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- published: 21 Jan 2009
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![village life pakistan punjab...2009[Sarai Alamgir.Jhelum]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130201015038im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/g7zZq_bcMzQ/default.jpg "jagu head ,qasba, shakrila,jatlaan ,tohran. dak jattan, bhag nagar ,khal khanpur.mipur road,nagal.gujrat,jhelum.kharian.nakkah,dhok mureed,kinara,qazi baqar,nothia qursian,dhal,kakrot,ghiyal,besa,bolani,thil bikohal,dandi nizam,dandi malyar,phuilrwain,bowali,choa,karyala.kinara.")
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Afghanistan
Afghanistan
i/æfˈɡænɨstæn/ (Persian/Pashto: افغانستان, Afġānistān), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in the centre of Asia, forming part of South Asia, Central Asia, and Greater Middle East, it is also considered to be part of a broader West Asia. With a population of about 29 million, it has an area of 647,500 km2 (250,001 sq mi), making it the 42nd most populous and 41st largest nation in the world. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and the east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the far northeast.
Afghanistan has been an ancient focal point of the Silk Road and human migration. Archaeologists have found evidence of human habitation from as far back as 50,000 BC. Urban civilization may have begun in the area as early as 3,000 to 2,000 BC. Sitting at an important geostrategic location that connects the Middle East with Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, the land has been home to various peoples through the ages and witnessed many military campaigns, notably by Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, and in modern era Western forces. The land also served as a source from which the Greco-Bactrians, Kushans, Saffarids, Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Timurids, Mughals and many others have risen to form major empires.
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Attock
Attock (Urdu: اٹک) (formerly Campbellpur) is a city located in the northern border of the Punjab province of Pakistan and the headquarters of Attock District. In the 1901 census, Attock was reported to have had a population of 2866 people, a figure which has grown dramatically during the 20th century with 69,588 reported in the 1998 census and contemporary estimates approaching 100,000.
It is located on the bank of the Indus, just 80 km (50 mi) from Rawalpindi, 100 km (62 mi) from Peshawar, and 10 km (6 mi) from the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex, Kamra.
Gandhara was a historic region of ancient India (which corresponds to areas of north west Pakistan including Attock). Situated astride the middle Indus River, the region had Taxila and Peshawar as its chief cities. It was originally a province of the Persian Empire and was reached (327 B.C.) by Alexander the Great. The region passed to Chandragupta, founder of the Maurya empire, in the late 4th century B.C., and under Asoka was converted (mid-3d cent.) to Buddhism. It was part of Bactria from the late 3d cent. to the 1st cent. B.C. Under the Kushan dynasty (1st cent.–3d cent. A.D.), and especially under Kanishka, Gandhara developed a noted school of sculpture, consisting mainly of images of Buddha and relief’s representing scenes from Buddhist texts, but with marked Greco-Roman elements of style. The art form flourished in Gandhara until the 5th century, when the region was conquered by the Huns.
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Attock District
Attock District (Urdu: ضلع اٹک) is a district in the north-west Punjab Province of Pakistan.
The district was created in April 1904 by the merger of Talagang Tehsil in the Jhelum District with the Pindigheb, Fatehjang and Attock tehsils from Rawalpindi District of the Punjab province of British India.
Attock District is a place of great historic significance. Alexander the Great of Macedonia passed through it as did the first Mughal, Babar, and the various Afghan Sultans before him.
Emperor Akbar the Great, the grandson of Babar, recognizing the strategic importance of this area in 1581 built his famous Attock Fort complex here. The fall of Mughal Empire in 18th century saw the rise of Hindu Maratha state and Sikhs in Punjab and Durrani Afghans to the west. Once again Attock became a battle ground between two contending powers. Maratha Peshwa's brother Raghunathrao won Attock and flagged Hindu dominance over this area in 1758. But in Third battle of Panipat Marathas lost to Ahmead Shah Abdali and lost the control of this region. British finally ended the feud by subjugating both Sikhs and Afghans in the 19th century.
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Azad Kashmir
Azad Jammu and Kashmir (Urdu: آزاد جموں و کشمیر, Azaad Jammu o- Kashmir, literally Free Jammu and Kashmir ; AJK) or Azad Kashmir (literally Free Kashmir) for short, is the southernmost political entity within the Pakistani-administered part of the former princely state of Kashmir and Jammu. It borders the present-day Indian-controlled state of Jammu and Kashmir to the east (separated from it by the Line of Control), Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa to the west, Gilgit–Baltistan to the north, and the Punjab province to the south. With its capital at Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir covers an area of 13,297 square kilometres (5,134 sq mi) and has an estimated population of about four million. Brad Adams the Asia director at Human Rights Watch has said in 2006
Although ‘azad’ means ‘free,’ the residents of Azad Kashmir are anything but, The Pakistani authorities govern Azad Kashmir with strict controls on basic freedoms.
Azad Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan together constitute the disputed region, referred to as Pakistan-administered Kashmir by the United Nations and other international organisations, and as Pakistan-occupied Kashmir in India in contrast to the name Indian-occupied Kashmir which is given to the Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir by Pakistan. The territories have been under control of the two countries since the first Kashmir war after which Azad Kashmir was successfully captured from the princely state by the rebelling militias with the help of Pakistan army.
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Bahawalnagar
Bahawalnagar is the capital city of Bahawalnagar District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. As well as being district capital it has the administrative headquarters of the tehsil.
Bahawalnagar is the administrative centre of Bahawalnagar District, one of the five tehsils or subdivisions of the district, the tehsil is subdivided into 31 Union Councils. The Bahawal Nagar is the district headquarter of tehsils Haroonabad, Chistian, Fortabbass and Minchanabad. t is one of the largest districts of Panjab with respect to its area. The largest union council of Bahawal Nagar is U.C 6. As of 2011, Asim Iqbal is serving Bahawal Nagar as D.C.O.[citation needed]
Punjabi is the main language, Urdu (the national language) is widely spoken.[citation needed]
Bahawalnagar is blessed with talent, there are poets, writers, saints, scholars and every kind of professional. Syed Wali Shah is the Sufi here. His tomb is situated in a town named Peer Shah. Engr Abdullah Abbas is well known personality of the district and belongs to Paracha Family, the influential family of the region. Writers like Syed Noor Alam, Aijaz Saqib, Saleem Shehzad, Amir Sohail and Anwaar Gilani, Major Bashir Ahmad Khokhar Principal Fauji Foundation Higher Secondary School Bahawalnagar belong to the city.
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Bahawalpur
Bahawalpur (Urdu, Saraiki: بہاولپور), located in Punjab, is the twelfth largest city in Pakistan. The city was once the capital of the former princely state of Bahawalpur. The city was home to various Nawabs (rulers) and counted as part of the Rajputana states (now Rajasthan, India). The city is known for its famous palaces such as the Noor Mahal, Sadiq Ghar Palace, and Darbar Mahal, as well as the ancient fort of Derawar in the Cholistan Desert bordering India. The city is located near the historical and ancient cities of Uch and Harappa, which were once a stronghold of the Delhi Sultanate and Indus Valley Civilisation. The city is home to one of the few natural safari parks in Pakistan, Lal Suhanra National Park.
In 2007, the city's population was recorded to have risen to 798,509 from 403,408 in 1998.Punjabi and Saraiki are the major languages of local people, while Urdu is well understood and English is the official languages used in various educational and government institutions. Bahawalpur is located south of the Sutlej River and lies in the Cholistan region near the Thar Desert. It is situated 90 km from Multan, 420 km from Lahore, and 270 km from Faisalabad.
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Bahawalpur District
Bahawalpur District (Urdu: ضلع بہاول پور) is one of the districts of Punjab, Pakistan. According to the 1998 Census of Pakistan it had a population of 2,433,091 of which 27.01% were urban Bahawalpur district covers 24,830 km². Approximately two-thirds of the district (16,000 km²) is covered by the Cholistan Desert, which extends into the Thar Desert of India. The district is a major producer of cotton.
The district capital Bahawalpur, which lies just south of the Sutlej River, was founded in 1748 by Muhammad Bahawal Khan and was incorporated as a municipality in 1874. Bahawalpur became a vassal of the Sikh empire built by Ranjit Singh. In 1836 Bahawalpur stopped paying tribute and openly declared independence. The founder of the State of Bahawalpur was Nawab Bahawal Khan Abbasi I. The Abbasi family ruled over the State for more than 200 years (1748 to 1954). During the rule of the last Nawab Sir Sadiq Muhammad Khan Abbasi V, Bahawalpur State was merged with Pakistan. During the 1960s (1954) the Nawab agreed (Agreement Dated 3 October 1947) for Bahawalpur to be absorbed into modern Pakistan. He was however given special privileges including the right to import several cars duty free each year. Bahawalpur was formerly the capital of the state and now is the District and Divisional Headquarters of Bahawalpur Division.
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Balochistan
Balochistan (Balochi: بلوچستان) or BaluchistanLand of the Baloch. Is an arid, mountainous region in the Iranian plateau in Southwest Asia; it includes part of southeastern Iran, western Pakistan, and southwestern Afghanistan. The area is named after the numerous Baloch tribes. All natives are considered Balochi even if they do not speak the Balochi language; Pashto, Persian, and Brahui languages are also spoken in the region. The southern part of Balochistan is known as Makran.
Balochistan's landscape is composed of barren, rugged mountains and fertile, but dry, land. Most of the land is barren, particularly in the Iranian and Afghan side of the region, and it is generally sparsely populated. In the south Makran lies the desert through which Alexander the Great passed with great difficulty.
Agriculture in the region is based on the cultivation of kharif crops. Cultivation is often located in alluvial fans, along river-courses, and in fertile areas which are maintained through artificial irrigation systems such as qanats (holes sunk in the ground to trap water) and gabarbands (low stone and earth mounds which create raised beds which, in turn, become saturated by rainfall and water run-off from the surrounding hills). In the southern Makran and oasis region (south of the Chagai Hills) the date palm is grown and cultivated. Orange orchards are also typical in southern Balochistan, particularly Jhalawan and Sarawan.
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Bangladesh
Coordinates: 23°N 90°E / 23°N 90°E / 23; 90
Bangladesh (i/ˈbɑːŋɡlədɛʃ/ or i/bæŋɡləˈdɛʃ/ (Anglicized pronunciation); Bengali: বাংলাদেশ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh) is a sovereign state located in South Asia. It is bordered by India and Burma and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. The capital (and largest city) is Dhaka, located in central Bangladesh. The official state language is Bengali. The name Bangladesh means "Land of Bengal" or "Country of Bengal" the in the Bengali language, from Bangla "Bengal" and desh holding a dual meaning of "land" and "country" as English "country," German land, French pays, etc.
The borders of present-day Bangladesh were established with the partition of Bengal during the reign and demise of the British India. Its map was chartered by Sir Cyril Radcliffe during the creation of Pakistan and India in 1947, when the region became East Pakistan, part of the newly formed nation of Pakistan. Due to political exclusion and economic exploitation by the politically dominant West Pakistan, popular agitation grew against West Pakistan and led to the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, after the Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence on 26 March 1971. With the intervention of the Indian Army, the war came to an end on 16 December 1971 with the surrender of the Pakistan Army at Ramna Race Course.
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Beas River
The Beas River (or Vipasha, Hindi: ब्यास, Punjabi: ਬਿਆਸ, Sanskrit: विपाशा) is a river in the northern part of India. The river rises in the Himalayas in central Himachal Pradesh, India, and flows for some 470 km (290 miles) to the Sutlej River in the Indian state of Punjab.
Its total length is 470 km (290 miles), and its drainage basin is 20,303 square kilometres (7,839 sq mi) large.
The river was also known as Arjikuja of the Vedas, or Vipasa to the ancient Indians, and the Hyphasis to the Ancient Greeks.
The present name "Beas" is thought to be a corruption of the older name and original name "Vipasha" in Sanskrit. The river got this name, Vi-pasha, the "one who removed the bondage" (or pasha in Sanskrit). According to ancient texts, the river was named after sage Vasistha. Vasistha, tried to end his life due to the death of his 100 sons, by jumping into this river and tying himself. But as soon as the sage fell into the river, all the knots got untied, and he did not die. The river is also referred to as Vipasha in Himachal, especially by the scholars.
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Bhakkar
Bhakkar (Urdu: بھکر, Saraiki Bakhar : بکھر) is the principal city of Bhakkar District, Punjab, Pakistan. It lies on the left bank of the Indus river. It has a population of almost 300,000.
Bhakkar city is also the administrative centre of Bhakkar tehsil one of the four tehsils of the district. Bhakkar tehsil is sudivided into 17 Union Councils, three of which form the city of Bhakkar.
Bhakkar was founded probably towards the close of the fifteenth century by a body of colonists from Dera Ismail Khan
During British rule Bhakkar Town was headquarters of Bhakkar tahsil (now Bhakkar District) in Mianwali District, and was on the North-Western Railway line. The municipality was created in 1874. Its income and expenditure during the ten years ending 1902-3 averaged Rs. 7,700. The income in 1903-4 was Rs. 7,500, chiefly derived from octroi; and the expenditure was Rs. 8,600. The population according to the 1901 census of India was 5,312, at that time the town contained a dispensary and a municipal vernacular middle school.
wn.com/Bhakkar -
Bhakkar District
Bhakkar (Urdu: ضلع بھکر) is a District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The district was created in 1981 with Bhakkar city (known as Bakhar in Seraiki) as the capital. It is located between 31° 10' and 32° 22' N. and 70° 47' and 72° E. with an area of 3,134 square miles (8,120 km2), most of it lies in the desolate plain of the Thal, but the Kachhi or strip of riverine land along the Indus is of great fertility. Its area consists of riverine tract along the Indus called Kacha and the Thal historically called Chol-e-Jalali. Most of its area comprises greater Thal.
Mankera in centre of The Great Thal is a place of great antiquity. The old fort here; a historical heritage, is a great land mark of Thal needs preservation. Another old place in the district is Kallurkot. Bhakkar is part of Seraiki Wasaib in western Punjab.
Bhakkar city has a population of almost 300,000[citation needed], the total population of the district was estimated to be 1.37 million in 2008.
The district is administratively divided into four tehsils and 42 Union Councils:
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Bhurban
Bhurban (Urdu: بھوربن ) is a small town and a hill station in Punjab province, Pakistan. The resort town is named after a nearby forest. It is located approximately 13 kilometres from Murree city.
The Rawat Union Council is also responsible for managing Bhurban. Rawat village is the headquarters of the Union Council of Rawat, which is an administrative sub-division of Murree Tehsil, in the Rawalpindi District of Punjab.
Bhurban is situated in between Murree and Kashmir Road at a height of about 6000 feet. It has recently been made accessible by the dual Islamabad-Murree Expressway, making it a 45 minute drive from Islamabad, the federal capital of Pakistan.
Bhurban is one of the more picturesque places in the country, and is a tourist paradise with unique flora, and a fauna with a variety species not found elsewhere in Pakistan. It is known for scenic hiking trails in the nearby Ayubia National Park. The '5 star' Pearl Continental Hotel is one of several resorts in Bhurban that serve tourists visiting the Murree Hills and the national park. Bhurban also has a nine hole golf course.
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Canada
Canada (
/ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
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Chakwal
Coordinates: 32°55′49″N 72°51′20″E / 32.93028°N 72.85556°E / 32.93028; 72.85556
Chakwal (Punjabi, Urdu: چکوال) is the capital of Chakwal District, Punjab, Pakistan. It is located 90 km south-east of the federal capital, Islamabad and is named after Chaudhary Chaku Khan, chief of the Mair Minhas tribe from Jammu, who founded it in 1525 CE during the era of the Mughal Emperor, Zaheerudun Babur. It remained a small but central town of the Dhan Chaurasi Taluka for many centuries. In 1881, during the British era, it was declared the Tehsil Headquarters. It was finally upgraded to district status in 1985. The area of Chakwal city is about 10 square kilometres.[citation needed]
Chakwal is located in the Dhanni region of the Pothohar Plateau in northern Punjab, Pakistan. The Pothohar Plateau (also spelled Potwar or Potohar) (Urdu: سطح مرتفع پوٹھوہار) was the home of the ancient Soan valley civilization, which is evidenced by the discovery of fossils, tools, coins, and remains of ancient archaeological sites. The Indus Valley civilization flourished in this region between the 23rd and 18th centuries BC. Some of the earliest Stone Age artefacts in the world have been found on the plateau, dating from 500,000 to 100,000 years ago. The crude stone recovered from the terraces of the Soan testify to human endeavour in this part of the world from the inter-glacial period.
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Chakwal District
Chakwal (Urdu: ضلع چکوال) is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Chakwal district was created in 1985; until the year 2000 when divisions were abolished, it was part of Rawalpindi Division.
The district of Chakwal, which covers an area of 6,524, is subdivided into 5 tehsils, these tehsils were formerly part of neighbouring districts:
At present district Chakwal consists of 5 subdivisions – Chakwal, Talagang, Choa Saidan Shah,Lawa and Kallar Kahar, 23 qanungois and 198 patwar circles. The police subdivisions correspond with those of the district administration and there are 11 police stations- Chakwal City, Saddar, Kallar Kahar, Dhumman, Nila, Dhudhial, Talagang City, Saddar, Tamman, Lawa and Choa Saidan Shah.
The district is administratively subdivided into four tehsils and 68 Union Councils
Total
There is one district council, two municipal committees- Chakwal and Talagang and two town committees- Choa Saidan Shah and Kallar Kahar.
The district is represented in the National Assembly by two constituencies NA-60 and NA-61. The district is represented in the provincial assembly by four elected MPAs who represent the following constituencies:
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Chenab River
The Chenab River ( /tʃəˈnɑːb/, Sanskrit: चंद्रभाग/अक्सिनी, Punjabi: ਚਨਾਬ, canāb, Hindi: चनाब, Urdu: چناب, literally: 'Moon(Chan) چن River(aab)' آب) is a major river of Jammu and Kashmir and the Punjab in Pakistan. It forms in the upper Himalayas in the Lahaul and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh, India, and flows through the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir into the plains of the Punjab, Pakistan. The waters of the Chenab are allocated to Pakistan under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty.
The waters of the Chenab start from snow melt from the Bara Lacha Pass, 32°44′N 77°26′E / 32.733°N 77.433°E / 32.733; 77.433, in Himachal Pradesh. The waters flowing south from the pass are known as the Chandra River and those that flow north are called the Bhaga River. Eventually the Bhaga flows around to the south joining the Chandra at the village of Tandi. A motorable road runs along the Bhaga River, from Khoskhas to Tandi. The Chandra and Bhaga meet to form the Chandrbhaga River at Tandi. It becomes the Chenab when it joins the Marau River at Bhandera Kot, 12 km from Kishtwar Town in Jammu and Kashmir.
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Chiniot
Chiniot (Punjabi, Urdu: چنیوٹ) is a city and administration headquarter of Chiniot District, in the state of Punjab, Pakistan. Located between the heart of river Chenab with the heads of small rocky hills, it is known for its wooden furniture architecture which has a great attraction in all over the world.
"Chiniot" derives from the Punjabi, Chan and ote, means "Moon" and "behind", compound to mean "Behind the Moon". Its name mean also used as "Behind the Moon without light".
Chiniot city lies on left bank of the Chenab River inside the small rocky hills, giving a tourism sight and a great attractions for tourists. It is located at the point where Faisalabad-Sargodha road and Lahore-Jhang road meetup each other. It is 158 kilometers in the Northwest from Lahore and 38 kilometers in North of Faisalabad. Chiniot city is spread over an area of 10 square kilometers with an average elevation of 179 meters (587 ft). Chiniot is located at Latitude: 31.7200 and Longitude: 72.9789.
Chiniot lies on the left bank of river Chenab, with the rocky hills at the northern side between the river and city. On the other side of river, Chenab Nagar (previously Rabwah) city is located covered with the rocks is a great sight. In the center of river a (Committed) worship center (or Chilla Gah) of a great Muslim's Sufi Bu Ali Shah Qalandar is located.
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Chiniot District
Chiniot District (Urdu: ضلع چنیوٹ) became the 36th district of the Punjab province of Pakistan in February 2009. Earlier it was a tehsil of Jhang District.
Chiniot's name consists of two words of Punjabi, Chan and Ote, which translates as 'Behind the moon without light'. Until February 2009 Chiniot District formed part of Jhang District in the former Faisalabad Division. Chiniot forms a very important part of the historic area of Jhang District, the history of which goes back into antiquity. It is said that Alexander of Macedonia passed through the district while going back to Greece. But the first glimpse of this district appeared in 'Tuzk-e-Babari' written by Zaheerudin Babar, the founder of the Mughal dynasty in India, in the year 1526. CE Chiniot was known for its mastercrafted furniture, not only in Pakistan, but all over the world. Its highly special and master craft Jharokhas are known in the whole country. Sheikh, Sayed, Qazi, Japaa, Bala, Chadhar, Haral,Sangha, Khokhar,Lali, Sipra, Nesoana,Rehan, wallahRai and Khundowaa tribes are leading tribes
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Cholistan Desert
Cholistan Desert (Urdu, Saraiki:صحرائے چولستان), also locally known as Rohi (روہی) sprawls thirty kilometers from Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan and covers an area of 26,300 km². It adjoins the Thar Desert extending over to Sindh and into India.
The word Cholistan is derived from the Turkish word Chol, which means Desert. Cholistan thus means Land of the Desert. The people of Cholistan lead a semi-nomadic life, moving from one place to another in search of water and fodder for their animals. The dry bed of the Hakra River runs through the area, along which many settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization have been found.
The Desert also has an Annual Jeep Rally, known as Cholistan Desert Jeep Rally. It is the biggest motor sports event in Pakistan.
The language of Cholistan also reflects a number of features of its historical and geographical background. The Saraiki language is an Indo-Aryan language of the Lahnda languages group, and is spoken in Cholistan as well as in a large part of central Pakistan. Though once a considered a dialect of Punjabi, it is considered a separate language now. One of the chief authors in the Saraiki language is Khwaja Ghulam Farid, a polyglot Sufi poet, who helped develop Saraiki's poetics. The Saraiki community diffused when Saraiki-speaking Hindus migrated to the neighboring Indian states of Bikaner and Jaisalmer during Partition and were replaced by Urdu-speaking Muslim refugees from India. However, since the majority of Urdu-speakers settled in the cities and few settled in rural Cholistan, the countryside maintains a strong Saraiki community.
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Dera Ghazi Khan
Dera Ghazi Khan, abbreviated as D. G. Khan (Saraiki, Urdu: ڈیرہ غازی خان or traditionally as دیرہ غازی خان) is a city located in Dera Ghazi Khan District, Punjab, Pakistan. It is a Mid-Country City located at the junction of four provinces.It is the only district in Pakistan which has beautiful and unique landscape like Indus River, Green Fields,Pachad Desert and Koh-suliman Mountains. Dera Ghazi Khan is one of the most populous cities in Southern Punjab and one of the planned cities in Pakistan. The city also gives its name to the Dera Ghazi Khan Division, which consists of the Dera Ghazi Khan, Rajanpur, Muzaffargarh and Layyah districts.
The word Dera is a Saraiki language word meaning abode or settlement. It is also used in Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi and many other languages. Dera Ghazi Khan thus means the settlement or city of Ghazi Khan. In Saraiki, it is traditionally pronounced with dāl (د) rather than ḍāl (ڈ) (see Urdu alphabet for details). Many cities in South Asia have Dera as a pre-fix such as Dera Ismail Khan and Dera Allah Yar. People of Dera Ghazi Khan as well as Dera Ismail Khan are also known as Derawal or sometimes as Dervi while the latter is used as Pen name or Takhallus.
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East Pakistan
East Pakistan (Bengali: পূর্ব পাকিস্তান; Purbo Pakistan, Urdu: مشرقی پاکستان; Mashriqī Pākistān) was a provincial state of Pakistan that existed in Bengal region in the northeast region of the Indian Subcontinent from 1955 until 1971, following the One Unit programme which laid the existence of East Pakistan.
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Faisalabad
Faisalabad, (Urdu: فیصل آباد) formerly known as Lyallpur, is the third largest metropolis in Pakistan, the second largest in the province of Punjab after Lahore, and a major industrial center in the heart of Pakistan.
Nicknamed the Manchester of Asia, Faisalabad remains an important industrial city west of Lahore. The city-district of Faisalabad is bound on the north by the districts of Hafizabad and Chiniot, on the east by Nankana Sahib, on the south by Sahiwal, and Toba Tek Singh and on the west by Jhang.
The city is at a road and railway junction, which has played an influential role in the development of Faisalabad's trade and economy. The surrounding countryside, irrigated by the Lower Chenab River, has seen expanded production of cotton, wheat, sugarcane, vegetables, and fruits, which form 55% of Pakistan's exports. The city is an industrial centre with major railway repair yards, engineering works, and mills that process sugar, flour, and oil seed. Produce includes superphosphates, cotton and silk textiles, hosiery, dyes, industrial chemicals, beverages, apparels, pulp and paper, printing, agricultural equipment, and ghee (clarified butter). Faisalabad is the site of the prestigious University of Agriculture, founded in 1909.
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Faisalabad District
Faisalabad District (Urdu: ضلع فیصل آباد) is one of the districts of Punjab province, Pakistan. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan it had a population of 5,429,547 of which almost 42% were in Faisalabad City.
In 1982 Toba Tek Singh District (until then a tehsil of Faisalabad) was created as a separate district from Faisalabad. As of 2006 it is a city district consisting of the city of Faisalabad.
In 1870s the colonial era Punjab government decided to increase the cultivated land by making barrages and canals to meet the demand at European markets. This led to the canal based irrigation of the areas now comprising the district of Faisalabad and Toba Tek Singh. In 1880, a colonial officer, Captain Poham Young, with the support of Sir James Broadwood Lyall founded the new Town it was named Lyallpur after his Surname. proposed a new town. The design was based on the Union Jack, with eight roads radiating from a large clock tower in the center.
It was called the Chenab Bar after renamed as Lyallpur District, a large number of Sikhs from Eastern Punjab from Ludhiana District, Jalandhar District and Ambala District migrated to this new region where they established new Villages naming them after their own Villages which they left. the Majority of the villages were named a Chak. Muslims in Masses settled in this new colony.
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Fort Munro
Fort Munro (Urdu, Balochi, Saraiki:فورٹ ٘منرو), also known as Nimroo (نمرو), is a hill station, located at a height of 6,470 feet above sea level in Dera Ghazi Khan District. It attracts many people for short stays during the hot summer. It is around 85 kilometres from Dera Ghazi Khan city, Punjab, Pakistan and about 185 kilometres from Multan in Sulaiman Mountain range. Fort Munro is just beyond the Punjab border. The people of Fort Munro are nomads, especially of the Leghari tribe. Many are bilingual, speaking Balochi (called Sulemani locally) and Saraiki. The term 'fort' seems somewhat exaggerated since the town looks more like a peaceful hill resort with gardens and orchards rather than a military outpost.
The town was founded by Robert Groves Sandeman in the later part of the 19th century and named Fort Munro after Colonel Munro who was commissioner of the Derajat Division.
Fort Munro is part of the Sulaiman Mountain range. The range is located in central Pakistan, extending southward about 280 miles (450 km) from the Gumal Pass to just north of Jacobabad, separating the North-West Frontier Province and Punjab from Balochistan. Its heights gradually decrease toward the south, with summits averaging 6,000–7,000 feet, the highest being the twin peaks (30 miles from the Gumal Pass) called Takht-i Sulaiman, or Solomon's Throne, which legend connects with King Solomon's visit to Pakistan; the higher of the peaks, at 18,481 feet (5,633 m), is the site of a Muslim Ziyarat (shrine) visited annually by many pilgrims. The range's eastern face dips steeply to the Indus River, but on the west the range declines more gradually. Juniper and edible pines abound in the north and olives in the centre, but vegetation is scarce in the south. The Ghat, Zao, Chuhar Khel Dhana, and Sakhi Sarwar are the principal passes in the north. In the south, west of Dera Ghazi Khan, lies the hill station of Fort Munro.
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Gandhara
Gandhāra (Sanskrit: गन्धार Gandḥārā, Urdu: گندھارا Ghandhāra, Pashto: ګندارا, Punjabi: گندھارا, Persian: ویهیند) is the name of an ancient kingdom (Mahajanapada), located in modern day northern Pakistan and parts of eastern Afghanistan. Gandhara was located mainly in the vale of Peshawar, the Potohar plateau (see Taxila) and on the Kabul River. Its main cities were Purushapura (modern Peshawar), literally meaning "City of Man", Varmayana (modern Bamyan) and Takshashila (modern Taxila).
The Kingdom of Gandhara lasted from the early 1st millennium BC to the 11th century AD. It attained its height from the 1st century to the 5th century under the Buddhist Kushan Kings. The Hindu term Shahi is used by history writer Al-Biruni to refer to the ruling Hindu dynasty that took over from the Turki Shahi and ruled the region during the period prior to Muslim conquests of the 10th and 11th centuries. After it was conquered by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1021 CE, the name Gandhara disappeared. During the Muslim period the area was administered from Lahore or from Kabul. During Mughal times the area was part of Kabul province.
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Ghazni
For the Province of Ghazni see Ghazni Province
Ghazni (Persian/Pashto: غزنی - Ġaznī; historically known as غزنین / Ġaznīn and غزنه / Ġazna) is a city in central-east Afghanistan with a population of about 141,000 people. Situated on a plateau at 7,280 feet (2,219 m) above sea level, the city is considered more like a town by international standard and serves as the capital of Ghazni Province. It is linked by a highway with Kandahar to the south-west, Kabul to the northeast and Gardez to the east. It is located 143 kilometes by road southwest of Kabul.
Just like other cities of Afghanistan, Ghazni is very old and has witnessed many military invasions. In pre-Islamic days, the area was inhabited by Buddhists and Hindus until the Saffarids from Zarang in the east came to spread Islam in the 9th century. Sabuktigin made it the capital of the Ghaznvid Empire in the 10th century. It was later destroyed by the Ghurids, when one of its rulers completely burned the city to the ground. During the First Anglo-Afghan War in the 19th century, it was again destroyed by the British-Indian forces. The city is currently being rebuilt by the NATO states, mainly by the United States.
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Great Britain
Great Britain or Britain (Welsh: Prydain Fawr, Scottish Gaelic: Breatainn Mhòr, Cornish: Breten Veur) is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, the largest European island, and the largest of the British Isles. With a population of about 60.0 million people in mid-2009, it is the third most populous island in the world, after Java and Honshū. Great Britain is surrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets. The island of Ireland lies to its west. Politically, Great Britain may also refer to the island itself together with a number of surrounding islands which comprise the territory of England, Scotland and Wales.
All of the island is territory of the sovereign state of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and most of the United Kingdom's territory is in Great Britain. Most of England, Scotland, and Wales are on the island of Great Britain, as are their respective capital cities: London, Edinburgh, and Cardiff.
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Greece
Greecei/ˈɡriːs/ (Greek: Ελλάδα, Ellada, IPA: [eˈlaða] (
listen) historically in Katharevousa and Ancient Greek: Ἑλλάς, Hellas, IPA: [eˈlas] and [helːás] respectively), officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Elliniki Dimokratia, IPA: [eliniˈci ðimokraˈtia]), is a country in Southern Europe, politically considered part of Western Europe.Athens is the capital and the largest city in the country (its urban area also including Piraeus). The population of the country is around 11 million.
Greece has land borders with Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a vast number of islands (approximately 1,400, of which 227 are inhabited), including Crete, the Dodecanese, the Cyclades, and the Ionian Islands among others. Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains, of which Mount Olympus is the highest at 2,917 m (9,570 ft).
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Gujranwala
Gujranwala (Punjabi, Urdu: گوجرانوالہ ) is an industrial city in the north-east of the Punjab province. It is the 7th largest city in Pakistan with a population of approximately 2,661,360 as on 24 June 2011 (Extrapolated from a population of 1,415,711 in 2006 and a population of 2,569,090 on February 4, 2011). Gujranwala is located at 32.16° North, 74.18° East and is 226 metres (744 ft) above sea level. It shares borders with Ghakhar Mandi, Alipur Chatha, kamonke and some small towns and villages. Punjabi is the local language, but English and Urdu are also common, particularly in schools and offices. Due to extensive road and rail links the city has flourished within the manufacturing and agricultural markets. The city is on the Grand Trunk Road, which allows logistical connections to the provincial capitals such as Peshawar and Lahore and also to the capital of Pakistan Islamabad.It is in between Lahore and [Gujrat,Wazirabad]. its small and medium industries. Gujranwala is known for its extensive production of sugarcane, melons and grains for international export.Gujranwala exports one of the world's finest quality Rice. The city has set up several commercial and industrial centres allowing the manufacturing of ceramics,Fans,electrical switch gears,engineering tools,Agricultural/earth moving machinery, steel, cutlery, crockery, iron safes, metal tool, utensils, textiles,Wollen Sweaters, sanitary Fittings and tannery production. The city has produced some of the finest wrestlers and bodybuilders of the subcontinent, which has resulted in the nickname 'City of wrestlers' or Phelwana da shehar in Punjabi. The city is also the birthplace of the legendary Sikh warrior-king, Ranjit Singh.
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Gujranwala District
Gujranwala District (Urdu: ضلع گوجرانوالہ) is a district in Punjab, Pakistan.
The village of Asarur which has been identified as the location of Taki, an ancient town, visited by the Chinese pilgrim Hiuen Tsiang contains immense ruins of Buddhist origin. After the time of Tsiang little is known about Gujranwala til the Islamic conquests (Tehami), by this time however Taki had fallen into oblivion while Lahore had become the chief city of Punjab. The district flourished during Mughal rule, from the days of Akbar to those of Aurangzeb, wells were scattered over the whole country, and villages lay thickly dotted about the southern plateau, now a barren waste of grass land and scrub jungle. Their remains may still be found in the wildest and most solitary reaches of the Bar.
Eminabad and Hafizabad were the chief towns (the later now part of a separate district), while the country was divided into six well-tilled parganas. But before the close of the Islamic period the tract was mysteriously depopulated. The tribes at present occupying the District are all immigrants of recent date, and before their advent the whole region seems for a time to have been almost entirely abandoned. The only plausible conjecture to account for this sudden and disastrous change is that it resulted from the constant wars by which the Punjab was convulsed during the last years of Tehami rule.
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Gujrat
Gujrat (Punjabi, Urdu: گجرات) is a city in Pakistan. It is the capital of Gujrat District and the Gujrat Tehsil subdivision in the Punjab Province. The major sources of livelihood among the Gujrat populace are agriculture and small industries. Gujrat is also known as the city of King Porus.
Gujrat is situated on the bank of Chenab River, situated about 120 kilometres (75 mi) north of Lahore, the capital city of Punjab province, and 150 kilometres (93 mi) from Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan. Prominent nearby locations include Jalalpur Jattan, Jhelum, Gujranwala, Mandi Bahauddin, Sialkot, Lalamusa and Bhimber-Azad Kashmir. The city is surrounded by many villages and towns, which supply significant labour to the local market.
Gujrat was founded by Raja Bachhan Pal Gurjar in 460 BC, according to General Cunningham, the British historian. Historical consensus is that it existed in the time of Alexander the Great, and that the city's Raja Porus put up a fierce challenge to Alexander's invasion at the bank of the Jehlum River. The establishment of Gujrat City was realised early in the 19th century after the British Empire and in support of regional landlords (e.g., Daswandi Khan of Daswandi Pura).
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Gujrat District
Gujrat (Urdu: ضلع گجرات) is a district of Punjab Province in Pakistan. It is an ancient district located in between two famous rivers, the Jhelum and Chenab. Because of its proximity with the rivers the land is good for cultivation with rice and sugar cane as main crops. It is bounded on the northeast by Mirpur, on the northwest by the River Jhelum which separates it from Jhelum District, on the east and southeast by the Chenab River, separating it from the districts of Gujranwala and Sialkot, and on the West by Mandi Bahauddin. District Gujrat is spread over an area of 3,192 square kilometres, and is divided into three tehsils, Gujrat, Kharian, and Sarai Alamgir. There are many historic villages and towns in the district such as Chakdina, Kunjah and Lalamusa.
According to the Imperial Gazetteer of India:
However the foundation of the capital, Gujrat, according to the Ancient Geography of India:
Authentic history commences only in the Lodi period, when Bahlolpur, 23 miles (37 km) north-east of Gujrat, was founded in the reign of Bahlol (1451–89). Khwas Khan, governor of the Rohtas under Sher Shah Suri, founded Khwaspur near Gujrat. The settlement of the tract was completed by Akbar[citation needed], who built a fort and compelled the Gujars to settle in it. The tract was then named Gujrat and formed into a separate district. Revenue records have been preserved in the families of the hereditary registrars (kanungos), and these exhibit Gujrat the capital of a district containing 2,592 villages, paying a revenue of 11.6 million. In 1605 the famous Saiyid Abdul Kasim received Gujrat as a tuyul or fief from Akbar. On the decay of the Mughal power, Nadir Shah occupied the district and devastated Gujrat. The country also suffered at the same time from the ravages of Ahmad Shah Durrani, whose armies frequently crossed and recrossed it.
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Hafizabad
Hafizabad (Urdu: حافظ آباد ) is a city and tehsil of Hafizabad District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is situated at 32° 4′ N. and 73° 41′ E.
Hafizabad was formerly a place of some importance, and is mentioned in the Ain-i-Akbari as headquarters of a mahal. Hafiz, the founder, was a favourite of emperor Akbar.
Hafizabad is an old city. In 327 BC, when Sikandar-e-Azam attacked Hindustan, the territory of the Sandal Bar (where Hafizabad is now located) was a populated area. Big cities were located in this territory, and a lot of sub states were organized here in the presidency of Maharajaz and Rajaz.
In the sixth century, when the famous Chinese tourist Hewang Sayan came here, the area was backward but not empty. Then the tourist moved to Sangla; he stayed one night in one good town then called Jai Pura, which was located near the village Koriala. But afterwards this territory became unpopulated and jungle-like because of a shortage of water and Afghan attackers. This situation persisted until King Akbar's period. In Ashok's period a big city was situated at the site of the present village of Mehdi Abad; it was a holy place for Buddhists, named after "Bodhaya".
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Hafizabad District
Hafizabad District (Urdu: ضلع حافظ آباد ) is located in Punjab, Pakistan. Hafizabad was made a district in 1991; formerly, it was a tehsil of Gujranwala District. It is situated in central Punjab and is known for its rice industry on the agricultural side and cotton textile industry on the industrial side. The capital of the district, Hafizabad, was built by the Mughal emperor Akbar, a Secular ruler for known for strengthening administration of Punjab.
Hafizabad is known as "Sheraz-e-Hind" since many poets and scholars of international repute were born in the area, including Arif Saharni and Hanif Saqi.
In 327 BC, when Sikandar-e-Azam attacked the Indian subcontinent, the territory of the Sandal Bar (where Hafizabad is now located) was a populated area. Big cities were located in here, and a lot of sub-states were organized here in the presidency of Hindu Maharajas and Rajas. Hafizabad was formerly a place of some importance, and is mentioned in the Ain-i-Akbari as head-quarters of a mahal. Hafiz, the founder, was a favourite of emperor Akbar. Hafizabad is an old city.
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Harappa
Harappa (Urdu/Punjabi: ہڑپہ, pronounced [ɦəɽəppaː]) is an archaeological site in Punjab, northeast Pakistan, about 35 km (22 mi) west of Sahiwal. The site takes its name from a modern village located near the former course of the Ravi River. The current village of Harappa is 6 km (4 mi) from the ancient site. Although modern Harappa has a train station left from the British times, it is today just a small (pop. 15,000) crossroads town.
The site of the ancient city contains the ruins of a Bronze Age fortified city, which was part of the Cemetery H culture and the Indus Valley Civilization, centered in Sindh and the Punjab. The city is believed to have had as many as 23,500 residents—considered large for its time.
The ancient city of Harappa was greatly destroyed under the British Raj, when bricks from the ruins were used as track ballast in the making of the Lahore-Multan Railroad.
In 2005, a controversial amusement park scheme at the site was abandoned when builders unearthed many archaeological artifacts during the early stages of construction work. A plea from the prominent Pakistani archaeologist Ahmed Hasan Dani to the Ministry of Culture resulted in a restoration of the site.
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Hindu Kush
Coordinates: 35°N 71°E / 35°N 71°E / 35; 71
The Hindu Kush (Pashto/Persian: ھندوکُش, Urdu: سلسلہ کوہ ہندوکش) is an 800 km (500 mi) long mountain range that stretches between central Afghanistan and northern Pakistan. The highest point in the Hindu Kush is Tirich Mir (7,708 m or 25,289 ft) in Chitral District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
It is the westernmost extension of the Pamir Mountains, the Karakoram Range, and is a sub-range of the Himalayas.
The names Hindu Kush (Persian: ھندوکُش), Hindu Kūh (ھندوکوه) and Kūh-e Hind (کوهِ ھند) are usually applied to the entire range separating the basins of the Kabul and Helmand rivers from that of the Amu River (ancient Oxus) or more specifically to that part of the range, northwest of the Afghan capital Kabul. Sanskrit documents refer to the Hindu Kush as Pāriyātra Parvata (पारियात्र पर्वत). Greek geographers adapted the Sanskrit to "Paropanisadae" by Greeks in the late first millennium BC.
The Persian-English dictionary indicates that the word 'Kush' is derived from the verb Kushtar - to slaughter or carnage. Kush is probably also related to the verb Koshtan, meaning to kill.
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Indian plate
The India Plate or Indian Plate is a tectonic plate that was originally a part of the ancient continent of Gondwana from which it split off, eventually becoming a major plate. About 55 to 50 million years ago (contested), it fused with the adjacent Australian Plate. It is today part of the major Indo-Australian Plate, and includes most of South Asia and a portion of the basin under the Indian Ocean, including parts of South China and Eastern Indonesia, and extending up to but not including Ladakh, Kohistan and Balochistan.
140 million years ago the Indian Plate formed part of the supercontinent Gondwana together with modern Africa, Australia, Antarctica, and South America. Gondwana broke up as these continents drifted apart with different velocities, a process which led to the opening of the Indian Ocean.
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Indus River
The Indus River (Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: دریائے سندھ Daryā-e Sindh; Hindi: सिन्धु नदी Sindhu; Sindhi: سنڌو Sindhu; Punjabi: سندھ Sindh; Gujarati: સિંધુ નદી Sindhu; Pashto: اباسين Abāsin "Father of Rivers"; Persian: رود سند Rūd-e Sind; Arabic: السند Al-Sind; Tibetan: སེང་གེ།་གཙང་པོ Sênggê Zangbo "Lion River"; Greek: Ινδός Indós; Turki: Nilab) is a major river which flows through Pakistan. It has courses through western Tibet (in China) and Northern India.
Originating in the Tibetan plateau in the vicinity of Lake Mansarovar, the river runs a course through the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir, Gilgit, Baltistan and flows through Pakistan in a southerly direction along the entire length of Pakistan to merge into the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi in Sindh. The total length of the river is 3,180 km (1,980 mi). It is Pakistan's longest river.
The river has a total drainage area exceeding 1,165,000 km2 (450,000 sq mi). Its estimated annual flow stands at around 207 km3 (50 cu mi), making it the twenty-first largest river in the world in terms of annual flow. Zanskar is its left bank tributary in Ladakh. In the plains, its left bank tributary is Chenab which itself has four major tributaries, namely, Jhelum, Ravi, Beas and Satluj. Its principal right bank tributaries are Shyok, Gilgit, Kabul, Gomal and Kurram. Beginning at the heights of the world in a spring and fed with glaciers and rivers in the Himalayas, the river supports ecosystems of temperate forests, plains and arid countryside.
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Iran
Coordinates: 32°N 53°E / 32°N 53°E / 32; 53
Iran (i/ɪˈrɑːn/ or /aɪˈræn/;Persian: ایران [ʔiˈɾɒn] ( listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān), is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran", which in Persian means "Land of the Aryans", has been in use natively since the Sassanian era. It came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia ( /ˈpɜrʒə/ or /ˈpɜrʃə/). Both "Persia" and "Iran" are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, "Iran" is the name used officially in political contexts.
The 18th-largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), Iran has a population of around 79 million. It is a country of particular geopolitical significance owing to its location in the Middle East and central Eurasia. Iran is bordered on the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. As Iran is a littoral state of the Caspian Sea, which is an inland sea, Kazakhstan and Russia are also Iran's direct neighbors to the north. Iran is bordered on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, on the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, on the west by Iraq and on the northwest by Turkey. Tehran is the capital, the country's largest city and the political, cultural, commercial and industrial center of the nation. Iran is a regional power, and holds an important position in international energy security and world economy as a result of its large reserves of petroleum and natural gas. Iran has the second largest proven natural gas reserves in the world and the fourth largest proven petroleum reserves.
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Islamabad
Islamabad (Urdu: اسلام آباد Islām ābād, lit. Abode of Islam) is the capital of Pakistan and the tenth largest city in the country. Located within the Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT), the population of the city has grown from 100,000 in 1951 to 1.152 million in 2011. The greater Islamabad-Rawalpindi Metropolitan Area is the third largest conurbation in Pakistan with a population of over 4.5 million inhabitants.
Islamabad is located in the Pothohar Plateau in the northern part of the country, within the Islamabad Capital Territory. The region has historically been a part of the crossroads of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with Margalla pass acting as the gateway between the two regions. The city was built during the 1960s to replace Karachi as Pakistan's capital. Islamabad is a well-organized city divided into different sectors and zones. It is regarded as the most developed city in Pakistan. Islamabad is ranked as a Gamma world city. The city is home to Faisal Mosque, the largest mosque in South Asia and the sixth largest mosque in the world.
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Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmiri/ˌdʒɑːmuː/ & /ˈkæʃmɪər/ is the northernmost state of India. It is situated mostly in the Himalayan mountains. Jammu and Kashmir shares a border with the states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south and internationally with the People's Republic of China to the north and east and the Pakistan-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan, to the west and northwest respectively.
Formerly a part of the erstwhile Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu, which governed the larger historic region of Kashmir, this territory is disputed among China, India and Pakistan. Pakistan, which claims the territory as disputed, refers to it alternatively as Indian-occupied Kashmir or Indian-held Kashmir, while some international agencies such as the United Nations, call it Indian-administered Kashmir. The regions under the control of Pakistan are referred to as Pakistan-occupied Kashmir or PoK within India.
Jammu and Kashmir consists of three regions: Jammu, the Kashmir valley and Ladakh. Srinagar is the summer capital, and Jammu is the winter capital. While the Kashmir valley is famous for its beautiful mountainous landscape, Jammu's numerous shrines attract tens of thousands of Hindu pilgrims every year. Ladakh, also known as "Little Tibet", is renowned for its remote mountain beauty and Buddhist culture.
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Jandiala Sher Khan
Jandiala Sher Khan, or Jandiala Sherkhan, is a town and union council of Sheikhupura District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is part Sheikhupura Tehsil and is located at 31°49'15N 73°55'10E. The town is notable for being the birthplace of famous poet Waris Shah, known as the Punjabi Shakespeare, and contains his Mausoleum.
Coordinates: 31°49′N 73°55′E / 31.817°N 73.917°E / 31.817; 73.917
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Jhang
Jhang (Punjabi, Urdu: جھنگ) is the capital city of Jhang District, in the state of Punjab, Pakistan. It is situated on the east bank of the Chenab river, about 210 kilometres from Lahore and 35 kilometres from Gojra. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan it had a population of 387,418
Jhang is situated at place where two rivers Jhelum and Chenab join together to make a great looking sight. It is situated on the left banks of both rivers. Jhang is the capital city of Jhang District located at the coordinates 31.30677 N, 72.32814 E.
Climate of Jhang has extreme summer and extreme winter like most areas of Pakistan, it has four seasons.
According to 1981 census of Pakistan population of Jhang was 1,970,944 with the 434,495 housing units in Jhang. In 1998 census, population of Jhang was 2,834,545, whose annually growth rate was 2.16%. Male population was 1,474,099 (52.00%) and female population was 1,360,446 (48.00%). Languages mostly spoken in Jhang are Punjabi and Urdu.
The area was inhabited at the time of Alexander but the present city of Jhang is said to have been founded in the twelwth century by Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari. Its first inhabitants were sials who were his followers or murids. It was then destroyed by the river and re-founded during the reign of Aurangzeb by Mehboob Alam - called Shah Jewna - who asked his followers to settle again in that area in 1402. Under Mughal rule, the city flourished and was notable for commerce and trade.
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Jhang District
Jhang District (Punjabi, Urdu: ضلع جھنگ) is a district of the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Jhang is the district's capital. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, the district's population was 2.8 million, of which 23 percent lived in urban areas. By 2008, according to estimates, the population had risen to 3.5 million. The native language is Punjabi, though Urdu is also spoken in educational institutions.
Jhang is one of the oldest districts on the subcontinent, having been established around 2,000 BC, when it was known as Jhagi Sial. Jhang is bordered by Sargodha District to the north, Gujranwala District to the northeast, Faisalabad District and Toba Tek Singh District to the east, Khanewal and Muzaffargarh District to the south, Leiah District and Bhakkar District to the west, and Khushab District to the northwest.
The district comprises on four administrative units (tehsils) Jhang, Athara Hazari, Shorkot, and Ahmad Pur Sial.
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Jhelum
Coordinates: 32°55′43″N 73°43′53″E / 32.92861°N 73.73139°E / 32.92861; 73.73139
Jhelum ( /ˈdʒeɪləm/) (Urdu, Punjabi: جہلم) (Greek: Alexandria Bucephalous) is a city on the right bank of the Jhelum River, in the district of the same name in the north of Punjab province, Pakistan. Jhelum is known for providing a large number of soldiers to the British and later to the Pakistan armed forces due to which it is also known as city of soldiers or land of martyrs and warriors. Jhelum is a few miles upstream from the site of the Battle of the Hydaspes between the armies of Alexander the Great and Raja Porus. A city called Bucephala was founded nearby to commemorate the death of Alexander's horse, Sarosh. Other notable sites nearby include the 16th century Rohtas Fort, the Tilla Jogian complex of ancient temples, and the 16th-century Grand Trunk Road which passes through the city. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, the population of Jhelum was 145,647 and in 2010 its population is 174,679. The name of the city is derived from the words Jal (pure water) and Ham (snow), as the river that flows through the river originates in the Himalayas. There are a number of industries in and around Jhelum city, including a tobacco factory, wood, marble, glass and flour mills.
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Jhelum District
Jhelum District (Urdu: ضلع جہلم) is in the Punjab province of Pakistan. According the 1998 census the district had a population of 936,957, of which 31.48% were urban.Jhelum is known for providing a large number of soldiers to the British and later to the Pakistan armed forces due to which it is also known as city of soldiers or land of martyrs and warriors. The district of Jhelum stretches from the river Jhelum almost to the Indus. Salt is quarried at the Mayo mine in the Salt Range. There are two coal-mines, the only ones worked in the province, from which the North-Western railway obtains part of its supply of coal. The chief centre of the salt trade is Pind Dadan Khan. The district is crossed by the main line of the North-Western railway, and also traversed along the south by a branch line. It is located in the north of the Punjab province, Jhelum district is bordered by Sargodha to its south, Gujrat and the Jhelum River to its south and east, Chakwal to its west, Mirpur to its east, and Rawalpindi to its north.
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Jhelum River
Jehlum River or Jhelum River ( /ˈdʒeɪləm/) (Sanskrit: वितस्ता, Kashmiri: Vyeth, Hindi: झेलम, Punjabi: ਜੇਹਲਮ (Gurmukhi), Urdu: دریاۓ جہلم (Nastaliq)) is a river that flows in India and Pakistan. It is the largest and most western of the five rivers of Punjab, and passes through Jhelum District. It is a tributary of the Chenab River and has a total length of about 505 miles (813 kilometers).
The river Jhelum is called Vitastā in the Rigveda and Hydaspes by the ancient Greeks. The Vitasta (Sanskrit: वितस्ता, fem., also, Vetastā) is mentioned as one of the major rivers by the holy scriptures of the Indo-Aryans — the Rigveda. It has been speculated that the Vitastā must have been one of the seven rivers (sapta-sindhu) mentioned so many times in the Rigveda. The name survives in the Kashmiri name for this river as Vyeth. According to the major religious work Srimad Bhagavatam, the Vitastā is one of the many transcendental rivers flowing through land of Bharata, or ancient India.
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Kahuta
Kahuta (Urdu: کہوٹہ) is a census-designated town and tehsil in the Rawalpindi District of Punjab Province, Pakistan. The population of the Kahuta Tehsil is approximately 160,000 at the 2008 census. Kahuta is the home to the Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL) which was founded to undertake the Kahuta Project as part of the atomic bomb project. Before the Kahuta Project, the site was occupied by retired officers of Pakistan Armed Forces and contained a small public community, including a private high school.
Kahuta was a small incorporated village until the 1970s when KRL was constructed by the Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers under Engineering officer Major-General Zahid Ali Akbar, Director of Project-706. During 1960s and 1970s, Kahuta was inhabitant by retired officers of the Pakistan Armed Forces.
In 1970s, the Ministry of Defence was tasked by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto to search for a remote location for performing atomic and weapon-testing experiments for the integrated atomic bomb project in 1976. The residents of Kahuta were paid handsomely and were re-located in populated cities of Pakistan. The Uranium Coordination Board (UCB) headed by Ghulam Ishaq Khan financed the reconstruction of the site. Major-General Zahid Ali Akbar and later completed the drawings, surveying and measured the area aerially. Within the week, the whole site was acquired by the Ministry of Defence, and the army truckloads, heavy engineering vehicles arrived the next day to re-built the site. All incoming materials and research equipments were labeled as common items and engineering tools to conceal the true nature of their purpose. Scientists and engineers working and living in Kahuta were censored by the senior military officials. Soon, the site was classified and abandoned for public with only few allowed to resides. The Engineering Research Laboratories (now KRL) was established by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as a research government national facility under the Ministry of Defence.
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Karachi
Karachi ( Karācī (help·info), Urdu: کراچی; Sindhi: ڪراچي) is the largest city, main seaport and financial centre of Pakistan, as well as the capital of the province of Sindh. The city has an estimated population of 13 to 15 million, while the total metropolitan area has a population of over 13 million. Results in April 2012 of Pakistan's latest census initial tabulations show that the district is home to over 21 million people, at a density of nearly 6,000 people per square kilometer (15,500 per square mile). Karachi is the most populous city in the country, one of the world's largest cities in terms of population and also the 10th largest urban agglomeration in the world. It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, economic activity and trade and is home to Pakistan's largest corporations, including those involved in textiles, shipping, automotive industry, entertainment, the arts, fashion, advertising, publishing, software development and medical research. The city is a major hub of higher education in South Asia and the wider Muslim world.
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Kashmir
Kashmir (Balti, Gojri, Poonchi/Chibhali, Dogri: कश्मीर; Kashmiri: कॅशीर, کٔشِیر; Ladakhi: ཀཤམིར; Uyghur: كەشمىر; Shina: کشمیر) is the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term Kashmir geographically denoted only the valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal mountain range. Today Kashmir denotes a larger area that includes the Indian-administered state of Jammu and Kashmir (the Kashmir valley, Jammu and Ladakh), the Pakistani-administered Gilgit–Baltistan and the Azad Kashmir provinces, and the Chinese-administered regions of Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract.
In the first half of the first millennium, the Kashmir region became an important center of Hinduism and later of Buddhism; later still, in the ninth century, Kashmir Shaivism arose. In 1349, Shah Mir became the first Muslim ruler of Kashmir and inaugurated the Salatin-i-Kashmir or Swati dynasty. For the next five centuries, Muslim monarchs ruled Kashmir, including the Mughals, who ruled from 1526 until 1751, then the Afghan Durrani Empire that ruled from 1747 until 1820. That year, the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh, annexed Kashmir. In 1846, upon the purchase of the region from the British under the Treaty of Amritsar, the Dogras—under Gulab Singh—became the new rulers. Dogra Rule, under the paramountcy (or tutelage) of the British Crown, lasted until 1947, when the former princely state became a disputed territory, now administered by three countries: India, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China.
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Kasur
Kasur (Urdu/Punjabi: قصور), the capital of Kasur District in Pakistan. Kasur is located adjacent to the border of Ganda Singh Wala between Pakistan and India, and is a tourist attraction because of the daily occurring Flags lowering ceremony. Kasur district is surrounded at north by Lahore, at east and south by India, at southern west Depalpur tehsil of Okara district and at northern west Sheikhupura district.
Though the city Kasur is famous for Baba Bullah Shah was a Punjabi Sufi poet, a humanist and philosopher.However,Kasur is also famous for its cosine,Spicy fish of Sh.Javed, Kasuri Falooda are of unique taste. Famous sweets include Andrassa and Sohan Halwa. Kasuri methi is also famous across the Pakistan.
The main crops in Kasur are wheat, corn, potato, sugar cane and turmeric. Turmeric fields of Changa Manga and Dhing Shah are unique agricultural features of Pakistan.
Coordinates: 31°07′01″N 74°27′01″E / 31.1170277778°N 74.4502222222°E / 31.1170277778; 74.4502222222
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Kasur District
Kasur District or Qasur District (Urdu: ضلع قصور) is one of the districts in the province of Punjab, Pakistan It came into existence on 1 July 1976. Earlier it was part of Lahore District.
The district capital is Kasur city, the birth city of the Sufi poet Bulleh Shah, well known in that region as well as in the whole of Pakistan. The total area of the district is 3,995 square kilometres.
According to the 1998 census, the total population of the district is 2,376,000. Of this 95.4% are Muslims, 4.4% are Christians while the rest are Ahmadis, Hindus and scheduled castes. 22.78% of them lived in the urban areas.
Before the 1947 Partition The countryside of Kasur was predominantly Sikh, though the town of Kasur itself had a large Muslim majority.
The district is administratively subdivided into 4 tehsils and 141 Union Councils:
The district is bounded by the Ravi River in the north-west and river Sutlej in the south-east. Whereas the old course of Beas River bifurcates the district into two equal parts locally known as Hither and Uthar or Mithan Majh. Both of the areas have a height differential of approximately 5.5 meters. The natural surface elevation of the district is 198 meters above the sea level, having a general slope from north-east to south- west. Whereas the east and west ends of the district comprise the flood plains of the rivers Satluj and Ravi, characterized by breaching of looping river Channels braided around meander bars.
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Khanewal
Khanewal (Punjabi, Urdu: خانیوال) is the capital city of Khanewal District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is notable for being the host city to the second largest train station in Pakistan. Khanewal is located at 30°18'0N 71°56'0E with an altitude of 128 metres and is named after the earliest settlers here who belonged to the clan ‘Daha’ (jatt clan) and used ‘khan’ in their names. That is how the city came to be known as ‘khan-e-wal’.
Khanewal has a rich and vibrant history which can be traced back to the early 1900s. Khanewal is famous for its cotton growing industry.Daha are regarded as the initial settlers and founders of Khanewal. Khagga is the largest caste of Khanewal. Historically Khanewal is an old city having its earliest foundations laid by the British Empire owing to its importance as a railway junction. The city was a junction of the Wazirabad-Khanewal railway line and provided a connection to the city of Karachi via Lahore. Its straight roads show that it is a well planned town by the British people. The earliest settlers are said to be the Dahas who have the 'Khan' in their names and the city was named after them as Khan-e-wal. Khanewal was declared district in 1985.Most of the Niazi pathan ,migrant are living in khanewal.
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Khanewal District
Khanewal (Urdu: ضلع خانیوال) is District of Punjab province in Pakistan. It most widely known for being the host city to the second largest train station in the country. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, the district had a population of 2,068,490 of which 17.42% were urban.
The district of Khanewal was created in 1985 out of the two tehsils of Multan District: Kabirwala and Mian Channu. Its boundaries meet the districts of Jhang and Toba Tek Singh on the north, Sahiwal on the east, Vehari District on south and with Multan on the west.
The district of Khanewal is spread over an area of 4,349 square kilometres and comprises four tehsils:
Underground water resources are generally adequate throughout the district. The subsoil water is sweet and suitable for industrial purposes. There is no mentionable nullah available in the district. However, effluent of industry can be disposed of in the rivers, namely Chenab and Ravi, after pretreatment, with permission from the Irrigation and Power Department, Government of the Punjab. There are 26 telephone exchanges operating in the district (ranging in capacity from 200 lines to 7200 lines). Cellular phone services are also available.
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Khushab
Khushab (Urdu: خوشاب) is a city of Khushab District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city serves as the headquarters of Khushab Tehsil an administrative subdivision of the district.
The city of Khushab is home to the Heavy Water and Natural Uranium Research Reactor, a critical part of the Pakistan's Special Weapons Program, which has come under much heated scrutiny.
During colonial rule Khushab town was the headquarters of the tehsil of the same name in the Shahpur District of British Punjab. The town situated on the right bank of the Jhelum River was on the route of the Sindh-Sagar branch of the North-Western Railway.
During that time it had an extensive trade, exporting cotton, wool, and Ghee to Multan and Sukkur; cotton cloth to Afghanistan and the Derajat; and wheat grown in the Salt Range, which was considered particularly suitable for export, principally to Karachi. The municipality was created in 1867. The income during the ten years ending 1902-3 averaged Rs. 12,100, and the expenditure Rs. 11,000. In 1903-4 the income was Rs. 11,500, chiefly from octroi ; and the expenditure was Rs. 11,000. The town had an Anglo-vernacular middle school, maintained by the municipality, and a Government dispensary.
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Khushab District
Khushab District (Urdu: ضلع خوشاب) is a rural tribal district located in Punjab, (Pakistan), named after the historical city of Khushab. According to the 1998 census, the population was 905,711 with 24.76% living in urban areas. The district consists of three tehsils, Khushab, Noorpur Thal and Quaidabad. Khushab is home to the Heavy Water and Natural Uranium Research Reactor, a critical part of the Pakistan's Special Weapons Program, which has come under much heated scrutiny.
Khushab is a combination of two Persian words khush (Persian: خوش) meaning sweet or tasty and aab (Persian: آب) meaning water. A common belief is that the Persian invaders, from the west, first used the word khush-aab in admiration of the sweet and tasty water found in the historical city situated on the bank of Jhelum River. With time the city started to be known as Khushab.
On March 21, 2000, the Christian Science Monitor published an article written by Alexander Colhoun, a high-resolution aerial satellite photo revealed a nuclear reactor and a missile base near the city of Khushab (32°1′12.62″N 72°12′27.02″E / 32.0201722°N 72.2075056°E / 32.0201722; 72.2075056). These pictures had mixed views, one of the expression of power that could shackle or reshape diplomatic landscapes of a region and another of the ethical question about the usage of satellite imagery in terms of privacy and national sovereignty of a nuclear-capable nation. The report was published at a time when American President Bill Clinton was due to visit India and sparked concerns worldwide. It was later clearly stated in the Dawn newspaper on June 14, 2000 that this particular nuclear reactor at Khushab and its reprocessing plant were generating between 8 to 10 kilograms of weapons-grade plutonium per year, dedicated for military use.
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pashto: خیبر پښتونخوا [xaiˈbər pəxtunˈxwɑ]; Urdu: خیبر پختونخوا [ˈxɛːbər pəxˈtuːnxwaː]), locally called Pukhtunkhwa, and formerly known as the North-West Frontier Province and various other names, is one of the four provinces of Pakistan, located in the north-west of the country. It borders Afghanistan to the north-west, Gilgit–Baltistan to the north-east, Azad Kashmir to the east, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) to the west and south, Balochistan to the south and Punjab and the Islamabad Capital Territory to the south-east. The main ethnic group in the province is the Pashtuns; other smaller ethnic groups include most notably the Hindkowanss, Gujjar's and Chitralis. The principal languages are Pashto (locally referred to as Pukhto) The provincial capital is Peshawar.
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa sits primarily on the Iranian plateau and comprises the junction where the slopes of the Hindu Kush mountains on the Eurasian plate give way to the Indus-watered hills approaching South Asia. This situation has led to seismic activity in the past. The famous Khyber Pass links the province to Afghanistan, while the Kohalla Bridge in Circle Bakote Abbottabad is a major crossing point over the Jhelum River in the east.
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Kotli Loharan West
Kotli Loharan is a small town in Sialkot District, Pakistan. Factories there used to manufacture mine-laying machines, hydraulic jacks and instruments for F-86 aircraft engine maintenance for the Pakistan Army. A rural hospital, a veterinary hospital, boys and girls colleges, schools and roads have been constructed. Bazaars have been widened in 2010, Fresh water filtration plants have been installed in various locations. New Building of vetinary Hospital constructed, Streets are cemented, Rural Hospital new building constructed and upgraded, Ring roads are made from CCB budget. All above jobs are completed during the era of Abdul Manan Suddal Nazim Union Council Kotli Loharan. Thank You Mr. Nazim.
Kotli Loharan is a pretty small town now, almost under the shadow of the Himalayas. It is a thriving industrial town in the middle of agricultural land. For centuries the town has been an enclave of industry in the middle of agriculture. The people of the town were sword smiths, and it is said that this village was a kind of a land grant, in recognition of their services. Now the swords are no longer important but surgical instruments still are there. People of this town is living in Commonwealth countries, Middle East and UK. Majority of the original population of this town have been moved to the big cities in Pakistan and overseas, especially in Kenya and UK. Current population is mix of new migrants from Jammu and Kashmir (1948 Kashmir War) and old population.
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Lahore
Lahore (Punjabi: لہور, Urdu: لاہور) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and the second largest city in the country. With a rich history dating back over a millennium, Lahore is a main cultural centre of Pakistan. One of the most densely populated cities in the world, Lahore remains an economic, political, transportation, entertainment, and educational hub.
Lahore successively served as regional capital of the empires of the Shahi kingdoms in the 11th century, the Ghaznavids in the 12th century, the Ghurid State in the 12th and 13th centuries the Mughal Empire in the 16th century, the Sikh expansion in the early 19th century, and it was the capital of the Punjab region under the British Raj in the mid 19th and early 20th century. The traditional capital of Punjab for a thousand years, Lahore was the cultural center of the northern Indian subcontinent which extends from the eastern banks of the Indus River to New Delhi. Mughal structures such as the Badshahi Mosque, the Lahore Fort, Shalimar Gardens, and the mausolea of Jehangir and Nur Jehan are tourist attractions. Lahore is also home to many British colonial structures built in the Indo-Saracenic style, such as the Lahore High Court, the General Post Office, Lahore Museum and many older universities including the University of the Punjab. The Lahore Zoo, thought to be the fourth oldest in the world, is also situated here.
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Lahore District
Lahore District (Urdu: ضلع لاہور) is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan that contains the city of Lahore, the district and provincial capital. The total area is 1,772 square kilometres (684 sq mi). According to the 1998 census, the population was 6,318,745, of which 81.17% were urban.
Until the local government reforms of 2000, Lahore was part of the now-defunct Lahore Division. With the revival of commissioner system division, Lahore was restored.
Under the latest revision of Pakistan's administrative structure, promulgated in 2001, Lahore was tagged as a City District and divided into nine towns. Each town in turn consists of a group of union councils.
Coordinates: 31°25′N 74°20′E / 31.417°N 74.333°E / 31.417; 74.333
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Lahore Fort
Coordinates: 31°35′25″N 74°18′35″E / 31.59028°N 74.30972°E / 31.59028; 74.30972
The Lahore Fort, locally referred to as Shahi Qila (Punjabi, Urdu: شاہی قلعہ) is citadel of the city of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. It is located in the northwestern corner of the Walled City of Lahore. The trapezoidal composition is spread over 20 hectares.
Origins of the fort go as far back as antiquity, however, the existing base structure was built during the reign of Mughal Emperor Akbar between 1556–1605 and was regularly upgraded by subsequent Mughal, Sikh and British rulers.It has two gates one is known as Alamgiri Gate build by Emperor Aurangzeb which opens towards Badshahi Mosque and other older one known as Maseeti (Punjabi language word means of Masjid) or Masjidi Gate which open towards Masti Gate Area of Walled City and was built by Emperor Akbar. Currently Alamgiri Gate is used as the principal entrance while Masti Gate is permanently closed .The fort manifests the rich traditions of Mughal architecture. Some of the famous sites inside the fort include: Sheesh Mahal, Alamgiri Gate, Naulakha pavilion, and Moti Masjid. In 1981, the fort was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site along with the Shalimar Gardens (Lahore).
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Lahore Museum
Coordinates: 31°34′06″N 74°18′29″E / 31.5682257°N 74.308174°E / 31.5682257; 74.308174
Lahore Museum (Punjabi: لاہور میوزیم, Urdu: لاہور عجائب گھر), was originally established in 1865-66 on the site of the hall or building of the 1864 Punjab Exhibition and later shifted to its new (present) site located on The Mall, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan in 1894. Rudyard Kipling's father, John Lockwood Kipling, was one of the earliest and most famous curators of the museum. Over 250,000 admissions were registered in 2005.
The Lahore Museum was established in 1864 in Lahore on Mall Road in front of Punjab university. the current building of Lahore Museum was designed by famous architecture Sir Ganga Ram.Lahore Museum is one of the biggest museum of the country.it has large collections of pre-historic and historic period.
The Museum contains some fine specimens of Mughal and Sikh door-ways and wood-work and contains a large collection of paintings dating back to the Mughal, Sikh and British eras. The Museum has a collection of musical instruments, ancient jewellery, textiles, pottery, and armory. There are relics from the Graeco-Bactrian times as well as well as some Tibetan and Nepalese work. The museum has a number of objects of Greco-Buddhist sculptures, Mughal and Pahari paintings on display. The Fasting Buddha is one of the unique collections of the museum — in 2004 Nobuaki Tanaka, the Japanese ambassador, agreed to provide technical know how as the Buddha is popular with Japanese tourists.
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Layyah
Layyah, also spelt Leiah (Urdu: لیہ), is the capital city of the Layyah District ضلع لیہ in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is located at 30°58'0N 70°56'0E with an altitude of 143 metres (472 feet).
According to historians of South Asia, Layyah and its surrounding areas were inhabited by one of the oldest Human settlers (Civilization) after ice age (15000 BC prehistoric man). According to Yahya Amjed یحیٰی امجد (Book:History of Pakistan تاریخ پاکستان) and رشید اختر ندویRashhed Akhtar Nadwi (1913–1992), the oldest tribes that settled in South Asia were Pattal پتل and Manda منڈا tribes. And these tribes settled around indus river just after ice age. Another tribe settled in and around Layyah is Mor مور tribe. This tribe finds its roots to Chandragupta Maurya - the Great King of India. Writers write that during the time of Chandragupta Maurya the town of Layyah was so established and well constructed that it housed connected homes at a stretch of 15 kilometers long.
The modern day town was founded around 1550 by Kamal Khan, a Mirani Baloch and a descendant of the founder of Dera Ghazi Khan. Around 1610, the town was taken from the Mirani rulers by the Jaskani Balochs, who held it until 1787. Abdun Nabi Sarai was appointed governor by Timur Shah Durrani, but three years later it was included in the governorship of Muhammad Khan Sadozai, who transferred his seat of government to Mankera.
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Layyah District
Layyah District (Urdu ضلع لیہ) is a district in the Punjab, Pakistan. It is located in the southern part of the province. The capital is Layyah.
The town was founded around 1550 by Kamal Khan کمال خان, a Mirani Baloach میرانی بلوچ and a descendant of Dera Ghazi Khan ڈیرہ غازی خان. Around 1610, the town was taken from the Mirani میرانی rulers by the Jaskani Baloach جسکانی بلوچ,GORMANI BLOOCH, BHUTTA who held it until 1787. Abdun Nabi Sarai عبد النبی سرائی was appointed governor by Timur Shah Durrani تیمور شاہ درانی, but three years later it was included in the governorship of Muhammad Khan Sadozai محمد خان سدوزئی, who transferred his seat of government to Mankera .
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Lodhran
Lodhran (Urdu: لودھران) is the chief city of Lodhran District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is located on the northern side of River Sutlej.
As well as being district capital, Lodhran is the administrative centre of Lodhran tehsil, which is subdivided into 28 Union Councils.
Coordinates: 29°32′0″N 71°38′0″E / 29.533333°N 71.633333°E / 29.533333; 71.633333
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Lodhran District
Lodhran (Urdu: ضلع لودھران) is a district in the Punjab, Pakistan, located on the northern side of River Sutlej. It is bounded to the north by the districts of Multan, Khanewal and Vehari, to the south by Bahawalpur District, to the east lie the districts of Vehari and Bahawalpur; while district Multan lies on the western side. It has the lowest Human Development Index of all districts in Punjab.
Raja Lodhra was the son of Sikh Raja Raam Dyo Minhas and his family claimed to be descendants of Sooraj Hansi Rajput. Lodhra's family lived in Bahawalpur which later in the starting of 1743, populated in the valley of Sutluj and Bias rivers. This is why this area was known as Lodhar Wah.
In 1849, Multan joined together with East India Company which made Lodhran a tehsil on 5 May 1883. Malik Ghulam Hussain Lodhra 'zaildar' suggested the name "Lodhran" for this area. At that time, there were only 19 villages in Lodhran and it was a tehsil of district Multan. This area was situated in Kot Peer Sa-aadat and the tehsil office had been working there for three years. Later, a tehsil office was built within the city Lodhran. Munshi Abdul Wahid was the first superintendent of Lodhran.
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Mandi Bahauddin
Mandi Bahauddin (Urdu: منڈی بهاؤالدین) is the capital of Mandi Bahauddin District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The town is some 220 metres above the sea level and is situated in upper Punjab, between the rivers Jhelum (north 12 km) and Chenab (south 39 km). Mandi Bahauddin city is situated some 50 km from the M2 - Motorway of Pakistan. The city enjoys all four seasons although the climate is very hot in summer and cold in winter. During the months of June and July, the day temperature mounts up to 45 degree celsius. The winter months are, however, relatively pleasant and the temperature rarely falls below 5 degree celsius. The average rainfall in the district is 700 mm. Main localities (Mohallah) of the city are Munshi Mohallah, School Mohallah, Gurah Mohallah, Mughalpura, Malikabad, Sufipura, Shafqatabad, Wapda Town and Panch Ward.Kot Baloch is a village 8 kilometres to the north of Mandi Bahauddin. It contain a population of 427000.
Mandi Bahauddin, the capital of the district, is also the Tehsil headquarter. Tehsil Mandi Bahauddin has 27 Union Administrations / Union Councils. The politicians of District Mandi Bahauddin are playing a dynamic role in the national and provincial politics. The district territory consists of 5 Provincial Assembly (PP) and 2 National Assembly (NA) constituencies. A veteran politician, Mr. Nazar Muhammad Gondal, a lawyer and agriculturist by profession and formerly the District Nazim, had been entrusted with the portfolio of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture by the present PPPP government for the first half of its 5-year tenure. People of the district are, at large, skeptical towards the role of local politicians, for they believe that the politicians and the state machinery did not play the role they ought to play in order to solve the problems of Mandi Bahauddin.
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Mianwali
Mianwali (Punjabi, Urdu: میانوالی) is the capital city of Mianwali District and situated in the north-west of Punjab province, Pakistan. The city is located on the eastern bank of the Indus River. Thal canal traverses the city and makes the surroundings a picturesque place.
According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, the Mianwali city had a population of 85,000 inhabitants.[citation needed]
In November 1901, present day towns of Mianwali, Bhakkar, Isa Khel, Kalabagh, and Kundian were separated from Bannu District and hence a new district named as Mianwali District was created with the headquarters in Mianwali city. The municipal committee was founded in December 1903 and has remained operational since then.
The city has a FM Radio Station (FM 93), municipal library now called Professor Muhammad Feroz Shah Library, sports complex, and hockey stadium. There are several educational institutions from elementary to post-graduate level. .
The city has an airport built near the old World War II aerodrome and known as PAF Base Mianwali. It is one of the major operational bases of the country. The No.1 Fighter Conversion Unit of the PAF is stationed here.
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Mianwali District
Mianwali (Punjabi, Urdu: ضلع میانوالی) is a district in the northwest of Punjab province, Pakistan. It borders eight district: Attock District in the north, Chakwal District in the northeast, Khushab District in the east, and Bhakkar District in the south, while Lakki Marwat lies to the west, Kohat and Karak districts to the northwest and Dera Ismail Khan District to the southwest.
In November 1901, the North-West Frontier Province was carved out of Punjab and the present-day towns of Mianwali, Isa Khel, Kalabagh, and Kundian were separated from Bannu District (NWFP); hence a new district was made with the headquarters in Mianwali city and placed in Punjab province.
According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, the district had a population of 1,056,620, out of which 20.39% (i.e., 85,000 inhabitants) lived in the district capital Mianwali. The Niazi (Pathan) tribe is the most dominant tribe of this district, with an estimated 70% of the total population. The Niazi tribe exists in all parts of the district but most notably live in Mianwali City, Shahbaz Khel,Kamar mashani, Musa Khel, Sohrabwala, GuddiKhelan Wala, Mochh, Sawans and Isakhel. Another tribe known as the Jats live mostly in Ding Khola, Uttra kalan, New Ding Sharif, Saeed Abad, Hashim Naggar/Lal Wala (Saifun Pull), KhanQah Sirrajia, Bakharra/Kacha Kalo, Kacha Paar, Khita-e-Atlas, Kacha Gujrat, Kacha Shahnawaz Wala, Phaati, Hurnoli, Alluwali, Duaba, Jaal Janub/Shumali, Piplan, Wan Bahhchran, Wichveen Bala, Kundian, Moosa Khel and Shadia.
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Mughal empire
The Mughal Empire, Shahan-e-Gurkhani, Shahan-e-Mughal, Sultanate-e-Mughliya, Daulat-e-Mughliya (Persian: شاهان گورکانی Shāhān-e Gūrkānī; Urdu: مغلیہ سلطنت; self-designation: گوركانى Gūrkānī ), or Mogul (also Moghul) Empire in traditional English usage, was an imperial power from the Indian Subcontinent. The Mughal emperors were direct descendants of Genghis Khan through Chagatai Khan and Timur. The Mughal Empire began in 1526; at the height of their power in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, they controlled most of the Indian Subcontinent—extending from Bengal in the east to Balochistan in the west, Kashmir in the north to the Kaveri basin in the south. According to "Babur-Nama", Kazakh tribal aristocracy along with number of other Turkic soldiers participated actively in the campaign of Babur, which made great influence over the development of Mughal Empire. Its population at that time has been estimated as between 110 and 150 million, over a territory of more than 3.2 million square kilometres (1.2 million square miles).
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Mullazai
Mullazai (Urdu: ملازئی) is a Pashtun village in Pakistan situated in southern part of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa near Tank District.
Mullazai, also known as Malazai or Malay zai or Mali Zai, is a Pashtun Marwat village.
Mullazai is situated at 32°24′49″N 70°27′57″E / 32.413489°N 70.465826°E / 32.413489; 70.465826, at an altitude of 255 m (839 ft) and is situated to the north-west of the Indus River and close to the District of Tank. At a distance of 200 miles from Peshawar and about 40 miles from the city of Tank, Pakistan, which is the capital for most of the tribes. Mullazai is hot and humid in summers, when the temperature in Mullazai can reach 110-120 °F
The people of Mullazai are known as Marwats. Mala Zai (or Mali Zai) was the second son of Nona[disambiguation needed
], who was the third son of Marwat
Clans of the village include Khwaji Khel, Nazar Khel and Haji Khel. These are the direct descendents of Malazai (Malay zai), through Khadar the grandson of Nona. Other clans like Sain Khel, (Pehlawan Khel), Salmanzai and Jang-e-khel claim to be Marwats but are disputed by historians. Most of them are ethnic minorities migrated and settled in Mullazai during times. The most notable (late) LT COL.SARFARAZ KHAN,icon of village,was awarded the title of GHAZ-E-KASHMIR and was nominated as a member FEDERAL COUNCIL MAJLIS-SHOORA in year 1980 by the General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. Who fought gallantly during the Second World War against the Nazis in the 1940s.
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Multan
Multan (Saraiki, Punjabi, Urdu: : مُلتان pronunciation (help·info)), is a city in the Punjab province of Pakistan.According to area its 3rd largest city of Pakistan,but according to population its on 5th number. It is located in the southern part of the province on the east bank of the Chenab River, more or less in the geographic centre of the country and about 562 km (349 mi) from Islamabad, 356 km (221 mi) from Lahore and 966 km (600 mi) from Karachi. Multan District has a population of 3.1 million (1998).
Multan is known as the City of Sufis or City of Saints and Madinah-Tul-Awleyah due to the large number of shrines and Sufi saints from the city. According to area its 3rd largest city of Pakistan,but according to population its on 3rd number. The city is full of bazaars, mosques, shrines and ornate tombs. Multan is also the birthplace of Fariduddin Ganjshakar popularly known as Baba Farid who is considered a father of Punjabi language and one of the pioneers in developing Shahmukhī script of Punjabi language which was later adopted by almost all Muslim saints and intellectuals in Punjab region and even in whole of India. Celebrated sufi saint of Punjab and North India Khwaja Ghulam Farid also adopted Shahmukhī script of Punjabi language to convey his teachings.Multan is located in a bend created by five rivers of central Pakistan. The Sutlej River separates it from Bahawalpur and the Chenab River from Muzaffar Garh. The city has grown to become an influential political and economical center for the country, with a dry port and excellent transport links. Multan is famous for its crops: wheat, cotton and sugar cane as well as mangoes, citrus, guavas and pomegranates.
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Multan District
Multan District (Saraiki|ضلع ملتان) is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan it had a population of 3,116,851 of which 41.64% were urban. Its capital is the city of Multan.
Multan District is surrounded by the Khanewal District to the North and North East, the Vehari District to the East and Lodhran District to the South. The Chenab River passes on its Western side, across which lies Muzaffargarh District.
The district of Multan is spread over an area of 3,721 square kilometres.
Multan district is made of four tehsils.
Coordinates: 30°05′N 71°40′E / 30.083°N 71.667°E / 30.083; 71.667
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Murree
Murree (Punjabi, Urdu: مری) is a hill station and summer resort and the administrative centre of Murree Tehsil, which is a subdivision of Rawalpindi District and includes the Murree Hills.
Murree was the summer capital of the British Raj in the Punjab Province (British India). A popular tourist destination, Murree is often referred to as the "Queen of Hills," a term coined by the British. Located in the north-west Himalayas at an average altitude of 2,291 metres (7,516 ft), the city of Murree, draped in forests of pine, and oak, experiences pleasant summers and cold, snowy winters. The city is famous for its buildings styled in tudorbethan and neo-gothic architecture dating from the colonial era.
Murree is located along the Islamabad-Murree Highway, some 58.3 km (36.2 mi) northeast of Islamabad.
The name Murree is derived from 'marhi', "high place",
Murree was developed in 1851 by the (then) President of the Punjab Administrative Board, Sir Henry Lawrence, and was originally established for the British troops garrisoned on the Afghan frontier as a sanatorium. Officially, the municipality was created in 1850.
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Muzaffargarh
Muzaffargarh (Punjabi, Urdu: مظفر گڑھ) is a city in southwestern Punjab, Pakistan, located on the bank of the Chenab River. The Town of Muzaffargarh was founded in 1794 by the Governor of Mulran Nawab Muzaffar Khan. The Meaning of Muzaffargarh is "Fort of Muzaffar" because the old town lies inside the walls of a fort built by Nawab Muzaffar Khan of Multan. Prior to that the place was known by a shop called "Musan Hatti", on the road leading from Multan to Dera Ghazi Khan.In 1859 the headquarters were moved to Muzaffargarh. It is the chief city of Muzaffargarh District. The city was founded in the sixteenth century. In 1864 it became the headquarters of Muzaffargarh District. Muzaffargarh spreads over an area of 8,435 km2 and forms a strip between the Chenab River on its east and Indus River on its west. Muzaffargarh is one of oldest districts of Punjab. The city is famous for sweet mangoes and nuts. Wheat, cotton and sugarcane are major crops of this area.
Muzaffargarh was especially hard hit by the 2010 Pakistan floods, given its position between the Chenab and Indus rivers.
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Nankana Sahib
Nankana Sahib (Shahmukhi: ننکانہ صاحب), earlier known as Rai-Bhoi-Di-Talwandi, is a city in the Pakistani province of Punjab. It is named after the first Guru of the Sikhs, Guru Nanak Dev, the central figure in Sikhism who was born here, so it is a city of high historic and religious value and is a popular pilgrimage site for Sikhs from all over the world. It is located about 80 kilometers south west of Lahore and about 75 kilometres east of Faisalabad, with a population of approximately 70,000. It is also the capital of Nankana Sahib District and Tehsil.
Earlier the township was known as Rai Bhoi di Talwandi and was named as Nankana Sahib after the birth of Guru Nanak Dev. The Janam Asthan Gurdwara Nankana Sahib, originally constructed in around 1600 A.D. was renovated in the year 1819–20 A.D. by Gian-Punjab Maharaja Jassa Singh Ramgarhia The Sikh Conference of Panjab, Jammu and Kashmir, Peshawar, Kangra and Hazara.
During the Akali movement, on 20 February 1921, Narain Das, the Udasi mahant (clergy) of the gurdwara at Nankana Sahib, ordered his men to fire on Akali protesters, leading to the Nankana massacre. The firing was widely condemned, and an agitation was launched until the control of this historic Janam Asthan Gurdwara was restored to the Sikhs. Again in the 1930s and 40's the Sikhs added more buildings and more architectural design.
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Narowal
Narowal (Urdu/Punjabi: نارووال) is a city in the northeast of the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city is the capital of Narowal District and tehsil. It is situated on the banks of Ravi River about 4–5 km from the Indian border.
There are several theories as to the origin of the name. The most famous of them is that it was named after a Sikh landlord, Naro Singh, who was the owner of the land before the partition of the sub-continent in 1947. The city is situated on the banks of River Ravi, about 4-5 Km from Indian Border and about 50 km away from the Indian occupied Kashmir. It is famous for the production of rice and cereals and for the local dish Dahi Barray.[citation needed]
About 500 years ago in the era of Sikandar Lodhi in the year 1488, Hindus belonging to the Aror tribe of District Multan embraced Islam in the hands of Habibullah Shah, a saint of the area. Nar Singh of the said tribe met Shah Shamash Tabraiz as per direction of the said saint. Nar Singh wanted to build a new city and requested Shah Shamash Tabraiz to pray for the completion of his desire. Shah Shamash Tabraiz sent his own son along with said Nar Singh towards Narowal. The tribe of said Nar Singh stationed permanently in the vicinity of Narowal. Later on the city gradually came to be known as Narowal. During British rule, Narowal was a town of the Raya Tehsil of Sialkot District; after independence from Britain in 1947 Narowal became tehsil headquarters. In 1991 the district of Sialkot was bifurcated, and Narowal became the capital of the newly formed Narowal District.
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Narowal District
Narowal District (Urdu: ضلع نارووال) is a district in the province of Punjab of Pakistan. Narowal city is the capital of the district. Narowal District is divided into three tehsils: Narowal, Shakargarh and Zafarwal. Before the independence of Pakistan in 1947, Shakargarh town was the headquarters of Shakargarh Tehsil, which was a subdivision of the Gurdaspur District of British India. Under the Radcliffe Award, the tehsil of Shakargarh was transferred to Pakistan and attached to Sialkot District. On July 1, 1991, Narowal and Shakargarh were removed from Sialkot District to form Narowal District.
The district is bounded on the northwest by Sialkot District, on the north by Kathua district of Jammu and Kashmir, on the southeast by the contested Pathankot tehsil of Gurdaspur district (Republic of India), on the south by Amritsar district (Republic of India) and on the southwest by Sheikhupura District in Pakistan.
The total area of the district is approximately 2,337 square kilometres. Prior to the creation of Zafarwal Tehsil in July 2009,Narowal Tehsil occupied 1,065 square kilometres while the remaining area (1,272 square kilometres) fell in Shakargarh Tehsil. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, Narowal District's population was 1,256,097, of which only 12.11% were urban.
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Okara District
Okara District (Urdu: ضلع اوکاڑہ) is a district of Punjab, Pakistan. The Multan Road connects the district capital, Okara with Lahore 110 km away. Okara began[when?] as a small town about 40 km from the city of Sahiwal. It later[when?] become a city in its own right. According to the 1998 census, the district had a population of 2,232,992 of which 12.84% were urban. The postal code of Okara is 56300.
The city is a relatively new agricultural city. During the period of British rule there was a jungle of Okaan where the city has been built. The word Okara for this district was actually originated from word Okan(A lush green tree with needle like leaves).The tree Okan gave birth to word Okanwali(Land of Okan)which ultimately finalized into Okara. During British rule the area was part of Montgomery District and contained a large saltpeter refinery. At partition one of the two textile mills that Pakistan got was the one at Okara. The mill was known as Sutlej textile mill and belonged to Aditya Birla Group. It was Asia's biggest textile mill at that time. In 1982 the city became the headquarters of the newly created Okara District. Okara has had a railway line since 1892.
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Pakistan
Pakistan (
i/ˈpækɨstæn/ or i/pɑːkiˈstɑːn/; Urdu: پاکستان) (Urdu pronunciation: [paːkɪˈst̪aːn] (
listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان), is a sovereign country in South Asia. It sits at the crossroads of the strategically important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and north, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and it shares a marine border with Oman.
The territory of modern Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures, including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and has undergone invasions or settlements by Hindu, Persian, Indo-Greek, Islamic, Turco-Mongol, Afghan and Sikh cultures. Thus the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and India's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of India where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh.
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Pakpattan
Pakpattan (Urdu: پاکپتن) is the capital city of the Pakpattan District in the Sahiwal Division in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Pakpattan is one of the ancient cities of Pakistan. It is the city that has the shrine of the well-known Sufi of all times, Baba Fareed. Pakpattan is located 190 km from Lahore and is very close to Sahiwal (about 45 km).[citation needed]
Pakpattan is the ancient Ajoodhun or Ajj-u-dhan, which probably derived its name from the [Yaudheya] tribe (the modern Johiyas). Before it was named as Ajoodhun, some believe that it was called 'Katora'. Old city prior to Saint Farid was sacred to Hindu religion. Old city is established on a big mound called DHAKI meaning "something hidden'. This Dhaki is on higher altitude than the area around, there were gates to enter in the city. It is said that city was destroyed seventeen times in the history by great warriors. All times then after destruction a new city was built on the ruins of old city, because of this a big mond made up. From a very early date it was a place of importance, as the principal ferry across the Sutlej River and the meeting-place of the great western roads from Dera Ghazi Khan and Dera Ismail Khan. The city was on the way to Multan State and Delhi Sultanate. All warriors were travelling from Multan to Dehli or Dehli to Multan were crossing this city. This city was important in the line of defence all the times. A road called "Dehli Multan Road' road was constructed by Sher Shah Suri. The Landmarks of Dehli Multan Road are still in use by Punjab Road Transportation Department. Anybody can read the mileage of Dehli and Multan at any time in all over the area, only present in modern times in this area. The fort defending the city was once captured by Sebüktegin in 977–78 and by Ibrahim Ghaznavi in 1079–80.
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Pakpattan District
Pakpattan District (Urdu: ضلع پاکپتن) is a district of Punjab Province in Pakistan, Pakpattan is the district capital. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, it had a population of 1,286,680 of which 14% were urban. It has since risen to 1,563,000.
The district is divided into two tehsils, which contain a total of 63 Union Councils:
Pakpattan is the city of the great Saint Baba Farid of Chisti. Word Pakpattan is consist of two words "pak" and "pattan" meaning "clean dockland" (Pattan means a dockland or place where ships or boats stop). The city is given this name by Saint Baba Farid. It is said, once Saint Farid having ablution on the bank of the River Sutlej. One local man told the Saint that this water is unclean and place is dirty then Saint Farid replied to him "no its clean water and place' in local language "Pak Pattan'.
The capital Pakpattan is located about 207 km from Lahore and 205 km from Multan- the district is bounded to the northwest by Sahiwal District, to the north by Okara District, to the by the Sutlej River and Bahawalnagar District, and to the southwest by Vehari District.
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Panjnad
Panjnad (Punjabi, Urdu: پنجند) is located in Punjab, Pakistan. It is an agriculture area and it is where all the five rivers of Punjab merge.
Coordinates: 28°57′N 70°30′E / 28.95°N 70.5°E / 28.95; 70.5
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Patriata
Patriata also known as New Murree is a hill station in northern Punjab, Pakistan. It is situated 15 km south-east of Murree hill.
Patriata is located in Murree Tehsil which is a subdivision of Rawalpindi District. It is the highest point in the area and the hills stand 6,790 feet(2070m) above sea level.
The hill station is a tourist location as the climate here is much cooler than further south. There is a chair lift and cable car system for transportation to the highest point. The area is heavily forested and there are many monkeys and leopards in the area.
This area is famous for its natural beauty & especially for the cable car & chair left service which pass over many beautiful eye capturing spots.
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Peshawar
Peshawar (Pashto: پېښور Pēx̌awar; Hindko: پيشور Pishōr; Urdu: پشاور Pishāwar; Persian: پیشاور P īshāwar; pronunciation (help·info)) is the capital of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (formerly known as NWFP), and the administrative centre and central economic hub for the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan. Peshawar is situated in a large valley near the eastern end of the Khyber Pass. Known as "City on the Frontier", Peshawar's strategic location on the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia has made it one of the most culturally vibrant and lively cities in the greater region. Peshawar is irrigated by various canals of the Kabul River and by its right tributary, the Bara River.
Peshawar has evolved into one of Pakistan's most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities. In the last three decades, there has been a significant increase in urban population, in part due to internal migration of people in search of better employment opportunities, education, and services, and in part because of the influx of Afghan refugees and other people displaced by military operations and civil unrest in neighboring regions. Peshawar is the major educational, political and business center of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
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Rahim Yar Khan
Rahim Yar Khan ( رحیم یار خان) is a city in South Punjab, Pakistan. Rahim Yar Khan is the capital city of Rahim Yar Khan District as well as the tehsil of the same name. The city itself is administratively subdivided into 9 Union councils. According to the 1998 census, the city population was 233,537 with an annual growth rate of 3.50%. As of in 2009, it is around 340,810. The area of Rahim Yar Khan City is about 22 Square Kilometre.
Alexander was the warrior and conqueror when he entered Multan the City which is known by its Saints. He Appointed One of his Famous General Phillipos to Rule the Area. Rahim Yar Khan and Neighboring Cities Came under Alexander Successors Rule. His Rule was Spread from the City of Multan Till Sukkur (then known as Poros) He was Challenged by Raja Poros in the Battle of Poros and got defeated. With this the Alexander Era Came to an End.
The Buddhist Empire was headed by Asoka. During his quest of power he invade almost whole of the subcontinent. His influence in this area is still unknown to many but it is believed that Rahim Yar Khan was the Part of His Empire before 493 A.D.
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Rajanpur
Rajanpur (Urdu: راجن پور) is a city and the headquarters of Rajanpur District in the far southwestern part of Punjab, Pakistan. The district lies entirely west of the Indus River. it is a narrow, 32 kilometres (20 mi) to 64 kilometres (40 mi) wide strip of land sandwiched between the Indus River on the east and the Sulaiman Mountains on the west. The town is approximately 15 kilometres (9 mi) from the west bank of the river. It had a population of 42,986 in 1998.
Rajanpur was named by a warlord Makhdoom Shaikh Rajan in 1772-73.[citation needed] It remained a small and little known village located on the road from Dera Ghazi Khan (Punjab) to Sukkur in (Sindh) until 1862.[citation needed] In that year, Mithankot, a larger and more prosperous town located southeast of Rajanpur and closer to the Indus River, was completely destroyed by floods.[citation needed]The administrative offices of the Assistant District Commissioner of the British government were moved from Mithankot to Rajanpur, because of its location at a safer distance from the river. Many prosperous Hindu Arora merchants and traders also moved from Mithankot to Rajanpur. It became a municipality and the tehsil headquarters in 1873.[citation needed] Now it is a well developed city of south punjab.
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Rajanpur District
Rajanpur District (Urdu: ضلع راجن پور) is a district of Punjab province in Pakistan. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan it had a population of 1,103,618 of which 14.27% were urban. Its administrative centre is Rajanpur.
Rajanpur District derives its name from the town of Rajanpur which was founded by Makhdoom Sheikh Rajan Shah about 1770.[citation needed] Rajanpur District was carved out from Dera Ghazi Khan District in 1982. Rajanpur is situated on the right bank (west side) of River Indus. It is bounded on the north and west by Dera Ghazi Khan District, to the east by Muzaffargarh and Rahim Yar Khan districts, in the south lies Jacobabad District of Sindh Province. The Sulaiman Mountains rise to the west of the district.
The district is divided into three tehsils, which contain a total of 43 Union Councils:
Rajanpur is the headquarters of Rajanpur District and Tehsil, is located in the extreme southwest part of Punjab, Pakistan (29:06N, 70:19E) with a geographical span of 12,319 km2. It is one of the only two districts of Punjab located west of the Indus River. The land is sandwiched by river Indus on one side, while the Sulaiman mountains range on the other. According to the National Census Report 1998, it had a population of 1,103,618 of which 14.27% were urban. Under the local administrative break up, whole district is divided into three Tehsils and 43 Union Councils (UCs).
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Rajasthan
Rājasthān /ˈrɑːdʒəstæn/ (Hindustani pronunciation: [raːdʒəsˈt̪ʰaːn] ( listen)) the land of Rajasthanis, ("the land of kings"), is the largest state of the Republic of India by area. It is located in the northwest of India. It encompasses most of the area of the large, inhospitable Great Indian Desert (Thar Desert), which has an edge paralleling the Sutlej-Indus river valley along its border with Pakistan. The state is bordered by Pakistan to the west, Gujarat to the southwest, Madhya Pradesh to the southeast, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana to the northeast and Punjab to the north. Rajasthan covers 10.4% of India, an area of 342,269 square kilometres (132,151 sq mi).
Jaipur is the capital and the largest city of the state. Geographical features include the Thar Desert along north-western Rajasthan and the termination of the Ghaggar River near the archaeological ruins at Kalibanga of the Indus Valley Civilization, which are the oldest in the Indian subcontinent discovered so far.
One of the world's oldest mountain ranges, the Aravalli Range, cradles the only hill station of Rajasthan, Mount Abu, famous for Dilwara Temples, a sacred pilgrimage for Jains. Eastern Rajasthan has the world famous Keoladeo National Park near Bharatpur, a World Heritage Site known for its bird life. It also has two national tiger reserves, Ranthambore and Sariska Tiger Reserve, and a famous temple in Khatu, Sikar district, dedicated to Khatu Shyam Ji. Rajasthan was formed on 30 March 1949, when the region known until then as Rajputana, consisting of erstwhile princely states ruled mainly by Rajputs.
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Ravi River
Coordinates: 30°35′N 71°49′E / 30.583°N 71.817°E / 30.583; 71.817 The Ravi (Sanskrit: इरावती, परुष्णि, Hindi: रावी, Punjabi: ਰਾਵੀ, Urdu: راوی) is a trans-boundary river flowing through Northwestern India and eastern Pakistan. It is one of the six rivers of the Indus System in Punjab region (name of Punjab means "Five Rivers").
After the partition of India in August 1947, the waters of the Ravi River, along with five other rivers of the Indus system (Beas, Sutlej, Chenab, Jhelum and Indus), divided India and Pakistan under the Indus Water Treaty, which was facilitated by the World Bank. Subsequently, Indus Basin Project has been developed in Pakistan and many Inter Basin Water Transfers, Irrigation, Hydropower and multipurpose projects have been built in India.
According to ancient history traced to Vedas, the Ravi River was known as Iravati (also spelt Airavati). Another Vedic name was Purushni.
Part of the battle of the ten kings was fought on the Parushni River, which according to Yaska (Nirukta 9.26) refers to the Iravati River (Ravi River) in the Punjab.
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Rawalpindi
Rawalpindi (Urdu: راولپنڈی,Rāwalpindī), locally known as Pindi, is a city in the Pothohar region of Pakistan near Pakistan's capital city of Islamabad, in the province of Punjab. Rawalpindi is the fourth largest city in Pakistan after Karachi, Lahore and Faisalabad. In the 1950s, Rawalpindi was smaller than Hyderabad and Multan, but the city's economy received a boost during the building of Islamabad (1959–1969), during which time Rawalpindi served as the national capital and its population increased from 180,000 at the time of independence to over 4.5 million in 2007.[citation needed] Rawalpindi is located in the northernmost part of the Punjab province, 275 km (171 mi) to the north-west of Lahore. It is the administrative seat of the Rawalpindi District. The total area of the city is approximately 154 square kilometres (59 sq mi). Rawalpindi is the military headquarters of the Pakistani Armed Forces.
Rawalpindi, named after Raja Pindi, is a bustling city on the northernmost part of the Punjab province, strategically located between the NWFP and Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Many tourists use the city as a stop before traveling towards the northern areas. Rawalpindi is also a prime destination for the expatriate community of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Numerous shopping bazaars, parks and a cosmopolitan population attract shoppers from all over Pakistan and abroad. The city is home to several industries and factories. Islamabad International Airport is actually located in Rawalpindi and serves both cities.
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Rawalpindi District
Rawalpindi (Urdu: ضلع راولپنڈی) is a district of Pakistan in the north of the Punjab province which contains the city of Rawalpindi. The district has an area of 5,286 km2 (2,041 sq mi). It was part of Rawalpindi Division, until the year 2000 when the division was abolished. It is situated on the southern slopes of the north-western extremities of the Himalayas, including large mountain tracts with rich valleys traversed by mountain rivers. It contains the Murree hills and the sanatorium of the same name, the chief hill station in the Punjab. The chief rivers are the Indus and the Jhelum, and the climate is noted for its health benefits.
According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, the population of the district was 3,363,911 of which 53.03% were urban, and is the second-most urbanised district in Punjab. The population was estimated to be 4.5 million in 2010.
The main tribes of the district are the Syed (The entire offspring of Imams is called Syed), Gakhars (Janjua Rajpus), Janjua, Awans, Gujjar, Jats, Kassar, Rajput, Sheikh, Abbasi, Bhatti, Chauhan, Mughals, Qureshi, Rawal, and Satti.
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Rohtas Fort
Coordinates: 32°57′45″N 73°35′20″E / 32.9625°N 73.58889°E / 32.9625; 73.58889
Rohtas Fort (Urdu: قلعہ روہتاس Qila Rohtas) is a garrison fort built by the great Afghan king Sher Shah Suri. This fort is about 4 km in circumference and the first example of the successful amalgamation of Pashtun and Hindu architecture in the Indian Subcontinent.
Sher Shah Suri named Qila Rohtas after the famous Rohtasgarh Fort in Shahabad district near Baharkunda, Bihar which he captured from the Raja of Rohtas Hari Krishan Rai in 1539. Rohtasgarh is situated on the upper course of the river Son, 20 37’ N and 85 33’E. It was built by Harish Chandra of the Solar dynasty and was named after his son Rohitasva after whom the fort (Rohtasgarh) was named.
Sher Shah constructed Qila Rohtas to block Emperor Humayun's return to India after defeating him in the Battle of Kanauj. This fort lies on the old GT road between the North (Afghanistan) to the Plains of Punjab. It blocked the way from Peshawar to Lahore. The other reason was to suppress the local tribe of this region Potohar called Gakhars who were allies of Humayun and refused their allegiance to Sher Shah Suri. The Emperor instructed the local Janjua Rajput tribe to help construct the fort to crush the Gakhars when the latter became openly defiant and persecuting labourers who attended the construction.
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Sahiwal
Sahiwal (Urdu: ساہیوال) is a city in Punjab, Pakistan. It is the administrative centre of Sahiwal District and Sahiwal Division. Sahiwal is approximately 180 km from the major city Lahore and is the city between Lahore and Multan. The population is 207,388 (1998 Pakistan Census).
A small village on the Karachi-Lahore railway line during 1865 was named Montgomery after Sir Robert Montgomery, then Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab. was made the capital of the Montgomery District. It was renamed Sahiwal in 1967 after the Sahi clan of Kharal Jatt who were the inhabitants of this area.
The city is in the densely populated region between the Sutlej and Ravi rivers. The principal crops are wheat, cotton, tobacco, legumes, potato and oilseeds. Cotton goods and lacquered woodwork are manufactured.
Sahiwal is twinned with the town of Rochdale, in Greater Manchester, North West England. There is a direction sign in Rochdale's town centre pointing in Sahiwal's direction with "Sahiwal 3960 miles" written on it.[citation needed]
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Sahiwal District
Sahiwal District (Urdu: ضلع ساہیوال) is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. As of 1998, it had a population of 1,843,194 people, 16.27% of which were located in urban areas. Since 2008, Sahiwal District along with Okara District and Pakpattan District has comprised the Sahiwal Division. The city of Sahiwal is the capital of both the district and the division.
Sahiwal Division is located in the south-east of Punjab, from Multan Division it lies between 30-40 north latitude and 73-06 longitude. It is 500 ft (150 m) above sea level. It forms a parallelogram lying NE-SW along the River Ravi. It is 100 km from east to west and 45 km from the north-western boundary of the Division of Sahiwal, Division Faisalabad, District Toba Tek Singh. The dry River Khushak Bias separates it from the DistrictPakpattan. Okara District is east of the division. District Khanewal and District Vehari form boundaries with the division, and on the southern side is District Pakpattan, where there is a shrine of the Sufi Hazrat Baba Fareed Shaker Gunj.
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Sargodha
Sargodha (Urdu: سرگودھا) is a major city in the Sargodha District of Punjab province, Pakistan sargodha is the 9th largest city of pakistan and 5th largest of punjab.
Sargodha is located in the northwest of Pakistan. It is the twelfth largest city of Pakistan and also known as Pakistan's best citrus-producing area. It is an agricultural trade centre with various industries. Sargodha is one of the few planned cities in Pakistan, the other being Gwadar, Jauharabad, Dera Ghazi Khan, Faisalabad and Islamabad.
Pakistan's largest airbase, PAF Base Mushaf (formerly PAF Base Sargodha), is situated in Sarghoda and hosts the headquarters of the Pakistan Air Force's Central Air Command. The airbase is also home to the Combat Commanders School (CCS), formerly the Fighter Leader's School, an elite training facility for training Pakistan Air Force pilots in fighter tactics and weapons. The city is also home to Sargodha Medical College.
The term Sargodha has its origins in the words Sar, meaning pond (Talab), and Godha, meaning sadhu(Baba).
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Sargodha District
Sargodha District (Urdu: ضلع سرگودھا) is a district of Punjab province, Pakistan, the capital of the district is Sargodha. It is an agricultural district, wheat, rice, and sugarcane being its main crops. The Sargodha district and region are also famous for citrus fruit; kino is a newly developed variety. The district has an area of 5,864 km2.
Until divisions were abolished as part of government reforms in 2000, Sargodha was divisional headquarters of Sargodha Division. Sargodha division was composed of the following districts:
Sargodha District is administratively divided into Six Tehsils, which contain a total of 161 Union Councils, population according to the 1998 census of Pakistan:
There are several theories as to the origins of the name. It may be derived from the Sanskrit "svargadhaama," meaning "heavenly abode." Others suggest that the name Sargodha is derived from that of a Hindu loca, Godha.
Also it is believed that there was an old pond in the middle of the town where an old Hindu monk or sadhu (godha) used to live. The Hindi word for pond is "ser". Since the town had a modest population, people would refer the place as sergodha, the place where that famous Sadhu resided next to the pond.
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Sheikhupura
Sheikhupura or Shekhupur (Urdu: شيخوپورہ), formerly Kot Dayal Das (کوٹ دیال داس) or Singhpuria (سنگھپوریہ) or Virkgarh (ورک گڑھ), is an industrial city in the province of Punjab slightly northwest to Lahore in Pakistan. It is known for its historical places, and is commonly known locally as Qila Shaikhupura, because of the fort in the city, constructed by the Mughal Emperor Jahangir. The name Sheikhupura is derived from a nickname of Jahangir, who was known as Sheikhu by his father Akbar the Great. The city is the headquarters of Sheikhupura District and is approximately 35 km from Lahore. The original name of Virkgarh was renamed by Jahangir.
The city was renamed Singhpuria in Sikh rule, and had a large Sikh population prior to Partition in 1947, Gurudwaras are seen throughout the city.
The history of Virkgarh/Sheikhupura goes back to 100 BC. Historical research has established the fact that Sangla or Sakala was the capital of Punjab once, and it was here that Alexander the Great of Macedonia (known locally as Sikandar e Azam) fought one of his most serious battles of his career. Its name is spoken of, firstly in the pages of Tuzk-e-Jahangiri as Jahangirpura, after the name of Prince Salim Nur u Din Muhammad Jahangir. The fourth Mughal emperor of India named Jahangir changed the name of the city from Virkgarh to Sheikhupura after converting the majority of the population to Islam. This area belongs to the virk Jats. Virk jats created a fort in the vicinity of current day Sheikhupura and called it VirkGarh., i.e. "citadel of the Virks"
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Sheikhupura District
Sheikhupura District (Urdu: ضلع شيخوپورہ) is a district of Punjab province, Pakistan. Sheikhupura is the headquarters of Sheikhupura District. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, the district had a population of 3,321,029 of which 25.45% were urban.
The district comprises 5 tehsils:
Sheikhupura is bounded by 6 other districts of Pakistani Punjab namely: Lahore, Nankana Sahib, Narowal, Hafizabad, Faisalabad and Gujranwala.
To the east is the international boundary of Amritsar - Punjab, India.
The area is a part of Rachna Doab, and consists of some recent sediment brought by spill channel from Chenab River. There are some old channel levee remnants and old basins filled up with clay materials. It is probably of late Pleistocene age derived from mixed calcareous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks of the lower Himalayas. The only mineral products of the District are Kankar and Kallar. The small particles of Kankar may be burnt into lime. These are the features of all bare lands and are found on the surface or a little below it. Kallar is found on mounds, which are sites of old ruined habitations, and is used for the manufacture of crude saltpeter.
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Sialkot
Sialkot (Punjabi, Urdu: سیالکوٹ) is located in Pakistan in the north-east of the Punjab province at the foothills of snow-covered peaks of Kashmir near the Chenab river. It is the capital of Sialkot District. The city is about 125 km (78 mi) north-west of Lahore The recorded history of Sialkot covers thousands of years. Sialkot has, since its foundation, changed hands from Hindu, Buddhist, Persian, Greek, Afghan, Turk, Sikh, Mughal and British rule to that of present-day Pakistan.
There are various sources tracing the origins of the city of Sialkot but the authenticity of many of these sources varies. Excavations throughout the area have revealed large amounts of Greek coins, ancient Zoroastrian temples and several Buddhist stupas. The antiquities of Sialkot have also been discussed by Sir Alexander Cunningham in his Archaeological Survey Reports, II, 21, 22, and XIV, 44 to 47.
According to the Greek historical texts, which bring mention of the city of Sialkot dating back to before 327 BC when the city was known as Sagala, it represented the eastern-most outpost and expansion of the Hellenic Empire created by Alexander the Great which has been cross-correlated to ancient Greek maps of the era and several monuments found in the Sialkot District. The Greek historians state that the city was one of the most productive Silk regions of the Achaemenid Empire. Sákala or Sagala was the capital, or one of the capitals, of the Indo-Greek Kingdom which broke-away from the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom during the Euthydemid Dynasty
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Sialkot District
Sialkot District or the District of Sialkot (Urdu: ضلع سیالکوٹ) , is one of the districts of the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is located in the north-east of the province. The city of Sialkot is the capital of the district.
Before the Partition of 1947 Sialkot District was predominantly Muslim, Though the City of Sialkot itself had a Large Hindu population.
The legendary history of the District is connected with Raja Salivahan, the reputed founder of the town of Sialkot, and his famous son Rasalu. Pasrur is also an ancient place. At an early date the District fell to the Rajas of Jammu, and under the Mughals formed the Rechna Doab sarkar of the Subah of Lahore. Under Shah Jahan the sarkar was entrusted to Ali Mardan Khan, the famous engineer, who dug a canal through it to bring water from the Chenab river to the imperial gardens in Lahore. On the decline of the Mughal empire Ranjit Singh Deo, a Rajput hill chief, extended his sway over the lowlands, owning a nominal allegiance to Delhi. In 1748 he transferred his allegiance to Ahmad Shah Durrani, who added Zafarwal and two other parganas to his fief. Before his death in 1773 Ranjit Deo had secured possession of the whole District, except the Sialkot town and its dependencies, which were held by a Pathan family.
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Sindh
Sindh (pronounced [sɪnd̪ʱ]; Sindhi: سنڌ; Urdu: سندھ Indica in Latin, Indus in Greek) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhi people. It is also locally known as the "Mehran" and has been given the title of Bab-ul-Islam (The gateway of Islam). The name of Sindh is derived from the Indus River that separates it from Balochistan and the greater Iranian Plateau. This river was known to the ancient Iranians in Avestan as Indus, in Sanskrit as Sindhu, to Assyrians (as early as the seventh century BC) as Sinda, to the Greeks as Indos, to the Romans as Indus, to the Persians as Ab-e-sind, to the Pashtuns as "Abasind", to the Arabs as Al-Sind, to the Chinese as Sintow, and to the Javanese as the Santri.
Sindh is bounded to the west by the Indus River and Balochistan, to the north by Punjab, the east by the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan and to the south by the Arabian Sea. The capital of the province is Karachi, Pakistan's largest city and financial hub. Most of the population in the province is Muslim, with sizeable Christian, Zoroastrian and Hindu minorities. The main language spoken is Sindhi by about 40 million people, while there exists a significant Urdu-speaking minority.
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Spain
Spain (i/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.
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Susa
Coordinates: 32°11′21″N 48°15′28″E / 32.18922°N 48.257785°E / 32.18922; 48.257785
Susa (Persian: شوش Shush [ʃuʃ]; Greek: Σοῦσα [ˈsuːsa]; Syriac: ܫܘܫ Shush; Old Persian Çūšā-; Biblical Hebrew שׁוּשָׁן Shushān) was an ancient city of the Elamite, Persian and Parthian empires of Iran. It is located in the lower Zagros Mountains about 250 km (160 mi) east of the Tigris River, between the Karkheh and Dez Rivers.
The modern Iranian town of Shush is located at the site of ancient Susa. Shush is the administrative capital of the Shush County of Iran's Khuzestan province. It had a population 64,960 in 2005.
In historic literature, Susa appears in the very earliest Sumerian records, e.g. in Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta it is described as one of the places obedient to Inanna, patron deity of Uruk.
Susa is also mentioned in the Ketuvim of the Hebrew Bible by the name Shushan, mainly in Esther, but also once each in Nehemiah and Daniel. Both Daniel and Nehemiah lived in Susa during the Babylonian captivity of the 6th century BCE. Esther became queen there, and saved the Jews from genocide. A tomb presumed to be that of Daniel is located in the area, known as Shush-Daniel. The tomb is marked by an unusual white stone cone, which is neither regular nor symmetric. Many scholars believe it was at one point a Star of David. Susa is further mentioned in the Book of Jubilees (8:21 & 9:2) as one of the places within the inheritance of Shem and his eldest son Elam; and in 8:1, "Susan" is also named as the son (or daughter, in some translations) of Elam.
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Sutlej
The Sutlej River (alternatively spelled as Satluj River) (Punjabi: ਸਤਲੁਜ, Sanskrit: शुतुद्रि, Śutudri, Urdu: ستلج, and Hindi: सतलज) is the longest of the five rivers that flow through the historic crossroad region of Punjab in northern India and Pakistan. It is located north of the Vindhya Range, south of the Hindu Kush segment of the Himalayas, and east of the Central Sulaiman Range in Pakistan.
The Sutlej is sometimes known as the Red River. It is the easternmost tributary of the Indus River. Its source is from Lowangko Co, Tibet near Lake Rakshastal in Tibet, China, near Mount Kailas, and it flows generally west and southwest entering India through the Shipki La pass in Himachal Pradesh. In Pakistan, it waters the ancient and historical former Bahawalpur state. The region to its south and east is arid, and is known as Cholistan a part of Bahawalpur Division. The Sutlej is joined by the Beas River in Hari-Ke-Patan, Amritsar, Punjāb, India, and continues southwest into Pakistan to unite with the Chenab River, forming the Panjnad River near Bahawalpur. The Panjnad joins the Indus River at Mithankot. Indus then flows through a gorge near Sukkur, flows through the fertile plains region of Sindh, forming large delta region between border of Gujarat, India & Pakistan and finally terminates in the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi in Pakistan.
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Syria
Syria (/ˈsɪriə/ ( listen) SIRR-ee-ə; Arabic: سورية Sūriyya or سوريا Sūryā; Syriac: ܣܘܪܝܐ; Kurdish: Sûrî), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية العربية السورية al-Jumhūriyyah al-‘Arabīyah as-Sūriyyah Arabic pronunciation (help·info)), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
In English, the name Syria was formerly synonymous with the Levant, known in Arabic as Sham, while the modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires, including the Eblan civilization of the third millennium BC. In the Islamic era, its capital city, Damascus, the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world, was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate, and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.
The population of Syria is 74% Sunni, 12% Alawi, 10% Christian, and 3% Druze. Combined, 87% of the Syrian population is Muslim, while the other 10% is Christian, which includes mainly Arab Christians but also Assyrians and Armenians. Major ethnic minorities in Syria include Kurds (9%), Assyrians, Armenians, Turkmens and Circassians. The majority of the population is Arab (90%).
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Taxila
Taxila (Urdu: ٹیکسلا) is a Tehsil in the Rawalpindi District of Punjab province of Pakistan. It is an important archaeological site. Taxila is situated about 32 km (20 mi) northwest of Islamabad Capital Territory and Rawalpindi in Panjab; just off the Grand Trunk Road. Taxila lies 549 metres (1,801 ft) above sea level.
The city dates back to the Gandhara period and contains the ruins of the Gandhāran city of Takṣaśilā which was an important Hindu and Buddhist centre, and is still considered a place of religious and historical sanctity in those traditions. In 1980, Taxila was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site with multiple locations. In 2006 it was ranked as the top tourist destination in Pakistan by The Guardian newspaper.
Scattered references in later works indicate that Takshashila may have dated back to at least the 5th century BCE. Takṣaśilā is reputed to derive its name from Takṣa, who was the son of Bharata, the brother of Rama, and Mandavi. Legend has it that Takṣa ruled a kingdom called Takṣa Khanda, and founded the city of Takṣaśilā. According to another theory propounded by Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi, Takṣaśilā is related to Takṣaka, Sanskrit for "carpenter", and is an alternative name for the Nāgas of ancient India.
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Thar Desert
The Thar Desert (Rajasthani: थार मरुधर, Hindi:थार मरुस्थल, Urdu (Urdu: تھر صحرا also known as the Great Indian Desert) is a large, arid region in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent and forms a natural boundary running along the border between India and Pakistan. With an area of more than 200,000 km2 (77,000 sq mi), it is the world's 9th largest subtropical desert.
It lies mostly in the Indian State of Rajasthan, and extends into the northern portion of Haryana and Punjab states and into southern Gujarat state. In Pakistan, the desert covers eastern Sindh province and the southeastern portion of Pakistan's Punjab province. The Cholistan Desert adjoins the Thar desert spreading into Pakistani Punjab province.
In India the Thar Desert (also known as the Great Indian Desert) extends from the Sutlej River, surrounded by the Aravalli Ranges on the east, on the south by the salt marsh known as the Great Rann of Kutch (parts of which are sometimes included in the Thar), and on the west by the Indus River. Its boundary to the large thorny steppe to the north is ill-defined, about 3/5th of the total geographical area of the State.
In Pakistan, the desert covers eastern Sindh and the southeastern portion of Punjab, Pakistan. The Tharparkar District is one of the major parts of the desert area. Tharparkar consists of two words: Thar means ‘desert’ while Parkar stands for ‘the other side’.
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Tilla Jogian
Tilla Jogian (Punjabi: ٹِلّہ جوگیاں, ਟਿੱਲਾਂ ਜੋਗਿਆਂ) is the highest peak in the Eastern Salt Range in Punjab, Pakistan. At 975 meters (3200 ft) above sea level, it is about 25 km to the west of Jhelum city and 10 km west of the model village of Khukha. The view from the top of Tilla is highly rewarding. Rohtas, Pakistan Fort is located to the east of Tilla Jogian at a distance of about 7 km from Dina, a rapidly expanding town on the Grand Trunk Road.
Tilla Jogian can be seen from districts of Mandi Bahauddin, Gujrat, Jhelum and Chakwal. It is situated on a commanding place near the Jhelum River. From its height of 3200 feet, you can see a panorama unparalleled in Pakistan.
For thousand of years it was a place of sun worship for the Hindus because the sun can be seen here earlier and sets here later due to its height. It became a place of worship for Hindus. Tilla Jogian in Punjabi means the Hill of Saints.
Tradition holds that Tilla Jogian was founded 100 B.C. Tilla Jogian literally means Hill of the Yogis and lies about 50 kilometres North of Bhera. This is where the Kanphata Jogis, who pierced their earlobes and were an order founded by Guru Gorakhnath have left behind a monastery.
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Toba Tek Singh
Toba Tek Singh (Punjabi(Shahmukhi)/Urdu: ٹوبہ ٹیک سنگھ) is a city and tehsil of Toba Tek Singh District in the Pakistani province of Punjab.
During British rule Toba Tek Singh was a tehsil of Lyallpur District. The population of the town in 1998 was 2549000
Toba Tek Singh originates its name from a Sikh Saint, Tek Singh. Tek Singh helped travellers by providing them shelter and food, regardless of their race or religion. In Punjabi, "Toba" means 'pond of water.' Much controversy has centered around the name of the city,[citation needed] due to the fact that it is an overwhelmingly Muslim city named after a Sikh Saint - but there have been no changes uptil now.[citation needed]
Toba Tek Singh has several institutions of higher education including:
Accountancy Institutes
Punjabi is the most spoken language. There is big and old religious school(madrassa)Jamia Darululoom Rabbania.It is working since 1940 It belongs to deobandi school of thought[citation needed].
Sadat Hasan Manto, an Urdu Novelist wrote a short story entitled "Toba Tek Singh" which is a satire on Partition; in the story, an inmate in an asylum frets over the question of whether his home town Toba Tek Singh is now in India or Pakistan. It was adapted into a short movie of the same name directed by Afia Nathaniel in 2005.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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University of Gujrat
The University of Gujrat is one of the new major public sector universities in Punjab. The university was established under Act IX of 2004 by Government of Punjab, Pakistan on February 23, 2004 to cater for the higher education needs of the population of Central Punjab which includes districts of Gujrat, Sialkot and Gujranwala in addition to city of Wazirabad. These districts are popularly known as the Export Triangle of Pakistan due to various manufacturing industries operating in the area. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817–1898) founder of Aligarh Muslim University had named the region around Gujrat as "Khita-e-Younan", or "territory resembling ancient Greece", in reference to the high number of educational institutes present in the area in the 19th century. The University is promoting research and development culture in the area. A large number of students from Bhimber Azad Kashmir also study in the university.
The Main Campus has been named after a local sufi saint Hafiz Muhammad Hayat. Situated prominently in the University of Gujrat campus, the shrine of Hafiz Hayat is an exquisite complex in terms of its architecture, site planning and landscape design. It is located on a mound six feet high above the Terre plain. The site contains a haveli, summerhouse (baradari), mosque, four tombs of varying dimensions, several graves, seven wells and numerous old trees. The mound on which the construction was carried out belonged to the Raja Kaladhvi and was surrounded by a dense forest at that time. Hafiz Hayat settled in the area and helped people with his spiritual charisma. Although the exact dates are not known yet according to popular belief it was at the time of Emperor Jahangir. The saint donated his entire land holding to the then state authorities for the cause of education. The main campus of UOG has been constructed on that very land donated by Hafiz Muhammad Hayat.
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Vehari
Vehari (Urdu, Punjabi: وہاڑی) is a city in the Punjab province in Pakistan. The city, which is the capital of the district and tehsil of the same name, is located at 30°1'0N 72°21'0E at an altitude of 135 m (446 ft), lies about 100 kilometers (62 mi) from the regional metropolis of Multan and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) north of the river Sutlej - the southernmost of the five rivers of the Punjab region. A Head works of canals is located on this river near Luddan on the Luddan-Vehari canal providing irrigation water to both banks of the river, which includes the upper fringes of the Cholistan Desert.
Vehari is known to be city of cotton, among other crops.Vehari is known as king of coton. The summer in Vehari is very hot, however the weather becomes much more pleasant between October and February. Occasionally, light rainfall leaves the land generally arid and dusty. Vehari has dozens of cotton processing factories and cottonseed oil manufacturing plants, and sugarcane farming and processing is also common. Agricultural products include mangoes in the Summer and guava and other citrus fruits in the Winter.
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Vehari District
Vehari District (Urdu: ضلع وہاڑی) is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan - the city of Vehari is the capital of the district. The district was created in 1976 out of the three tehsils of Multan District (Vehari, Burewala and Mailsi). The name Vehari means low lying settlement by a flood water channel. The district lies along the right bank of the river Sutlej which forms its southern boundary.
The district is located between 29°36′N 71°44′E / 29.6°N 71.733°E / 29.6; 71.733 and 30°22′N 72°53′E / 30.367°N 72.883°E / 30.367; 72.883 and borders with Bahawalnagar and Bahawalpur on the southern side, with Pakpattan on the eastern, with Khanewal and Lodhran on western and with Sahiwal and Khanewal on northern side.
The total area of the district is 4,364 square kilometres (1,685 sq mi). It is about 93 kilometres (58 mi) in length and approximately 47 kilometres (29 mi) in breadth and it is sloping gently from northeast to southwest.
The district consists of plain area with fertile land. It is a part of Indus plain. It has the best cultivated land which is suitable for cotton, wheat and other agricultural crops. Vehari district lies Nili Bar which is between Ravi and Bias and Sutlej rivers. Its land is irrigated with the fertile water of Chenab and Ravi rivers. Vehari District has a big canal system with two canals namely Pakpatan and Mailsi canal. The total number of canals including their minors in the district are 19 with a total length of about 1,380.
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Wagah
Wagah (Punjabi (Gurmukhi): ਵਾਘਾ, Hindi: वाघा, Urdu: واہگہ) is the only road border crossing between Pakistan and India, and lies on the Grand Trunk Road between the cities of Amritsar, Punjab, India and Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Wagah itself is a village through which the controversial Radcliffe Line was drawn. The village was divided by independence in 1947. Today, the eastern half of the village remains in the Republic of India while the western half is in Pakistan.
It is particularly known for the elaborate Wagah border ceremony that happens at the border before sunset each day.
Coordinates: 31°36′16.9″N 74°34′22.5″E / 31.604694°N 74.572917°E / 31.604694; 74.572917
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Wah
Wah (Punjabi, Urdu: واہ) is a city in the Rawalpindi District in Punjab, Pakistan. It contains a garden which is said to have been built by the Mughal emperor Akbar in the 16th century. Wah Cantonment is nearby.
It is connected by road with Peshawar, Islamabad and Rawalpindi and is a growing industrial centre. Industries in Wah include one of the largest cement factories in South Asia, other than ordnance and tractor plants, and agricultural implements and spare-parts manufacturing. On August 21 2008, Wah was attacked in a suicide bombing.
Coordinates: 33°48′N 72°42′E / 33.8°N 72.7°E / 33.8; 72.7
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West Punjab
West Punjab was a province of Pakistan from 1947 to 1955. The province covered an area of 160,622 km², including much of the current Punjab province and the Islamabad Capital Territory, but excluding the former princely state of Bahawalpur. The capital was the city of Lahore and the province was composed of four divisions (Lahore, Sargodha, Multan and Rawalpindi). The province was bordered by the Indian states of East Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir to the east, the princely state of Bahawalpur to the south, the provinces of Balochistan and Sindh to the southwest, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa to the northwest, and Azad Kashmir to the northeast.
The independence of Pakistan in 1947 led to the divisions of the Punjab Province of British India into two new provinces. The largely Sikh and Hindu East Punjab became part of the new nation of India while the largely Muslim West Punjab became part of the new nation of Pakistan. The name of the province was shortened to Punjab in 1950. West Punjab was merged into the province of West Pakistan in 1955 under the One Unit policy announced by Prime Minister Chaudhry Mohammad Ali. When that province was dissolved, the area of the former province of West Punjab was combined with the former state of Bahawalpur to form a new Punjab Province.
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Abdus Salam
Mohammad Abdus Salam,NI, SPk (Urdu: محمد عبد السلام, pronounced English pronunciation: /əbd̪ʊs səlɑm/, (29 January 1926 – 21 November 1996) was a Pakistani theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics for his work on the electroweak unification of the electromagnetic and weak forces. Salam, Sheldon Glashow and Steven Weinberg shared the 1979 Nobel prize for this discovery. Salam holds the distinction of being the first Pakistani and the first Muslim Nobel Laureate to receive the prize in the sciences.
Salam was a science advisor to the Government of Pakistan from 1960 till 1974, a position from which he played a major and influential role in Pakistan's science infrastructure. Salam was responsible for not only major development and contribution in theoretical and particle physics, but as well as promoting scientific research at maximum level in his country. Salam was the founding director of Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), and responsible for the establishment of the Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) in Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC). As Science Advisor, Salam played an integral role in Pakistan's development of peaceful use of nuclear energy, and directed the research on development of atomic bomb project of Pakistan in 1972; for this, he is viewed as the "scientific father" of this programme in the views of the scientists who researched under his scientific umbrella. In 1974, Salam left Pakistan in protest when Pakistan Parliament controversially passed a parliamentary bill declaring Ahmadiyya Muslim Community as Non-Muslims. Even after his death, Salam remained one of the most influential scientists in his country. In 1998, following the country's nuclear tests, the Government of Pakistan issued a commemorative stamp, as a part of "Scientists of Pakistan", to honour the services of Salam.
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Ahmad Shah Durrani
Ahmad Shah Durrani (c. 1722–1773) (Pashto/Persian: احمد شاه درانی), also known as Ahmad Shāh Abdālī (Pashto/Persian: احمد شاه ابدالي) and born as Ahmad Khān, was the founder of the Durrani Empire (Afghan Empire) in 1747 and is regarded by many to be the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan.
Ahmad Khan enlisted as a young soldier in the military of the Afsharid kingdom and quickly rose to become a commander of four thousand Abdali Pashtun soldiers. After the death of Nader Shah Afshar of Persia in June 1747, Abdali became the Emir of Khorasan. Rallying his Pashtun tribes and allies, he pushed east towards the Mughal and the Maratha Empire of India as well as west towards the disintegrating Afsharid Empire of Persia and north toward the Khanate of Bukhara. Within a few years he had conquered all of today's Afghanistan and Pakistan, including much of northeastern Iran and the Punjab region in the Indian subcontinent. He decisively defeated the Marathas at the 1761 Battle of Panipat which was fought north of Delhi in India.
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Ajaz Akhtar
Ajaz Akhtar (born 1 September 1968) is a Pakistani born English cricketer. Akhtar is a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Upon coming to the United Kingdom, he was educated at Deacon's School, Teeside Polytechnic, Hatfield Polytechnic and Durham University.
Akhtar made his debut for Cambridgeshire in the 1990 Minor Counties Championship against Staffordshire. From 1990 to the present day, he has represented the county in 143 Minor Counties Championship matches. He also represented the county in 56 MCCA Knockout Trophy matches from 1991 to the present day. He is the current Cambridgeshire captain.
Akhtar also represented Cambridgeshire in List-A cricket, where he made his debut in that format of the game against Kent in the 1991 NatWest Trophy. From 1991 to 2004, he represented the county in 16 List-A matches, with his final List-A appearance coming in the 2004 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy against Northamptonshire. In his 16 List-A matches, he scored 278 runs at a batting average of 23.16, with a single half century high score of 78. In the field he took 6 catches. With the ball, he took 23 wickets at a bowling average of 24.78, with best figures of 4/28.
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Alam Lohar
Muhammad Alam Lohar (Urdu: محمد عالم لوہار), (Punjabi: ਆਲਮ ਲੋਹਾਰ was a prominent Punjabi folk music singer of Pakistan. He died in 1979 in an accident. He is also credited with popularizing the term and song Jugni.
Lohar was born in the small village Achh in Gujrat District, in Punjab, British India into a family of blacksmiths.[citation needed] He was gifted with a melodious voice and began singing as a child.
Alam Lohar developed a new style of singing the Punjabi Vaar, an epic or folk tale. He is famous for his rendition of Waris Shah’s Heer, which he has memorized in 36 styles and forms. He recorded his first album at the age of 13 and has outsold all other singers in Pakistan (Verified in records kept with HMV Pakistan 1979)
In his childhood he used to read sufiana kalaams, Punjabi stories and participate as a young child in local elderly gatherings expressing a vocal only art form in reading passages of great poets. From many of the gatherings out of the rural background rose a great singer that could influence his audience with elements of joy peace, happiness and sadness. Further on: he started going to festivals and gatherings on a regular basis and within these performances he rose to become one of the most listened to singers in South Asia. In the 1970s it was the Queen's Jubilee event in the UK and there was a singing competition between all Commonwealth Countries and after all performances: Alam Lohar won the award as the best performance and was handed a gold medal for his unique and God given voice.
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Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας, Aléxandros ho Mégas from the Greek αλέξω alexo "to defend, help" + ανήρ aner "man"), was a king of Macedon, a state in northern ancient Greece. Born in Pella in 356 BC, Alexander was tutored by Aristotle until the age of 16. By the age of thirty, he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from the Ionian Sea to the Himalayas. He was undefeated in battle and is considered one of history's most successful commanders.
Alexander succeeded his father, Philip II of Macedon, to the throne in 336 BC after Philip was assassinated. Upon Philip's death, Alexander inherited a strong kingdom and an experienced army. He was awarded the generalship of Greece and used this authority to launch his father's military expansion plans. In 334 BC, he invaded Persian-ruled Asia Minor and began a series of campaigns that lasted ten years. Alexander broke the power of Persia in a series of decisive battles, most notably the battles of Issus and Gaugamela. He subsequently overthrew the Persian King Darius III and conquered the entirety of the Persian Empire. At that point, his empire stretched from the Adriatic Sea to the Indus River.
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Ali Hujwiri
Abul Hassan Ali Ibn Usman al-Jullabi al-Hajvery al-Ghaznawi (ابوالحسن علی بن عثمان الجلابی الهجویری الغزنوی) or Abul Hassan Ali Hajvery (sometimes spelled Hujwiri, Hajweri, Hajveri), also known as Daata Ganj Bakhsh (Persian/Punjabi: (داتا گنج بخش) (which means the master who bestows treasures) or Daata Sahib (Persian/Urdu: (داتا صاحب), was a Persian Sufi and scholar during the 11th century. He significantly contributed to the spreading of Islam in South Asia.
He was born around 990 CE near Ghazni, Afghanistan during the Ghaznavid Empire and died in Lahore (in present day Punjab, Pakistan) in 1077 CE. His most famous work is Revelation of the Veiled (Kashf Al Mahjub) (کشفُ المحجوب), written in the Persian language. The work, which is one of the earliest and most respected treatises of Sufism, debates Sufi doctrines of the past.
Ali Hajvery is also famous for his mausoleum in Lahore, which is surrounded by a large marble courtyard, a mosque and other buildings. It is the most frequented of all the shrines in that city, and one of the most famous in Pakistan and nearby countries. His name is a household word, and his mausoleum the object of pilgrimage from distant places.
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Anarkali
Anarkali (Urdu: انارکلی (Shahmukhi); Anārkalī ) (pomegranate blossom) was a legendary slave girl from Lahore, Punjab (in present day Pakistan). It is depicted in the Bollywood movie Mughal-e-Azam that during the Mughal period, she was supposedly ordered to be buried alive between two walls by Mughal emperor Akbar for having an illicit relationship with the Prince Nuruddin Saleem (or Salim), later to become Emperor Jahangir. Due to the lack of evidence and sources, the story of Anarkali is widely accepted to be either false or heavily embellished. Nevertheless, her story is cherished by many and has been adapted into literature, art and cinema.
The Great Mughal emperor Akbar and his wife, Mariam-uz-Zamani, had a son named Prince Saleem (later Emperor Jahangir). He was a spoiled and rude boy[citation needed] and because of this, Akbar the Great sent his son away to the army for fourteen years to learn the discipline required to rule the empire. Finally, Akbar allowed this son to return to the main palace in Lahore. Since this day was one of great celebration, the harem of Akbar decided to hold a great Mujra (dance performance) by a beautiful girl named Nadeera, daughter of Noor Khan Argun. Since she was an exceptional beauty, "like a blossoming flower", Akbar called her Anarkali (blossoming pomegranate).
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Arif Lohar
Arif Lohar (Punjabi, Urdu: عارف لوہار) (born 1966) is a Punjabi folk singer. He usually sings with native musical instrument resembling tongs (called a 'chimta'). His folk music is representative of traditional folk heritage of the Punjab. He is the son of folk singer Alam Lohar.
Born in a small village called Aach Goch in Gujrat District, Punjab, Pakistan, arif Lohar started singing to explore the folk singing of Punjab, and to keep the tradition of his father alive.
In 2005, he was awarded Pride of Performance Award from Government of Pakistan-the highest civil award in Pakistan. Son of Alam Lohar (another icon of Punjabi music) he started his singing career at an early age. To-date he has more than 150 albums to his credit and has recorded more than 3000 mostly Punjabi language songs. He is without doubt the number one living Punjabi Folk Singer in Pakistan. Worldwide he is among the Top Five Punjabi Folk and Pop Singers. In 2006 he made headlines in the Punjabi music world by his super hit album '21st Century Jugni', music produced, arranged and mastered by Mukhtar Sahota in Wolverhampton, UK, and was released by Internalmusic UK. Recently in June 2010 COKE STUDIO released his album Jugni COKE STUDIO which became a smash hit in Pakistan and over the Punjabi music world. Arif Lohar has made more than 50 foreign tours around the world during the last 20 years including UK, US and UAE. Further to this he is the only south Asian artist to perform in North Korea as part of a international delegation of peace and goodwill, performing in front of the present president.
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Atif Aslam
Atif Aslam (Urdu: عاطف اسلم, born Mohammad Atif Aslam; 12 March 1983 in Wazirabad, (Pakistan) is a Pakistani pop singer and film actor. He debuted in the film Bol and has given several hit songs .He is known for his vocal belting technique. In 2008, he was awarded the Tamgha-e-Imtiaz by the Government of Pakistan. .Atif Aslam has done his Bachleors in Computer Sciences from Punjab Institute Of Computer Sciences (PICS).
After leaving Pakistani pop band Jal, Atif released his first solo album, Jal Pari, on 19 July 2004, under Sound Master and IC records. His work has gradually also become became popular in India. His is second album, Doorie, was released on 22 December 2006.
His first major concert was at Al Hamra Hall, Mall Road Lahore where he performed during the break of a stage drama Moulin Rouge. On 14 April 2007, Atif headlined in the Flex FX Dhamaka alongside Jay Sean at Royal Albert Hall. His first international concert was at W. StarDreamz Entertainment Group during his tour of USA and Canada with RDB and Annie. He recently performed in London's O2 Arena on 22nd April 2012 at the Flex FX Production's Dhamaka Bollywood Concert with Naz Choudhury and his Bolly Flex team to promote love, peace & unity among India and Pakistan becoming first Pakistani pop singer to perform on The O2 Arena stage.
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Aurangzeb
Abul Muzaffar Muhiu 'd-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb (Persian/Urdu: ابلمظفر محىالدين محمداورنگزيب, Hindi: अबुल मुज़फ्फर मुहिउद्दीन मुहम्मद औरंगज़ेब आलमगीर) (4 November [O.S. 25 October] 1618 – 3 March [O.S. 20 February] 1707), is more popularly known as Aurangzeb, or by his chosen imperial title Alamgir ("Conquerer of the World"), he was the sixth Mughal Emperor, whose reign lasted for 49 years, from 1658 until his death in 1707.
Aurangzeb was a notable expansionist and was also among the wealthiest of the previous Mughal rulers with an annual yearly tribute of £38,624,680 (in the year 1690), during his lifetime victories in the south expanded the Mughal Empire to more than 1.25 million square miles, he ruled over more than 150 million subjects, constituting nearly one fourth of the world's population.
Aurangzeb was born the third son and sixth child of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal (Arjumand Bāno Begam) in Dahod on the way to Ujjain. Aurangzeb was born when Shah Jahan was a governor of Gujarat suba. In June 1626, after an unsuccessful rebellion by his father, Aurangzeb and his brother Dara Shikoh were kept as hostages under Nur Jahan at there grandfather Jahangir's Lahore court. On 26 February 1628, Shah Jahan was officially declared the Mughal Emperor, and then Aurangzeb returned to Agra fort to live with his parents and Since then Aurangzeb received his formal education in Arabic and Persian. His daily allowance were fixed to
500, while he spent his allowance in religious education and the study of history, he accused his brothers of alcoholism and womanizing.
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Avestan geography
Avestan geography, is the geographical references in the Avesta, which are limited to the regions on the eastern Iranian plateau (of which mostly including today's Afghanistan) up to Indo-Iranian border. It was common among the Indo-Iranians to identify concepts or features of traditional cosmography—mountains, lakes, rivers, etc.—with their concrete historical and geographical situation as they migrated and settled in various places.
The main Avestan text of geographical interest is the first chapter of the Vidēvdād. This consists of a list of sixteen districts (asah- and šōiθra-) created by Ahura Mazdā and threatened by a corresponding number of counter-creations that Angra Mainyu set up against them (paityāra-).
The list is as follows:
There is further geographical interest to be found in another passage from the Avesta Yasht 10.13-14, where the whole region inhabited by the Aryans (airyō.šayana-) is described. The description begins with Mount Harā, the peak of which is reached by Mithra as he precedes the immortal sun: The entire Aryan homeland, according to this passage, consisted of the districts of Iškata and Peruta, Margiana and Areia, Gava, Sogdiana, and Chorasmia. The names of Sogdiana, Sux’əm, and Chorasmia, Xᵛāirizəm, appear here, in Medo-Iranian forms; this suggests that they were later additions. The geographical extension of Mihr Yasht, covered the eastern part of the Iranian territory, the central part being occupied by the regions of the Hindu Kush, represented by Mount Harā, Iškata (Kūh-e Bābā?), Paruta (Ghūr?), the district of Herodotus’s Aparútai (3.91) or Ptolemy’s Paroûtai or Párautoi (6.17.3).
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Baloch people
The Baloch or Baluch (Balochi: بلوچ) are an ethnic group who mainly inhabit the Balochistan region in the southeast corner of the Iranian plateau in Western Asia.
The Baluch people mainly speak Baluchi, which is a branch of the Iranian languages, and more specifically of the North-western Iranian languages, that is highly influenced by that of Mesopotamia and shares similarities with Kurdish and other languages of the region. It also contains archaic features reminiscent of Old Persian and Avestan. They inhabit mountainous terrains and deserts, and maintain a very distinct cultural identity. The Baloch-speaking population worldwide is estimated to be in the range of 10 to 15 million.[citation needed] However, the exact number of Baloch and those who are or claim to be of Baloch ancestry is difficult to determine. In the Punjab province of Pakistan almost 10% of peoples are Balochi.[citation needed] Most of them speak Saraiki but in the Jhang area of Punjab, the majority of the Baloch population speak Punjabi also.[citation needed]
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Barakzai
Bārakzai (Pashto: بارکزی barakzay, plur. BĀRAKZĪ; Urdu: برکزئی) is the name of a Pashtun (Pathan) tribe from present day Afghanistan and Pakistan and the Baluch of south-eastern Iran (in the region of Bampur).
Barakzai (translation: sons of Barak) is a common ethnic name among the Pashtuns of Afghanistan/Pakistan and it means ("sons of Barak" in Pashto). Barakzai is also a Pashtun tribe in Pakistan, and more predominantly, in Afghanistan. There are seven distinct Pashtun tribes named Bārakzai, with the Zīrak branch of the Abdal Tareen or Bor Tareen - Tareen - Durrani tribe being the most important and largest tribe with over 4 million people.
Another source prevails the unfolded truth of the Barakzai in which the name Barak (English pronunciation: /ˈbɛəræk/ or /ˈbɛərək/;Hebrew: בָּרָק, Tiberian: Bārāq, "Lightning; Shine", Greek: βαρακ),, Al-Burāq (Arabic: البُراق al-Burāq "lightning") might have been derived. Barak was the son of Abinoam from Kedesh in Naphtali, was a military general in the Book of Judges in the Bible. He was the commander of the army of Deborah, the prophetess and heroine of the Hebrew Bible. Barak and Deborah are credited with defeating the Canaanite armies led by Sisera, who for twenty years had oppressed the Israelites.
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Bulleh Shah
Bulleh Shah (1680–1757) (Punjabi: بلہے شاہ, ਬੁੱਲ੍ਹੇ ਸ਼ਾਹ, Hindi: बुल्ले शाह) was a Punjabi Sufi poet, humanist and philosopher. His full name was Abdullah Shah
Bulleh Shah is believed to have been born in 1680, in the small village of Uch, Bahawalpur, Punjab, in present day Pakistan. His father, Shah Muhammad Darwaish, was a teacher and preacher in a village mosque. Little is known about Bulleh Shah's ancestry except that some of his forebears were migrants from Uzbekistan, and that his family claimed direct descent from Muhammad.
When he was six months old, his parents relocated to Malakwal. His father later got a job in Pandoke, about 50 miles southeast of Kasur. Bulleh Shah received his early schooling in Pandoke and moved to Kasur for higher education. He also received education from Maulana Mohiyuddin. His spiritual teacher was the Qadiri Sufi Shah Inayat Qadiri, who was a member of the Arain tribe of Lahore.
A large amount of what is believed to be known about Bulleh Shah comes through legends, and is subjective; to the point that there isn’t even agreement among historians concerning his precise date and place of birth. Some "facts" about his life have been pieced together from his own writings. Other "facts" seem to have been passed down through oral traditions.
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Chanakya
Chānakya (Sanskrit: चाणक्य Cāṇakya) (c. 370–283 BCE) was a teacher to the first Maurya Emperor Chandragupta (c. 340–293 BCE) - the first emperor in the archaeologically recorded history to rule the complete Indian Subcontinent. Chanakya is generally considered to be the architect of Chandragupta's rise to power at a young age. Traditionally, he is also identified by the names Kautilya and Vishnu Gupta, who authored the ancient Indian political treatise called Arthaśāstra. Chanakya is considered as the pioneer of the field of economics and political science and his work is thought of as an important precursor to Classical Economics. Chanakya's works predate Machiavelli's by about 1,800 years. Chanakya was a teacher in Takṣhaśhila, now in Pakistan, an ancient centre of learning, and was responsible for the creation of Mauryan empire, the first of its kind on the Indian subcontinent. His works were lost near the end of the Gupta dynasty and not rediscovered until 1915.
Chanakya's birthplace is a matter of controversy, and there are multiple theories about his origin. According to some scholars he was born in a family of Brahmin as the son of Acharya Chanak in Patliputra (near present-day Patna), the capital of Magadh.[citation needed] According to Jaina accounts, Chānakya was born in the village of Patliputra, a (maithil) Brahmin couple. According to the Buddhist text Mahavamsa Tika, his birthplace was Patliputra. The Jain scriptures like Adbidhana Chintamani mention his birth place as South India possibly present-day Kerala.
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Chaudhry Afzal Haq
Chaudhry Afzal Haq (died 8 January 1942) was a leader of Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam and a political figure in the history of Sub-Continent India. He was also a founder of Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam. He founded Ahrar with Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari. He was elected for three times in Punjab Assembly. He was also a Member of the Legislative Assembly of India. He died on January 8, 1942, in Lahore.
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Drangiana
Drangiana or Zarangiana (Greek: Δραγγιανή, from Old Persian: Zranka "waterland" and Pashto: Dzaranda/Dzaranga "watermill/waterland") was a historical region of the Achaemenid Empire. This region comprises territory around lake Hâmûn, wetlands in endorheic Sīstān basin on the Irano-Afghan-Pakistan border, and its primary watershed Helmand river in nowadays southwestern Afghanistan and the "Nok Kondi" ("blunt point") of western Pakistan.
In ancient times it was inhabited by an Iranian tribe which ancient Greeks were referring to as Sarangians or Drangians. The Drangians were first subdued by another Iranian people, the Medes, and later, by Cyrus the Great. According to Herodotus, during the reign of Darius I, the Drangians were placed in the same district as the Utians, Thamanaeans, Mycians, Drangians, and those deported to the Persian Gulf. In 330 BC, the region was conquered by Alexander the Great.
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Dulla Bhatti
Rai Abdullah Khan Bhatti Rajput, popularly known as Dulla Bhatti (Punjabi: Shahmukhi دًﻻ بھٹى, Punjabi: Gurmukhi ਦੁੱਲਾ ਭੱਟੀ), was a famous legendary Rajput hero of the Punjab, who led a rebellion against the Mughal emperor Akbar. Such was the level of resistance put up by Rai Abdullah Khan that Akbar had to shift his capital from Delhi to Lahore for nearly 20 years, making the Lahore Fort his headquarters, and renovating its basic structure. There is an epic in the Punjabi language called Dulle Di Vaar (Ballad), which narrates the battle events of Dulla Bhatti, and a region in the Pakistani Punjab called Dulle Di Bar meaning the forest of Dulla Bhatti. This legendary Rajput hero is said to be buried at Miani Sahib Graveyard in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. The town Dullewala (Bhakkar District) is named after him, being the place where Dulla Bhatti where was sheltered by with his allies. According to one version of events, recounted in the twentieth century by Ghulam Mohammad Rulia of Taran Taran in the Faisalabad district after independence, and compiled by Ahmad Saleem for the National Council of the Arts and the Folklore Research Centre, Islamabad, Dulla's rebellion was sparked when Akbar had his father and grandfather hanged. Dulla himself was hanged, and the site of his execution is still remembered as the "Itwar Bazaar"(Sunday Market).
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Durrani
Durrani (Pashto: دراني) or Abdali (Pashto: ابدالی) is the name of a chief Pashtun tribal confederation in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Originally known by their ancient name Abdali later as Durrani they have been called Durrani since the beginning of the Durrani Empire in 1747. The number of Durranis are estimated to be roughly 16% of the population of Afghanistan or 5 million individuals. Durrani are found throughout Afghanistan, although large concentrations are found in the South, they are also found to less extent in East, West and Central Afghanistan. They are also found in large numbers in Pakistan, mainly inhabiting the Western area of the nation. The Durrani Pashtuns of Afghanistan are usually bilingual in Pashto and Persian while those of Pakistan in Pashto and Urdu.
The Durranis have been prominent leaders, as the royal family of Afghanistan is derived from this tribe, and a substantial number of Durrani Pashtuns are bureaucrats and public officials, as well as businessmen, wealthy merchants and hold high ranks in the military.
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Farida Khanum
Farida Khanum (born 1935) is a Pakistani Ghazal singer from Punjab. The Times of India has called her "Malika-e-Ghazal" (Queen of Ghazal).
In 2005, she was awarded the Hilal-e-Imtiaz, Pakistan's second highest civilian honour by President Pervez Musharraf.[citation needed]
Born in (1935) in Calcutta and raised in Amritsar. Her sister is Mukhtar Begum.
She started learning Khayal from her sister Mukhtar Begum at age seven and later learnt classical music from Ustad Ashiq Ali Khan. Her sister Mukhtar Begum would take her, a seven-year-old Farida, to Khan’s place for riyaaz. She migrated to Pakistan after partition of India in 1947.
Farida Khanum gave her first public concert in 1950 and then joined Radio Pakistan where she courted fame and fortune. She became a star when Pakistan’s president Ayub Khan invited her to a public recital in the ’60s.
The ghazal she is most associated with is Aaj Jaane Ki Zidd Naa Karo.
Farida Khanum lives in Lahore, Pakistan. She has 1 son and 5 daughters. She lives with her second oldest daughter, and her only son, his wife and kids. One of her daughters lives with her husband and kids in New York, One of her daughters lives in Canada. Her youngest daughter is a specialist in endocrinology currently working in Services Hospital,Lahore and lives with her husband and kids.
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Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry
Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry English IPA: fəzɛl ɪllɑɦi t͡ʃɒɪdɾɪ (Punjabi, Urdu: فضل الہی چودہری; January 1, 1904 - June 2, 1982), was the fifth President of Pakistan, serving from 1973 until 1978, prior to the martial law led by Chief of Army Staff General Zia-ul-Haq. (see codename Fair Play)
After the successful promulgation of country's constitution in 1973, Chaudhry was elected as the president, succeeded Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, and became the first president of country from the Punjabi class of the PUnjab Province. Taking an active role in the Pakistan Movement through the platform of the Muslim League, Chaudhry was appointed minister in the Liaquat Ali Khan government in 1947, and further joined the Pakistan permanent representative's delegation to the United Nations in 1951.
His presidency was a mere figurehead as per the constitution, since the head of the government's operations were remained under the authority of prime minister. After the success of the Fair Play— a codename of the operation to remove Zulfikar Ali Bhutto from power— Chaudhry continued as to resume his presidency but had no influence in the government operations or the military and national affairs. After contentious relations with the military, Chaudhry was relinquished from the office after resigning from his presidency, despite the urging of the Chief of Army Staff and Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff. On September 16, 1978, Chaudhry handed the charge of the presidency to ruling military general Zia-ul-Haq who succeeded him as the sixth president, in addition to being the Chief Martial Law Administrator and the Chief of Army Staff.
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Gandhara
Gandhāra (Sanskrit: गन्धार Gandḥārā, Urdu: گندھارا Ghandhāra, Pashto: ګندارا, Punjabi: گندھارا, Persian: ویهیند) is the name of an ancient kingdom (Mahajanapada), located in modern day northern Pakistan and parts of eastern Afghanistan. Gandhara was located mainly in the vale of Peshawar, the Potohar plateau (see Taxila) and on the Kabul River. Its main cities were Purushapura (modern Peshawar), literally meaning "City of Man", Varmayana (modern Bamyan) and Takshashila (modern Taxila).
The Kingdom of Gandhara lasted from the early 1st millennium BC to the 11th century AD. It attained its height from the 1st century to the 5th century under the Buddhist Kushan Kings. The Hindu term Shahi is used by history writer Al-Biruni to refer to the ruling Hindu dynasty that took over from the Turki Shahi and ruled the region during the period prior to Muslim conquests of the 10th and 11th centuries. After it was conquered by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1021 CE, the name Gandhara disappeared. During the Muslim period the area was administered from Lahore or from Kabul. During Mughal times the area was part of Kabul province.
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Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan (/ˈɡɛŋɡɪs ˈkɑːn/ or /ˈdʒɛŋɡɪs ˈkɑːn/,Mongol: [tʃiŋɡɪs xaːŋ] ( listen); 1162? – August 1227), born Temujin, was the founder and Great Khan (emperor) of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death.
He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of northeast Asia. After founding the Mongol Empire and being proclaimed "Genghis Khan", he started the Mongol invasions that resulted in the conquest of most of Eurasia. These included raids or invasions of the Kara-Khitan Khanate, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties. These campaigns were often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the civilian populations – especially in Khwarezmia. By the end of his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China.
Before Genghis Khan died, he assigned Ögedei Khan as his successor and split his empire into khanates among his sons and grandsons. He died in 1227 after defeating the Western Xia. He was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia at an unknown location. His descendants went on to stretch the Mongol Empire across most of Eurasia by conquering or creating vassal states out of all of modern-day China, Korea, the Caucasus, Central Asian countries, and substantial portions of modern Eastern Europe, Russia and the Middle East. Many of these invasions resulted in the large-scale slaughter of local populations, which have given Genghis Khan and his empire a fearsome reputation in local histories.
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Greeks
The Greeks, also known as the Hellenes (Greek: Ἕλληνες, [ˈelines]), are a nation and ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and other regions. They also form a significant diaspora, with Greek communities established around the world.
Greek colonies and communities have been historically established in most corners of the Mediterranean, but Greeks have always been centered around the Aegean Sea, where the Greek language has been spoken since antiquity. Until the early 20th century, Greeks were uniformly distributed between the Greek peninsula, the western coast of Asia Minor, Pontus, Egypt, Cyprus and Constantinople; many of these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century and the Eastern Mediterranean areas of the ancient Greek colonization.
In the aftermath of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922), a large-scale population exchange between Greece and Turkey transferred and confined Christians from Turkey, except Constantinople (effectively ethnic Greeks) into the borders of the modern Greek state and Cyprus. Other ethnic Greek populations can be found from southern Italy to the Caucasus and in diaspora communities in a number of other countries. Today, most Greeks are officially registered as members of the Greek Orthodox Church.
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Guru Nanak
Guru Nanak (Punjabi: ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ; Hindi: गुरु नानक, Urdu: گرونانک [ˈɡʊɾu ˈnɑnək] Gurū Nānak) (15 April 1469 – 22 September 1539 at Talwandi (present-day Pakistan)) was the founder of the religion of Sikhism and the first of the ten Sikh Gurus.
The Sikhs believe that all subsequent Gurus possessed Guru Nanak’s divinity and religious authority, and were named "Nanak" in the line of succession.
Guru Nanak was born on 15 April 1469, now celebrated as Prakash Divas of Guru Nanak Dev, into a Hindu Khatri family in the village of Rāi Bhōi dī Talwandī, now called Nankana Sahib, near Lahore, Pakistan. Today, his birthplace is marked by Gurdwara Janam Asthan. Some are of the opinion that 20 October is his enlightenment day rather than his birthday. His father, Kalyan Chand Das Bedi, popularly shortened to Kalu Mehta, was the patwari (accountant) of crop revenue for the village of Talwandi in the employment of a Muslim landlord of that area, Rai Bular Bhatti. Guru Nanak’s mother was Tripta Devi and he had one elder sister, Bibi Nanaki who became a spiritual figure in her own right.
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Heer Ranjha
For 1970 Hindi movie of same name and characters, see Heer Raanjha.
Heer Ranjha (Punjabi: ਹੀਰ ਰਾਂਝਾ, ہیر رانجھا, hīr rāñjhā) is one of the four popular tragic romances of the Punjab. The other three are Mirza Sahiba, Sassi Punnun and Sohni Mahiwal[citation needed]. There are several poetic narrations of the story, the most famous being 'Heer' by Waris Shah written in 1766. It tells the story of the love of Heer and her lover Ranjha. Well-known poetic narrations have also been written by Damodar Das Arora, Mukbaz and Ahmed Gujjar, among others.
The invocation at the beginning
(The Legends of the Panjab by RC Temple, Rupa and Company, Volume two, page 606) Rag Hir Ranjha
Translation
First and last, take the name of God; second, of the Great Muhammad, the prophet (of God)
Third, take the name of father and mother, on whose milk my body thrived
Fourth, take the name of bread and water, by eating which my heart is gladdened
Fifth, take the name of Mother Earth, on whom I place my feet.
Sixth, take the name of Khwaja (Khazir, the Saint), who gives me cold water to drink
Seventh, take the name of Guru Gorakh Nath who is worshiped with a platter of milk and rice
Eighth, take the name of Lalanwala who breaks the bonds and the chains of captives
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Imran Khan
Imran Khan Niazi (Urdu: عمران خان نیازی; born 25 November 1952) is a Pakistani politician and former cricketer, playing international cricket for two decades in the late twentieth century. After retiring, he entered politics. Currently, besides his political activism, Khan is also a philanthropist, cricket commentator, Chancellor of the University of Bradford and Founder and Chairman Board of Governors of Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital & Research Centre.
Arguably Pakistan's most successful cricket captain, Khan played for the Pakistani cricket team from 1971 to 1992 and served as its captain intermittently throughout 1982–1992. After retiring from cricket at the end of the 1987 World Cup, he was called back to join the team in 1988. At 39, Khan led his teammates to Pakistan's first and only World Cup victory in 1992. He has a record of 3807 runs and 362 wickets in Test cricket, making him one of eight world cricketers to have achieved an 'All-rounder's Triple' in Test matches. On 14 July 2010, Khan was inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame.
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Ishaq Khan Khakwani
Ishaq Khan Khakwani was born in Multan, Punjab province of Pakistan in April 1949. The former Minister of State for Information Technology and Telecommunications Division and Railways.
Khakwani went to Sadiq Public School Bahawalpur (a boarding School) from where he passed his Senior Cambridge certificate exams in 1965. Later he joined Forman Christian College, Lahore and passed his Secondary Exams in pre-Engineering subjects in 1967. After which he was admitted into Engineering University, Mughalpura, Lahore and obtained his Electrical Engineering Degree with distinction, in 1967. Was School Prefect and declared the Best Athlete of the school in 1964 &1965
Khakwani joined the Pakistan Railways service through Federal Public Service Commission in 1973 and served there till he resigned his job in 1990.
Khakwani started his politics with Mir Murtaza Bhutto’s Pakistan Peoples Party (SB) in 1994 and later joined Pakistan Muslim League in 2002
Khakwani started playing polo in 1975 and actively played nationally and internationally till 2002.Is presently serving as FIP(Federation International Polo )Ambassador. Has also managed sports organizations in Pakistan in Honorary positions i.e. Pakistan Hockey, Pakistan Polo, Pakistan Athletics
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Jahangir
|سلیم جهانگیر نورالدین}}}} Persian: نورالدین سلیم جهانگیر Hindi: नूरुद्दीन सलीम जहांगीर) (full title: Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram, Khushru-i-Giti Panah, Abu'l-Fath Nur-ud-din Muhammad Jahangir Padshah Ghazi [Jannat-Makaani]) (20 September 1569 – 8 November 1627) was the ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1605 until his death. The name Jahangir is from Persian جهانگیر,meaning "Conqueror of the World". Nur-ud-din or Nur al-Din is an Arabic name that means " Light of the Faith". Born as Prince Muhammad Salim and nicknamed Sheykhu Baba, he was the third and eldest surviving son of Mogul Emperor Akbar. Akbar's twin sons, Hasan and Hussain, died in infancy. His mother was the Rajput Princess of Amber, Jodhabai(born Rajkumari Hira Kunwari, eldest daughter of Raja Bihar Mal or Bharmal, Raja of Amber, India). Jahangir was a child of many prayers.]
It is said to be by the blessing of Shaikh Salim Chishti (one of the revered sages of his times) that Akbar's first surviving child, the future Jahangir, was born. The child was named Salim after the dervish and was affectionately addressed by Akbar as Sheikhu Baba.
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Jamshed Dasti
Jamshed Dasti is a MNA (Member of National Assembly) in Pakistan from Muzaffargarh (Urdu: ضلع مظفر گڑھ), NA-178, which is a district in the south of the Punjab province of Pakistan. Muzaffargarh spreads over an area of 8,435 km² and it forms a strip between the river Chenab on its east and Indus river on its West. Muzaffargarh is one of oldest districts of Punjab.
See Dasti
A six-judge SC bench headed by Chief Justice of Pakistan Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry heard the case filed against his certificate in religious education. It become evident that Dasti presented a fake degree to prove his eligibility for elections. Later, he resigned from his office.
Jamshed Dasti informally rejected the court decision and in spite of losing moral ground, he decided to contest it by polls. He openly called the court decision a joke and claimed that the court of people of his district was the real court. The court did not give a decision, as Mr. Dasti voluntarily relinquished his post as MNA.
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Javed Hashmi
Makhdoom Muhammad Javed Hashmi (Urdu: مخدوم محمد جاوید ہاشمی ) (born January 1, 1948 in Makhdoom Rashid, Multan) is a Pakistani political scientist, geostrategist, statesman, and the President of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf, which he joined on 24 December 2011. Previously, he served as Senior Vice-President of the Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz Wing) led by former Prime minister and party's President Nawaz Sharif.
After the Nawaz's government was overthrown in 1999 in a coup d'état staged and led by then Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee and Chief of Army Staff of Pakistan Army General Pervez Musharraf, Hashmi was thrown in Central Jail Rawalpindi, along with Nawaz Sharif and other members of his party on false accusations made by General Pervez Musharraf. A democracy activist, Hashmi became one of the most vocal and open critic of the General Pervez Musharraf's military regime where he openly criticized General Musharraf's treatment of dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, policy on War on Terror and Musharraf's mishandling of Tribal areas which led to open the unannounced war in West-Pakistan.
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Kakazai
The Kakazai (Pashto: کَکا زی / کَکے زی, Urdu, Persian: کَکا زَئی / کَکے زَئی | see English spelling variants below), also known as Loye Mamund (Urdu: لو ئے مَاموند), are a Pashtun (پشتون / پختون) tribe originally from the Laghman province (Urdu: لغمان) of Afghanistan.
They came to South Asia during Afghan invasions such as those of Mahmud of Ghazni, settling in various regions.
A major Kakazai group from Gurdaspur, East Punjab settled in twelve villages, including Babal Chak, Faizullah Chak, Sut Kohiah (Satkoha), and Wazir Chak, near Dhariwal [1]. At the partition of India in August 1947, having been initially told they (being Muslim) would be in Pakistan, they were caught up in the ensuing violence and the survivors displaced when their area became part of India.
Today, the majority of the Kakazai reside in Pakistan and Afghanistan (Marawara, Barkanai and Shortan areas of Kunar and some areas of Laghman), in the areas of Dara Kakazai (Valley of Watlai), Bajaur Agency (Lagharai, Kalozai, Kaga, Mukha, Maina and Ghakhi areas of Tehsil Mamund), Lahore, Abbottabad, Peshawar, Sialkot, Dera Ghazi Khan, Quetta, Karachi, Kashmir, Jehlum, Bhalwal, Sargodha, Chakwal, Isa Khel, Musa Khel, and Killi Kakazai (Pishin, Baluchistan). Consequently, they do not exclusively speak Pashto, but may speak other languages indigenous to Pakistan such as Punjabi, Siraiki, Hindko and Balochi.
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Kashmiri people
The Kashmiri people (Kashmiri: کٲشُر) are a Dardic linguistic group living in or originating from the former Indian state of Kashmir. That former state is presently disputed territory, comprising the Indian-administered state of Jammu and Kashmir, the Pakistani-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan, and the People's Republic of China-administered regions of Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract.
According to language research conducted by the International Institute of UCLA, the Kashmiri language is "a Northwestern Dardic language of the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-Iranian subfamily of the Indo-European language family." There is, however, no universally agreed genetic basis for the language. UCLA estimates the number of speakers as being around 4.4 million, with a preponderance in the Kashmir Valley, whereas the 2001 census of India recorded 5,362,349 throughout India, and thus excluding speakers in the non-Indian Kashmiri areas.
Horace Hayman Wilson, who died in 1860, noted that the recorded history of Kashmir commences with the Kurukshetra War, which is believed to date variously from 6000BCE to 500BCE.
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Khokhar
The Khokhar or Khokar are a people of Punjab region of Pakistan and north-western India. According to H. A. Rose, they are the gotra (clan) of the Arain, Chura, Jat, Nai, and Rajput communities. According to Denzil Ibbetson, they are also a gotra of the Khatri and Tarkhan tribes. The Khokhars were designated as an agricultural tribe.
H. A. Rose finds early references to the Khokhars in the Taj-ul-Ma'asir, the Tabaqat-i-Nasir and the Ain-i-Akbari, with the earliest certain record being in the first of these, written in 1205 AD. These ancient texts recount a rebellion against the Muslim governor of Sangwan that occurred during the rule of Muhammad of Ghor. There had been incorrect rumours that the Sultan had died and these led to uprisings, among which was that of the Khokhars. They joined in rebellion with Rai Sal, the ruler of the Salt Range, but were heavily defeated. Rose makes it clear that there is uncertainty regarding whether Rai Sal was himself a Khokhar.
Rose believes that the origin of the Khokhar lay probably in a Hindu community but that they are "obscure" and some of their traditions of origin do not stand scrutiny. The tribal folklore claims a connection to the Awan community through a son of Qutb Shah, but Rose dismisses it as "this pedigree probably merely records the fact that the Awans and Khokhars owe their conversion to Islam to the saint Qutb Shah or his disciples, or that they both accepted his teachings." Rose is unconvinced by the Awan traditional lore regarding Qutb Shah which states that he ruled Herat and came to India to fight with several of his sons, including one called Khokhar, when Mahmud of Ghazni was invading an area which nowadays forms part of Afghanistan, Pakistan and northern India. Rose believes that the names of the descendants of Qutb Shah who came to settle in India are clearly not of Arabic origin and therefore the connection between those people and their alleged ancestor are unlikely.
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Latif Khosa
Sardar Muhammad Latif Khosa (Urdu: سردار محمد لطیف کھوسہ) is the Governor of Punjab, and a politician representing Pakistan People's Party. A former senator and a former Attorney General of Pakistan, Latif Khosa was appointed as the Governor of Punjab by the President of Pakistan after the murder of late-Governor Salman Taseer on 11 January 2011. He was appointed the Attorney General on 19 August 2008. He co-authored an electoral fraud report with former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto shortly before her assassination in December 2007. Khosa was one of Bhutto's top aides.
Senator Khosa appeared before the acting Chief Justice Javaid Iqbal in a hearing over the handling of the Iftikhar Chaudry sacking issue.
He has been the key instrument in running of the Government in Punjab in spite of issues between the two main stream political parties PPP and PML-N
Soon after the PPP came to power after the 2008 elections Khosa was appointed Attorney-General for Pakistan. He has also served as Advisor of Information Technology of Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gilani.
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Mahmud of Ghazni
Mahmud of Ghazni (Persian: محمود غَزنوی / Maḥmūd-e Ġaznawī; November 2, 971 – April 30, 1030), actually Yamīn ad-Dawlah Abdul-Qāṣim Maḥmūd Ibn Sebüktegīn, was the most prominent ruler of the Ghaznavid dynasty who ruled from 997 until his death in 1030 in the eastern Iranian lands and the northwestern Indian subcontinent. Mahmud turned the former provincial city of Ghazni in modern-day Afghanistan into the wealthy capital of an extensive empire which covered most of today's Afghanistan, eastern Iran, as well as Pakistan and North-West India. He was also the first ruler to carry the title Sultan ("authority"), signifying the extent of his power, though preserving the ideological link to the suzerainty of the Caliph.
In 994, Mahmud joined his father Sebüktigin in the capture of Khorasan from the rebel Fa'iq in aid of the Samanid Emir, Nuh II. During this period the Samanid state became highly unstable, with shifting internal political tides as various factions vied for control, the chief among them being Abu'l-Qasim Simjuri, Fa'iq, Abu Ali[citation needed], the General Behtuzun as well as the neighbouring Buyids and Qarakhanids. Mahmud took over his father's kingdom in 998. In 1002, Mahmud of Ghazni invaded Sistan, dethroned Khalaf I, last of the Saffarid amirs, and ended the Saffarid dynasty.
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Malik Allahyar Khan
Malik Allahyar Khan was a parliamentarian from Pakistan.
He was born on June 2, 1927 in Khunda, a small village in Attock District. His father, Malik Khaki Jan, was a landlord of the area given the title of Khan Bahadur by the British government. His mother, Bibi Beherawar Sultan, was the daughter of a Muslim Barrister from N.W.F.P Mufti Fida Muhammad Khan. He had five siblings, four brothers and a sister.
He was educated at Gordon College, Rawalpindi and Zamindar College, Gujrat. He has the distinction of being the champion in an all Pakistan debating championship. While in college, he became interested in politics and was a senior member of the Muslim Students Federation. He held long marches against the Cripps' mission and was imprisoned for a period of six months. He did his LLB from Law College, Lahore. He was married on January 28, 1950 to Bibi Miluk Bano, daughter of Sardar Dost Muhammad Khan. After completing his studies he set up his practice in Campbellpur (present day Attock).
Malik Allahyar Khan entered politics in 1956 when he contested and won the district council election. He participated in various youth conferences around the world.
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Malika Pukhraj
Malika Pukhraj (Urdu: ملكہ پکھراج ) (b1912 - 2004) was a highly popular Ghazal and folk singer of Pakistan. She was generally called as "Malika" meaning "The Queen." She is extremely popular for her rendition of Hafeez Jalandhri's song, Abhi to main jawan hoon ("I am still youthful"), which is enjoyed by millions not only in Pakistan, but also in India. Her popular numbers were,Lo phir basant aaya and Quli Qutub's Piya baaj piyale piya jaye na and Faiz Ahmed Faiz's Mere qatil mere dildar mere paas raho.
Malika Pukhraj, was born in village Mirpur, on the banks of the River Akhnoor, 16 miles from Jammu, British India, and as she grew up her mother moved to Rajinder Bazar, Kanak Mandi area of Jammu, where she spent early years of her life. She was given the name "Malika" at birth, by 'Majzoob', 'Baba Roti Ram, a spiritualist, in Akhnoor area, and named Pukhraj by her Aunt
Malika Pukhraj received her training from Ustad Ali Baksh Kasuri, father of legendary singer Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan.
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Malkoo
Malkoo (Urdu: ملکو) born as Mohammad Ashraf Malik (Urdu: محمد اشرف ملک) in Sargodha, Pakistan is a pop, bhangra and folk singer. He is best known for the song "Kala Jora Pa", which was a hit in Pakistan.
Malkoo was born on June 4. He attended and got his High School Degree (which is known as a Matric Degree) from Malikwal Government High School malik wal Mandi Bhaud Din. In Lahore he got his Masters Degree in English.
He started writing songs for other artists. One such example is Waris Baig's album Aa Ja Nach Lay.
In 2004 he released his first album "Sochna Vi Na" and since then has released 10 further albums.
Malkoo was inspired by Pakistani folk singer Mansoor Malangi. his another song became very famous which is KALA JORA. malkoo has done a great job in music.he has so many fans not only in Pakistan but also all over the world.he has also done wide range of musical concerts in Pakistan and in overseas also.Pakistani people really love malkoo's songs and they are also very inspired by him. malkoo has also done some charity work in Pakistan flood relief.
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Manmohan Singh
Manmohan Singh (Punjabi: ਮਨਮੋਹਨ ਸਿੰਘ [mənˈmoːɦən ˈsɪ́ŋɡ], Hindi: मनमोहन सिंह [mənˈmoːɦən ˈsɪŋɦ] ( listen); born 26 September 1932) is the 13th and current Prime Minister of India. He is the only Prime Minister since Jawaharlal Nehru to return to power after completing a full five-year term. A Sikh, he is the first non-Hindu to occupy the office. Singh is also the 7th Prime Minister from the Indian National Congress (Congress) party. He is a four-time Member of Parliament from the Upper House of the Parliament of India, the Rajya Sabha, representing the state of Assam. His term in the 14th Rajya Sabha was from 22 May 2004 to 26 February 2009. In the 15th Rajya Sabha his term started 22 May 2009 and is scheduled to continue till 2014. On 27 May 2012, he became the first Indian Prime Minister to visit Myanmar in 25 years.
Born in Gah, Punjab in British India (now Pakistan) in 1932, he migrated to India with his family at the time of Partition in 1947. Singh studied at Panjab University, University of Cambridge and University of Oxford. Thereafter, while Singh was working at United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Lalit Narayan Mishra, the then Indian Minister for Foreign Trade, appointed Singh as an advisor to his ministry. He was appointed Governor of the Reserve Bank of India between 1982 and 1985, Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission of India from 1985 to 1987 and Secretary General of the South Commission from 1987 to 1990. Elected to the Rajya Sabha in 1991, he was inducted into Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao's cabinet as Finance Minister the same year, a post he held until 1996. His tenure as Finance Minister is best remembered for the economic reforms he carried out, which ended the Licence Raj system and helped open the Indian economy.
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Mansoor Malangi
Mansoor Malangi (Urdu: منصور ملنگی) is a notable Pakistani singer. He is known for singing Punjabi and Saraiki folk/sufi songs.
Mansoor Malangi was born in Garh More in Jhang District.
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Mazhar Ali Azhar
Maulana Mazhar Ali Azhar (13 March 1895 – 4 November 1974) was the founder and leader of Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam[citation needed] and a political figure in the history of Sub-Continent India. He was elected three times to the Punjab Assembly, serving from 1924–26 and 1934–45. He also ran the Tehreek-e-Madh-e-Sahabah in Lakhnao India.[citation needed]
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Mehdi Hassan
Mehdi Hassan Khan (Urdu: مہدی حسن خان ) is a Pakistani ghazal singer and a former playback singer for Lollywood. He is famously known as the 'King of ghazal' (Urdu: شہنشاہِ غزل). He has ruled the Pakistan film industry along with Ahmed Rushdi. He was honoured with Tamgha-e-Imtiaz, Pride of Performance and Hilal-e-Imtiaz by the Government of Pakistan, and Gorkha Dakshina Bahu by the Government of Nepal.
Mehdi Hassan was born on 18 July 1934 in a village called Luna in Rajasthan, India into a family of traditional musicians. He claims to be the 16th generation of hereditary musicians hailing from the Kalawant clan of musicians. Mehdi Hassan had his musical grooming from his father Ustad Azeem Khan and uncle Ustad Ismail Khan who were both traditional Dhrupad singers. Hassan started to perform at a young age and the first concert of dhrupad and kheyal with his elder brother is reported to have been held in Fazilka Bungla, near present DC House (1935) of Undivided Punjab. After the Partition of India, 20-year-old Hassan and his family migrated to Pakistan and suffered severe financial hardships.
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Mian Mir
Baba Sain Mir Mohammed Sahib (c. 1550 – 11 August 1635), popularly known as Mian Mir, was a famous Sufi saint who resided in Lahore, specifically in the town of Dharampura (in present-day Pakistan). He was a direct descendant of Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab. He belonged to the Qadiri order of Sufism. He is famous for being a spiritual instructor of Dara Shikoh, the eldest son of Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. He is identified as the founder of the Mian Khail branch of the Qadiri order.
Mian Mir was a friend of God-loving people and he would shun worldly, selfish men, covetous Emirs and ambitious Nawabs who ran after faqirs to get their blessings. To stop such people from coming to see him, Mian Mir posted his mureeds (disciples) at the gate of his house.
Once, Jahangir, the Mughal emperor, with all his retinue came to pay homage to the great faqir. He came with all the pomp and show that befitted an emperor. Mian Mir's sentinels however, stopped the emperor at the gate and requested him to wait until their master had given permission to enter. Jahangir felt slighted. No one had ever dared delay or question his entry to any place in his kingdom. Yet he controlled his temper and composed himself. He waited for permission. After a while, he was ushered into Mian Mir's presence. Unable to hide his wounded vanity, Jahangir, as soon as he entered, told Mian Mir in Persian: Ba dar-e-darvis darbane naa-bayd ("On the doorstep of a faqir, there should be no sentry").
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Muhammad Akram
Major Muhammad Akram (Urdu: محمد اکرم; c. 1938–1971), was a Pakistan Army officer who was posthumously awarded the Pakistan military's highest decoration, the Nishan-e-Haider, for his actions during the 1971 Indo-Pak. Akram was sent on several missions in 1971 India-Pakistan War, and was killed in Battle of Hilli, 1971.
Akram was born in Dinga Village, District of Gujrat, Punjab, while he belonged to the village of Nakka Kalan in the district of Jhelum. Ethnically, he belonged to Awan tribe of Pakistan. In 1959, Akram was accepted in Pakistan Military Academy and graduated from there in 1963. He gained a commissioned in 1963 as part of the Frontier Force Regiment. Akram participated in 1965 Indo-Pak September War as a Captain where he led several successful military operations against Indian Army. Stationed in Lahore, Akram, while commanded, a small company led several decisive operations against the Indian Armed Forces.
In 1969, Akram was promoted as Major. In 1971, as Major of the Pakistan Army, Akram fought in the war with India. In the Battle of Hilli for his leadership, bravery and eventually, rendering the ultimate sacrifice, Major Akram was posthumously awarded the Nishan-e-Haider, Pakistan's highest military award.
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Muhammad bin Qasim
Muhammad bin Qasim Al-Thaqafi (Arabic: محمد بن قاسم) (c. 31 December 695–18 July 715) was a Umayyad general who, at the age of 17, began the conquest of the Sindh and Punjab regions along the Indus River (now a part of Pakistan) for the Umayyad Caliphate. He was born & raised in the city of Taif (in modern day Saudi Arabia). Qasim's conquest of Sindh and Punjab laid the foundations of Islamic rule in the Indian subcontinent.
A member of the Thaqeef tribe, which is still settled in and around the city of Taif ( a city in modern day Saudi Arabia) to this very day, Muhammad bin Qasim's father was Qasim bin Yusuf[citation needed] who died when Muhammad bin Qasim was young, leaving his mother in charge of his education. Umayyad governor Al-Hajjaj Ibn Yusuf Al-Thaqafi, Muhammad bin Qasim's paternal uncle, was instrumental in teaching Muhammad bin Qasim about warfare and governance. Muhammad bin Qasim married his cousin Zubaidah, Hajjaj's daughter, shortly before going to Sindh. Another paternal uncle of Muhammad bin Qasim was Muhammad bin Yusuf, governor of Yemen.[citation needed] Under Hajjaj's patronage, Muhammad bin Qasim was made governor of Persia, where he succeeded in putting down a rebellion.[citation needed]
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Muhammad Iqbal
Sir Muhammad Iqbal (Urdu: محمد اقبال) (November 9, 1877 – April 21, 1938), also known as Allama Iqbal (Urdu: علامہ اقبال), was a philosopher, poet and politician in British India who is widely regarded as having inspired the Pakistan Movement. He is considered one of the most important figures in Urdu literature, with literary work in both the Urdu and Persian languages.
Iqbal is admired as a prominent classical poet by Pakistani, Indian and other international scholars of literature. Though Iqbal is best known as an eminent poet, he is also a highly acclaimed "Muslim philosophical thinker of modern times". His first poetry book, Asrar-e-Khudi, appeared in the Persian language in 1915, and other books of poetry include Rumuz-i-Bekhudi, Payam-i-Mashriq and Zabur-i-Ajam. Amongst these his best known Urdu works are Bang-i-Dara, Bal-i-Jibril, Zarb-i Kalim and a part of Armughan-e-Hijaz. Along with his Urdu and Persian poetry, his various Urdu and English lectures and letters have been very influential in cultural, social, religious and political disputes over the years. In 1922, he was knighted by King George V, giving him the title "Sir".
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Muhammad Mahfuz
Lance Naik Muhammad Mahfuz Shaheed was born in Jat family of Pind Malikan (now Mahfuzabad) in Rawalpindi District on October 25, 1944. Muhammad Mahfuz joined Pakistan Army on October 25, 1962 as an infantry soldier.
At the time of India-Pakistan War of 1971, Lance Naik Muhammad Mahfuz was serving in Company “A” of 15 Punjab Regiment deployed on the Wagah-Attari Sector. On the night of December 17–18, his company was assigned the task of occupying Phul Kanjri village located in the same sector. Lance Naik Muhammad Mahfuz was assigned to Platoon No. 3, which was designated as the forward unit in the assault. Thus this Platoon had to face torrential volleys of enemy fire from concrete Pill boxes. When the entire Company “A” was about 70 yards from the Indian position, it was pinned down by an unceasing frontal and cross fire from automatic weapons. On top of that the enemy artillery also opened up its fire with the break of dawn. Mahfuz, whose machine-gun was destroyed by an enemy shell, charged towards the Indian defences. Muhammad Mahfuz advanced towards an enemy bunker whose automatic fire had inflicted heavy casualties. Even though wounded in both legs by shell splinters, when he reached the bunker he stood up and pounced on the enemy, in the encounter he was hit with a bayonet. Although unarmed, he got hold of the enemy but suffered another bayonet wound while trying to strangle an Indian soldier. Due to serious injuries he died on the night of 17 December 1971.
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Muhammad Rafiq Tarar
Justice Muhammad Rafiq Tarar English IPA:rəfɪ̈kʰ ʔɑr(ə)ɹ (Urdu: محمد رفیق تارڑ), is a retired associate judge of the apex Supreme Court of Pakistan and senior jurist who served as the ninth President of Pakistan from January 1, 1998 until voluntarily resigning from the presidency in the favor of General Pervez Musharraf on June 20, 2001.
A professional legislator and jurist, Tarar was a prominent activist for the Pakistan Movement, performing voluntary duty as a relief worker in camps set up by Liaquat Ali Khan for refugees, migrating from India to Pakistan. Educated and graduated from the Punjab University's law college, Tarar elevated as 28th Chief Justice of Lahore High Court, appointed and nominated by Benazir Bhutto in 1989, and was a senior associate judge at the Supreme Court of Pakistan, subsequently retiring from the judicial authority in March 1997. Following the resignation of Farooq Leghari, Tarar was nominated as the presidential candidate by the prime minister Nawaz Sharif due to his lack of interest in national politics, and wide interests in enhancing the constitutional democracy in the country.
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Muhammad Sarwar
Raja Muhammad Sarwar Khan Bhati (1910–27 July 1948) (Urdu: محمد سرور) was born in Singhori village, Tehsil Gujar Khan, District of Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Muhammad Sarwar was a captain in the newly formed Pakistani Army. Commissioned: 1944, Punjab Regiment. In 1947, he volunteered to take part in the battalion organised by the Pakistani Army that entered Kashmir on the order of the then Governor-General Muhammad Ali Jinnah with the object of taking over Kashmir.[citation needed] His regiment managed to outflank the unorganized Indian troops and forced them to retreat out of the parts which are now known as Northern Areas in one of the battles of the First Kashmir War. He was killed by machine gun fire while advancing through a barbed wire barricade.
During the Kashmir Operations soon after the birth of Pakistan, as Company Commander of the 2nd Battalion of the Punjab Regiment, Captain Sarwar launched an attack causing heavy casualties against a strongly fortified enemy position in the Uri Sector under heavy machine gun, grenade and mortar fire. But on 27 July 1948, as he moved forward with six of his men to cut their way through a barbed wire barrier, he died when his chest was riddled by a burst of heavy machine gun fire.
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Nader Shah
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}} Nāder Shāh Afshār (Persian: نادر شاه افشار; also known as Nāder Qoli Beg - نادر قلی بیگ or Tahmāsp Qoli Khān - تهماسپ قلی خان) (November, 1688 or August 6, 1698 – June 19, 1747) ruled as Shah of Iran (1736–47) and was the founder of the Afsharid dynasty. Because of his military genius, some historians have described him as the Napoleon of Persia or the Second Alexander. Nader Shah was a member of the Turkic Afshar tribe of northern Persia, which had supplied military power to the Safavid state since the time of Shah Ismail I.
Nader rose to power during a period of anarchy in Iran after a rebellion by the Hotaki Afghans had overthrown the weak Persian Shah Sultan Husayn, and both the Ottomans and the Russians had seized Persian territory for themselves. Nader reunited the Persian realm and removed the invaders. He became so powerful that he decided to depose the last members of the Safavid dynasty, which had ruled Iran for over 200 years, and become shah himself in 1736. His numerous campaigns throughout the Naderian Wars created a great empire that encompassed what is now part of or including Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, India, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russia, Oman and the Persian Gulf but his military spending had a ruinous effect on the Persian economy.
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Nawaz Sharif
Nawaz Sharif (Punjabi, Urdu: نواز شریف; born December 5, 1949) is a Pakistani steel magnate and national conservative, serving as the 12th Prime Minister of Pakistan in two non-consecutive terms from November 1990 to July 1993, and from February 1997 until October 12, 1999. He is the President of the Pakistan Muslim League-N, the Centre-right-conservative political force in Pakistan.
Before becoming the Prime minister, Sharif served as the ninth Chief Minister of Punjab Province from 1985 to 1990 and embarked his political career under the military regime of President General Zia-ul-Haq. An advocate and businessman, he owns Ittefaq Group, a private steel mill enterprise and one of the largest producer of iron materials, noted as being as Pakistan's one of the wealthiest investor in the steel mill business. His political philosophy emphasized and reflected conservatism advocating for the free-market economy, capitalism as its economic base. His first term survived a serious constitutional crisis when President Ghulam Ishaq Khan attempted to dismissed Sharif by citing "corruption and nepotism", which Sharif strongly denied and turned to Supreme Court. The apex Supreme Court of Pakistan favored the Prime minister citing that Presidential ordnance as "unconstitutional and irrelevant", therefore the government was reconstituted. His first term was finally dismissed after the Pakistan Armed Forces persuaded him to resign to end the political standoff with President Ishaq Khan, which he too was forced to resigned.
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Noor Jehan
Noorjehan or Noorjehan (Punjabi, Urdu: نور جہاں) was the adopted stage name for Allah Wasai (September 21, 1926 – December 23, 2000) who was a legendary singer and actress in British India and Pakistan. Her career spanned seven decades. She was renowned as one of the greatest and most influential singers of her time in South Asia and was given the honorific title of Malika-e-Tarannum (Urdu: ملکہ ترنم, English: the queen of melody).
Born in a Punjabi family of musicians, Wasai was pushed by her parents to follow in their musical footsteps and become a singer but she was more interested in acting in films and graced the earliest Pakistani films with her performances. She holds a remarkable record of 10,000 songs to her singing credits in various languages of India and Pakistan including Urdu, Hindi, Punjabi and Sindhi languages. Along with Ahmed Rushdi, she holds the highest record of film songs in the history of Pakistani cinema. She is also considered to be the first female Pakistani film director.
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Nur Khan
Air Marshal Nur Khan (Urdu: نور خان , born Malik Nur Khan (Urdu: ملک نور خان ; February 22, 1923 – December 15, 2011) HS, HQA, SPk HJ, was a high-profile military official who represented the Pakistan Air Force as its Air Commander-in-Chief in the ruling military governments of Field Marshal Ayub Khan and General Yahya Khan from 1965 till 1971. Nur Khan was a hero of the 1965 air war as the air force general who led a smaller but better trained and equipped Pakistan Air Force to achieve parity over the Indian Air Force (which was three times the PAF's strength in numbers) from the very first day of the 1965 war. Nur Khan was widely respected, not only for his integrity but also for his sharp intelligence and outstanding management abilities that largely benefited the Pakistan's military.
Following his retirement from the PAF, Nur Khan was appointed by the military government as the Governor of West Pakistan in 1969 but soon resigned after mounting serious disagreements with the military government in 1970, and was finally forced out of the military government by President General Yahya Khan in 1971. In 1976, he joined hands with then-Prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto who appointed him as President of Pakistan Hockey Federation (PHF); and in 1980, he became Chairman of Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB) after General Zia-ul-Haq requested him to take control of the country's cricket administator. He presided over both the Hockey Federation and Cricket Board until 1984, leading the Pakistani hockey team to a gold medal in the Los Angeles Olympics. In 1985, Nur Khan participated in 1985 parliamentary elections for a technocratic seat and also contested on Pakistan Peoples Party's platform on 1988 parliamentary elections but conceded his defeat that eventually led to end his short political-technocratic career once and for all.
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Pashtun people
Pashtuns (Pashto: پښتانه Pax̌tānə; also spelled Pushtuns, Pakhtuns or Pukhtuns), also known as ethnic Afghans (Persian: افغان) or Pathans (Urdu: پٹھان, Hindi: पठान Paṭhān), are an Eastern Iranian ethnic group with populations primarily in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The Pashtuns are typically characterised by their usage of the Pashto language and practice of Pashtunwali, which is a traditional set of ethics guiding individual and communal conduct. Their origins are unclear but historians have come across references to various ancient peoples called Paktha (Pactyans) between the 2nd and the 1st millennium BC, who inhabited the region between the Hindu Kush and Indus River and may be the early ancestors of Pashtuns. Since the 3rd century AD and onward, they have been referred to by the ethnonym "Afghan".
Often characterised as a warrior and martial race, their history is spread amongst various countries of South, Central and Western Asia, centred around their traditional seat of power in medieval Afghanistan. During the Delhi Sultanate era, the Pashtun Lodi dynasty replaced the Turkic kingdoms as the ruling dynasty in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. Other Pashtuns fought the Persian Empire and the Mughal Empire before obtaining an independent state in the early-18th century, which began with a successful revolution by the Mirwais Hotak followed by conquests by Ahmad Shah Durrani. Pashtuns played a vital role during the Great Game from the 19th century to the 20th century as they were caught between the imperialist designs of the British and Russian empires.
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Prithviraj Kapoor
Prithviraj Kapoor (Hindi:पृथ्वीराज कपूर, Pṛithvīrāj Kapūr), 3 November 1906 –29 May 1972) was a pioneer of Indian theatre and of the Hindi film industry, who started his career as an actor, in the silent era of Hindi cinema, associated with IPTA and who founded Prithvi Theatres, a travelling theatre company based in Mumbai, in 1944.
He was also the patriarch of the Kapoor family of Hindi films, five generations of which family, beginning with him, have played active roles in Hindi film industry. The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 1969 and the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 1971 for his contributions towards Indian cinema.[citation needed]
Prithviraj was born on November 3, 1906 at Samundri near the town of Lyallpur (currently Faisalabad, Pakistan) in Punjab, then under British colonial rule. His ancestors had earlier lived in Peshawar. Prithviraj could speak English, Hindi, Punjabi, and Hindko.
His father, Dewan Basheswarnath Kapoor, was a sub-inspector of police. Prithviraj received his initial education at Khalsa College Lyallpur and at Lahore. His paternal grandfather, Dewan Keshavmal, was a powerful influence during his childhood. Baseshwarnath was posted at Peshawar, and so Prithviraj received his higher education at the Edwardes College, Peshawar, Pakistan and joined a one year program in Law to become a Lawyer. It was here that his talents on stage first received expression. Prithviraj's son Shammi recollects that Prof. Jai Dayal, a member of the faculty, was instrumental in nurturing his talent. The professor was in love with an English lady by the name of Nora Richard, who in turn was a theatre aficionado with a passion for Shakespeare and Ibsen. The couple found Prithviraj the perfect material for many roles in the plays they mounted. This was his grounding in the art of the theatre.
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Punjabi people
The Punjabi people (Punjabi: پنجابی (Shahmukhi), ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (Gurmukhi)), also Panjabi people and people from the land of five-rivers (Persian: panj-āb; "five waters") Punjab (also known as bread basket of India and Pakistan) , are a distinct ethnic group primarily of North Indian Origin among other North Indian ethnic groups which in modern day constitutes some parts of Kashmir, Indian Punjab, ,majority regions of Pakistani Punjab, Rajasthan and some other North Indian states. Punjabis mostly live in the Punjab region, which has been the location of some of the oldest civilizations in the world like the Indus Valley Civilization. Punjabis have very strong cultural background. Traditionally, Punjabi identity was primarily cultural and linguistic, with Punjabis being those for whom the Punjabi language was their first language. However, in recent times, the definition has been broadened to include emigrants from other regions who maintain Punjabi cultural traditions, even when they no longer speak the language.
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Qudrat Ullah Shahab
Qudrat Ullah Shahab (or Qudratullah Shahab; February 26, 1917– July 24, 1986) (Urdu: قدرت الله شهاب) was an eminent Urdu writer and civil servant from Pakistan. He is best known for his autobiography Shahabnama.
He was born in Gilgit in 1917. His father was a student at MAO College and a protegé under the supervision of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. He later immigrated from Aligarh and settled down in Gilgit.[citation needed] Shahab started writing in his early days both in Urdu and English languages. At aged 16, he won an international essay competition organized by the Readers Digest, London. He graduated from Prince of Wales College, Jammu, and later from Government College Lahore.
He was selected for Indian Civil Service in 1940 and later volunteered to serve in Bengal during the famine of 1943, where he served as magistrate at Nandigram. He came under heavy fire from the authorities when he distributed part of the strategic rice reserves to starving local community.
After coming to Pakistan he was first posted in the Ministry of Commerce as a Deputy Secretary and then as Chief Secretary of the new state of Azad Kashmir at Muzaffarabad. Thereafter, he became Deputy Commissioner of Jhang, Punjab. He also served as Director of Industries of Punjab and dealt mostly with settlement issues concerning migration. He was appointed by Governor General Ghulam Muhammad his Principal Secretary and remained on this post during Iskander Mirza’s and Ayub Khan’s regimes. He served as Ambassador of Pakistan to Netherlands in 1962 and later as Secretary of Information and Education. He resigned after clash with the new regime of Yahya Khan and opted for a self-imposed exile at UK. Shahab was elected a member of the executive board of UNESCO in 1968.
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Raghunathrao
Raghunath Rao (b. 18 Aug.1734, d. 11 Dec.1783) was Peshwa of the Maratha Empire from 1773 to 1774. He was instrumental in the downfall of the Peshwa clan.
Raghunathrao, also known as "Raghoba" and "Ragho Bharari," was the younger brother of Nanasaheb Peshwa. His father was Peshwa Bajirao I & mother was Kashibai. Raghunathrao was born in Mahuli near Satara on 1 August 1734. Much of his childhood was spent in Satara.
In his early years he fought with great success in the north. His first expedition during 1753–1755 was concluded by an advantageous treaty with Jat. In his second expedition he expanded the Maratha Empire to Peshawar (now in Pakistan) until 1760. He is favorably remembered by Hindus for the fact that during that expedition he brought an end to Muslim rule at Hindu religious places such as Mathura, Vrindavan, Gaya, Kurukshetra. Raghunathrao imprisoned Mughal Emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur and made Alamgir II Emperor in his place.
Ahmad Shah Durrani (of present day Afghanistan) approched Punjab in 1760 and defeated Dattaji Shinde in battle of Burari Ghat near modern day Delhi , dattaji was also killed in battle.To counter this Raghunathrao was supposed to go north to handle the situation. Raghunathrao asked for large amount and an army, which was denied by Sadashivrao Bhau who was Diwan of Peshwa, so he declined to go. Sadashivrao Bhau was there upon made commander in chief of the Maratha Army,under whom the Battle of Panipat was fought.
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Raja Aziz Bhatti
Major Raja Aziz Bhatti (1928 - September 10, 1965) (Punjabi, Urdu: عزیز بهٹی) was a Hong Kong-born Pakistan Army's Staff officer who received Pakistan's highest award for valor. He was born in Hong Kong in 1928. He moved to Pakistan before it became independent in 1947, living in the village of Ladian, Kharian, Gujrat. There he enlisted with the newly formed Pakistani Army and was commissioned to the Punjab Regiment in 1950.
His father's name was Master Abdullah Bhatti, and his mother's name was Bibi Amna . Throughout his career, he was a brilliant officer and stood out in his class. He did very well at the Academy and was awarded the Sword of Honour best in his year's batch of 300 officers, and the Norman Medal. He received his honours from Liaquat Ali Khan, the first Prime Minister of Pakistan, who was later assassinated.
On 6 September 1965, as a Company Commander in the Burki area of the Lahore sector, Major Raja Aziz Bhatti choose to stay with his forward platoon under incessant artillery and tank attacks for five days and nights in the defence of the strategic BRB Canal. Throughout, undaunted by constant fire from enemy small arms, tanks and artillery. He was reorganizing his company and directing the gunners to shell the enemy positions. In order to watch every move of the enemy, he had to place himself in an elevated position, where he was exposed to Indian fury. He led his men from the front under constant attack from Indian Artillery batteries. Although he tried to counter every Indian offensive in his area, he was hit by an enemy tank shell in the chest while watching the enemy's moves, and embraced martyrdom on 11 September 1965.
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Ranjit Singh
Maharaja Ranjit Singh (13 November 1780 – 20 June 1839) was the first Maharaja of the Sikh Empire.
Ranjit Singh belonged to a Sikh clan of Northern India. He was born in Gujranwala, now in modern-day Pakistan. According to some historians, into a Jatt Sikh family and some that he was born into a Sansi Sikh family who were Sukerchakia misldars. As a child he suffered from smallpox which resulted in the loss of one eye. At the time, much of Punjab was ruled by the Sikhs under a Confederate Sarbat Khalsa system, who had divided the territory among factions known as misls.
Ranjit Singh's father Maha Singh was the Commander of the Sukerchakia misl and controlled a territory in the west Punjab based around his headquarters at Gujranwala. After his father's death he was raised under the protection of Sada Kaur of the Kanheya Misl. Ranjit Singh succeeded his father at the age of 18. After several campaigns, he conquered the other misls and created the Sikh Empire.
Pashtun King Amir Ahmad Shah Abdali 1747–1772 of Afghanistan Durrani Known as Kings of Kings first crossed the Indus River in 1748, the year after his ascension – his forces sacked and absorbed Lahore during that expedition. The following year (1749), the Mughal ruler was induced to cede Sindh and all of the Punjab including the vital trans Indus River to him, in order to save his capital from being attacked by the Afghan Pashtun forces of the DurraniEmpire.
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Rawn
The Raan are a Jat clan found in the Punjab region of India and Pakistan.
They are found among the [[Punjabi people|Punjabi],]Saraiki ethnic group. A few are also found in East Punjab state of India. The Rawn in Pakistan are found in the following districts, Gujranwala, Multan, Dera Ghazi Khan, Bhakkar, and Sargodha.
In India they are found in Amritsar and Taran Taran and are followers of Sikhism.
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Saeed Khan Rangeela
Saeed Khan Rangeela (Urdu: سعید خان رنگیلا) (January 1, 1937 – May 24, 2005) was a Pakistani Lollywood actor, singer and director.
His birthname was Mohammad Saeed Khan and he was born in Nangarhar, Afghanistan. He took a keen interest in bodybuilding and physical exercises as a teenager.
He moved to Lahore at a young age and earned his livelihood by painting billboards for the Lahore movie industry. Once, when shooting of a film was taking place, some jolly character was found absent. The director called for Mohammad Saeed Khan to play the part which he did. All those present during the shooting were amused by his style. This way luck made him an actor. Rangeela made his professional cinematic debut in a 1958 Punjabi film Jatti, directed by M.J. Rana. He started playing humorous roles in movies and became very popular. Much later he formed Rangeela Productions to produce his own movies. He not only produced films but also directed his productions, sang songs, and wrote some scripts as well. His movies, to the surprise of many film industry stalwarts, attracted a large number of viewers. The film Diya aur toofan, May 9, 1969, was Rangeela's directional debut. He directed numerous movies under the banner of Rangeela Productions. His acting was showcased in Rangeela, September 11, 1970, in which he played the title role. His third consecutive hit film was Dil aur duniya, October 1, 1971, starring Habib, Aasia and Rangeela. He brought to the film Dil aur duniya, a sobering sense of a director's prowess which is the opposite to his celluloid persona.
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Saraiki people
Even though Saraiki is not an ethnicity but is a language, some people refer to the people living in the Saraiki speaking areas as Saraiki people (Saraiki: سرائيکی). The "Siraiki speaking belt" as it is often called is located in the central and south-eastern areas of Pakistan, especially the former princely state of Bahawalpur and the districts of Multan, Lodhran, Vehari, Khanewal, Rahim Yar Khan, Rajanpur, Dera Ghazi Khan, Muzaffargarh, Layyah, Bhakkar, Mianwali, Dera Ismail Khan, Bahawalnagar, Sukkur, Larkana, Dadu, Sehwan, Sanghar, Nawabshah, Hyderabad, Sindh, Mirpurkhas. A significant number of Saraiki speaking people also reside in India, with most concentrated in Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Maharashtra and Gujarat.. The Saraiki speaking people follow many religions, among them mostly Islam but also some are Hindu. Many Siraiki speaking Hindus living in these areas migrated to India after the Subcontinental India divided into the modern day India and Pakistan in August of 1947. See Partition of India.
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Scythians
The Scythians (/ˈsɪθi.ən/ or /ˈsɪði.ən/; from Greek Σκύθης, Σκύθοι), or Scyths /ˈsɪθ/, were an ethnolinguistic group of ancient Iranian nomadic tribal cultures who throughout Classical Antiquity dominated the Pontic-Caspian steppe, known at the time as Scythia. By Late Antiquity the closely related Sarmatians came to dominate the Scythians in this area. Much of the surviving information about the Scythians comes from the Greek historian Herodotus (c. 440 BC) in his Histories and Ovid in his poem of exile Epistulae ex Ponto, and archaeologically from the exquisite goldwork found in Scythian burial mounds in Ukraine and Southern Russia.
The name "Scythian" has also been used to refer to various peoples seen as similar to the Scythians, or who lived anywhere in the area known as Scythia,
Sulimirski views the Histories of Herodotus as the most important literary source relating to ancient Scyths. Herodotus provides a depiction that can be related to the results of archaeological research, but apparently knew little of the eastern part of Scythia. He did say that the ancient Persians called all the Scyths Σάκαι (Sacae, Herodotus 7.64). Their principal tribe, the "Royal Scyths", ruled the vast lands occupied by the nation as a whole (Herodotus 4.20), calling themselves Σκώλοτοι (Scōloti, Herodotus 4.6). Oswald Szemerényi devotes a thorough discussion to the etymologies of ancient ethnic words for the Scythians in his work "Four old Iranian ethnic names: Scythian – Skudra – Sogdian – Saka". In it the names of Herodotus and the names of his title, except Saka, as well as many other words for "Scythian," such as Assyrian Aškuz and Greek Skuthēs, descend from *skeud-, an ancient Indo-European root meaning "propel, shoot" (cf. English shoot). *skud- is the zero-grade; that is, a variant in which the -e- is not present. The restored Scythian name is *Skuda (archer), which among the Pontic or Royal Scythians became *Skula, in which the d has been regularly replaced by an l.
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Shabbir Sharif
Major Shabbir Sharif Rana (Urdu: شبیر شریف رانا; born April 28, 1943) was a Pakistani officer who received both the Sitara-e-Jurat and Nishan-e-Haider for his bravery.
Sharif was born April 28, 1943 in Kunjah, Gujrat District) to Major(r) Muhammad Sharif. Completed his O Levels from St. Anthony's High School, Lahore and while he was at Government College Lahore that he received a call to join Pakistan Military Academy (PMA) Kakul. He was commissioned in Pakistan Army on April 19, 1964 and after successfully completing his training, including a receipt of Sword of Honor, he was posted to the 6th Battalion of the Frontier Force Regiment.
His younger brother Lt. General Raheel Sharif is currently serving as Corps Commander Gujranwala in Pakistan Army .
The General Headquarters (GHQ) in Rawalpindi launched an attack on India from the western front (West Pakistan) on 3 December 1971. The primary purpose of the attack was to force India on transferring their military strength in East Pakistan to the West, easing pressure on the East. Before the transfer, it was expected that the West Pakistani forces would gather enough territory to negotiate with India after the war for areas in the East. It was also expected that if the Western front attack was successful, it would cause India to pull out of the war due to severe loss of territory. While the Pakistani attack commenced in the localities of Azad Kashmir, Chamb, Sulemanki, the area inclusive and surrounding Shakargarh (Pakistan) and Rahim Yar Khan, was to be defended. During a defensive posture, the army in this area was supposed to facilitate the launch of the Army Reserves, a 5 Division strong section of the Pakistan Army which was commanded by Lt. Gen. Tikka Khan. Even at Solemanki, two companies (100 men each) of 6 Frontier Force, one commanded by Sharif, were initially supposed to make the attack by the Army Reserves possible by making sure that a certain obstacle was removed.
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Shah Hussain
Shah Hussain (1538–1599) was a Punjabi Sufi poet who is regarded as a Sufi saint. He was the son of Sheikh Usman, a weaver, and belonged to the Dhudha clan of Rajputs. He was born in Lahore (present-day Pakistan). He is considered a pioneer of the Kafi form of Punjabi poetry.
Shah Hussain's love for a Brahmin boy called "Madho" or "Madho Lal" is famous, and they are often referred to as a single person with the composite name of "Madho Lal Hussain". Madho's tomb lies next to Hussain's in the shrine.
His tomb and shrine lies in Baghbanpura, adjacent to the Shalimar Gardens. His Urs (annual death anniversary) is celebrated at his shrine every year during the "Mela Chiraghan" ("Festival of Lights").
Hussain's poetry consists entirely of short poems known as Kafis. A typical Hussain Kafi contains a refrain and some rhymed lines. The number of rhymed lines is usually between four and ten. Only occasionally is a longer form adopted. Hussain's Kafis are also composed for, and have been set to, music deriving from Punjabi folk music. Many of his Kafis are part of the traditional Qawwali repertoire. His poems have been performed as songs by Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Abida Parveen and Noor Jehan, among others.
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Shah Jahan
Shah Jahan(also spelled Shah Jehan, Shahjehan,(Urdu: شاه جہاں, Persian: شاه جهان) (January 5, 1592–January 22, 1666), (full title: Shahanshah Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram, Malik-ul-Sultanat, Ala Hazrat Abu'l-Muzaffar Shahab ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan I, Sahib-i-Qiran-i-Sani, Padshah Ghazi Zillu'llah, Firdaus-Ashiyani, Shahanshah—E--Sultanant Ul Hindiya Wal Mughaliya) was the emperor of the Mughal Empire in South Asia from 1628 until 1658. The name Shah Jahan comes from Persian meaning "Ruler of Everywhere". He was the fifth Mughal emperor after Babur, Humayun, Akbar, and Jahangir. While young, he was favourite of his legendary grandfather, Akbar the Great. Shah Jahan was a direct descendant of Genghis Khan through Timur and was the heir of the Mughal Empire of Babur, he is also alleged to have been a descendant of Charlemagne.
At a young age, he was chosen as successor to the Mughal throne after the death of Emperor Jahangir. He succeeded to the throne upon his father's death in 1627. He is considered to be one of the greatest Mughals, and his reign has been called the Golden Age of the Mughals and one of the most prosperous ages of Indian civilization. Like Akbar, he was eager to expand his vast empire. In 1658, he fell ill and was confined by his son Emperor Aurangzeb in the Agra Fort until his death in 1666.
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Shah Mehmood Qureshi
Makhdoom Shah Mehmood Hussain Qureshi (Urdu: شاه محمود قریشی; born June 22, 1956) is well-known Politician in Pakistan. He was the Foreign Minister of Pakistan in the coalition government of PPP, MQM, ANP and JUI-F formed after the 2008 general elections. He was a senior leader of Pakistan Peoples Party, where he was the president of PPP Punjab. However in February 2011 Qureshi fell out with the senior PPP leadaership and by November 2011 joined Imran Khan's Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf. Makhdoom Shah Mehmood Qureshi is also the current Sajjada Nashin and custodian of the Mausoleum of Shah Rukn-e-Alam and of the Shrine (Darbar) of Hazrat Baha-ud-din Zakariya. An agriculturalist by trade, Qureshi is also the president of the Farmers Association of Pakistan.
Qureshi hails from a prominent religious and political family in South Punjab.He has a wife, mehriene qureshi, alongside a son and 2 daughters. He is the eldest son of Makhdoom Sajjad Hussain Qureshi. Sajjad Qureshi was a Sajjada Nashin for Mausoleum of Shah Rukn-e-Alam and the Darbar of Hazrat Baha-ud-din Zakariya. The elder Qureshi was also a prominent politician of the Pakistan People's Party under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in the 1970s. Following the removal and hanging of Bhutto, Sajjad Hussain supported the presidency of General Zia-ul-Haq and served as the Governor of Punjab from December 1985 to December 1988 under Zia.
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Shahbaz Sharif
Mian Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif (Punjabi, Urdu: میاں محمد شہاز شریف, born 1950) is a well-known Politician of Pakistan. He is the brother of Nawaz Sharif, former Prime Minister of Pakistan. He is the chief minister of Pakistan's most populous province Punjab since 2008. Previously, he held this position from 1997 to 1999, when Pervez Musharraf removed his government on grounds of corruption and hijacking He, along with his entire family, went into was exile until return to Pakistan in late 2007.
Mian Shahbaz Sharif is the second son of Mian Muhammad Sharif. He is a joint owner of Ittefaq Group. He played a vital role in the success of Ittefaq Group. Shahbaz Sharif's first marriage was with his cousin Nusrat Shahbaz (نصرت شہباز) in 1973, with the approval of his father, the late Mian Muhammad Sharif. They have two sons Hamza Shahbaz and Salman, and three daughters. Hamza Shahbaz is in politics and is a member of the National Assembly. Salman Shahbaz, educated at college, concentrates mainly on business. Shahbaz Sharif's second marriage was with Aaliya Honey (عالیہ ہنی) in 1993–94. They have one daughter, Khadija. He divorced her while in exile in Saudi Arabia. It is claimed that Shahbaz Sharif has a third marriage with Tehmina Durrani but he never publicly admitted it. This is the third marriage for both of them. Tehmina Durrani second marriage was with another well known politician Mustafe Khar (uncle of Hina Rabbani Khar). He also married (4th marriage) a young bureaucrat, Kalsoom Hayi who was earlier wife of a police officer and is mother of three children, in May 2012. It is claimed that Shahbaz Sharif pressurized the officer to give divorce to his wife so that he can marry her.
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Shahnaz Sheikh
Shahnaz Sheikh is a famous hockey player from Pakistan. He was born at Sialkot, Pakistan.
A forward, Shahnaz Sheikh played between 1969 and 1978, he was capped 68 times and scored 45 goals. He won Silver in the 1972 Olympics and Bronze in the 1976 Olympics . Shahnaz won 1971 World Cup and was runner-up in the 1975 and won 1978 World Cups. There cannot be two opinions about the fact that Shahnaz was one of the most crafty of hockey players that Pakistan has so far produced. At the same time he also was an explosive player who stood tall among his generation and would have easily walked into any side in the world. Being given a feminine name, that was the only soft thing about him as he was a marauder on the left wing, and was an inner to Samiullah in the later part of his career he ran shivers down the spined of opposition defences. To them he was nemesis, virtually unstoppable on his day and a handful on all others.
In early 70's he was the only really mobile Pakistani forward but the mid 70'2 he had become such a force that his absence from the field through injury was a major cause of the Greenshirts narrowlly losing two prestige assignments: the '75 World Cup final against India at Kaula Lumpur and the '76 Montreal Olympics against Australia in the Semis. On both occasions, Pakistan went down 2-1 on controversial circumstances. The good thing about shahnaz seemed to have good hockey head over his shoulders, that at least was one's impression of him after his rather brief stint coach of the Pakistan Junior team, which in his supervision won the Junior Asia Cup.
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Sher Shah Suri
Sher Shah Suri (1486 – May 22, 1545) (Pashto: فريد خان شیر شاہ سوری - Šīr Šāh Sūrī, Bengali: শের শাহ সুরি), birth name Farid Khan, also known as Sher Khan (The Lion King), was the founder of the Muslim Sur Empire in northern India, with its capital at Delhi. An Afghan (Pathan) by origin, he rebelled against the Mughals and took control of India in 1540 until an accidental death in 1545 when Islam Shah Suri became his successor. He first served as a private before rising to become a commander in the Mughal Army under Babur and then as the governor of Bihar. In 1537, when Babur's son Humayun was elsewhere on an expedition, Sher Khan, power hungry turned on his true master and overran the state of Bengal and established the Sur Empire. A brilliant strategist, Sher Shah proved himself a gifted administrator as well as an able general. His reorganization of the empire laid the foundations for the later Mughal emperors, notably Akbar the Great, son of Humayun.
During his five year rule from 1540 to 1545, he set up a new template for civic and military administration, issued the first Rupee and re-organised the postal system of India. He further developed Humayun's Dina-panah city and named it Shergarh and revived the historical city of Pataliputra as Patna which had been in decline since the 7th century CE. He is also famously remembered for killing a fully grown tiger with his bare hands in a jungle of Bihar.
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Shoaib Akhtar
Shoaib Akhtar (b. 13 August 1975) is a former Pakistani cricketer. Shoaib holds the record for being the fastest bowler in the history of international cricket, he made his Test debut in November 1997 and played his first One Day International four months later. He played on Pakistan's Cricket Team as an attack bowler.
He has been involved in several controversies during his career, often accused of not being a team player but his presence was always felt by the opponents. Akhtar was sent home during the Test match series in Australia in 2005 for alleged poor attitude. A year later, he was embroiled in a drug scandal after testing positive to a banned substance. However, the ban imposed on him was lifted on court appeal. In September 2007, Akhtar was banned for an indefinite period for his fight with Pakistan team mate and fast bowler Mohammad Asif. On 1 April 2008, Akhtar was banned for five years for publicly criticizing the Pakistan Cricket Board. In October 2008, the Lahore High Court in Pakistan suspended the five year ban and Akhtar was selected in the 15-man squad for the Twenty20 Quadrangular Tournament in Canada. Pakistani judge, Rana Bhagwandas stated once that, Akhtar is a legend of Pakistan cricket. He retired from international cricket after the 2011 World Cup.
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Shoaib Malik
Shoaib Malik (Urdu: شعیب ملک) (born 1 February 1982) is a Pakistani cricket player and former captain. He made his One-Day International debut in 1999 against the West Indies and his Test debut in 2001 against Bangladesh. He has taken over 100 ODI wickets, and has a batting average in the mid 30s in both Test and ODI cricket. His bowling action has come under scrutiny (particularly his doosra) but he has had elbow surgery to correct this. Malik was ranked second, behind teammate Shahid Afridi, in the ICC ODI all-rounder rankings in June 2008. In March 2010, Malik received a one-year ban from international cricket from the Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB); the ban was overturned two months later.
Shoaib Malik first played tape-ball cricket in the streets as a child. He began to take playing cricket seriously in 1993/94 when he attended Imran Khan's coaching clinics in Sialkot. He began as a batsman only developing on his bowling later. He used to get in trouble with his family for playing cricket, as they wanted him to focus on his education. In 1996, Malik attended trials for the U-15 World Cup. He was selected in the squad for his bowling.
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Sindhi people
Sindhis (Sindhi: سنڌي) are a Sindhi-speaking ethnic group of people native to the Sindh province of Pakistan.
Some of the places in Sindh have been inhabited as early as the 3rd millennium BC. A large number of Indus valley sites have been found in Sindh. Sindh was ruled by Hindu, Buddhist and Zoroastrian kingdoms till 712, when it became a part of the Umayyad Caliphate. While Sindhis were originally Hindus or Buddhists.
Sindhi culture is highly influenced by Sufi doctrines and principles. Some of the popular cultural icons are Raja Dahir, Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, Lal Shahbaz Qalandar, Jhulelal and Sachal Sarmast.
Following the partition of India in 1947, most Hindus, Sikhs and Jains migrated to India and other parts of the world, though as of 1998, Hindus still constituted about 6% of the total Sindhi population in Pakistan. Sindhis in different parts of the world formed their own social gatherings or sammelans and associations.
The original inhabitants of ancient Sindh were believed to be aboriginal tribes speaking languages of the Indus Valley civilization around 3000 BC.
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Sultan Bahu
Sultan Bahu (Punjabi: سلطان باہو) (ca 1628 – 1691) was a Muslim Sufi and saint, who founded the Sarwari Qadiri Sufi order.
Sultan Bahu belonged to the Awan tribe, and was born in Anga, Soon Valley, Sakesar (Vadi-e-Soon Sakesar). Like many other Sufi saints of South Asia, Sultan Bahu was a prolific writer, with more than forty books on Sufism attributed to him. Most of His books are in Persian. However, most of his books deal with specialised subjects related to Islam and Islamic mysticism; it is his Punjabi poetry that had popular appeal and made him a household name in the region. His verses are sung in many genres of Sufi music, including qawwali and kafi. Tradition has established a unique style of singing his couplets.
Sultan Bahu is a direct descendant from Ali, (cousin of Muhammad, husband of Fatima and father of Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali). Traditionally, he is Hashimi, and belongs to the Awan tribe. Historically the tribe trace their descent to Ameer Shah, son of Qutub Shah whose family lineage is traced back to Ali
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Sultan Rahi
Sultan Muhammad (Urdu: سلطان محمد; born 1938), popularly known as Sultan Rahi, in a Muslim arain family of Saharanpur, was a notable Pakistani film actor who was prominent in Pakistan in Punjabi films during the 1970s and 1980s. He was mostly popular among people in Punjab, Pakistan and among Sikh and Punjabi community of India. He appeared in more than 700 Punjabi and Urdu-language movies, and is named in the Guinness Book of Records as the most prolific actor.
Some of his major films include Maula Jatt, Sher Khan, Chan Veryam, Kaley Chore, and The Godfather. On 9 January 1996 at the time of death, he was 58 years old.
Sultan Rahi was an extra in the 1959 film Baghi. Although he struggled for a few years in the early 1960s, playing only a few supporting roles. The turning point came in 1972, when three of his films celebrated diamond jubilees. In 1975 he became an action icon for the lovers of Punjabi films. The year 1979, changed his whole life as his film Maula Jatt became the most successful Pakistani film to date. It broke all records and did wonders for the Pakistani film industry. Rahi worked most often with directors Masood Rana and Younas Malik. He appeared in over 750 Punjabi and Urdu-language films.
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Tareen
The Tareen (or Tarin) (Pashto: ترین) are a prominent Sarbanri Pashtun tribe residing in Afghanistan and in Pakistan. They are one of the largest Pashtun tribes.
Tareen was great grand son of Qais Abdur Rashid see List of non-Arab Sahaba. Tareen year of birth is round about 650 to 700 AD. The Tareen inhabit parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Historically, little is known or heard of them prior to the invasions of India by Sultan Muhammad Ghori, c 12th century, in which some Tareens (then largely inhabiting Afghanistan) played a significant military role and gradually began to move Eastwards into various parts of what used to be North-West India and is now Pakistan.
By the 15th or 16th century, by and large the various sections of the Tareen tribe had settled in and occupied the areas they still inhabit, indeed some of them assimilating into earlier cultures and/or ethnic groups in these areas.
Sher Shah Suri brought Pathan tribes to Bihar from Afghnistan and got them settled in different parts of central and northern India. Tareens were also settled in a significant number in Bihar, a State in India, as it was the headquarter of Sher Shah Suri. Significant number of Tareens settled in Bhagalpur, a city in Bihar. Among their earlier known chiefs in Bhagalpur was Alaf Khan, Mansab Haft Hazari.
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Timur Shah Durrani
Timur Shah Durrani, (Pashto, Persian, Urdu, Arabic: تیمور شاہ درانی ; 1748 – May 18, 1793) was the second ruler of the Durrani Empire from October 16, 1772, until his death in 1793. An ethnic Pashtun, he was the second and eldest son of Ahmad Shah Durrani, he was also the son-in-law of Alamgir II and the brother-in-law of Shah Alam II.
Timur Shah was born in Mashhad in 1748 had a quick rise to power by marrying the daughter of Mughal Emperor Alamgir II. He received Sirhind as a wedding gift and later his father Ahmad Shah Durrani made him governor of Punjab, Kashmir and the Sirhind district, in 1757 when he was only 9 years old. He ruled from Lahore under the regency of his Mughal guide, ally and general Jahan Khan, who administered these territories for approximately one year, from May 1757 until April 1758.
Adina Beg Khan, governor of the Julundur Doab, along with Raghunath Rao leading the Maratha empire, forced Timur Shah and Jahan from Punjab and put in place their own government under Adina Beg Khan.
wn.com/Timur_Shah_Durrani -
Turkic peoples
The Turkic peoples are a collection of ethnic groups that live in northern, central and western Asia, northwestern China and parts of eastern Europe. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family. They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds. The term Turkic represents a broad ethno-linguistic group of people including existing societies such as the Turkish, Azerbaijani, Chuvashes, Kazakhs, Tatars, Kyrgyzs, Turkmens, Uyghurs, Uzbeks, Bashkirs, Qashqai, Gagauzs, Yakuts, Crimean Karaites, Krymchaks, Karakalpaks, Karachays, Nogais and as well as past civilizations such as the Göktürks, Kumans, Kipchaks, Avars, Bulgars, Turgeshes, Khazars, Seljuk Turks, Ottoman Turks, Mamluks, Timurids and possibly Huns and the Xiongnu.
The distribution of people of Turkic cultural background ranges from Siberia, across Central Asia, to Eastern Europe. As of 2011[update] the largest groups of Turkic people live throughout Central Asia—Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Azerbaijan, in addition to Turkey and Iran. Additionally, Turkic people are found within Crimea, East Turkistan region of western China, northern Iraq, Pakistan, Israel, Russia, Afghanistan, and the Balkans: Moldova, Bulgaria, Romania, and former Yugoslavia. A small number of Turkic people also live in Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania. Small numbers inhabit eastern Poland and the south-eastern part of Finland. There are also considerable populations of Turkic people (originating mostly from Turkey) in Germany, United States, and Australia, largely because of migrations during the 20th century.
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Vedic period
The Vedic period (or Vedic age) was a period in history during which the Vedas, the oldest scriptures of Hinduism, were composed. The time span of the period is uncertain. Philological and linguistic evidence indicates that the Rigveda, the oldest of the Vedas, was composed roughly between 1700–1100 BCE, also referred to as the early Vedic period. The end of the period is commonly estimated to have occurred about 500 BCE, and 150 BCE has been suggested as a terminus ante quem for all Vedic Sanskrit literature.
Transmission of texts in the Vedic period was by oral tradition alone, and a literary tradition set in only in post-Vedic times. Despite the difficulties in dating the period, the Vedas can safely be assumed to be several thousands of years old. The associated culture, sometimes referred to as Vedic civilization, was probably centred early on in the northern and northwestern parts of the Indian subcontinent, but has now spread and constitutes the basis of contemporary Indian culture.
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Wah
Wah (Punjabi, Urdu: واہ) is a city in the Rawalpindi District in Punjab, Pakistan. It contains a garden which is said to have been built by the Mughal emperor Akbar in the 16th century. Wah Cantonment is nearby.
It is connected by road with Peshawar, Islamabad and Rawalpindi and is a growing industrial centre. Industries in Wah include one of the largest cement factories in South Asia, other than ordnance and tractor plants, and agricultural implements and spare-parts manufacturing. On August 21 2008, Wah was attacked in a suicide bombing.
Coordinates: 33°48′N 72°42′E / 33.8°N 72.7°E / 33.8; 72.7
wn.com/Wah -
Waqar Younis
Waqar Younis Maitla (Punjabi: وقار یونس, born 16 November 1971) is a former Pakistani right arm fast bowler in cricket and widely regarded as one of the greatest fast bowlers of all time. As of 2012, he holds the record for the youngest Pakistani Test captain and the third youngest Test captain in history (22 years 15 days). He played 87 Tests and 262 One Day Internationals (ODIs) matches for Pakistan during his international cricket career from1989 to 2003.
Younis' trademark was his ability to reverse swing a cricket ball at high speed. He took 373 Test wickets and 416 One Day International wickets during his career. Together with bowling partner Wasim Akram, he formed one of the subcontinent's most feared bowling attacks. He is considered to be the best exponent of the swing bowling delivery. Younis has the best strike rate for any bowler with over 350 Test wickets. He worked as a bowling coach with the national side from 2006 to 2007. Waqar was appointed as the coach of the Pakistan cricket team on 3 March 2010. He resigned as Pakistan's Cricket Coach on 19 August 2011 citing personal reasons.
wn.com/Waqar_Younis -
Waris Shah
Waris Shah (Punjabi: وارث شاہ, ਵਾਰਿਸ ਸ਼ਾਹ) (1722–1798) was a Punjabi Sufi poet, renowned for his contribution to Punjabi literature. He is best known for his seminal work Heer Ranjha, based on the traditional folk tale of Heer and her lover Ranjha. Heer is considered one of the quintessential works of classical Punjabi literature. The story of Heer was also told by several other writers—including notable versions by Damodar Das, Mukbal, and Ahmed Gujjar—but Waris Shah's version is by far the most popular today.
Waris Shah was born in Jandiala Sher Khan, Punjab, Pakistan into a reputed Syed family who claimed descent from prophet Muhammad. His father's name was Gulshar Shah. Waris Shah acknowledged himself as a disciple of Pir Makhdum of Kasur. Waris Shah's parents are said to have died when he was young, and he probably received his education at the shrine of his preceptor. After completing his education in Kasur, he moved to Malka Hans, a village twelve kilometers north of Pakpattan. Here he resided in a small room, adjacent to a historic masjid, now called Masjid Waris Shah. His mausoleum is a place of pilgrimage today, especially for those in love.
wn.com/Waris_Shah -
Wasim Akram
Wasim Akram (Punjabi: وسیم اکرم; born 3 June 1966) is a former Pakistani cricketer. He is a left arm fast bowler and left-handed batsman who represented the Pakistan national cricket team in Test cricket and One Day International (ODI) matches.
Akram is regarded as one of the best fast bowlers in the history of cricket. He holds the world record for most wickets in List A cricket with 881 and is second only to Sri Lankan off-spin bowler, Muttiah Muralitharan in terms of ODI wickets with 502. He is considered to be one of the founders and perhaps the finest exponent of reverse swing bowling.
He was the first bowler to reach the 500-wicket mark in ODI cricket during the 2003 World Cup. In 2002 Wisden released its only list of best players of all time. Wasim was ranked as the best bowler in ODI of all time with a rating of 1223.5, ahead of Allan Donald, Imran Khan, Waqar Younis, Joel Garner, Glen McGrath and Muralitharan. Wasim has taken 23 4-wicket hauls in ODI in 356 matches he played. On 30 September 2009, Akram was one of five new members inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame. He is the current bowling coach of Kolkata Knight Riders.
wn.com/Wasim_Akram -
Yousaf Raza Gillani
Yousuf Raza Gillani, also spelled Gilani,MP (Urdu, Saraiki: یوسف رضا گیلانی; English IPA: jusæf ɾæzə ɡillɑnɪ̈ ; b. June 9, 1952) is the 16th and current Prime Minister of Pakistan and the vice-chairman of the democratic socialist party, the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP). Gillani was nominated for the office of prime minister and became prime minister when his party formed the coalition government with Pakistan Muslim League, Awami National Party, Assembly of Islamic Clergy and Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM), after his party secured a considerable victory on 2008 parliamentary elections. He is the first prime minister from the Saraiki-speaking belt, and also the longest serving prime minister with a period span of 45 months, chairing more than 100 cabinet and parliamentary sessions; the most any successive democratic government in the political history of the country.
He first successfully contested 1988 parliamentary elections and has been a senior member of parliament for the Multan-IV constituency since 1988, heading the Ministry of Tourism under the government of former prime minister Benazir Bhutto. After his party wining the plurality in 1990 parliamentary elections, Gillani was nominated by Benazir Bhutto to become the 15th Speaker of the National Assembly, serving until 16 February 1997. On 11 February 2001, Gillani was imprisoned by military court instituted under by then-CMLA and President Pervez Musharraf on the accusations and charges on corruption in infamous Adiala Jail, and released on 7 October 2006.
wn.com/Yousaf_Raza_Gillani -
Zulfiqar Ali Khosa
Sirdar Zulfiqar Ali Khan Khosa (born on 20 October 1935) is a Pakistani political leader and former Governor of Punjab.
He was born in Bahadurgarh, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan. He became the Tumandar and Chief of the Khosa tribe in 1935 after the death of his father, Sirdar Dost Muhammad Khan Khosa. He was the Governor of the Punjab from 17 August 1999 to 21 October 1999. On 26 June 2008, he won the PP-243 seat of the Punjab assembly after defeating the Leghari candidate for the third time.
He is the father of Hissam Uddin Khan Khosa, Saif Uddin Khan Khosa, and Dost Muhammad Khosa (former Chief Minister of Punjab).
wn.com/Zulfiqar_Ali_Khosa
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My Punjab is Great
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:22
- Updated: 25 Jan 2013
Punjab Pakistan The population of the province is estimated to be 86084000 in 2005 and is home to over half the population of Pakistan. The major language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi (which is written in a Perso-Arabic script in Pakistan) and Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group. The language is not given any official recognition in the Constitution of Pakistan. Punjabis themselves are a heterogeneous group comprising different tribes and communities, although the different castes in Pakistani Punjab has more to do with traditional occupations such as blacksmiths or artisans as opposed to rigid social stratifications. The most important tribes within Punjab include the Muslim Rajputs, the Gakhars, the Gujjars, the Jats (see also List of Jat Clans of West Punjab), the Dogar, the Arain, the Punjabi Shaikhs and the Syeds. Other smaller tribes are the Awans, Rawns, Pukhtuns, Baloch, Afghans and the Maliks. Other smaller ethnic groups in the province include the Siraiki, Hindko, Kashmiris, Sindhis, and Muhajirs. Three decades of bloodshed in neighbouring Afghanistan have brought a large number of Afghan refugees (Tajik, Pashtun, Hazara and Turkmen) to the province. The population of Punjab (Pakistan) is over 99% Muslim with a Sunni majority and Shia minority. There are small non-Muslims groups of Zorastrians, Bahá'ís, Christians, Sikhs,Hindus and Ahmadiyya communitiy. The dialects spoken in different regions of the land have a common vocabulary and a shared heritage ...
http://wn.com/My_Punjab_is_Great
Punjab Pakistan The population of the province is estimated to be 86084000 in 2005 and is home to over half the population of Pakistan. The major language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi (which is written in a Perso-Arabic script in Pakistan) and Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group. The language is not given any official recognition in the Constitution of Pakistan. Punjabis themselves are a heterogeneous group comprising different tribes and communities, although the different castes in Pakistani Punjab has more to do with traditional occupations such as blacksmiths or artisans as opposed to rigid social stratifications. The most important tribes within Punjab include the Muslim Rajputs, the Gakhars, the Gujjars, the Jats (see also List of Jat Clans of West Punjab), the Dogar, the Arain, the Punjabi Shaikhs and the Syeds. Other smaller tribes are the Awans, Rawns, Pukhtuns, Baloch, Afghans and the Maliks. Other smaller ethnic groups in the province include the Siraiki, Hindko, Kashmiris, Sindhis, and Muhajirs. Three decades of bloodshed in neighbouring Afghanistan have brought a large number of Afghan refugees (Tajik, Pashtun, Hazara and Turkmen) to the province. The population of Punjab (Pakistan) is over 99% Muslim with a Sunni majority and Shia minority. There are small non-Muslims groups of Zorastrians, Bahá'ís, Christians, Sikhs,Hindus and Ahmadiyya communitiy. The dialects spoken in different regions of the land have a common vocabulary and a shared heritage ...
Beautiful Pakistan Punjab Village Life
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:13
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
Village Life in Pakistan On Earth A Beatiful Place In PAkistan This Is Village Sanda Chistana 7KM Kasur Pakistan&10KM Firozpur India A Simple Talk In A Simple Village People But Village Life So Much Better
http://wn.com/Beautiful_Pakistan_Punjab_Village_Life
Village Life in Pakistan On Earth A Beatiful Place In PAkistan This Is Village Sanda Chistana 7KM Kasur Pakistan&10KM Firozpur India A Simple Talk In A Simple Village People But Village Life So Much Better
- published: 26 May 2012
- views: 12725
- author: raish62
HANS RAJ HANS LIVE(ADV.SYED HASAN RAZA GILANI "S FAVORITE KALAM)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:25
- Updated: 27 Jan 2013
ADVOCATE HIGH COURT SYED HASAN RAZA GILANI FROM MALAKWAL PUNJAB PAKISTAN LIKES ITS TO MUCH.
http://wn.com/HANS_RAJ_HANS_LIVEADVSYED_HASAN_RAZA_GILANI_S_FAVORITE_KALAM
ADVOCATE HIGH COURT SYED HASAN RAZA GILANI FROM MALAKWAL PUNJAB PAKISTAN LIKES ITS TO MUCH.
- published: 20 Jan 2012
- views: 64592
- author: anmol sharif
Program at Village Gumti, Dist Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 33:55
- Updated: 26 Dec 2012
www.amannews.com
http://wn.com/Program_at_Village_Gumti,_Dist_Gujrat,_Punjab,_Pakistan_2
village life pakistan punjab...2009[Sarai Alamgir.Jhelum]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:40
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
jagu head ,qasba, shakrila,jatlaan ,tohran. dak jattan, bhag nagar ,khal khanpur.mipur road,nagal.gujrat,jhelum.kharian.nakkah,dhok mureed,kinara,qazi baqar,nothia qursian,dhal,kakrot,ghiyal,besa,bolani,thil bikohal,dandi nizam,dandi malyar,phuilrwain,bowali,choa,karyala.kinara.
http://wn.com/village_life_pakistan_punjab2009_Sarai_AlamgirJhelum_
jagu head ,qasba, shakrila,jatlaan ,tohran. dak jattan, bhag nagar ,khal khanpur.mipur road,nagal.gujrat,jhelum.kharian.nakkah,dhok mureed,kinara,qazi baqar,nothia qursian,dhal,kakrot,ghiyal,besa,bolani,thil bikohal,dandi nizam,dandi malyar,phuilrwain,bowali,choa,karyala.kinara.
- published: 27 Mar 2009
- views: 102482
- author: Ali Raza Raza
Ali & Hamna | Pakistani Wedding Highlights | Lahore
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:01
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
www.facebook.com/junaidsyedfilms
http://wn.com/Ali_Hamna_|_Pakistani_Wedding_Highlights_|_Lahore
Livestock model farm Punjab Pakistan part-2 Dr.Ashraf Sahibzada
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:26
- Updated: 22 Jan 2013
A model farm and a success story of a progressive farmer to motivate and educate Pakistani farmers,extension agents,students and policy makers to work further to improve this neglected field.
http://wn.com/Livestock_model_farm_Punjab_Pakistan_part-2_DrAshraf_Sahibzada
A model farm and a success story of a progressive farmer to motivate and educate Pakistani farmers,extension agents,students and policy makers to work further to improve this neglected field.
- published: 04 Apr 2010
- views: 139937
- author: ceasetoexist84
Pakistan Mujra - Nargis - Punjabi Song 'Harey Rang Diyan Wangan' Best of Nargis Vol. 3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:27
- Updated: 23 Jan 2013
Nargis is the current 'Queen of the Punjab' in Mujra Dance and Cinema scene on the Lahore side of Pakistan. Nargis has a kind of rural charm and urban appearance, the colourful clothes are a mix of Punjabi 'bling' and Pathan Belly Dance. Apart from Cinema and Mujra DVDs, Nargis performs in Punjabi Stage Shows which she has been 'banned from the theatre for insulting public decency by deviating from the script in vulgar words and actions'[!] - reported in the newspapers frequently. Nargis was reported in the papers as once replying, "I have friends in high places - I'll be back in the theatre tomorrow"...and apparently she was... There is speculation that dancers such as Nargis are powerful women as they dance for the elite and high society and can garner favours from such 'friends in high places' and influence them... Maybe this is just gossip...maybe not... A similar situation is reported about Belly Dancers in Egypt in an Arabic novel, 'Al Raqasa We Al Siyasi' ['The Belly Dancer and The Politician - Which One Is The More Corrupt?']. It was produced as an Arabic film in the 1980s with Nabila Abid as a dancer who was influencing politics through her relationship with a top government minister. 'Al Raqasa We Al Siyasi' can be found at this link but it has no English Subtitles: www.youtube.com ROTANA Lebanon have a DVD with English Subtitles. The film is fascinating look at the harrassment and hypocrisy of the dancer's role and non-role in Egypt. Pakistan's Mujra-walis seem ...
http://wn.com/Pakistan_Mujra_Nargis_Punjabi_Song_'Harey_Rang_Diyan_Wangan'_Best_of_Nargis_Vol_3
Nargis is the current 'Queen of the Punjab' in Mujra Dance and Cinema scene on the Lahore side of Pakistan. Nargis has a kind of rural charm and urban appearance, the colourful clothes are a mix of Punjabi 'bling' and Pathan Belly Dance. Apart from Cinema and Mujra DVDs, Nargis performs in Punjabi Stage Shows which she has been 'banned from the theatre for insulting public decency by deviating from the script in vulgar words and actions'[!] - reported in the newspapers frequently. Nargis was reported in the papers as once replying, "I have friends in high places - I'll be back in the theatre tomorrow"...and apparently she was... There is speculation that dancers such as Nargis are powerful women as they dance for the elite and high society and can garner favours from such 'friends in high places' and influence them... Maybe this is just gossip...maybe not... A similar situation is reported about Belly Dancers in Egypt in an Arabic novel, 'Al Raqasa We Al Siyasi' ['The Belly Dancer and The Politician - Which One Is The More Corrupt?']. It was produced as an Arabic film in the 1980s with Nabila Abid as a dancer who was influencing politics through her relationship with a top government minister. 'Al Raqasa We Al Siyasi' can be found at this link but it has no English Subtitles: www.youtube.com ROTANA Lebanon have a DVD with English Subtitles. The film is fascinating look at the harrassment and hypocrisy of the dancer's role and non-role in Egypt. Pakistan's Mujra-walis seem ...
- published: 10 Feb 2012
- views: 449150
- author: Khaartoum
School Boy Speech in Punjabi about respecting parents.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:08
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
This small boy giving speech in Punjabi and he has beautiful style. This contest was arranged in Crescent Model school Faisalabad. Topic is Why women are not following proper Islamic teaching about Hijab and why blaming their parents for doing nothing for them.
http://wn.com/School_Boy_Speech_in_Punjabi_about_respecting_parents
This small boy giving speech in Punjabi and he has beautiful style. This contest was arranged in Crescent Model school Faisalabad. Topic is Why women are not following proper Islamic teaching about Hijab and why blaming their parents for doing nothing for them.
- published: 07 Sep 2010
- views: 35392
- author: Yasir Imran
Up N Down Punjabi Rap 2013 New Songs | Mr.Dhasmana , Rawat Ft.Rahul Patel | NPO
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:41
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
This Is Our First Song Sorry if i made any mistakes. Punjabi Rap By Delhi Sharp Boyz(D#Boyz) Punjabi Love Rap Song Just 4 Fun Pradeep Rawat Prafful Dhasmana Rahul Patel Download Link :www.mediafire.com Punjabi Music Punjab, a beautiful tiny place on earth, lies in North-West India and North-East Pakistan. The culture of Punjab is very rich in every sense by the ages. Today the one of biggest trait of Punjab is music, Punjabi music. Punjabi folk music is highly rhythmic and very diverse. The contemporary Punjabi music not just enriched by mixing up new tunes and beats of foreign music to Punjabi music but it is extremely enriched by its origin. Though, new dimensions have been added to folk Punjabi music, in order to make Punjabi music an International music. Punjabi people are very hard working and possessive, Punjabi music artist and singers do hard work and researches on music. The history of Punjab has clear evidence of great music of Punjab. Punjab has produced many enormous, folk Punjabi artists that rocked the whole world not just India and Pakistan some of the greatest singers are Aman Hayer, Amar Arshi, Amit Rai, Amrinder Gill, Amrit Saab, Amrita Virk, Anita erche, Arif Lohar, Arshpreet, AS Kang, Ashok Masti, Atma Budhewal, Babbu Chaudhary, Babbu Maan, Bai Amarjit, Baljinder Kaur, Baljinder Rimpy, Balkar Ankila, Balkar Sidhu, Balli Bajwa, Bally Jagpal, Bally Singh, Bally Sagoo, Balvir Boparai, Banny A, Baz Singh, Bhinda Aujla, Bhotu Shah, Bhupinder Gill, Bikram ...
http://wn.com/Up_N_Down_Punjabi_Rap_2013_New_Songs_|_MrDhasmana_,_Rawat_FtRahul_Patel_|_NPO
This Is Our First Song Sorry if i made any mistakes. Punjabi Rap By Delhi Sharp Boyz(D#Boyz) Punjabi Love Rap Song Just 4 Fun Pradeep Rawat Prafful Dhasmana Rahul Patel Download Link :www.mediafire.com Punjabi Music Punjab, a beautiful tiny place on earth, lies in North-West India and North-East Pakistan. The culture of Punjab is very rich in every sense by the ages. Today the one of biggest trait of Punjab is music, Punjabi music. Punjabi folk music is highly rhythmic and very diverse. The contemporary Punjabi music not just enriched by mixing up new tunes and beats of foreign music to Punjabi music but it is extremely enriched by its origin. Though, new dimensions have been added to folk Punjabi music, in order to make Punjabi music an International music. Punjabi people are very hard working and possessive, Punjabi music artist and singers do hard work and researches on music. The history of Punjab has clear evidence of great music of Punjab. Punjab has produced many enormous, folk Punjabi artists that rocked the whole world not just India and Pakistan some of the greatest singers are Aman Hayer, Amar Arshi, Amit Rai, Amrinder Gill, Amrit Saab, Amrita Virk, Anita erche, Arif Lohar, Arshpreet, AS Kang, Ashok Masti, Atma Budhewal, Babbu Chaudhary, Babbu Maan, Bai Amarjit, Baljinder Kaur, Baljinder Rimpy, Balkar Ankila, Balkar Sidhu, Balli Bajwa, Bally Jagpal, Bally Singh, Bally Sagoo, Balvir Boparai, Banny A, Baz Singh, Bhinda Aujla, Bhotu Shah, Bhupinder Gill, Bikram ...
- published: 22 Jan 2013
- views: 484
- author: Prafful Dhasmana
Alam Lohar In Conversation 1/2 - Radio Pakistan inc. Main Neel Karayan Neelkan [Mirza Sahiban}
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:49
- Updated: 31 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Alam_Lohar_In_Conversation_1_2_Radio_Pakistan_inc_Main_Neel_Karayan_Neelkan_Mirza_Sahiban_
Load Shedding Studio Bijli Ji a Funny Punjabi Parody Song on Shortage of Electricity gas in Pakistan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
Atomic power is not for common man use. Common man will never got any benefits from it... common is there face.. hunger, unemployment, poverty What really going on in Pakistan? Where is so called huge stories of corruption by politicians and bureaucrats. Power/water/gas shortage is nothing new but a political crisis in deed.
http://wn.com/Load_Shedding_Studio_Bijli_Ji_a_Funny_Punjabi_Parody_Song_on_Shortage_of_Electricity_gas_in_Pakistan
Atomic power is not for common man use. Common man will never got any benefits from it... common is there face.. hunger, unemployment, poverty What really going on in Pakistan? Where is so called huge stories of corruption by politicians and bureaucrats. Power/water/gas shortage is nothing new but a political crisis in deed.
- published: 02 Sep 2011
- views: 36855
- author: Murad Khan
Pakistani Punjabi Pind Song
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:14
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
oho mera pind sajna sung by Sardara Singh Gill with Pakistani Punjab village pics.
http://wn.com/Pakistani_Punjabi_Pind_Song
oho mera pind sajna sung by Sardara Singh Gill with Pakistani Punjab village pics.
- published: 21 Oct 2010
- views: 266960
- author: PunjabDharti
Punjabi Poem about Indian Pakistani Parition (ujhaarrha) 1947 by Afzal Saahir
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:57
- Updated: 31 Jan 2013
Afzal Saahir expresses his views and recites a poem on partition of India into Pakistan and India in which Punjab was the most suffered area because of bloodshed of partition. Afzal Saahir is a young poet of Punjab and is the most popular radio anchor of Punjab. He presents a program on radio Mast FM 103 from Lahore, Faisalabad, Karachi, and other cities of Pakistan
http://wn.com/Punjabi_Poem_about_Indian_Pakistani_Parition_ujhaarrha_1947_by_Afzal_Saahir
Afzal Saahir expresses his views and recites a poem on partition of India into Pakistan and India in which Punjab was the most suffered area because of bloodshed of partition. Afzal Saahir is a young poet of Punjab and is the most popular radio anchor of Punjab. He presents a program on radio Mast FM 103 from Lahore, Faisalabad, Karachi, and other cities of Pakistan
- published: 10 May 2010
- views: 25860
- author: nankanaorg
nice desi punjabi song(urdu) by pakistani lovely girl.mp4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:01
- Updated: 31 Jan 2013
youtu.be part 2 of this song click on this link and subscribe for more songs
http://wn.com/nice_desi_punjabi_songurdu_by_pakistani_lovely_girlmp4
youtu.be part 2 of this song click on this link and subscribe for more songs
- published: 31 Jan 2013
- author: khurram razzak
Punjabi Romantic Song - Tu Te Meri Jaan - H Sandhu Ft. Randy J
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:48
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
H Sandhu - www.facebook.com Randy J - www.facebook.com Singer & Lyrics -- H Sandhu Music -- Randy J Album -- Notorious TWITTER - twitter.com twitter.com Punjabi Music punjabi romatic song lies in North-West India and North-East Pakistan. The culture of Punjab is very rich in every sense by the ages. Today the one of biggest trait of Punjab is music, Punjabi music. Punjabi folk music is highly rhythmic and very diverse.enriched by its origin. Though, new dimensions have been added to folk Punjabi music, in order to make Punjabi music an International music. Punjabi people are very hard working and possessive, Punjabi music artist and singers do hard work and researches on music. The history of Punjab has clear evidence of great music of Punjab. Punjab has produced many enormous, folk Punjabi artists that rocked the whole world not just India and Pakistan some of the greatest singers are Aman Hayer, Amar Arshi, Amit Rai, Amrinder Gill, Amrit Saab, Amrita Virk, Anita erche, Arif Lohar, Arshpreet, AS Kang, Ashok Masti, Atma Budhewal, Babbu Chaudhary, Babbu Maan, Bai Amarjit, Baljinder Kaur, Baljinder Rimpy, Balkar Ankila, Balkar Sidhu, Balli Bajwa, Bally Jagpal, Bally Singh, Bally Sagoo, Balvir Boparai, Banny A, Baz Singh, Bhinda Aujla, Bhotu Shah, Bhupinder Gill, Bikram Singh, Bill Singh, Binder Bajwa, Bohemia, Bonafide, BukanJatt, Chamkaur, Chamkila, D-Boy, Daljit Bittu, Daljit Mattu, Dalvinder Singh, Darshan Khella, Davinder Kohenoor, DCS, Debi Makhsoospuri, Deep Dhillon ...
http://wn.com/Punjabi_Romantic_Song_Tu_Te_Meri_Jaan_H_Sandhu_Ft_Randy_J
H Sandhu - www.facebook.com Randy J - www.facebook.com Singer & Lyrics -- H Sandhu Music -- Randy J Album -- Notorious TWITTER - twitter.com twitter.com Punjabi Music punjabi romatic song lies in North-West India and North-East Pakistan. The culture of Punjab is very rich in every sense by the ages. Today the one of biggest trait of Punjab is music, Punjabi music. Punjabi folk music is highly rhythmic and very diverse.enriched by its origin. Though, new dimensions have been added to folk Punjabi music, in order to make Punjabi music an International music. Punjabi people are very hard working and possessive, Punjabi music artist and singers do hard work and researches on music. The history of Punjab has clear evidence of great music of Punjab. Punjab has produced many enormous, folk Punjabi artists that rocked the whole world not just India and Pakistan some of the greatest singers are Aman Hayer, Amar Arshi, Amit Rai, Amrinder Gill, Amrit Saab, Amrita Virk, Anita erche, Arif Lohar, Arshpreet, AS Kang, Ashok Masti, Atma Budhewal, Babbu Chaudhary, Babbu Maan, Bai Amarjit, Baljinder Kaur, Baljinder Rimpy, Balkar Ankila, Balkar Sidhu, Balli Bajwa, Bally Jagpal, Bally Singh, Bally Sagoo, Balvir Boparai, Banny A, Baz Singh, Bhinda Aujla, Bhotu Shah, Bhupinder Gill, Bikram Singh, Bill Singh, Binder Bajwa, Bohemia, Bonafide, BukanJatt, Chamkaur, Chamkila, D-Boy, Daljit Bittu, Daljit Mattu, Dalvinder Singh, Darshan Khella, Davinder Kohenoor, DCS, Debi Makhsoospuri, Deep Dhillon ...
- published: 20 Dec 2012
- views: 36229
- author: MrHsandhu
DESI CONNECTION FEAT AMEETH D - DIAMOND GIRL ( OFFICIAL NAAL 2 NACH FRENCH EDIT ).
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:06
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
VOCALS: AMEETH D - MC PAKIS - BIGGOUSSS MUSIC BY: DESI CONNECTION VIDEO BY GIVANID GRAPHIX INC. OFFICIAL VIDEOCLIP OF THE SONG NAAL 2 NACH FOR FRANCE DESI PEEPZ.
http://wn.com/DESI_CONNECTION_FEAT_AMEETH_D_DIAMOND_GIRL_OFFICIAL_NAAL_2_NACH_FRENCH_EDIT_
VOCALS: AMEETH D - MC PAKIS - BIGGOUSSS MUSIC BY: DESI CONNECTION VIDEO BY GIVANID GRAPHIX INC. OFFICIAL VIDEOCLIP OF THE SONG NAAL 2 NACH FOR FRANCE DESI PEEPZ.
- published: 24 Jun 2012
- views: 72923
- author: bhangramc
Migration on India-Pakistan Partition of Punjab
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:00
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
1947 PARTITION HOLOCAUST ਜੋ ਵੀ ਦੇਖੇ ਪਲੀਜ਼ ਕੰਮੈਂਟ ਜਰੂਰ ਲਿਖਣਾ। THIS IS PART OF A DVD PUBLISHED BY ME: SIKH SHRINES IN PAKISTAN Please write ur comments. You will see about 80 photographs of the horrible times when biggest tragedy of the human race occurred. When about 1 million people were massacred and about 10 million people were uprooted from their homes and had to migrate. They day of vultures when human blood flowed down the Five Rivers of Punjab. This is a humble attempt to exhibit the trauma which humanity underwent. We don't think that we have been able to gather very many and really befitting scenes of the biggest human migration, but some thing is better than nothing. Obviously the uprooted people have their ancestral connections with the land they were departed from; their social, religious and historical places. The video reveals the after affects of the tragedy which the human race is still undergoing. This video will also reveal how the hatred is continued at the level of governments while it has vanished from the minds of people. How the Govt of India deliberately avoids international pilgrimages. The video commentary is in Punjabi language please. The photos have been taken from Life magazine and BBC London which are freely available on internet. In case u have some videos/photographs in your knowledge please share with us. So that those could be included. BSGoraya www.kartarpur.com www.punjabmonitor.com bsgoraya@kartarpur.com Ph ...
http://wn.com/Migration_on_India-Pakistan_Partition_of_Punjab
1947 PARTITION HOLOCAUST ਜੋ ਵੀ ਦੇਖੇ ਪਲੀਜ਼ ਕੰਮੈਂਟ ਜਰੂਰ ਲਿਖਣਾ। THIS IS PART OF A DVD PUBLISHED BY ME: SIKH SHRINES IN PAKISTAN Please write ur comments. You will see about 80 photographs of the horrible times when biggest tragedy of the human race occurred. When about 1 million people were massacred and about 10 million people were uprooted from their homes and had to migrate. They day of vultures when human blood flowed down the Five Rivers of Punjab. This is a humble attempt to exhibit the trauma which humanity underwent. We don't think that we have been able to gather very many and really befitting scenes of the biggest human migration, but some thing is better than nothing. Obviously the uprooted people have their ancestral connections with the land they were departed from; their social, religious and historical places. The video reveals the after affects of the tragedy which the human race is still undergoing. This video will also reveal how the hatred is continued at the level of governments while it has vanished from the minds of people. How the Govt of India deliberately avoids international pilgrimages. The video commentary is in Punjabi language please. The photos have been taken from Life magazine and BBC London which are freely available on internet. In case u have some videos/photographs in your knowledge please share with us. So that those could be included. BSGoraya www.kartarpur.com www.punjabmonitor.com bsgoraya@kartarpur.com Ph ...
- published: 25 Jan 2011
- views: 57508
- author: Bhabishan Singh Goraya
Mirza jatt by sain mahbob, jinder sharif, karianwala, Gujrat, Punjab,Pakistan (0332-8340991)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:17
- Updated: 31 Jan 2013
Kashi Gujjar, challay sharif karianwala Gujrat,punjab Pakistan
http://wn.com/Mirza_jatt_by_sain_mahbob,_jinder_sharif,_karianwala,_Gujrat,_Punjab,Pakistan_0332-8340991
Kashi Gujjar, challay sharif karianwala Gujrat,punjab Pakistan
- published: 19 Sep 2009
- views: 246031
- author: Naqash Gujjar
![Anwar Masood , famous Urdu/Punjabi Poet from Pakistan [Mehfil e mushaira]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130201015038im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/dqkINAivK5M/default.jpg "Anwar Masood , famous Urdu/Punjabi Poet from Pakistan [Mehfil e mushaira]")
Anwar Masood , famous Urdu/Punjabi Poet from Pakistan [Mehfil e mushaira]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 27:12
- Updated: 27 Jan 2013
Professor Anwar Masood is a multilingual poet. He is a teacher of the Persian language, and a poet of Urdu and Punjabi. Mostly popular for his Punjabi poetry. His poetry gives the message of the original and pure culture of Punjab. Anwar Masood is the only Punjabi poet who is popular among the masses. The way he has described the different aspects of life in his poetry have never been described before. Some of his poems have become so popular that where ever he went people desire to listen them again and again and have requested him to recite them before them. The most popular of them are Anar Kali Diyan Shana, Aj Kee Pakaeay, Banyan, Juma Bazaar, Umree and many more.Anwar Masood born in Gujrat, his family migrated to Lahore where he started his basic education. Again he went back to Gujrat and completed his matriculation from Public School. He achieved Role of Honor in BA from Zamidara College Gujrat. He started teaching in Islamia high school. He did his master in Persian from Oriental College Lahore and achieved gold medal. He started his service as a lecturer in 1962 and have been teaching in different college in Punjab and retired in 199 UrduLife.com production: Amjad Sheikh
http://wn.com/Anwar_Masood_,_famous_Urdu_Punjabi_Poet_from_Pakistan_Mehfil_e_mushaira_
Professor Anwar Masood is a multilingual poet. He is a teacher of the Persian language, and a poet of Urdu and Punjabi. Mostly popular for his Punjabi poetry. His poetry gives the message of the original and pure culture of Punjab. Anwar Masood is the only Punjabi poet who is popular among the masses. The way he has described the different aspects of life in his poetry have never been described before. Some of his poems have become so popular that where ever he went people desire to listen them again and again and have requested him to recite them before them. The most popular of them are Anar Kali Diyan Shana, Aj Kee Pakaeay, Banyan, Juma Bazaar, Umree and many more.Anwar Masood born in Gujrat, his family migrated to Lahore where he started his basic education. Again he went back to Gujrat and completed his matriculation from Public School. He achieved Role of Honor in BA from Zamidara College Gujrat. He started teaching in Islamia high school. He did his master in Persian from Oriental College Lahore and achieved gold medal. He started his service as a lecturer in 1962 and have been teaching in different college in Punjab and retired in 199 UrduLife.com production: Amjad Sheikh
- published: 05 May 2011
- views: 65895
- author: Urdulife
Shamsher ALi Malangi- Awey mera dhol -VOL-7- RQ Cessete Center Mandibhwaldin
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:21
- Updated: 31 Jan 2013
Shamsher ALi Malangi vol-7 ka song -awey mera dhol . bot piyara andaz. Add..Kotmoman muhlah new subzi mandi kotmoman sargodha .punjab pakistan. cell. 00923006064520
http://wn.com/Shamsher_ALi_Malangi_Awey_mera_dhol_-VOL-7_RQ_Cessete_Center_Mandibhwaldin
Shamsher ALi Malangi vol-7 ka song -awey mera dhol . bot piyara andaz. Add..Kotmoman muhlah new subzi mandi kotmoman sargodha .punjab pakistan. cell. 00923006064520
- published: 10 Jan 2013
- views: 300
- author: Shamsher Malangi
Sh*t Pakistani Dads Say
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:03
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
TWITTER SHITTER: twitter.com The last of it's kind! Things Pakistani Dads say... enjoy The original by by Kyle Humphrey & Graydon Sheppard gets me on the floor every time! MY FACEBOOK: www.facebook.com MY TWITTER: twitter.com SUBSCRIBE to my 2nd CHANNEL: www.youtube.com Inspired by Shit Girls Say: www.youtube.com Check out the other brown responses: Sh*t Punjabi Mothers Say- www.youtube.com Shit Brown Girls Say www.youtube.com Shit White Girls Say... To Brown- www.youtube.com Shit White Guys Say to Brown Guys- www.youtube.com Additional tags: stuff brown moms say superwoman iisuperwomanii iisuperwomenii super woman women punjabi indian brown punjab desi comedy funny stupid shit girls say parents dad mom mother shit punjabi mothers say white black sri lankan tamil gujurati hindi
http://wn.com/Sh*t_Pakistani_Dads_Say
TWITTER SHITTER: twitter.com The last of it's kind! Things Pakistani Dads say... enjoy The original by by Kyle Humphrey & Graydon Sheppard gets me on the floor every time! MY FACEBOOK: www.facebook.com MY TWITTER: twitter.com SUBSCRIBE to my 2nd CHANNEL: www.youtube.com Inspired by Shit Girls Say: www.youtube.com Check out the other brown responses: Sh*t Punjabi Mothers Say- www.youtube.com Shit Brown Girls Say www.youtube.com Shit White Girls Say... To Brown- www.youtube.com Shit White Guys Say to Brown Guys- www.youtube.com Additional tags: stuff brown moms say superwoman iisuperwomanii iisuperwomenii super woman women punjabi indian brown punjab desi comedy funny stupid shit girls say parents dad mom mother shit punjabi mothers say white black sri lankan tamil gujurati hindi
- published: 17 Feb 2012
- views: 145250
- author: MalumTV
Sh*t Pakistani Mums Say
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:09
- Updated: 31 Jan 2013
TWITTER: twitter.com #ShitPakistaniMumsSay CHECK OUT MY WEEKLY SKETCHES: www.youtube.com MY FACEBOOK: www.facebook.com MY TWITTER: twitter.com SUBSCRIBE to my 2nd CHANNEL: www.youtube.com Inspired by Shit Girls Say: www.youtube.com Check out the other brown responses: Sh*t Punjabi Mothers Say- www.youtube.com Shit Brown Girls Say www.youtube.com Shit White Girls Say... To Brown- www.youtube.com Shit White Guys Say to Brown Guys- www.youtube.com Additional tags: stuff brown moms say superwoman iisuperwomanii iisuperwomenii super woman women punjabi indian brown punjab desi comedy funny stupid shit girls say parents dad mom mother shit punjabi mothers say white black sri lankan tamil gujurati hindi
http://wn.com/Sh*t_Pakistani_Mums_Say
TWITTER: twitter.com #ShitPakistaniMumsSay CHECK OUT MY WEEKLY SKETCHES: www.youtube.com MY FACEBOOK: www.facebook.com MY TWITTER: twitter.com SUBSCRIBE to my 2nd CHANNEL: www.youtube.com Inspired by Shit Girls Say: www.youtube.com Check out the other brown responses: Sh*t Punjabi Mothers Say- www.youtube.com Shit Brown Girls Say www.youtube.com Shit White Girls Say... To Brown- www.youtube.com Shit White Guys Say to Brown Guys- www.youtube.com Additional tags: stuff brown moms say superwoman iisuperwomanii iisuperwomenii super woman women punjabi indian brown punjab desi comedy funny stupid shit girls say parents dad mom mother shit punjabi mothers say white black sri lankan tamil gujurati hindi
- published: 27 Jan 2012
- views: 353195
- author: MalumTV
photo: AP / Ariel Schalit
31 Jan 2013
Zeenews Bureau. Damascus. The Syrian Army has confirmed that Israeli Air Force fighter planes carried out strikes in its territory, but denied reports of a convoy carrying weapons to Lebanon was bombed. The Syrian Army statement says that the IAF jet fighters’ target was a military research centre near the border with Lebanon. Two people have been reported to be dead and five others injured in the attack ... First Published ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
photo: AP / Aleppo Revolution Against Assad Regime
29 Jan 2013
By Alexander Dziadosz and Oliver Holmes. BEIRUT, Jan 29 (Reuters) - At least 65 people were found shot dead with their hands bound in the northern Syrian city of Aleppo on Tuesday in a "new massacre" in the near two-year revolt against President Bashar al-Assad, activists said. Opposition campaigners blamed the government but it was impossible to confirm who was responsible ... The U.N ... State media did not mention the incident ... STALEMATE ... ....(size: 9.0Kb)
photo: AP / Korea Aerospace Research Institute
30 Jan 2013
Launch of 140-tonne rocket likely to anger North Korea, which incurred tougher UN sanctions after December launch. The rocket takes off from its launchpad at Naro, south of Seoul. South Korea has twice before failed to put a satellite into space. Photograph. Kari/AFP/Getty Images ... Relief greeted the Naro rocket's flawless liftoff from a space centre on the south coast at 4pm local time ... ....(size: 3.1Kb)
photo: AP / David Guttenfelder
30 Jan 2013
SEOUL - Until Tuesday, North Korea appeared on Google Maps as a near-total white space -- no roads, no train lines, no parks and no restaurants. The only thing labeled was the capital city, Pyongyang. This all changed when Google, on Tuesday, rolled out a detailed map of one of the world's most secretive states ... Similar processes were used in other once-unmapped countries like Afghanistan and Myanmar ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)
photo: AP / Patrick Semansky
30 Jan 2013
LAS VEGAS -- Seizing an opening to rewrite the nation's immigration laws, President Barack Obama challenged Congress on Tuesday to act swiftly to put 11 million illegal immigrants living in the United States on a clear path to citizenship ... The response suggests that reaching consensus on immigration law changes remained difficult despite a new bipartisan push since the November elections ... Mr ... Sen ... He continued ... Although Mr ... Mr ... Mr ... ....(size: 5.5Kb)
The Times of India
01 Feb 2013
Responding to a petition seeking criminal/departmental action against senior Punjab IAS officer, Sucha Ram Ladhar, for retaining the amount charged for arbitration, the IAS officer has claimed that he was conducting arbitration cases, not in ex-officio capacity, but as an arbitrator appointed by the Central government under the provisions of Arbitration and Conciliation Act....(size: 1.9Kb)
The Washington Post
01 Feb 2013
Van Hollen joined the State Department in 1951 and spent much of the next decade as a political officer in India and its arch-rival Pakistan ... Van Hollen’s energy was the secession of East Pakistan from Pakistan to form Bangladesh in 1971 ... case for continuing economic and military aid to Pakistan in order to maintain political leverage over Pakistan’s president, Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan....(size: 5.5Kb)
New Straits/Business Times
01 Feb 2013
Pakistan will face top-ranked South Africa in the first Test at the Wanderers from today destabilised by the loss of rock-solid opener Taufeeq Umar ... Pakistan's batting could ... Off-spinner Saeed Ajmal, at number three, is the only Pakistan bowler in the top 10....(size: 1.3Kb)
The Times of India
01 Feb 2013
At least 200 BJP activists were arrested while a series of protests kept the Millennium City on an edge on Thursday, one day ahead of the Pakistan team's match at Barabati Stadium as part of the ICC women's World Cup ... to stage a demonstration in front of Barabati Stadium where the Pakistan team players have been accommodated at OCA club....(size: 1.7Kb)
The Telegraph India
01 Feb 2013
The Telegraph India
01 Feb 2013
The Times of India
01 Feb 2013
The Times of India
01 Feb 2013
TARN TARAN. The husband of a ShiromaniAkaliDal (SAD) sarpanch opened fire on a Punjab police constable at Daudpura village of Tarn Taran district on Thursday morning ... ....(size: 1.1Kb)
The Times of India
01 Feb 2013
VADODARA. The Government of Israel and Gujarat government are taking baby steps towards establishing an Applied Masters Degree in Agriculture ... Notably, the tiny country, which is known for using advanced agriculture techniques like drip irrigation, is already involved in centres of excellence in agriculture research in some universities of Punjab and Haryana ... Israelis feel very safe in India ... ....(size: 1.8Kb)
The Times of India
01 Feb 2013
Customs officials seized drums full of chemical from the Samjhauta Express that arrived from Pakistan on Thursday....(size: 0.6Kb)
my SA
01 Feb 2013
ISLAMABAD — A roadside bomb killed two polio workers in northwestern Pakistan on Thursday, in the third such attack this week on workers struggling to immunize children against the crippling disease ... further evidence that a Taliban-led campaign of violence and intimidation against polio workers is spreading across northwestern Pakistan....(size: 1.7Kb)
The Times of India
01 Feb 2013
A day after Punjab and Haryana high court issued notice to Haryana government and Rohtak deputy commissioner notice on a petition filed against the erection of a statue of chief minister's late father Ranbir Singh Hooda at a public place in the home town of CM in contravention of supreme court guidelines, the authorities on Thursday removed the ......(size: 1.8Kb)
The Times of India
01 Feb 2013
CHANDIGARH. Indian women's cricket team vice-captain Harmanpreet Kaur is just 23 years old but she packs a punch. She is renowned for her big-hitting skills. Just like her idol, Virender Sehwag, this young girl from Moga, literally smashes them around ... Going back to 2009 in Australia ... With this six, the girl from Moga in Punjab, 180 km from capital Chandigarh, shot into fame and made her place in the male-dominated world of cricket ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)
This article is about the Pakistani province of Punjab. For other uses of the name, see Punjab (disambiguation).
| Punjab پنجاب |
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|---|---|---|---|
| — Province — | |||
 Chenab River, Lahore Fort, Nankana Sahib, Faisalabad, Noor Mahal - Bahawalpur, Masjid Wazir Khan - Lahore. |
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| Coordinates: 31°20′N 74°13′E / 31.33°N 74.21°E / 31.33; 74.21Coordinates: 31°20′N 74°13′E / 31.33°N 74.21°E / 31.33; 74.21 | |||
| Country | Pakistan | ||
| Established | 1 July 1970 | ||
| Capital | Lahore | ||
| Largest city | Lahore | ||
| Government | |||
| • Type | Province | ||
| • Body | Provincial Assembly | ||
| • Governor | Latif Khosa (PPP) | ||
| • Chief Minister | Shahbaz Sharif (PML (N)) | ||
| Area | |||
| • Total | 205,344 km2 (79,284 sq mi) | ||
| Population (2012)[1] | |||
| • Total | 91,379,615 | ||
| • Density | 450/km2 (1,200/sq mi) | ||
| 2012 census preliminary | |||
| Time zone | PKT (UTC+5) | ||
| Main Language(s) | Other languages: Saraiki, Potohari, Hindko, Jhangochi, Mewati | ||
| Assembly seats | 371[2] | ||
| Districts | 36 | ||
| Tehsils/Towns | 127 | ||
| Website | punjab.gov.pk | ||
Punjab (Shahmukhī: پنجاب, Persian: پنجاب, panj-āb, "five waters": Punjab.ogg (help·info)), also spelled Panjab is the most populous province of Pakistan, with approximately 62% of the country's total population.[3] Forming most of the Punjab region, the province is bordered by Kashmir (Azad Kashmir, Pakistan and Jammu and Kashmir, India) to the north-east, the Indian states of Punjab and Rajasthan to the east, the Pakistani province of Sindh to the south, the province of Balochistan to the southwest, the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west, and the Islamabad Capital Territory to the north. The Punjab is home to the Punjabis and various other groups. The main languages are Punjabi and Saraiki[4] and the dialects of Mewati and Potowari. The name Punjab derives from the Persian words Panj (پنج) (Five), and Āb (آب) (Water), i.e. (the) Five Waters - referring to five tributaries of the Indus River from which is also the origin of the name of "India" - these being Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, that flow through the larger Punjab.
Punjab is the most developed, most populous, and most prosperous province of Pakistan.[5][6] Lahore has traditionally been the capital of Punjab for a thousand years; it is Punjab's main cultural, historical, administrative and economic center.[7] Historically, the Punjab region has been the gateway to the Indian subcontinent for people from Greece, Central Asia, Iran and Afghanistan and Vice-versa.[8] Due to its stategic location, it has been part of various empires and civilizations throughout history, including the Indus Valley Civilization, Vedic civilization, Mauryans, Kushans, Scythians, Guptas, Greeks, Persians, Arabs, Turks, Mongol, Timurids, Mughals, Afghans, Sikhs and the British.
The Greeks referred to Punjab as Pentapotamia, an inland delta of five converging rivers.[8] In Avesta, the sacred text of Zoroastrians, the Punjab region is associated with the ancient hapta həndu or Sapta Sindhu, the Land of Seven Rivers.[9] The British used to call Punjab "Our Prussia."
Etymology[link]
The word Punjab is a combination of the Indo-Iranian words panj (five) and āb (water), thus the (land of) five rivers.[10] The five rivers are the tributaries of the Indus River namely Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej. Sometimes, in English, there can be a definite article before the name i.e. the Punjab.[11] The name is also sometimes spelt as Panjab or Panjaab or Punjaab. From the Himalayas they all end up in the down-stream of Panjnad, eventually to the Arabian Sea.
History[link]
Main article: History of Punjab
Ancient history[link]
Punjab during Mahabharata times was known as Panchanada.[12][13] Punjab was part of the Indus Valley Civilization, more than 4000 years old.[14] The main site of the Indus Valley Civilization in Punjab was the city of Harrapa. The Indus Valley Civilization spanned much of what is today Pakistan and eventually evolved into the Indo-Aryan civilization. The arrival of the Indo-Aryans led to the flourishing of the Vedic civilization along the length of the Indus River. This civilization shaped subsequent cultures in South Asia and Afghanistan. Although the archaeological site at Harappa was partially damaged in 1857 when engineers constructing the Lahore-Multan railroad used brick from the Harappa ruins for track ballast, an abundance of artifacts have nevertheless been found. Punjab was part of the great ancient empires including the Gandhara Mahajanapadas, Achaemenids, Macedonians, Mauryas, Kushans, Guptas and Hindu Shahi. Agriculture flourished and trading cities (such as Multan and Lahore) grew in wealth.
Due to its location, the Punjab region came under constant attack and influence from the west. Invaded by the Persians, Greeks, Kushans, Scythians, Turks, and Afghans, Punjab witnessed centuries of bitter bloodshed. Its legacy is a unique culture that combines Zorastrian[citation needed], Hindu, Buddhist, Persian[citation needed], Central Asian[citation needed], Islamic, Afghan, Sikh, and British elements. The city of Taxila, founded by son of Taksh the son Bharat who was the brother of Ram. It was reputed to house the oldest university in the world[citation needed], Takshashila University, one of the teachers was the great Vedic thinker and politician Chanakya. Taxila was a great centre of learning and intellectual discussion during the Maurya Empire. It is a UN World Heritage site, valued for its archaeological and religious history.
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It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Punjabi people . (Discuss) Proposed since August 2010. |
Greeks, Central Asians, and Persians[link]
The Sultan is to the right, shaking the hand of the sheykh, with Ayaz standing behind him. Mahmud of Ghazni appointed Malik Ayaz as the ruler of Lahore, Punjab during the Ghaznavid era.
The northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent including Punjab was repeatedly conquered into various Persian, Central Asian, and Greek empires, such as those of Tamerlane, Alexander the Great and Genghis Khan. Having conquered Drangiana, Arachosia, Gedrosia and Seistan in ten days, Alexander crossed the Hindu Kush and was thus fully informed of the magnificence of the country and its riches in gold, gems and pearls. However, Alexander had to encounter and reduce the tribes on the border of Punjab before entering the luxuriant plains. Having taken a northeasterly direction, he marched against the Aspii, mountaineers, who offered vigorous resistance but were subdued. Alexander then marched through Ghazni, blockaded Magassa, and then marched to Ora and Bazira. Turning to the northeast, Alexander marched to Pucela, the capital of the district now known as Pakhli. He entered Western Punjab, where the ancient city of Nysa was situated. A coalition was formed against Alexander by the Cathians, the people of Multan, who were very skillful in war. Alexander invested heavy troops; eventually seventeen thousand Cathians fell in this battle, and the city of Sagala (present-day Sialkot) was razed to the ground. Alexander left Punjab in 326 B.C. and took his army to Persia and Susa.
Of particular importance were the periods of contact between Punjab and various Persian Empires[citation needed] when the region either became a part of the empire itself[citation needed], or was an autonomous region which paid taxes to the Persian king. In later centuries, when Persian was the language of the Mughal government, Persian architecture, poetry, art and music were an integral part of the region's culture. The official language of Punjab remained Persian until the arrival of the British in the mid-19th century, when the administrative language was changed to English. After 1947, Urdu, which has Persian and Turkish roots, became Pakistan's national language (Qaumi Zubaan).
Arrival of Islam - Punjabi Muslims[link]
The Punjabis followed a diverse plethora of faiths, mainly comprising Hindus but with large minorities of Buddhists[citation needed], when the Muslim Umayyad army led by Muhammad bin Qasim from Syria, conquered Sindh and Southern Punjab in 712, by defeating Raja Dahir. Muhammad bin Qasim was just 18 yo old, and was the first to bring message of Islam to the population of Sindh and Punjab, later on many Muslim Empires followed, which consistent of both Afghans, Pashtoon, and Turkic tribes, took up the banner of Islam as they entered the region in subsequent years. During the reign of Mahmud of Ghazni, the province became an important centre and Lahore was made into a second capital of the Ghaznavid Empire based out of Afghanistan.
Mughals[link]
The Mughals controlled the region from 1524 until 1739 and would also lavish the province with building projects such as the Shalimar Gardens and the Badshahi Mosque, both situated in Lahore. Muslim soldiers, traders, architects, theologians and Sufis flocked from the rest of the Muslim world to the Islamic Sultanate in South Asia and some may have settled in the Punjab. Following the decline of the Mughals, the Shah of Iran and founder of the Afsharid dynasty in Persia, Nader Shah crossed the Indus and sacked the province in 1739. Later, the Afghan conqueror Ahmad Shah Durrani, incidentally born in Panjab, in the city of Multan made the Punjab a part of his Durrani Empire lasting until 1762.
Afghans[link]
See also: Pathans of Punjab
The founder of Afghanistan, Ahmad Shah Durrani, an ethnic Pashtun (Afghan) established the first united Afghan Kingdom (Greater Afghanistan) that during its greatest extent included modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and northeastern Iran. It has been said that with the loss of the breadbasket regions of the Punjab and Sindh, Afghanistan has never been able to achieve a stable state ever since. Many ethnic Afghan or Pashtun tribes have made Pakistan's Punjab their home over the centuries. These tribes include the Khugyanis known as Khakwanis, Alizais, Tareens, Durranis, Mullazais, Niazis, Khattaks, yousafzais, Sadozais, tahirkheli, Utmanzais, bangash, mashwani, Lodhis, Kakars, Kakazais, and Barakzais, to name a few.
Decline of Muslim Empires[link]
The Millennium long period of Muslim Empires were coming to an end, and a turbulent period would follow. In 1758, the general of the Hindu Maratha Empire Raghunathrao invaded Lahore and Attock and drove out Timur Shah Durrani, the son and viceroy of Ahmad Shah Abdali. Lahore, Multan, Dera Ghazi Khan, Kashmir and other subahs on the south and eastern side of Peshawar were under the Maratha rule for the most part.[15] In Punjab and Kashmir, the Marathas were now major players.[16][17] By 1761, Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded the Maratha territory of Punjab and captured remnants of the Maratha Empire in Punjab and Kashmir regions and re-consolidated control over them.[18]
Punjabi Sikhs[link]
File:Punjab under Ranjit Singh1823-1839.jpg
Ranjit Singh's Empire
At the beginning of the sixteenth century, the religion of Sikhism was born. During the Mughal empire, due to the corruption, many Muslims and Hindus increasingly adopted Sikhism. These became a formidable military force against the declined Mughal Era and later against the Afghan Empire. After fighting Ahmad Shah Durrani in the later eighteenth century, the Sikhs took control of Punjab and managed to establish the Sikh Empire under Maharaja Ranjit Singh, which lasted from 1799 to 1849. The capital of Ranjit Singh's empire was Lahore, and extended from Afghanistan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, some of India, and some of China. The official language however was not Punjabi, it was Farsi.[19]
British[link]
Main article: Punjab Province (British India)
Maharaja Ranjit Singh's death in the summer of 1839 brought political chaos and the subsequent battles of succession and the bloody infighting between the factions at court weakened the state. Relationships with neighbouring British territories then broke down, starting the First Anglo-Sikh War; this led to a British official being resident in Lahore and the annexation in 1849 of territory south of the Satluj to British India. After the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849, the Sikh Empire became the last territory to be merged into British India. Some parts of Pakistani Punjab also served as the centre of resistance in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
Independence and partition[link]
In 1947 the Punjab province of British India was divided along religious lines into West Punjab and East Punjab. Western Punjab was assimilated into the new country of Pakistan, while East Punjab became a part of modern-day India. This led to massive rioting as both sides committed atrocities against fleeing refugees.
The undivided Punjab, of which Punjab (Pakistan) forms a major region today, was home to a large minority population of Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus unto 1947 apart from the Muslim majority.[20]
At the time of independence in 1947 and due to the ensuing horrendous exchange of populations, the Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus migrated to India <[21] Punjabi Muslims were uprooted similarly from their homes in East Punjab which now forms part of India.[22] Approximately 7 million plus moved to Pakistan, of whom over 6 million settled in Punjab.
Recent history[link]
Since the 1950s, Punjab industrialized rapidly. New factories were established in Lahore, Multan, Sialkot and Wah. In the 1960s the new city of Islamabad was built near Rawalpindi.
Agriculture continues to be the largest sector of Punjab's economy. The province is the breadbasket of the country as well as home to the largest ethnic group in Pakistan, the Punjabis. Unlike neighbouring India, there was no large-scale redistribution of agricultural land. As a result most rural areas are dominated by a small set of feudalistic land-owning families.
In the 1950s there was tension between the eastern and western halves of Pakistan. In order to address the situation, a new formula resulted in the abolition of the province status for Punjab in 1955. It was merged into a single province West Pakistan. In 1972, after East Pakistan seceded and became Bangladesh, Punjab again became a province.
Punjab witnessed major battles between the armies of India and Pakistan in the wars of 1965 and 1971. Since the 1990s Punjab hosted several key sites of Pakistan's nuclear program such as Kahuta. It also hosts major military bases such as at Sargodha and Rawalpindi. The peace process between India and Pakistan, which began in earnest in 2004, has helped pacify the situation. Trade and people-to-people contacts through the Wagah border are now starting to become common. Indian Sikh pilgrims visit holy sites such as Nankana Sahib.
Starting in the 1980s, large numbers of Punjabis migrated to the Middle East, Britain, Spain, Canada and the United States for economic opportunities, forming the large Punjabi diaspora. Business and cultural ties between the United States and Punjab are growing.
Geography[link]
Punjab is Pakistan's second largest province at 205,344 km2 (79,284 sq mi) after Balochistan and is located at the northwestern edge of the geologic Indian plate in South Asia. The capital and largest city is Lahore which was the historical capital of the wider Punjab region. Other important cities include Multan, Faisalabad, Sheikhupura, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Jhelum and Rawalpindi. Undivided punjab is home to six rivers, of which five flow through Pakistani Punjab. From west to east, these are: the Indus, Jhelum, Beas, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej. Nearly 60% of Pakistan's population lives in the Punjab. It is the nation's only province that touches every other province; it also surrounds the federal enclave of the national capital city at Islamabad.This geographical position and a large multi-ethnic population strongly influence Punjab's outlook on National affairs and induces in Punjab a keen awareness of the problems of the Pakistan's other important provinces and territories. In the acronym P-A-K-I-S-T-A-N, the P is for PUNJAB.
The province is a mainly a fertile region along the river valleys, while sparse deserts can be found near the border with Rajasthan and the Sulaiman Range. The region contains the Thar and Cholistan deserts. The Indus River and its many tributaries traverse the Punjab from north to south.
The landscape is amongst the most heavily irrigated on earth and canals can be found throughout the province. Weather extremes are notable from the hot and barren south to the cool hills of the north. The foothills of the Himalayas are found in the extreme north as well.
Climate[link]
Most areas in Punjab experience warm winters, often accompanied by rain. By mid-February the temperature begins to rise; springtime weather continues until mid-April, when the summer heat sets in.
The onset of the southwest monsoon is anticipated to reach Punjab by May, but since the early 1970s the weather pattern has been irregular. The spring monsoon has either skipped over the area or has caused it to rain so hard that floods have resulted. June and July are oppressively hot. Although official estimates rarely place the temperature above 46°C, newspaper sources claim that it reaches 51°C and regularly carry reports about people who have succumbed to the heat. Heat records were broken in Multan in June 1993, when the mercury was reported to have risen to 54°C. In August the oppressive heat is punctuated by the rainy season, referred to as barsat, which brings relief in its wake. The hardest part of the summer is then over, but cooler weather does not come until late October.
Recently the province experienced one of the coldest winters in the last 70 years. Experts are suggesting that this is due to global climate change.[23]
Punjab's region temperature ranges from -2° to 40°C, but can reach 47°C (117°F) in summer and can touch down to -5°C in winter.
Climatically, Punjab has three major seasons:[24]
- Hot weather (April to June) when temperature rises as high as 110°F.
- Rainy season (July to September). Average rainfall annual ranges between 96 cm sub-mountain region and 46 cm in the plains.
- Mild weather (October to March). Temperature goes down as low as 40°F.
Demographics and society[link]
| Historical populations | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Population | Urban | Rural |
|
|
|||
| 1951 | 20,540,762 | 3,568,076 | 16,972,686 |
| 1961 | 25,463,974 | 5,475,922 | 19,988,052 |
| 1972 | 37,607,423 | 9,182,695 | 28,424,728 |
| 1981 | 47,292,441 | 13,051,646 | 34,240,795 |
| 1998 | 73,621,290[25] | 23,019,025 | 50,602,265 |
| 2012 | 91,379,615[26] | 45,978,451 | 45,401,164 |
The population of the province is estimated to be 93,963,240[1] in 2010 and is home to over half the population of Pakistan. The major language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi (which is written in a Shahmukhi script in Pakistan) and Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group in country. Punjabi is the provincial language of Punjab. The language is not given any official recognition in the Constitution of Pakistan at National level. Punjabis themselves are a heterogeneous group comprising different tribes, clans (Qaum (Urdu: قوم )) and communities. In Pakistani Punjab these Qaums have more to do with traditional occupations such as blacksmiths or artisans as opposed to rigid social stratifications.[27]
The biradari, which literally means brotherhood is an important unit of Punjabi society, and includes people claiming descent from a common ancestor. The biradaris collectively form larger units known as quoms or tribes. Historically, these quoms were endogamous, but latterly, especially in the large cities, there is considerable intermarriage between members of different quoms, and differences are getting blurred. Important quoms within the Punjab include Aheers, Arains, Awans, Niazis, Legharis, Khosas, Dogars, Gakhars, Gujjars, Jats, Kambohs, Khokhars, Mughals, Rajputs, Sheikhs, Qureshis, and Syeds. Other smaller tribes are the Rawns, Maliks, Khetran, and Rehmanis (Muslim Labana)[28]
In addition to the Punjabis, the province is also home to other smaller ethnic groups in the province include the Saraiki, Hindkowan, Kashmiris, Sindhis, Pashtuns, Balochs and Muhajirs. The Muhajirs are Urdu speaking Muslim migrants from India and settled in Pakistan after independence in 1947. Three decades of bloodshed in neighbouring Afghanistan have also brought a large number[citation needed] of Afghan refugees to the province.
As per the census of Pakistan 1998, linguistic distribution of the Punjab province is: Punjabi (75.23%), Saraiki (17.36%), Urdu (4.51%), Pashto (1.16%), Balochi (0.66%), Sindhi (0.13%) others (0.95%). The population of Punjab (Pakistan) is estimated to be between 97.21% Muslim with a Sunni Hanafi majority and Shia Ithna 'ashariyah minority. The largest non-Muslim minority is Christians and make up 2.31% of the poulation. The Other minorites include Ahmedi, Hindus, Sikhs, Parsis and Bahá'í.[29]
The dialects spoken in different regions of the land have a common vocabulary and a shared heritage. The people of Punjab have also a shared spiritual experience, which has been disseminated by Tasawwaf and can be witnessed on the occasion of the remembrance-fairs held on the Urs of Sufi Saints.
Provincial government[link]
| Provincial animal | Punjab Urial |  |
|---|---|---|
| Provincial bird | Peacock |  |
| Provincial tree | "Shisham" (Dalbergia sissoo) |  |
| Provincial flower | Bhekkar |  |
Main article: Government of Punjab (Pakistan)
See also: Provincial Assembly of the Punjab, Chief Minister of Punjab, Pakistan, and Governor of Punjab, Pakistan
Districts[link]
Main article: Districts of Pakistan#Punjab
_Districts.svg)
There are 36 districts in Punjab, Pakistan.[30]
| Sr. | District | Headquarters | Area (km²) | Population (1998) | Density (people/km²) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Attock | Attock | 6,858 | 1,274,935 | 186 |
| 2 | Bahawalnagar | Bahawalnagar | 8,878 | 2,061,447 | 232 |
| 3 | Bahawalpur | Bahawalpur | 24,830 | 2,433,091 | 98 |
| 4 | Bhakkar | Bhakkar | 8,153 | 1,051,456 | 129 |
| 5 | Chakwal | Chakwal | 6,524 | 1,083,725 | 166 |
| 6 | Chiniot | Chiniot | 965,124 | ||
| 7 | Dera Ghazi Khan | Dera Ghazi Khan | 11,922 | 1,643,118 | 138 |
| 8 | Faisalabad | Faisalabad | 5,856 | 5,429,547 | 927 |
| 9 | Gujranwala | Gujranwala | 3,622 | 3,400,940 | 939 |
| 10 | Gujrat | Gujrat | 3,192 | 2,048,008 | 642 |
| 11 | Hafizabad | Hafizabad | 2,367 | 832,980 | 352 |
| 12 | Jhang | Jhang | 8,809 | 2,834,545 | 322 |
| 13 | Jhelum | Jhelum | 3,587 | 936,957 | 261 |
| 14 | Kasur | Kasur | 3,995 | 2,375,875 | 595 |
| 15 | Khanewal | Khanewal | 4,349 | 2,068,490 | 476 |
| 16 | Khushab | Khushab | 6,511 | 905,711 | 139 |
| 17 | Lahore | Lahore | 1,772 | 6,318,745 | 3,566 |
| 18 | Layyah | Layyah | 6,291 | 1,120,951 | 178 |
| 19 | Lodhran | Lodhran | 2,778 | 1,171,800 | 422 |
| 20 | Mandi Bahauddin | Mandi Bahauddin | 2,673 | 1,160,552 | 434 |
| 21 | Mianwali | Mianwali | 5,840 | 1,056,620 | 181 |
| 22 | Multan | Multan | 3,720 | 3,116,851 | 838 |
| 23 | Muzaffargarh | Muzaffargarh | 8,249 | 2,635,903 | 320 |
| 24 | Narowal | Narowal | 2,337 | 1,265,097 | 541 |
| 25 | Nankana Sahib[31] | Nankana Sahib | 2,960 | 1,410,000 | |
| 26 | Okara | Okara | 4,377 | 2,232,992 | 510 |
| 27 | Pakpattan | Pakpattan | 2,724 | 1,286,680 | 472 |
| 28 | Rahim Yar Khan | Rahim Yar Khan | 11,880 | 3,141,053 | 264 |
| 29 | Rajanpur | Rajanpur | 12,319 | 1,103,618 | 90 |
| 30 | Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi | 5,286 | 3,363,911 | 636 |
| 31 | Sahiwal | Sahiwal | 3,201 | 1,843,194 | 576 |
| 32 | Sargodha | Sargodha | 5,854 | 2,665,979 | 455 |
| 33 | Sheikhupura | Sheikhupura | 5,960 | 3,321,029 | 557 |
| 34 | Sialkot | Sialkot | 3,016 | 2,723,481 | 903 |
| 35 | Toba Tek Singh | Toba Tek Singh | 3,252 | 1,621,593 | 499 |
| 36 | Vehari | Vehari | 4,364 | 2,090,416 | 479 |
Major cities[link]
Main article: List of cities in Punjab (Pakistan)
| List of major cities in Punjab | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | City | District | Population | |
| 1 | Lahore | Lahore | 7,129,609 | |
| 2 | Faisalabad | Faisalabad | 2,880,675 | |
| 3 | Rawalpindi | Rawalpindi | 1,991,656 | |
| 4 | Multan | Multan | 1,606,481 | |
| 5 | Gujranwala | Gujranwala | 1,569,090 | |
| 6 | Sargodha | Sargodha | 600,501 | |
| 7 | Bahawalpur | Bahawalpur | 543,929 | |
| 8 | Sialkot | Sialkot | 510,863 | |
| 9 | Sheikhupura | Sheikhupura | 426,980 | |
| 10 | Jhang | Jhang | 372,645 | |
| Source: World Gazetteer 2010[32] | ||||
| This is a list of each city's urban populations and does not indicate total district populations | ||||
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Punjab, Pakistan
Punjab has the largest economy in Pakistan, contributing most to the national GDP. The province's economy has quadrupled since 1972.[33] Its share of Pakistan's GDP was 54.7% in 2000 and 59% as of 2010. It is especially dominant in the Service & Agriculture sectors of the Pakistan Economy. With its contribution ranging from 52.1% to 64.5% in the Service Sector and 56.1% to 61.5% in the Agriculture Sector. It is also major manpower contributor because it has largest pool of professionals and highly skilled (Technically trained) manpower in Pakistan. It is also dominant in the Manufacturing sector, though the dominance is not as huge, with historical contributions raging from a low of 44% to a high of 52.6%.[34] In 2007, Punjab achieved a growth rate of 7.8%[35] and during the period 2002-03 to 2007-08, its economy grew at a rate of between 7% to 8% per year.[36] and during 2008-09 grew at 6% against the total GDP growth of Pakistan at 4%.
Despite lack of a coastline, Punjab is the most industrialized province of Pakistan; its manufacturing industries produce textiles, sports goods, Heavy machinery, electrical appliances, surgical instruments, Cement, Vehicles, Auto Parts, I.T, metals, Sugar mill plants,Aircraft, Cement Plants, Agriculture Machinery, bicycles and rickshaws, floor coverings, and processed foods. In 2003, the province manufactured 90% of the paper and paper boards, 71% of the fertilizers, 69% of the sugar and 40% of the cement of Pakistan.[37]
File:Industrial Zones Punjab.jpg
Industrial Zones Punjab, Source:[38]
File:Punjabadmin.jpg
Former Administrative Divisions of Punjab
Despite its a tropical wet and dry climate, extensive irrigation makes it a rich agricultural region. Its canal-irrigation system established by the British is the largest in the world. Wheat and cotton are the largest crops. Other crops include rice, sugarcane, millet, corn, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, and fruits such as kinoo. Livestock and poultry production are also important. Despite past animosities, the rural masses in Punjab's farms continue to use the Hindu calendar for planting and harvesting.
Punjab contributes about 76% to annual food grain production in the country. Cotton and rice are important crops. They are the cash crops that contribute substantially to the national exchequer. Attaining self-sufficiency in agriculture has shifted the focus of the strategies towards small and medium farming, stress on barani areas, farms-to-market roads, electrification for tube-wells and control of water logging and salinity.
Punjab has also more than 68 thousand industrial units. The small and cottage industries are in abundance. There are 39,033 small and cottage industrial units. The number of textile units is 14,820. The ginning industries are 6,778. There are 7,355 units for processing of agricultural raw materials including food and feed industries.
Lahore and Gujranwala Divisions have the largest concentration of small light engineering units. The district of Sialkot excels in sports goods, surgical instruments and cutlery goods.
Punjab is also a mineral rich province with extensive mineral deposits of Coal, Gas, Petrol, Rock salt (with the second largest salt mine in the world), Dolomite, gypsum, and silica-sand. The Punjab Mineral Development Corporation is running over a hundreds economically viable projects. Manufacturing includes machine products, cement, plastics, and various other goods.
The incidence of poverty differs between the different regions of Punjab. With Northern and Central Punjab facing much lower levels of poverty than Western and Southern Punjab. Those living in Southern and Western Punjab are also a lot more dependant on agriculture due to lower levels of industrialisation in those regions.
Education[link]
The literacy rate has increased greatly since independence. Punjab has the highest Human Development Index out of all of Pakistan's provinces at 0.670.[39]
| Year | Literacy Rate |
|---|---|
| 1972 | 20.7% |
| 1981 | 27.4% |
| 1998 | 46.56% |
| 2009 | 59.6% |
This is a chart of the education market of Punjab estimated by the government in 1998.
| Qualification | Urban | Rural | Total | Enrolment Ratio(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | 23,019,025 | 50,602,265 | 73,621,290 | — |
| Below Primary | 3,356,173 | 11,598,039 | 14,954,212 | 100.00 |
| Primary | 6,205,929 | 18,039,707 | 24,245,636 | 79.68 |
| Middle | 5,140,148 | 10,818,764 | 15,958,912 | 46.75 |
| Matriculation | 4,624,522 | 7,119,738 | 11,744,260 | 25.07 |
| Intermediate | 1,862,239 | 1,821,681 | 3,683,920 | 9.12 |
| BA, BSc... degrees | 110,491 | 96,144 | 206,635 | 4.12 |
| MA, MSc... degrees | 1,226,914 | 764,094 | 1,991,008 | 3.84 |
| Diploma, Certificate... | 418,946 | 222,649 | 641,595 | 1.13 |
| Other qualifications | 73,663 | 121,449 | 195,112 | 0.26 |
Public universities[link]
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore
- Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore
University of the Punjab
- Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan
File:Patialamain.pngKing Edward Medical University, Lahore
- Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi
- Government College University, Lahore
- Government College University, Faisalabad
- The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur
- Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore
- King Edward Medical College, Lahore
- Lahore College for Women University, Lahore
- Lahore College for Women University, Jhang campus
- Cadet College Hassanabdal, Pakistan
- National College of Arts, Lahore
- National Textile University, Faisalabad
- University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
- University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi
- University of Education, Lahore
- University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Faisalabad
- University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
- University of Health Sciences, Lahore
- University of Gujrat, Gujrat
- University of the Punjab, Lahore, Gujranwala
- University of Sargodha, Sargodha
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore
- Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore
- Ghazi University D.G.Khan, D.G.Khan
Private universities[link]
- Hajvery University, Lahore
- Beaconhouse National University, Lahore
- Forman Christian College, Lahore
- GIFT University, Gujranwala
- Imperial College of Business Studies, Lahore
- Institute of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pak-AIMS, Lahore
- Lahore School of Economics, Lahore
- Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore
- Minhaj International University,
- University of Management and Technology, Lahore
- University of Central Punjab, Lahore
- University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad
- University of Lahore, Lahore
- University of South Asia, Lahore
- University College Lahore, Lahore
- National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences, Lahore
- University of Health Sciences, Lahore
Culture[link]
Main article: Punjabi culture
Punjab has been the cradle of civilization since times immemorial. The ruins of Harappa show an advanced urban culture that flourished over 8000 years ago. Taxila, another historic landmark also stands out as a proof of the achievements of the area in learning, arts and crafts. The ancient Hindu Katasraj temple and the Salt Range temples are regaining attention and much-needed repair.
The structure of a mosque is simple and it expresses openness. Calligraphic inscriptions from the Quran decorate mosques and mausoleums in Punjab. The inscriptions on bricks and tiles of the mausoleum of Shah Rukn-e-Alam (1320 AD) at Multan are outstanding specimens of architectural calligraphy. The earliest existing building in South Asia with enamelled tile-work is the tomb of Shah Yusuf Gardezi (1150 AD) at Multan. A specimen of the sixteenth century tile-work at Lahore is the tomb of Sheikh Musa Ahangar, with its brilliant blue dome. The tile-work of Emperor Shah Jahan is of a richer and more elaborate nature. The pictured wall of Lahore Fort is the last line in the tile-work in the entire world.
Fairs and festivals[link]
The culture of Punjab derives its basis from the institution of Sufi saints. The Sufi saints spread Islam and preached and lived the Muslim way of life. People have festivities to commemorate these traditions. The fairs and festivals of Punjab reflect the entire gamut of its folk life and cultural traditions. These mainly fall in following categories:
Religious and seasonal fairs and festivals[link]
Religious fairs are held on special days of Islamic significance like Eid ul-Adha, Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-e-Milad-un-Nabi, Ashura, Laylat al-Qadr and Jumu'ah-tul-Wida. The main activities on these special occasions are confined to congregational prayers and rituals. Melas are also held to mark these occasions.
Devotional fairs (Urs)[link]
The fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints are called urs. They generally mark the death anniversary of the saint. On these occasions devotees assemble in large numbers and pay homage to the memory of the saint. Soul inspiring music is played and devotees dance in ecstasy. The music on these occasions is essentially folk and appealing. It forms a part of the folk music through mystic messages. The most important urs are: urs of Data Ganj Buksh at Lahore, urs of Hazrat Sultan Bahu at Jhang, urs of Hazrat Shah Jewna at Jhang, urs of Hazrat Mian Mir at Lahore, urs of Baba Farid Ganj Shakar at Pakpattan, urs of Hazrat Bahaudin Zakria at Multan, urs of Sakhi Sarwar Sultan at Dera Ghazi Khan, urs of Shah Hussain at Lahore, urs of Hazrat Bulleh Shah at Kasur, urs of Hazrat Imam Bari (Bari Shah Latif) at Rawalpindi-Islamabad and urs of Shah Inayar Qadri (the murrshad of Bulleh Shah) in Lahore.
A big fair/mela is organized at Jandiala Sher Khan in district Sheikhupura on the Mausoleum of Syed Waris Shah who is the most loved Sufi poet of Punjab due to his claasic work known as Heer Ranjha. The shrine of Heer Ranjha in Jhang has been one of the most visited shrines in Punjab.
Industrial and commercial fairs[link]
Exhibitions and Annual Horse Shows in all Districts and National Horse and Cattle Show at Lahore are held with the official patronage. National Horse and Cattle Show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions are held. It not only encourages and patronizes agricultural products and livestock through the exhibitions of agricultural products and cattle but is also a colourful documentary on the rich cultural heritage of the Province with its strong rural roots.
Other festivals[link]
In addition to the religious festivals, Punjabis celebrate seasonal and harvest festivals which include Lohri,[42] Basant, Baisakhi and Teej.
Arts and crafts[link]
The crafts in the Punjab are of two types: the crafts produced in the rural areas and the royal crafts.
Major attractions[link]
The province is home to many well known historical sites including the Shalimar Gardens, Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa. The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the Lahore Museum, while the ancient city of Taxila in the northwest was once a major centre of Buddhist and Hindu influence. Many important Sikh shrines are in the Pakistani portion of Punjab, including the birthplace of the first Guru: Guru Nanak (born at Nankana Sahib). There is also the largest salt mine in Asia situated the Khewra Salt Mines.Khewra salt mines is an attraction for visitors accompanied by guides due to the fact that the mines itself is very large and complex interconnected pass ways are like a maze.There is a small but beautiful Mosque inside the mines made from salt stone.The mines have a good reputation with the patients of Asthma as breathing inside the mines help to permanently cure the Asthma and some other diseases related to respiratory system. There are few famous hill stations in the province include Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro.
Music and dance[link]
Main articles: Music of Punjab and Punjabi dance
Classical music forms, such as Hindustani classical music, are an important part of the cultural wealth of the Punjab. The Muslim musicians have contributed a large number of ragas to the repository of classical music. The most common instruments used are the Tabla and Harmonium.
Among the Punjabi poets, the names of Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah and folk singers like Inayat Hussain Bhatti and Tufail Niazi, Alam Lohar, Sain Marna, Mansoor Malangi, Allah Ditta Lona wala, Talib Hussain Dard, Attaullah Khan Essa Khailwi, Gamoo Tahliwala, Mamzoo Gha-lla, Akbar Jat, Arif Lohar, Ahmad Nawaz Cheena and Hamid Ali Bela are well-known. In the composition of classical ragas, there are such masters as Malika-i-Mauseequi (Queen of Music) Roshan Ara Begum, Ustad Amanat Ali Khan, Salamat Ali Khan and Ustad Fateh Ali Khan. Alam Lohar has made significant contributions to folklore and Punjabi literature, by being a very influential Punjabi folk singer from 1930 until 1979.
For the popular taste however, light music, particularly Ghazals and folk songs, which have an appeal of their own, the names of Mehdi Hassan, Ghulam Ali, Nur Jehan, Malika Pukhraj, Farida Khanum, Roshen Ara Begum, and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan are well-known. Folk songs and dances of the Punjab reflect a wide range of moods: the rains, sowing and harvesting seasons. Luddi, Bhangra and Sammi depict the joy of living. Love legends of Heer Ranjha, Mirza Sahiban, Sohni Mahenwal and Saiful Mulk are sung in different styles.
For the most popular music from the region, bhangra, the names of Abrar-Ul-Haq, Arif Lohar, Attaullah Khan Essa Khailwi, Jawad Ahmed, Legacy, and Malkoo are renowned.
Folklore[link]
Main article: Punjabi folklore
The folk heritage of the Punjab is the traditional urge of thousands of years of its history. While Urdu is the official language of the province, there are a number of local dialects through which the people communicate. These include Majhi, Jhangochi, Pothohari, Saraiki, Jatki, Hindko, Chhachhi, Doabi, and Derewali. The songs, ballads, epics and romances are generally written and sung in these dialects.
There are a number of folk tales that are popular in different parts of the Punjab. These are the folk tales of Mirza Sahiban, Sayful Muluk, Yusuf Zulekha, Heer Ranjha, Sohni Mahiwal, Dulla Bhatti, and Sassi Punnun. The mystic folk songs include the Kafees of Khwaja Farid in Saraiki, Punjabi and the Shalooks by Baba Farid. They also include Baits, Dohas, Lohris, Sehra, and Jugni.[43]
The most famous of the romantic love songs are Mayhiah, Dhola and Boliyan. Punjabi romantic dances include Dharees, Dhamaal, Bhangra, Giddha, Dhola, and Sammi.
Social issues[link]
One social/educational issue is the status of Punjabi language. According to Dr. Manzur Ejaz, "In Central Punjab, Punjabi is neither an official language of the province nor it is used as medium of education at any level. There are only two daily newspapers published in Punjabi in the Central areas of Punjab. Only a few monthly literary magazines constitute Punjabi press in Pakistan". Many have called for the Punjabi language to be given recognition as it has in India.[44]
Punjabis are prominent in business, agriculture, industry, government, and the military to the point that there is resentment from other ethnic groups. The smaller provinces often voice concern at Punjabi domination of key institutions such as the Army[citation needed]. A newer generation of upper class Panjabis is re-affirming their maternal language and have begun requesting the government for official patronage not just of their languages (Punjabi,Potohari and Seraiki) but those of other major ethnic groups in Pakistan such as the Pashtuns and Balochi[citation needed].
Notable people[link]
Main article: List of Punjabis
- Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal, lawyer, National poet of Pakistan, philosopher
- Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari, (founder of Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam)
- Sir Muhammad Zafarullah Khan (1893–1985), politician, diplomat, international jurist
- Chaudhry Muhammad Sarwar Khan, former Chairman Parliamentary Special Committee on Kashmir, longest serving parliamentarian in the history of Pakistan from 1951 to 1999.
- Ibn-e-Insha, poet, writer (travelogues, humor)
- Chaudhry Afzal Haq, writer, Politician
- Prithviraj Kapoor, Legendary Thespian, Actor and owner of Theatre Company Prithvi Theatres
- Malik Allahyar Khan (1927–2007), former member of parliament
- Malik Amir Muhammad Khan,(died 1967), Nawab of Kalabagh, Governor East Pakistan
- Malik Ata Muhammad Khan, Sardar of Kot Fateh Khan, landlord, famous tent pegger
- Agha Shorish Kashmiri, (Journalist, orator, poet, political activist, historian)
- Colonel Muhammad Khan, writer, columnist, military education specialist
- Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry, former President of Pakistan
- Janbaz Mirza (Journalist, orator, historian)
- Qudrat Ullah Shahab, writer, bureaucrat
- Mazhar Ali Azhar (Politician, co-founder of Majlis-e-Ahrar)
- Jamshed Dasti, currently a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan
- Shah Hussain, Sufi saint (1538–1599)
- Sheikh Hissam-ud-Din (Politician)
- Ajaz Akhtar, cricketer
- Shoaib Akhtar, cricketer
- Master Taj-uj-Din Ansari (Politician)
- Abdul Razzaq, cricketer
- Wasim Akram, cricketer and sports presenter
- Waris Shah, Sufi poet, mystic philosopher
- Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan, landowner, agriculturalist, philanthropist, civil engineer
- Faiz Ahmed Faiz, poet
- Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain, Former Prime Minister of Pakistan, President of PML(Q)
- Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi, Former Chief Minister of Punjab (2002-2007), Currently Senior Federal Minister of Pakistan
- Air Marshal Nur Khan
- Captain Muhammad Sarwar Shaheed NH (1910–July 27, 1948), 6/8 Punjab
- Major Raja Aziz Bhatti Shaheed NH (1928–September 10, 1965), 17 Punjab
- Major Muhammad Akram Shaheed NH (1938–1971), 4 FF
- Major Shabbir Sharif Shaheed NH (1943–December 6, 1971), 6 FF
- Sawar Sawar Muhammad Hussain Shaheed NH (1949–December 10, 1971), 20 Lancers
- Lance Naik Muhammad Mahfuz Shaheed NH (1944–December 17, 1971)
- A. R. Hye, architect
- Alam Lohar, (Late)folk singer (legendary singer of punjab)
- Arif Lohar, folk singer (Son of Alam Lohar)
- Abdul Kardar, cricketer
- Dr, Abdus Salam, physicist and Nobel Prize winner
- Inzamam-ul-Haq, cricketer
- Imran Khan, cricketer, politician and philanthropist
- Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan, politician
- Zulfiqar Ali Khosa, President of Pakistan Muslim League (N) Punjab
- Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, World renowned & Iconic singer of Pakistan, musician,Qawal.
- Mian Mir, saint revered by Sikhs and Muslims
- Sultan Rahi,(late) actor
- Rangeela, actor, comedian
- Nawaz Sharif, ex Prime Minister, major opposition leader
- Shahbaz Sharif, Chief Minister of Punjab province
- Abdul Latif Khalid Cheema (Politician, Religious figure, Secretary General of Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam)
- Waqar Younis, cricketer and sports presenter
- Javed Hashmi, politician PML(N)
- Shah Mehmood Qureshi, politician PPP
- Mirza Aziz Akbar Baig, lawyer, former Vice Chairman of Pakistan Bar Council
- Ishaq Khan Khakwani, politician
- Atif Aslam, Young and talented singer famous in Pakistan also in India
- Rae Ahmed Nawaz Khan Kharal
- Yousaf Raza Gillani, currently Prime Minister of Pakistan
- Shahnaz Sheikh, hockey player
- Samiullah, hockey player
- Muhammad Rafiq Tarar, former President of Pakistan
- Shaheed Bhagat Singh, revolutionary (1907–1931)
- General Zia-ul-Haq, former Army Chief of Staff and former President of Pakistan (1977–1988)
- Manmohan Singh, current Prime Minister of India
- AllamaTahir-ul-Qadri, scholar, politician, orator
- Shoaib Malik, cricketer
- Noor Jehan,(late) World renowned singer, Affectionately called (Malika-i-Tarranum) means "queen of music",actress
Gallery[link]
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Jungle in Sahiwal, Punjab
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Faisalabad Clock Tower, built during the British Raj
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The Shalimar Gardens in Lahore
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CMH Mosque, Jhelum Cantt
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Taxila is a World Heritage Site
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Clock Tower at Govt College University, Lahore
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Major Akram Memorial, Jhelum
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Wheat Fields
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A view of Murree, a famous hill station of Punjab
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Different shapes of clay pots mostly made in Gujrat
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A Fields View from North Punjab
See also[link]
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Geography portal |
.svg){kind=small} |
Asia portal |
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South Asia portal |
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Pakistan portal |
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Punjab, Pakistan portal |
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Islamabad portal |
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Jhelum portal |
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Lahore portal |
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Sialkot portal |
- Saraikistan
- Saraiki people
- Saraiki culture
- Butter village
- Punjab Bar Council
- Malik Allahyar Khan
- Anjuman Muzareen Punjab
- Kakazai
- Balochistan
- Rajputs
- Aheer
- Saini
- Hindu and Buddhist architectural heritage of Pakistan
- History of the Punjab
- Punjab region
- Punjab, India
- Punjabi people
- Punjabi culture
- Kotli Loharan West
- Jhelum, Pakistan
Notes[link]
- ^ a b "Punjab - World Gazetteer". http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&geo=437641435&srt=pnan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-2943. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
- ^ "Provincial Assembly - Punjab". http://www.pap.gov.pk/index.php/members/stats/en/19.
- ^ Ian S Livingston; Micheal O'Hanlon (29 November 2011). "Pakistan Index" (PDF). Brookings. http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/Programs/FP/pakistan%20index/index.pdf. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
- ^ The Languages of Pakistan
- ^ The Growing Threat In Pakistan’s Punjab
- ^ http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&pagename=Zone-English-News/NWELayout&cid=1239889006387
- ^ Lahore Cantonment
- ^ a b WHKMLA : History of West Punjab
- ^ Tajikam Portal - The Lands of the Avesta
- ^ Singh, Pritam (2008). Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 3. ISBN 0-415-45666-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=mQLDcjhNoJwC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ "How to obtain a police certificate - India". Cic.gc.ca. 2009-11-09. http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/information/security/police-cert/asia-pacific/india.asp. Retrieved 2010-07-18.
- ^ Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency ... - Google Books
- ^ Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency ..., Volume 1, Part 1-page-11
- ^ Punjab History - history of Punjab
- ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA224&dq=The+Marathas+were+promised+the+chauth+of+north-western+provinces+which+had+already+been+annexed&hl=en&sa=X&ei=U7YbT_ubCpHOrQe0iLXUDQ&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=peshawar&f=false
- ^ Roy, Kaushik. India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil. Permanent Black, India. pp. 80–1. ISBN 978-81-7824-109-8.
- ^ Elphinstone, Mountstuart (1841). History of India. John Murray, Albermarle Street. p. 276.
- ^ For a detailed account of the battle fought, see Chapter VI of The Fall of the Moghul Empire of Hindustan by H. G. Keene.
- ^ "Sikh Period - Government of Pakistan". http://www.heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/sikh.htm.
- ^ The Punjab in 1920s – A Case study of Muslims, Zarina Salamat, Royal Book Company, Karachi, 1997. table 45, pp. 136. ISBN 969-407-230-1
- ^ Panel 33 European Association for South Asian Studies
- ^ Pakistan: a modern history, Ian Talbot, St. Martin's Press, 1999. ISBN 0-312-21606-8
- ^ "Mercury drops to freezing point - Dawn Pakistan". http://www.dawn.com/2007/01/06/nat47.htm.
- ^ http://punjabgovt.nic.in/punjabataglance/SomeFacts.htm
- ^ http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/pop_by_province/pop_by_province.html_Pages/statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/pop_by_province/pop_by_province
- ^ http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-13514-Population-shoots-up-by-47-percent-since-1998
- ^ Muslim peoples: a world ethnographic survey / Richard V. Weekes, editor-in-chief Greenwood Press 1978
- ^ Punjabi Muslalman by J M Wikely
- ^ POPULATION CY RELIGION
- ^ "Government of Punjab - Districts". http://pportal.punjab.gov.pk/portal/portal/media-type/html/user/anon/page/default.psml/js_pane/P-11c93de95dd-1009f;jsessionid=0a00000230d785df0507a90e49fa9af7f835de7bb79d.e34Ma3iPcheLci0Lc3iSc3mNaNmKe6fznA5Pp7ftolbGmkTy?nav=left.
- ^ (English) Internet Edition, Dawn Newspaper. ""Nankana becomes district"". http://www.dawn.com/2005/05/10/nat43.htm. Retrieved 2006-04-14.
No data is yet available on the recently-created district of Nankana. - ^ "Pakistan: Largest cities and towns and statistics of their population". http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-172&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&srt=pnan. Retrieved 2011-02-10.
- ^ World Bank Document
- ^ "Provincial Accounts of Pakistan: Methodology and Estimates 1973-2000". http://www.spdc.org.pk/pubs/nps/nps5.pdf.
- ^ http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=152370
- ^ http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/in-paper-magazine/economic-and-business/micro-credit,-income-distribution,-poverty-789 - Last Paragraph
- ^ "Punjab Gateway". http://203.215.180.58/portal/docimages/9327manufacturing.pdf.
- ^ Industrial Zone Punjab, Pakistan
- ^ http://www.spdc.org.pk/pubs/rr/rr73.pdf
- ^ Pakistan: where and who are the world's illiterates?; Background paper for the Education for all global monitoring report 2006: literacy for life; 2005
- ^ The Express Tribune: Rural women uphold Pakistan’s literacy rate
- ^ Harvest Festival of Punjab,Harvest Festival Lohri,Cultural Festival of India,Harvest Festival in India
- ^ at Punjabilok.com
- ^ The Punjabi Language | The Realm Of The Intoxicated Mind
External links[link]
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- Government of the Punjab, Pakistan
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- Punjab, Pakistan at the Open Directory Project
- Guide of Punjab
- Punjab (Pakistan) travel guide from Wikitravel
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the country. For other uses, see Pakistan (disambiguation).
| Islamic Republic of Pakistan
اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان
Islāmī Jumhūrī-ye Pākistān |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Motto: Faith, Unity, Discipline[1] Urdu: ایمان ، اتحاد ، تنظیم Iman, Ittehad, Tanzeem |
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Anthem: Qaumī Tarāna
 |
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.svg) Area constituting Pakistan in dark green; claimed but uncontrolled territory in light green
|
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| Capital | Islamabad 33°40′N 73°10′E / 33.667°N 73.167°E / 33.667; 73.167 |
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| Largest city | Karachi | |||||
| Official language(s) | Urdu English (Pakistani) |
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| Regional languages | Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi, Saraiki, Hindko, Brahui[2][3] | |||||
| Demonym | Pakistani | |||||
| Government | Federal Parliamentary republic | |||||
| - | President | Asif Ali Zardari (PPP) | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Yousaf Raza Gillani (PPP) | ||||
| - | Chief Justice | Iftikhar Chaudhry | ||||
| - | Chair of Senate | Nayyar Hussain Bukhari (PPP) | ||||
| - | House Speaker | Fahmida Mirza (PPP) | ||||
| Legislature | Majlis-e-Shoora | |||||
| - | Upper house | Senate | ||||
| - | Lower house | National Assembly | ||||
| Formation | ||||||
| - | Conception of Pakistan | 29 December 1930 | ||||
| - | Pakistan Declaration | 28 January 1933 | ||||
| - | Pakistan Resolution | 23 March 1940 | ||||
| - | Independence | from the United Kingdom | ||||
| - | Declared | 14 August 1947 | ||||
| - | Islamic Republic | 23 March 1956 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 796,095 km2 [a](36th) 307,374 sq mi |
||||
| - | Water (%) | 3.1 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2011 estimate | 177,100,000[5] (6th) | ||||
| - | 1998 census | 132,352,279[6] | ||||
| - | Density | 214.3/km2 (55th) 555/sq mi |
||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $488.580 billion[7] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $2,787[7] | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $210.566 billion[7] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $1,201[7] | ||||
| Gini (2005) | 31.2 (medium) | |||||
| HDI (2011) |  0.504[8] (low) (145th) |
|||||
| Currency | Pakistani Rupee (Rs.) (PKR) |
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| Time zone | PST (UTC+5) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | PDT (UTC+6) | ||||
| Drives on the | left[9] | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | PK | |||||
| Internet TLD | .pk | |||||
| Calling code | 92 | |||||
Pakistan (i/ˈpækɨstæn/ or i/pɑːkiˈstɑːn/; Urdu: پاکستان) (Urdu pronunciation: [paːkɪˈst̪aːn] ( listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان), is a sovereign country in South Asia. It sits at the crossroads of the strategically important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and north, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and it shares a marine border with Oman.
The territory of modern Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures, including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and has undergone invasions or settlements by Hindu, Persian, Indo-Greek, Islamic, Turco-Mongol, Afghan and Sikh cultures. Thus the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and India's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of India where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh.
Pakistan is a federal parliamentary republic consisting of four provinces and four federal territories. With a population exceeding 170 million people, it is the sixth most populous country in the world and has the largest Muslim population after Indonesia. It is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country, with a similar variation in its geography and wildlife. It has a semi-industrialised economy which is the 27th largest in the world in terms of purchasing power and 47th largest in terms of nominal GDP. Pakistan's post-independence history has been characterised by periods of military rule, political instability and conflicts with neighbouring India. The country continues to face challenging problems, including terrorism, poverty, illiteracy and corruption.
A regional and middle power,[10][11] Pakistan has the seventh largest standing armed forces in the world and is a declared nuclear weapons state, being the first and only nation in the Muslim world, and the second in South Asia, to have that status. It is designated as a major non-NATO ally of the United States and a strategic ally of China. Pakistan is a founding member of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (now the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) and is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations and the G20 developing nations.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
The name Pakistan literally means "Land of (the) Pure" in Urdu and Persian. It was coined in 1933 as Pakstan by Choudhary Rahmat Ali, a Pakistan Movement activist, who published it in his pamphlet Now or Never,[12] using it as an acronym ("thirty million Muslim brethren who live in PAKSTAN") referring to the names of the five northern regions of the Indian subcontinent: Punjab, North-West Frontier Province (Afghan Province), Kashmir, Sind, and Baluchistan".[13][14][15] The letter i was incorporated to ease pronunciation and form the linguistically correct name.[16]
History[link]
Main articles: History of Pakistan and History of South Asia
Early and medieval age[link]
Some of the earliest ancient human civilisations in South Asia originated from areas encompassing present-day Pakistan. The earliest known inhabitants in the region were the Soanians, who settled in the Soan Valley of Punjab.[17] The Indus region, which covers most of Pakistan, was the site of several successive ancient cultures including the Neolithic Mehrgarh[18] and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation (2800–1800 BCE) at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.[19][20]
The Vedic Civilization (1500–500 BCE), characterised by Indo-Aryan culture, laid the foundations of Hinduism, which would become well established in the region.[21][22] Multan was an important Hindu pilgrimage centre.[23] The Vedic civilisation flourished in the ancient Gandhāran city of Takṣaśilā, now Taxila in Punjab.[18] Successive ancient empires and kingdoms ruled the region: the Persian Achaemenid Empire around 519 BCE, Alexander the Great's empire in 326 BCE[24] and the Maurya Empire founded by Chandragupta Maurya and extended by Ashoka the Great until 185 BCE.[18] The Indo-Greek Kingdom founded by Demetrius of Bactria (180–165 BCE) included Gandhara and Punjab and reached its greatest extent under Menander (165–150 BCE), prospering the Greco-Buddhist culture in the region.[18] [25] Taxila had one of the earliest universities and centres of higher education in the world.[26][27][28][29]
The Medieval period (642–1219 CE) is defined by the spread of Islam in the region. During this period, Sufi missionaries played a pivotal role in converting a majority of the regional Buddhist and Hindu population to Islam.[30] The Rai Dynasty (489–632 CE) of Sindh, at its zenith, ruled this region and the surrounding territories.[31]
The Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh and Multan in southern Punjab in 711CE.[32] The Pakistan government's official chronology identifies this as the point where the "foundation" of Pakistan was laid.[32] This conquest set the stage for the rule of several successive Muslim empires in the region, including the Ghaznavid Empire (975–1187 CE), the Ghorid Kingdom and the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526 CE). The Lodi dynasty, the last of the Delhi Sultanate, was replaced by the Mughal Empire (1526–1857 CE). The Mughals introduced Persian literature and high culture, establishing the roots of Indo-Persian culture in the region.[33]
Colonial period[link]
The gradual decline of the Mughal Empire in the early eighteenth century enabled Sikh rulers to control large areas until the British East India Company gained ascendancy over South Asia.[34] The Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny, was the region's major armed struggle against the British.[35] The largely non-violent freedom struggle led by the Indian National Congress engaged millions of protesters in mass campaigns of civil disobedience in the 1920s and 1930s .[36][37]
The All-India Muslim League rose to popularity in the late 1930s amid fears of under-representation and neglect of Muslims in politics. In his presidential address of 29 December 1930, Muhammad Iqbal called for "the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim State" consisting of Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan.[38] Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, espoused the two-nation theory and led the Muslim League to adopt the Lahore Resolution of 1940, popularly known as the Pakistan Resolution.[34] In early 1947, Britain announced the decision to end its rule in India. In June 1947, the nationalist leaders of British India—including Jawaharlal Nehru and Abul Kalam Azad representing the Congress, Jinnah representing the Muslim League, and Master Tara Singh representing the Sikhs—agreed to the proposed terms of transfer of power and independence.[39]
The modern state of Pakistan was established on 14 August 1947 (27 Ramadan 1366 in the Islamic Calendar) in the eastern and northwestern regions of British India, where there was a Muslim majority. It comprised the provinces of Balochistan, East Bengal, the North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab and Sindh.[34][39] The partition of the Punjab and Bengal provinces led to communal riots across India and Pakistan; millions of Muslims moved to Pakistan and millions of Hindus and Sikhs moved to India.[40] Dispute over the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir led to the First Kashmir War in October 1947.[41][42]
Independence and Modern Pakistan[link]
From 1947 to 1956, Pakistan was a dominion in the Commonwealth of Nations,[43] under two monarchs. In 1947, King George VI relinquished the title of Emperor of India and became King of Pakistan. He retained that title until his death on 6 February 1952, after which Queen Elizabeth II became Queen of Pakistan.[43] Pakistan became an Islamic and Parliamentary republic in 1956,[44] but civilian rule was stalled by a military coup led by the Army Commander-in-Chief, General Ayub Khan. The country experienced exceptional growth until a second war with India took place in 1965 and led to economic downfall and internal instability.[45][46] Ayub Khan's successor, General Yahya Khan (President from 1969 to 1971), had to deal with a devastating cyclone which caused 500,000 deaths in East Pakistan.[47]
In 1970, Pakistan held its first democratic elections since independence. They were meant to mark a transition from military rule to democracy, but after the East Pakistani Awami League won, Yahya Khan and the ruling elite in West Pakistan refused to hand over power.[48][49] There was civil unrest in the East, and the Pakistan Army launched a military operation on 25 March 1971, aiming to regain control of the province.[48][49] The targeting of civilians and other atrocities during this operation led to a declaration of independence and to the waging of a war of liberation by the Bengali Mukti Bahini forces in East Pakistan, with support from India.[49][50] Independent estimates of civilian deaths during this period range from 1 million to 3 million.[51] Attacks on Indian military bases by the Pakistan Air Force in December 1971 sparked the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, which ended with the formal secession of East Pakistan as the independent state of Bangladesh.[49]
With Pakistan's defeat in the war, Yahya Khan was replaced by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as Chief Martial Law Administrator. Civilian rule resumed from 1972 to 1977.[52] During this period Pakistan began to build nuclear weapons; the country's first atomic power plant was inaugurated in 1972.[53][54] Civilian rule ended with a military coup in 1977, and in 1979 General Zia-ul-Haq became the third military president. Military government lasted until 1988, during which Pakistan became one of the fastest-growing economies in South Asia.[55] Zia consolidated nuclear development and increased Islamization of the state.[56] During this period, Pakistan helped to subsidise and distribute US resources to factions of the Mujahideen movement against the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.[57][58]
Zia died in a plane crash in 1988, and Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was elected as the first female Prime Minister of Pakistan. She was followed by Nawaz Sharif, and over the next decade the two leaders fought for power, alternating in office while the country's situation worsened; economic indicators fell sharply, in contrast to the 1980s. This period is marked by political instability, misgovernance and corruption.[59][60] In May 1998, while Sharif was Prime Minister, India tested five nuclear weapons and tension with India heightened to an extreme: Pakistan detonated six nuclear weapons of its own in the Chagai-I and Chagai-II tests later in the same month. Military tension between the two countries in the Kargil district led to the Kargil War of 1999, after which General Pervez Musharraf took over through a bloodless coup d'état and assumed vast executive powers.[61][62]
Musharraf ruled Pakistan as head of state from 1999 to 2001 and as President from 2001 to 2008, a period of extensive economic reform[63] and Pakistan's involvement in the US-led war on terrorism. On 15 November 2007, Pakistan's National Assembly became the first to completed its full five-year term, and new elections were called.[64] After the assassination of Benazir Bhutto in December 2007, her Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) won the largest number of seats in the 2008 elections, and party member Yousaf Raza Gillani was sworn in as Prime Minister.[65] Musharraf resigned from the presidency on 18 August 2008 when threatened with impeachment, and was succeeded by Asif Ali Zardari, the current President.[66][67][68] By its own estimates, Pakistan's involvement in the war on terrorism has cost up to $67.93 billion,[69][70] thousands of casualties and nearly 3 million displaced civilians.[71]
Politics[link]
Pakistan is a democratic parliamentary federal republic with Islam as the state religion. The first Constitution of Pakistan was adopted in 1956 but suspended by Ayub Khan in 1958. The Constitution of 1973—suspended by Zia-ul-Haq in 1977 but reinstated in 1985—is the country's most important document, laying the foundations of the current government.[72]
The bicameral legislature comprises a 100-member Senate and a 342-member National Assembly. The President is the head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces and is elected by an electoral college. The prime minister is usually the leader of the largest party in the National Assembly. Each province has a similar system of government, with a directly elected Provincial Assembly in which the leader of the largest party or alliance becomes Chief Minister. Provincial governors are appointed by the President.[72] The Pakistani military establishment has played an influential role in mainstream politics throughout Pakistan's political history. Presidents brought in by military coups ruled in 1958–1971, 1977–1988 and 1999–2008.[73]
Pakistan's foreign policy focuses on security against threats to national identity and territorial integrity, and on the cultivation of close relations with Muslim countries. A 2004 briefing on foreign policy for Pakistani Parliamentarians says, "Pakistan highlights sovereign equality of states, bilateralism, mutuality of interests, and non-interference in each other's domestic affairs as the cardinal features of its foreign policy."[74] The country is an active member of the United Nations. It is a founding member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), in which it has promoted Musharraf's concept of "Enlightened Moderation".[75][76][77] Pakistan is also a member of Commonwealth of Nations,[78] the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), the Economic Cooperation Organisation (ECO)[79][80] and the G20 developing nations.[81] India's nuclear tests were seen as a threat to Pakistan and led it to establish itself as a nuclear power.[82] Pakistan now maintains a policy of "credible minimum deterrence".[83]
Pakistan maintains good relations with all Arab and most other Muslim countries. Since the Sino-Indian War of 1962, Pakistan's closest strategic, military and economic ally has been China. The relationship has survived changes of governments and variations in the regional and global situation.[84][85][86] Pakistan and India continue to be rivals. The Kashmir conflict remains the major point of rift; three of their four wars were over this territory.[87] Pakistan has had mixed relations with the United States. As an anti-Soviet power in the 1950s and during Soviet-Afghan War in the 1980s, Pakistan was one of the closest allies of the US,[74][88] but relations soured in the 1990s when the US imposed sanctions because of Pakistan's possession and testing of nuclear weapons.[89] The US war on terrorism led initially to an improvement in the relationship, but it was strained by a divergence of interests and resulting mistrust during the war in Afghanistan and by issues related to terrorism.[90][91][92][93] Since 1948, there has been an ongoing, and at times fluctuating, violent conflict in the southwestern province of Balochistan between various Baloch separatist groups, who seek greater political autonomy, and the central government of Pakistan.[94]
Administrative divisions[link]
Main articles: Administrative units of Pakistan and Districts of Pakistan
Pakistan is a federation of four provinces: Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan, as well as the Islamabad Capital Territory and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas in the northwest, which include the Frontier Regions. The government of Pakistan exercises de facto jurisdiction over the western parts of the disputed Kashmir region, organised into the separate political entities Azad Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan (formerly Northern Areas). The Gilgit–Baltistan Empowerment and Self-Governance Order of 2009 assigned a province-like status to the latter, giving it self-government.[95]
Local government follows a three-tier system of districts, tehsils and union councils, with an elected body at each tier.[96] There are about 130 districts altogether, of which Azad Kashmir has ten[97] and Gilgit–Baltistan seven.[98] The Tribal Areas comprise seven tribal agencies and six small frontier regions detached from neighbouring districts.[99]
Clickable map of the four provinces and four federal territories of Pakistan.
Law enforcement in Pakistan is carried out by federal and provincial police agencies. The four provinces and the Islamabad Capital Territory each have a civilian police force with jurisdiction limited to the relevant province or territory. At the federal level, there are a number of civilian agencies with nationwide jurisdictions; including the Federal Investigation Agency, the National Highways and Motorway Police, and several paramilitary forces such as the Pakistan Rangers and the Frontier Corps.[100]
The court system of Pakistan is organised as a hierarchy, with the Supreme Court at the apex, below which are High Courts, Federal Shariat Courts (one in each province and one in the federal capital), District Courts (one in each district), Judicial Magistrate Courts (in every town and city), Executive Magistrate Courts and Civil Courts. Pakistan's penal code has limited jurisdiction in the Tribal Areas, where law is largely derived from tribal customs.[100][101]
Military[link]
Main article: Pakistan Armed Forces
The armed forces of Pakistan are the eighth largest in the world in terms of numbers in full-time service, with about 617,000 personnel on active duty and 513,000 reservists in 2010.[102] They came into existence after independence in 1947, and the military establishment has frequently been involved in the politics of Pakistan ever since.[73] The three main branches are the Army (headed by General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani[103]), the Navy and the Air Force, and they are supported by a number of paramilitary forces.[104] The National Command Authority is responsible for employment, for control of the development of all strategic nuclear organisations and for Pakistan's nuclear doctrine. Pakistan's defence forces maintain close military relations with China and the United States and import military equipment mainly from them.[105] The defence forces of China and Pakistan carry out joint military exercises.[104][106][107] Conscription may be introduced in times of emergency, but it has never been imposed.[108]
Since independence, Pakistan has been involved in four wars with neighbouring India, beginning in 1947 with the First Kashmir War, when Pakistan gained control of present-day Azad Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan. The two countries were at war again in 1965 and in 1971,[109] and most recently in the Kargil War of 1999.[61] The Army has also been engaged in several skirmishes with Afghanistan on the western border: in 1961, it repelled a major Afghan incursion.[110] During the Soviet war in Afghanistan, Pakistan shot down several intruding pro-Soviet Afghan communist aircraft and provided covert support to factions of the Afghan mujahideen through the Inter-Services Intelligence agency.[111]
Apart from its own conflicts, Pakistan has been an active participant in United Nations peacekeeping missions. It played a major role in rescuing trapped American soldiers from Mogadishu, Somalia, in 1993 in Operation Gothic Serpent.[112][113][114] Pakistani armed forces are the largest troop contributors to UN peacekeeping missions.[115]
_Shahjahan_%26_Tippi_Sultan.jpeg)
Pakistan maintained significant numbers of troops in some Arab countries in defence, training and advisory roles.[116][117] During the Six-Day War in 1967 and the Yom Kippur War in October 1973, PAF pilots volunteered to go to the Middle East to support Egypt and Syria, which were in a state of war with Israel; they shot down ten Israeli planes in the Six-Day War.[112] In 1979, at the request of the Saudi government, commandos of the Pakistani Special Service Group were rushed to assist Saudi forces in Mecca to lead the operation of the Grand Mosque Seizure.[118] In 1991 Pakistan got involved with the Gulf War and sent 5,000 troops as part of a US-led coalition, specifically for the defence of Saudi Arabia.[119]
Pakistani armed forces have been engaged in a war in North-West Pakistan since 2001, mainly against the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan.[120][121] Major operations undertaken by the Army include Operation Black Thunderstorm and Operation Rah-e-Nijat.[122][123]
Kashmir conflict[link]
Main article: Kashmir conflict
The Kashmir conflict is a territorial dispute between India and Pakistan over the Kashmir region, the most northwesterly region of South Asia. The two countries have fought at least three wars over Kashmir—the Indo-Pakistani Wars of 1947, 1965 and 1999—and several skirmishes over the Siachen Glacier.[87] India claims the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir and administers approximately 45.1% of the region, including most of Jammu, the Kashmir Valley, Ladakh, and the Siachen Glacier. India's claim is contested by Pakistan, which controls approximately 38.2% of Kashmir, consisting of Azad Kashmir and the northern areas of Gilgit and Baltistan.[87][124]
The conflict of Kashmir has its origin in 1947, when British India was separated into the two states of Pakistan and India. As part of the partition process, both countries had agreed that the rulers of princely states would be allowed to opt for membership of either Pakistan or India, or in special cases to remain independent.[125] India claims Kashmir on the basis of the Instrument of Accession, a legal agreement with Kashmir's leaders executed by Maharaja Hari Singh, then ruler of Kashmir, agreeing to accede the area to India.[126][127] Pakistan claims Kashmir on the basis of a Muslim majority and of geography, the same principles that were applied for the creation of the two independent states.[128][129] India referred the dispute to the United Nations on 1 January 1948.[130] In a resolution in 1948, the UN asked Pakistan to remove most of its troops. A plebiscite would then be held. However, Pakistan failed to vacate the region. A ceasefire was reached in 1949 and a Line of Control was established, dividing Kashmir between the two countries.[125]
Pakistan's position is that the people of Jammu and Kashmir have the right to determine their future through impartial elections as mandated by the United Nations.[131] India has stated that it believes that Kashmir is an integral part of India, referring to the 1972 Simla Agreement and to the fact that elections take place regularly.[132] Certain Kashmiri independence groups believe that Kashmir should be independent of both India and Pakistan.[87]
Geography and climate[link]
Main articles: Geography of Pakistan and Climate of Pakistan
See also: Geology of Pakistan and Extreme points of Pakistan
Pakistan covers an area of 796,095 km2 (307,374 sq mi), approximately equal to the combined land areas of France and the United Kingdom. It is the 36th largest nation by total area, although this ranking varies depending on how the disputed territory of Kashmir is counted. Pakistan has a 1,046 km (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south[133] and land borders of 6,774 km (4,209 mi) in total: 2,430 km (1,510 mi) with Afghanistan, 523 km (325 mi) with China, 2,912 km (1,809 mi) with India and 909 km (565 mi) with Iran.[72] It shares a marine border with Oman,[134] and is separated from Tajikistan by the cold, narrow Wakhan Corridor.[135] Pakistan occupies a geopolitically important location at the crossroads of South Asia, the Middle East and Central Asia.[136]
Geologically, Pakistan overlaps the Indian tectonic plate in its Sindh and Punjab provinces; Balochistan and most of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are within the Eurasian plate, mainly on the Iranian plateau. Gilgit–Baltistan and Azad Kashmir lie along the edge of the Indian plate and hence are prone to violent earthquakes. Ranging from the coastal areas of the south to the glaciated mountains of the north, Pakistan's landscapes vary from plains to deserts, forests, hills and plateaus .[137]
Pakistan is divided into three major geographic areas: the northern highlands, the Indus River plain and the Balochistan Plateau.[138] The northern highlands contain the Karakoram, Hindu Kush and Pamir mountain ranges (see mountains of Pakistan), which contain some of the world's highest peaks, including five of the fourteen eight-thousanders (mountain peaks over 8,000 metres or 26,250 feet), which attract adventurers and mountaineers from all over the world, notably K2 (8,611 m or 28,251 ft) and Nanga Parbat (8,126 m or 26,660 ft).[139] The Balochistan Plateau lies in the west and the Thar Desert in the east. The 1,609 km (1,000 mi) Indus River and its tributaries flow through the country from the Kashmir region to the Arabian Sea. There is an expanse of alluvial plains along it in Punjab and Sindh.[140]
The climate varies from tropical to temperate, with arid conditions in the coastal south. There is a monsoon season with frequent flooding due to heavy rainfall, and a dry season with significantly less rainfall or none at all. There are four distinct seasons: a cool, dry winter from December through February; a hot, dry spring from March through May; the summer rainy season, or southwest monsoon period, from June through September; and the retreating monsoon period of October and November.[34] Rainfall varies greatly from year to year, and patterns of alternate flooding and drought are common.[141]
Flora and fauna[link]
Main articles: Flora of Pakistan and Fauna of Pakistan
The diversity of landscapes and climates in Pakistan allows a wide variety of trees and plants to flourish. The forests range from coniferous alpine and subalpine trees such as spruce, pine and deodar cedar in the extreme northern mountains, through deciduous trees in most of the country (for example the mulberry-like shisham found in the Sulaiman Mountains), to palms such as coconut and date in southern Punjab, southern Balochistan and all of Sindh. The western hills are home to juniper, tamarisk, coarse grasses and scrub plants. Mangrove forests form much of the coastal wetlands along the coast in the south.[143]
Coniferous forests are found at altitudes ranging from 1,000 to 4,000 metres in most of the northern and northwestern highlands. In the xeric regions of Balochistan, date palm and Ephedra are common. In most of Punjab and Sindh, the Indus plains support tropical and subtropical dry and moist broadleaf forestry as well as tropical and xeric shrublands. These forests are mostly of mulberry, acacia, and eucalyptus.[144] About 2.2% or 1,687,000 hectares (16,870 km2) of Pakistan was forested in 2010.[145]
The fauna of Pakistan reflects its varied climates too. Around 668 bird species are found there:[146][147] crows, sparrows, mynas, hawks, falcons, and eagles commonly occur. Palas, Kohistan, has a significant population of Western Tragopan.[148] Many birds sighted in Pakistan are migratory, coming from Europe, Central Asia and India.[149]
The southern plains are home to mongooses, civets, hares, the Asiatic jackal, the Indian pangolin, the jungle cat and the desert cat. There are mugger crocodiles in the Indus, and wild boar, deer, porcupines and small rodents are common in the surrounding areas. The sandy scrublands of central Pakistan are home to Asiatic jackals, striped hyenas, wildcats and leopards.[150][151] The lack of vegetative cover, the severe climate and the impact of grazing on the deserts have left wild animals in a precarious position. The chinkara is the only animal that can still be found in significant numbers in Cholistan. A small number of nilgai are found along the Pakistan-India border and in some parts of Cholistan.[150][152] A wide variety of animals live in the mountainous north, including the Marco Polo sheep, the urial (a subspecies of wild sheep), Markhor and Ibex goats, the Asian black bear and the Himalayan brown bear.[150][153][154] Among the rare animals found in the area are the snow leopard,[153] the Asiatic cheetah[155] and the blind Indus river dolphin, of which there are believed to be about 1,100 remaining, protected at the Indus River Dolphin Reserve in Sindh.[153][156] In total, 174 mammals, 177 reptiles, 22 amphibians, 198 freshwater fish species and 5,000 species of invertebrates (including insects) have been recorded in Pakistan.[146][147]
The flora and fauna of Pakistan suffer from a number of problems. Pakistan has the second-highest rate of deforestation in the world. This, along with hunting and pollution, is causing adverse effects on the ecosystem. The government has established a large number of protected areas, wildlife sanctuaries, and game reserves to deal with these issues.[146][147]
Infrastructure[link]
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Pakistan
File:Jinnahavenuenight.png
Blue Area, the commercial hub of Islamabad
Pakistan is a rapidly developing country[157][158][159] and is one of the Next Eleven, the eleven countries that, along with the BRICs, have a high potential to become the world's largest economies in the 21st century.[160] The economy is semi-industrialized, with centres of growth along the Indus River.[161][162][163] The diversified economies of Karachi and Punjab's urban centres coexist with less developed areas in other parts of the country.[162] Pakistan's estimated nominal GDP as of 2011 is US$202 billion. The estimated nominal per capita GDP is US$1,197, GDP (PPP) per capita is US$2,851 (international dollars), and debt-to-GDP ratio is 55.5%.[164][165] A 2010 report by RAD-AID positioned Pakistan's economy at 27th largest in the world by purchasing power and 45th largest in absolute dollars.[163] It is South Asia's second largest economy, representing about 15 percent of regional GDP.[166][167]
Pakistan's economic growth since its inception has been varied. It has been slow during periods of civilian rule, but excellent during the three periods of military rule, although the foundation for sustainable and equitable growth was not formed.[46] The early to middle 2000s was a period of rapid reform; the government raised development spending, which reduced poverty levels by 10% and increased GDP by 3%.[72][168] The economy cooled again from 2007.[72] Inflation reached 25% in 2008[169] and Pakistan had to depend on an aggressive fiscal policy backed by the International Monetary Fund to avoid possible bankruptcy.[170][171] A year later, the Asian Development Bank reported that Pakistan's economic crisis was easing.[172] The inflation rate for the fiscal year 2010–11 was 14.1%.[173]
Pakistan is one of the largest producers of natural commodities, and its labour market is the 10th largest in the world. Around 600,000 Pakistanis went abroad to work in 2009. Expatriate workers send remittances of close to US$8 billion annually—the largest source of foreign exchange apart from exports.[174] According to the World Trade Organization Pakistan's share of overall world exports is declining; it contributed only 0.128% in 2007.[175] The trade deficit in the fiscal year 2010–11 was US$11.217 billion.[176]
The structure of the Pakistani economy has changed from a mainly agricultural to a strong service base. Agriculture now[when?] accounts for only 21.2% of the GDP. Even so, according to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Pakistan produced 21,591,400 metric tons of wheat in 2005, more than all of Africa (20,304,585 metric tons) and nearly as much as all of South America (24,557,784 metric tons).[177] The service and industrial sectors account for 52.4% and 26.4% of GDP respectively.[178] Between 2002 and 2007 there was substantial foreign investment in Pakistan's banking and energy sectors.[179] Other important industries include clothing and textiles (accounting for nearly 60% of exports), food processing, chemicals manufacture, iron and steel.[180] There is great potential for tourism in Pakistan, but it is severely affected by the country's instability.[181]
Transport[link]
Main article: Transport in Pakistan
The transport sector accounts for 10.5% of Pakistan's GDP.[182] Its road infrastructure is better than those of India, Bangladesh and Indonesia, but the rail system lags behind those of India and China, and aviation infrastructure also needs improvement.[183] There is scarcely any inland water transportation system, and coastal shipping only meets minor local requirements.[184]
Road form the backbone of Pakistan's transport system; a total road length of 259,618 km accounts for 91% of passenger and 96% of freight traffic. Road transport services are largely in the hands of the private sector, which handles around 95% of freight traffic. The National Highway Authority is responsible for the maintenance of national highways and motorways. The highway and motorway system depends mainly on north–south links, connecting the southern ports to the populous provinces of Punjab and NWFP. Although this network only accounts for 4.2% of total road length, it carries 85 percent of the country's traffic.[183][185]
Pakistan Railways, under the Ministry of Railways, operates the railroad system. Railway was the primary means of transport till 1970. In the two decades from around 1990, there was a marked shift in traffic from rail to highways. Now the railway's share of inland traffic is only 10% for passengers and 4% for freight traffic. The total rail track decreased from 8,775 km in 1990–91 to 7,791 km in 2011.[183][186] Pakistan expects to use the rail service to boost foreign trade with China, Iran and Turkey.[187][188]
Pakistan had 35 airports in 2007–8. The state-run Pakistan International Airlines is the major airline; it carries about 73% of domestic passengers and all domestic freight. Karachi's Jinnah International Airport is the principal international gateway to Pakistan, although Islamabad and Lahore also handle significant amounts of traffic. Pakistan's major seaports are Karachi, Muhammad bin Qasim and Gwadar, which is still[when?] under construction.[183][186]
Science and technology[link]
Main articles: Science and technology in Pakistan and List of Pakistani inventions and discoveries
Pakistan is active in physics research. Every year, scientists from around the world are invited by the Pakistan Academy of Sciences and the Pakistan Government to participate in the International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics.[190] Pakistan hosted a international seminar on Physics in Developing Countries for International Year of Physics 2005.[191] Pakistani theoretical physicist Abdus Salam won a Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the electroweak interaction.[192]
In medicine, Salimuzzaman Siddiqui was the first Pakistani scientist to bring the therapeutic constituents of the Neem tree to the attention of natural products chemists.[193] Pakistani neurosurgeon Ayub Ommaya invented the Ommaya reservoir, a system for treatment of brain tumours and other brain conditions.[194]
Pakistan has an active space program led by its space research agency, SUPARCO. Polish-Pakistani aerospace engineer W. J. M. Turowicz developed and supervised the launch of the Rehbar-I rocket from Pakistani soil, making Pakistan the first South Asian country to launch a rocket into space.[195] Pakistan launched its first satellite, Badr-I, from China in 1990, becoming the first Muslim country and second South Asian country to put a satellite into space.[196] In 1998, Pakistan became the seventh country in the world to successfully develop and its own nuclear weapons.[197]
Pakistan is one of a small number of countries that have an active research presence in Antarctica. The Pakistan Antarctic Programme was established in 1991. Pakistan has two summer research stations on the continent and plans to open another base, which will operate all year round.[198]
Electricity in Pakistan is generated and distributed by two vertically integrated public sector utilities: the Karachi Electric Supply Corporation (KESC) for Karachi and the Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) for the rest of Pakistan.[199] Nuclear power in Pakistan is provided by three licensed commercial nuclear power plants under Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC).[200] Pakistan is the first Muslim country in the world to embark on a nuclear power program.[201] Commercial nuclear power plants generate roughly 3% of Pakistan's electricity, compared with about 64% from thermal and 33% from hydroelectric power.[199]
Education[link]
Main article: Education in Pakistan
File:Hostels.jpg
The Lahore University of Management Sciences, one of Pakistan's top ranking business management universities
The constitution of Pakistan requires the state to provide free primary and secondary education.[202] At the time of independence Pakistan had only one university, the University of the Punjab.[203] As of September 2011[update] it has 136 universities, of which 74 are public universities and 62 are private universities.[204] It is estimated that there are 3193 technical and vocational institutions in Pakistan,[205] and there are also madrassahs that provide free Islamic education and offer free board and lodging to students, who come mainly from the poorer strata of society.[206] After criticism over terrorists' use of madrassahs for recruitment, efforts have been made to regulate them.[207]
Education in Pakistan is divided into six main levels: pre-primary (preparatory classes); primary (grades one through five); middle (grades six through eight); high (grades nine and ten, leading to the Secondary School Certificate); intermediate (grades eleven and twelve, leading to a Higher Secondary (School) Certificate); and university programmes leading to graduate and postgraduate degrees.[205] Pakistani private schools also operate a parallel secondary education system based on the curriculum set and administered by the Cambridge International Examinations. Some students choose to take the O level and A level exams conducted by the British Council.[208]
Government is in development stage[timeframe?] of extending English medium education to all schools across the country.[209] By 2013 all educational institutions in Sindh will have to provide Chinese language courses, reflecting China's growing role as a superpower and Pakistan's close ties with China.[210]
Around 57.7% of adult Pakistanis are literate. Male literacy is 69.3%, female literacy 45.2%.[173] Literacy rates vary by region and particularly by sex; for instance, female literacy in tribal areas is 3%.[211] The government launched a nationwide initiative in 1998 with the aim of eradicating illiteracy and providing a basic education to all children.[212] Through various educational reforms, by 2015 the ministry of education expects to attain 100% enrolment levels among children of primary school age and a literacy rate of 86% among people aged over 10.[213]
Demographics[link]
Main articles: Demographics of Pakistan and Pakistani people
See also: Ethnic groups in Pakistan and Religion in Pakistan
With 177.1 million residents reported in 2011, Pakistan is the sixth most populated country in the world, behind Brazil and ahead of Bangladesh. Its 2.03% population growth rate is the highest among the SAARC countries and gives an annual increase of 3.6 million. The population is projected to reach 210.13 million by 2020 and to double by 2045. In 1947, Pakistan had a population of 32.5 million.[174][214] From 1990 to 2009 it increased by 57.2%.[215] By 2030 it is expected to overtake Indonesia as the largest Muslim country in the world.[216][217][218] Pakistan is a 'young' nation, with a median age of about 20 and 104 million people under 30 in 2010.[174]
The majority of southern Pakistan's population lives along the Indus River. Karachi is its most populous city.[219] In the northern half of the country, most of the population lives in an arc formed by the cities of Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Gujrat, Jhelum, Sargodha, Sheikhupura, Nowshera, Mardan and Peshawar. During 1990–2008, city dwellers made up 36% of Pakistan's population, making it the most urbanised nation in South Asia.[72][174] Furthermore, 50% of Pakistanis live in towns of 5,000 people or more.[220]
Expenditure on health was 2.6% of GDP in 2009.[221] Life expectancy at birth was 65.4 years for females and 63.6 years for males in 2010. The private sector accounts for about 80% of outpatient visits. Approximately 19% of the population and 30% of children under five are malnourished.[163] Mortality of the under-fives was 87 per 1,000 live births in 2009.[221] About 20% of the population live below the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day.[222]
More than sixty languages are spoken in Pakistan, including a number of provincial languages. Urdu, the lingua franca and a symbol of Muslim identity and national unity, is the national language and is understood by over 75% of Pakistanis.[136][223] English is the official language of Pakistan, used in official business, government, and legal contracts;[72] the local dialect is known as Pakistani English. Punjabi is the commonest native language in Punjab and has many native speakers. Saraiki is mainly spoken in South Punjab. Pashto is the provincial language of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindhi is the provincial language of Sindh, while Balochi is dominant in Balochistan.[3][34][224]
|
Largest cities or towns of Pakistan 2010 estimate[225] |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | City name | Province | Pop. | Rank | City name | Province | Pop. | ||
 Karachi |
1 | Karachi | Sindh | 13,205,339 | 11 | Sargodha | Punjab | 600,501 |  Faisalabad |
| 2 | Lahore | Punjab | 7,129,609 | 12 | Bahawalpur | Punjab | 543,929 | ||
| 3 | Faisalabad | Punjab | 4,880,675 | 13 | Sialkot | Punjab | 510,863 | ||
| 4 | Rawalpindi | Punjab | 3,991,656 | 14 | Sukkur | Sindh | 493,438 | ||
| 5 | Multan | Punjab | 5,506,481 | 15 | Larkana | Sindh | 456,544 | ||
| 6 | Hyderabad | Sindh | 1,578,367 | 16 | Sheikhupura | Punjab | 426,980 | ||
| 7 | Gujranwala | Punjab | 1,569,090 | 17 | Jhang | Punjab | 372,645 | ||
| 8 | Peshawar | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 1,439,205 | 18 | Rahim Yar Khan | Punjab | 353,112 | ||
| 9 | Quetta | Balochistan | 896,090 | 19 | Mardan | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 352,135 | ||
| 10 | Islamabad | Capital Territory | 689,249 | 20 | Gujrat | Punjab | 336,727 | ||
The population comprises several ethnic groups. As of 2009, the Punjabi population dominates with 78.7 million (44.15%), followed by 27.2 million (15.42%) Pashtuns, 24.8 million (14.1%) Sindhis, 14.8 million (10.53%) Seraikis, 13.3 million (7.57%) Muhajirs and 6.3 million (3.57%) Balochs. The remaining 11.1 million (4.66%) belong to various ethnic minorities.[226] There is also a large worldwide Pakistani diaspora, numbering over seven million.[227]
Pakistan's census does not include immigrant groups such as the 1.7 million registered refugees from neighbouring Afghanistan, who are found mainly in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA areas, with small numbers in Karachi and Quetta.[228][229] As of 1995, there were more than 1.6 million Bengalis, 650,000 Afghans, 200,000 Burmese, 2,320 Iranians and Filipinos and hundreds of Nepalese, Sri Lankans and Indians living in Karachi.[230][231] Pakistan hosts more refugees than any other country in the world.[232]
Religion[link]
Main article: Religion in Pakistan
Pakistan is the second most populous Muslim-majority country[233] and has the second largest Shi'a population in the world.[234] About 97% of Pakistanis are Muslim. The majority are Sunni, with an estimated 5–20% Shi'a.[34][235][236] A further 2.3% are Ahmadis,[237] who are officially considered non-Muslims by virtue of a 1974 constitutional amendment.[238] There are also several Quraniyoon communities.[239][240] Although the Muslim denominations usually coexist peacefully, sectarian violence occurs sporadically.[241]
Sufism, a mystical Islamic tradition, has a long history and a large popular following in Pakistan. Popular Sufi culture is centered on Thursday night gatherings at shrines and annual festivals which feature Sufi music and dance. Contemporary Islamic fundamentalists criticize its popular character, which in their view, does not accurately reflect the teachings and practice of the Prophet and his companions. There have been terrorist attacks directed at Sufi shrines and festivals, 5 in 2010 that killed 64 people.[242][243]
After Islam, Hinduism and Christianity are the largest religions in Pakistan, each with 2,800,000 (1.6%) adherents in 2005.[34] They are followed by the Bahá'í Faith, which has a following of 30,000, then Sikhism, Buddhism and Parsis, each claiming 20,000 adherents,[235] and a very small community of Jains.
Culture and society[link]
Main article: Culture of Pakistan
Pakistani society is largely hierarchical, emphasising local cultural etiquettes and traditional Islamic values that govern personal and political life. The basic family unit is the extended family,[244] although there has been a growing trend towards nuclear families for socio-economic reasons.[245] The traditional dress for both men and women is the Shalwar Kameez; trousers and shirts are also popular among men.[23] The middle class has increased to around 30 million and the upper and upper-middle classes to around 17 million in recent decades, and power is shifting from rural landowners to the urbanised elites.[246] Pakistani festivals like Eid ul-Fitr, Eid al-Adha and Ramadan are mostly religious in origin.[244] Increasing globalisation has resulted in Pakistan ranking 56th on the A.T. Kearney/FP Globalization Index.[247]
Media and entertainment[link]
State-owned Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) and Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation for radio were the dominant media outlets until the start of the 21st century. The end of PTV's monopoly led to a boom in electronic media, which gained greater political influence. There are now numerous private television channels that enjoy a large degree of freedom of speech.[248] In addition to the national entertainment and news channels, foreign television channels and films are also available to most Pakistanis via cable and satellite television.[248][249] There is a small indigenous film industry based in Lahore and Peshawar, known as Lollywood. While Bollywood films were banned from public cinemas from 1965 until 2008, they have remained important in popular culture.[250][251]
Pakistani music ranges from diverse provincial folk music and traditional styles such as Qawwali and Ghazal Gayaki to modern forms fusing traditional and western music, such as the blend of Qawwali and western music by Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan.[252][253] Pakistan has many famous folk singers, such as the late Alam Lohar, who is also well known in Indian Punjab. The arrival of Afghan refugees in the western provinces has stimulated interest in Pashto music, although there has been intolerance of it in some places.[254]
Literature[link]
Main article: Literature of Pakistan
Pakistan has literature in Urdu, Sindhi, Punjabi, Pushto, Baluchi, Persian, English and many other languages.[255] Before the 19th century it consisted mainly of lyric and religious poetry, mystical and folkloric works. During the colonial age, native literary figures influenced by western literary realism took up increasingly varied topics and narrative forms. Prose fiction is now very popular.[256][257]
The national poet of Pakistan, Muhammad Iqbal, wrote poetry in Urdu and Persian and is read in Afghanistan, Iran, Indonesia, India and the Arab world. He was a strong proponent of the political and spiritual revival of Islamic civilisation and encouraged Muslims binding all over the world to bring about successful revolution.[258][259][260]
Well-known representatives of contemporary Pakistani Urdu literature include Faiz Ahmed Faiz. Sadequain is known for his calligraphy and paintings.[257] Sufi poets Shah Abdul Latif, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Bakhsh and Khawaja Farid are very popular in Pakistan.[261] Mirza Kalich Beg has been termed the father of modern Sindhi prose.[262]
Architecture[link]
Main article: Pakistani architecture
Pakistani architecture has four recognised periods: pre-Islamic, Islamic, colonial and post-colonial. With the beginning of the Indus civilisation around the middle of the 3rd millennium BCE,[263] an advanced urban culture developed for the first time in the region, with large buildings, some of which survive to this day.[264] Mohenjo Daro, Harappa and Kot Diji are among the pre-Islamic settlements that are now tourist attractions.[139] The rise of Buddhism and the Persian and Greek influence led to the development of the Greco-Buddhist style, starting from the 1st century CE. The high point of this era was reached at the peak of the Gandhara style. An example of Buddhist architecture is the ruins of the Buddhist monastery Takht-i-Bahi in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[265]
The arrival of Islam in today's Pakistan meant a sudden end of Buddhist architecture in the area and a smooth transition to the predominantly pictureless Islamic architecture. The most important Persian-style building still standing is the tomb of the Shah Rukn-i-Alam in Multan. During the Mughal era, design elements of Persian-Islamic architecture were fused with and often produced playful forms of Hindustani art. Lahore, occasional residence of Mughal rulers, exhibits many important buildings from the empire. Most prominent among them are the Badshahi mosque, the fortress of Lahore with the famous Alamgiri Gate, the colourful, Persian-style Wazir Khan Mosque, the Shalimar Gardens in Lahore and the Shahjahan Mosque in Thatta. In the British colonial period, predominantly functional buildings of the Indo-European representative style developed from a mixture of European and Indian-Islamic components. Post-colonial national identity is expressed in modern structures like the Faisal Mosque, the Minar-e-Pakistan and the Mazar-e-Quaid.[266]
Cuisine[link]
Main article: Pakistani cuisine
Pakistani cuisine is a blend of cooking traditions from different regions of the Indian subcontinent, originating from the royal kitchens of sixteenth-century Mughal emperors. It has similarities to North Indian cuisine, although Pakistan has a greater variety of meat dishes. Pakistani cooking uses large quantities of spices, herbs and seasoning. Garlic, ginger, turmeric, red chilli and garam masala are used in most dishes, and home cooking regularly includes curry. Chapati, a thin flat bread made from wheat, is a staple food, served with curry, meat, vegetables and lentils. Rice is also common; it is served plain or fried with spices and is also used in sweet dishes.[136][267][268] Lassi is a traditional drink in the Punjab region. Black tea with milk and sugar is popular throughout Pakistan and is taken daily by most of the population.[23][269]
Sports[link]
Main article: Sports in Pakistan
The national sport of Pakistan is hockey, in which it has earned 8 of its 10 Olympic medals,[270] including three gold medals (1960, 1968, and 1984). Pakistan has also won the Hockey World Cup a record four times (1971, 1978, 1982, 1994).[271]
Cricket, however, is the most popular game across the country.[272] The national cricket team has won the Cricket World Cup once (in 1992), been runners-up once (in 1999), and co-hosted the tournament twice (in 1987 and 1996). Pakistan were runners-up in the inaugural 2007 ICC World Twenty20 in South Africa and won the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 in England. Lately, however, Pakistani cricket has suffered severely because teams have refused to tour Pakistan for fear of terrorism. No teams have toured Pakistan since March 2009, when militants attacked the touring Sri Lankan cricket team.[273]
Squash is another sport in which Pakistanis have excelled in international competition. Successful world-class squash players such as Jahangir Khan and Jansher Khan won the World Open Squash Championship several times during their careers.[274] Jahangir Khan also won the British Open a record ten times.[275] Pakistan has competed many times at the Olympics in field hockey, boxing, athletics, swimming, and shooting.[276] Pakistan's Olympic medal tally stands at 10 of which 8 were earned in hockey.[277] The Commonwealth Games and Asian Games medal tallies stand at 65 and 160 respectively.[citation needed][278]
At national level, football and polo are popular, with regular national events in different parts of the country. Boxing, billiards, snooker, rowing, kayaking, caving, tennis, contract bridge, golf and volleyball are also actively pursued, and Pakistan has produced regional and international champions in these sports.[21][274][276]
Notes[link]
- ^ "Excludes data for Pakistani territories of Kashmir; Azad Kashmir (13,297 km2 or 5,134 sq mi) and Gilgit–Baltistan (72,520 km2 or 28,000 sq mi).[4] Including these territories would produce an area figure of 881,912 km2 (340,508 sq mi)."
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- ^ a b "Power Sector Situation in Pakistan" (PDF). Alternate Energy Development Board and GTZ. 2005. p. 1. http://www.rural-electrification.com/cms/upload/pdf/Pakistan-GTZ-power-sector-overview.pdf. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
- ^ Muhammad Saleh Zaafir (13 May 2011). "PM inaugurates 330MW Chashma-2 N-power plant". The News. http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=5952&Cat=13. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
- ^ Z.H. Siddiqui; I.H. Qureshi (13 October 2005). "Nuclear power in Pakistan". The Nucleus (Nilore, Islamabad: The Nucleus PINSTECH publication) 42 (1–2): 63–66. ISSN 0029-5698. http://www.thenucleuspak.org.pk/nucleus/pdf%20Special%20Issue%20Nucleus%2042%281-4%29/Nuclear%20Power%20in%20Pakistan%20%28ms611%29.pdf. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
- ^ "Right to Education in Pakistan". World Council of Churches. 21 April 2006. http://www.oikoumene.org/resources/documents/wcc-commissions/international-affairs/human-rights-and-impunity/the-right-to-education-in-pakistan.html. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
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- ^ a b "Pakistan — International Religious Freedom Report 2008". United States Department of State. 2008. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108505.htm. Retrieved 28 August 2010. "The majority of Muslims in the country are Sunni, with a Shi'a minority ranging between 10 to 20 percent."
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- ^ "Ahmadis of Pakistan". faqs.org. http://www.faqs.org/minorities/South-Asia/Ahmadis-of-Pakistan.html. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
- ^ "International Religious Freedom Report 2008: Pakistan". US State Department. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108505.htm. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ "South Asian Media Net". South Asian Free Media Association. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110518210117/http://www.southasianmedia.net/profile/pakistan/pk_leadingpersonalities_literature.cfm#gap. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
- ^ "Can Sufi Islam counter the Taleban?". BBC. 24 February 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7896943.stm. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
- ^ "Bomb kills four at Pakistan Shiite funeral: police". AFP. 19 February 2009. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jURPF9QMucM4uQY2KbI9ou-ip-RA. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
- ^ Produced by Charlotte Buchen. "Sufism Under Attack in Pakistan" (video). The New York Times. http://video.nytimes.com/video/2011/01/06/world/asia/1248069532117/sufism-under-attack-in-pakistan.html. Retrieved May 21, 2012.
- ^ Huma Imtiaz; Charlotte Buchen (January 6, 2011). "The Islam That Hard-Liners Hate" (blog). The New York Times. http://atwar.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/01/06/the-islam-that-hard-liners-hate/. Retrieved May 21, 2012.
- ^ a b "Pakistan- Language, Religion, Culture, Customs and Etiquette". Kwint Essential. http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/pakistan.html. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
- ^ Anwar Alam (2008). "Factors and Consequences of Nuclearization of Family at Hayatabad Phase-II, Peshawar". Sarhad J. Agric. (Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Peshawar) 24 (3). http://www.aup.edu.pk/sj_pdf/FACTORS%20AND%20CONSEQUENCES%20OF%20NUCLEARIZATION.pdf. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
- ^ Irfan Husain (17 April 2010). "The rise of Mehran man". Dawn. Pakistan News. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. http://web.archive.org/web/20101125011513/http://news.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/columnists/irfan-husain-the-rise-of-mehran-man-740. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
- ^ "A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine Globalization Index 2006" (PDF). A.T. Kearney. Nov/Dec 2006. p. 4. http://www.atkearney.com/images/global/pdf/Globalization-Index_FP_Nov-Dec-06_S.pdf. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
- ^ a b "Media in Pakistan" (PDF). International Media Support. July 2009. pp. 14–16, 21. http://www.i-m-s.dk/files/publications/1491%20Pakistan.final.web.pdf. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
- ^ David Frum. "The hard choice in Pakistan". oped.ca. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110706192616/http://oped.ca/National-Post/david-frum-the-hard-choice-in-pakistan/. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
- ^ Naseem Randhava (11 October 2011). "Bollywood films may be banned in Pakistan". Yahoo! News. http://sg.news.yahoo.com/bollywood-films-may-banned-pakistan-094000464.html. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
- ^ "Pakistan to show Bollywood film". BBC News. 23 January 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4639216.stm. Retrieved 13 February 2008.
- ^ Adam Nayyar (1988). "Origin and History of the Qawwali" (PDF). University of Toronto. p. 1. http://www.utoronto.ca/jkcourses/mus200/Nayyar_Qawwali.pdf. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
- ^ Amit Baruah; R. Padmanabhan (6 September 1997). "The stilled voice". Frontline. http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1418/14181230.htm. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
- ^ Owais Tohid (7 June 2005). "Music soothes extremism along troubled Afghan border". The Christian Science Monitor.. http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0607/p07s01-wosc.html. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
- ^ Alamgir Hashmi (1996). Radhika Mohanram. ed. English postcoloniality: literatures from around the world. Gita Rajan. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 107–112. ISBN 978-0-313-28854-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=H_uwA78YZDoC&pg=PA107. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ Gilani Kamran (January 2002). "Pakistani Literature – Evolution & trends". the-south-asian magzine. http://www.the-south-asian.com/Jan2002/Pakistani-Literature3-the-Novel.htm. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
- ^ a b Huma Imtiaz (26 September 2010). "Granta: The global reach of Pakistani literature". The Express Tribune. http://tribune.com.pk/story/53272/granta-the-global-reach-of-pakistani-literature/. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
- ^ Annemarie Schimmel (15 December 2004). "Iqbal, Muhammad". Encyclopædia Iranica. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iqbal-muhammad. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
- ^ Nadeem Shafique. "Global Apprecaition of Allama Iqbal". Bahauddin Zakariya University. Journal of Research, Faculty of Languages and Islamic Studies. pp. 47–49. http://www.bzu.edu.pk/jrlanguages/Vol-1%202001/Nadeem%20Shafiq-3.pdf. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
- ^ Iqbal Academy (26 May 2006). "Allama Iqbal – Biography" (PHP). http://www.allamaiqbal.com/person/biography/biotxtread.html. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
- ^ Muhammad Zahid Rifat (3 October 2011). "Paying tributes to popular Sufi poets.". highbeam.com. The Nation. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-268638505.html. Retrieved 25 December 2011.
- ^ Chetan Karnani (2003). L.H. Ajwani. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 50–. ISBN 978-81-260-1664-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=dL5owdAV5TcC&pg=PA50. Retrieved 25 December 2011.
- ^ Vidja Dehejia. "South Asian Art and Culture". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/sasa/hd_sasa.htm. Retrieved 10 February 2008..
- ^ "The Indus Valley And The Genesis Of South Asian Civilization". History World International. http://history-world.org/indus_valley.htm. Retrieved 6 February 2008.
- ^ "UNESCO Advisory Body Evaluation of Takht Bhai" (PDF). International Council on Monuments and Sites. 29 December 1979. pp. 1–2. http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/140.pdf. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
- ^ Kamil Khan Mumtaz (1985). Architecture in Pakistan. Concept Media Pte Ltd. pp. 32,51,160. ISBN 9971-84-141-X.
- ^ Kathleen W. Deady (2001). Countries of the world :Pakistan. Capstone Press. pp. 13–15. ISBN 0-7368-0815-9.
- ^ American Geriatrics Society. Ethnogeriatrics Committee (2006). Doorway thoughts: cross-cultural health care for older adults. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 119–120. ISBN 978-0-7637-4355-0.
- ^ Tarla Dalal (2007). Punjabi Khana. Sanjay & Co. p. 8. ISBN 978-81-89491-54-3.
- ^ Bill Mallon; Jeroen Heijmans (2011). Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement (4th revised ed.). Scarecrow. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-8108-7249-3.
- ^ V.V.K.Subburaj (30 August 2004). Basic Facts of General Knowledge. Sura College of Competition. p. 771. ISBN 978-81-7254-234-4. http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=Z0mjae1kdYUC&pg=PA771&dq=Hockey+World+Cup+Pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3WKUT-HhFYXHtAbNndXPBA&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Hockey%20World%20Cup%20Pakistan&f=false. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
- ^ Saad Khan (15 March 2010). "The Death of Sports in Pakistan". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/saad-khan/the-death-of-sports-in-pa_b_498758.html. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
- ^ "Pakistan cricket future in doubt". BBC. 4 March 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/low/cricket/7921384.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
- ^ a b Ian Graham (2003). Pakistan. Black Rabbit Books. pp. 20–21. ISBN 1-58340-239-X.
- ^ "Greatest player". Squashsite. http://www.squashsite.co.uk/olympics4.htm. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ a b K M Shariff (2002). Pakistan almanac 2001–2002. Royal Book Company. pp. 561–574. ISBN 969-407-257-3.
- ^ Bill Mallon; Jeroen Heijmans (11 August 2011). Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement (4th ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-8108-7249-3. http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=9mM0XzW03AcC&pg=PA291&dq=Pakistan+in+olympic&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nGWUT7i-OM_BtAaxtqnNBA&ved=0CD0Q6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=Pakistan%20in%20olympic&f=false. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
- ^ "Asian Games Medal Count". Asian Games. Olympic Council of Asia. http://ocasia.org/Game/NocsMedalCount.aspx?9QoyD9QEWPeJ2ChZBk5tvA==. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
Further reading[link]
 |
This article contains Urdu text, written from right to left with some letters joined. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined letters or other symbols instead of Urdu script. |
File:Pakistan Smart Book v1.pdf
- Hafeez Malik (2006) The Encyclopedia of Pakistan Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19-597735-6
- Anatol Lieven (2012) Pakistan: A Hard Country PublicAffairs ISBN 978-1-61039-145-0
- Akbar Ahmed (1997) Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-14966-2
- Matthew McCartney (2011), Pakistan – The Political Economy of Growth, Stagnation and the State, 1951–2009 Routledge ISBN 978-0-415-57747-2
- Stephen Philip Cohen (2006) The Idea of Pakistan, Brookings Institution Press ISBN 978-0-8157-1503-0
- Iftikhar Malik (2005) Culture and Customs of Pakistan (Culture and Customs of Asia) Greenwood, ISBN 978-0-313-33126-8
- Spear, Percival (2007) India, Pakistan and the West. Read books publishers ISBN 1-4067-1215-9
- Masood Ashraf Raja (2010) Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity 1857–1947 Oxford, ISBN 978-0-19-547811-2
External links[link]
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News stories from Wikinews |
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Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- Official website
- Pakistan entry at The World Factbook
- Pakistan at the Open Directory Project
- Wikimedia Atlas of Pakistan
- Pakistan travel guide from Wikitravel
- Key Development Forecasts for Pakistan from International Futures
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2008) |
| Hans Raj Hans | |
|---|---|
| Origin | Shafipur, Jalandhar |
| Years active | 1983–till present |
| Website | http://www.hansrajhans.org/ |
Hans Raj Hans is an Indian Punjabi language singer.[1]
Contents |
Early life[link]
 |
This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (April 2012) |
Hans was born in a village very close to Gakhal pind (village) in Jalandhar, Punjab, India. He is the second son of Sardar Sam Singh Ji and Mata Ajit Kaur Ji (she now lives in Middlesbrough, UK). Hans had no musical history in his family, yet he began singing at a young age. Hans attended college in Jalandhar. He started his career by performing at youth festivals and first became known by winning musical competitions in college.
Career[link]
Musical career[link]
Hans Raj Hans sings Punjabi folk, devotional and Sufi music[2] but has also sung in movies and released his own Indipop albums. He worked with renowned artists such as the late Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, in the movie Kachche Dhaage[3] He was awarded an honorary music professor at Washington DC University and San Jose University.[4]
Political career[link]
On 16 May 2009, he unsuccessfully competed for a Lok Sabha seat in the Jalandhar constituency in Indian Punjab on a Shiromani Akali Dal ticket.[5]
Discography[link]
Albums[link]
- 2011 Ek Ishaara (T-Series)
- 2011 23rd Chapter Of Hans Raj Hans (Kamlee Records/Music Waves)
- 2008 Yaara O Yaara (MovieBox/Planet Recordz/Speed Records)
- 2007 Wanjara (T-Series)
- 2003 Tera Ishq (Music Ticket)
- 2002 Ghama Di Raat
- 2001 Sab Ton Sohni (T-Series)
- 2001 Jhanjar
- 1999 Chorni (T-Series)
- 1997 Lal Garara
- 1994 Mohabbat
- 1993 Ishqe Di Barsaat
- 1992 Jhanjaria
- 1992 Aar Tutdi Naa Paar Tutdi
- 1991 Thah Karke
- 1990 Tera Mera Pyar
- 1990 Ashiqan Di Kahdi Zindagi
- 1990 Waris Punjab De (Music Bank)
- 1987 Ek Kuri Mainu Rajheon Fakir Kar Gai
- 1989 Balle Ni Rahe Rahe
- 1987 Ek Dang Hor Mar Ja
Bollywood[link]
- 2011 Mausam - Ik Tu Hi Tu Hi (T-Series) - Pritam
- 2011 Patiala House - Tumba Tumba (T-Series) - Shankar Ehsaan Loy
- 2008 Black & White - Haq Allah - Sukhwinder Singh
- 2002 Bend It Like Beckham - Punjabiyaan Di Shaan - Bally Saggoo
- 2002 Shaheed 23rd March 1931 - Watanparaston Ki - Anand Raaj Anand
- 2001 Nayak - Saiyaan (T-Series) - A R Rahman
- 2001 Jodi No 1 - Akkh Lad Gayee - Anand Raaj Anand
- 2001 Monsoon Wedding - Aaja Nachle - Bally Saggoo
- 2000 Bichhoo - Dil Tote Tote - Anand Raaj Anand
- 1999 Kachche Dhaage - Khaali Dil Nahin Jaan Bhi Hai - Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan
Religious[link]
- 2011 Amrit Varga Paani (With Sardool Sikander) World Music
- 2009 Koi Aan Milavai (featuring Sant Anoop Singh (Una Sahib Wale) & Bhai Maninder Singh (Sri Nagar Wale))
- 2008 300 Saala Hazoor Sahib (T-Series)
- 2006 Bole So Nihaal (Duo Collaboration with Sardool Sikander)
- 2006 Sikhi Diyan Shaana
- 2004 Nikey Nikey Do Khalse (T-Series)
- 2003 Wadda Mera Govind
- 2000 Amritdhara
- 1997 Mera Bajaan Wala Maahi
- 1991 Patta Patta Singhan Da Vairi (T-Series)
References[link]
- ^ "Patiala House". The Times Of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/music-reviews/Patiala-House/articleshow/7302466.cms.
- ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/If-one-thing-falls-in-place-/Article1-653162.aspx
- ^ "Symphony Hall, Birmingham:Press Office". http://www.symphonyhall.co.uk/press_office.asp?id=38. Retrieved 2006-10-05.
- ^ "Melody is out, noise is in, says Hans Raj Hans". http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-06-29/chandigarh/27196682_1_hans-raj-hans-cadets-sufi-singer.
- ^ "Punjabi singer Hans Raj Hans in LS battle from Jalandhar". business-standard.com. http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/punjabi-singer-hans-raj-hans-in-ls-battlejalandhar/59495/on. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Hans, Hans Raj |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 30th November, 1953 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | 5 December 2007 |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Hans_Raj_Hans
Related pages:
http://es.wn.com/Hans Raj Hans
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Raj_Hans
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Personal information | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full name | Hasan Raza | |||
| Born | (1982-03-11) 11 March 1982 (age 30) Karachi, Pakistan |
|||
| Batting style | Right-handed | |||
| Bowling style | Right arm off spin | |||
| International information | ||||
| National side | Pakistan | |||
| Test debut (cap 140) | 24 October 1996 v Zimbabwe | |||
| Last Test | 3 December 2005 v England | |||
| ODI debut (cap 110) | 20 October 1996 v Zimbabwe | |||
| Last ODI | 22 October 1999 v Sri Lanka | |||
| Domestic team information | ||||
| Years | Team | |||
| 1996–present | Karachi | |||
| 1999–present | Habib Bank Limited | |||
| Career statistics | ||||
| Competition | Tests | ODI | FC | LA |
| Matches | 7 | 16 | 156 | 145 |
| Runs scored | 235 | 242 | 10206 | 3726 |
| Batting average | 26.11 | 18.61 | 50.52 | 37.26 |
| 100s/50s | 0/2 | 0/1 | 32/39 | 7/19 |
| Top score | 68 | 77 | 256 | 115* |
| Balls bowled | 6 | 0 | 1505 | 1000 |
| Wickets | 0 | – | 16 | 26 |
| Bowling average | – | – | 59.37 | 35.42 |
| 5 wickets in innings | – | – | 0 | 0 |
| 10 wickets in match | – | n/a | 0 | n/a |
| Best bowling | – | – | 2/11 | 3/17 |
| Catches/stumpings | 5/– | 1/– | 123/– | 58/2 |
| Source: Cricinfo, 24 December 2007 | ||||
Hasan Raza (Urdu: حسن رضا) (born March 11, 1982) is a Pakistani cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and a right-arm offbreak bowler. He initially was subject to something of a claim for an international cricketing record, as his debut performance was believed to have taken place at the age of 14 years and 227 days, then a world-record, sparking investigations over the legitimacy of his age claims.
He was soon taken away from international play after struggling initially in the mid 1990s, but was recalled against Australia and Zimbabwe in 2002.
Hasan also captained the Pakistan A side in early 2006 to Abu Dhabhi in a tournament which consisted of India A, Sri Lanka A, UAE, Kenya and Netherlands. Pakistan A reached the final of the tournament where they faced off against rivals India. Hasan scored 105* . Pakistan went on to win the tournament and he was credited for good captaincy. He had a very good tournament as a captain and he also had a very good performance with the bat as well as other Pakistan A players like Bazid Khan and Taufeeq Umar. Hasan has been a talking point lately in the Pakistan selection committee but has yet to make a comeback. Hasan currently plays domestic Pakistan cricket and also plays in the current Pakistan A team. Hasan was replaced as captain by Bazid Khan for disciplinary reasons.[citation needed]
Hasan had always been a prolific run scorer in Pakistan's domestic cricket but had always been overlooked by selectors because he could not translate his domestic success to the international stage. Frustrated with the PCB, Hasan made a decision that has seemingly ended all hopes of his return to international cricket as he joined the unofficial Indian Cricket League (ICL). In his first season with the ICL he was the leading run scorer.
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Hasan |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 11 March 1982 |
| Place of birth | Karachi |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
 |
This biographical article related to Pakistani cricket is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
http://wn.com/Hasan_Raza
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_Raza
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
|
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2012) |
| Alam Lohar | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Muhammad Alam Lohar |
| Born | 1928 Achh,Pakistan |
| Origin | Pakistani Punjabi |
| Died | July 3, 1979 Sham ki Bhaitiyan |
| Genres | Punjabi folk |
| Occupations | Vocalist, musician, Bhangra Artist, Poet |
| Instruments | Chimta |
| Years active | 1936–1979 |
| Labels | EMI (Pakistan), Oriental Star Agency |
| Notable instruments | |
| chimta | |
Muhammad Alam Lohar (Urdu: محمد عالم لوہار), (Punjabi: ਆਲਮ ਲੋਹਾਰ was a prominent Punjabi folk music singer of Pakistan. He died in 1979 in an accident.[1] He is also credited with popularizing the term and song Jugni.[2]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Lohar was born in the small village Achh in Gujrat District, in Punjab, British India into a family of blacksmiths.[citation needed] He was gifted with a melodious voice and began singing as a child.
Career[link]
Alam Lohar developed a new style of singing the Punjabi Vaar, an epic or folk tale. He is famous for his rendition of Waris Shah’s Heer, which he has memorized in 36 styles and forms. He recorded his first album at the age of 13 and has outsold all other singers in Pakistan (Verified in records kept with HMV Pakistan 1979)
In his childhood he used to read sufiana kalaams, Punjabi stories and participate as a young child in local elderly gatherings expressing a vocal only art form in reading passages of great poets. From many of the gatherings out of the rural background rose a great singer that could influence his audience with elements of joy peace, happiness and sadness. Further on: he started going to festivals and gatherings on a regular basis and within these performances he rose to become one of the most listened to singers in South Asia. In the 1970s it was the Queen's Jubilee event in the UK and there was a singing competition between all Commonwealth Countries and after all performances: Alam Lohar won the award as the best performance and was handed a gold medal for his unique and God given voice.
Throughout the period of 1930s and until his death in 1979 he has dominated folk singing in Pakistan and been a major singer in Punjabi and Sufi singing throughout the entire World. In many rural villages the local traditional people have called him 'Sher-e-Punjab' or 'Heerah' meaning diamond.
Alongside his God given voice and singing in difficult high and low pitches he had a unique style of singing with his Chimta. Now the Chimta has been around for centuries as it was a tool used in gathering livestock in rural settings or used as an aid in other activities, but Alam Lohar has the unique credit that he single-handedly popularised this instrument globally and modified its use and changed its outlook.
Alam Lohar's other qualities[link]
Other than being a famous singer, Alam lohar was also a great poet writing his own songs and kalaams and also had another quality that he used old books of Sufi saints and stories and brought them in a song format: which gave his songs overwhelming great lyrical content which could make people cry and express joy at the same time. The word "Jugni" was his creation (the word Jugni is also attributed to some runaway poet-singer duo, name unknown, who followed the Jubilee flame in the British Raj -and sang satires showing pitiable condition and sufferings of common Indians outside programme grounds, drawing huge crowds and later captured and killed by Brits. The incident goes back to the 1920s when the Silver Jubilee of George V's ascension of the throne was being celebrated in all cities around British India — Jubilee parks in many cities of India & Pakistan are proof) and he created this term from reading many Sufi writings and represented this word as a spiritual feeling of ones experience of the world. Furthermore he was the pioneer of introducing the writings of Saif Ul Mulook and Mirza Shabaan in a song format.
Alam Lohar had another quality that he had overwhelming singing stamina — he was renowned to sing all night and sometimes without the music technology we have with PA systems now-nevertheless his strong voice could be heard in large gatherings. In rural Punjab he used to sing from village to village and without any modern music technology: his voice reflected with the background of the natural echo caused by the stillness of the night.
In essence, later on Alam Lohar organised a full-fledged theatre with a complete orchestra. His troupe toured all over Punjab for religious and seasonal festivals and was one of the first Pakistani as well as South Asian singers to sing internationally in almost all countries that had people from the South Asian region.
Death[link]
Alam Lohar died in an accident near Sham ki Bhaitiyan on July 3, 1979. He was buried in Lala Musa, Punjab, Pakistan. He was given the Pride of Performance award in 1979 by General Zia Ul Haq in Islamabad and received numerous awards in his lifetime. He was a pioneer in cultural and Folk style singing and became his own folk story. He set a benchmark and many Punjabi and other folk singers have been greatly influenced. Therefore he has left a great legacy of a unique style of singing which is still followed in Pakistan by Punjabi as well as other folk singers. One of the greatest singers of all time: he is seen and remembered through his son Arif Lohar who has continued in the same tradition.
Legacy[link]
Decades after Alam's death his legacy is still living on, his songs are still being sung the way he used to sing them. His son has been taking his fathers music to the next level. The performance by Arif Lohar (Son of Alam) in Coke Studio shook the world, when he sung the Jugni by his father on International Television, the song hit millions of views on YouTube and was a hit again. The success even made Asha Bhosle do a exact copy of the song on Indian television. Arif Lohar is also a big Punjabi artist, he is one of the only legends alive until this day. Dr Zeus made a remix of Jugni by Alam and send it for free download, it was enacted by Kanika Kapoor and had a big budget music video with a lamborghini. Alam Lohar's Jugni was reaching new heights even after his death. Many big producers and artist have refreshed his songs by remixing them or doing covers of them. Alam Lohar's death anniversary is held every year in Pakistan, and is one of the days where Alam's song are on every single Radio channel to refresh the memory and the dedicaton he had for the Punjabi Folk industry.
Discography[link]
His famous songs are;
- Dharti Panj Daryavan Di
- Dil wala dukhra nahin kisse noon sunayee da
- Saiful Malook
- Qissa Hazrat Yousaf
- March ke modha hauly jaye sorry akh gaye
- Bol mitti diya bawiya
- Jugni
- Mirza
- Qissa Karbala
- Kalam baba Bulle shah
- Sohni Mahiwal
- Sassi ~Pannu
- Wajan mariayan bullayah
- England di Jugni
- Maa da Pyar (maa da qissa)
- Assan hun Tur Jaa naa
- Layee beqadran naal yaarey
- Qissa Hirni
- Qissa Puran Bhagat
- Rahee Khushay daa malka
- Me neel kariyan neelka
- 36 style formats of Heer Ranjha
- Kohee tu paneey motiyar nee
- Gabrro jat punjab daa
- Allah hoo haq Allah hoo
- Mohammed miah kee tarifan sunavaa
- Ghamaa vich jind mukh gaye
- Sutee rahgee nee maa patt dee phulegey
- kee dassa me kaun teh kidhroo sharher terey vich ayyah
- Jis din merah viah hohay gaa
- mee tee viah kar ke pachtayah
- mee vakh daa hee rehgeyah me vakh daa hee rehgayaa
- many versions of Dullah Bhatti
- too merey mohabbatein daa bootah putt gaye
References[link]
- ^ The land of the five Rivers
- ^ Taneja, Shailaja Tripathi (November 8, 2008). "A balladeer’s journey". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/11/08/stories/2008110852020800.htm. Retrieved 6 March 2012. "In 1965 folk musician Alam Lohar came up with the genre of jugni — songs about woman who travels from one place to another having interesting experiences."
External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Lohar, Alam |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1928 |
| Place of birth | Achh,Pakistan |
| Date of death | July 3, 1979 |
| Place of death | Sham ki Bhaitiyan |
http://wn.com/Alam_Lohar
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alam_Lohar
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
