepal
Nepal (नेपाल) (i/nɛˈpɔːl/ ne-PAWLNepali: नेपाल [neˈpal] ( listen)), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked sovereign state located in South Asia. It is located in the Himalayas and bordered to the north by the People's Republic of China, and to the south, east, and west by the Republic of India. Specifically, the Indian states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, and Sikkim border Nepal, while across the Himalayas lies the Tibetan Autonomous Region. With an area of 147,181 square kilometres (56,827 sq mi) and a population of approximately 27 million (and 2 million absentee workers living abroad), Nepal is the world's 93rd largest country by land mass and the 41st most populous country. Kathmandu is the nation's capital and the country's largest metropolis. Kathmandu Valley itself has estimated population of 5 million.
Nepal has a rich geography. The mountainous north has eight of the world's ten tallest mountains, including the highest point on Earth, Mount Everest, called Sagarmatha in Nepali. It contains more than 240 peaks over 20,000 ft (6,096 m) above sea level. The fertile and humid south is heavily urbanized.
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New Delhi
New Delhii/ˈnjuː dɛli/ is the capital city of India. As the national capital, New Delhi is the seat of executive, legislative, and judiciary branches of the Government of India. It also serves as the centre of the Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi. New Delhi is situated within the metropolis of Delhi and is one of the nine districts of Delhi Union Territory.
The definition of New Delhi is unclear and the differentiation between Delhi and New Delhi is blurry. Even administratively, the demarcation between Delhi and New Delhi is not clear. Government of India and Government of Delhi have not clearly defined the area and boundaries of New Delhi. The boundaries of areas of New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) and New Delhi district of Delhi do not completely overlap. In 1920s, when British constructed New Delhi, there were only two Delhis' – the old walled city called Old Delhi and the new city designed by Edwin Lutyens to serve as capital of British India, which was called 'New Delhi'. The rest of Delhi was rural. But after independence as more and more areas around New Delhi urbanized they also became a part of New Delhi as they were also a part of Delhi which was 'new'. Now, almost all of National Capital Territory of Delhi, with exceptions of the old city called Old Delhi, Civil Lines area, Trans-Yamuna region, some rural areas and some underdeveloped parts of Delhi (e.g. Ashok Vihar, Timarpur, Nangloi, Sultanpuri, Mangolpuri, Badarpur etc.), is designated as 'New Delhi' in postal addresses. Especially, almost all the places in South, South-west, Central and West districts of Delhi are designated as New Delhi. Most of the time, the terms Delhi and New Delhi are used interchangeably.
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Panaji
Panaji /ˈpʌnədʒiː/ (Konkani: पणजी Panaje, pronounced [pɔɳɟĩ], [pɵɳɟiː] ( listen), Marathi पणजी, usually known in English as Panjim) is the capital of the Indian state of Goa. It lies on the banks of the Mandovi estuary, in the district of North Goa. With a population of 65,000 in the city and approximately 100,000 in the metropolitan area, Panaji is Goa's third largest city after Vasco da Gama and Margao.
Panaji means “Land that never floods”. Panaji is the capital of Goa and headquarters of North Goa District, located on the left bank of the Mandovi River, piled up against terraced hills, a jumble of concrete buildings with whimsical balconies and red-tiled roofs, bleached clean churches and a riverside promenade, with red-roofed houses built in Latin style. It also has modern houses, well laid gardens, statues and avenues lined with gulmohar, acacia and other trees. The Baroque church of the Our Lady of Immaculate Conception located overlooking the main square known as Praça da Igreja, pretty villas, cobbled streets and interesting buildings give Panaji a Portuguese ambience.
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Patiala
Patiala (Punjabi: ਪਟਿਆਲਾ) is a city located in south-eastern Punjab, in northern India.The city is the administrative capital of Patiala district. Patiala is located around a castle named Qila Mubarak (the Fortunate Castle). It was constructed by a militiaman, Baba Ala Singh in 1763.
Patiala is a Congress-Party stronghold. In popular culture, the city remains famous for its traditional turban (a type of headgear), paranda (a kind of tasselled tag for braiding hair), patiala salwar (a type of female trousers), jutti (a type of footwear) and Patiala peg (a measure of liquor).
The first Indian astronaut, Rakesh Sharma, was born in Patiala.
Patiala is located at 30°20′N 76°23′E / 30.34°N 76.38°E / 30.34; 76.38. It has an average elevation of 250 metres (820 feet). During short existence of PEPSU, Patiala served as it capital city. During the reign of Maharajas, Patiala state extended from Narnaul, Hissar in Harayana to Kandaghat and Chail in Himachal.
In the 18th century, the political vacuum created by the downfall of the Mughals was successfully filled up by the Sikh Misldars in Punjab by thwarting the designs of the Marathas and the Afghans. One among these independent principalities of the Sikhs was that established by Baba Ala Singh at Patiala.
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Patna
Paṭnā /ˈpʌtnə/ ( Hindi pronunciation (help·info)) is the capital of the Indian state of Bihar and the second most populous city in Eastern India. Patna is one of the oldest continuously inhabited places in the world.Ancient Patna, known as Pataliputra, was the capital of the Magadha Empire under the Haryanka, Nanda, Mauryan, Sunga, Gupta, Pala and during the Islamic period the seat of power for the Suri dynasty.
Pataliputra was also a seat of learning and fine arts. Its population during the Maurya period (around 300 BCE) was about 400,000.
The modern city of Patna is situated on the southern bank of the Ganges. The city also straddles the rivers Sone, Gandak and Punpun. The city is approximately 35 km long and 16 km to 18 km wide.
In June 2009, the World Bank ranked Patna in second place in India, after Delhi, in terms of the ease of starting a business. As at 2004-2005, Patna had the highest per capita gross district domestic product in Bihar, at Rs31,441. On the basis of,assumed average annual growth,Patna has been ranked as 21st fastest growing city in the world and 5th fastest growing city in India by City Mayors Foundation.Patna registered average annual growth of 3.72%,for the period of 2006-2010.
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Port Blair
Port Blair (Hindi: पोर्ट ब्लेयर pronunciation (help·info), Tamil: போர்ட் ப்ளேர், Bengali: পোর্ট ব্লেয়ার, ) is the largest town and a municipal council in Andaman district in the Andaman Islands and the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India. It lies on the east coast of South Andaman Island and is the main entry point to the islands.
Port Blair is the headquarters for the Indian district of South Andaman, and the local administrative sub-division (tehsil), which is also called Port Blair. It is home to several museums and a major base for the Indian Navy and the Indian Coast Guard. It is also the headquarters of the Tri Services Command.
In 1789 the government of Bengal established a penal colony on Chatham Island in the southeast bay of Great Andaman, named Port Blair to honor Lieutenant Archibald Blair of the British East India Company. After two years, the colony moved to the northeast part of Great Andaman and was named Port Cornwallis after Admiral William Cornwallis. However, there was much disease and death in the penal colony, and the government ceased operating it in May 1796.
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Ranchi
Ranchi /ˈrɑːntʃi/ ( Hindi (help·info)) is the capital of the Indian state of Jharkhand. Jharkhand accounts for 40% of the mineral resources of India. Earlier most of the part in Jharkhand was covered by forest but now due to urbanization trees are cut and forest cover is depleting fast. Since 2011 census Ranchi now is one of the 53 million-plus cities of India and stands as the 46th largest city out of top 53.[citation needed]. Ranchi was the centre of the Jharkhand movement for a separate state for the tribal regions of South Bihar, northern Orissa, Western West Bengal and the present eastern Chhattisgarh. Jharkhand State was formed on 15 November 2000 by carving the Bihar divisions of Chota Nagpur and Santhal Parganas.
The name Ranchi comes from the original Oraon village Archi at the site. Archi derives from the Oraon word for bamboo grove or stave. According to legend, after an altercation with a spirit, a farmer beat the spirit with his bamboo stave or archi. The spirit shouted archi, archi, archi and vanished; Archi became Rachi, and Rachi became Ranchi.. One historically significant neighborhood is Doranda ('duran' 'दुरङ' means song and 'daah' 'दअः' means water in the Mundari language), between the Hinoo (Bhusur) & Harmoo Rivers, where the civil station, treasury and church established by the British Raj were destroyed by rebel forces during the Sepoy Mutiny. The present Purani (old) Ranchi marks the site of the old village of Archi.
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Rashtrapati Niwas
The Viceregal Lodge, also known as Rashtrapati Niwas is located on the Observatory Hills of Shimla, Himachal Pradesh. It was formerly the residence of the British Viceroy of India Lord Dufferin. This is the most beautiful building in Shimla. It houses some of the most articles and photographs going back to the times of the British rule in India.
The Viceregal Lodge was designed by British architect Henry Irwin and built in the Jacobethan style during the regime of Lord Dufferin. Its construction started in 1880 and was completed in 1888. Lord Dufferin occupied the lodge on July 23, 1888.
The summer capital of British India was of little use to the President of India who visited it only for a few days in the year, if at all. Professor S.Radhakrishnan thought of putting it to academic use. The Rashtrapati Nivas Estate was transferred to the Ministry of Education to be handed over to the Indian Institute of Advanced Study. The C.P.W.D., the Himachal Pradesh High Court, and the Himachal Pradesh University were allowed in due course to use some of its buildings but the bulk of the Estate, including its well kept lawns and rich glass-house, has remained in use for the Indian Institute of Advanced Study.
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Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ( /ˈriːoʊ deɪ ʒəˈnɛəroʊ/ or /ˈriːoʊ deɪ dʒəˈnɛəroʊ/; Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈʁi.u dʒi ʒaˈnejɾu],River of January), commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil, and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, boasting approximately 6.3 million people within the city proper, making it the 6th largest in the Americas, and 26th in the world.
The city was the capital of Brazil for nearly two centuries, from 1763 to 1815 during the Portuguese colonial era, 1815 to 1821 as the capital of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves, and 1822 to 1960 as an independent nation. Rio is nicknamed the Cidade Maravilhosa or "Marvelous City."
Rio de Janeiro represents the second largest GDP in the country (and 30th largest in the world in 2008), estimated at about R$ 343 billion (IBGE/2008) (nearly US$ 201 billion), and is the headquarters of two major Brazilian companies – Petrobras and Vale, and major oil companies and telephony in Brazil, besides the largest conglomerate of media and communications companies in Latin America, the Globo Organizations. The home of many universities and institutes, it is the second largest center of research and development in Brazil, accounting for 17% of national scientific production – according to 2005 data.
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Sanjauli
Sanjauli is a mail suburb of Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, under Shimla district, India.
Shimla is located in the north-western ranges of the Himalayas. At an average altitude of 2397.59 meters (7866.10 ft) above mean sea level.
Sanjauli is the main suburb of Shimla. It has many inhabited places nearby- Cemetery road, HB colony, Bhatta Kuffar, Sanjay Van, Dhingu dhar, Shanan, Navbhar, Chaulanti and areas other side of the Sanjauli-Dahli tunnel. Sanjauli is situated just below the Jakhu Hill. Sanjauli has the Famous Sanjauli-Dahli tunnel made by British government during that time when Shimla was capital of British India. Sanjauli has the very old Government College, Sanjauli, compels one to halt at its portals and ruminate on the value-oriented education being imparted by this premier institution of Shimla. The college enjoys the distinct position of not only being the first Degree college to have been set up in Shimla in 1969, but also the first college to have been conferred with the status of Centre Of Excellence in 2006. It came in to existence in 1969 and is affiliated with Himachal Pradesh University. Few Meters away from Sanjauli College there is Indira Gandhi Medical College Shimla is the area's healthcare centre, hosting a medical college and four major hospitals. Near Sanjauli, Navbhar is the place where the St.Bede's College Shimla and Jesus And Marry Chelsea convent School is situated. Dhingu mata Temple is the one of the best place of Sanjauli, road to the temple for light vehicles is also available. Sanjauli has a very wide and long Market spread from Sanjauli Chowk to Tunnel. Apart from this Sanjauli has unique architecture of houses. Sanjauli Cemetery is the only cemetery in Shimla that is still in use. Presently it is used by the Indian Christians but originally it was started by British in 1921. Since 2008 Sanjauli has bye pass road to Dhalli through Chaulanthi.
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Shillong
Shillong, India (Khasi: Shillong) is the capital of Meghalaya, one of the smallest states in India and home to the Khasis. It is also the headquarters of the East Khasi Hills district and is situated at an average altitude of 4,908 feet (1,496 m) above sea level, with the highest point being Shillong Peak at 6,449 feet (1,966 m). The city had a population of 314,610 according to the 2011 census. It is said that the rolling hills around the town reminded the European settlers of Scotland. Hence, Shillong is also known as "Scotland of the East." Shillong has steadily grown in size and significance since it was made the civil station of the Khasi and Jaintia Hills in 1864 by the British. In 1874, on the formation of Assam as a Chief Commissioner's Province, it was chosen as the headquarters of the new administration because of its convenient location between the Brahmaputra and Surma valleys and more so because the climate of Shillong was much cooler than tropical India. Shillong remained the capital of undivided Assam until the creation of the new state of Meghalaya on 21 January 1972, when Shillong became the capital of Meghalaya and Assam moved its capital to Dispur in Guwahati.
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Shimla
Shimla /ˈʃɪmlə/ (Hindi: शिमला [ˈʃɪmlaː] ( listen)), formerly known as Simla, is the capital city of Himachal Pradesh. In 1864, Shimla was declared the summer capital of the British Raj in India. A popular tourist destination, Shimla is often referred to as the "Queen of Hills," a term coined by the British. Located in the north-west Himalayas at an average altitude of 2,205 metres (7,234 ft), the city of Shimla, draped in forests of pine, rhododendron, and oak, experiences pleasant summers and cold, snowy winters. The city is famous for its buildings styled in 'Tudorbethan' and neo-Gothic architecture dating from the colonial era. Shimla is connected to the city of Kalka by one of the longest narrow gauge railway routes still operating in India, the Kalka-Shimla Railway. Shimla is approximately 145 km (90 mi) from Mandi, 100 km (62 mi) from Chandigarh, the nearest major city, and 365 km (227 mi) from New Delhi, the national capital. The city is named after the goddess Shyamala Devi, an incarnation of the Hindu Goddess Kali.
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Shimla district
Shimla district of Himachal Pradesh, lies between the longitude 77.00" and 78.19" east and latitude 30.45" and 31.44" north, has its headquarters at Shimla city. It is surrounded by Mandi and Kullu in the north, Kinnaur in the east, Uttarakhand in the south, Sirmaur in the west. The elevation of the district ranges from 300 metres (984 ft) to 6,000 metres (19,685 ft).
As of 2011 it is the third most populous district of Himachal Pradesh (out of 12), after Kangra and Mandi.
The most commonly practised religion in the district is Hinduism. Hindi and Pahari are the languages spoken here. Agriculture is the major source of income.
Shimla is connected by road to all the major towns. Distance between the Major Towns and Shimla :-
As of Census of India 2001
Population
Persons - 8,13,384
Males - 4,24,486
Females - 3,88,898
Sex ratio (females per 1000 males) - 916
Growth (2001–2011) - 12.58%
Rural - 555,269
Urban - 167,233
Sex ratio (0–6 years) - 922
Scheduled Caste population - 188,787
Percentage to total population - 26.13%
Scheduled Tribe population - 4,112
Percentage to total population - 0 .57%
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Silvassa
Silvassa (Marathi: सिल्वासा (help·info), Gujarati: સેલ્વાસ) is the capital of the Indian Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.
The city has a large number of factories and industries providing significant government revenue, which allows the city to maintain a low level of taxation.
Silvassa is located at 20°16′N 73°01′E / 20.27°N 73.02°E / 20.27; 73.02. It has an average elevation of 32 metres (104 ft).
As of 2001 India census, Silvassa had a population of 21,890. Males constitute 57% of the population and females 43%. Silvassa has an average literacy rate of 75%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 68%. In Silvassa, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age. Marathi and Gujarati are the main languages spoken.
Silvassa is also considered to be the home of Warli culture. Warli is the language spoken by the Warli people which is basically a mixture of Marathi and Gujarati languages with a local twist.
The Bollywood movie Phool aur Kante was shot in Silvassa.
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Srinagar
Srinagar /sriˈnɑːɡər/ ( Hindi pronunciation (help·info)) is the summer capital of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is situated in the Kashmir Valley and lies on the banks of the Jhelum River, a tributary of the Indus. The city is famous for its gardens, lakes and houseboats. It is also known for traditional Kashmiri handicrafts and dry fruits.
Etymologically Srinagar is composed of two Sanskrit words, śrī (venerable) and nagar, which means "city". One theory of the origin of the name is that a Pandava King Ashoka (not to be confused with the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka) built the city of Srinagari (Srinagar). Another theory is that Mauryan Emperor Ashoka founded the original city of Srinagar, then situated on the site of the present village of Pandrathan, 5 km to the north of the existing capital.
Srinagar has a long history, dating back at least to the 3rd century BC, and has been known by different names. The city was founded by the King Pravarasena II over 2,000 years ago, named it Parvasenpur. The city was then a part of the Maurya Empire, one of the largest empires of the Indian subcontinent. Ashoka introduced Buddhism to the Kashmir valley, and the adjoining regions around the city became a centre of Buddhism. In the 1st century, the region was under the control of Kushans and several rulers of this dynasty strengthened the Buddhist tradition. Vikramaditya (of Ujjain) and his successors probably ruled the regions just before the city fell to the control of the Huns in the 6th century, and Mihirkula was the most dreaded ruler of the city and the valley.
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Sutlej
The Sutlej River (alternatively spelled as Satluj River) (Punjabi: ਸਤਲੁਜ, Sanskrit: शुतुद्रि, Śutudri, Urdu: ستلج, and Hindi: सतलज) is the longest of the five rivers that flow through the historic crossroad region of Punjab in northern India and Pakistan. It is located north of the Vindhya Range, south of the Hindu Kush segment of the Himalayas, and east of the Central Sulaiman Range in Pakistan.
The Sutlej is sometimes known as the Red River. It is the easternmost tributary of the Indus River. Its source is from Lowangko Co, Tibet near Lake Rakshastal in Tibet, China, near Mount Kailas, and it flows generally west and southwest entering India through the Shipki La pass in Himachal Pradesh. In Pakistan, it waters the ancient and historical former Bahawalpur state. The region to its south and east is arid, and is known as Cholistan a part of Bahawalpur Division. The Sutlej is joined by the Beas River in Hari-Ke-Patan, Amritsar, Punjāb, India, and continues southwest into Pakistan to unite with the Chenab River, forming the Panjnad River near Bahawalpur. The Panjnad joins the Indus River at Mithankot. Indus then flows through a gorge near Sukkur, flows through the fertile plains region of Sindh, forming large delta region between border of Gujarat, India & Pakistan and finally terminates in the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi in Pakistan.
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Thiruvananthapuram
Thiruvananthapuram,[needs IPA]known in English as Trivandrum /trɨˈvændrəm/, is the capital of the Indian state of Kerala and the headquarters of the Thiruvananthapuram District. It is located on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland. Referred to by Mahatma Gandhi as the "Evergreen city of India", the city is characterized by its undulating terrain of low coastal hills and busy commercial alleys. With more than 750,000 inhabitants in the city proper, and a population around 1.68 million when including the wider urban agglomeration, Thiruvananthapuram is the largest and most populous city in Kerala. It is an IT hub of the state with over 80% of the state's software exports.
The city houses several central and state government offices and organizations. Apart from being the political nerve centre of Kerala, it is also a major academic hub and is home to several educational institutions including the University of Kerala, and to many science and technology institutions, the most prominent being the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Technopark, the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST), the Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Kerala,Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research (IISER), the Centre for Development Studies, the International Centre for Free and Open Source Software (ICFOSS), the Regional Research Laboratory, the Centre for Earth Science Studies, Rajeev Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology and the Sree Chithira Thirunal Institute for Medical Science and Technology. It is also considered as one of the 10 greenest cities in India. Thiruvananthapuram was ranked as the best city in Kerala to live in by a recent Times of India survey
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Una district
Una is one of the districts of Himachal Pradesh, India, and shares its border with the Hoshiarpur District of Punjab. The terrain is generally a plain with low hills. Una has been identified as a main industrial hub and has become a transit town for travellers going to the famous city of Dharamsala or locations within the Himalayas such as Kullu, Manali, Jawalamukhi, and Chintpurni.
Una is home to the Kila, which is a historical fort and an ancestral home of the descendants of the first guru of the Sikhs, Guru Nanak.
Local languages are Punjabi, Pahari and Hindi. The predominant language though spoken is a hybrid of Punjabi and Pahari. People typically wear Dhoti and Kurta (amongst elder males) and Kurta Pyjamas, pants, shirts, and trousers amongst youngster males and salwar kameez for women.
According to the 2001 census, the total population of Una is 447,967 with a ratio of 997 females per 1,000 males. The literacy rate is at 81.09%. The total area of the district is 1,549 km2 (598 sq mi). The population is mix of Hindus and Sikhs, with Sikhs in the minority.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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14th Dalai Lama
The 14th Dalai Lama (religious name: Tenzin Gyatso, shortened from Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso, born Lhamo Dondrub, 6 July 1935) is the 14th and current Dalai Lama, as well as the longest lived incumbent. Dalai Lamas are the most influential figures in the Gelugpa lineage of Tibetan Buddhism, although the 14th has consolidated control over the other lineages in recent years. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989, and is also well known for his lifelong advocacy for Tibetans inside and outside Tibet. Tibetans traditionally believe him to be the reincarnation of his predecessors and a manifestation of the Bodhisattva of Compassion.
The Dalai Lama was born in Taktser, Qinghai (also known to Tibetans as Amdo), and was selected as the rebirth of the 13th Dalai Lama two years later, although he was only formally recognized as the 14th Dalai Lama on 17 November 1950, at the age of 15. He inherited control over a government controlling an area roughly corresponding to the Tibet Autonomous Region just as the nascent People's Republic of China wished to assert central control over it. There is a dispute over whether the respective governments reached an agreement for a joint Chinese-Tibetan administration.
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Anuj Sharma
Anuj Sharma (Hindi: अनुज शर्मा) is an Indian singer born in the small town of Rehan, Himachal Pradesh, India.
Sharma had begun his career while recording a Himachali Folk album in late 1996. Since then he has recorded more than 40 albums of Himachali Folk songs for a number of recording companies. He was among the final three in Indian Idol 2, India's version of Pop Idol. Since Indian Idol he has delivered a variety of critically acclaimed live performances in India and abroad. He had also received awards from a number of organizations.
Anuj Sharma born in Rehan, India. He had attended the Government Senior Secondary School Rehan for his primary and secondary level education. He joined Wajir Ram Sing Government College Dehri as a music student where he started his basic music learning. Anuj was a good singer from his childhood and won the best singer award in an inter-college competition at Himachal Pradesh University during his first year in college. He became famous in Himachal Pradesh with some Himachali folk albums during his bachelor degree in music. After finishing his bachelor degree he took his Masters in music at Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, where ho continued to win competitions. He also recorded more Himachali folk albums. He also took a Diploma of Music Recordist at Media Mates in Delhi after his university studies.
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Anupam Kher
Anupam Kher (born 7 March 1955) is an Indian actor who has appeared in nearly 450 films and 100 plays. Though mainly appearing in Bollywood films, he has had roles in some films from other nations as well. He has held the post of Chairman of the Censor Board and National School of Drama in India.
Anupam Kher was born into a Kashmiri Pandit family and lived in Shimla and was educated at D.A.V. School there. He is an alumnus and a former chairperson of the National School of Drama. Some of his early acting was in plays performed at the Himachal Pradesh University.
Kher made his acting debut in the 1982 Hindi movie Aagman. Then in 1984 came Saaransh, where 28-year old Kher played a retired man who has lost his son. He hosted TV shows such as Say Na Something To Anupam Uncle, Sawaal Dus Crore Ka and the recent Lead India. He has had many comic roles but has also played the villain such as his acclaimed role as terrorist Dr. Dang in Karma (1986). For his role in Daddy (1989) he received the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance. Kher has won the Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role five times, more than any other actor.
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British People
British people (also referred to as the British, Britons, or informally as Brits or Britishers) are citizens or natives of the United Kingdom, of the Isle of Man, of any of the Channel Islands, or of any of the British overseas territories, and their descendants.British nationality law governs modern British citizenship and nationality, which can be acquired, for instance, by birth in the UK or by descent from British nationals. When used in a historical context, the term British people refers to the ancient Britons, the indigenous inhabitants of Great Britain south of the Forth.
Although early assertions of being British date from the Late Middle Ages, the creation of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 triggered a sense of British national identity. The notion of Britishness was forged during the Napoleonic Wars between Britain and the First French Empire, and developed further during the Victorian era. The complex history of the formation of the United Kingdom created a "particular sense of nationhood and belonging" in Great Britain; Britishness became "superimposed on much older identities", of English, Scots and Welsh cultures, whose distinctiveness still resist notions of a homogenised British identity. Because of longstanding ethno-sectarian divisions, British identity in Northern Ireland is controversial, but it is held with strong conviction by unionists.
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Horatio Boileau Goad
Horatio Boileau Goad (18 September 1839 – 12 February 1896) was a policeman who rose to be the secretary of the Municipal Corporation of Simla, British India. He had an extraordinary knowledge of local languages and customs and was a master of disguise. He was the eldest son of Major Samuel Boileau Goad who built and owned 33 homes in Simla. Rudyard Kipling based the character Strickland in Plain Tales from the Hills on Goad. Goad committed suicide in 1896.
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James Quinton
James Maurice Quinton (12 May 1874 – 22 December 1922) was an English cricketer. Quinton was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast.
Quinton made his first-class debut for Oxford University in 1895 against the Marylebone Cricket Club. That same season Quinton made his County Championship debut for Hampshire against Leicestershire.
In 1896 Quinton played his final first-class match for Oxford University, coming against the Marylebone Cricket Club, the team he made his debut against the previous year. Quinton also represented Hampshire in two first-class matches in 1896, against Sussex and Yorkshire.
His final appearance for Hampshire came three years later in 1899 in a County Championship match against Essex.
Quinton died in Reading, Berkshire on 22 December 1922.
Quinton's brother, Francis Quinton, also represented Hampshire in first-class cricket. Quinton played alongside Francis in two matches against Sussex and NEW YORK.
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Kangna Ranaut
Kangna Ranaut (born 20 March 1987) is an Indian actress who appears mostly in Hindi films. She made her acting debut in 2006 with a leading role in Gangster. She won a Filmfare as well as a National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as a troubled model in Fashion (2008) and subsequently featured in such commercially successful films as Raaz – The Mystery Continues (2009), Once Upon A Time In Mumbai (2010), Double Dhamaal (2011) and Tanu Weds Manu (2011).
Ranaut was born to Asha, a school teacher, and Amardeep, a businessman. She has an elder sister, Rangoli and a younger brother, Akshit. She was born in a small town called Bhambla in Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh. Her family lives in Mandi. According to Ranaut, her ancestors were Rajputs who came from a royal family in Jaipur, before one of them made their home in Himachal.
She did her schooling in Dehradun. After a few months of college, she moved to Delhi to become a model and joined the Elite Modelling Agency in 2003.
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Kaul Singh Thakur
Kaul Singh Thakur (born 23 November 1945) is the current present President of the Pradesh Congress Committee, Himachal Pradesh, India
Kaul Singh Thakur was born in Village Sambal district Mandi, the son of Lachhman Singh Thakur. He studied at Punjab University, Chandigarh where he earned a Bachelor of Arts. He got married to Chinta Devi. The name of his second wife is Padma Thakur. He is a political and legal practitioner. He organised a student's union in Government College, Mandi and got elected as its president. He also attended leadership, mountaineering and social service courses as a senior Officer of the National Cadet Corps. He is one of the C certificate holders in NCC. He represented Himachal in the Republic Day parade in Delhi in 1967. He also performed traffic duties during the time of Pak-aggression in 1965. He started his political career as a member of the Panchayat Samiti, Mandi Sadar. He was elected its chairman in 1973 and remained at the post till 1977. He did many developmental works at Panchayat level.
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Mohit Chauhan
Mohit Chauhan (born March 11, 1974) is an Indian pop and playback singer, most known for his romantic ballads. He started his career singing Indian pop songs with the band Silk Route, which released two albums, Boondein (1998) and Pehchan. The song "Dooba Dooba" became a rave in the Indipop music scene. However, the band dissolved. He would stay off the scene for a while until he came back with the song "Guncha" in 2005 from the "Main, Meri Patni Aur Woh" for which, he would also compose. Impressed by his vocals, he was then approached by A. R. Rahman to sing for the movie Rang De Basanti. The song "Khoon Chala" earned him rave reviews. However, it wouldn't be until 2007 when music director Pritam approached him for the song Tum Se Hi for the movie Jab We Met that Chauhan would finally achieve mainstream success.
Mohit Chauhan was born in the town of Nahan in Sirmaur district, Himachal Pradesh, to Krishana Rana and B. K. Rana. He can speak fluently in Pahari and Hindi. He first attended St. Xavier's School, Delhi and then again moved to Himachal Pradesh to complete his education. Chauhan went to college in Nahan Sirmour, Bilaspur, Mandi, Kullu, and graduated with a Master of Science in Geology from the Dharamshala College in Himachal.
wn.com/Mohit_Chauhan -
Norah Richards
Norah Richards (1876 – March 3, 1971) was an Irish-born actress and theatre practitioner, who was later called the Lady Gregory of the Punjab. She devoted 60 years (1911–1971) of her life towards enriching the culture of this land of five rivers. She came to the Punjab in 1911, and produced in 1914 the first Punjabi play, Dulhan (“The Bride”), written by her pupil I.C. Nanda.
In 1970, Punjabi University, Patiala, conferred an honorary degree of D. Litt. on her, for her contribution to Punjabi culture, especially Punjabi drama.
Norah Mary Hutman was born on 29 October 1876, in Ireland. She received her formal education in various institutions in different parts of the world, mainly Belgium, Oxford University and Sydney.
At a very young age she took to the stage and became a successful actress. She married Philip Earnest Richards, an English teacher and a Unitarian Christian. She came to India in 1908 as her husband accepted a job to teach English literature at Dyal Singh College in Lahore (Sardar Dyal Singh Majithia, founder of the college, was an ardent follower of Brahmo Samaj, which had a synergic relationship with the Unitarian Christian movement).
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Pratibha Singh
Pratibha Singh (born 16 June 1956) was a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. She represented the Mandi constituency of Himachal Pradesh and is a member of the Indian National Congress.
wn.com/Pratibha_Singh -
Preity Zinta
Preity Zinta (pronounced [ˈpriːt̪i ˈzɪɳʈaː]; born 31 January 1975) is an Indian film actress. She has appeared in Hindi films of Bollywood, as well as Telugu, Punjabi and English language films. After graduating with a degree in criminal psychology, Zinta made her acting debut in Dil Se.. in 1998 followed by a role in Soldier the same year. These performances earned her a Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut, and she was later recognised for her role as a teenage single mother in Kya Kehna (2000). She subsequently played a variety of character types; her film roles along with her screen persona contributed to a change in the concept of a Hindi film heroine.
Zinta received a Filmfare Award for Best Actress in 2003 for her performance in the drama Kal Ho Naa Ho. She went on to play the lead female role in two consecutive annual top-grossing films in India: the science fiction film Koi... Mil Gaya (2003), her biggest commercial success, and the star-crossed romance Veer-Zaara (2004), which earned her critical acclaim. She was later noted for her portrayal of independent, modern Indian women in Salaam Namaste (2005) and Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna (2006), top-grossing productions in overseas markets. These accomplishments have established her as a leading actress of Hindi cinema. Her first international film role was in the Canadian film Heaven on Earth, for which she was awarded the Silver Hugo Award for Best Actress at the 2008 Chicago International Film Festival.
wn.com/Preity_Zinta -
Prem Kumar Dhumal
Prem Kumar Dhumal (pronounced [preːmə kʊmaːrə d̪ʱuːmələ], Hindi: प्रेम कुमार धूमल [??] ( listen); born 10 April 1944) is the 12th and current chief minster of Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. He is an Indian politician who is a 2 time Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh from March 1998 to March 2003 and again since 31 December 2007.
Prem Kumar Dhumal was born to Capt. Mahant Ram and Smt. Phulmu Devi on 10 April 1944, in the Samirpur of Hamirpur District, Punjab, British India.
Mr. Dhumal started his career as an Assistant with the Life Insurance Corporation of India, having completed his Post Graduation in English literature and a degree in Law, while, first working with LIC and later as a teacher with the Panjabi University Evening College Jalandhar and then educated from Doaba College, Jalandhar city. He had also captained College volleyball team for three consecutive years.
Controversy technically Mr. Dhumal is not Prof. Dhumal because he is not awarded with a Phd and he worked as an English lecturer for a private college. Another controversy his media advisor with some other big fishes were found in company of call girls in Shimla. Rajinder Rana was sacked after few days.. Rajinder rana was later given clean chit ironically investigation in this case was also made by state CID which is under Mr. Dhumal himself as he is the head of home ministry.
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Prithvi Narayan Shah
Prithvi Narayan Shah, King of Nepal (1723–1775; Nepali: पृथ्वीनारायण शाह) was the first king of the House of Shahs to rule Nepal.He is credited for starting the campaign for a unified Nepal, which had been divided and weakened under Malla confederacy. He was the ninth generation descendant of Dravya Shah (1559–1570), the founder of the ruling house of Gorkha.Prithvi Narayan Shah succeeded his father King Nara Bhupal Shah to the throne of Gorkha in 1743.
His mother was Kaushalyawati Shah but he was cared for by his first mother Chandra Prabhavati. He started taking a general interest in the affairs of the state because his father spent most of his time in the prayer room. He had a great dream to win over Nuwakot. His first mother was his perfection against his loyalty towards the unification of modern Nepal. Walking around Gorkha and talking to people about the general concerns of the palace was his passion and this helped him to understand the needs of the citizens of Gorkha. He was a Sisodia Rajput from Chittor but his ancestors settled in Gorkha district which later on became the name of a warrior clan Gurkha who are of mixed Rajput-Mongol race.
wn.com/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah -
Rudyard Kipling
Joseph Rudyard Kipling ( /ˈrʌdjəd ˈkɪplɪŋ/ RUD-yəd KIP-ling; 30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936) was an English poet, short-story writer, and novelist chiefly remembered for his tales and poems of British soldiers in India, and his tales for children. Kipling received the 1907 Nobel Prize for Literature. He was born in Bombay, in the Bombay Presidency of British India, and was taken by his family to England when he was five years old. Kipling is best known for his works of fiction, including The Jungle Book (a collection of stories which includes "Rikki-Tikki-Tavi"), Just So Stories (1902) (1894), Kim (1901) (a tale of adventure), many short stories, including "The Man Who Would Be King" (1888); and his poems, including Mandalay (1890), Gunga Din (1890), The White Man's Burden (1899) and If— (1910). He is regarded as a major "innovator in the art of the short story"; his children's books are enduring classics of children's literature; and his best works are said to exhibit "a versatile and luminous narrative gift".
wn.com/Rudyard_Kipling -
Ruskin Bond
Ruskin Bond, born 19 May 1934 in Kasauli Distt Solan, is an Indian author of British descent.
In 1992, he received the Sahitya Akademi award for his short story collection, Our Trees Still Grow in Dehra, given by the Sahitya Academy, India's National Academy of Literature. He was awarded the Padma Shri in 1999 for contributions to children's literature. He now lives with his adopted family in Landour near Mussoorie.
Bond was born in a military hospital in Kasauli, brother to Ellen and William, the children of Edith Clerke and Aubrey Bond. Ruskin’s father was with the Royal Air Force. When Bond was four years old, his mother was separated from his father and married a Punjabi-Hindu, Mr. Hari, who himself had been married once. Bond spent his early childhood in Jamnagar and Shimla. At the age of ten Ruskin went to live at his grandmother's house in Dehradun after his father's sudden death in 1944 from malaria. Ruskin was raised by his mother, who remarried an Indian businessman. He completed his schooling at Bishop Cotton School in Shimla, from where he graduated in 1952. Ruskin’s love for books and writing came early to him since his father had surrounded him with books and encouraged him to write little descriptions of nature and he took his son on hikes in the hills.
wn.com/Ruskin_Bond -
Shahid Javed Burki
Shahid Javed Burki (Urdu: شاہد جاوید برکی) is a professional economist who has served as a Vice President of the World Bank and as a caretaker Finance Minister of Pakistan. He has written extensively on economic development and on the political history of Pakistan.
Born in Simla in (then-British) India on September 14, 1938, Burki migrated as a child along with his family to Pakistan at the time of the Partition of India in September 1947. They settled in Rawalpindi, where his father worked as an official in the Pakistan army headquarters. Burki was educated at Rawalpindi's Presentation Convent and St Mary's Academy. Upon graduation he moved to Lahore to study double majors in Physics and Mathematics at Government College University, Lahore. He received his M.Sc. in Physics from the Punjab University in 1959. The following year he was chosen as a Rhodes Scholar from Pakistan and went to Christ Church, Oxford to study economics. He received his M.A. from Oxford in 1963 and then went to Harvard University as a Mason Fellow for graduate studies in Economics and Public Administration.
wn.com/Shahid_Javed_Burki -
Shanta Kumar
Shanta Kumar (born 12 September 1934) is a former Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh and a former minister in Government of India. He is a leader of Bharatiya Janata Party. He was elected to the 9th Lok Sabha from Kangra constituency in 1989. He was re-elected to the Lok Sabha in 1998 and 1999 from the same constituency. He has written a number of books .
Shanta Kumar is a BJP veteran who was born and bred in the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ideology. He was hardly 17 when in 1953 he was arrested during Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee’s Kashmir Andolan. With a political career spanning more than five decades, he was one of the founder- members of Bharatiya Jana Sangh and member of its National Working Committee. In 1977 he became the first-ever non-Congress Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh. Presently, he is the National Vice-President of Bharatiya Janata Party. His first tenure as chief minister is remembered as paaniwala Mukhya Mantri, and for innovative Antyodaya Yojna, and fighting for Himachal’s rights which had been ignored at the time of reorganization of Punjab.
wn.com/Shanta_Kumar -
Sukh Ram
Sukh Ram is a former union communications minister in Indian National Congress Government. He was a member of Lok Sabha from Mandi constituency of Himachal Pradesh. He won the Vidhan Sabha election five times and the Lok sabha election three times.
The Central Bureau of Investigation in 1996 seized Rs. 3.6 crores in cash concealed in bags and suitcases from his official residence. The cash was allegedly collected by him committing irregularities in awarding a telecom contract. He was convicted and sentenced to three years’ rigorous imprisonment by a Delhi court in 2002.
On 18 November 2011 he was found guilty in a 1996 Telecom Scam and was sentenced to five years in jail by a Delhi court. He was telecom minister in P V Narasimha Rao's cabinet.
Sukh Ram's conviction and his 5-year rigorous imprisonment sentence, pronounced on 19 November 2011, came at a time when the country had witnessed country-wide agitations and indefinite fast by the anti-corruption crusader Anna Hazare. Sukh Ram escaped a failed attempt to assault him by a 35-year old young man who claimed to have been inspired by the ideals of Bhagat Singh and Anna Hazare.
wn.com/Sukh_Ram -
The Great Khali
Dalip Singh Rana (born 27 August 1972), better known by his ring name The Great Khali, is an Indian professional wrestler, actor, and powerlifter. He is currently working for WWE as a member of the SmackDown roster.
He debuted alongside Daivari and had alliances with Ranjin Singh and Jinder Mahal. However he spent most of his career as a singles superstar and in 2007 he became the World Heavyweight Champion.
Before embarking on his professional wrestling career, he was a police officer in the Punjab state police. He has appeared in four Hollywood films as well as two Bollywood films.
Singh was born in Himachal Pradesh, India to Jwala Ram (father) and Tandi Devi (mother); he is one of seven siblings. He is a Hindu Rajput. Although his parents are of normal stature, his grandfather was well over 6 ft 6 inches.
Under the ring name Giant Singh, Dalip Singh first became a professional wrestler for All Pro Wrestling (APW) in the United States, making his first appearance in October 2000, when teaming with Tony Jones against the West Side Playaz.
wn.com/The_Great_Khali -
Virbhadra Singh
Virbhadra Singh (born June 23, 1934) is, as of March 2012, the Minister of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises of the Republic of India. This is a cabinet position in the United Progressive Alliance government, led by the Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. He has previously held several national political offices and has also been Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh state on five occasions, from 1983 to 1990, from 1993 to 1998 and from 2003 to 2007. He is a member of the Indian National Congress.
Virbhadra Singh was born on 23 June 1934 in Sarahan, Simla, Himachal Pradesh. His father was Sir Padam Singh and Virbhadra was thus heir to the princely state of Bushahr. He succeeded to the position of king of the state at the age of 13 in 1947.[citation needed]
Singh was educated at the Colonel Brown Cambridge School in Dehradun[citation needed] and at Bishop Cotton School in Simla. Following this, he attended St. Stephen's College, Delhi, from which he obtained a BA Honours degree, and then pursued a post-graduate course at Delhi University.[citation needed]
wn.com/Virbhadra_Singh
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The Kalka-Shimla Railway
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 59:00
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
From the Himalayas in the north to the Nilgiris in the south - for a hundred years these little trains have climbed through the clouds and into the wonderful world of Indian hill railways. Shimla was once the summer capital of the Raj. They built churches, schools, a town hall and the railway and left behind their symbols of empire and an ethos of duty, loyalty and ambition - but they also left a divided subcontinent. Characters featured include Maqsood, a refugee and a porter from Kashmir, and John Whitmarsh-Knight, a teacher looking for a home. Sanjay the station master is hoping for promotion and his boss Bataljit is waiting for a transfer, but everybody is waiting for the snow.
http://wn.com/The_Kalka-Shimla_Railway
From the Himalayas in the north to the Nilgiris in the south - for a hundred years these little trains have climbed through the clouds and into the wonderful world of Indian hill railways. Shimla was once the summer capital of the Raj. They built churches, schools, a town hall and the railway and left behind their symbols of empire and an ethos of duty, loyalty and ambition - but they also left a divided subcontinent. Characters featured include Maqsood, a refugee and a porter from Kashmir, and John Whitmarsh-Knight, a teacher looking for a home. Sanjay the station master is hoping for promotion and his boss Bataljit is waiting for a transfer, but everybody is waiting for the snow.
A Morning in Shimla
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:18
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
delhitoshimla.net presents a video on a day spent in Shimla. Mornings in Shimla is so beautiful that we even thought of taking a home in Shimla. We're from Delhi and we traveled a quite from Delhi to Shimla for enjoying this Place.
http://wn.com/A_Morning_in_Shimla
delhitoshimla.net presents a video on a day spent in Shimla. Mornings in Shimla is so beautiful that we even thought of taking a home in Shimla. We're from Delhi and we traveled a quite from Delhi to Shimla for enjoying this Place.
- published: 13 Jan 2012
- views: 3054
- author: DelhitoShimla
Exploring vintage joints in Shimla
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:11
- Updated: 30 Dec 2012
Highway On My Plate: Watch Rocky and Mayur hog their way through Chail and Kufri and face strange encounters.
http://wn.com/Exploring_vintage_joints_in_Shimla
Highway On My Plate: Watch Rocky and Mayur hog their way through Chail and Kufri and face strange encounters.
- published: 28 Sep 2010
- views: 15326
- author: ndtvgoodtimes
Ghamasan Live - from Shimla (Himachal Pradesh)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:03
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
India TV's racy programme on Assembly polls in five states.
http://wn.com/Ghamasan_Live_from_Shimla_Himachal_Pradesh
India TV's racy programme on Assembly polls in five states.
- published: 24 Oct 2012
- views: 1751
- author: IndiaTV
Landing at Shimla Airport
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:22
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
DelhiToShimla.net gives you an extreme pleasure to view a plane Landing at Shimla Airport. The lowest seat fare on the Delhi-Shimla flight is available at Rs 5087 Book Cheap Air Tickets from New Delhi to Shimla at discount low cost airfares. New Delhi to Shimla Flights online booking offers, cashback on flight air tickets. Enjoy and leave comments!
http://wn.com/Landing_at_Shimla_Airport
DelhiToShimla.net gives you an extreme pleasure to view a plane Landing at Shimla Airport. The lowest seat fare on the Delhi-Shimla flight is available at Rs 5087 Book Cheap Air Tickets from New Delhi to Shimla at discount low cost airfares. New Delhi to Shimla Flights online booking offers, cashback on flight air tickets. Enjoy and leave comments!
- published: 19 Jan 2012
- views: 5911
- author: DelhitoShimla
Shimla's sinking Ridge
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:54
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
Most of us know that Shimla was once the summer capital of the British raj. Most of us also know that Shimla is one of the smallest yet most beautiful capitals in the country. The daily influx of tourists during the peak season is so high that it equals the local population here in numbers. Over the years, this has created massive pressure on the infrastructure and resources. The Ridge which can easily be called the spine and the backbone of the city is slowly sinking. In fact, experts say that Himachal Pradesh being in the high seismic zone, means that one fatal bolt and major area of the city could end up just as one flat piece of land.
http://wn.com/Shimla's_sinking_Ridge
Most of us know that Shimla was once the summer capital of the British raj. Most of us also know that Shimla is one of the smallest yet most beautiful capitals in the country. The daily influx of tourists during the peak season is so high that it equals the local population here in numbers. Over the years, this has created massive pressure on the infrastructure and resources. The Ridge which can easily be called the spine and the backbone of the city is slowly sinking. In fact, experts say that Himachal Pradesh being in the high seismic zone, means that one fatal bolt and major area of the city could end up just as one flat piece of land.
- published: 26 Sep 2012
- views: 1341
- author: ndtv
From Shimla to Kullu
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:58
- Updated: 26 Dec 2012
A Bumpy ride in the back of the bus from Shimla to Kullu
http://wn.com/From_Shimla_to_Kullu
A Bumpy ride in the back of the bus from Shimla to Kullu
- published: 16 May 2011
- views: 21547
- author: Gaston Rings
Shimla.mov
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:44
- Updated: 29 Dec 2012
Shimla (Hindi: शिमला [ˈʃɪmlaː] ( listen)), formerly known as Simla, is the capital city of Himachal Pradesh. In 1864, Shimla was declared the summer capital of the British Raj in India. A popular tourist destination, Shimla is often referred to as the "Queen of Hills," a term coined by the British. Located in the north-west Himalayas at an average altitude of 2205 metres (7234 ft), the city of Shimla, draped in forests of pine, rhododendron, and oak, experiences pleasant summers and cold, snowy winters. The city is famous for its buildings styled in tudorbethan and neo-gothic architecture dating from the colonial era. Shimla is connected to the city of Kalka by one of the longest narrow gauge railway routes still operating in India,[2] the Kalka-Shimla Railway. Shimla is approximately 115 km (71.4 miles) from Chandigarh, the nearest major city, and 365 km (226.8 miles) from New Delhi, the national capital. The city is named after the goddess Shyamala Devi, an incarnation of the Hindu Goddess Kali.
http://wn.com/Shimlamov
Shimla (Hindi: शिमला [ˈʃɪmlaː] ( listen)), formerly known as Simla, is the capital city of Himachal Pradesh. In 1864, Shimla was declared the summer capital of the British Raj in India. A popular tourist destination, Shimla is often referred to as the "Queen of Hills," a term coined by the British. Located in the north-west Himalayas at an average altitude of 2205 metres (7234 ft), the city of Shimla, draped in forests of pine, rhododendron, and oak, experiences pleasant summers and cold, snowy winters. The city is famous for its buildings styled in tudorbethan and neo-gothic architecture dating from the colonial era. Shimla is connected to the city of Kalka by one of the longest narrow gauge railway routes still operating in India,[2] the Kalka-Shimla Railway. Shimla is approximately 115 km (71.4 miles) from Chandigarh, the nearest major city, and 365 km (226.8 miles) from New Delhi, the national capital. The city is named after the goddess Shyamala Devi, an incarnation of the Hindu Goddess Kali.
- published: 16 May 2011
- views: 6746
- author: Gaston Rings
White! Snowing in Shimla. Snow on The Mall.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:30
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/White!_Snowing_in_Shimla_Snow_on_The_Mall
Shimla LiveIndia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:36
- Updated: 24 Dec 2012
www.liveindia.com - Shimla Hill Station 1847, the Punjab was annexed to the British and John Lawrence was given the work, Lord Dalhousie- had entrusted him-the difficult task of writing the first of the report of the Punjab Administration in the year 1850
http://wn.com/Shimla_LiveIndia
www.liveindia.com - Shimla Hill Station 1847, the Punjab was annexed to the British and John Lawrence was given the work, Lord Dalhousie- had entrusted him-the difficult task of writing the first of the report of the Punjab Administration in the year 1850
- published: 06 Oct 2011
- views: 9876
- author: liveindiadotcom
Snowfall in Shimla
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:30
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
Shimla is always a tourist paradise for snow lovers. delhitoshimla.net recorded Snowfall in Shimla! It is already third snow fall of the season in 2012 and the tourists are enjoying in snow and playing games in Shimla. Enjoy the Snowy Video of Shimla and leave comments. http Delhi to Shimla
http://wn.com/Snowfall_in_Shimla
Shimla is always a tourist paradise for snow lovers. delhitoshimla.net recorded Snowfall in Shimla! It is already third snow fall of the season in 2012 and the tourists are enjoying in snow and playing games in Shimla. Enjoy the Snowy Video of Shimla and leave comments. http Delhi to Shimla
- published: 09 Jan 2012
- views: 11533
- author: JobsonaCruiseShip
Besan Wali Shimla mirch recipe - Capsicum Besan ki sabji
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:59
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
Click nishamadhulika.com to read Besan Wali Shimlamirch recipe in Hindi. Also known as Capsicum Sabzi with Besan, Besan ki Shimla Mirch, Chickpea flour and Bell Pepper, Besan Shimla Mirch recipes, capsicum flavoured with gram flour, capsicum besan ki sabji, green besan shimla mirch, gujarati recipes besan wali simalamirch, . How to make Bell Pepper Subzi with Besan?
http://wn.com/Besan_Wali_Shimla_mirch_recipe_Capsicum_Besan_ki_sabji
Click nishamadhulika.com to read Besan Wali Shimlamirch recipe in Hindi. Also known as Capsicum Sabzi with Besan, Besan ki Shimla Mirch, Chickpea flour and Bell Pepper, Besan Shimla Mirch recipes, capsicum flavoured with gram flour, capsicum besan ki sabji, green besan shimla mirch, gujarati recipes besan wali simalamirch, . How to make Bell Pepper Subzi with Besan?
- published: 19 Oct 2012
- views: 12693
- author: NishaMadhulika
![Crispy Capsicum Potatoes [ Fried Aloo Aur Shimla Mirch Ki Sabzi ]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130118055330im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/zkhnnBt7sdc/default.jpg "Crispy Capsicum Potatoes [ Fried Aloo Aur Shimla Mirch Ki Sabzi ]")
Crispy Capsicum Potatoes [ Fried Aloo Aur Shimla Mirch Ki Sabzi ]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:25
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
We prepare, that you can enjoy. You can send in your requests to us for food, health and living. Check out for the whole recipe with tips and measurements at recipesyoulike.blogspot.in You can also catch us at Facebook www.facebook.com OR Twitter twitter.com You can also subscribe with us www.youtube.com Crispy Capsicum Potatoes- Fried Aloo Aur Shimla Mirch Ki Sabzi is a simple to make recipe that can be used as a filing for sandwich or samosa. Ingredients (Serving 4) : • Bell Pepper/ Capsicum / Shimla Mirch • Potatoes / Aloo • Carom Seeds/Ajwain • Cumin Seeds / Jeera • Turmeric Powder / Haldi • Salt • Oil • Garam Masala • Coriander Leaves / Dhania • Lemon Juice (Optional) • Green Chilies (Optional)
http://wn.com/Crispy_Capsicum_Potatoes_Fried_Aloo_Aur_Shimla_Mirch_Ki_Sabzi_
We prepare, that you can enjoy. You can send in your requests to us for food, health and living. Check out for the whole recipe with tips and measurements at recipesyoulike.blogspot.in You can also catch us at Facebook www.facebook.com OR Twitter twitter.com You can also subscribe with us www.youtube.com Crispy Capsicum Potatoes- Fried Aloo Aur Shimla Mirch Ki Sabzi is a simple to make recipe that can be used as a filing for sandwich or samosa. Ingredients (Serving 4) : • Bell Pepper/ Capsicum / Shimla Mirch • Potatoes / Aloo • Carom Seeds/Ajwain • Cumin Seeds / Jeera • Turmeric Powder / Haldi • Salt • Oil • Garam Masala • Coriander Leaves / Dhania • Lemon Juice (Optional) • Green Chilies (Optional)
- published: 16 Jul 2012
- views: 3906
- author: recipesyoulike
SNOW SPELL RAISES TOURIST'S ECSTASY IN SHIMLA / SRINAGAR
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:05
- Updated: 17 Mar 2012
CVB NEWS: Weather turns pleasant in Kashmir Valley and Himachal Pradesh with snowfall and rains in parts of Himalayas, including capitals Srinagar and Shimla where tourists have eagerly been waiting for snowfall.
http://wn.com/SNOW_SPELL_RAISES_TOURIST'S_ECSTASY_IN_SHIMLA_SRINAGAR
CVB NEWS: Weather turns pleasant in Kashmir Valley and Himachal Pradesh with snowfall and rains in parts of Himalayas, including capitals Srinagar and Shimla where tourists have eagerly been waiting for snowfall.
- published: 06 Jan 2012
- views: 3630
- author: cvbnews
Bangla Celebreties Talk Show- Amar Ami with Shimla & Nirob (www.rubelbarua.weebly.com)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:57
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
Bangla Celebreties Talk Show- Amar Ami with Shimla & Nirob www.rubelbarua.weebly.com
http://wn.com/Bangla_Celebreties_Talk_Show_Amar_Ami_with_Shimla_Nirob_wwwrubelbaruaweeblycom
Bangla Celebreties Talk Show- Amar Ami with Shimla & Nirob www.rubelbarua.weebly.com
- published: 31 Jul 2012
- views: 9180
- author: Ruval Barua
Bhai Gurpreet Singh Ji Shimla Wale Prakash Smagam Hayes 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 45:31
- Updated: 09 Jan 2013
Don't forget to subscribe to this youtube channel :D This recording is from the 13th of July 2012 when Bhai Sahib Ji & the Jatha were blessed with Gurbani Keertan seva during the Prakash Smagam at Guru Nanak Sikh academy, in Hayes London.
http://wn.com/Bhai_Gurpreet_Singh_Ji_Shimla_Wale_Prakash_Smagam_Hayes_2012
Don't forget to subscribe to this youtube channel :D This recording is from the 13th of July 2012 when Bhai Sahib Ji & the Jatha were blessed with Gurbani Keertan seva during the Prakash Smagam at Guru Nanak Sikh academy, in Hayes London.
- published: 13 Jul 2012
- views: 3862
- author: Kaur090690
Capsicum Raita Recipe | Shimla Mirch Ka Raita
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:34
- Updated: 27 Dec 2012
nishamadhulika.com Click here to read Capsicum Raita Recipe in Hindi. Also known as Shimla Mirch Raita, शिमला मिर्च का रायता, Yogurt With Capsicum
http://wn.com/Capsicum_Raita_Recipe_|_Shimla_Mirch_Ka_Raita
nishamadhulika.com Click here to read Capsicum Raita Recipe in Hindi. Also known as Shimla Mirch Raita, शिमला मिर्च का रायता, Yogurt With Capsicum
- published: 05 May 2012
- views: 4330
- author: NishaMadhulika
Bangla Talk Show || Amar Ami || Shimla & Nirob
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:57
- Updated: 31 Jul 2012
Bangla Talk Show || Amar Ami || Shimla & Nirob
http://wn.com/Bangla_Talk_Show_||_Amar_Ami_||_Shimla_Nirob
Bangla Talk Show || Amar Ami || Shimla & Nirob
- published: 31 Jul 2012
- views: 4483
- author: onymediaworld
Potato Stuffed Shimla Mirch recipe
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:41
- Updated: 29 Dec 2012
nishamadhulika.com Stuffed Shimla Mirch Recipe video by Nisha Madhulika
http://wn.com/Potato_Stuffed_Shimla_Mirch_recipe
nishamadhulika.com Stuffed Shimla Mirch Recipe video by Nisha Madhulika
- published: 03 Sep 2011
- views: 19794
- author: NishaMadhulika
Shimla - Life on the Ridge
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:51
- Updated: 23 Dec 2012
In 1864, John Lawrence, Viceroy of India (1864-1869) declared Simla (present-day Shimla) the summer capital of India. The summer season for the Raj was between mid March and mid October. Simla was far from the seat of power in Calcutta, but cool, healthy and strategically placed. The British loved the fresh mountain air, the beautiful valleys on one side and the Himalayan views on the other. Today Shimla is the capital city of Himachal Pradesh State - located in the north-west of India's Himalayan region. The Viceregal Lodge served as the residence of British Viceroy, Lord Dufferein. After independence it was used as the summer retreat of the President of India. Today it's India's Institute of Advanced Study - for post graduate students. This neo-Gothic building is sited about three miles from the main part of the Mall. It reminded me of Cragside in Northumberland. Not just because of its imposing architecture, but also because of the state-of-the-Victorian-art technology, with its own steam generator, and electric lights. The original light panel is still there. Since all these buildings, large and small, were made from local materials by local craftsmen, they also embrace elements of Indian design as well as making concessions to their environment. For example, in the intricate Kashmiri designs in the walnut ceiling of the lounge. Christ Church is believed to be the second oldest church in North India. This pale yellow edifice dominates the skyline of the Mall. Kali ...
http://wn.com/Shimla_Life_on_the_Ridge
In 1864, John Lawrence, Viceroy of India (1864-1869) declared Simla (present-day Shimla) the summer capital of India. The summer season for the Raj was between mid March and mid October. Simla was far from the seat of power in Calcutta, but cool, healthy and strategically placed. The British loved the fresh mountain air, the beautiful valleys on one side and the Himalayan views on the other. Today Shimla is the capital city of Himachal Pradesh State - located in the north-west of India's Himalayan region. The Viceregal Lodge served as the residence of British Viceroy, Lord Dufferein. After independence it was used as the summer retreat of the President of India. Today it's India's Institute of Advanced Study - for post graduate students. This neo-Gothic building is sited about three miles from the main part of the Mall. It reminded me of Cragside in Northumberland. Not just because of its imposing architecture, but also because of the state-of-the-Victorian-art technology, with its own steam generator, and electric lights. The original light panel is still there. Since all these buildings, large and small, were made from local materials by local craftsmen, they also embrace elements of Indian design as well as making concessions to their environment. For example, in the intricate Kashmiri designs in the walnut ceiling of the lounge. Christ Church is believed to be the second oldest church in North India. This pale yellow edifice dominates the skyline of the Mall. Kali ...
- published: 28 Dec 2010
- views: 16411
- author: Brian Whitnell
Spicy Bell Pepper & Potato Sabzi / Shimla Mirch Aloo Bhaji
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:11
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
Spicy shimla mirch recipe is shown in this video. Serve them with hot roti or even with dal rice.
http://wn.com/Spicy_Bell_Pepper_Potato_Sabzi_Shimla_Mirch_Aloo_Bhaji
Spicy shimla mirch recipe is shown in this video. Serve them with hot roti or even with dal rice.
- published: 12 May 2012
- views: 4300
- author: INDIANCOOKINEVERYDAY
" SHIMLA MIRACH KARAHI " Bajias Cooking
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:53
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/_SHIMLA_MIRACH_KARAHI_Bajias_Cooking
photo: White House / Pete Souza
17 Jan 2013
AMY TEIBEL. Associated Press= JERUSALEM (AP) — Israel's premier on Wednesday dismissed President Barack Obama's reported displeasure with his hard-line policies toward the Palestinians, a sisgn that the two could be headed for a showdown. Polls suggest Benjamin Netanyahu is poised to win Israel's elections next week and continue in office ... could suffer in unprecedented ways if the Israeli government doesn't change its policies....(size: 10.2Kb)
photo: GFDL
17 Jan 2013
TOKYO. Aviation regulators on Thursday grounded most of the world's 787 Dreamliner fleet until a fire risk linked to the plane's batteries can been fixed, deepening a crisis for its US manufacturer Boeing. Regulators in Japan, India and Chile followed the lead of the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in ordering an indefinite halt to all operations, after a Japanese Dreamliner on Wednesday was forced into an emergency landing ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)
photo: Creative Commons / INABA Tomoaki
16 Jan 2013
YURI KAGEYAMA. AP Business Writers= TOKYO (AP) — Boeing Co.'s 787 planes were grounded for safety checks Wednesday by two major Japanese airlines after one was forced to make an emergency landing in the latest blow for the new jet ... The 787, known as the Dreamliner, is Boeing's newest and most technologically advanced jet, and the company is counting heavily on its success ... The grounding was done voluntarily by the airlines ... The U.S ... U.S....(size: 11.1Kb)
photo: French MoD photo
16 Jan 2013
BAMAKO, Mali -- After a punishing bombing campaign failed to halt the advance of al-Qaida-linked fighters, France pledged Tuesday to triple the size of its force in Mali, sending in hundreds more troops as it prepared for a land assault to dislodge the militants occupying the country's northern half ... On Tuesday, France announced that it was increasing the number of troops from 800 to 2,500 ... "We have one objective ... On Tuesday, U.S ... ....(size: 3.6Kb)
photo: AP / BP
16 Jan 2013
IN what could be the first spillover from France's intervention in Mali, Islamist militants attacked and occupied a natural gas complex partly operated by energy company BP in southern Algeria. Two foreigners were killed and dozens of others, including Americans, were taken hostage ... It said it was holding 41 foreigners, including seven Americans ... Recommended Coverage. Al-Qaeda seize hostages in Algeria. End of sidebar ... . ....(size: 7.4Kb)
Headlines India
17 Jan 2013
Newstrack India
17 Jan 2013
Shimla, Jan 17 (IANS) After a long break, popular tourist resorts Shimla, Manali and Dalhousie got fresh snow Thursday, while the lower hills across Himachal Pradesh were lashed by rains, pushing down the mercury by several notches ... Tourist spots near Shimla, such as honeymooners' paradise Kufri, Fagu, Narkanda and Chail experienced moderate snowfall, turning the hill stations even more picturesque ... Shimla last got snow Dec 14....(size: 3.9Kb)
The Times of India
17 Jan 2013
Since Thursday morning, Shimla and Manali received 5 to 8cm snow while Rohtang pass in Kullu district got over 60cm. It had last snowed in Shimla and Manali on December 14 ... Shimla meteorological office director ......(size: 1.1Kb)
Deccan Herald
17 Jan 2013
The Met department said Chandigarh, which was lashed by showers on Thursday morning, registered a low of 9.2 degree Celsius ... Cold abates in Rajasthan ... Snow covers Shimla After a long break, popular tourist resorts Shimla and Manali got fresh snow on Thursday, triggering cold in Himachal Pradesh ... ....(size: 1.4Kb)
The Hindu
17 Jan 2013
Modi, a major talking point ... Mr ... Repeat of Shimla meet?. The Congress conclave could be a repeat of its Shimla meet nine years ago on the issue of political alliances with the party deciding against going it alone in the next Lok Sabha elections. The general opinion at Shimla in 2003 was unity of secular forces as Congress was getting ready for the first experiment of sharing power at the Centre after 8 years in the opposition. Ms....(size: 5.6Kb)
DNA India
17 Jan 2013
The Congress conclave could be a repeat of its Shimla meet nine years ago on the issue of political alliances with the party deciding against going it alone in the next Lok Sabha elections. The general opinion at Shimla in 2003 was unity of secular forces as Congress was getting ready for the first experiment of sharing power at the Centre after 8 years in the opposition ... Tweet. ....(size: 3.9Kb)
Deccan Herald
17 Jan 2013
The stadium, 250 km from Shimla, has a 21,600-seating capacity, besides a world-class indoor stadium comprising video analysis facilities for both bowlers and players, a club lounge, restaurant, bar and banquet hall. He said the popularity of the venue soared after the seven IPL matches in the past three seasons ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
Newstrack India
17 Jan 2013
Tweet. Shimla, Jan 17 (IANS) BJP vice-president Shanta Kumar Thursday said the conviction of former Haryana chief minister Om Prakash Chautala and his son Ajay Chautala would act as a deterrent for favouritism. "This would act as a deterrent for nepotism in recruitment by political leaders in the country," the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader said in a statement here ... ) .. ). ... . . . . . .. . . .. ....(size: 3.0Kb)
The Times of India
17 Jan 2013
SHIMLA. The disqualification of murder accused Congress MLA Ram Kumar Chaudhary has jeopardized the party's position in 68-member House of Himachal Pradesh. The Doon MLA's ouster has left the party with 34 MLAs only. For clear majority, the government should have the support of 35 members. If Chaudhary is disqualified, the party will be left with no option but to seek the outside support ... He had surrendered to police on January 8. ....(size: 2.4Kb)
The Times of India
17 Jan 2013
NEW DELHI. Light to heavy showers across the city on Thursday heralded a cold and windy day for Delhiites, with some areas even witnessing a hailstorm. The city recorded 0.4 mm rainfall between 8.30am and 5.30pm ... The hills, including Shimla, witnessed heavy snowfall. Mungeshpur in northwest Delhi was the wettest place in the city having recorded 4 mm rainfall before 8.30am and another 19 mm till 5.30pm ... ....(size: 2.8Kb)
Deccan Herald
17 Jan 2013
The Congress “Chintan Shivir,” set to take off here on Friday, will grapple with issues that have worried the government and brought the UPA to the brink of crisis ... The Shimla meet in 2003 witnessed a major change with the party accepting the reality and embracing coalition politics that led to the birth of UPA-I at Centre. Another major discussion would be on the state elections ... ....(size: 2.7Kb)
The Times of India
17 Jan 2013
JAIPUR. Besides enhancing coherence on policy, Congress's big show at Jaipur seems clearly intended to emphasize Rahul Gandhi's role in leading the party into the 2014 electoral battle with discussions over two days pretty much providing the background score ... Congress's fulsome embrace of the 'coalition age' deprives Jaipur of the churn that Panchmarhi and Shimla chintans in 1998 and 2003 witnessed when it was undecided on coalitions ... ....(size: 2.8Kb)
Headlines India
17 Jan 2013
The stadium, 250 km from state capital Shimla, has a 21,600-seating capacity, besides a world-class indoor stadium comprising video analysis facilities for both bowlers and players, a club lounge, restaurant, bar and banquet hall.He said the popularity of the venue soared after the seven IPL matches in the past three seasons."We are going provide ......(size: 2.9Kb)
This article is about the municipality in India. For its namesake district, see Shimla district.
| Shimla शिमला |
|
|---|---|
| — capital — | |
 |
|
 Shimla
|
|
| Coordinates: 31°6′12″N 77°10′20″E / 31.10333°N 77.17222°E / 31.10333; 77.17222Coordinates: 31°6′12″N 77°10′20″E / 31.10333°N 77.17222°E / 31.10333; 77.17222 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Himachal Pradesh |
| District | Shimla |
| Government | |
| • Municipal Commissioner | Onkar Chand Sharma, IAS |
| • Mayor | Sanjay Chauhan (CPI(M)) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 25 km2 (10 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 2,205 m (7,234 ft) |
| Population (2005)[1] | |
| • Total | 144,975 |
| • Rank | 1 (in HP) |
| • Density | 120/km2 (300/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| • Official | Hindi |
| Time zone | IST (UTC+5:30) |
| PIN | 171 001 |
| Telephone code | 91 177 XXX XXXX |
| ISO 3166 code | [[ISO 3166-2:IN|]] |
| Vehicle registration | HP-03, HP-51, HP-52 |
| Climate | Cwb (Köppen) |
| Precipitation | 1,577 millimetres (62.1 in) |
| Avg. annual temperature | 21 °C (70 °F) |
| Avg. summer temperature | 32 °C (90 °F) |
| Avg. winter temperature | 10 °C (50 °F) |
| Website | hpshimla.gov.in |
Shimla /ˈʃɪmlə/ (Hindi: शिमला [ˈʃɪmlaː] ( listen)), formerly known as Simla, is the capital city of Himachal Pradesh. In 1864, Shimla was declared the summer capital of the British Raj in India. A popular tourist destination, Shimla is often referred to as the "Queen of Hills," a term coined by the British. Located in the north-west Himalayas at an average altitude of 2,205 metres (7,234 ft), the city of Shimla, draped in forests of pine, rhododendron, and oak, experiences pleasant summers and cold, snowy winters. The city is famous for its buildings styled in 'Tudorbethan' and neo-Gothic architecture dating from the colonial era. Shimla is connected to the city of Kalka by one of the longest narrow gauge railway routes still operating in India,[2] the Kalka-Shimla Railway. Shimla is approximately 145 km (90 mi) from Mandi, 100 km (62 mi) from Chandigarh, the nearest major city, and 365 km (227 mi) from New Delhi, the national capital. The city is named after the goddess Shyamala Devi, an incarnation of the Hindu Goddess Kali.[3]
Contents |
History[link]
Shimla, along with Almora, Kumaon, Garhwal, Sirmaur, Dehradun and Kangra, was invaded and captured by Prithvi Narayan Shah of Nepal. Shortly later, the British East India Company with local kings went to war with Nepal from 1814 to 1816. At the conclusion of the war, as a result of the Sugauli Treaty, all these captured parts of North India were ceded to the British East India company. At that time, Shimla was known for the temple of Hindu Goddess Shyamala Devi, and not as a city as it is today.
Not long after gaining possession of Shimla, the British began to develop the area. The Scottish civil servant Charles Pratt Kennedy built the first British summer home in the town in 1822. Lord Amherst, the Governor-General of Bengal from 1823 to 1828, set up a summer camp here in 1827, when there was only one cottage in the town, and only 'half a dozen' when he left that year. There were more than a hundred cottages within ten years.[4] Shimla soon caught the eye of Lord William Bentinck, the next Governor-General of Bengal from 1828 (later of India, when the title was created in 1833) to 1835. In a letter to Colonel Churchill in 1832, he wrote[5]
| “ | Simla is only four days march from Loodianah (Ludhiana), is easy of access, and proves a very agreeable refuge from the burning plains of Hindoostaun (Hindustan). | ” |
One of his successors, Sir John Lawrence (Viceroy of India 1864–1869), decided to take the trouble of moving the administration twice a year between Calcutta and this separate centre over 1,000 miles away, despite the fact that it was difficult to reach.[4] Lord Lytton (Viceroy of India 1876-1880) made efforts to plan the town from 1876, when he first stayed in a rented house, but began plans for a Viceregal Lodge, later built on Observatory Hill. A fire cleared much of the area where the native Indian population lived (the "Upper Bazaar"), and the planning of the eastern end to become the centre of the European town forced these to live in the Middle and Lower Bazaars on the lower terraces descending the steep slopes from the Ridge. The Upper Bazaar was cleared for a Town Hall, with many facilities such as library and theatre, as well as offices - for police and military volunteers as well as municipal administration.
During the 'Hot Weather', Simla was also the Headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief, India, the head of the Indian Army, and many Departments of the Government, as well as being the summer capital of the regional Government of the Punjab. They were joined by many of the British wives and daughters of the men who remained on the plains. Together these formed Simla Society, which, according to Charles Allen,[6] "was as close as British India ever came to having an upper crust." This may have been helped by the fact that it was very expensive, having an ideal climate and thus being desirable, as well as having limited accommodation. British soldiers, merchants, and civil servants moved here each year to escape from the heat during summer in the Indo-Gangetic plain. The presence of many bachelors and unattached men, as well as the many women passing the hot weather there, gave Simla a reputation for adultery, and at least gossip about adultery: as Rudyard Kipling said in a letter cited by Allen, it had a reputation for "frivolity, gossip and intrigue". (See also.[7])
The Kalka-Shimla railway line, constructed in 1906, added to Shimla's accessibility and popularity. The railway route from Kalka to Shimla, with more than 806 bridges and 103 tunnels, was touted as an engineering feat and came to be known as the "British Jewel of the Orient".[7] In 2008, it became part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site, Mountain railways of India.[8] Not only that, there was a significant Muslim population in the region before the partition of British India. In addition, Shimla was the capital of the undivided state of Punjab in 1871, and remained so until the construction of the new city of Chandigarh (the present-day capital of Punjab)[dubious – discuss] Upon the formation of the state of Himachal Pradesh in 1971, Shimla was named its capital.
Pre-independence structures still dot Shimla; buildings such as the former Viceregal Lodge, Auckland House, Christ Church, Gorton Castle, Shimla Town Hall and The Gaiety Theatre are reminders of British rule in India.[9][10] The original Peterhoff, another Viceregal residence, burned down in 1981. British Simla extended about a mile and a half along the ridge between Jakhoo Hill and Prospect Hill. The central spine was The Mall, which ran along the length of the ridge, with a Mall Extension southwards, closed to all carriages except those of the Viceroy and his wife.
Geography[link]
Shimla is located in the north-western ranges of the Himalayas. At an average altitude of 2397.59 meters (7866.10 ft) above mean sea level, the city is spread on a ridge and its seven spurs. The city stretches nearly 9.2 km from east to west.[11] The highest point in Shimla, at 2454 meters (8051 ft), is the Jakhoo hill. Shimla is a Zone IV (High Damage Risk Zone) per the Earthquake hazard zoning of India. Weak construction techniques and increasing population pose a serious threat to the already earthquake prone region.[12][13] There are no bodies of water near the main city and the closest river, Sutlej, is about 21 km (13 mi) away.[14] Other rivers that flow through the Shimla district, although further from the city, are Giri, and Pabbar (both are tributaries of Yamuna). The green belt in Shimla planning area is spread over 414 hectares (1023 acres).[7] The main forests in and around the city are that of pine, deodar, oak and rhododendron.[15] Environmental degradation due to the increasing number of tourists every year without the infrastructure to support them has resulted in Shimla losing its popular appeal as an ecotourism spot.[16] Another rising concern in the region are the frequent number of landslides that often take place after heavy rains.[12][17]
Climate[link]
Shimla features a subtropical highland climate under the Koppen climate classification. The climate in Shimla is predominantly cool during winters, and moderately warm during summer. Temperatures typically range from −4 °C (25 °F) to 31 °C (88 °F) over the course of a year.[18] The average temperature during summer is between 19 °C (66 °F) and 28 °C (82 °F), and between −1 °C (30 °F) and 10 °C (50 °F) in winter. Monthly precipitation varies between 15 millimetres (0.59 in) in November to 434 millimetres (17.1 in) in August. It is typically around 45 millimetres (1.8 in) per month during winter and spring and around 175 millimetres (6.9 in) in June as the monsoon approaches. The average total annual precipitation is 1,575 millimetres (62 in), which is much less than most other hill stations but still greatly heavier than on the plains. Snowfall in the region, which historically has taken place in the month of December, has lately (over the last fifteen years) been happening in January or early February every year.[19]
| Climate data for Shimla | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 17.2 (63.0) |
19.4 (66.9) |
23.9 (75.0) |
28.3 (82.9) |
30.0 (86.0) |
30.6 (87.1) |
27.8 (82.0) |
25.6 (78.1) |
24.4 (75.9) |
23.9 (75.0) |
19.4 (66.9) |
20.0 (68.0) |
30.6 (87.1) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 8.3 (46.9) |
8.9 (48.0) |
13.9 (57.0) |
18.3 (64.9) |
22.2 (72.0) |
22.8 (73.0) |
20.6 (69.1) |
19.4 (66.9) |
19.4 (66.9) |
17.2 (63.0) |
13.9 (57.0) |
10.6 (51.1) |
16.3 (61.3) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 2.2 (36.0) |
2.8 (37.0) |
6.7 (44.1) |
11.1 (52.0) |
14.4 (57.9) |
16.1 (61.0) |
15.6 (60.1) |
15.0 (59.0) |
13.9 (57.0) |
10.6 (51.1) |
7.2 (45.0) |
4.4 (39.9) |
10.0 (50.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −9.4 (15.1) |
−7.7 (18.1) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
0.0 (32.0) |
4.4 (39.9) |
7.8 (46.0) |
10.0 (50.0) |
11.1 (52.0) |
5.0 (41.0) |
3.9 (39.0) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
−9.4 (15.1) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 61 (2.4) |
69 (2.72) |
61 (2.4) |
53 (2.09) |
66 (2.6) |
175 (6.89) |
424 (16.69) |
434 (17.09) |
160 (6.3) |
33 (1.3) |
13 (0.51) |
28 (1.1) |
1,577 (62.09) |
| Source: Worldwide Bioclimatic Classification System[20] | |||||||||||||
File:Yarrows41.jpg
National Academy of Audits and Accounts, Yarrows.
Economy[link]
Employment is largely driven by the government and tourism.[21] Education and horticultural produce processing, comprise most of the remainder.
In addition to being the local hub of transportation and trade, Shimla is the area's healthcare centre, hosting a medical college and four major hospitals:[22] the Indira Gandhi Hospital (formerly known as Snowdown Hospital,) Deen Dayal Upadhyay Hospital (formerly called Ripon Hospital,) Kamala Nehru Hospital, and Indus Hospital. The city's development plan aims make Shimla an attractive health tourism spot.[21]
Government is trying to promote technology and IT sector as the new area for growth and promotion [23] although not many companies have yet settled in Shimla. Few notable companies that are registered in Shimla are Avant-Garde Digital, an international company and instablogs, a company that deals with media publishing.
Civic administration[link]
The administrative responsibilities of the city of Shimla and the surrounding planning areas of Dhalli, Tutu, and New Shimla reside with the Shimla Municipal Corporation. Established in 1851, the Shimla Municipal Corporation is an elected body comprising 27 councilors 3 of which are nominated by the Government of Himachal Pradesh.[11] The nominations are based on prominence in the fields of social service, academics and other activities. 33% seats are reserved for women. The elections take place every five years and the mayor and deputy mayor are elected by and amongst the councilors themselves. Sanjay Chauhan and Tekinder Singh Panwar of CPI(M) are the present Mayor and Deputy Mayor respectively.[24] The three major political parties are the Indian National Congress, Communist Party of India (Marxist) and Bharatiya Janata Party .[25] The administrative head of the corporation is the commissioner who is appointed by the state government.
The city contributes one seat to the state assembly (Vidhan Sabha), and one seat to the lower house of parliament (Lok Sabha).[26] Law and order in the city is collectively maintained by the Police force, Vigilance Department, Enforcement directorate, Forensics, Fire department, department of prisons, and Home Guard department. There are five police stations and three fire stations in Shimla.[27] The Superintendent of Police, Shimla heads the police department. The First Armed Police Battalion, one of the four armed police battalions in the state, is also available for assistance to the local police for assistance.[28] There are eleven courts in the district including a fast-track court[29]
Demographics[link]
Shimla city consists of the Shimla municipal corporation and Shimla planning areas (SPA). The SPAs are Dhalli, Tutu, and New Shimla urban agglomerations. As per the 2001 India Census,[30] the city has a population of 1,042,161 spread over an area of 19.55 km².[11] A floating population of 75,000 is attributed to service industries such as tourism.[11] The largest demographic, 55%, is 16–45 years of age. A further 28% of the population are younger than 15 years. The low sex ratio – 930 girls for every 1000 boys in 2001[31] – is cause for concern, even though it is not atypical of the region.
The unemployment rate in the city has come down from 36% in 1992 to 22.6% in 2006. This drop is attributed to recent industrialization, the growth of service industries, and knowledge development.[32] 84% of the population of Shimla city is literate, compared to 80% in Shimla district and 83.87% in the entire state.[33] The majority of Shimla's population consists of natives of Himachal Pradesh. Pahari, Hindi, Punjabi are the main languages. The major religion is Hinduism (93.5%), followed by Sikhism (2.5%) and small minorities of Christians, Tibetan Buddhists and Muslims.[34]
| Religion in Shimla | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | Percent | |||
| Hinduism |
|
94% | ||
| Others |
|
6% | ||
Culture[link]
File:Stained Glass Catholic Church Shimla 1988.jpg
Stained glass windows at Christ Church (1850), Shimla.
The people of Shimla are informally called Shimlaites. With largely cosmopolitan crowds, a variety of festivals are celebrated here. The Shimla Summer Festival, held every year during peak tourist season,[35] and lasting 3–4 days, is celebrated on the ridge. The highlights of this event include performances by popular singers from all over the country.[36] Shimla has a number of places to visit. Local hangouts like The Mall and The Ridge are in the heart of the city. Most of the heritage buildings in the city are preserved in their original 'Tudorbethan' architecture. The former Viceregal Lodge, which now houses the Indian Institute of Advanced Study, and Wildflower Hall, now a luxury hotel, are some of the famous ones. A collection of paintings, jewellery and textiles of the region can be found at the State Museum (built in 1974). Further out from the city is the Naldehra nine-hole golf course, the oldest of its kind in India.[37] Kufri is a ski resort (winter only) located 19 kilometres (11.8 mi) from the main city. Lakkar Bazaar, a market extending off The Ridge, is famous for souvenirs and crafts made of wood. Tatta Pani, 55 kilometres (34.2 mi) from the main city, is the name of hot sulphur springs that are believed to have medicinal value located on the banks of river Satluj. Shimla is also home to South Asia's only natural ice skating rink.[38] State and national level competitions are often held at this venue. The Shimla Ice Skating Club, which manages the rink, hosts a carnival every year in January, which includes a fancy dress competition and figure skating events. Due to effects of global warming and increasing urban development in and around Shimla, the number of sessions on ice every winter have been decreasing in the past few years.
Shimla has many temples and is often visited by devotees from nearby towns and cities. The Kali Bari temple, dedicated to the Hindu goddess Kali is near the mall. Jakhoo Temple, for the Hindu god Hanuman is located at the highest point in Shimla.[39] Sankat Mochan, another Hanuman temple, is famous for the numerous monkeys that are always found in its vicinity. It is located on Shimla-Kalka Highway about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the city. The nearby temple of Tara Devi is a place for performing rituals and festivals. Other prominent places of worship include a Gurudwara near the bus terminus and a Church on The Ridge.
The Shimla arts and crafts are highly in demand by the tourists. They range from excellent pieces of jewelry, embroidered shawls and garments to leather made articles and sculptures. Shimla is full of Pine and Deodar trees. The wood has been extensively used in building the temples and palaces of Shimla. The various kinds of arts and crafts of Shimla made out of wood includes small boxes, jeweleries, fruit bowls and other image carvings.
The paintings in Shimla bear the deep artistic insight of the people there. The Shimla art bears the testimony of the rich culture and tradition of Shimla.
The flamboyancy of the carpets and rugs of Shimla is a great attraction for the tourists. Different floral and other motifs make these carpets look really very beautiful. The wool from the sheep is used to make blankets and rugs.
The embroidered stuffs are very popular that includes handkerchiefs, hand fans, gloves, caps, etc. The arts and crafts of Shimla have that traditional touch in it. Among others, the shawls of Shimla are very well known for their fine quality. The leather craft of Shimla is also a demanded thing. Beautiful stuffs of leather comprises shoes, slippers and belts.
The other arts and crafts of Shimla includes a huge collection of amazing beaded and metal jeweleries. These intricately designed jeweleries bears the hallmark of the artistic craftsmanship of the Shimla designers.
The temples of Shimla shows the excellent stonework of the architects there. The sculptors have proved their mettle in upholding the art of Shimla.
Education[link]
File:SHIMLA IMG 0036.jpg
Public library on The Ridge
The city has 14 anganwadis and 63 primary schools.[11] There are many schools from the British era. Some of the popular schools in the city are Bishop Cotton School, Auckland House School, Shimla Public School, St Edwards School, Tara Hall, Chelsea, Hainault Public School, DAV Lkr Bazaar, DAV New Shimla,, Dayanand Public School, Himalayan International School at Chharabra, and Chapslee School. Where Auckland House School, Tara Hall, and Chelsea are for girls only.
The medical institutes in Shimla are Indira Gandhi Medical College and Dental college. St. Bedes and Rajkiya Kanya MahaVidayaliya (RKMV) are girls-only colleges. Government College, Sanjauli, and Government College Chaura Maidan are also located in the city. The Indian Institute of Advanced Study, housed in the Viceregal lodge, is a residential centre for research in Humanities, Indian culture, religion, and social and natural sciences. The Himachal Pradesh University is also based in Shimla. University Institute of Information Technology, Himachal Pradesh University (UIIT), a premier institute to provide technical education in the state is located here.
There are many private institutions.
Shimla has two state libraries with a collection of over 47,000 old books divided between them. The one at Gandhi Bhavan in the University has over 40,000 books and the other library, also a heritage building on the ridge, has 7000.[40]
Other institutes of higher education and research located in Shimla are the Central Potato Research Institute, a member of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), and National Academy of Audit and Accounts for training of officers of the Indian Audit and Accounts services (IA&AS).
Places of interest[link]
- The Mall: The Mall is the main shopping street of Shimla. It also has many restaurants, clubs, banks, bars, Post Offices and tourist offices. The Gaiety Theatre is also situated there. People walk up and down The Mall slowly, stopping to gossip, as it is the main meeting place for everyone. The Ridge and Scandal Point are the two main meeting points at The Mall.
The Mall is dotted with many eating places .
- Christ Church: Situated on The Ridge, Christ Church is the second oldest church in Northern India. It has a very majestic appearance and inside there are stained glass windows which represent faith, hope, charity, fortitude, patience and humility.
- Jakhu Hill: 2 km from Shimla, at a height of 8000 ft, Jakhu Hill is the highest peak and offers a beautiful view of the town and of the snow-covered Himalayas. At the top of the Hill, is an old temple of Lord Hanuman, which is also the home of countless playful monkeys waiting to be fed by all visitors.
A 108 feet (33 metre) statue of Lord Hanuman, a Hindu deity, at 8,500 feet (2,591 metres) above sea level, is single statue to stand at the highest altitude among several other master pieces in the world, overtaking the Christ Redeemer in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil .[41]
- Shimla State Museum: The Museum, which was opened in 1974, has tried to protect hill-out and the cultural wealth of the state. There is a collection of miniature Pahari paintings, sculptures, bronzes wood-carvings and also costumes, textiles and jewellery of the region.
- Indian Institute of Advanced Study: This institute is housed in the former Viceregal Lodge, built in 1884-88.
- Summer Hill: Situated at a distance of 5 km from The Ridge is the lovely township of Summer Hill, at a height of 6,500 ft on the Shimla-Kalka railway line. Mahatma Gandhi lived in these quiet surroundings during his visits to Shimla. Himachal Pradesh University is situated here.
- Annandale: Developed as the playground of Shimla, Annandale is 2–4 km from The Ridge at a height of 6,117 ft. It is a favourite spot for cricket, picnics and polo.
- Tara Devi: 11 km from the Shimla bus-stand. Tara Devi hill has a temple dedicated to the goddess of stars on top of the hill. There is a military Dairy Town here as well as the headquarters of Bharat Scouts and Guides.
- Sankat Mochan: A Lord Hanuman temple is located here.
- Junga: Junga is near Tehsi, 26 km from Shimla. Its original name (with diacritics) is Jūnga and is a former royal retreat of the princely state of Keonthal. It is also known as the Keonthal Estate.
- Anand Vilas: Midway between Shimla and Junga. "Sarva Dharma Mandir", Temple of all Faiths, is a spiritual group dedicated to Mother Nature. Thousands of visitors and devotees come here every year. There is an "Art is Values" school with students from all over India. Classes are provided free of cost.
- Mashobra: 13 km from Shimla, site of the annual Sipi fair in June.
- Kufri: 16 km from Shimla at a height of 8,600 ft, Kufri is the local winter sports centre, and it also has a small zoo.
- Chharabra: 13 km from Shimla on route to Kufri.
- Naldehra: 22 km from Shimla, with a nine-hole Naldehra Golf Club. The annual Sipi fair in June is held in Naldehra.
- Chail: Chail was the summer capital of the Maharaja of Patiala before Independence, known for its cricket pitch, the highest in the world.
- Arki: (46 km) is the site of an 18th century fort built when Arki was the capital of the erstwhile hill state of Baghal
- Tatapani: Location of sulphur springs which are found near the Tatapani mandir(holy temple)
- Sanjauli: The main suburb of Shimla.
Transport[link]
File:Shimla Railway Station.JPG
The Shimla Railway Station
Local transport in Shimla is by bus or private vehicles. Buses ply frequently on the circular road surrounding the city centre. Tourist taxis are also an option for out of town trips. Locals typically traverse the city on foot. Private vehicles are prohibited on the mall, ridge, and nearby markets. Due to narrow roads and steep slopes, the auto rickshaws common in other Indian cities are largely absent.
Shimla is well-connected by road and rail. The National Highway 22 (NH 22) connects Shimla to the nearest big city of Chandigarh. Shimla is connected by road to all the major towns. Distance between the Major Towns and Shimla :-
- Kalka - 80 km
- Chandigarh - 119 km
- Ambala - 152 km
- Patiala - 172 km
- Amritsar - 342 km
- Delhi - 348 km
- Jammu - 482 km
- Agra - 568 km
- Jaipur - 629 km
- Srinagar - 787 km
- Kolkata - 1460 km
- Mumbai - 1742 km
The scenic Kalka Shimla Railway, a narrow gauge track, is listed in the Guinness Book of Records for the steepest rise in altitude in a distance of 96 km.[42] Kalka, the plains rail terminus, has daily departures to major Indian cities. Flights from Shimla Airport at Jubbarhatti (12 km away)[43] connect Shimla to Delhi.
Sister cities[link]
Sister relationships with towns and regions worldwide include:
Gallery[link]
-
A view from above Shimla.
-
View of hills near Shimla.
-
Night view of Shimla from The Ridge.
-
Shimla under snow
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Shimla: southern side of The Ridge.
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Christ Church on The Ridge
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Shimla Ridge
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A Simla road in winter, c. 1905
.JPG){kind=spacer}
Notable people born in Shimla[link]
- Shahid Javed Burki, Economist Pakistani , born in Shimla under British rule
- Horatio Boileau Goad, British policeman who was secretary of the municipal corporation of Simla
See also[link]
- Simla Agreement between India and Pakistan on July 3, 1972.
- Simla Accord (1913) was a treaty between Britain and Tibet signed in 1914 at the end of a convention held in Shimla. Although its legal status is disputed, it is currently the effective boundary between China and India.
References[link]
- ^ "Population in the age group 0-6 and literates by sex—urban agglomeration/town". Census of India 2001. Government of India. 27 May 2002. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/. Retrieved 2007-04-14.
- ^ "Narrow Gauge Routes". IRFCA - The Indian Railways Fan Club. http://www.irfca.org/docs/ng-routes.html. Retrieved 2007-05-21.
- ^ "Shimla Tourism, The Queen of Hills". http://hpshimla.nic.in/sml_tourism.htm.
- ^ a b Charles Allen, Kipling Sahib, London, Little Brown, 2007
- ^ Researches and Missionary Labours Among the Jews, Mohammedans, and Other Sects By Joseph Wolff, published by O. Rogers, 1837
- ^ Kipling Sahib, London, Little Brown, 2007: p. 134
- ^ a b c "Heritage of Shimla" (PDF). Town & Country Planning Department, Shimla. http://himachal.nic.in/tcp/ShimlaHeritageReport.pdf. Retrieved 2007-05-04.
- ^ Unesco
- ^ "Official Web Site of District Shimla". http://www.hpshimla.nic.in/.
- ^ "Shimla: Another age, another time". The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010526/windows/main1.htm. Retrieved 2001-05-26.
- ^ a b c d e "Shimla Municipal Corporation". Archived from the original on 2007-04-03. http://web.archive.org/web/20070403005805/http://www.shimlamc.org/mcshimla.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-04.
- ^ a b "Concrete buildings make Shimla vulnerable to quake". Indiainfo.com. http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/10/14/1410quake-shimla-vulnerable.html. Retrieved 2005-10-14.
- ^ "Report from the field: Shimla City, India" (PDF). GeoHazards International. Archived from the original on 2007-06-30. http://web.archive.org/web/20070630171700/http://www.geohaz.org/contents/publications/ShilmlaCityV5.pdf. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
- ^ "Sight seeing tours around Shimla". HP Tourism Development Corporation. http://hptdc.nic.in/trans.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-21.
- ^ "H.P. Forest Department". http://hpforest.nic.in/. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
- ^ Adarsh Batra (September 2001). "Himalayan Ecotourism In Shimla" (PDF). ABAC Journal (Assumption University, AU Journal). http://www.journal.au.edu/abac_journal/2001/sep01/article3.pdf.
- ^ "Landslides disrupt traffic in Shimla". The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050716/himachal.htm#1. Retrieved 2005-07-16.
- ^ "World 66, Average temperatures and rain". World 66. http://www.world66.com/asia/southasia/india/himachalpradesh/shimla/lib/climate. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
- ^ "62cm and counting". The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070214/himplus1.htm. Retrieved 2007-02-14.
- ^ "India - simla". Centro de Investigaciones Fitosociológicas. http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/station/in-simla.htm. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
- ^ a b "City Development Plan, Shimla". Municipal Corporation, Shimla. Archived from the original on 2006-11-1. http://web.archive.org/web/20061115025832/http://www.shimlamc.org/cdp.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-04.
- ^ "Department of Health and Family welfare, Himachal Pradesh". http://hphealth.nic.in/. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
- ^ http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-cities-that-will-shape-indias-future/20111012.htm
- ^ Shimla MC polls: BJP wins 12 wards, Cong 10; CPM wins mayor, deputy's post
- ^ "Cong retains hold on Shimla MC". The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020430/himachal.htm#1. Retrieved 2002-04-30.
- ^ "Indian Elections". Indian-elections.com. http://www.indian-elections.com/himachalpradesh/simla.html. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
- ^ "Shimla Helpline". Himachal Pradesh Government. http://himachal.nic.in/smlhelp.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-12.
- ^ "Himachal Pradesh Police". http://admis.hp.nic.in/himpol/. Retrieved 2007-05-12.
- ^ "High court of Himachal Pradesh". Himachal Pradesh Government. http://hphighcourt.nic.in/welcome.html. Retrieved 2007-05-12.
- ^ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 2004-06-16. http://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999. Retrieved 2008-11-01.
- ^ Missing: Mapping the Adverse Child Sex Ratio in India, UNFPA 2003
- ^ "CM turns down demand for unemployment dole". The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070405/himachal.htm#1. Retrieved 2007-04-05.
- ^ "Himachal Census". http://himachal.nic.in/tour/census.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-04.
- ^ http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm,
- ^ "Himachal Tourism, Adventure Tourism". Himachal Tourism Official website. Archived from the original on 2007-04-16. http://web.archive.org/web/20070416094644/http://www.himachaltourism.nic.in/fairs.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
- ^ "Summer festival begins on melodious note". The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040604/himachal.htm#4. Retrieved 2004-06-04.
- ^ "HP Tourism Development Corporation". http://hptdc.nic.in/cir0103.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-02.
- ^ "Ice-skating rink completes 100 sessions again". The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010211/himachal.htm#21. Retrieved 2001-02-11.
- ^ [1]
- ^ "A state library on its last legs". The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010202/himachal.htm#5. Retrieved 2001-02-02.
- ^ http://www.indianexpress.com/news/tallest-highaltitude-statue-puts-shimla-in-the-spotlight/707360
- ^ "100 years of pine-scented travel". The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031108/windows/main1.htm. Retrieved 2003-11-08.
- ^ "Shimla Airport, Airports Authority of India". http://www.airportsindia.org.in/allAirports/shimla.jsp. Retrieved 2007-05-18.
- ^ City of Carbondale - Sister Cities
- ^ Sister-Cities.org - International Directory
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Shimla |
- Official website of Shimla district
- Municipal Corporation Shimla
- Latest Weather in Shimla
- Shimla travel guide from Wikitravel
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