- published: 08 Feb 2011
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- author: FractalInfinities
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Akkadian Empire
Coordinates: 33°6′N 44°6′E / 33.1°N 44.1°E / 33.1; 44.1
The Akkadian Empire (Akkadian URUAkkad KI, Hittite KUR A.GA.DÈ.KI "land of Akkad"; Biblical Hebrew אַכַּד Akkad) was an empire centered in the city of Akkad (Sumerian: Agade) and its surrounding region in Mesopotamia.
During the 3rd millennium BC, there developed a very intimate cultural symbiosis between the Sumerians and the Akkadians, which included widespread bilingualism.Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as a spoken language somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC (the exact dating being a matter of debate).
The Akkadian Empire reached its political peak between the 24th and 22nd centuries BC, following the conquests of its founder Sargon of Akkad (2334–2279 BC). Under Sargon and his successors, Akkadian language was briefly imposed on neighboring conquered states such as Elam. Akkad is sometimes regarded as the first empire in history, though there are earlier Sumerian claimants.[citation needed]
The precise archaeological site of the city of Akkad has not yet been found.[citation needed] The form Agade appears in Sumerian, for example in the Sumerian King List; the later Assyro-Babylonian form Akkadû ("of or belonging to Akkad") was likely derived from this. The etymology and meaning of Akkad (written a.ga.dèKI or URIKI) are unknown. Centuries later, the neo-Babylonian king Nabonidus mentioned in his archaeological records that Ishtar's worship in Agade was later superseded by that of the goddess Anunit, whose shrine was at Sippar—suggesting proximity of Sippar and Agade. Despite numerous searches, the city has never been found. One theory holds that Agade was situated opposite Sippar on the left bank of the Euphrates, and was perhaps the oldest part of the city of Sippar. Another theory is that the ruins of Akkad are to be found beneath modern Baghdad. Reputedly it was destroyed by invading Gutians with the fall of the Akkadian Empire.
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Alexandria
Alexandria (Arabic: الإسكندرية Al Iskandariyya, Coptic: Ⲣⲁⲕⲟⲧⲉ Rakotə, Greek: Αλεξάνδρεια Alexándria, Koine Greek: Ἀλεξάνδρεια ἡ κατ' Αἴγυπτον IPA: [ɑlɛˈksɑndɾiɑ e kɑt ˈɛʝypton] "Alexandria in Egypt", Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه [eskendeˈrejːæ]) is the second-largest city of Egypt, with a population of 4.1 million, extending about 32 km (20 mi) along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the north central part of the country; it is also the largest city lying directly on the Mediterranean coast. It is Egypt's largest seaport, serving approximately 80% of Egypt's imports and exports. Alexandria is also an important tourist resort. It is home to the Bibliotheca Alexandrina (the new Library of Alexandria). It is an important industrial centre because of its natural gas and oil pipelines from Suez.
Alexandria was founded around a small pharaonic town c. 331 BC by Alexander the Great. It remained Egypt's capital for nearly a thousand years, until the Muslim conquest of Egypt in AD 641, when a new capital was founded at Fustat (Fustat was later absorbed into Cairo). Alexandria was known because of its Lighthouse of Alexandria (Pharos), one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World; its library (the largest library in the ancient world); and the Catacombs of Kom el Shoqafa, one of the Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages. Ongoing maritime archaeology in the harbor of Alexandria, which began in 1994, is revealing details of Alexandria both before the arrival of Alexander, when a city named Rhacotis existed there, and during the Ptolemaic dynasty.
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Carthage
Carthage (Latin: Carthago or Karthago, Ancient Greek: Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Arabic: قرطاج Qarṭāj, Berber: ⴽⴰⵔⵜⴰⵊⴻⵏ Kartajen, Etruscan: *Carθaza, Modern Hebrew: קרתגו Qartágo, from the Phoenician Qart-ḥadašt meaning New City (Aramaic: קרתא חדאתא, Qarta Ḥdatha), implying it was a 'new Tyre', is a major urban centre that has existed for nearly 3,000 years on the Gulf of Tunis, developing from a Phoenician colony of the 1st millennium BC. It is currently a suburb of Tunis, Tunisia, with a population of 20,715 (2004 Census).
The first civilization that developed within the city's sphere of influence is referred to as Punic (a form of the word "Phoenician") or Carthaginian. The city of Carthage is located on the eastern side of Lake Tunis across from the centre of Tunis. According to Greek historians it was founded by Canaanite-speaking Phoenician colonists from Tyre (in modern Lebanon) under the leadership of Elissa who was renamed (Queen Dido) in Virgil's Aeneid. It became a large and rich city and thus a major power in the Mediterranean. The resulting rivalry with Syracuse, Numidia, and Rome was accompanied by several wars with respective invasions of each other's homeland.
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Ebla
Ebla (Arabic: إبلا, modern Tell Mardikh, Idlib Governorate, Syria) was an ancient city about 55 km (34 mi) southwest of Aleppo. It was an important city-state in two periods, first in the late third millennium BC, then again between 1800 and 1650 BC.
The site is most famous for the Ebla tablets, an archive of about 20,000 cuneiform tablets found there, dated from around 2250 BC, written in Sumerian script to record the Eblaite language — a previously unknown language that is now the earliest attested Semitic language after the closely related Akkadian.
In 1964, Italian archaeologists from the University of Rome La Sapienza under the direction of Paolo Matthiae began excavating at Tell Mardikh. In 1968, they recovered a statue dedicated to the goddess Ishtar bearing the name of Ibbit-Lim, a king of Ebla. That identified the city, long known from Egyptian and Akkadian inscriptions. In the next decade the team discovered a palace dating ca. 2500 – 2000 BC. About 2,500 well-preserved cuneiform tablets were discovered in the ruins. About 80% of the tablets are written using the usual Sumerian combination of logograms and phonetic signs, while the others exhibited an innovative, purely phonetic representation using Sumerian cuneiform of a previously unknown Semitic language, which was called Eblaite. Bilingual Sumerian/Eblaite vocabulary lists were found among the tablets, allowing them to be translated. Giovanni Pettinato and Mitchell Dahood believed the Eblaite language was West Semitic, however I. J. Gelb and others believed it was an East Semitic dialect, closer to the Akkadian language. Now it is commonly accepted that Eblaite is part of the East Semitic branch of Semitic, and very close to the Akkadian language.
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Hebron
Hebron (Arabic:
الخليل (help·info) al-Ḫalīl; Hebrew: חֶבְרוֹן (help·info), Standard Hebrew: Ḥevron, Tiberian: Ḥeḇrôn ISO 259-3: Ḥebron), is located in the southern West Bank, 30 km (19 mi) south of Jerusalem. Nestled in the Judean Mountains, it lies 930 meters (3,050 ft) above sea level. It is the largest city in the West Bank and home to an estimated 175,000 Palestinians, and over 500 Jewish settlers concentrated in and around the old quarter. The city is most notable for containing the traditional burial site of the biblical Patriarchs and Matriarchs and is therefore considered the second-holiest city in Judaism after Jerusalem. The city is also venerated by Muslims for its association with Abraham and was traditionally viewed as one of the "four holy cities of Islam."
Hebron is a busy hub of West Bank trade, responsible for roughly a third of the area's gross domestic product, largely due to the sale of marble from quarries. It is locally well known for its grapes, figs, limestone, pottery workshops and glassblowing factories, and is the location of the major dairy product manufacturer, al-Junaidi. The old city of Hebron is characterized by narrow, winding streets, flat-roofed stone houses, and old bazaars. The city is home to Hebron University and the Palestine Polytechnic University.
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Israel
Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
Israel, officially the State of Israel ( /ˈɪzriːəl/ or /ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Medīnat Yisrā'el, IPA: [me̞diˈnät jisʁäˈʔe̞l] (
listen); Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل, Dawlat Isrāʼīl, IPA: [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state.
Following the adoption of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption and implementation of the United Nations plan to partition Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, a state independent from the British Mandate for Palestine. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Portions of these territories, including east Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel, but the border with the neighboring West Bank has not yet been permanently defined.[neutrality is disputed] Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.
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Istanbul
Istanbul (Turkish: İstanbul) is the largest city in Turkey, forming the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With a population of 13.4 million, the city is at the center of the second-largest urban area in Europe after Moscow, and among the world's largest cities by population within city limits. Istanbul's vast area of 5,343 square kilometers (2,063 sq mi) is coterminous with Istanbul Province, of which the city is considered capital. Straddling the Bosphorus—one of the world's busiest waterways—in northwestern Turkey, between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea, Istanbul is a transcontinental city, with one third of its population living in Asia but its commercial and historical center in Europe.
Founded around 660 BC as Byzantium on the Seraglio Point, the city now known as Istanbul developed to become one of the most significant cities in history. For nearly sixteen centuries following its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 AD, it served as the capital of four empires — the late classical Roman Empire (330–395), the Eastern Roman ("Byzantine") Empire (395–1204 and 1261–1453), the Latin Empire (1204–1261), and the Ottoman Empire (1453–1922). It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times, before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold from which the last caliphate ruled. Although the Republic of Turkey established its capital elsewhere, in Ankara, remnants of Istanbul's previous central role still remain highly visible across the city, with palaces and imperial mosques lining its hills.
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Jericho
Jericho ( /ˈdʒɛrɪkoʊ/; Arabic: أريحا ʼArīḥā [ʔæˈriːħɑː] ( listen)); Hebrew: יְרִיחוֹ Yeriẖo [jeʁiˈħo] ( listen) is a city located near the Jordan River in the West Bank of the Palestinian territories. It is the capital of the Jericho Governorate and has a population of more than 20,000. Situated well below sea level on an east-west route 16 kilometres (10 mi) north of the Dead Sea, Jericho is the lowest permanently inhabited site on earth. It is also believed to be one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world.
Described in the Old Testament as the "City of Palm Trees", copious springs in and around Jericho have made it an attractive site for human habitation for thousands of years. It is known in Judeo-Christian tradition as the place of the Israelites' return from bondage in Egypt, led by Joshua, the successor to Moses. Archaeologists have unearthed the remains of more than 20 successive settlements in Jericho, the first of which dates back 11,000 years (9000 BCE), almost to the very beginning of the Holocene epoch of the Earth's history.
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Jerusalem
Jerusalem ( /dʒəˈruːsələm/; Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם Yerushaláyim ; Arabic: القُدس al-Quds and/or أورشليم Ûrshalîm) is the capital of Israel, though not internationally recognized as such, and one of the oldest cities in the world. It is located in the Judean Mountains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea. If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included, it is Israel's largest city in both population and area, with a population of 801,000 residents over an area of 125.1 km2 (48.3 sq mi). Jerusalem is also a holy city to the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
During its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, and captured and recaptured 44 times. The oldest part of the city was settled in the 4th millennium BCE. In 1538, walls were built around Jerusalem under Suleiman the Magnificent. Today those walls define the Old City, which has been traditionally divided into four quarters—known since the early 19th century as the Armenian, Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Quarters. The Old City became a World Heritage site in 1981, and is on the List of World Heritage in Danger. Modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond its boundaries.
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Moab
Moab (/ˈmoʊæb/; Moabite: 𐤌𐤀𐤁 Mʾb; Hebrew: מוֹאָב, Modern Mo'av Tiberian Môʼāḇ ; "seed of father"; Greek Μωάβ Mōav; Assyrian Mu'aba, Ma'ba, Ma'ab ; Egyptian Mu'ab) is the historical name for a mountainous strip of land in Jordan. The land lies alongside much of the eastern shore of the Dead Sea. The existence of the Kingdom of Moab is attested to by numerous archeological findings, most notably the Mesha Stele, which describes the Moabite victory over an unnamed son of King Omri of Israel. The Moabite capital was Dibon. In Biblical times, the nation was often in conflict with its Israelite neighbours to the west.
Moab occupied a plateau about 3,000 feet (910 m) above the level of the Mediterranean, or 4,300 feet (1,300 m) above the Dead Sea, and rising gradually from north to south.
It was bounded on the west by the Dead Sea and the southern section of the Jordan River; on the east by Ammon and the Arabian desert, from which it was separated by low, rolling hills; and on the south by Edom. The northern boundary varied, but in general it may be said to have been represented by a line drawn some miles above the northern extremity of the Dead Sea.
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Safed
Safed (Hebrew: צְפַת, Tzfat; Arabic: صفد, Safed, Ashkenazi: Tzfas; Biblical: Ṣ'fath, ISO 259-3: Çpat),[dubious – discuss] is a city in the Northern District of Israel. Located at an elevation of 900 metres (2,953 ft), Safed is the highest city in the Galilee and of Israel. Due to its high elevation, Safed experiences warm summers and cold, often snowy, winters. Since the sixteenth century, Safed has been considered one of Judaism's Four Holy Cities, along with Jerusalem, Hebron and Tiberias; since that time, the city has remained a center of Kabbalah, also known as Jewish mysticism.
Due to its beautiful setting surrounded by pine forests and its mild climate, Safed has become a summer holiday resort frequented by Israelis and foreign visitors alike. It has a lot of historic tourist attractions for both religious and secular Jews, as well as foreign tourists.
According to the Book of Judges, the area where Safed is located was assigned to the Tribe of Naphtali. Legend has it that Safed was founded by a son of Noah after the Great Flood.
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Temple in Jerusalem
The Temple in Jerusalem or Holy Temple (Hebrew: Hebrew: בֵּית־הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, Modern: Bet HaMikdash, Tiberian: Beṯ HamMiqdāš, Ashkenazi: Beis HaMikdosh) was one of a series of structures which were historically located on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem, the current site of the Dome of the Rock. Historically, these successive temples stood at this location and functioned as the centre of ancient Israelite and later Jewish worship. According to classical Jewish belief, the Temple acted as the figurative "footstool" of God's presence and a Third Temple will be built there in the future.
The Bible reports that the First Temple was built in 957 BCE by King Solomon (reigned c.970-c.930 BCE). As the sole place of Jewish sacrifice, the Temple replaced the portable sanctuary constructed in the Sinai Desert under the auspices of Moses, as well as local sanctuaries, and altars in the hills. This temple was however sacked a few decades later by Sheshonk I, Pharaoh of Egypt. Although efforts were made at partial reconstruction, it was only in 835 BCE when Jehoash, King of Judah in the second year of his reign invested considerable sums in reconstruction, only to have it stripped again for Sennacherib, King of Assyria in c700 BCE. The First Temple was totally destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BCE when they sacked the city.
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Tiberias
Tiberias ( /taɪˈbɪəriəs/; Hebrew: טְבֶרְיָה, Tverya, Tiveria (audio) (help·info); Arabic: طبرية, Ṭabariyyah) is a city on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee (also called the Kinneret), Lower Galilee, Israel. Established in 20 CE, it was named in honour of the emperor Tiberius.
Tiberias has been venerated in Judaism since the middle of the 2nd century CE and since the 16th century has been considered one of Judaism's Four Holy Cities, along with Jerusalem, Hebron and Safed. In the 2nd-10th centuries, Tiberias was the largest Jewish city in the Galilee and the political and religious hub of the Jews of Palestine. According to Christian tradition, Jesus performed several miracles in the Tiberias district, making it an important pilgrimage site for Christians. Tiberias has historically been known for its hot springs, believed to cure skin and other ailments, for thousands of years.
Tiberias was founded sometime around 20 CE in Herodian Tetrarchy of Galilee and Peraea by the Roman Jewish client king Herod Antipas, son of Herod the Great. Herod Antopas made it the capital of his realm in the Galilee. Tiberias had a Jewish majority, living alongside a heterogeneous population. It was named in honor of the Roman Emperor Tiberius. There is a legend that Tiberias was built on the site of the Israelite village of Rakkat, mentioned in the Book of Joshua (Joshua 19:35). A discussion of Tiberias as Rakkat appears in the Talmud.[better source needed] In The Antiquities of the Jews, the Roman-Jewish historian Josephus states that Tiberias was located near Emmaus. This location is repeated in The Wars of the Jews.[better source needed]
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Troy
Coordinates: 39°57′27″N 26°14′20″E / 39.9575°N 26.23889°E / 39.9575; 26.23889
Troy (Ancient Greek: Ἴλιον, Ilion, and Τροία, Troia; Latin: Trōia and Īlium;Hittite: Wilusa or Truwisa;Turkish: Truva) was a city, both factual and legendary, located in northwest Anatolia in what is now Turkey, southeast of the Dardanelles and beside Mount Ida. It is best known for being the setting of the Trojan War described in the Greek Epic Cycle and especially in the Iliad, one of the two epic poems attributed to Homer. Metrical evidence from the Iliad and the Odyssey seems to show that the name Ἴλιον (Ilion) formerly began with a digamma: Ϝίλιον (Wilion). This was later supported by the Hittite form Wilusa.
A new city called Ilium was founded on the site in the reign of the Roman Emperor Augustus. It flourished until the establishment of Constantinople and declined gradually during the Byzantine era.
In 1865, English archaeologist Frank Calvert excavated trial trenches in a field he had bought from a local farmer at Hisarlık, and in 1868, Heinrich Schliemann, wealthy German businessman and archaeologist, also began excavating in the area after a chance meeting with Calvert in Çanakkale. These excavations revealed several cities built in succession. Schliemann was at first skeptical about the identification of Hissarlik with Troy, but was persuaded by Calvert and took over Calvert's excavations on the eastern half of the Hissarlik site, which was on Calvert's property. Troy VII has been identified with the Hittite Wilusa, the probable origin of the Greek Ἴλιον, and is generally (but not conclusively) identified with Homeric Troy.
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Turkey
Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info)), is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia (mostly in the Anatolian peninsula) and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population are Muslims. The country's official language is Turkish, whereas Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who constitute 18% of the population.
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Ugarit
Ugarit (Ugaritic: 𐎜𐎂𐎗𐎚, ʼUgrt; Arabic: أوغاريت) was an ancient port city on the eastern Mediterranean at the Ras Shamra headland some 11 kilometres (7 mi) north of Latakia in northern Syria. Ugarit sent tribute to Egypt and maintained trade and diplomatic connections with Cyprus (then called Alashiya), documented in the archives recovered from the site and corroborated by Mycenaean and Cypriot pottery found there. The polity was at its height from ca. 1450 BC until 1200 BC.
Though the site is thought to have been inhabited earlier, Neolithic Ugarit was already important enough to be fortified with a wall early on, perhaps by 6000 BC. Ugarit was important perhaps because it was both a port and at the entrance of the inland trade route to the Euphrates and Tigris lands.[citation needed]
The first written evidence mentioning the city comes from the nearby city of Ebla, ca. 1800 BC. Ugarit passed into the sphere of influence of Egypt, which deeply influenced its art. The earliest Ugaritic contact with Egypt (and the first exact dating of Ugaritic civilization) comes from a carnelian bead identified with the Middle Kingdom pharaoh Senusret I, 1971 BC – 1926 BC. A stela and a statuette from the Egyptian pharaohs Senusret III and Amenemhet III have also been found. However, it is unclear at what time these monuments got to Ugarit. Amarna letters from Ugarit ca. 1350 BC record one letter each from Ammittamru I, Niqmaddu II, and his queen.[citation needed]
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Western Wall
The Western Wall, Wailing Wall or Kotel (Hebrew: הַכֹּתֶל הַמַּעֲרָבִי (help·info), translit.: HaKotel HaMa'aravi; Ashkenazic pronunciation: Kosel; Arabic: حائط البراق, translit.: Ḥā'iṭ Al-Burāq, translat.: The Buraq Wall) is located in the Old City of Jerusalem at the foot of the western side of the Temple Mount. It is a remnant of the ancient wall that surrounded the Jewish Temple's courtyard, and is arguably the most sacred site recognized by the Jewish faith outside of the Temple Mount itself. Just over half the wall, including its 17 courses located below street level, dates from the end of the Second Temple period, commonly believed to have been constructed around 19 BCE by Herod the Great, but recent excavations indicate that the works were not finished during Herod's lifetime. The remaining layers were added from the 7th century onwards. The Western Wall refers not only to the exposed section facing a large plaza in the Jewish Quarter, but also to the sections concealed behind structures running along the whole length of the Temple Mount, such as the Little Western Wall–a 25 ft (8 m) section in the Muslim Quarter.
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Yehud Medinata
Yehud Medinata (Aramaic for "the province of Judah") or simply Yehud, was an autonomous province of the Achaemenid (ancient Persia) empire, roughly equivalent to the older kingdom of Judah but covering a smaller area, within the satrapy of Eber-Nari. The region corresponded to the Babylonian province with the same name, formed after the fall of the kingdom of Judah to the Neo-Babylonian Empire (c.597 after its conquest of the Mediterranean east coast, and again in 585/6 BCE after suppressing an unsuccessful Judean revolt).
The name Yehud is known from coins unearthed in the region. Archaeological evidence is quite limited, and a history of the period is dependent almost entirely on biblical sources of often uncertain reliability.
There is not complete agreement on the chronology of the Babylonian and Persian periods: the following table is used in this article, but alternative dates for many events are plausible - this is especially true of the chronological sequence of Ezra and Nehemiah, with Ezra 7:6-8 stating that Ezra came to Jerusalem "in the seventh year of Artaxerxes the King," without specifying whether this was Artaxerxes I (465-424 BCE) or Artaxerxes II (404-359 BCE); the probable date for his mission is 458 BCE, but it is possible that it took place in 397 BCE.
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Aaron
In the Hebrew Bible and the Qur'an, Aaron ( /ˈærən/ or /ˈɛərən/;Hebrew: אַהֲרֹן Ahărōn, Arabic: هارون Hārūn, Greek (Septuagint): Ααρών ), who is often called "'Aaron the Priest"' (אֵהֲרֹן הֵכֹּהֵן) and once Aaron the Levite (אַהֲרֹן הַלֵּוִי) (Exodus 4:14), was the older brother of Moses, (Exodus 6:16-20, 7:7; Qur'an 28:34) and a prophet of God. He represented the priestly functions of his tribe, becoming the first High Priest of the Israelites. While Moses was receiving his education at the Egyptian royal court, and during his exile among the Midianites, Aaron and his sister Miriam remained with their kinsmen in the eastern border-land of Egypt (Goshen). There, Aaron gained a name for eloquent and persuasive speech, so that when the time came for the demand upon the Pharaoh to release Israel from captivity, Aaron became his brother’s nabi, or spokesman, to his own people (Exodus 7:1) and, after their unwillingness to hear, to the Pharaoh himself (Exodus 7:9). Various dates for his life have been proposed, ranging from approximately 1600 to 1200 BC.
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Abraham
Abraham (Hebrew: אַבְרָהָם (help·info), Modern: Avraham, Tiberian: ʼAḇrāhām, Ashkenazi Avrohom or Avruhom, Arabic: إبراهيم Ibrāhīm, Ge'ez: አብርሃም ʼAbrəham, Greek: Aβραάμ, Russian: Авраам), whose birth name was Abram, is the eponym of the Abrahamic religions, among which are Judaism, Christianity and Islam. According to both the Hebrew Bible and the Qur'an, through his sons Ishmael and Isaac, Abraham is the forefather of many tribes, namely the Ishmaelites, Israelites, Midianites and Edomites. Abraham was a descendant of Noah's son, Shem. Christians believe that Jesus was a descendant of Abraham through Isaac, and Muslims believe that Muhammad was a descendant of Abraham through Ishmael. Abraham is notable for his advocation and promotion of monotheism.
The Book of Genesis narrative that records the life of Abraham presents his role as one that could only be fulfilled through a monotheistic covenant established between him and God. The Qur'an has stories about Abraham and his offspring that are similar to the Bible's. In Islam, Abraham is recognised as a prophet, patriarch and messenger, archetype of the perfect Muslim, and reformer of the Kaaba.
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Abraham Geiger
Abraham Geiger (24 May 1810 in Frankfurt am Main – 23 October 1874 in Berlin) was a German rabbi and scholar who led the founding of Reform Judaism. He sought to remove all nationalistic elements (particularly the "Chosen People" doctrine) from Judaism, stressing it as an evolving and changing religion.
As a child, Geiger started doubting the traditional understanding of Judaism when his studies in classical history seemed to contradict the biblical claims of divine authority. At the age of seventeen, he began writing his first work, a comparison between the legal style of the Mishnah and Biblical and Talmudic law. He also worked on a dictionary of Mishnaic (Rabbinic) Hebrew.
Geiger's friends provided him with financial assistance which enabled him to attend the University in Heidelberg, to the great disappointment of his family. His main focus was centered on the areas of philology, Syriac, Hebrew, and classics, but he also attended lectures in Old Testament, philosophy, and archaeology. After one semester, he transferred to the University of Bonn, where he studied at the same time as Samson Raphael Hirsch. Hirsch initially formed a friendship with Geiger, and with him organized a society of Jewish students for the stated purpose of practicing homiletics, but with the deeper intention of bringing them closer to Jewish values. It was to this society that Geiger preached his first sermon (January 2, 1830). In later years he and Hirsch became bitter opponents as the leaders of two opposing Jewish movements.
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Abraham ibn Ezra
Rabbi Abraham Ben Meir Ibn Ezra (Hebrew: אברהם אבן עזרא or ראב"ע, Arabic ابن عزرا; also known as Abenezra) (1089 — 1164) was born at Tudela, Navarre Tudela, Navarre (now in Spain) in 1089, and died c. 1167, apparently in Calahorra. He was one of the most distinguished Jewish men of letters and writers of the Middle Ages. Ibn Ezra excelled in philosophy, astronomy/astrology, mathematics, poetry, linguistics, and exegesis; he was called The Wise, The Great and The Admirable Doctor.
He was born at Tudela[citation needed], (current day province of Navarre) when the town was under the Muslim rule of the emirs of Zaragoza. Later he lived in Córdoba. In Granada, it is said, he met his future friend (and perhaps his father-in-law) Yehuda Halevi. He left Spain before 1140 to escape persecution of the Jews by the new fanatical regime of the Almohads. He led a life of restless wandering, which took him to North Africa, Egypt (in 1109, maybe in the company of Yehuda Halevi), the Land of Israel, Italy (Rome in 1140-1143, Lucca, Mantua, Verona), Southern France (Rodez, Narbonne, Béziers), Northern France (Dreux), England (London, and Oxford in 1158), and back again to Narbonne in 1161, until his death on January 23 or 28, 1167, the exact location unknown: maybe at Calahorra at the border of Navarre and Aragon, or maybe in Rome or in the Holy Land.
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Akhenaten
Akhenaten ( /ˌɑːkəˈnɑːtən/; also spelled Echnaton,Ikhnaton, and Khuenaten; meaning "living spirit of Aten") known before the fifth year of his reign as Amenhotep IV (sometimes given its Greek form, Amenophis IV, and meaning Amun is Satisfied), was a Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt who ruled for 17 years and died perhaps in 1336 BC or 1334 BC. He is especially noted for abandoning traditional Egyptian polytheism and introducing worship centered on the Aten, which is sometimes described as monotheistic or henotheistic. An early inscription likens the Aten to the sun as compared to stars, and later official language avoids calling the Aten a god, giving the solar deity a status above mere gods.
Akhenaten tried to bring about a departure from traditional religion, yet in the end it would not be accepted. After his death, traditional religious practice was gradually restored, and when some dozen years later rulers without clear rights of succession from the Eighteenth Dynasty founded a new dynasty, they discredited Akhenaten and his immediate successors, referring to Akhenaten himself as "the enemy" in archival records.
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Arthur Kurzweil
Arthur Kurzweil (born in 1951) is an American author, educator, editor, writer, publisher, and illusionist.
Kurzweil was born in New York City. He was raised in East Meadow, New York. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from New College at Hofstra University in 1971 and a Master of Library Science from Florida State University in 1972.
As a scholar-in-residence and guest speaker in synagogues and other Jewish organizations in the United States, as well as through the books he has written on Judaism, the Torah, Kabbalah, and Jewish genealogical research, Kurzweil’s career has been focused around helping others to discover the Jewish tradition. During his 17-year tenure at Jason Aronson Publishers, he commissioned and published over 650 volumes of Jewish interest, a substantial contribution to the contemporary English-language Jewish library. Kurzweil has also been editor-in-chief of the Jewish Book Club, president of the Jewish Book Council, and editorial consultant for Jossey-Bass.
Kurzweil's book From Generation to Generation: How to Trace Your Jewish Genealogy and Family History is considered to be a definitive introductory guide on the topic.[citation needed] Kurzweil has also authored two books in the for Dummies series: Kabbalah for Dummies and The Torah for Dummies. His other books are On the Road with Rabbi Steinsaltz, The Encyclopedia of Jewish Genealogy and My Generations: A Course in Jewish Family History, which is commonly used as a textbook at synagogue schools in the United States.
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Aryeh Kaplan
Aryeh Moshe Eliyahu Kaplan (Hebrew: אריה משה אליהו קפלן; 23 October 1934-28 January 1983) was a noted American Orthodox rabbi and author known for his "intimate knowledge of both physics and kabbalah". He was lauded as an original thinker and prolific writer, from studies of the Torah, Talmud and mysticism to introductory pamphlets on Jewish beliefs and philosophy aimed at non-religious and newly religious Jews. His works are often regarded as a significant factor in the growth of the baal teshuva movement.
Rabbi Kaplan was born in the Bronx, New York City, to the Sefardi Recanati family of Salonika, Greece. He studied at Yeshiva Torah Vodaas and the Mir yeshiva in Brooklyn. Kaplan received semicha from some of Israel's foremost rabbinic authorities, including Rabbi Eliezer Yehuda Finkel. He also earned a master's degree in physics and was listed in a "Who's Who in Physics" in the United States.
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Asher ben Jehiel
Asher ben Jehiel- Ashkenazi (Hebrew, אשר בן יחיאל, or Asher ben Yechiel, sometimes Asheri) (1250 or 1259 – 1327) was an eminent rabbi and Talmudist best known for his abstract of Talmudic law. He is often referred to as Rabbenu Asher, “our Rabbi Asher” or by the Hebrew acronym for this title, the ROSH (Hebrew, רא"ש, literally "Head"). His yahrzeit is on the 9 Cheshvan.
The Rosh was born in western Germany and died in Toledo, Spain. His family was prominent for learning and piety, his father Yechiel was a Talmudist, and one of his ancestors was Rabbi Eliezer ben Nathan (the RaABaN). Asher had eight sons, the most prominent of whom were Judah and Jacob, author of the Arba'ah Turim, a code of Jewish law. His primary teacher was the Tosafist Rabbi Meir of Rothenburg, then in Worms. In addition to his studies, ROSH worked in money lending, and according to his own statement, was independently wealthy.
In 1286, Emperor Rudolf I had instituted a new persecution of the Jews, and Rabbi Meir left Germany, but was captured and imprisoned. The ROSH raised a ransom for his release, but Rabbi Meir refused it, for fear of encouraging the imprisonment of other rabbis. Thereafter the Rosh assumed Rabbi Meir's position in Worms. He was, however, forced to emigrate (in all likelihood, a victim of blackmail by the government, aimed at acquiring his fortune). After leaving Germany, he first settled in southern France, and then in Toledo, Spain, where he became rabbi on the recommendation of Rabbi Solomon ben Abraham Adret (RaShBA). Rabbenu Asher's son Judah testified to the fact that he died in poverty. Rabbeinu Asher died in Toledo on 9 Cheshvan 5089 (1328 CE).
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Baal Shem Tov
Rabbi Yisroel (Israel) ben Eliezer (רבי ישראל בן אליעזר) (August 25, 1698 — May 22, 1760), often called Baal Shem Tov (/ˌbɑːl ˈʃɛm ˌtʊv/ or /ˌtʊf/) or Besht, was a Jewish mystical rabbi. He is considered to be the founder of Hasidic Judaism (see also Mezhbizh Hasidic dynasty).
The Besht was born to Eliezer and Sara in Okopy (Ukrainian: Окопи) a small village that over the centuries has been part of Poland, Russia, and is now part of Ukraine, (located in the Borschiv Raion (district) of the Ternopil Oblast). He died in Medzhybizh, (Ukrainian: Меджибіж, Polish: Międzybórz, Międzyborz or Międzybóż, Yiddish: מעזשביזש), which had once been part Poland and Russia, and is also now in Ukraine, in the Khmelnytskyi Oblast (not to be confused with other cities of the same name).
The Besht is better known to many religious Jews as “the holy Baal Shem” (der heyliger baal shem in Yiddish), or most commonly, the Baal Shem Tov (בעל שם טוב). The title Baal Shem Tov is usually translated into English as “Master of the Good Name,” but at least two other translations are possible:
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David
David (Hebrew: דָּוִד, דָּוִיד, Modern David Tiberian Dāwîḏ; ISO 259-3 Dawid; Strong's Daveed; beloved; Arabic: داوود or داود Dāwūd) was, according to the Hebrew Bible, the second king of the United Kingdom of Israel and, according to the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke, an ancestor of Jesus. David is seen as a major Prophet in Islamic traditions. His life is conventionally dated to c. 1040–970 BC, his reign over Judah c. 1010–1003 BC,[citation needed] and his reign over the United Kingdom of Israel c. 1003–970 BC.[citation needed] The Books of Samuel, 1 Kings, and 1 Chronicles are the only sources of information on David, although the Tel Dan stele records "House of David", which some take as confirmation of the existence in the mid-9th century BC of a Judean royal dynasty called the "House of David".
David is very important to Jewish, Christian and Islamic doctrine and culture. In Judaism, David, or David HaMelekh, is the King of Israel, and the Jewish people. Jewish tradition maintains that a direct descendant of David will be the Messiah. In Islam, he is known as Dawud, considered to be a prophet and the king of a nation. He is depicted as a righteous king, though not without faults, as well as an acclaimed warrior, musician, and poet, traditionally credited for composing many of the psalms contained in the Book of Psalms.
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Deborah
Deborah (Hebrew: דְבוֹרָה, Modern Dvora Tiberian Dəḇôrā ; "Bee", Arabic: دبورة Daborah) was a prophetess of the God of the Israelites, the fourth Judge of pre-monarchic Israel, counselor, warrior, and the wife of Lapidoth according to the Book of Judges chapters 4 and 5.
The only female judge mentioned in the Bible, Deborah led a successful counterattack against the forces of Jabin king of Canaan and his military commander Sisera, the narrative is recounted in chapter 4.
Judges chapter 5 gives the same story in poetic form. This passage, often called The Song of Deborah, may date to as early as the 12th century BC and is perhaps the earliest sample of Hebrew poetry. It is also significant because it is one of the oldest passages that portrays fighting women, the account being that of Jael, the wife of Heber, a Kenite tent maker. Jael killed Sisera by driving a tent peg through his temple as he slept. Both Deborah and Jael are portrayed as strong independent women. The poem may have been included in the Book of the Wars of the Lord mentioned in Numbers 21:14.
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Eldad and Medad
Eldad and Medad are mentioned in the Book of Numbers, and are described as having prophesied among the Israelites, despite the fact that they had remained in the camp, while 70 elders had gone to the tabernacle outside the camp to receive the ability to prophesy from God. According to the narrative, Joshua asked Moses to forbid Eldad and Medad from prophecy, but Moses argued that it was a good thing that others could prophesy, and that ideally all the Israelites would prophesy.
In rabbinical tradition, Eldad and Medad are said to have predicted a war with Gog and Magog, with the king from Magog uniting the non-Jews and launching war in Palestine against the Jews, but these non-Jews being defeated and slain by fire from God's throne. Some classical rabbinical literature argues that the non-Jews would be at the mercy of the Jewish Messiah; such Messianic connections of Eldad and Medad also circulated among early Christian groups, and a particularly popular discussion of such prophecy was even quoted in the deutero- canonical Shepherd of Hermas.
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Elijah
Elijah ( /ɨˈlaɪdʒə/; also Elias /ɨˈlaɪ.əs/; Hebrew: אֱלִיָּהוּ, Eliyahu, meaning "Yahweh is my God";Arabic:إلياس, Ilyās), was a prophet in the northern kingdom of Israel during the reign of Ahab (9th century BC), according to the Books of Kings.
According to the Books of Kings, Elijah defended the worship of Yahweh over that of the Phoenician god Baal; he raised the dead, brought fire down from the sky, and was taken up in a whirlwind (either accompanied by a chariot and horses of flame or riding in it). In the Book of Malachi, Elijah's return is prophesied "before the coming of the great and terrible day of the Lord," making him a harbinger of the Messiah and the eschaton in various faiths that revere the Hebrew Bible. Derivative references to Elijah appear in the Talmud, Mishnah, the New Testament, and the Qur'an.
In Judaism, Elijah's name is invoked at the weekly Havdalah ritual that marks the end of Shabbat, and Elijah is invoked in other Jewish customs, among them the Passover seder and the Brit milah (ritual circumcision). He appears in numerous stories and references in the Haggadah and rabbinic literature, including the Babylonian Talmud.
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Enheduanna
Enheduanna (Akkadian: 𒂗𒃶𒁺𒀭𒈾; 2285-2250 BCE), also transliterated as Enheduana, En-hedu-ana or EnHeduAnna ("en" means High Priestess, and "hedu" means adornment, so this name translates to "high priestess adornment of the god, An"), was an Akkadian princess as well as High Priestess of the Moon god Nanna (Sin) in the Sumerian city-state of Ur. She was the first known holder of the title "En Priestess", a role of great political importance that was often held by royal daughters. Enheduanna was an aunt of Akkadian king Narām-Sîn, and she was one of the earliest women in history whose name is known.
Regarded by literary and historical scholars as possibly the earliest known author and poet of either gender, Enheduanna served as the High Priestess during the third millennium BCE. She was appointed to the role by her father, King Sargon of Akkad. Her mother was Queen Tashlultum. Enheduanna has left behind a corpus of literary works definitively ascribed to her that include many personal devotions to the goddess Inanna and a collection of hymns known as the "Sumerian Temple Hymns" that are regarded as one of the first attempts at a systematic theology. In addition, scholars such as Hallo and Van Dijk suggest that certain texts that have not been ascribed to her may also be her works.
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Ezra
Ezra ( /ˈɛzrə/; Hebrew: עזרא, Ezra; fl. 480–440 BC), also called Ezra the Scribe (Hebrew: עזרא הסופר, Ezra ha-Sofer) and Ezra the Priest in the Book of Ezra. According to the Hebrew Bible he returned from the Babylonian exile and reintroduced the Torah in Jerusalem (Ezra 7-10 and Neh 8). According to First Esdras, a non-canonical Greek translation of the Book of Ezra, he was also a high priest.
His name may be an abbreviation of Azaryahu, "God-helps". In the Greek Septuagint the name is rendered Esdras (Greek: Ἔσδρας), from which Latin: Esdras.
The Book of Ezra describes how he led a group of Judean exiles living in Babylon to their home city of Jerusalem (Ezra 8.2-14) where he enforced observance of the Torah and cleansed the community of mixed marriages.
Ezra, known as "Ezra the scribe" in Chazalic literature, is a highly respected figure in Judaism.
The canonical Book of Ezra and Book of Nehemiah are the oldest sources for the activity of Ezra, whereas many of the other books ascribed to Ezra (First Esdras, 3-6 Ezra) are later literary works dependent on the canonical books of Ezra and Nehemiah.
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Gershom ben Judah
Gershom ben Judah, (c. 960 -1040? -1028?) best known as Rabbeinu Gershom (Hebrew: רבנו גרשום, "Our teacher Gershom") and also commonly known to scholars of Judaism by the title Rabbeinu Gershom Me'Or Hagolah ("Our teacher Gershom the light of the exile"), was a famous Talmudist and Halakhist.
Rashi of Troyes (d. 1105) said less than a century after Gershom's death, "all members of the Ashkenazi diaspora are students of his." As early as the 14th century Asher ben Jehiel wrote that Rabbeinu Gershom's writings were "such permanent fixtures that they may well have been handed down on Mount Sinai."
He is most famous for the synod he called around 1000 CE, in which he instituted various laws and bans.
Born in Metz in 960, Gershom was a student of Judah ben Meir ha-Kohen (Sir Léontin), who was one of the greatest authorities of his time. Having lost his first wife, Gershom married a widow named Bonna and settled at Mainz (Mayence), where he devoted himself to teaching the Talmud. During his lifetime Mainz became a center of Torah and Jewish scholarship for many Jewish communities in Europe that had formerly been connected with the Babylonian yeshivas. He was the spiritual guide of the fledgling Ashkenazic Jewish communities and was very influential in molding them at a time when their population was dwindling.
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Gersonides
Levi ben Gershon, better known by his Latinised name as Gersonides or the abbreviation of first letters as RaLBaG (1288–1344), philosopher, Talmudist, mathematician, astronomer/astrologer. He was born at Bagnols in Languedoc, France. According to Abraham Zacuto and others, he was the son of Gerson ben Solomon Catalan.
As in the case of the other medieval Jewish philosophers little is known of his life. His family had been distinguished for piety and exegetical skill in Talmud, but though he was known in the Jewish community by commentaries on certain books of the Bible, he never seems to have accepted any rabbinical post. It has been suggested that the uniqueness of his opinions may have put obstacles in the way of his preferment. He is known to have been at Avignon and Orange during his life, and is believed to have died in 1344, though Zacuto asserts that he died at Perpignan in 1370.
Part of his writings consist of commentaries on the portions of Aristotle then known, or rather of commentaries on the commentaries of Averroes. Some of these are printed in the early Latin editions of Aristotle’s works. His most important treatise, that by which he has a place in the history of philosophy, is entitled Sefer Milhamot Ha-Shem, ("The Wars of the Lord"), and occupied twelve years in composition (1317–1329). A portion of it, containing an elaborate survey of astronomy as known to the Arabs, was translated into Latin in 1342 at the request of Pope Clement VI.
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Gordon Wenham
Gordon Wenham (born 1943) is an Old Testament scholar and author of several books about the Bible. Tremper Longman has called him "one of the finest evangelical commentators today."
Wenham read theology at Cambridge University, graduating in 1965 with distinction, and completed his PhD on Deuteronomy in 1970. He has been awarded several scholarships in connection with Old Testament studies and has studied in Germany, America and Jerusalem. Wenham has written a large number of articles and several books, including commentaries on Genesis, Leviticus and Numbers, and more recently a study of Old Testament narrative ethics, Story as Torah (T & T Clark, 2000), and Exploring the Old Testament: the Pentateuch (SPCK: 2003).
Gordon Wenham was, until 2005, senior professor of Old Testament at the University of Gloucestershire, a post he held for 10 years. He is currently lecturing at Trinity College, Bristol.
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Hasidic Judaism
Hasidic Judaism or Hasidism, from the Hebrew: חסידות—Ḥasidut (IPA: [ħɑsiduθ]) in Sephardi Hebrew, Chasidus (IPA: [χɑsidus]) in Ashkenazi Hebrew and Yiddish, meaning "piety" (literally "loving kindness"), is a branch of Orthodox Judaism that promotes spirituality and joy through the popularisation and internalisation of Jewish mysticism as the fundamental aspects of the Jewish faith. It was founded in 18th century Eastern Europe by Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov as a reaction against overly legalistic Judaism. His example began the characteristic veneration of leadership in Hasidism as embodiments and intercessors of Divinity for the followers.[citation needed] Opposite to this, Hasidic teachings cherished the sincerity and concealed holiness of the unlettered common folk, and their equality with the scholarly elite. The emphasis on the Immanent Divine presence in everything gave new value to prayer and deeds of kindness, alongside Rabbinic supremacy of study, and replaced historical mystical (kabbalistic) and ethical (musar) asceticism and admonishment with optimism, encouragement, and daily fervour. This populist emotional revival accompanied the elite ideal of nullification to paradoxical Divine Panentheism, through intellectual articulation of inner dimensions of mystical thought.
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Herod the Great
Herod (Hebrew: הוֹרְדוֹס, Hordos, Greek: Ἡρῴδης, Hērōdēs), also known as Herod the Great (born 73 or 74 BCE, died 4 BCE in Jericho), was a Roman client king of Judea. His epithet of "the Great" is widely disputed as he is described as "a madman who murdered his own family and a great many rabbis." He is also known for his colossal building projects in Jerusalem and elsewhere, including his expansion of the Second Temple in Jerusalem (sometimes referred to as Herod's Temple) and the construction of the port at Caesarea Maritima. Important details of his biography are gleaned from the works of the 1st century CE Roman-Jewish historian Josephus Flavius.
The Romans made Herod's son Herod Archelaus ethnarch of Judea, Samaria, and Idumea (biblical Edom) from 4 BCE to 6 CE, referred to as the tetrarchy of Judea. Archelaus was judged incompetent by the Roman emperor Augustus who then combined Samaria, Judea proper and Idumea into Iudaea province under rule of a prefect until 41. Herod's other son Herod Antipas was tetrarch of Galilee from 4 BCE – 39 CE.
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Hiloni
Hiloni (Hebrew: חִלּוֹנִי), plural hilonim (Hebrew: חִלּוֹנִים) derived from the Hebrew word hulin, meaning secular or mundane, is the term used in Israel for non-religious Jews.
As natives of Israel, hilonim speak Hebrew. As Israel is a Jewish state, many hilonim observe national holidays and customs, such as Israel's Independence Day, and Holocaust Remembrance Day.
The concept of Modern-day Political Zionism, in itself, was founded largely upon secular beliefs and values. Theodor Herzl, founder of the Modern Day Zionist movement, was an assimilated Austrian Jew. At first, most of those immigrating to Palestine were Orthodox Jews who immigrated due to the holiness of the land and their wish to be buried in Jerusalem (due to the belief that The Messiah will resurrect those interred in Jerusalem first before the rest of the world). With the onset of numerous pogroms throughout Eastern Europe, many Jews citing security, freedom of religion, and strong Zionist affinities left their surrogate lands to settle in their native homeland, the Land of Israel. During the first wave (1882–1903) of Zionist aliyah, and especially during the Second Aliyah (1904–1914) the Jewish population of Ottoman Palestine, consisting mainly of secular or nontraditional Jews, greatly increased. These Olim founded cities such as Tel Aviv and established kibbutzim which were based around ideas of socialism, not necessarily connected to Judaism as a religion or a set of values. As the number of new immigrants increased so did the proportion of secular Jews. Up to, and during the Establishment of The State of Israel, the number of religious Jews was relatively minor.
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Hosea
Hosea ( /ˌhoʊˈzeɪ.ə/; Hebrew: הוֹשֵׁעַ, Modern Hoshea Tiberian Hôšēăʻ ; "Salvation", Greek Ὠσηέ = Ōsēe) was the son of Beeri, a prophet in Israel in the 8th century BC and author of the book of prophecies bearing his name. He is one of the Twelve Prophets of the Jewish Hebrew Bible, also known as the Minor Prophets of the Christian Old Testament. Hosea is often seen as a "prophet of doom", but underneath his message of destruction is a promise of restoration. The Talmud (Pesachim 87a) claims from God that he was the greatest prophet of his generation, which included the more famous Isaiah. The period of Hosea's ministry extended to some sixty years and he was the only prophet of Israel who left any written prophecy.
The name "Hosea", probably meaning "help," seems to have been not uncommon, being derived from the auspicious verb from which we have the frequently recurring word "salvation." It may be a contraction of a larger form of which the Divine name or its abbreviation formed a part, so as to signify "God is help," or "Help, God." according to Numbers 13:8,16 that was the original name of Joshua son of Nun, till Moses gave him the longer name (compounded with the name of Yahweh) which he continued to bear (yehoshua`), "Yahweh is salvation.".
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Hyksos
The Hyksos ([pronunciation?]Egyptian heqa khasewet, "foreign rulers"; Greek Ὑκσώς, Ὑξώς, Arabic: الملوك الرعاة, shepherd kings) were an Asiatic people who took over the eastern Nile Delta and ending the the thirteenth dynasty, initiating the Second Intermediate Period of ancient Egypt.
The Hyksos first appeared in Egypt during the eleventh dynasty, began their climb to power in the thirteenth dynasty, and came out of the second intermediate period in control of Avaris and the Delta. By the fifteenth dynasty, they ruled Lower Egypt, and at the end of the seventeenth dynasty, they were expelled.
The historian Josephus maintains that the Hyksos where in fact the children of Jacob who joined his son Joseph to escape the famine in the land of Canaan.
There are various hypotheses as to the Hyksos ethnic identity. Most archeologists[who?] describe the Hyksos as multi-ethnic, to include all of the peoples who occupied the emporia of the delta. Some were warlords seeking employment by the Egyptians as mercenaries. Some were unemployed agricultural workers looking for work helping produce food and resorting to banditry, theft and other crimes when they did not get it. Some were skilled tradesmen, professionals, doctors, lawyers, scribes, priests, diplomats, accountants. Some were merchants importing raw materials: timber from Byblos, semi-precious stones from as far away as Afghanistan, tin, copper, bronze, medicines for the doctors, perfumes for the wigmakers, bitumen, natron, linen, frankincense and myrrh for the mummification industry at Karnak or exporting grain and beer to as far away as Greece.
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Isaac
Isaac ( /ˈaɪzək/;Hebrew: יִצְחָק, Modern Yitsẖak Tiberian Yiṣḥāq, ISO 259-3 Yiçḥaq, "he will laugh"; Yiddish: יצחק, Yitskhok; Ancient Greek: Ἰσαάκ, Isaak; Latin: Isaac; Arabic: إسحاق or Arabic: إسحٰقʼIsḥāq) as described in the Hebrew Bible, was the only son Abraham had with his wife Sarah, and was the father of Jacob and Esau. Isaac was one of the three patriarchs of the Israelites. According to the Book of Genesis, Abraham was 100 years old when Isaac was born, and Sarah was beyond childbearing years.
Isaac was the only biblical patriarch whose name was not changed, and the only one who did not leave Canaan. Compared to those of Abraham and Jacob, Isaac's story relates fewer incidents of his life. He died when he was 180 years old, making him the longest-lived patriarch.
The anglicized name Isaac is a transliteration of the Hebrew term Yiṣḥāq which literally means "He laughs/will laugh."Ugaritic texts dating from the 13th century BCE refer to the benevolent smile of the Canaanite deity El. Genesis, however, ascribes the laughter to Isaac's parents, Abraham and Sarah, rather than El. According to the biblical narrative, Abraham fell on his face and laughed when Elohim imparted the news of their son's eventual birth. He laughed because Sarah was past the age of childbearing; both she and Abraham were advanced in age. Later, when Sarah overheard three messengers of the Lord renew the promise, she laughed inwardly for the same reason. Sarah denied laughing when Elohim questioned Abraham about it.
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Isaac Abrabanel
Isaac ben Judah Abrabanel, (Lisbon, 1437 – Venice, 1508), commonly referred to (erroneously) just as AbARbanel, was a Portuguese Jewish statesman, philosopher, Bible commentator, and financier.
Abrabanel was born in Lisbon, Portugal, into one of the oldest and most distinguished Jewish Iberian families who had escaped persecution in Castile during 1391. A student of the rabbi of Lisbon, Joseph Chaim, he became well versed in rabbinic literature and in the learning of his time, devoting his early years to the study of Jewish philosophy. Abrabanel is quoted as saying that he included Joseph ibn Shem-Tov as his mentor. At twenty years old, he wrote on the original form of the natural elements, on religious questions and prophecy. Together with his intellectual abilities, he showed a complete mastery of financial matters. This attracted the attention of King Afonso V of Portugal who employed him as treasurer.
Notwithstanding his high position and the great wealth he had inherited from his father, his love for his afflicted brethren was unabated. When Arzila, in Morocco, was captured by the Moors, and the Jewish captives were sold as slaves, he contributed largely to the funds needed to free them, and personally arranged for collections throughout Portugal. He also wrote to his learned and wealthy friend, Vitale (Yehiel) Nissim da Pisa, on behalf of the captives.
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Isaac Alfasi
Isaac ben Jacob Alfasi ha-Cohen (1013 - 1103) (Hebrew: ר' יצחק אלפסי) - also known as the Alfasi or by his Hebrew acronym Rif (Rabbi Isaac al-Fasi), was a Talmudist and posek (decider in matters of halakha - Jewish law). He is best known for his work of halakha, the legal code Sefer Ha-halachot, considered the first fundamental work in halakhic literature. He was born in the Algerian city Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad, but spent the majority of his career in Fes, and is therefore known as "Alfasi" ("of Fes" in Arabic).
Alfasi was born in Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad, the capital city of the Hammadid rulers of central Maghreb. He studied in Kairouan, Tunisia under Rabbeinu's Nissim ben Jacob, and Chananel ben Chushiel the recognized rabbinical authorities of the age. Rabbeinu Chananel trained Alfasi to deduce and to clarify the Halakha from Talmudic sources, and Alfasi then conceived of the idea of compiling a comprehensive work that would present all of the practical conclusions of the Gemara in a clear, definitive manner. To achieve this goal, he worked for ten consecutive years in his father-in-law's attic.
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Isaac Luria
Isaac (ben Solomon) Luria Ashkenazi (1534 – July 25, 1572) (Hebrew:יִצְחָק בן שלמה לוּרְיָא אשכנזי Yitzhak Ben Sh'lomo Lurya Ashkenazi), commonly known as "Ha'ARI" (meaning "The Lion"), "Ha'ARI Hakadosh" [the holy ARI] or "ARIZaL" [the ARI, Zikhrono Livrakha] was a foremost rabbi and Jewish mystic in the community of Safed in the Galilee region of Ottoman Palestine. He is considered the father of contemporary Kabbalah, his teachings being referred to as Lurianic Kabbalah. While his direct literary contribution to the Kabbalistic school of Safed was extremely minute (he wrote only a few poems), his spiritual fame led to their veneration and the acceptance of his authority. The works of his disciples compiled his oral teachings into writing. Every custom of the Ari was scrutinized, and many were accepted, even against previous practice.
Luria died at Safed, Ottoman Empire controlled Land of Israel, July 25, 1572 (5 Av 5332). He was buried in the Old Cemetery of Safed.
Luria was born in 1534 in Jerusalem in what is now the Old Yishuv Court Museum to an Ashkenazi father, Solomon, and a Sephardic mother.
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Jacob
Jacob ( /ˈdʒeɪkəb/; Hebrew: יַעֲקֹב Standard Yaʿakov, Tiberian Yaʿăqōḇ (help·info); Septuagint Greek: Ἰακώβ Iakōb; Arabic: يَعْقُوب Yaʿqūb; "heel" or "leg-puller"), also later known as Israel (Hebrew: יִשְׂרָאֵל, Standard Yisraʾel, Tiberian Yiśrāʾēl; Septuagint Greek: Ἰσραήλ Israēl; Arabic: إِسْرَائِيل Isrāʾīl; "persevere with God"), as described in the Hebrew Bible, the Talmud, the New Testament and the Qur'an was the third patriarch of the Hebrew people with whom God made a covenant, and ancestor of the tribes of Israel, which were named after his descendants.
In the Hebrew Bible, he is the son of Isaac and Rebekah, the grandson of Abraham and Sarah and of Bethuel, and the younger twin brother of Esau. Jacob had twelve sons and at least one daughter, by his two wives, Leah and Rachel, and by their female slaves Bilhah and Zilpah. The children named in Genesis were Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zebulun, daughter Dinah, Joseph, and Benjamin.
Before the birth of Benjamin, Jacob is renamed "Israel" by an angel (Genesis 32:28-29 and 35:10). The name "Israel" can be translated as "God contended", but other meanings have also been suggested. Some commentators say the name comes from the verb śœarar ("to rule, be strong, have authority over"), thereby making the name mean "God rules" or "God judges". Other possible meanings include "the prince of God" (from the King James Version) or "El fights/struggles".
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Jewish Buddhist
A Jewish Buddhist (also Jewbu or Jubu or Buju) is a person with a Jewish background who practices forms of Buddhist meditation and spirituality. The term Jubu was first brought into wide circulation with the publication of The Jew in the Lotus (1994) by Rodger Kamenetz. In some cases, the term can refer to individuals who practice both traditions; in other cases, "Jewish" is no more than an ethnic designation where the person's main religious practice is Buddhism. In yet other cases, a Jubu is simply a Jew with an interest in Buddhism. A large demographic of Jewish Buddhists, constituting its majority, still maintain religious practices and beliefs in Judaism coupled with Buddhist practices and perhaps beliefs.
The first recorded instance of an American being converted to Buddhism on American soil occurred at the 1893 exposition on world religions and the convert had been a Jew named Charles Strauss. He declared himself a Buddhist at a public lecture that followed the World Conference on Religions in 1893. Strauss later became an author and leading expositor of Buddhism in the West. After World War II, there was increasing interest in Buddhism, associated with the Beat generation. Zen was the most important influence at that time. A new wave of Jews involved with Buddhism came in the late 1960s. Prominent teachers included Joseph Goldstein, Jack Kornfield and Sharon Salzberg, who founded the Insight Meditation Society and learned vipassana meditation primarily through Thai teachers.
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Jewish diaspora
The Jewish diaspora (or simply the Diaspora) is the English term used to describe the Galut גלות (Yiddish: 'Golus'), or 'exile', of the Jews from the region of the Kingdom of Judah and Roman Judaea and later emigration from wider Eretz Israel.
The diaspora began with the 6th century BCE conquest of the ancient Kingdom of Judah, the destruction of the First Temple (c. 586 BCE), and the expulsion of the population, as recorded in the Bible. The Babylonian ruler, Nebuchadnezzar allowed them to remain in a unified community in Babylon. Another group of Jews fled to Egypt, where they settled in the Nile delta. From 597 BCE onwards, there were three distinct groups of Hebrews: a group in Babylon and other parts of the Middle East, a group in Judaea, and another group in Egypt. While Cyrus the Persian allowed the Jews to return to their homeland in 538 BCE, most chose to remain in Babylon. A large number of Jews in Egypt became mercenaries in Upper Egypt on an island called the Elephantine. All of these Jews retained their religion, identity, and social customs; both under the Persians and the Greeks, they were allowed to conduct their lives according to their own laws.
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Jews
The Jews (Hebrew: יְהוּדִים ISO 259-3 Yhudim Israeli pronunciation [jehuˈdim]), also known as the Jewish people, are a nation and an ethnoreligious group, originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation.Converts to Judaism, whose status as Jews within the Jewish ethnos is equal to those born into it, have been absorbed into the Jewish people throughout the millennia.
In Jewish tradition, Jewish ancestry is traced to the Biblical patriarchs Abraham, Isaac and Jacob in the second millennium BCE. The modern State of Israel defines itself as a Jewish state in its Basic Laws, and Israel's Law of Return states: "Every Jew has the right to come to this country as an oleh." Israel is the only country where Jews are a majority of the population. Jews achieved political autonomy twice before in ancient history. The first of these periods lasted from 1350 to 586 BCE, and encompassed the periods of the Judges, the United Monarchy, and the Divided Monarchy of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah, ending with the destruction of the First Temple. The second was the period of the Hasmonean Kingdom spanning from 140 to 37 BCE. Since the destruction of the First Temple, most Jews have lived in diaspora. A minority in every country in which they live (except Israel), they have frequently experienced persecution throughout history, resulting in a population that has fluctuated both in numbers and distribution over the centuries.
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Joseph Albo
Joseph Albo (Hebrew: יוסף אלבו) (ca. 1380–1444) was a Jewish philosopher and rabbi who lived in Spain during the fifteenth century, known chiefly as the author of Sefer ha-Ikkarim ("Book of Principles"), the classic work on the fundamentals of Judaism.
Albo's birthplace is generally assumed to be Monreal, a town in Aragon. This is based on Astruc ha-Levi's report of the religious debate held at Tortosa in 1413-14, which mentions Albo as one of the Jewish participants and notes he was the delegate of the congregation of Monreal. However, the Latin account of this debate makes no reference to this locality. Heinrich Graetz believes that Albo could not have been less than thirty years of age when he was sent to take part in the disputation, and he accordingly places the date of Albo's birth not later than 1380. His date of death is given variously as 1444 (most likely) or 1430. He is mentioned, however, as preaching at Soria in 1433.
The use Albo makes of medical illustrations creates the presumption that he was adept in medical science, which suggests that he may have practiced medicine. He was versed to some degree in the writings of Arab Aristotelians. His teacher was Hasdai Crescas, author of Or Adonai.
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Joshua
Joshua (Hebrew: יְהוֹשֻׁעַ Yĕhôshúa‘; Greek: Ἰησοῦς, Arabic: يوشع بن نون Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn), is a figure in the Torah, being one of the spies for Israel (Num 13-14) and in few passages as Moses's assistant. He is the central character in the Hebrew Bible's Book of Joshua. According to the books Exodus, Numbers and Joshua, he became the leader of the Israelite tribes after the death of Moses; his name was Hoshe'a the son of Nun, of the tribe of Ephraim, but Moses called him Yehoshu'a (Joshua) (Numbers 13:16) the name by which he is commonly known; and he was born in Egypt prior to the Exodus, and was probably the same age as Caleb, with whom he is occasionally associated.
He was one of the twelve spies of Israel sent by Moses to explore the land of Canaan. (Numbers 13:1-16) After the death of Moses, he led the Israelite tribes in the conquest of Canaan, and allocated the land to the tribes. According to Biblical chronology, Joshua lived between 1500–1390 BCE, or sometime in the late Bronze Age. According to Joshua 24:29, Joshua died at the age of 110.
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Josiah
Josiah or Yoshiyahu ( /dʒoʊˈsaɪ.ə/ or /dʒəˈzaɪ.ə/;Hebrew: יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ, Modern Yoshiyyáhu Tiberian Yôšiyyāhû, literally meaning "healed by Yahweh" or "supported of Yahweh"; Greek: Ιωσιας; Latin: Josias; c. 649–609 BC) was a king of Judah (641–609 BC) who instituted major reforms. Josiah is credited by most historians with having established or compiled important Jewish scriptures during the Deuteronomic reform that occurred during his rule.
Josiah became king of Judah at the age of eight, after the assassination of his father, King Amon, and reigned for thirty-one years, from 641/640 to 610/609 BC.
He is also one of the kings mentioned in the genealogy of Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew.
Josiah was the son of King Amon and Jedidah, the daughter of Adaiah of Bozkath. His grandfather Manasseh was one of the kings blamed for turning away from the worship of Yahweh. Manasseh adapted the Temple for idolatrous worship. Josiah's great-grandfather was King Hezekiah who was a noted reformer.
Josiah had four sons: Johanan, Eliakim (born c. 634 BC) by Zebudah the daughter of Pedaiah of Rumah, Mattanyahu (c. 618 BC) and Shallum (633/632 BC) both by Hamutal, the daughter of Jeremiah of Libnah.
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Judah Halevi
Judah Halevi (also Yehuda Halevi; Hebrew: יהודה הלוי; Arabic: يهوذا هاليفي; c. 1075–1141) was a Spanish Jewish physician, poet and philosopher. He was born in Spain, either in Toledo or Tudela, in 1075 or 1086, and died shortly after arriving in Palestine in 1141. Halevi is considered one of the greatest Hebrew poets, celebrated both for his religious and secular poems, many of which appear in present-day liturgy. His greatest philosophical work was The Kuzari.
Convention suggests that Judah ben Shmuel HaLevi was born in Toledo, Spain in 1075. He often referred to himself as coming from Christian territory, which would point to Toledo, which was conquered by Alfonso VI from the Muslims in Halevi's childhood (1086). As a youth, he seems to have gone to Granada, the main center of Jewish literary and intellectual life at the time, where he found a mentor in Moses Ibn Ezra. Although it is often said that he studied in the academy at Lucena, there is no evidence to this effect. He did compose a short elegy on the death of Isaac Alfasi, the head of the academy. His aptitude as a poet was recognized early. He was educated in traditional Jewish scholarship, in Arabic literature, and in the Greek sciences and philosophy that were available in Arabic. As an adult he was a physician, apparently of renown, and an active participant in Jewish communal affairs. For at least part of his life he lived in Toledo and may have been connected with the court there as a physician. In Toledo he complains of being too busy with medicine to devote himself to scholarship. At other times he lived in various Muslim cities in the south.
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Judah the Prince
Judah the Prince, (Hebrew: יהודה הנשיא, Yehudah HaNasi) or Judah I, also known as Rabbi or Rabbenu HaQadosh (Hebrew: רבנו הקדוש, "Our Sacred Teacher"), was a 2nd-century CE rabbi and chief redactor and editor of the Mishnah. He was a key leader of the Jewish community during the Roman occupation of Judea . He was of the Davidic line, the royal line of King David, hence the title nasi, meaning prince. The title nasi was also used for presidents of the Sanhedrin. Judah died on 15 Kislev in 188CE or 219CE .[citation needed]
Judah the Prince was born in 135 CE. According to the Midrash, he came into the world on the same day that Rabbi Akiva died a martyr's death. The Talmud suggests that this was a result of Divine Providence: God had granted the Jewish people another leader of great stature to succeed Rabbi Akiva. His place of birth is unknown; nor is it recorded where his father, Shimon ben Gamliel II, sought refuge with his family during the persecutions under Hadrian. He is the only tanna known as "our holy teacher" due to his deep piety.
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Kohen
Kohen (or Kohain; Hebrew: כֹּהֵן, "priest", pl. כֹּהֲנִים Kohanim) is the Hebrew word for priest. Jewish Kohanim are traditionally believed and halachically required to be of direct patrilineal descent from the Biblical Aaron.
The noun kohen is used in the Torah to refer to priests, both Jewish and non-Jewish, such as the Jewish nation as a whole, as well as the priests (Hebrew kohanim) of Baal (2Kings 10:19). During the existence of the Temple in Jerusalem, Kohanim performed the daily and holiday (Yom Tov) duties of sacrificial offerings.
Today kohanim retain a lesser though somewhat distinct status within Judaism, and are bound by additional restrictions according to Orthodox Judaism.
The Hebrew noun kohen is most often translated as "priest", whether Jewish or pagan, such as the priests of Baal or Dagon, though Christian priests are referred to in Hebrew by the term komer (Hebrew כומר). The word derives from a Semitic root common, at minimum, to the Central Semitic languages; the cognate Arabic word كاهن kāhin means "soothsayer, augur, or priest".
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Leopold Zunz
Leopold Zunz (Hebrew/ Yiddish: יום טוב ליפמן צונץ—"Yom Tov Lipmann Tzuntz"; 10 August 1794 – 17 March 1886) was a German Reform rabbi and writer, the founder of what has been termed "Jewish Studies" or "Judaic Studies" (Wissenschaft des Judentums), the critical investigation of Jewish literature, hymnology and ritual. Zunz's historical investigations and contemporary writings had an important influence on contemporary Judaism.
Leopold Zunz was born at Detmold, and settled in Berlin in 1815, studying at the University of Berlin and obtaining a doctorate from the University of Halle. He was ordained by the early Reformer, Aaron Chorin, and served for two years teaching and giving sermons in the Reform New Synagogue in Berlin. He found the career uncongenial, and in 1840 he was appointed director of a Lehrerseminar, a post which relieved him from pecuniary troubles. Zunz was always interested in politics, and in 1848 addressed many public meetings. In 1850 he resigned his headship of the Teachers' Seminary, and was awarded a pension. Throughout his early and married life he was the champion of Jewish rights, and he did not withdraw from public affairs until 1874, the year of the death of his wife Adelheid Beermann, whom he had married in 1822.
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Maimonides
Mosheh ben Maimon משה בן מימון, called Moses Maimonides and also known as Mūsā ibn Maymūn (Arabic: موسى بن ميمون), or RaMBaM (רמב"ם – Hebrew acronym for "Rabbi Mosheh Ben Maimon"), was a preeminent medieval Jewish philosopher and one of the most prolific and followed Torah scholars and physicians of the Middle Ages. He was born in Córdoba, Almoravid Empire (present-day Spain) on Passover Eve, 1135, and died in Egypt (or Tiberias) on 20th Tevet, December 12, 1204. He was a rabbi, physician and philosopher in Morocco and Egypt.
Although his writings on Jewish law and ethics were met with acclaim and gratitude from most Jews even as far off as Spain, Iraq and Yemen, and he rose to be the revered head of the Jewish community in Egypt, there were also vociferous critics of some of his rulings and other writings particularly in Spain. Nevertheless, he was posthumously acknowledged to be one of the foremost rabbinical arbiters and philosophers in Jewish history, his copious work a cornerstone of Jewish scholarship. His fourteen-volume Mishneh Torah still carries canonical authority as a codification of Talmudic law. In the Yeshiva world he is known as "haNesher haGadol" (the great eagle) in recognition of his outstanding status as a bona fide exponent of the Oral Torah.
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Martin Noth
Martin Noth (August 3, 1902 – May 30, 1968) was a German scholar of the Hebrew Bible who specialized in the pre-Exilic history of the Hebrews. With Gerhard von Rad he pioneered the traditional-historical approach to biblical studies, emphasising the role of oral traditions in the formation of the biblical texts.
Noth was born in Dresden, Kingdom of Saxony. He studied at the universities of Erlangen, Rostock, and Leipzig and taught at Greifswald and Königsberg.
From 1939-41 and 1943–45, Noth served as a soldier during World War II. After the war he taught at Bonn, Göttingen, Tübingen, Hamburg, and University of Basel. He died during an expedition in the Negev, Israel.
Noth first attracted widespread attention with "Das System der zwölf Stämme Israels" (“The Scheme of the Twelve Tribes of Israel”, 1930), positing that the Twelve Tribes of Israel did not exist prior to the covenant assembly at Shechem described in the book of Joshua.
"A History of Pentateuchal Traditions," (1948, English translation 1972) set out a new model for the composition of the Pentateuch, or Torah. Noth supplemented the dominant model of the time, the documentary hypothesis, seeing the Pentateuch as composed of blocks of traditional material accreted round some key historical experiences. He identified these experiences as "Guidance out of Egypt," "Guidance into the Arable Land," "Promise to the Patriarchs," "Guidance in the Wilderness" and "Revelation at Sinai," the details of the narrative serving to fill out the thematic outline. Later, Robert Polzin showed that some of his main conclusions were consistent with arbitrary or inconsistent use of the rules that he proposed.
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Moab
Moab (/ˈmoʊæb/; Moabite: 𐤌𐤀𐤁 Mʾb; Hebrew: מוֹאָב, Modern Mo'av Tiberian Môʼāḇ ; "seed of father"; Greek Μωάβ Mōav; Assyrian Mu'aba, Ma'ba, Ma'ab ; Egyptian Mu'ab) is the historical name for a mountainous strip of land in Jordan. The land lies alongside much of the eastern shore of the Dead Sea. The existence of the Kingdom of Moab is attested to by numerous archeological findings, most notably the Mesha Stele, which describes the Moabite victory over an unnamed son of King Omri of Israel. The Moabite capital was Dibon. In Biblical times, the nation was often in conflict with its Israelite neighbours to the west.
Moab occupied a plateau about 3,000 feet (910 m) above the level of the Mediterranean, or 4,300 feet (1,300 m) above the Dead Sea, and rising gradually from north to south.
It was bounded on the west by the Dead Sea and the southern section of the Jordan River; on the east by Ammon and the Arabian desert, from which it was separated by low, rolling hills; and on the south by Edom. The northern boundary varied, but in general it may be said to have been represented by a line drawn some miles above the northern extremity of the Dead Sea.
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Moses
Moses (Hebrew: מֹשֶׁה, Modern Moshe Tiberian Mōšéh ISO 259-3 Moše; Greek: Mωϋσῆς Mōüsēs; Arabic: موسىٰ Mūsa) was, according to the Hebrew Bible and Qur'an, a religious leader, lawgiver and prophet, to whom the authorship of the Torah is traditionally attributed. Also called Moshe Rabbenu in Hebrew (מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ, Lit. "Moses our Teacher/Rabbi"), he is the most important prophet in Judaism, and is also considered an important prophet in Christianity and Islam, as well as a number of other faiths.
The existence of Moses as well as the veracity of the Exodus story is disputed amongst archaeologists and Egyptologists, with experts in the field of biblical criticism citing logical inconsistencies, new archaeological evidence, historical evidence, and related origin myths in Canaanite culture. Other historians maintain that the biographical details, and Egyptian background, attributed to Moses imply the existence of a historical political and religious leader who was involved in the consolidation of the Hebrew tribes in Canaan towards the end of the Bronze Age.
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Moses Mendelssohn
Moses Mendelssohn (6 September 1729 – 4 January 1786) was a German Jewish philosopher to whose ideas Haskalah (the Jewish Enlightenment) is indebted. Although himself a practicing orthodox Jew, he has been referred to as the father of Reform Judaism.
Born to a poor Jewish family in Dessau and originally destined for a rabbinical career, Mendelssohn educated himself in German thought and literature and from his writings on philosophy and religion came to be regarded as a leading cultural figure of his time by both Germans and Jews. He also established himself as an important figure in the Berlin textile industry, which was the foundation of his family's wealth.
Moses Mendelssohn's descendants include the composers Fanny and Felix Mendelssohn and the founders of the Mendelssohn & Co. banking house.
Moses Mendelssohn was born in Dessau. His father's name was Mendel and he later took the surname Mendelssohn ("Mendel's son"). Mendel Dessau was a poor scribe—a writer of torah scrolls—and his son Moses in his boyhood developed curvature of the spine. His early education was cared for by his father and by the local rabbi, David Fränkel, who besides teaching him the Bible and Talmud, introduced to him the philosophy of Maimonides. Fränkel received a call to Berlin in 1743. A few months later Moses followed him.
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Nahmanides
Nahmanides, also known as Rabbi Moses ben Naḥman Girondi, Bonastruc ça (de) Porta and by his acronym Ramban, (Porta, Barcelona, 1194 – Land of Israel, 1270) was a leading medieval Jewish scholar, Catalan rabbi, philosopher, physician, kabbalist, and biblical commentator. He was raised, studied, and lived for most of his life in Girona.
"Nahmanides" is a Greek-influenced formation meaning "son of Naḥman". He is also commonly known by his Hebrew acronym, "Ramban", (Rabbi Moshe ben Naḥman). His Catalan name was Bonastruc ça Porta, (also written Saporta, de Porta).
Nahmanides was born at Porta, Barcelona in 1194. He grew up and studied in Girona (hence his name "Girondi"), and died in the Land of Israel about 1270. He was the grandson of Isaac ben Reuben of Barcelona and cousin of Jonah Gerondi (the Rabbeinu Yonah); possibly his brother was Benveniste de Porta, the bailie of Barcelona.[clarification needed] Among his teachers in Talmud were Judah ben Yakkar and Meïr ben Nathan of Trinquetaille, and he is said to have been instructed in Kabbalah (Jewish mysticism) by his countryman Azriel of Gerona, who was in turn a disciple of Isaac the Blind.
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Philip Birnbaum
Philip Birnbaum (1904–1988; also Paltiel Birnbaum) was an author and translator, best known for his translation and annotation of the siddur (Jewish Prayer Book), first published in 1949.
Birnbaum was born in Kielce, Poland and emigrated to the United States in 1923. He attended Howard College and received his Ph.d. from Dropsie College. He served for several years as the principal of a Jewish day school in Wilmington, Delaware, and directed Jewish schools in Birmingham, Alabama, and Camden, New Jersey.
His works include translations (with annotation and introductory material) of the Siddur, the Machzor, the Torah with Haftorot, and the Passover Haggadah. These translations sought to express reverence without appearing archaic. His Siddur and Machzor were pioneering in that the Hebrew text is of uniform typeface, "unlike the helter-skelter boldface paragraphing... found in Old World siddurim". His siddur also contains the rarely published Megillat Antiochus. Until the recent advent of the Artscroll translations, "the Birnbaum translations" were widely used in Orthodox (and Conservative) synagogues, selling over 300,000 copies. These works presented "an accessible American English translation" and were pioneering in addressing American Jews' "perceived deficiencies in personal and communal prayer".
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Rachel
Rachel (Hebrew: רחל, Modern Raḥel Tiberian Rāḫēl, Rāḥēl ISO 259-3 Raḥel ; meaning "ewe") as described in the Bible, is a prophet and the favorite wife of Jacob, one of the three Biblical Patriarchs, and mother of Joseph and Benjamin. She was the daughter of Laban and the younger sister of Leah, Jacob's first wife. Jacob was her first cousin, and she was the youngest niece of Rebecca.
Rachel is first mentioned in the Bible in Genesis 29 when Jacob happens upon her as she is watering her lamb. He had traveled a great distance to find his mother's brother, Laban. Rebekah had sent him there to be safe from his furious twin brother, Esau.
During Jacob's stay, he fell in love with Rachel and agreed to work seven years for Laban in return for her hand in marriage. On the night of the wedding, the bride was veiled and Jacob did not notice that Leah, Rachel's older sister, had been substituted for Rachel. Whereas "Rachel was lovely in form and beautiful," "Leah had tender eyes". Later Jacob confronted Laban, who excused his own deception by insisting that the older sister should marry first. He assured Jacob that after his wedding week was finished, he could take Rachel as a wife as well, and work another seven years as payment for her.
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Ramesses III
Usimare Ramesses III (also written Ramses and Rameses) was the second Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty and is considered to be the last great New Kingdom king to wield any substantial authority over Egypt. He was the son of Setnakhte and Queen Tiy-Merenese. Ramesses III is believed to have reigned from March 1186 to April 1155 BCE. This is based on his known accession date of I Shemu day 26 and his death on Year 32 III Shemu day 15, for a reign of 31 years, 1 month and 19 days. (Alternate dates for this king are 1187 to 1156 BCE).
During his long tenure in the midst of the surrounding political chaos of the Greek Dark Ages, Egypt was beset by foreign invaders (including the so-called Sea Peoples and the Libyans) and experienced the beginnings of increasing economic difficulties and internal strife which would eventually lead to the collapse of the Twentieth Dynasty. In Year 8 of his reign, the Sea Peoples, including Peleset, Denyen, Shardana, Meshwesh of the sea, and Tjekker, invaded Egypt by land and sea. Ramesses III defeated them in two great land and sea battles. Although the Egyptians had a reputation as poor seamen they fought tenaciously. Rameses lined the shores with ranks of archers who kept up a continuous volley of arrows into the enemy ships when they attempted to land on the banks of the Nile. Then the Egyptian navy attacked using grappling hooks to haul in the enemy ships. In the brutal hand to hand fighting which ensued, the Sea People were utterly defeated. The Harris Papyrus state:
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Rashi
Shlomo Yitzhaki (Hebrew: רבי שלמה יצחקי), or in Latin Salomon Isaacides, and today generally known by the acronym Rashi (Hebrew: רש"י, RAbbi SHlomo Itzhaki; February 22, 1040 – July 13, 1105), was a medieval French rabbi famed as the author of a comprehensive commentary on the Talmud, as well as a comprehensive commentary on the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible). He is considered the "father" of all commentaries that followed on the Talmud (i.e., the Baalei Tosafot) and the Tanakh (i.e., Ramban, Ibn Ezra, Ohr HaChaim, et al.).
Acclaimed for his ability to present the basic meaning of the text in a concise, lucid fashion, Rashi appeals to both learned scholars and beginning students, and his works remain a centerpiece of contemporary Jewish study. His commentary on the Talmud, which covers nearly all of the Babylonian Talmud (a total of 30 tractates), has been included in every edition of the Talmud since its first printing by Daniel Bomberg in the 1520s. His commentary on Tanakh — especially his commentary on the Chumash ("Five Books of Moses") — is an indispensable aid to students of all levels. The latter commentary alone serves as the basis for more than 300 "supercommentaries" which analyze Rashi's choice of language and citations, penned by some of the greatest names in rabbinic literature.
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Saadia Gaon
Saʻadiah ben Yosef Gaon (Arabic: سعيد بن يوسف الفيومي Saʻīd bin Yūsuf al-Fayyūmi, Sa'id ibn Yusuf al-Dilasi, Saadia ben Yosef aluf, Sa'id ben Yusuf ra's al-Kull;Hebrew: רבי סעדיה בן יוסף אלפיומי גאון or in short: סעדיה גאון; Alternative English Names: Saadia b. Joseph,Saadia ben Joseph or Saadia ben Joseph of Faym or Saadia ben Joseph Al-Fayyumi; b. Egypt 882/892, d. Baghdad 942) was a prominent rabbi, Jewish philosopher, and exegete of the Geonic period.
The first important rabbinic figure to write extensively in Arabic, he is considered the founder of Judeo-Arabic literature. Known for his works on Hebrew linguistics, Halakha, and Jewish philosophy, he was one of the more sophisticated practitioners of the philosophical school known as the "Jewish Kalam" (Stroumsa 2003). In this capacity, his philosophical work Emunoth ve-Deoth represents the first systematic attempt to integrate Jewish theology with components of Greek philosophy. Saadia was also very active in opposition to Karaism, in defense of rabbinic Judaism.
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Sarah
Sarah or Sara ( /ˈsɛərə/;Hebrew: שָׂרָה, Modern Sara Tiberian Śārā ISO 259-3 Śarra; Latin: Sara; Arabic: سارة) was the wife of Abraham and the mother of Isaac as described in the Hebrew Bible and the Quran. Her name was originally Sarai. According to Genesis 17:15 God changed her name to Sarah as part of a covenant after Hagar bore Abraham his first son, Ishmael.
The Hebrew name Sarah indicates a woman of high rank and is translated as "princess".
Sarah was the wife of Abraham, as well as being his half-sister, the daughter of his father Terah (Genesis 20:12). The Talmud identifies Sarai with Iscah, daughter of Abraham's deceased brother Haran (Genesis 11:29), so that Sarah turns out to be the niece of Abraham and the sister of Lot and Milcah. She was also the mother-in-law of Rebecca, her successor. She was considered beautiful to the point that Abraham feared that when they were near more powerful rulers she would be taken away and given to another man. Twice he purposefully identified her as being only his sister so that he would be "treated well" for her sake. It is apparent that she remained attractive into her later years. Despite her great beauty, she was barren for an unknown reason. She was originally called "Sarai" which is translated "my princess." Later she was called "Sarah" i.e., princess." In Biblical times, the changing of one's name was significant and used to symbolize the binding of a covenant. In this case, God promised to put an end to her barrenness and give her a child (Isaac).
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Shalom Carmy
Shalom Carmy is an Orthodox rabbi teaching Jewish Studies and philosophy at Yeshiva University, where he is currently Chair of Bible and Jewish Philosophy at Yeshiva College. He is an affiliated scholar at Cardozo Law School of Yeshiva University. He is also Editor of Tradition, an Orthodox theological journal.
A Brooklyn native, he is a prominent Modern Orthodox theologian, historian, and philosopher. He received his B.A. in 1969 and M.S. from Yeshiva University, and received his rabbinic ordination from its affiliated Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary, studying under Rabbis Aharon Lichtenstein and Joseph Soloveitchik. He has edited some of R. Soloveitchik’s work for publication. Carmy has written many articles on Biblical theology, Jewish thought, Orthodoxy in the 20th century and the role of liberal arts in a Torah education. He edited "Modern Scholarship in the Study of Torah: Contributions and Limitations" (ISBN 1-56821-450-2), “Jewish Perspectives on the Experience of Suffering” as well as several other works. He writes a regular personal column in Tradition, and contributes regularly on Jewish and general subjects to First Things and other journals. In addition to his exegetical and analytic work, Carmy’s theological contribution is distinguished by preoccupation with the way religious doctrine and practice express themselves in the life of the individual.
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Solomon
Solomon (Hebrew: שְׁלֹמֹה, Modern Shlomo Tiberian Šəlōmō ISO 259-3 Šlomo; Arabic: سليمان Sulaymān, also colloquially: Silimān; Greek: Σολομών Solomōn), according to the Book of Kings and the Book of Chronicles, a King of Israel and according to the Talmud one of the 48 prophets, is identified as the son of David, also called Jedidiah (Hebrew יְדִידְיָהּ) in 2 Samuel 12:25, and is described as the third king of the United Monarchy, and the final king before the northern Kingdom of Israel and the southern Kingdom of Judah split; following the split his patrilineal descendants ruled over Judah alone. In the Qur'an, he is considered as a major Prophet, known as Sulaiman, son of David.
The Hebrew Bible credits Solomon as the builder of the First Temple in Jerusalem, and portrays him as great in wisdom, wealth, and power, but ultimately as a king whose sin, including idolatry and turning away from Yahweh, leads to the kingdom being torn in two during the reign of his son Rehoboam. Solomon is the subject of many other later references and legends.
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Solomon Schechter
Solomon Schechter (Hebrew: שניאור זלמן שכטר; December 7, 1847 – November, 19 1915) was a Moldavian-born Romanian and English rabbi, academic scholar, and educator, most famous for his roles as founder and President of the United Synagogue of America, President of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, and architect of the American Conservative Jewish movement.
Born in Focşani to a Jewish Romanian family adhering to the Chabad Hasidic branch, he attended yeshivas in Eastern Europe. Schechter received his early education from his father who was a shochet ("ritual slaughterer"). Reportedly, he learned to read Hebrew by age three, and by five mastered Chumash. He went to a yeshiva in Piatra Neamţ at age ten and at age thirteen studied with one of the major Talmudic scholars, Rabbi Joseph Saul Nathanson of Lemberg. In his twenties he went to the Rabbinical College in Vienna, where he studied under the more modern Talmudic scholar Meir Friedmann, before in 1879 moving on to undertake further studies at the Berlin Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums and at the University of Berlin. Three years later he was invited to the UK, to be tutor of rabbinics under Claude Montefiore in London.
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Umberto Cassuto
Umberto Cassuto, also known as Moshe David Cassuto (1883–1951), was a rabbi and Biblical scholar born in Florence, Italy.
He studied there at the university and the Collegio Rabbinico. After getting a degree and Semicha, he taught in both institutions. From 1914 to 1925, he was chief rabbi of Florence. In 1925 he became professor of Hebrew and literature in the University of Florence and then took the chair of Hebrew language at the University of Rome La Sapienza. When the 1938 anti-Semitic laws forced him from this position, he moved to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Umberto's son Nathan was also a rabbi in Florence. He went into hiding during World War II, was betrayed and perished in the Nazi death camps. Nathan's wife and children were saved and emigrated to Israel. One child, the architect David Cassuto (born 1938), played a key role in rebuilding the Jewish quarter in the old city of Jerusalem. In the 1990s he was for some years deputy mayor of Jerusalem.
For two hundred years prior to Cassuto's works, the origin of the five books of Moses (the Torah) had been one of the most-argued subjects in biblical scholarship. The 19th century in particular had been a time of great progress, but also of great controversy, with many theories being put forward. The one which eventually emerged to dominate the field was a particularly comprehensive version of the documentary hypothesis put forward by Julius Wellhausen in 1878: indeed, so great was its dominance that by the first half of the 20th century the Wellhausen hypothesis had become synonymous with the documentary hypothesis, and the issue of Pentateuchal origins was regarded as settled.
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Vilna Gaon
Elijah ben Shlomo Zalman Kremer, (Hebrew: ר' אליהו בן שלמה זלמן) known as the Vilna Gaon or Elijah of Vilna and simply by his Hebrew acronym Gra ("Gaon Rabbenu Eliyahu") or Elijah Ben Solomon, (Vilnius April 23, 1720 – Vilnius October 9, 1797), was a Talmudist, halachist, kabbalist, and the foremost leader of non-hasidic Jewry of the past few centuries. He is commonly referred to in Hebrew as ha'Gaon ha'Chasid mi'Vilna, "the saintly genius from Vilnius."
He was one of the most influential Rabbinic authorities since the Middle Ages, and—although he is counted among the sages known as the Acharonim—he is held by many authorities after him as belonging to the Rishonim (Rabbinic authorities of the Middle Ages). Large groups of people, including many yeshivas, uphold the set of Jewish customs and rites (minhag), the "minhag ha-Gra," which is named for him, and which is also considered by many to be the prevailing Ashkenazi minhag in Jerusalem.
Born in Vilnius, capital city of Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Gaon displayed extraordinary talent while still a child. By the time he was twenty years old, rabbis were submitting their most difficult halakhic problems to him for legal rulings. He was a voluminous author, writing such works as glosses on the Babylonian Talmud and Shulchan Aruch known as Biurei ha-Gra ("Elaboration by the Gra"), a running commentary on the Mishnah (Shenoth Eliyahu ("The Years of Elijah"), and insights on the Pentateuch entitled Adereth Eliyahu ("The Splendor of Elijah"). Various Kabbalistic works have commentaries in his name, and commentaries on the Proverbs and other books of the Tanakh were written later on in his life. None were published in his lifetime.
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Hebrew/Torah is FRACTAL: The DNA of Creation - Rabbi Mordechai Kraft
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 76:59
- Updated: 16 Feb 2013
Lecture given on August 21st 2008. Please Note: The term Israelite (perhaps the proper term for a Jew or person of ANY faith,) refers to one who "is on the way to Creator," accordingly, and despite popular misconceptions, everyone is welcome to this STATE of MIND... Further, it is said that NOT ONE WORD of TORAH is about this world, but about that which is HIGHER. (Just notice the contradictions in Torah, then think through them.) Also; 1) Hebrew is written and read right to left. 2) Like English with its 2 forms to the alphabet, an upper and lower case version, Hebrew has a "block and a cursive script." Sometimes this Rabbi mixes both forms when writing a single word, which can easily be confusing. 3) There are 22 letters in Hebrew, each is a consonant. Vowels are not considered as letters, and are depicted as dots or bars. All vowels do is to change the way that the associated consonant is pronounced. 4) You may find it useful to use this or other articles as a tool as you watch. en.wikipedia.org Important Note: I suggest that Hebrew and Torah are fractal as depicted in this lecture because of the way each word or letter is related to every other word, and by so many modes. This fractal is in a sense, only metaphoric, or philosophic, and is not exactly real in the physical dimension. But please see the work of Dan Winter and/or Stan Tenen to examine more physical representations of the ways that Hebrew and Torah manifest as real fractals to/in/of the Universe. (As just ...
http://wn.com/Hebrew_Torah_is_FRACTAL_The_DNA_of_Creation_Rabbi_Mordechai_Kraft
Lecture given on August 21st 2008. Please Note: The term Israelite (perhaps the proper term for a Jew or person of ANY faith,) refers to one who "is on the way to Creator," accordingly, and despite popular misconceptions, everyone is welcome to this STATE of MIND... Further, it is said that NOT ONE WORD of TORAH is about this world, but about that which is HIGHER. (Just notice the contradictions in Torah, then think through them.) Also; 1) Hebrew is written and read right to left. 2) Like English with its 2 forms to the alphabet, an upper and lower case version, Hebrew has a "block and a cursive script." Sometimes this Rabbi mixes both forms when writing a single word, which can easily be confusing. 3) There are 22 letters in Hebrew, each is a consonant. Vowels are not considered as letters, and are depicted as dots or bars. All vowels do is to change the way that the associated consonant is pronounced. 4) You may find it useful to use this or other articles as a tool as you watch. en.wikipedia.org Important Note: I suggest that Hebrew and Torah are fractal as depicted in this lecture because of the way each word or letter is related to every other word, and by so many modes. This fractal is in a sense, only metaphoric, or philosophic, and is not exactly real in the physical dimension. But please see the work of Dan Winter and/or Stan Tenen to examine more physical representations of the ways that Hebrew and Torah manifest as real fractals to/in/of the Universe. (As just ...
Jesus Christ in the Torah (The Books of Moses)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:00
- Updated: 11 Feb 2013
This video is about parallels and prophecies of Jesus Christ found in the Torah (The first five Books of the Bible, the Pentateuch). Christ said in John 5:46: "For if you believed Moses, you would believe Me; for he wrote about Me." But where and when did Moses write about Him? I hope this video will help shed some light on that question.
http://wn.com/Jesus_Christ_in_the_Torah_The_Books_of_Moses
This video is about parallels and prophecies of Jesus Christ found in the Torah (The first five Books of the Bible, the Pentateuch). Christ said in John 5:46: "For if you believed Moses, you would believe Me; for he wrote about Me." But where and when did Moses write about Him? I hope this video will help shed some light on that question.
- published: 14 Feb 2010
- views: 25228
- author: 1nemind
Judaism: Inside the Torah - Exodus - National Geographic
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 50:44
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
Judaism: Inside the Torah - Exodus (Shemot) The story of Moses (Moshe) re-told on how it happened naturally and historically. Gd proves everything, not just Biblically, but also Historically and Naturally. We will never forget what Hashem did for our ancestors when they were slaves in Egypt and returned to the Land of Israel (Canaan). Barukh Hashem. Amen.
http://wn.com/Judaism_Inside_the_Torah_Exodus_National_Geographic
Judaism: Inside the Torah - Exodus (Shemot) The story of Moses (Moshe) re-told on how it happened naturally and historically. Gd proves everything, not just Biblically, but also Historically and Naturally. We will never forget what Hashem did for our ancestors when they were slaves in Egypt and returned to the Land of Israel (Canaan). Barukh Hashem. Amen.
- published: 03 Nov 2011
- views: 11625
- author: ProudSephardic
Resurrection Torah Code-2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 170:45
- Updated: 17 Feb 2013
Did you realize that the Bible and the Torah have hidden codes that pertain to this time and specifically to the resurrection of the dead? We have heard a lot about these hidden codes through the books of Eliyahu Ripps, Michael Drosnin and a number of other biblical researchers. We will examine a number of hidden bible codes that were meant for these days. What you may be interested in knowing is that these codes focus on resurrection and our redemption. www.teachingyeshua.com , www.godsimagepage.com
http://wn.com/Resurrection_Torah_Code-2012
Did you realize that the Bible and the Torah have hidden codes that pertain to this time and specifically to the resurrection of the dead? We have heard a lot about these hidden codes through the books of Eliyahu Ripps, Michael Drosnin and a number of other biblical researchers. We will examine a number of hidden bible codes that were meant for these days. What you may be interested in knowing is that these codes focus on resurrection and our redemption. www.teachingyeshua.com , www.godsimagepage.com
- published: 25 Jan 2012
- views: 42911
- author: teachingyeshua
Is the Law (Torah) "done away with"?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:00
- Updated: 21 Feb 2013
Buckle up....this video is not about being politically correct or walking on glass for the sake of being polite; the message is too important. The Word of the Creator has existed from the beginning. It exists today. It will exist during the Millennial Reign of Yahushua the Messiah, and it will exist after that when YaHuWaH makes the Heavens and Earth anew. The Constitution of the Kingdom of Heaven is in effect now...it is time to read with "eyes that can see" and hear "with ears that can hear" what the Messiah actually said. It is time to remember to fear YaHuWaH, the Creator of everything. DISCLAIMER: I DO NOT OWN THE MUSIC OR VIDEO CLIPS CONTAINED IN THIS VIDEO. THE USE OF THE SOURCES ARE FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY, I DO NOT PROFIT OFF OF THIS VIDEO IN ANY WAY. Music credit goes to Immediate Music and the soundtrack of The Last of the Mohicans. Video clip credit goes to "A Rood Awakening" and the movies "Knowing" and "2012" and other clips I located on the web. FAIR USE NOTICE: These pages/video may contain copyrighted (© ) material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. Such material is made available to advance understanding of ecological, political, human rights, economic, democracy, scientific, moral, ethical, and social justice issues, etc. It is believed that this constitutes a 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 USC Section ...
http://wn.com/Is_the_Law_Torah_done_away_with?
Buckle up....this video is not about being politically correct or walking on glass for the sake of being polite; the message is too important. The Word of the Creator has existed from the beginning. It exists today. It will exist during the Millennial Reign of Yahushua the Messiah, and it will exist after that when YaHuWaH makes the Heavens and Earth anew. The Constitution of the Kingdom of Heaven is in effect now...it is time to read with "eyes that can see" and hear "with ears that can hear" what the Messiah actually said. It is time to remember to fear YaHuWaH, the Creator of everything. DISCLAIMER: I DO NOT OWN THE MUSIC OR VIDEO CLIPS CONTAINED IN THIS VIDEO. THE USE OF THE SOURCES ARE FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY, I DO NOT PROFIT OFF OF THIS VIDEO IN ANY WAY. Music credit goes to Immediate Music and the soundtrack of The Last of the Mohicans. Video clip credit goes to "A Rood Awakening" and the movies "Knowing" and "2012" and other clips I located on the web. FAIR USE NOTICE: These pages/video may contain copyrighted (© ) material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. Such material is made available to advance understanding of ecological, political, human rights, economic, democracy, scientific, moral, ethical, and social justice issues, etc. It is believed that this constitutes a 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 USC Section ...
- published: 03 Oct 2010
- views: 5773
- author: abranchoftheTrueVine
Uganda Torah Project
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:26
- Updated: 16 Feb 2013
A small missions group traveled halfway across the world to deliver a sefer Torah to the Jewish community in the Putti village of Uganda. The group was supported by Rabbi Nasanya Zakon and Rabbi Avraham Bloomenstiel, and lead/ delivered by Dr. Isador Lieberman and Judah Epstein. The Group also delivered over 200 Kinder Kits which include a backpack filled with useful school supplies for the children of the village. The Mbale community has been in existence since the early 1900's and did not have a torah of their own, but thanks to the work and preparation of the team, finding, restoring, and delivering the Torah, they now celebrate having the Torah in this small village. Please Get involved! Visit: www.puttivillage.org to stay updated and help Putti Village. NEW! See the Uganda Torah Mission featured on the Jewish Life TV's show the J Report www.jltv.tv
http://wn.com/Uganda_Torah_Project
A small missions group traveled halfway across the world to deliver a sefer Torah to the Jewish community in the Putti village of Uganda. The group was supported by Rabbi Nasanya Zakon and Rabbi Avraham Bloomenstiel, and lead/ delivered by Dr. Isador Lieberman and Judah Epstein. The Group also delivered over 200 Kinder Kits which include a backpack filled with useful school supplies for the children of the village. The Mbale community has been in existence since the early 1900's and did not have a torah of their own, but thanks to the work and preparation of the team, finding, restoring, and delivering the Torah, they now celebrate having the Torah in this small village. Please Get involved! Visit: www.puttivillage.org to stay updated and help Putti Village. NEW! See the Uganda Torah Mission featured on the Jewish Life TV's show the J Report www.jltv.tv
- published: 12 Oct 2011
- views: 143639
- author: TheUgandaProject
Hebrew Word Pronunciation The Books of Torah.mp4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:34
- Updated: 15 Feb 2013
Learn to spell and pronounce the first five books of Scripture in Hebrew
http://wn.com/Hebrew_Word_Pronunciation_The_Books_of_Torahmp4
Learn to spell and pronounce the first five books of Scripture in Hebrew
- published: 05 Dec 2008
- views: 12558
- author: Norman Willis
Torah Bright Documentary - Chasing the White Wave
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:27
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
One of snowboarding's most talented female riders, Torah Bright sits down and dishes about her hopes, dreams and her worst snowboarding injury.
http://wn.com/Torah_Bright_Documentary_Chasing_the_White_Wave
One of snowboarding's most talented female riders, Torah Bright sits down and dishes about her hopes, dreams and her worst snowboarding injury.
- published: 22 Dec 2007
- views: 155168
- author: roxy
Torah Bright Feature on EXPN
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:49
- Updated: 01 Jan 2013
Watch this feature about Torah Bright from the 2008 Winter X Games. She talks about her success as a snowboarder and attributes a lot of it to her brother and coach Ben. Torah went on to win the silver at this event.
http://wn.com/Torah_Bright_Feature_on_EXPN
Watch this feature about Torah Bright from the 2008 Winter X Games. She talks about her success as a snowboarder and attributes a lot of it to her brother and coach Ben. Torah went on to win the silver at this event.
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 42625
- author: roxy
1 - reading Torah for beginners - Gen 1:1 part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:53
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
Purchase the Book on Amazon: bit.ly Simply Learn Hebrew! How to Learn the Hebrew alphabet! How to speak Hebrew! Learn to read Hebrew sentences! Ideal for teaching Hebrew! How to Study Hebrew! [Kindle Edition]
http://wn.com/1_reading_Torah_for_beginners_Gen_11_part_1
Purchase the Book on Amazon: bit.ly Simply Learn Hebrew! How to Learn the Hebrew alphabet! How to speak Hebrew! Learn to read Hebrew sentences! Ideal for teaching Hebrew! How to Study Hebrew! [Kindle Edition]
- published: 14 Feb 2008
- views: 43556
- author: bnaiorpueblo
MOSHE LEVIY AKA SHYNE SPEAKS TORAH IN JERUSALEM, ISRAEL!!!!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:22
- Updated: 13 Feb 2013
Moshe Leviy aka Shyne speaks about Judaism and how it influenced him and kept him going. Location: Ba'al Teshuva Yeshiva Ohr Somayach in Jerusalem, Israel. September 4, 2010. A must see!
http://wn.com/MOSHE_LEVIY_AKA_SHYNE_SPEAKS_TORAH_IN_JERUSALEM,_ISRAEL!!!!
Moshe Leviy aka Shyne speaks about Judaism and how it influenced him and kept him going. Location: Ba'al Teshuva Yeshiva Ohr Somayach in Jerusalem, Israel. September 4, 2010. A must see!
- published: 05 Sep 2010
- views: 91222
- author: noghlijoon
Winter X Games 15 - Torah Bright hangs out in broadcast booth
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:05
- Updated: 23 Jan 2013
After pulling out of the Winter X Games SuperPipe competition earlier in the week, Torah Bright joins Sal and Kier in the broadcast booth during Women's SuperPipe.
http://wn.com/Winter_X_Games_15_Torah_Bright_hangs_out_in_broadcast_booth
After pulling out of the Winter X Games SuperPipe competition earlier in the week, Torah Bright joins Sal and Kier in the broadcast booth during Women's SuperPipe.
- published: 30 Jan 2011
- views: 3362
- author: XGames
ROXY PODCAST: How To Ride Powder with TORAH BRIGHT!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:02
- Updated: 11 Feb 2013
Olympic gold Medailst Torah Bright shows us how to make the most of the fresh stuff!! Some easy to follow tips to get you riding powder like a pro!
http://wn.com/ROXY_PODCAST_How_To_Ride_Powder_with_TORAH_BRIGHT!
Olympic gold Medailst Torah Bright shows us how to make the most of the fresh stuff!! Some easy to follow tips to get you riding powder like a pro!
- published: 22 Feb 2010
- views: 17036
- author: roxypodcasts
Life on the Seams - Torah Bright
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:23
- Updated: 14 Jan 2012
Check our more Life on the Seams on Teen.com! Pro snowboarder Torah Bright takes you behind-the-scenes of her new line for Roxy. Check out the cool gear you'll be seeing all over the slopes and don't miss Torah's expert tips on having the perfect snow run. Australian pro snowboarder Torah Bright may already have an Olympic gold medal under her belt (She placed first for the half-pipe in 2010!), but now she's ready to take on her biggest challenge yet the fashion industry. Torah launched a signature line called the Roxy Bright Series for the 2008-9 season, and since then, Torah's been setting trends as one of snowboarding's most stylish stars. Liked this video? RATE & SUBSCRIBE! *Awesome Sites* teen.com http alloy.com *Be Our Friend!* http facebook.com twitter.com facebook.com twitter.com facebook.com
http://wn.com/Life_on_the_Seams_Torah_Bright
Check our more Life on the Seams on Teen.com! Pro snowboarder Torah Bright takes you behind-the-scenes of her new line for Roxy. Check out the cool gear you'll be seeing all over the slopes and don't miss Torah's expert tips on having the perfect snow run. Australian pro snowboarder Torah Bright may already have an Olympic gold medal under her belt (She placed first for the half-pipe in 2010!), but now she's ready to take on her biggest challenge yet the fashion industry. Torah launched a signature line called the Roxy Bright Series for the 2008-9 season, and since then, Torah's been setting trends as one of snowboarding's most stylish stars. Liked this video? RATE & SUBSCRIBE! *Awesome Sites* teen.com http alloy.com *Be Our Friend!* http facebook.com twitter.com facebook.com twitter.com facebook.com
- published: 14 Dec 2010
- views: 1587
- author: alloy
Hachnasas Sefer Torah,Amazing Hasidic dance amazing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 81:33
- Updated: 21 Feb 2013
Hachnasas Sefer Torah,Amazing Hasidic dance amazing in tzefat
http://wn.com/Hachnasas_Sefer_Torah,Amazing_Hasidic_dance_amazing
Hachnasas Sefer Torah,Amazing Hasidic dance amazing in tzefat
- published: 07 Mar 2012
- views: 14614
- author: elimand1
From Minister to Torah Observant Jew - Conversion to Judaism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 57:34
- Updated: 17 Feb 2013
Ms Ahuva Gray (née Delores Gray) is a Jewish convert from Baptism. Born to a working-class family, she worked for 23 years as a flight attendant. Ahuva Gray began to doubt Christianity when she discovered discrepancies in the New Testament. This discovery began a process of searching for the truth. Eventually she found Judaism and converted to Orthodox Judaism. As she began studying the Jewish texts, she believed that the Torah made the most sense to her. In 1996, she gave up her position as a Christian minister and become an Orthodox Jew. She has written a book about this journey entitled My Sister, the Jew. She is also a lecturer. She currently lives in Bayit VeGan, Jerusalem. www.ahuvahgray.com http
http://wn.com/From_Minister_to_Torah_Observant_Jew_Conversion_to_Judaism
Ms Ahuva Gray (née Delores Gray) is a Jewish convert from Baptism. Born to a working-class family, she worked for 23 years as a flight attendant. Ahuva Gray began to doubt Christianity when she discovered discrepancies in the New Testament. This discovery began a process of searching for the truth. Eventually she found Judaism and converted to Orthodox Judaism. As she began studying the Jewish texts, she believed that the Torah made the most sense to her. In 1996, she gave up her position as a Christian minister and become an Orthodox Jew. She has written a book about this journey entitled My Sister, the Jew. She is also a lecturer. She currently lives in Bayit VeGan, Jerusalem. www.ahuvahgray.com http
- published: 13 Jul 2012
- views: 4984
- author: KiruvMedia
Mordechai Ben David Torah
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:54
- Updated: 19 Feb 2013
Mordechai Ben David,Jewish,Torah,Priest
http://wn.com/Mordechai_Ben_David_Torah
Ken Block takes Olympic medalist Torah Bright through Rally Race Car Driving 101
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:07
- Updated: 23 Jan 2013
DC SHoes' Ken Block takes Roxy's Olympic Gold Medalist Torah Bright on a ride in one of his famed Rally Race Cars. Torah herself takes a spin on the track and instantly falls in love. Will this Roxy snowboarder trade her favorite sport in for a career in rally race car driving? Watch as these two get behind the wheel of Ford Fiestas.
http://wn.com/Ken_Block_takes_Olympic_medalist_Torah_Bright_through_Rally_Race_Car_Driving_101
DC SHoes' Ken Block takes Roxy's Olympic Gold Medalist Torah Bright on a ride in one of his famed Rally Race Cars. Torah herself takes a spin on the track and instantly falls in love. Will this Roxy snowboarder trade her favorite sport in for a career in rally race car driving? Watch as these two get behind the wheel of Ford Fiestas.
- published: 17 Mar 2011
- views: 25213
- author: roxy
We Were Warned TORAH Code 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:02
- Updated: 22 Feb 2013
Cool Intro to Biblecodes.
http://wn.com/We_Were_Warned_TORAH_Code_2012
The Secret of Yearning: The Torah Readings of Vzot Habracha, Bereshith & Noach
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 31:48
- Updated: 19 Jan 2013
All of creation is informed and animated by an overwhelming yearning for G-dliness, and man is no exception. This elemental necessity of existence binds and unifies our world. It is present in the final words of Deuteronomy, which we read on Simchat Torah, and it is present in the opening words of Genesis. It is when the generation of Noach loses its way and seeks to create a world without Gd that the trouble starts. Noach (Genesis 6:9-11:32) Parashat Noach is read on Shabbat: Rosh Chodesh Cheshvan, 5771/October 9, 2010 Visit us: www.templeinstitute.org Become a fan on facebook: tinyurl.com Follow us on Twitter: twitter.com More videos available on universaltorah.com Weekly Newsletter is.gd SUPPORT THE TEMPLE INSTITUTE www.templeinstitute.org
http://wn.com/The_Secret_of_Yearning_The_Torah_Readings_of_Vzot_Habracha,_Bereshith_Noach
All of creation is informed and animated by an overwhelming yearning for G-dliness, and man is no exception. This elemental necessity of existence binds and unifies our world. It is present in the final words of Deuteronomy, which we read on Simchat Torah, and it is present in the opening words of Genesis. It is when the generation of Noach loses its way and seeks to create a world without Gd that the trouble starts. Noach (Genesis 6:9-11:32) Parashat Noach is read on Shabbat: Rosh Chodesh Cheshvan, 5771/October 9, 2010 Visit us: www.templeinstitute.org Become a fan on facebook: tinyurl.com Follow us on Twitter: twitter.com More videos available on universaltorah.com Weekly Newsletter is.gd SUPPORT THE TEMPLE INSTITUTE www.templeinstitute.org
- published: 04 Oct 2010
- views: 1379
- author: henryporter2
Torah Khwaham Torah Khwaham-Krish-
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:07
- Updated: 27 Jan 2013
Fawad Ramiz song torah khwaham tora khwaham
http://wn.com/Torah_Khwaham_Torah_Khwaham-Krish-
2 - Reading Torah forBeginners - Gen 1:1 part 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:19
- Updated: 31 Jan 2013
Purchase the Book on Amazon: bit.ly Simply Learn Hebrew! How to Learn the Hebrew alphabet! How to speak Hebrew! Learn to read Hebrew sentences! Ideal for teaching Hebrew! How to Study Hebrew! [Kindle Edition
http://wn.com/2_Reading_Torah_forBeginners_Gen_11_part_2
Purchase the Book on Amazon: bit.ly Simply Learn Hebrew! How to Learn the Hebrew alphabet! How to speak Hebrew! Learn to read Hebrew sentences! Ideal for teaching Hebrew! How to Study Hebrew! [Kindle Edition
- published: 14 Feb 2008
- views: 16173
- author: bnaiorpueblo
LEARN BIBLICAL HEBREW! From a Messianic Jewish, Yeshua Centered, Torah Based Perspective
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 92:45
- Updated: 21 Feb 2013
Go to www.holylanguage.com to get your Student Manual and watch the rest of Hebrew Quest! You know more Hebrew than you think. Check out these similar Hebrew and English letters. Pop Hebrew words you already know including Abba, menorah, amen, shofar, and Satan. Hebrew names in the Western world and Judeo-Christian tradition. Hebrew words in the New Testament. Chinese Fish Proverb. Form over function. Audio and visual learning. Multisensual and kinesthetic modes. Heightened emotion. Social dynamics and study groups. Making it special. Left and right brain learning. Long and short term memory. Brain research from Harvard, Stanford, Cambridge. How to transfer info to your long term memory.
http://wn.com/LEARN_BIBLICAL_HEBREW!_From_a_Messianic_Jewish,_Yeshua_Centered,_Torah_Based_Perspective
Go to www.holylanguage.com to get your Student Manual and watch the rest of Hebrew Quest! You know more Hebrew than you think. Check out these similar Hebrew and English letters. Pop Hebrew words you already know including Abba, menorah, amen, shofar, and Satan. Hebrew names in the Western world and Judeo-Christian tradition. Hebrew words in the New Testament. Chinese Fish Proverb. Form over function. Audio and visual learning. Multisensual and kinesthetic modes. Heightened emotion. Social dynamics and study groups. Making it special. Left and right brain learning. Long and short term memory. Brain research from Harvard, Stanford, Cambridge. How to transfer info to your long term memory.
- published: 21 Jun 2011
- views: 46764
- author: ClassicalHebrew
photo: AP / Photo
22 Feb 2013
MALINDI, Kenya — In a room by the stairs, Shukrani Malingi, a Pokomo farmer, writhed on a metal cot, the skin on his back burned off. Down the hall, at a safe distance, Rahema Hageyo, an Orma girl, stared blankly out of a window, a long scar above her thimble-like neck. She was nearly decapitated by a machete chop — and she is only 9 months old. Connect With Us on Twitter ... Twitter List. Reporters and Editors ... ... Op-Ed ... N.Y ... ....(size: 6.3Kb)
photo: AP
22 Feb 2013
Oscar Pistorius appears at the Magistrate Court in Pretoria on day four of his bail hearing. Photo. AFP. The lead lawyer prosecuting Oscar Pistorius on murder charges has told a Pretoria bail hearing the sprinter knows a long spell in jail is ‘‘almost guaranteed’’ and is a flight risk ... ‘‘He must realise that a long term of imprisonment is almost guaranteed ... AFP/AAP. ....(size: 3.0Kb)
photo: AP / Aijaz Rahi
22 Feb 2013
Indian Mujahideen group reported to have ties to Pakistan and may be behind dual bomb attack that killed 15. Officials look for evidence in the debris of one of the two bomb blast sites in Hyderabad, India. Photograph. Aijaz Rahi/AP ... India's recent execution of an Islamic militant is being examined as a possible motive for the bombings, he said ... They had also visited various spots in New Delhi, Mumbai and Pune ... ....(size: 4.8Kb)
photo: Creative Commons / Strike Eagle
22 Feb 2013
HYDERABAD. A trip to purchase books for the exam of sub-inspector in excise department proved to be the last outing of Vijay Kumar, who was among the five students killed in the twin blasts in the city. Among the other students killed was Rajasekhar, who was pursuing MBA, Harish, an engineering student from Kottapet locality in the city, and Swapna, another MBA student ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)
photo: UN / UNICEF, Marco Domino
22 Feb 2013
The United Nations has said it will not pay hundreds of millions of dollars in compensation claimed by cholera victims in impoverished Haiti, where an epidemic has killed thousands of people and been blamed on UN peacekeepers. Cholera - an infection causing severe diarrhoea that can lead to dehydration and death - has killed some 7,750 Haitians and sickened almost 620,000 since October 2010. It occurs in places with poor sanitation ... ....(size: 3.4Kb)
PR Newswire
22 Feb 2013
The brief explains that there is a sound public policy for upholding the traditional definition of marriage based upon the widely-held moral beliefs of the American people which are rooted in the Torah. The central moral values of the Torah unite the major world religions known as the "Abrahamic religions" with a common understanding of the true purpose and mission of mankind....(size: 4.4Kb)
Ha'aretz
22 Feb 2013
The conscription model employed for generations in Israel, under which secular and religious-Zionist men carried the three-year burden of military service while their Haredi compatriots immersed themselves in Torah study, will vanish from the earth ... But that apparently will not happen, and this realization is evident among Haredim at the Western Wall, and also among leaders of the Shas and United Torah Judaism parties....(size: 12.6Kb)
Lehigh Valley
22 Feb 2013
“That’s how programs are really created ... During this trip last year, the students participated in an event called “stump the rabbi.” Students were given the opportunity to ask the rabbi difficult questions regarding Judaism and the Torah ... “A lot of our events before Sinai Scholars were traditional or social events, and as far as studying the Torah there was more one-on-one learning,” Greenberg said ... ....(size: 6.2Kb)
Ha'aretz
22 Feb 2013
The Torah portion from the Book of Exodus this week, Tetzaveh, and the one for last week, Terumah, are pretty ......(size: 0.6Kb)
Ha'aretz
22 Feb 2013
... Torah study halls there?" The full text is available for subscribers & registered users....(size: 0.5Kb)
The Charlotte Observer
22 Feb 2013
Voices of Faith offers perspectives from religion columnists. This week’s question. Why do people attribute their good luck to the grace of God?. Grace is a mystery. The Rev. Betty Hanna-Witherspoon, pastor of the Ebenezer AME Church, Kansas City, Mo. ... In their minds there is no logical explanation. This is not something that they could have expected or even had a right to expect ... Levin, Congregation Beth Torah, Overland Park, Kan. ... ....(size: 3.1Kb)
The Columbus Dispatch
22 Feb 2013
Eamon Queeney . Dispatch. Residents with dementia at Wexner Heritage House join in a service welcoming the sabbath led by Rabbi Cary Kozberg. Eamon Queeney . Dispatch ... Eamon Queeney . Dispatch. Wexner Heritage Village’s Rabbi Cary Kozberg ... She recalls Kozberg taking a Torah scroll to a seemingly unresponsive man on a stretcher and seeing the man light up “because someone accepted him as a person who was still alive.” ... ....(size: 5.0Kb)
Huffington Post
22 Feb 2013
Ridiculing the Powerful, Resisting Their Power. Purim, the Jewish "spring fever" topsy-turvy festival for which we read the Scroll of Esther, begins this Saturday night ... Though this would seem to be a serious business, the festival has been celebrated with mirth, costumes, purimshpiels (farcical plays) poking fun at all authority, even at the rabbis who might be overseeing the celebration, even at Torah itself ... The same U.S ... ... Like....(size: 5.6Kb)
The Florida Times Union
22 Feb 2013
FRIDAY. “Real Men’s Event 2013,” presented by the men and boys of Ponte Vedra Beach First Baptist Church, optional camp-out, 4-8.30 p.m. Friday, bring a tent; event, 7 a.m.-6 p.m. Saturday; Skeeter’s Ranch, Jasper. Includes skeet shooting, paint ball, archery and a barbecue lunch. realmensevent.org. Lenten Fish Fry, 5-7 p.m. Fridays through March 22, Knights of Columbus Hall, 1501 Hendricks Ave ... (904) 398-7173 ... Free ... Torah study, 10.30 a.m ... St....(size: 18.7Kb)
noodls
21 Feb 2013
Rabbi Grossman explained, "OU Kosher is most gratified to be called upon by students of Torah and kosher consumers the world over to provide quality kashrut education given by our renowned experts ... Beren ASK OU OUTREACH program is proud to partner with Yeshiva Torah Vodaath; the Kollel of Greater Boston; the Melbourne, Australia Beth HaTalmud Kollel; Mt....(size: 5.2Kb)
Huffington Post
21 Feb 2013
More specifically, there is a line in the Talmud, the central text of the Oral Torah, that says on Purim a person is supposed to get so intoxicated they "don't know the difference between Blessed is Mordechai and Cursed is Haman." ... The Oral Torah teaches that the spiritual power of Amalek is doubt and cynicism ... The Torah teaches that if you look in the Book of Esther, God's name is not mentioned even once....(size: 14.7Kb)
Huffington Post
21 Feb 2013
If you care deeply about the present and future state of synagogues and churches, as I do (and as the next Pope surely will), it's instructive to draw lessons from the remarkable vision of communal worship set forth in last week's Torah portion, Terumah (Exodus 25.1-27.29) ... Taking Hold of Torah....(size: 7.7Kb)
Huffington Post
21 Feb 2013
Religious leaders have long known that if you want to attract worshipers and increase your membership rolls, food can be a valuable tool ... And this above all ... But for the overwhelming majority of our synagogues, there is a certain balance at play -- the "middle course" mentioned by Maimonides (Mishneh Torah, De'ot, 1.4) ... At these synagogues, those present feel the glow of Torah, and "herring bars" are neither needed nor wanted. ... ....(size: 4.1Kb)
The Torah (/ˈtɔːrə/; Hebrew: תּוֹרָה, "Instruction", "Teaching") is the Jewish name for the first five books of the Jewish Bible. In Hebrew the five books are named by the first phrase in the text: Bereshit ("In the beginning," Book of Genesis), Shemot ("Names," Exodus), Vayikra ("He called", Leviticus[1]), Bamidbar ("In the desert," Numbers) and Devarim ("Words," Deuteronomy). In rabbinic literature the word Torah denotes both these five books, Torah Shebichtav (תורה שבכתב, "Torah that is written"), and an Oral Torah, Torah Shebe'al Peh (תורה שבעל פה, "Torah that is spoken"). The Oral Torah consists of the traditional interpretations and amplifications handed down by word of mouth from generation to generation and now embodied in the Talmud (תַּלְמוּד) and Midrash (מדרש) .[2]
According to Jewish tradition, all of the laws found in the Torah, both written and oral, were given by God to Moses, some of them at Mount Sinai and most of them at the Tabernacle, and all the teachings were later compiled and written down by Moses, which resulted in the Torah we have today. The Torah was created prior to the creation of the world, and was used as the blueprint for Creation. [3] Most Modern biblical scholars believe that the written books were a product of the Babylonian exilic period (c.600 BCE) and that it was completed by the Persian period (c.400 BCE).[4]
Contents |
Meaning and names[link]
The word "Torah" in Hebrew is derived from the root ירה which in the hifil conjugation means "to teach" (cf. Lev. 10:11). The meaning of the word is therefore "teaching," "doctrine," or "instruction"; the commonly accepted "law" gives a wrong impression.[5] Other translational contexts in the English language include custom, theory, guidance,[disambiguation needed 
][6] or system.[7]
The Hebrew word for law is din. The term "Torah" is therefore also used in the general sense to include both Judaism's written law and oral law, serving to encompass the entire spectrum of authoritative Jewish religious teachings throughout history, including the Mishnah, the Talmud, the Midrash and more, and the inaccurate rendering of "Torah" as "Law"[8] may be an obstacle to "understanding the ideal that is summed up in the term talmud torah (תלמוד תורה, "study of Torah").[2]
The earliest name for the first part of the Bible seems to have been "The Torah of Moses." This title, however, is found neither in the Torah itself, nor in the works of the pre-Exilic literary prophets. It appears in Joshua (8:31–32; 23:6) and Kings (I Kings 2:3; II Kings 14:6; 23:25), but it cannot be said to refer there to the entire corpus. In contrast, there is every likelihood that its use in the post-Exilic works (Mal. 3:22; Dan. 9:11, 13; Ezra 3:2; 7:6; Neh. 8:1; II Chron. 23:18; 30:16) was intended to be comprehensive. Other early titles were "The Book of Moses" (Ezra 6:18; Neh. 13:1; II Chron. 35:12; 25:4; cf. II Kings 14:6) and "The Book of the Torah" (Neh. 8:3) which seems to be a contraction of a fuller name, "The Book of the Torah of God" (Neh. 8:8, 18; 10:29–30; cf. 9:3).[9]
Scholars usually refer to the first five books of the Hebrew Bible as the Pentateuch, a term first used in the Hellenistic Judaism of Alexandria,[10] meaning five books, or as the Law, or Law of Moses. Muslims refer to the Torah as Tawrat (توراة, "Law"), an Arabic word for the revelations given to the Islamic prophet Musa (موسى, Moses in Arabic).
Composition[link]
Main articles: Mosaic authorship and Documentary hypothesis
According to Jewish tradition the Torah was dictated to Moses by God, with the exception of the last eight verses of Deuteronomy which describe his death.[11] Today, the majority of scholars agree that the Torah does not have a single author, and that its composition took place over centuries.[12] From the late 19th century there was a general consensus around the documentary hypothesis, which suggests that the five books were created c.450 BCE by combining four originally independent sources, known as the Jahwist, or J (about 900 BCE), the Elohist, or E (about 800 BCE), the Deuteronomist, or D, (about 600 BCE), and the Priestly source, or P (about 500 BCE).[13] This general agreement began to break down in the late 1970s, and today there are many theories but no consensus, or even majority viewpoint.[14] Variations of the documentary hypothesis remain popular especially in America and Israel, and the identification of distinctive Deuteronomistic and Priestly theologies and vocabularies remains widespread, but they are used to form new approaches suggesting that the books were combined gradually over time by the slow accumulation of "fragments" of text, or that a basic text was "supplemented" by later authors/editors.[15] At the same time there has been a tendency to bring the origins of the Pentateuch further forward in time, and the most recent proposals place it in 5th century Judah under the Persian empire.[16][17]
Deuteronomy is often treated separately from Genesis, Exodus, Numbers, Leviticus. The process of its formation probably took several hundred years, from the 8th century to the 6th,[18] and its authors have been variously identified as prophetic circles (because the concerns of Deuteronomy mirror those of the prophets, especially Hosea), Levitical priestly circles (because it stresses the role of the Levites), and wisdom and scribal circles (because it esteems wisdom, and because the treaty-form in which it is written would be best known to scribes).[19] According to the theory of the Deuteronomistic history proposed by Martin Noth and widely accepted, Deuteronomy was a product of the court of Josiah (late 7th century) before being used as the introduction to a comprehensive history of Israel written in the early part of the 6th century; later still it was detached from the history and used to round off the Pentateuch.[20]
Structure[link]
| Books of the Torah |
|---|
The Hebrew names of the five books of the Torah are known by their incipit, taken from initial words of the first verse of each book. For example, the Hebrew name of the first book, Bereshit, is the first word of Genesis 1:1:
- Bereshit (בְּרֵאשִׁית, literally "In the beginning")
- Shemot (שִׁמוֹת, literally "Names")
- Vayikra (ויקרא, literally "And He called")
- Bəmidbar (במדבר, literally "In the desert [of]")
- Devarim (דברים, literally "Things" or "Words")
The anglicized names are derived from the Greek and reflect the essential theme of each book:
- Genesis: "creation"
- Exodus: "departure"
- Leviticus: refers to the Levites and the regulations that apply to their presence and service in the Temple, which form the bulk of the third book.
- Numbers (Arithmoi): contains a record of the numbering of the Israelites in the wilderness of Sinai and later on the plain of Moab.
- Deuteronomy: "second law," refers to the fifth book's recapitulation of the commandments reviewed by Moses before his death.
According to the Oral tradition, the prose in the Torah is not always in chronological order. Sometimes it is ordered by concept according to the rule: "There is not 'earlier' and 'later' in the Torah" (אין מוקדם ומאוחר בתורה, Ein mukdam u'meuchar baTorah).[21] This position is accepted by Orthodox Judaism. Non-Orthodox Jews generally understand the same texts as signs that the current text of the Torah was redacted from earlier sources (see documentary hypothesis.)
Contents[link]
Bereshit (Genesis) begins with the so-called "primeval history" (Genesis 1–11), the story of the world's beginnings and the descent of Abraham. This is followed by the story of the three patriarchs (Abraham, Isaac and Jacob), Joseph (Genesis 12–50) and the four matriarchs (Sarah, Rebekah, Leah and Rachel). God gives to the patriarchs a promise of the land of Canaan, but at the end of Genesis the sons of Jacob end up leaving Canaan for Egypt due to a regional famine. They had heard that there was a grain storage and distribution facility in Egypt.
Shemot (Exodus) begins the story of God's revelation to his people Israel through Moses, who leads them out of Egypt (Exodus 1–18) to Mount Sinai. There the people accept a covenant with God, agreeing to be his people in return for agreeing to abide by his Law. Moses receives the Torah from God, and mediates His laws and Covenant (Exodus 19–24) to the people of Israel. Exodus also deals with the first violation of the covenant when the Golden Calf was constructed (Exodus 32–34). Exodus concludes with the instructions on building the Tabernacle (Exodus 25–31; 35–40).
Vayikra (Leviticus) begins with instructions to the Israelites on how to use the Tabernacle, which they had just built (Leviticus 1–10). This is followed by rules of clean and unclean (Leviticus 11–15), which includes the laws of slaughter and animals permissible to eat (see also: Kashrut), the Day of Atonement (Leviticus 16), and various moral and ritual laws sometimes called the Holiness Code (Leviticus 17–26).
Bamidbar (Numbers) tells how Israel consolidated itself as a community at Sinai (Numbers 1–9), set out from Sinai to move towards Canaan and spied out the land (Numbers 10–13). Because of unbelief at various points, but especially at Kadesh Barnea (Numbers 14), the Israelites were condemned to wander for forty years in the desert in the vicinity of Kadesh instead of immediately entering the land of promise. Even Moses sins and is told he would not live to enter the land (Numbers 20). At the end of Numbers (Numbers 26–35) Israel moves from Kadesh to the plains of Moab opposite Jericho, ready to enter the Promised Land.
Devarim (Deuteronomy) is a series of speeches by Moses on the plains of Moab opposite Jericho. Moses proclaims the Law (Deuteronomy 12–26), gives instruction concerning covenant renewal at Shechem (Deuteronomy 27–28) and gives Israel new laws (the "Deuteronomic Code)".[22] At the end of the book (Deuteronomy 34) Moses is allowed to see the promised land from a mountain, but it is not known what happened to Moses on the mountain. He was never seen again. Knowing that he is nearing the end of his life, Moses appoints Joshua his successor, bequeathing to him the mantle of leadership. Soon afterwards Israel begins the conquest of Canaan.
Torah and Judaism[link]
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The Torah is the primary holy scripture of Judaism.
Rabbinic writings offer various ideas on when the Torah was composed. The revelation to Moses at Mount Sinai is considered by most to be the revelatory event. According to dating of the text by Orthodox rabbis, this occurred in 1312 BCE;[23] another date given for this event is 1280 BCE.[24]
Some rabbinic sources state that the entire Torah was given all at once at this event. In the maximalist belief, this dictation included not only the quotations that appear in the text, but every word of the text itself, including phrases such as "And God spoke to Moses ...", and included God telling Moses about Moses' own death and subsequent events. Other classical rabbinic sources[which?] hold that the Torah was revealed to Moses over many years, and finished only at his death.
Another rabbinic school of thought holds that although Moses wrote the vast majority of the Torah, the last four verses of the Torah must have been written after his death by Joshua. Abraham ibn Ezra and Joseph Bonfils observed[citation needed] that some phrases in the Torah present information that people should only have known after the time of Moses. Ibn Ezra hinted, and Bonfils explicitly stated, that Joshua (or perhaps some later prophet) wrote these sections of the Torah. Other rabbis would not accept this belief.
The Talmud (tractate Sabb. 115b) states that a peculiar section in the Book of Numbers (10:35 — 36, surrounded by inverted Hebrew letter nuns) in fact forms a separate book. On this verse a midrash on the book of Mishle (English Proverbs) states that "These two verses stem from an independent book which existed, but was suppressed!" Another (possibly earlier) midrash, Ta'ame Haserot Viyterot, states that this section actually comes from the book of prophecy of Eldad and Medad. The Talmud says that God dictated four books of the Torah, but that Moses wrote Deuteronomy in his own words (Talmud Bavli, Meg. 31b).
All classical rabbinic views hold that the Torah was entirely or almost entirely Mosaic and of divine origin.[25]
Ritual use[link]
Main article: Torah reading
Torah reading (Hebrew: קריאת התורה, K'riat HaTorah ; "Reading [of] the Torah") is a Jewish religious ritual that involves the public reading of a set of passages from a Torah scroll. The term often refers to the entire ceremony of removing the Torah scroll (or scrolls) from the ark, chanting the appropriate excerpt with special cantillation, and returning the scroll(s) to the ark. It is distinct from academic Torah study.
Regular public reading of the Torah was introduced by Ezra the Scribe after the return of the Jewish people from the Babylonian captivity (c. 537 BCE), as described in the Book of Nehemiah.[26] In the modern era, adherents of Orthodox Judaism practice Torah reading according to a set procedure they believe has remained unchanged in the two thousand years since the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem (70 CE). In the 19th and 20th centuries CE, new movements such as Reform Judaism and Conservative Judaism have made adaptations to the practice of Torah reading, but the basic pattern of Torah reading has usually remained the same:
As a part of the morning or afternoon prayer services on certain days of the week or holidays, a section of the Pentateuch is read from a Torah scroll. On Shabbat (Saturday) mornings, a weekly section ("parasha") is read, selected so that the entire Pentateuch is read consecutively each year.[27][28] On Saturday afternoons, Mondays, and Thursdays, the beginning of the following Saturday's portion is read. On Jewish holidays, the beginnings of each month, and fast days, special sections connected to the day are read.
Jews observe an annual holiday, Simchat Torah, to celebrate the completion of the year's cycle of readings.
Torah scrolls are often dressed with a sash, a special Torah cover, various ornaments and a Keter (crown), although such customs vary among synagogues. Congregants traditionally stand when the Torah is brought out of the ark to be read, while it is being carried, and lifted, and likewise while it is returned to the ark, although they sit during the reading itself.
Biblical law[link]
See also: Biblical law
The Torah contains narratives, statements of law, and statements of ethics. Collectively these laws, usually called biblical law or commandments, are sometimes referred to as the Law of Moses (Torat Moshe תּוֹרַת־מֹשֶׁה), or Mosaic Law. Moses received all the laws of God on Mount Sinai. These laws were the first part of the Torah.
The Torah and Judaism's oral law[link]
See also: Oral Torah
Rabbinic tradition holds that the written Torah was transmitted in parallel with the oral tradition. Where the Torah leaves words and concepts undefined, and mentions procedures without explanation or instructions, the reader is required to seek out the missing details from supplemental sources known as the oral law or oral Torah.[29] Some of the Torah's most prominent commandments needing further explanation are:
- Tefillin: As indicated in Deuteronomy 6:8 among other places, tefillin are to be placed on the arm and on the head between the eyes. However, there are no details provided regarding what tefillin are or how they are to be constructed.
- Kashrut: As indicated in Exodus 23:19 among other places, a kid may not be boiled in its mother's milk. [A kid being a young goat.] In addition to numerous other problems with understanding the ambiguous nature of this law, there are no vowelization characters in the Torah; they are provided by the oral tradition. This is particularly relevant to this law, as the Hebrew word for milk (חלב) is identical to the word for animal fat when vowels are absent. Without the oral tradition, it is not known whether the violation is in mixing meat with milk or with fat.
- Shabbat laws: With the severity of Sabbath violation, namely the death penalty, one would assume that direction would be provided as to how exactly such a serious and core commandment should be upheld. However, there is little to no information as to what can and cannot be performed on the Sabbath. Without the oral tradition, keeping this law would be impossible.
According to classical rabbinic texts this parallel set of material was originally transmitted to Moses at Sinai, and then from Moses to Israel. At that time it was forbidden to write and publish the oral law, as any writing would be incomplete and subject to misinterpretation and abuse.
However, after exile, dispersion and persecution, this tradition was lifted when it became apparent that in writing was the only way to ensure that the Oral Law could be preserved. After many years of effort by a great number of tannaim, the oral tradition was written down around 200 CE by Rabbi Judah haNasi who took up the compilation of a nominally written version of the Oral Law, the Mishnah (Hebrew: משנה). Other oral traditions from the same time period not entered into the Mishnah were recorded as "Baraitot" (external teaching), and the Tosefta. Other traditions were written down as Midrashim.
After continued persecution more of the oral law was committed to writing. A great many more lessons, lectures and traditions only alluded to in the few hundred pages of Mishnah, became the thousands of pages now called the Gemara. Gemara is written in Aramaic, having been compiled in Babylon. The Mishnah and Gemara together are called the Talmud. The Rabbis in Israel also collected their traditions and compiled them into the Jerusalem Talmud. Since the greater number of Rabbis lived in Babylon, the Babylonian Talmud has precedence should the two be in conflict.
Orthodox Jews and Conservative Jews accept these texts as the basis for all subsequent halakha and codes of Jewish law, which are held to be normative. Reform and Reconstructionist Jews deny that these texts may be used for determining normative law (laws accepted as binding) but accept them as the authentic and only Jewish version for understanding the Torah and its development throughout history.
Divine significance of letters, Jewish mysticism[link]
Further information: Kabbalah
Kabbalists hold that not only are the words giving a Divine message, but indicate a far greater message that extends beyond them. Thus they hold that even as small a mark as a kotzo shel yod (קוצו של יוד), the serif of the Hebrew letter yod (י), the smallest letter, or decorative markings, or repeated words, were put there by God to teach scores of lessons. This is regardless of whether that yod appears in the phrase "I am the Lord thy God" (אָנֹכִי יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ, Exodus 20:2) or whether it appears in "And God spoke unto Moses saying" (וַיְדַבֵּר אֱלֹהִים, אֶל-מֹשֶׁה; וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו, אֲנִי יְהוָה. Exodus 6:2). In a similar vein, Rabbi Akiva (ca.50–ca.135CE), is said to have learned a new law from every et (את) in the Torah (Talmud, tractate Pesachim 22b); the word et is meaningless by itself, and serves only to mark the direct object. In other words, the Orthodox belief is that even apparently contextual text "And God spoke unto Moses saying ..." is no less important than the actual statement.
One kabbalistic interpretation is that the Torah constitutes one long name of God, and that it was broken up into words so that human minds can understand it. While this is effective since it accords with our human reason, it is not the only way that the text can be broken up.
Production and use of a Torah scroll[link]
Main article: Sefer Torah
Manuscript Torah scrolls are still used, and still scribed, for ritual purposes (i.e., religious services); this is called a Sefer Torah ("Book [of] Torah"). They are written using a painstakingly careful methodology by highly qualified scribes. This has resulted in modern copies of the text that are unchanged from millennia-old copies. It is believed that every word, or marking, has divine meaning, and that not one part may be inadvertently changed lest it lead to error. The fidelity of the Hebrew text of the Tanakh, and the Torah in particular, is considered paramount, down to the last letter: translations or transcriptions are frowned upon for formal service use, and transcribing is done with painstaking care. An error of a single letter, ornamentation, or symbol of the 304,805 stylized letters which make up the Hebrew Torah text renders a Torah scroll unfit for use, hence a special skill is required and a scroll takes considerable time to write and check.
According to Jewish law, a sefer Torah (plural: Sifrei Torah) is a copy of the formal Hebrew text of hand-written on gevil or qlaf (forms of parchment) by using a quill (or other permitted writing utensil) dipped in ink. Written entirely in Hebrew, a sefer Torah contains 304,805 letters, all of which must be duplicated precisely by a trained sofer (“scribe”), an effort which may take as long as approximately one and a half years. Most modern Sifrei Torah are written with forty-two lines of text per column (Yemenite Jews use fifty), and very strict rules about the position and appearance of the Hebrew letters are observed. See for example the Mishna Berura on the subject.[30] Any of several Hebrew scripts may be used, most of which are fairly ornate and exacting.
The completion of the sefer Torah is a cause for great celebration, and it is a Mitzvah for every Jew to either write or have written for him a Sefer Torah. Torah scrolls are stored in the holiest part of the synagogue in the Ark known as the "Holy Ark" (אֲרוֹן הקֹדשׁ aron hakodesh in Hebrew.) Aron in Hebrew means "cupboard" or "closet", and kodesh is derived from "kadosh", or "holy".
In other religions[link]
While Christianity includes the five books of Moses (the Pentateuch) among their sacred texts, in its Old Testament, Islam believes that only the original Torah was sent by the One true God. In both religions they lack the religious legal significance that they have in Orthodox Judaism.
Among early centers of Christianity a Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible was used by Greek speakers (Aramaic Targums were used by Aramaic speakers such as the Syriac Orthodox Church). The Greek version's name in Latin is the Septuagint: L. septem meaning seven, plus -gintā meaning "times ten". It was named Septuagint from the traditional number of its translators. This Greek version of the Hebrew Scriptures dates from the 3rd century B.C., originally associated with Hellenistic Judaism. It contains both a translation of the Hebrew and additional and variant material. It was regarded as the standard form of the Old Testament in the early Greek Christian Church and is still considered canonical in the Eastern Orthodox Church.[31] [32] Though different Christian denominations have slightly different versions of the Old Testament in their Bibles, the Torah as the "Five Books of Moses" (or "the Mosaic Law") is common among them all.
The Quran refers heavily to Moses to outline the truth of his existence and the religious guidelines that God had revealed to the Children of Israel. God says in the Qur'an, "It is He Who has sent down the Book (the Qur'an) to you with truth, confirming what came before it. And He sent down the Taurat (Torah) and the Injeel (Gospel)." [3:1]
Muslims call the Torah the Tawrat and consider it the word of God given to Moses. However, Muslims also believe that this original revelation was corrupted (tahrif) over time by Jewish scribes[33] and hence do not revere the present "Jewish version" Torah as much. 7:144–144 The Torah in the Qur'an is always mentioned with respect in Islam. The Muslims' belief in the Torah, as well as the prophethood of Moses, is one of the fundamental tenets of Islam.
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Chaim Miller The Gutnick Edition Chumash - the Book of Leviticus Page 1 2005 "... Vayikra means “He called,” as in the opening verse of our Parsha, “He called to Moshe.” "
- ^ a b Birnbaum (1979), p. 630
- ^ Vol. 11 Trumah Section 61
- ^ page 1, Blenkinsopp, Joseph (1992). The Pentateuch: An introduction to the first five books of the Bible. Anchor Bible Reference Library. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-41207-X.
- ^ Rabinowitz, Louis Isaac and Harvey, Warren. "Torah." Encyclopaedia Judaica. Ed. Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik. Vol. 20. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. pp 39–46.
- ^ Philip Birnbaum, Encyclopedia of Jewish Concepts, Hebrew Publishing Company, 1964, page 630
- ^ p.2767, Alcalay
- ^ pp.164–165, Scherman, Exodus 12:49
- ^ Sarna, Nahum M. et al. "Bible." Encyclopaedia Judaica. Ed. Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik. Vol. 3. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. pp 576–577.
- ^ The World and the Word: An Introduction to the Old Testament p163 ed. Eugene H. Merrill, Mark Rooker, Michael A. Grisanti - 2011 "Part 4 THE PENTATEUCH Michael A. Grisanti THE TERM “PENTATEUCH” derives from the Greek pentateuchos, literally, ... 1 The Greek term was apparently popularized by the Hellenized Jews of Alexandria, Egypt, in the first century AD "
- ^ Louis Jacobs (1995). The Jewish religion: a companion. Oxford University Press. p. 375. ISBN 978-0-19-826463-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=l1u-_VMDM80C. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
- ^ McDermott, John J., "Reading the Pentateuch: a historical introduction" (Pauline Press, 2002) p.21. Books.google.com.au. 2002-10. ISBN 978-0-8091-4082-4. http://books.google.com/?id=Dkr7rVd3hAQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Reading+the+Pentateuch:+a+historical+introduction#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
- ^ Gordon Wenham, "Pentateuchal Studies Today," in Themelios 22.1 (October 1996): 3–13.
- ^ Van Seters, John, "The Pentateuch: a social-science commentary" T&T Clark, 2004) p.74. Books.google.com.au. 2004-08-23. ISBN 978-0-567-08088-2. http://books.google.com/?id=T-Vi9eK_vS0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Pentateuch+Social+Science+Commentary#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
- ^ Van Seters, John, "The Pentateuch: a social-science commentary" T&T Clark, 2004) pp.74–79. Books.google.com.au. 2004-08-23. ISBN 978-0-567-08088-2. http://books.google.com/?id=T-Vi9eK_vS0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Pentateuch+Social+Science+Commentary#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
- ^ Ska, Jean-Louis, "Introduction to reading the Pentateuch" (Eisenbrauns, 2006) pp.217 ff.
- ^ For more information on the current debates surrounding the promulgation of the Pentateuch see The Pentateuch as Torah: New Models for Understanding Its Promulgation and Acceptance (ed. Gary Knoppers and Bernard M. Levinson; Winona Lake: Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 2007) ISBN 978-1-57506-140-5.
- ^ Miller, Patrick D., "Deuteronomy" (John Knox Press, 1990) pp.2–3
- ^ Miller, Patrick D., "Deuteronomy" (John Knox Press, 1990) pp.5–8
- ^ Van Seters, John, "The Pentateuch: a social-science commentary" T&T Clark, 2004) p.93. Books.google.com.au. 2004-08-23. ISBN 978-0-567-08088-2. http://books.google.com/?id=T-Vi9eK_vS0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Pentateuch+Social+Science+Commentary#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
- ^ Talmud Pesachim 7a
- ^ Coogan, Michael D. A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in Its Context. Oxford University Press, 2009. pages 148–149
- ^ History Crash Course #36: Timeline: From Abraham to Destruction of the Temple, by Rabbi Ken Spiro, Aish.com. Retrieved 2010-08-19.
- ^ Kurzweil, Arthur (2008). The Torah For Dummies. For Dummies. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-470-28306-6. http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/59/04701734/0470173459.pdf. Retrieved 2010-08-19.
- ^ For more information on these issues from an Orthodox Jewish perspective, see Modern Scholarship in the Study of Torah: Contributions and Limitations, Ed. Shalom Carmy, and Handbook of Jewish Thought, Volume I, by Aryeh Kaplan.
- ^ Book of Nehemia, Chapter 8
- ^ The division of parashot found in the modern-day Torah scrolls of all Jewish communities (Ashkenazic, Sephardic, and Yemenite) is based upon the systematic list provided by Maimonides in Mishneh Torah, Laws of Tefillin, Mezuzah and Torah Scrolls, chapter 8. Maimonides based his division of the parashot for the Torah on the Aleppo Codex. Though initially doubted by Umberto Cassuto, this has become the established position in modern scholarship. (See the Aleppo Codex article for more information.)
- ^ Conservative and Reform synagogues may read parashot on a triennial rather than annual schedule, The Authentic Triennial Cycle: A Better Way to Read Torah?, [1][dead link]
- ^ Rietti, Rabbi Jonathan. The Oral Law: The Heart of The Torah
- ^ Mishnat Soferim The forms of the letters translated by Jen Taylor Friedman (geniza.net)
- ^ Def. of Septuagint
- ^ p.317, DeSilva
- ^ Is the Bible God's Word by Sheikh Ahmed Deedat
Bibliography[link]
-
- Bandstra, Barry L (2004). Reading the Old Testament: an introduction to the Hebrew Bible. Wadsworth. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=vRY9mTUZKJcC&pg=PA489&lpg=PA489&dq=Bandstra,+Barry+L+%282004%29.+Reading+the+Old+Testament:+an+introduction+to+the+Hebrew+Bible#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- Birnbaum, Philip (1979). Encyclopedia of Jewish Concepts. Wadsworth.
- Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2004). Treasures old and new: essays in the theology of the Pentateuch. Eerdmans. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wq0YsOpTjKIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Treasures+old+and+new:+essays+in+the+theology+of+the+Pentateuch#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- Campbell, Antony F; O'Brien, Mark A (1993). Sources of the Pentateuch: texts, introductions, annotations. Fortress Press. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=cwhICpcHBsQC&pg=PR3&dq=Sources+of+the+bible&cad=3#v=onepage&q=Sources%20of%20the%20bible&f=false.
- Carr, David M (1996). Reading the fractures of Genesis. Westminster John Knox Press. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=8UJctZxFHikC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Reading+the+fractures+of+Genesis:+historical+and+literary+approaches#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- Clines, David A (1997). The theme of the Pentateuch. Sheffield Academic Press. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Z45ullcFRG8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Clines+Theme+of+the+Pentateuch#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- Davies, G.I (1998). "Introduction to the Pentateuch". In John Barton. Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford University Press. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=3surkLVdw3UC&pg=PA12&dq=Oxford+Bible+Commentary+Introduction+to+the+Pentateuch#v=onepage&q=Oxford%20Bible%20Commentary%20Introduction%20to%20the%20Pentateuch&f=false.
- Gooder, Paula (2000). The Pentateuch: a story of beginnings. T&T Clark. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=49XpvvO-Oq0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Pentateuch+Paula+Gooder#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- Kugler, Robert; Hartin, Patrick (2009). The Old Testament between theology and history: a critical survey. Eerdmans. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=L8WbXbPjxpoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Robert+Kugler,+Patrick+Hartin#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- Levin, Christoph L (2005). The Old testament: a brief introduction. Princeton University Press. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=7geSuBAQ1e0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Old+testament:+a+brief+introduction+Christoph+Levin#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- McEntire, Mark (2008). Struggling with God: An Introduction to the Pentateuch. Mercer University Press. http://books.google.com/books?id=VwOs9f1FpmsC&pg=PA87&dq=william+propp+exodus+1-18#v=onepage&q=william%20propp%20exodus%201-18&f=false.
- Ska, Jean-Louis (2006). Introduction to reading the Pentateuch. Eisenbrauns. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=7cdy67ZvzdkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Introduction+to+reading+the+Pentateuch+Jean+Louis+Ska#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- Van Seters, John (1998). "The Pentateuch". In Steven L. McKenzie, Matt Patrick Graham. The Hebrew Bible today: an introduction to critical issues. Westminster John Knox Press. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Hebrew+Bible+today:+an+introduction+to+critical+issues#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- Van Seters, John (2004). The Pentateuch: a social-science commentary. Continuum International Publishing Group. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=T-Vi9eK_vS0C&pg=PA7&dq=Sources+of+the+bible&cad=3#v=onepage&q=Sources%20of%20the%20bible&f=false.
- Walsh, Jerome T (2001). Style and structure in Biblical Hebrew narrative. Liturgical Press. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=hGeXrcQTZ2kC&printsec=frontcover&dq=style+and+structure+in+biblical+hebrew+narrative#v=onepage&q&f=false.
Additional resources[link]
-
- Friedman, Richard Elliott, Who Wrote the Bible?, HarperSanFrancisco, 1997
- Welhausen, Julius, Prolegomena to the History of Israel, Scholars Press, 1994 (reprint of 1885)
- Kantor, Mattis, The Jewish time line encyclopedia: A year-by-year history from Creation to the present, Jason Aronson Inc., London, 1992
- Wheeler, Brannon M., Moses in the Quran and Islamic Exegesis, Routledge, 2002
- DeSilva, David Arthur, An Introduction to the New Testament: Contexts, Methods & Ministry, InterVarsity Press, 2004
- Alcalay, Reuben., The Complete Hebrew – English dictionary, vol 2, Hemed Books, New York, 1996 ISBN 978-965-448-179-3
- Scherman, Nosson, (ed.), Tanakh, Vol.I, The Torah, (Stone edition), Mesorah Publications, Ltd., New York, 2001
- Heschel, Abraham Joshua, Tucker, Gordon & Levin, Leonard, Heavenly Torah: As Refracted Through the Generations, London, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005
- Hubbard, David “The Literary Sources of the Kebra Nagast” Ph.D. dissertation St Andrews University, Scotland, 1956
External links[link]
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Look up Pentateuch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- Jewish Encyclopedia: Torah
- Great resource of Torah for the Shabbat Torah portions)
- Three Complete Kosher Sefer Torah Scrolls for Study online (Congregation Beth Emeth of Northern Virginia)
- Sefer Torah Scroll for Study online with Megillot and commentaries
- Computer generated Sefer Torah for Study online with translation, transliteration and chanting (WorldORT)
- Online Torah Resources - weekly parsha pages, learning resources by topic
- Interlinear Pentateuch (with Idiomatic Translation, Samaritan Pentateuch and Morphology)
Morris Jastrow (1905). "Pentateuch". New International Encyclopedia.
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| The Books | |
|---|---|
| Left to right: Nick Zammuto, Paul de Jong Left to right: Nick Zammuto, Paul de Jong |
|
| Background information | |
| Origin | New York City, New York, United States |
| Genres | Folktronica, experimental, sound collage |
| Years active | 2000–2012 |
| Labels | Tomlab, Temporary Residence Limited |
| Website | www.thebooksmusic.com |
| Members | |
| Nick Zammuto Paul de Jong |
|
The Books were an American duo, formed in New York City in 1999, consisting of guitarist and vocalist Nick Zammuto and cellist Paul de Jong. Their releases typically incorporate samples of obscure sounds and speech.[1][2] They have released three critically acclaimed albums on the German label Tomlab, and released their fourth studio album, The Way Out, on Temporary Residence Limited in July 2010.
Contents |
History[link]
[edit] 1999–2002: Thought for Food
Zammuto and de Jong first met in New York City in 1999 as they shared the same apartment building.[3] De Jong invited Zammuto to dinner at his apartment, where he played him some of his collection of audio and video samples, including a Shooby Taylor record.[4] Zammuto said of their meeting that "we both kind of knew at that moment that we listened (to music) in interesting ways and had similar approaches to music."[5] Soon after, they began playing what they considered to be pop music, in comparison to their own works, under the name The Books.[5]
In 2000, The Books started work on what would become their début album Thought for Food.[6] Zammuto and de Jong moved locations constantly during this time,[6] recording in New York, Los Angeles, Boston, and finally in the basement of a hostel in North Carolina where Zammuto worked for a while after hiking the Appalachian Trail.[5][7]
Thought for Food was released on October 22nd, 2002.[8] Praised by critics for its distinctive sound,[9] it featured extensive sampling from obscure sources coupled with mostly acoustic instrumentation.
[edit] 2002–2003: The Lemon of Pink
Shortly after the release of Thought for Food, the band relocated to North Adams, Massachusetts, near where Zammuto had graduated from Williams College in 1999, studying chemistry and visual arts.[10] Zammuto and de Jong began the recording of The Lemon of Pink around this time. Anne Doerner, a guest vocalist on the album, said the process was much more arduous than the recording of Thought for Food, with Zammuto working on the album for five straight months.[5]
The Lemon of Pink was released to critical acclaim[11] on October 7th, 2003.[12] It is similar in style to Thought for Food, but oriented more around vocals performed mostly by Anne Doerner.
[edit] 2003–2006: Lost and Safe, Music for a French Elevator, Prefuse 73 Reads The Books
In 2004, the French Ministry of Culture asked The Books to compose music for a new elevator in their building. The Books released a Mini CD of this work in 2006, under the name Music for a French Elevator and Other Short Format Oddities by the Books.[13]
On April 5, 2005, The Books released their third studio album, Lost and Safe. Zammuto has a greater vocal presence in this album, and the album was criticized for this change of sound.[14] Aside from this, Lost and Safe was well received by critics.[15] Throughout early 2005, The Books collobarated with the electronica artist Prefuse 73. The Books appear on his album Surrounded by Silence ("Pagina Dos"), and the E.P. Prefuse 73 Reads the Books E.P. collects remixes of material sourced from The Books' albums.
Before starting a three-month[16] tour of North America in April 2006, The Books had played only one concert,[7] in October 2003 at a festival in Chicago, Illinois.[17] Zammuto has expressed apprehensiveness towards touring, but says it is necessary to make a living, given his belief that people downloading The Books' music via file-sharing[18] has put him under financial strain.
[edit] 2006–2012: Hiatus, The Way Out and break-up
Following the release of Music for a French Elevator, the band took a break from recording to tend to their new families, tour in support of their albums, and pursue some of their own projects, which included Zammuto scoring a feature documentary about the Biosphere 2.[10]
In 2007, The Books released Play All, a DVD of thirteen music videos and three previously unreleased tracks.[19] The Play All videos are composed of found footage transformed into a collage that matches their music. The Books often screen these videos during their live performances.[20]
The Books toured heavily between 2005 and 2007, including two tours in Europe and two Canadian shows.[6] In early 2009 The Books covered the Nick Drake song "Cello Song" in collaboration with José González for the Red Hot Organization's Dark Was the Night fund-raising album.[21]
The Books began working on The Way Out in late 2008.[22] Zammuto spoke of the album's New Age themes in an interview in April 2009, saying they took samples from self-help and hypnotherapy cassettes. When asked to describe the album, Zammuto said "You're getting verrry sleepy."[3] On April 5, 2010, the duo announced that The Way Out would be released through Temporary Residence Limited in July.[22] On April 27 Pitchfork Media began streaming the track "Beautiful People",[23] which Zammuto described as "a three part christian harmony mixed with a sort of euro-disco-trash beat, an orchestra’s worth of sampled brass and lyrics about the twelfth root of two (my favorite irrational number), trigonometry and tangrams".[24] The album was released on July 20.
The Books played the ATP New York 2010 music festival in Monticello, New York, in September 2010 and are currently touring North American tour with the Black Heart Procession. The band have been chosen by Portishead & ATP to perform at the ATP I'll Be Your Mirror festival that they will curate in July 2011 at London's Alexandra Palace.[25]
In January of 2012, Nick Zammuto announced in an interview via Pitchfork Media that The Books were splitting up to focus on other projects.[26]
On April 3rd 2012, Nick Zammuto released Zammuto, under the moniker Zammuto.
Musical style[link]
The Books are commonly cited by critics to be of a genre of their own,.[27] Zammuto has described it as collage music.[18] Paul de Jong described it as "the new folk music...[w]e make our own instruments, use our own libraries of sound bites while trying to create something universally human."[28] Although they have said that their influences include Nirvana, David Bowie, Roxy Music as well as new wave and classical music, these do not show prominently in their music,[29] though Zammuto was directly influenced by electronic musicians Squarepusher, Aphex Twin and Boards of Canada.[30][31] The Books' music usually consists of acoustic instrumentation of folk melodies usually played on guitar, cello, banjo and more, combined with a diverse range of samples obtained from cassettes found in thrift stores,[18] which are digitally processed and edited.[5] They also rarely use a drum kit in recordings and performances, instead favouring inanimate objects like children's toys and filing cabinets, which are sampled and looped.[29] Some observers contend that their music is aleatoric,[32] but Zammuto has disagreed, saying the music is very tightly controlled.[18]
Discography[link]
Studio albums[link]
- Thought for Food (2002)
- The Lemon of Pink (2003)
- Lost and Safe (2005)
- The Way Out (2010)
EP[link]
DVDs[link]
- Play All (2007)
References[link]
- ^ Richardson, Mark (2002-07-23). "Album review: The Books - Thought for Food". Pitchfork Media. http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/854-thought-for-food/. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
- ^ Mintz, Hillary (2002-06-11). "Album review: The Books - Thought for Food". Published by Dusted Magazine. http://www.dustedmagazine.com/reviews/226. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
- ^ a b Reed, James (2009-04-10). "On the search for sounds". Boston Globe website. Published by The New York Times Company. p. Page 2 of 2. http://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2009/04/10/on_the_search_for_sounds/?page=2. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
- ^ Ruttenburg, Jay (2005-04-28). "Aural recipe". Time Out New York. http://newyork.timeout.com/articles/music/70686/aural-recipe. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
- ^ a b c d e Bolle, Susanna (2004-03-15). "The Books". Junk Media. http://www.junkmedia.org/index.php?i=963. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
- ^ a b c de Jomb, Paul, and Zammuto, Nick. "About The Books". The Books' website. http://www.thebooksmusic.com/news/. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
- ^ a b Sarna, Dan (May 2007). "Interview: Nick Zammuto of The Books". Impose Magazine. http://www.imposemagazine.com/interview-the-books/765/. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
- ^ "The Books: Thought For Food". HBDirect.com. http://www.hbdirect.com/album_detail.php?pid=546205. Retrieved 2009-06-03. [dead link]
- ^ Richardson, Mark. "Album review: The Books - Thought for Food". Allmusic. Published by All Media Guide. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r613714. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
- ^ a b "2008 Keynote speaker: Nick Zammuto". Student Independent Film Festival website. http://siffest.com/?q=node/82. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
- ^ "Reviews of The Lemon of Pink - The Books". Metacritic. Published by CNET Networks, Inc.. http://www.metacritic.com/music/artists/books/lemonofpink. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
- ^ Carr, Daphine. "Album review: The Books - The Lemon of Pink". Allmusic. Published by All Media Guide. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r659623. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
- ^ "Music for a French Elevator EP". The Books website. http://www.thebooksmusic.com/garage/. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
- ^ Gaerig, Chris (2005-04-11). "Playing by The Books". Michigan Daily. http://www.michigandaily.com/content/playing-books. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
- ^ "Reviews of Lost and Safe - The Books". Metacritic. Published by CNET Networks, Inc.. http://www.metacritic.com/music/artists/books/lostandsafe?q=lost%20and%20safe. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
- ^ Madison, Tjames (2006-02-21). "The Books book big domestic tour". LiveDaily. Published by Ticketmaster. http://www.livedaily.com/news/9633.html. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
- ^ "The Books: Information". The Books website. http://www.thebooksmusic.com/news/. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
- ^ a b c d Khawaja, Jemayel (2007-04-24). "Interview with Nick Zammuto". Hate Something Beautiful. http://www.hatesomethingbeautiful.com/?p=572. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
- ^ "Play All: A DVD of Videos". The Books website. http://www.thebooksmusic.com/garage/bv_play_all.html. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
- ^ "Film Review-Play All: The Books". Tiny Mix Tapes. http://www.tinymixtapes.com/The-Books-Playall-DVD. Retrieved 2009-09-30. [dead link]
- ^ Hall, Tara (2009-05-27). "Jose Gonzalez maps North American jaunt". Livedaily. Published by Ticketmaster. http://www.livedaily.com/news/19193.html. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
- ^ a b Zammuto, Nick (2010-04-05). "Temporary Residence!". The Books' Blog. http://thebooksmusic.tumblr.com/. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
- ^ Dombal, Ryan (2010-04-27). "New Books track: "Beautiful People"". Pitchfork Media. http://pitchfork.com/news/38626-new-books-track-beautiful-people/. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
- ^ Zammuto, Nick (2010-04-28). "Beautiful People". The Books' Blog. Tumblr. http://thebooksmusic.tumblr.com/. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
- ^ ATP: I'll Be Your Mirror London
- ^ Ryan Dombal (26 January 2012). "Nick Zammuto Talks About Ending the Books, Starting His New Project". Pitchfork. http://pitchfork.com/news/45239-nick-zammuto-talks-about-ending-the-books-starting-his-new-project/.
- ^ Richardson, Mark (2003-10-08). "Album review: The Books - The Lemon of Pink". Pitchfork Media. http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/855-the-lemon-of-pink/. Retrieved 2009-06-04. "The Lemon of Pink may sound a bit like this duo's debut, but it also sounds like nobody else. The Books remain more or less a genre of one."
- ^ Darryl Smyers (6 April 2006). "Safe and Sound". Dallas Observer. http://web.archive.org/web/20060628164337/http://www.dallasobserver.com/Issues/2006-04-06/music/music.html.
- ^ a b Male, Howard (2006-12-15). "The Books: Don't take us literally". The Independent website. Published by Independent News & Media. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/the-books-dont-take-us-literally-428430.html. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
- ^ "Roots maneouvring". Guardian. 2006-01-27. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2006/jan/27/worldmusic.popandrock. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
- ^ Zammuto, Nick (2010-07-27). "Chain of Missing Links". The Books' Blog. Tumblr. http://thebooksmusic.tumblr.com/post/866311995/chain-of-missing-links. Retrieved 2010-08-15.
- ^ Dainer-Best, Justin (2007-05-01). "Playing with Sound: The Books at First Unitarian". The Bi-College News online. http://www.biconews.com/?p=5765. Retrieved 2009-06-04. "They (The Books) make aleatoric music, but that’s the easiest thing to say about them."
External links[link]
http://wn.com/The_Books
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/The Books
http://de.wn.com/The Books
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Books
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 Torah Bright on 27 February 2010 |
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| Personal information | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Born | (1986-12-27) 27 December 1986 (age 25) Cooma, New South Wales, Australia |
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| Height | 5 ft 4 in (1.63 m) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sport | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Country |  Australia |
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| Sport | Snowboarding | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Medal record
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Torah Jane Bright (born 27 December 1986, Cooma, New South Wales) is an Australian snowboarder. She turned pro at age 14 and finished fifth in snowboarding at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Torino, Italy. She lives and trains in the area of Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. She won gold in the 2010 Winter Olympics in the halfpipe.
Contents |
Personal life[link]
Born to parents Peter and Marion Bright, Bright is the fourth of five siblings. Her parents named her Torah after Marion Bright learned the word meant "bearer of great message" in addition to referring to the Five books of Moses.[citation needed] She grew up in Cooma, New South Wales, and attended Cooma North Primary School at the base of the Snowy Mountains, and initially started out as a downhill ski racer. Bright is married to American snowboarder Jake Welch, and got married in Salt Lake City, USA June 2010.[1][2]
Bright uses a goofy stance and is coached by brother Ben. Older sister Rowena competed in the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics.
Bright is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. "For me it's just a way of life – I don't drink, smoke, drink tea or coffee, or have sex before marriage. I've never drunk or smoked but I'll go out to dance and stay up late and then drive home at the end of the night."[citation needed]
Career[link]
Bright finished 30th overall at the 2005 World Championships in Whistler, Canada and was runner up for the World Cup title during the 2003–04 season.
Bright entered only two World Cup events during the 2004–05 season, both in February at the 2006 Winter Olympic venue of Bardonecchia. She placed third in both events, qualifying for the Australian Olympic team.
In 2006, Bright earned a silver medal at the Winter X Games in Aspen, Colorado. She returned the following year, winning the gold medal in the women's superpipe event. She is the first Australian snowboarder to ever win gold at the Winter X Games (11), beating Winter Olympic medalists Gretchen Bleiler and Hannah Teter.
In 2007, Bright took first at the Nissan X-Trail Nippon Open in the women's halfpipe, giving her back-to-back wins in two consecutive competitions. At the 2007 World Super Pipe Championships in Park City, Utah, Bright won first place, beating 2002 Olympic gold medalist Kelly Clark. In late 2007, she made the podium for both events in the Roxy Chicken Jam, the final event in the TTR (Ticket to Ride) Snowboard Tour, where she became the 2007 TTR world champion.[3]
In 2010, at the Winter Olympics at Vancouver, Bright was chosen to carry the flag for Australia at the opening ceremonies,[4] and qualified for the number one spot for the final of the Women's half-pipe, despite suffering two concussions beforehand in training. Crashing out in her first run in the final, Bright was the first competitor to make a second run. With a successful second run, she posted a score of 45.0, which remained the highest score through the field's second run. Bright became the fourth Australian to win a Winter Olympics Gold medal.
Sponsorships[link]
Bright has a head-to-toe sponsorship with Roxy, the female-specific brand of Action-sports company Quiksilver. For the 2008–2009 season, in 2008, she worked to expand her career into design, working on a new addition to the Roxy's women's line, dubbed the "Bright Series", which includes her snowboard, the Roxy Eminence.[5] Her other sponsors include Boost Mobile.
Competition Results[link]
 |
This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (February 2010) |
2010
- 1st – Halfpipe – Winter Olympics (2010 Winter Olympics)
2009
- 1st – Superpipe – Toyota Championship (Winter Dew Tour)
- 1st – Superpipe – EXPN Winter X games 13 (Aspen, Colorado)
2008
- 2nd – TTR World Snowboard Tour 07/08
- 1st – Superpipe – World Superpipe Championships – Park City, UT.
- 2nd – Superpipe – EXPN Winter X Games 12 (Aspen)
- 1st – Superpipe – Nippon Open Japan
- 1st – Superpipe – Burton US Open, Vermont
- Burton Global Open Champion
2007
- Burton Global Open Champion
- TTR World Snowboard Tour Champion 06/07
- 1st – Halfpipe – Burton New Zealand Open
- 4th – Slopestyle – Burton New Zealand Open
- 2nd – Halfpipe – Roxy Chicken Jam (USA)
- 3rd – Slopestyle – Roxy Chicken Jam (USA)
- 2nd – Slopestyle – Burton US Open
- 3rd – Halfpipe – Burton US Open
- 1st – Superpipe – World Superpipe Championships
- 1st – Halfpipe – X-Trail Nippon Open
- 1st – Halfpipe – EXPN Winter X Games 11
2006
- 1st – Halfpipe – US Open
- 1st – Superpipe – World Superpipe Championships Park City, Utah.
- 1st – Vans Cup
2005
- 1st – Arctic Challenge, Tromsø, Norway
- 2nd – US Open
- 1st – Nippon Open
- 3rd – FIS World Cup
- 3rd – Slopestyle – Roxy Chicken Jam (USA)
- 30th – 2005 World Championships in Whistler, Canada
2004
- 1st – Half Pipe – FIS World Cup, Turin
- 2nd – World Cup, Whistler, British Columbia
- 2nd – FIS World Cup, Juetsu, Japan
- 3rd – FIS World Cup, Sapporo, Japan
- 2nd – Roxy pro, Les Arc, France
2003
- Runner Up for the World Cup Title – 2003–04 season
References[link]
- ^ Morrell, Lucy (21 Jan, 2010). "Torah brightens parents' day". Cooma-Monaro Express. http://www.coomaexpress.com.au/news/local/sport/general/torah-brightens-parents-day/1730878.aspx?storypage=0. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
- ^ Piers, Hernu (11 April 2009). "'I've never drunk or smoked', says champion snowboarder Torah Bright" (in English). Daily Mail (UK: Associated Newspapers Ltd). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/moslive/article-1168440/Ive-drunk-smoked-says-champion-snowboarder-Torah-Bright.html. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
- ^ Torah Bright Discusses 2009 Roxy Snow Line[dead link]
- ^ Nicole, Jeffery (13 February 2010). "Torah Bright chosen to carry Australian flag in Vancouver" (in English). The Australian (Australia: News Limited). http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/sport/torah-bright-chosen-to-carry-australian-flag-in-vancouver/story-fn4vwn8v-1225829867473. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
- ^ "Torah's official TTR profile". http://www.ttrworldtour.com/ranking/rider-report/rider/bright-torah/show/profile.html. Retrieved 2007-10-10.
See Also[link]
External links[link]
|
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Bright, Torah |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Snowboarder |
| Date of birth | 1986-12-27 |
| Place of birth | Cooma, New South Wales, Australia |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Torah_Bright
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Брайт, Тора
http://fr.wn.com/Torah Bright
http://nl.wn.com/Torah Bright
http://pt.wn.com/Torah Bright
http://de.wn.com/Torah Bright
http://it.wn.com/Torah Bright
http://pl.wn.com/Torah Bright
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah_Bright
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Mordechai Werdyger (born 16 April 1951,[1] Brooklyn, New York), professionally known as Mordechai Ben David (Hebrew: מרדכי בן דוד, lit. Mordechai, son of David) or MBD for short, is an American Hasidic Jewish singer and songwriter popular in the Orthodox Jewish community. He is known as the 'King of Jewish music'. He has produced many popular Jewish albums over the past 40 years. He also starred as a frequent performer in the popular HASC concert series for almost two decades. Werdyger blends traditional Hasidic melodies with modern pop to create the songs in his albums, working with contemporary music producer Eli Lishinsky. Werdyger does not sing at mixed concerts for religious reasons.[citation needed]. His most recent album Kissufim was released recently in October 2011. He has also unofficially released a non-public single titled Omdos Hoyu recently in honor of a Yeshiva Student's marriage in Israel, and although it was only released at the event in Israel, it has become extremely widespread and popular through it being posted on the web. In February 2012, MBD announced on Menachem Toker Radio Israel that he had just started on a new album, although not releasing information as per what type of album.
Contents |
Family[link]
His father, David Werdyger, is a hazzan (cantor) and Holocaust survivor originally from Kraków. His brother, Mendy, is also a Jewish singer and owner of the Jewish record label Aderet Records and its retail store in Boro Park, Brooklyn, Mostly Music.[2] His son, Yeedle,[3] nephew, Yisroel Werdyger (Mendy's son)[4], and son-in-law, Mendy Wald, are also popular Jewish singers. [5][6]
Werdyger lives in Sea Gate, Brooklyn, and has mentioned that he has purchased a house in Jerusalem and intends to move there shortly.
Song adaptations[link]
A few of MBD's songs are adaptations of well-known, non-Jewish songs.
- "Lichtiger Shabbos" on Just One Shabbos (1982) [retitled "Yiddish" on Solid MBD (1993)] is an adaptation of "Close Every Door To Me", from the musical theater production Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat, by Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber.
- "Kumt Aheim" on Jerusalem: Not For Sale (1986), commonly referred to as "Yidden" and retitled as such for the CD release, uses the music of "Dschinghis Khan" (English: Genghis Khan), from the German band Dschinghis Khan.
- "Father Dear" on Yerushalayim Our Home (1988) [retitled "Daddy Dear" on The English Collection (1998)] uses music from "Little Child," performed by many earlier singers, notably Cab Calloway and his daughter in 1956; it, in turn, is adapted from an earlier French song.[7]
- "Shir Hashalom" is an adaptation from Bobby Vinton's My Melody of Love.
In addition, "Vechol Maminim", from MBD's album of the same name, was an adaptation of "Tov Lehodos", an earlier song by Shlomo Carlebach.
Discography[link]
- Mordechai Ben David Werdyger Sings Original Chassidic Nigunim (1973)
- Hineni (1974)
- Neshama Soul (1975)
- I'd Rather Pray and Sing (1977)
- Vechol Maminim - Songs of Rosh Hashana (1979)
- Moshiach is Coming Soon (1980)
- Memories (1981)
- Mordechai Ben David Live (1981)
- Ich Hob Gevart (I Have Waited) (1982)
- Just One Shabbos (1983)
- Around the Year Vol. 1 (1984)
- Hold On (1984)
- Let My People Go (1985)
- Jerusalem Not For Sale (1986)
- MBD and Friends (1987)
- Jerusalem Our Home - Lekovod Yom Tov (1988)
- Siman Tov and Keitzad (Singles) (1989)
- The Double Album (1990)
- Solid MBD (1990)
- Moshiach, Moshiach, Moshiach (1992)
- Live in Jerusalem (1989)
- Tomid BeSimcha - Always Happy (1994)
- Special Moments (1994)
- Once Upon a Niggun (1996)
- Chevron Forever (single)(1996)
- Ein Od Milvado (1997)
- The English Collection (1998)
- We Are One (1999)
- Maaminim (2001)
- Kumzits (2003)
- Nachamu Ami (2004)
- Oorah [single] (2005)
- Efshar Letaken (2006)
- Yiddish Collection (2007)
- Anovim Anovim [single] (2008)
- Oorah [single] (2008)
- Levado - Mishpacha [single] (2008)
- Kulam Ahuvim (2009)
- Platinum Collection (2009)
- Kisufim (2011)
- Omdos Hoyu [single] (2012)
In addition, MBD appears on many albums including:
- JEP Vol. 4 (1979)
- Jerusalem (1983)
- Father & Sons Biglal Avos (1984)
- Torah (1985)
- Simcha (1986)
- Hallel (1987)
- 25 Years Of Jewish Music (1988)
- Yeedle - Together (1993)
- 3 Generations (1994)
- Yeedle - Laasos Retzon Avicha (1995)
- Best Of The Best 1 (1997)
- Solid Gold Volume 1 (1997)
- Solid Gold Volume 2 (1998)
- Lev Vanefesh II (1998)
- Mona 3 (1998)
- Solid Gold Volume 3 (1999)
- Hamishorririm (1999)
- Ken Burgess - I'll Never Walk Alone In The Desert (2000)
- All Star Collection (2000)
- The Vocal Version (2001)
- Best Of The Best 2 (2002)
- Yeedle - IV (2002)
- Mona 4 (2003)
- Sheves Achim Shabbos In Mezibuz (2004)
- Ken Burgess - Melech (2005)
- Brand New (2005)
- Shabbos With The Werdygers 1 (2006)
- Yeedle - Lev Echad (2008)
- Hameorerim (2008)
- The 8th Note (2008)
- Shabbos With The Werdygers 2 (2010)
- Lipa Schmeltzer - Meimka Dlipa: From the Depth of My Heart (2010)
- Miami Boys Choir - Light Up the Nights & Greatest Dance Hits (2010)
References[link]
- ^ Alpert, Yair (18 April 2011). "Photos: MBD Celebrates His 60th Birthday". matzav.com. http://matzav.com/photos-mbd-celebrates-his-60th-birthday. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
- ^ Ferber, Elisha (9 February 2009). "Matzav.com’s Exclusive Interview With...Lipa Shmeltzer & Eli Gerstner". matzav.com. http://matzav.com/tomorrow-matzavcoms-exclusive-interview-withlipa-shmeltzer-eli-gerstner. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
- ^ "MBD Live in Israel featuring Aaron Razel & Yeedle". Jewish Insights. 2009. http://www.thejewishinsights.com/wp/mbd-live-israel-featuring-aaron-razel-yeedle/. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
- ^ "The Sheichet Interviews Yisroel Werdyger". Jewish Music Report. 1 March 2009. http://jewishmusicreport.com/2009/03/01/the-sheichet-interviews-yisroel-werdyger/. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
- ^ "Rabbis call for boycott of Ben David". The Jewish Telegraph (UK). June 11, 2004.
- ^ "He's the Jewish Michael Jackson - so why does a group of rabbis want to ban his concert?". The Telegraph (UK). June 20, 2004. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1465005/Hes-the-Jewish-Michael-Jackson-so-why-does-a-group-of-rabbis-want-to-ban-his-concert.html. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
- ^ Musical Transitions Reprinted from Discoveries - May 1995 by Christopher Papa
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Ben David, Mordechai |
| Alternative names | Mordechai Werdyger |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 16 April 1951 |
| Place of birth | Brooklyn, New York |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Mordechai_Ben_David
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Мордехай Бен Давид
http://fr.wn.com/Mordechai ben David
http://nl.wn.com/Mordechai ben David
http://pt.wn.com/Mordechai Ben David
http://de.wn.com/Mordechai Ben David
http://pl.wn.com/Mordechaj ben Dawid
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordechai_Ben_David
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other people named Ken Block, see Ken Block (disambiguation).
| Ken Block | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Ken Block in 2008. |
|
| Nationality |  American |
| Born | (1967-11-21) 21 November 1967 (age 44) Long Beach, California |
| 2012 Rally America | |
| Debut season | 2005 |
| Current team | Monster World Rally Team |
| Best finish | 2nd Overall in Rally America in 2006 and 2008 |
| Awards | |
| 2004[1] 2005[1] 2009 |
• One of the most influential people (#17) in Sports Business Journal • Ad Age's Marketing 50 • One of the Fast 50 in Fast Company Magazine • 40 Under 40 Awards, Sports Business Journal • Rally America's Rookie of the Year • Gymkhana 2 was 2009's #4 most viewed viral video |
Ken Block (born November 21, 1967, in Long Beach, California)[2] is a professional rally driver with the Monster World Rally Team. Block is also one of the co-founders and recently appointed Chief Brand Officer of DC Shoes.[1] Block has also competed in many action sports events including skateboarding, snowboarding, and motocross.
Contents |
Rallying[link]
2005[link]
In 2005, Ken Block began his national rallying career with the Vermont SportsCar team.[3] Vermont SportsCar prepared a 2005 Subaru WRX STi for Block to compete. His first event of the rallying season was Sno*Drift, where he ended up finishing seventh overall and fifth in the Group N class.[4] During the 2005 season, Block had five top five finishes and placed third overall in the Group N class and fourth overall in the Rally America National Championship.[3] At the end of his first rallying year, Ken Block had won the Rally America Rookie of the Year award.[5]
2006[link]
In 2006, Ken Block along with his DC rally teammate Travis Pastrana signed a new sponsorship deal with Subaru.[3] Through this deal with Subaru, the teammates became known as "Subaru Rally Team USA."[3] With the new rally season, Block also got a brand new Vermont SportsCar prepped 2006 Subaru WRX STi.[3] He competed in the first ever X Games rally event at X Games XII.[3] In the competition, Block ended up finishing third to take the bronze.[3] He went on to compete in the 2006 Rally America National Championship, where he finished second overall.[3]
2007[link]
In 2007, Ken Block competed in the X Games XIII rally event, where he placed second overall and won a silver medal.[5] In the 2007 Rally America National Championship, Block finished third overall.[5] During this season, Block also entered in a few rounds of the World Rally Championship; Rally Mexico and Rally New Zealand.[4] In Rally New Zealand, Block recorded two top-five stage times in the Group N class.[4] At the end of 2007, Block had achieved 19 podiums and 8 overall victories in rally events.[1]
2008[link]
In 2008, Block was provided with a brand new rally prepped 2008 Subaru WRX STi to compete. Block decided to compete in the Rallye Baie-des Chaleurs of the Canadian Rally Championship to gain some experience with his new 2008 rally car and prepare for the World Rally Championships later this year.[6] Block gained his first Canadian rally win at the event.[6] This was only the second event for the new car.[6] Block and his co-driver were unable to get any championship points at the event due to not having a Canadian competition license.[6] Block competed in the Rally New York USA competition and finished in first place.[7] In the X Games XIV rally competition, Block finished tied for third place with Dave Mirra.[8] This occurrence was due to both competitors having issues with their car. Block, who made it to the semi-finals of the event, had a radiator problem after landing the car awkwardly on a jump. With both bronze place competitors in damaged cars unable to compete, the medals were awarded to both of them.[8]
Block competed in the 2008 Rally America National championship, which concluded on October 17, 2008. In the event, he finished second overall with a strong victory in the last event. In the Lake Superior Performance Rally stage, Block finished over one minute ahead of his next closest competitor and secured the second overall position.[9] Next up for Block this rally season is three World Rally Championship events.[4]
2009[link]
Block appeared in a segment of motoring show Top Gear.[10]
2010[link]
On January 6, 2010 the Monster World Rally Team announced Ken as their driver for selected rounds of the World Rally Championship, in which he will be campaigning the Monster/Ford Racing Focus RS WRC 08. His car will be prepared and run by the North of England based M-Sport, who also prepare the official Ford WRC cars. He will be simultaneously running in his sixth season of the Rally America Championship in an open class Ford Fiesta, as well as his fifth X-games. Ken will also be the first ever American driver to campaign for the World Rally Championship. On February 27, Block won the Rally in the 100 Acre Wood (Rally America) for the 5th consecutive time. This broke the record held by John Buffum.[11] Ken is currently being trained by former Ford factory driver Markko Märtin. At the Spain rally, he won his first 2 points in World Rally Championship.
2011[link]
On March 23, Block and his co-driver Alex Gelsomino were taken to hospital, having rolled their Ford Fiesta RS WRC during the shakedown stage of the 2011 Rally de Portugal in Faro, Portugal.[12] A representative of the Monster World Rally team later stated that both men were fine.[13]
Complete Rally America results[link]
(key)
| Year | Car | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | DC | Pts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2005 | Subaru Impreza WRX STi | SNO 5 |
ORE 7 |
SUS 3 |
PIK 4 |
MAI 3 |
OJI Ret |
COL 4 |
LSP 3 |
4th | 65 | |
| 2006 | Subaru Impreza WRX STi | SNO 3 |
ACR 1 |
ORE 3 |
SUS Ret |
MAI 11 |
OJI Ret |
COL Ret |
LSP 1 |
WIL 3 |
2nd | 90 |
| 2007 | Subaru Impreza WRX STi | SNO 6 |
ACR 1 |
ORE 2 |
OLY 4 |
SUS Ret |
NEW 3 |
OJI 2 |
COL 1 |
LSP Ret |
3rd | 109 |
| 2008 | Subaru Impreza WRX STi | SNO 5 |
ACR 1 |
OLY 1 |
ORE Ret |
SUS Ret |
NEW Ret |
OJI Ret |
COL 5 |
LSP 1 |
2nd | 86 |
| 2009 | Subaru Impreza WRX STi | SNO Ret |
ACR 1 |
OLY Ret |
ORE Ret |
SUS 1 |
NEW 2 |
OJI Ret |
COL Ret |
LSP 3 |
4th | 80 |
| 2010 | Ford Fiesta | SNO Ret |
ACR 1 |
OLY Ret |
ORE Ret |
SUS Ret |
NEW Ret |
12th | 27 |
Complete WRC results[link]
| Year | Entrant | Car | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | WDC | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2007 | Ken Block | Subaru Impreza WRX STI | MON |
SWE |
NOR |
MEX 28 |
POR |
ARG |
ITA |
GRE |
FIN |
GER |
NC | 0 | ||||||
| Rally FaNZ | NZL 56 |
ESP |
FRA |
JPN |
IRE |
GBR |
||||||||||||||
| 2008 | Subaru Rally Team USA | Subaru Impreza WRX STI | MON |
SWE |
MEX |
ARG |
JOR |
ITA |
GRE |
TUR |
FIN |
GER |
NZL 30 |
ESP |
FRA |
JPN |
GBR |
NC | 0 | |
| 2010 | Monster World Rally Team | Ford Focus RS WRC 08 | SWE | MEX 18 |
JOR | TUR 24 |
NZL | POR Ret |
BUL | FIN | GER Ret |
JPN | FRA 12 |
ESP 9 |
GBR 21 |
19th | 2 | |||
| 2011 | Monster World Rally Team | Ford Fiesta RS WRC | SWE 14 |
MEX 12 |
POR DNS |
JOR | ITA | ARG 18 |
GRE | FIN | GER 17 |
AUS 19 |
FRA 8 |
ESP Ret |
GBR 9 |
22nd | 6 | |||
| 2012 | Monster World Rally Team | Ford Fiesta RS WRC | MON | SWE | MEX 9 |
POR | ARG | GRE | NZL | FIN | GER | GBR | FRA | ITA | ESP | 21st* | 2* |
* Season in progress.
PWRC results[link]
| Year | Entrant | Car | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | Pos. | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2008 | Subaru Rally Team USA | Subaru Impreza WRX STI | SWE | ARG | GRE | TUR | FIN | NZL 13 |
JPN | GBR | NC | 0 |
Other motorsport activities[link]
On October 15, 2009, it was reported that Block was close to a deal to join the World Rally Championship in a new Ford team. Long time co-driver Alex Gelsomino is also reportedly involved in the deal. Former Subaru WRC driver Chris Atkinson has been reported to be lined up as Block's team-mate in the all-new Monster Energy Drink Ford World Rally Team.[14]
In 2005, Ken Block along with his DC Shoes associates participated in the Gumball 3000 Rally. For the event they sent out three modified 2004 Subaru WRX STi's sponsored by DC Shoes.[15][16]
In 2006, Ken Block competed in the One Lap of America competition along with Brian Scotto. They were teamed up in a 2006 Subaru WRX STi and finished forty-fifth overall.[17]
In 2006, for the Discovery Channel show Stunt Junkies, Ken Block jumped his Subaru WRX STi rally car 171 feet (52 m) and a max height of 25 feet (7.6 m).[3] The whole episode was dedicated to Ken Block attempting this stunt.
In 2007, Ken Block joined the DC Shoes Snowboarding team at New Zealand's Snow Park.[3] Block did massive jumps and assisted in snowboarding tricks while driving his rally car on the mountain alongside the snowboarders. The session made the cover of the December 2007 issue of Snowboarder Magazine and closed out the MTN.LAB 1.5 DVD.[3]
In 2009, for the BBC show Top Gear, Ken took James May out for Gymkhana-style driving at Block's stunt course at Inyokern Airport, an operational California airport, also starring Ricky Carmichael, whom Ken describes as 'a good friend'.
In 2010, for the BBC show Top Gear, Ken took the feature car from the previous episode (a Reliant Robin) for a lap of the Top Gear test track. He rolled the car and was unable to complete a lap but was unhurt.
On January 6, 2010, the announcement is made as Ken joins up with Ford and begins his WRC career driving both a Ford Fiesta and Focus RS WRC.
On August 24, 2010, Block released the first of a three part Gymkhana 3 video release featuring his new Ford Fiesta.[18]
Ken Block also holds the world record for the world's fastest snow cat, a modified Subaru STI called a Trax STI.[citation needed]
On September 14, 2010, Block's third Gymkhana video, featuring a Ford Fiesta, was released on YouTube.[19] The video got more than seven million views in its first week.
On August 16, 2011, the fourth Gymkhana video, The Hollywood Megamercial was released on YouTube, featuring Block driving around the Universal Studios backlot.[20]
Involvement In Colin McRae: Dirt 2 and Dirt 3[link]
Ken Block is featured as a driver in Codemasters Colin McRae: Dirt 2, along with his Subaru Rally Team USA Impreza.
In Dirt 3 he is seen as a driver and Gymkhana teacher, his Monster World Rally Team vehicles are available in the game.
References[link]
- ^ a b c d "Official Site: Bio". http://www.kenblockracing.com/. http://www.kenblockracing.com/. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
- ^ "Catching Up With DC’s Ken Block". Jeff Emig. http://motocross.transworld.net/2001/10/22/catching-up-with-dcs-ken-block/. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Ken Block". http://auto.dcshoes.com/team/ken-block/. http://auto.dcshoes.com/team/ken-block/. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
- ^ a b c d "Interview: Ken Block - Part 2". Carolyn Schonafinger. http://www.rallysportmag.com.au/home/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2507&Itemid=2. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
- ^ a b c "2008 Subaru Rally Team USA". http://rally.subaru.com. http://rally.subaru.com/rallyteam.html#ken. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
- ^ a b c d "Ken Block Flies To His First Canadian Rally Win". http://www.snowboard-mag.com. http://www.snowboard-mag.com/node/31643/. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
- ^ "Rally New York USA:USRC Results". http://rallynewyork.com.+Archived+from the original on 2008-06-06. http://web.archive.org/web/20080606224122/http://rallynewyork.com/rnyusa08-results-b.html. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
- ^ a b "Travis Pastrana wins gold medal at 2008 X Games 14 Rally, Tanner Foust silver, as Dave Mirra and Ken Block share bronze". http://rallybuzz.stagetimes.com. http://rallybuzz.stagetimes.com/travis-pastrana-wins-x-games-14-foust-mirra-block/. Retrieved 2008-11-02. [dead link]
- ^ "Subaru Driver Ken Block Wins Rally Finale at LSPR, SRT USA Finishes 1-2 in Rally America Championship". http://www.specialstage.com. http://www.specialstage.com/2008/10/20/subaru-driver-ken-block-wins-rally-finale-at-lspr-srt-usa-finishes-1-2-in-rally-america-championship/. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
- ^ Top Gear, Season 13, Episode 3.
- ^ "Rally America". Rally America. http://rally-america.com/news/605/. Retrieved 2010-11-12.
- ^ "Ken Block has Massive Wreck on Shakedown Stage". Rally World News. http://www.rallyworldnews.com/2011/03/wrc-portugal-2011-ken-block-has-massive.html. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ "WRC: Ogier rocks, Block rolls on Portugal shakedown". crash.net. http://www.crash.net/World+Rally/news/167692/1/ogier_rocks_block_rolls_on_portugal_shakedown.html. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ "autosport.com". autosport.com. http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/79442. Retrieved 2010-11-12.
- ^ "Teams 31 - 60". http://www.GTspirit.com. http://www.gtspirit.com/gumball-3000-rally-2005/teams-31-60/. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
- ^ "Rob Dyrdek back on the rally". http://gumball3000.com. http://gumball3000.com/rally/news/27. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
- ^ "2006 Tire Rack One Lap of America: Final Overall Results". http://www.onelapofamerica.com. http://www.onelapofamerica.com/history/2006/results/showResults.shtml?y=2006&res=OVL_CUM. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
- ^ "Gymkhana 3". DC Shoes. http://www.dcshoes.com/GYM3/. Retrieved 2010-11-12.
- ^ "Ken Block: Gymkhana Three". AUSmotive.com. 2010-09-15. http://www.ausmotive.com/2010/09/15/ken-block-gymkhana-three.html. Retrieved 2010-11-12.
- ^ Sanchez, Karla. "Gymkhana Four – Ken Block Hoons in Hollywood". Motor Trend. http://wot.motortrend.com/video-find-gymkhana-four-–-ken-block-hoons-in-hollywood-108081.html. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ken Block |
- Ken Block's Official site
- Monster World Rally Team
- Rally Results and News
- Subaru Rally Team USA
- Rally America Website
- Ken Block Official Merchandise Store
- Ken Block Interview
- Gymkhana racing improved by Ken Block, Video, ~4min
- dirt2game.com
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Block, Ken |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | World Renowned Rally Driver |
| Date of birth | 1967-11-21 |
| Place of birth | Long Beach, California |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Ken_Block
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Блок, Кен
http://fr.wn.com/Ken Block
http://nl.wn.com/Ken Block
http://pt.wn.com/Ken Block (piloto)
http://de.wn.com/Ken Block
http://it.wn.com/Ken Block
http://pl.wn.com/Ken Block
http://cs.wn.com/Ken Block
http://es.wn.com/Ken Block
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Block
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
