- published: 20 Dec 2011
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- author: discoveraegina
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- Achaemenid Persia
- Acharnes
- Achilles
- Actor (mythology)
- Adelfoi Islets
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- Aegean civilization
- Aegean dispute
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-
Achaemenid Persia
The Achaemenid Empire (/ækəˈmɛnɪˌdi/; Old Persian: Parsā, name of ruling dynasty: Haxāmanišiya) (c. 550–330 BCE), sometimes known as First Persian Empire, was an Iranian empire in Southwest Asia, founded in the 6th century BCE by Cyrus the Great who overthrew the Median confederation. It expanded to eventually rule over significant portions of the ancient world which at around 500 BCE stretched from the Indus Valley in the east, to Thrace and Macedon on the northeastern border of Greece making it the biggest empire the world had yet seen. The Achaemenid Empire would eventually control Egypt as well. It was ruled by a series of monarchs who unified its disparate tribes and nationalities by constructing a complex network of roads.
Calling themselves the Parsa after their original Aryan tribal name Parsua, Persians settled in a land which they named Parsua, bounded on the west by the Tigris River and on the south by the Persian Gulf. This became their heartland for the duration of the Achaemenid Empire. It was from this region that eventually Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II of Persia) would advance to defeat the Median, the Lydian, and the Babylonian Empires, opening the way for subsequent conquests into Egypt and Asia minor.
wn.com/Achaemenid_Persia -
Aegean Sea
The Aegean Sea (/ɨˈdʒiːən/; Greek: Αιγαίο Πέλαγος, Egeo Pelagos [eˈʝeo ˈpelaɣos] (
listen); Turkish: Ege Denizi or historically Turkish: Adalar Denizi) is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea located between the southern Balkan and Anatolian peninsulas, i.e., between the mainlands of Greece and Turkey. In the north, it is connected to the Marmara Sea and Black Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosporus. The Aegean Islands are within the sea and some bound it on its southern periphery, including Crete and Rhodes. The Aegean Region consists of nine provinces in southwestern Turkey, in part bordering on the Aegean sea.
The sea was traditionally known as Archipelago (in Greek, Αρχιπέλαγος, meaning "chief sea"), but in English this word's meaning has changed to refer to the Aegean Islands and, generally, to any island group.
The Aegean Sea covers about 214,000 square kilometres (83,000 sq mi) in area, and measures about 610 kilometres (380 mi) longitudinally and 300 kilometres (190 mi) latitudinally. The sea's maximum depth is 3,543 metres (11,624 ft), east of Crete. The Aegean Islands are found within its waters, with the following islands delimiting the sea on the south (generally from west to east): Kythera, Antikythera, Crete, Kasos, Karpathos and Rhodes.
wn.com/Aegean_Sea -
Agioi Apostoloi
Agioi Apostoloi (Greek: Άγιοι Απόστολοι, "Holy Apostles") is an uninhabited islet to the north of the western coast of Crete in the Aegean Sea. Administratively, it is within the municipality of Chania, in Chania regional unit.
wn.com/Agioi_Apostoloi -
Ammouliani
Ammouliani (Greek: Αμμουλιανή) - also known as Amoliani - is an island located in the Chalkidiki prefecture, Greece, 120 km from Thessaloniki. Administratively it is part of the municipality of Stagira-Akanthos. The 2001 census reported a population of 542 inhabitants, making it one of the most populous islands in Greece that is not a separate municipality to itself.
Coordinates: 40°19′30″N 23°55′12″E / 40.325°N 23.920°E / 40.325; 23.920
wn.com/Ammouliani -
Anavatis
Kavaloi (Greek: Καβάλοι), is the name of a group of three uninhabited Greek islets, close to the coast of Lasithi, eastern Crete. The close group comprises the islets Anavatis (Αναβάτης "rider"), Kavallos (Καβάλλος), and Kefali (Κεφαλή "head"). Administratively the islets are part of the municipal unit Lefki.
wn.com/Anavatis -
Antimilos
Antimilos (Greek: Αντίμηλος) is a Greek island in the Cyclades, 13 miles (20 km) northwest of Milos. Administratively, it is part of the municipality of Milos. Antimilos is an uninhabited mass of trachyte (671 m height), often called Erimomilos (Desert Milos). It is a volcanic island and the crater is still obvious. Ancient inhabitants transformed the crater to an open rain tank. On the island lives a rare variation of the common goat called Capra aegagrus pictus. It is similar but not the same with the Cretan goat known as "kri-kri" (Capra aegagrus creticus).
wn.com/Antimilos -
Argolis
Argolis (Greek: Αργολίδα Argolída, [arɣoˈliða]; Ἀργολίς Argolís in ancient Greek and Katharevousa) is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Peloponnese. It is situated in the eastern part of the Peloponnese peninsula.
Most arable land lies in the central part of Argolis. Its primary agricultural resources are oranges and olives. Argolis has a coastline on the Saronic Gulf in the northeast and on the Argolic Gulf in the south and southeast. Notable mountains ranges are the Oligyrtos in the northwest, Lyrkeio and Ktenia in the west, and Arachnaio and Didymo in the east.
Argolis has land borders with Arcadia to the west and southwest, Corinthia to the north, and the Islands regional unit (Troezen area) to the east. Ancient Argolis included Troezen.
Parts of the history of the area can be found in the articles on Argos, Mycenae, Epidaurus, Nafplio, Troezen, Ermioni, Kranidi, and Tolo.
From 1833 to 1899, Argolis was part of Argolidocorinthia, which included present Corinthia, Hydra, Spetses and Kythira. It joined Corinthia to form Argolidocorinthia again in 1909. Forty years later, in 1949, Argolis was finally separated from Corinthia.
wn.com/Argolis -
Arkoi
Arkoi (Greek: Αρκοί) is a small Greek island which is part of the Dodecanese archipelago. It is situated in the eastern Aegean Sea, close to the Turkish Aegean Coast. The island belongs to the municipality of Patmos, and has a population of 54 inhabitants at the 2001 census.
Due to the small population there is no real capital, as such, though most inhabitants live close to the main harbour with the rest living scattered around the island on higher ground. The majority of the population find employment either in fishing, goat herding or helping to run one of the island's four tavernas.
The island is characterized by dry, rocky land with little in the way of vegetation apart from olive trees and some hardy shrubs. Fauna on the island mainly consists of livestock such as goats or donkeys, though herons can be spotted occasionally. The marine life in the bays around the island has not suffered as much as on other Greek islands with various species of grouper and nudibranch present.
On the hill overlooking the main harbour are situated the ruins of an acropolis. Although little remains of the structure, the stones used to build it make a good viewpoint at which to see the sun set over the Aegean. At one end of the island, towards the island of Lipsi is the best beach on the island, Tiganakia. This beach is small and somewhat rocky but provides crystal clear waters to swim in and the view across the bay to the nearby islets is idyllic. This beach can become swamped in high summer (July and August) as day trippers from nearby Lipsi visit the beach frequently. At the other end of the island, in the direction of Samos, is what is referred to as the 'Italian jail'. Villagers say it was used during World War II as a prison by the Italian army that occupied the island. Also at this end of the island is a cave, which contains a number of stalactite and stalagmite formations. The cave is however difficult to find as the land around it is covered by olive trees and bushes.
wn.com/Arkoi -
Armathia
Armathia (Greek: Αρμάθια) is a Greek island belonging to the Dodecanese group in the eastern Aegean sea. It is part of the municipality of Kasos. In the census of 1951 there were 8 recorded inhabitants but it has since become uninhabited. At its peak it sustained a community of over 100 which were mainly involved in mining the rich deposits of gypsum intended for export. It is now a tourist destination for day trippers from neighbouring developed islands. The recently constructed observatory attracts wildlife observers.
Coordinates: 35°26′12″N 26°51′49″E / 35.43667°N 26.86361°E / 35.43667; 26.86361
wn.com/Armathia -
Arnaouti
Arnaouti (Greek: Αρναούτη) is an islet on the northern coast of Crete in the Aegean Sea. It is just south of the island of Imeri Gramvousa and is located between Imeri Gramvousa and Valenti rock. Administratively, it is located within the municipality of Kissamos, in Chania regional unit.
wn.com/Arnaouti -
Aspros Volakas
Aspros Volakas (Greek: Ασπρος Βώλακας, white rock) is a large white rock, next to Long Beach, on the coast of Crete, near Lambi, in Rethymno regional unit. This rock feature is formally designated as a cape due to the shallow water.
Aspros Volakas is very close to Long Beach. There is another rock that is further away, to the east, called Mavros Volakas.
wn.com/Aspros_Volakas -
Avgo
Avgo (Greek: Αυγό, "egg"), is an uninhabited Greek islet, in the Aegean Sea, 30 km north of the eastern coast of Crete. Administratively it lies within the Neapoli municipality of Lasithi.
wn.com/Avgo -
Ayvalık Islands
Ayvalık Islands are the group of islands around Ayvalık district of Turkey in Balıkesir Province in the Northeastern Aegean Sea. There are 22 islands and numerous rocks in the group, with Cunda Island, now a peninsula, being the largest. People live only on Cunda and Lale Islands. Cunda and Lale islands are linked to Ayvalık on the mainland, by a causeway enabling transportation by car. Cunda also has a ferry link from the main town, Alibey, to Ayvalık during the summer.
Wild life can be observed on the other islands, especially wild rabbits on Ilyosta Island. Also, those islands are the main points of interest to tourists as having small beaches and bays.
Ayvalık Islands are also referred to as Yund Islands or Cunda Islands in some sources. The islands are called Εκατόνησα Hekatonisa which means "hundred islands", or Μοσχονησί Moschonisi i.e. "fragrant island", by the Greeks. The Greek name has different spellings of the former, such as 'Εκατόνήσος Hekatonesos, Εκατόνησοι Hekatonnesoi or Εκατός Hekatos, and yet another name exists altogether, i.e. Ἀπολλώνησος Apollonesos, the "isle of Apollo".
wn.com/Ayvalık_Islands -
Battle of Marathon
The Battle of Marathon (Greek: Μάχη τοῦ Μαραθῶνος, Machē tu Marathōnos) took place in 490 BC, during the first Persian invasion of Greece. It was fought between the citizens of Athens, aided by Plataea, and a Persian force commanded by Datis and Artaphernes. It was the culmination of the first attempt by Persia, under King Darius I, to subjugate Greece. The first Persian invasion was a response to Greek involvement in the Ionian Revolt, when Athens and Eretria had sent a force to support the cities of Ionia in their attempt to overthrow Persian rule. The Athenians and Eretrians had succeeded in capturing and burning Sardis, but were then forced to retreat with heavy losses. In response to this raid, Darius swore to burn down Athens and Eretria. At the time of the battle, Sparta and Athens were the two largest city states.
Once the Ionian revolt was finally crushed by the Persian victory at the Battle of Lade, Darius began plans to subjugate Greece. In 490 BC, he sent a naval task force under Datis and Artaphernes across the Aegean, to subjugate the Cyclades, and then to make punitive attacks on Athens and Eretria. Reaching Euboea in mid-summer after a successful campaign in the Aegean, the Persians proceeded to besiege and capture Eretria. The Persian force then sailed for Attica, landing in the bay near the town of Marathon. The Athenians, joined by a small force from Plataea, marched to Marathon, and succeeded in blocking the two exits from the plain of Marathon. A stalemate ensued for five days, before the Athenians decided to attack the Persians because, under the cover of night, some of the Persian fleet had set sail for Athens. Despite the numerical advantage of the Persians, the hoplites proved devastatingly effective against the more lightly armed Persian infantry, routing the wings before turning in on the centre of the Persian line.
wn.com/Battle_of_Marathon -
Büyük Ada
Büyük Ada (literally for "Big Island" in Turkish, aka Sahip Island) is the largest island which can be seen from the town center of Karaburun town in İzmir, Turkey.
Coordinates: Earth 38°39′32″N 26°30′55″E / 38.65889°N 26.51528°E / 38.65889; 26.51528
wn.com/Büyük_Ada -
Calauria
Kalaureia (Ancient Greek: Καλαυρεία) or Calauria is an island close to the coast of Troezen in the Peloponnesus of mainland Greece, part of the modern island-pair Poros.
Strabo describes the coastwise journey along the Hermionic Gulf:
On Calauria a Doric temple of Poseidon was built in the ancient sanctuary, possibly around 520 BCE. The dimensions of the temple are 27.4 by 14.4 m. There are six columns on each short side and twelve on each long side.
There is strong evidence that the epithet of Poseidon at Kalaureia was Geraistos (Γεραιστός), a word from an unknown pre-Hellenic language. A 6th century A.D. dictionary by Stephanus of Byzantium gives the names of Zeus's sons as Geraistos, Tainaros, and Kalauros, who sailed from an unspecified location and landed in different places on the Peloponnesus. Geraistos, Tainaros, and Kalaureia are all sanctuaries of Poseidon; in the towns of the latter two, one of the months of the year was named Geraistios (the only other poleis (πόλεις) with this month name are Sparta, Kalymna, and Kos). It is also theorized that the epithet Geraistios (Γεραίστιος) also applies to Kalaureia because all three sanctuaries function as asylums.
wn.com/Calauria -
Chryse Island
Coordinates: 39°55′00″N 25°33′00″E / 39.916667°N 25.550000°E / 39.916667; 25.550000
Chryse Greek: Χρύση, Khrýsē) was a small island in the Aegean Sea mentioned by Sophocles and Pausanias.
The island's main feature was said to be its temple to Apollo, and its patron deity a goddess named Chryse. The Greek archer Philoctetes stopped here on his way to Troy and was fatally bitten by a viper. Lucullus captured three men here in an ambush during the Third Mithridatic War. The island seems to have disappeared by the 2nd century AD; it is mentioned by Appian.
The Description of Greece says:
An amateur underwater archaeologist claimed to have rediscovered the island in 1960, identifying it with "a sunken land mass known as Kharos Bank, a 10-sq.-mi. area near the island of Lemnos", listed on British naval charts and located about 40 feet (12 m) below the surface. White building blocks (presumably from Apollo's temple) were said to be visible on the sea floor. The Kharos Bank is mentioned by others as a possible site, but there does not appear to have been further work on it.
wn.com/Chryse_Island -
Crete
Crete (Greek: Κρήτη; [kriti]) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the fifth-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, and one of the thirteen administrative regions of Greece. It forms a significant part of the economy and cultural heritage of Greece while retaining its own local cultural traits (such as its own dialect, poetry, and music). Crete was the centre of the Minoan civilization (c. 2700–1420 BC), the earliest civilization in Europe, comprising the first palaces in Europe.
The island is first referred to as Kaptara in texts from the Syrian city of Mari dating from the 18th century BC, repeated later in Neo-Assyrian records and the Bible (Caphtor). It was also known in ancient Egyptian as Keftiu, strongly suggesting some form similar to both was the Minoan name for the island.
The Mycenaean Greek name for Crete is unknown; it is not mentioned in extant Linear B texts. The name Crete (Κρήτη) first appears in Homer's Odyssey. Its etymology is unknown. One speculative proposal derives it from a hypothetical Luvian word *kursatta (cf. kursawar "island", kursattar "cutting, sliver"). In Latin, it became Creta.
wn.com/Crete -
Cyclades
The Cyclades (
/ˈsɪklədiːz/; Greek: Κυκλάδες, [cikˈlaðes]) is a Greek island group in the Aegean Sea, south-east of the mainland of Greece; and a former administrative prefecture of Greece. They are one of the island groups which constitute the Aegean archipelago. The name refers to the islands around (κυκλάς) the sacred island of Delos. The Cyclades is where the native Greek breed of cat (the Aegean cat) first came from.
The Cyclades comprise about 220 islands, the major ones being Amorgós, Anáfē, Ándros, Antíparos, Dēlos, Eschátē, Íos, Kéa, Kímōlos, Kýthnos, Mēlos, Mýkonos, Náxos, Páros, Folégandros, Sérifos, Sífnos, Síkinos, Sýros, Tēnos, and Thēra or Santoríni. Most of the smaller islands are uninhabited.
Ermoupolis, on Syros, is the chief town and administrative center of the former prefecture.
The islands are peaks of a submerged mountainous terrain, with the exception of two volcanic islands, Milos and Santorini (Thera). The climate is generally dry and mild, but with the exception of Naxos the soil is not very fertile: agricultural produce includes wine, fruit, wheat, olive oil, and tobacco. Cooler temperatures are in higher elevations and mainly do not receive wintry weather.
wn.com/Cyclades -
Cyprus
Cyprus
i/ˈsaɪprəs/ (Greek: Κύπρος, Kýpros, IPA: [ˈcipɾos]; Turkish: Kıbrıs, IPA: [ˈkɯbɾɯs]), officially the Republic of Cyprus (Greek: Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία, Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía, IPA: [cipɾiaˈci ðimokɾaˈtia]; Turkish: Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti, IPA: [ˈkɯbɾɯs dʒumhuɾijeˈti]), is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, east of Greece, south of Turkey, west of Syria, Lebanon, northwest of Israel and north of Egypt. Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and the Republic of Cyprus is a member state of the European Union.
The earliest known human activity on the island dates back to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia, which has been declared a World Heritage Site with an "enhanced protection" status in the event of armed conflict by UNESCO, along with the archaeological sites of Paphos and the Painted Churches of the Troodos Region. Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world.
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Daskaleia
Daskaleia (Greek: Δασκαλειά), is an uninhabited Greek islet, in the Aegean Sea, close to the northeastern coast of Crete. The small islet lies close to the island of Kyriamadi. Administratively it lies within the Itanos municipality of Lasithi.
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Dia (island)
Dia (Greek: Δία), also pronounced locally as Ntia (Greek: Ντία), is an island off the northern coast of the Greek island of Crete. The island is approximately 7 nautical miles north of Heraklion. Administratively, Dia is part of the community of Elaia within the municipal unit of Gouves, Heraklion regional unit, by the municipality of Elias.
The islet looks like a giant lizard when viewed from the city of Heraklion. There is also a legend that a giant lizard tried to destroy the island of Crete, but Zeus turned it in to stone with a thunderbolt, thus creating the island.
The island is visible from Crete's capital city of Heraklion, as it would have been in the time of the Minoan kingdom, from the capital of Knossos. Because of this, it was sometimes identified as the island that Theseus escaped to after killing the Minotaur.
On Dia there are a number of protected creatures including: the snail Albinaria retusa, the lizard Pdarcis erchardii schiebeli, the wild rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus cnossius, and the eagle called mavropetritis (in the Greek language). Dia is part of the European Network of Nature (Natura) 2000 and is a vetted hunting ground. There are also a number of protected plants such as Carlina diae.
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Diapori
Diapori (Greek: Διαπόρι) is an island that almost touches the coast of Crete, near Geropotamos, in Rethymno regional unit. The islet is not visible on many maps but can be seen on satellite images.
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Dionysades
The Dionysades (Greek: Διονυσάδες, also Γιανυσάδες - Gianysades) is a small group of islands off Sitia on the northeast coast of Crete. The group includes the islands Gianysada, Dragonada, Paximada, and Paximadaki. Administratively this group comes within the Sitia municipality in Lasithi.
This island group is part of an environmentally protected area with many rare plants and animals including the falcon, Falco eleonorae, which finds sanctuary here.
These islands were once a place of worship of the ancient Greek god Dionysus. Archaeologists have found artifacts, from ancient and early Christian eras, indicating that the islands may have been inhabited in the past.
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Dodecanese
The Dodecanese (/doʊdɪkəˈniːz/; Greek: Δωδεκάνησα, Dodekánisa, [ðoðeˈkanisa]; literally 'twelve islands') are a group of 12 larger plus 150 smaller Greek islands in the Aegean Sea, of which 26 are inhabited. Τhis island group generally defines the eastern limit of the Sea of Crete. They belong to the Southern Sporades island group. They have a rich history, and many of even the smallest inhabited islands boast dozens of Byzantine churches and medieval castles.
The most historically important and well-known is Rhodes (Rodos), which, for millennia, has been the island from which the region is controlled. Of the others, Kos and Patmos are historically more important; the remaining nine are Astipalea, Kalimnos, Karpathos, Kasos, Leros, Nisyros, Symi, Tilos and Kastelorizo (which actually lies in the eastern Mediterranean). Other islands in the chain include Agathonisi, Alimia, Arkoi, Chalki, Farmakonisi, Gyali, Kinaros, Levitha, Lipsi, Nimos, Pserimos, Saria, Syrna and Telendos.
The Dodecanese have been inhabited since prehistoric times. In the Neopalatial period on Crete, the islands were heavily Minoanized (contact beginning in the second millennium BC). Following the downfall of the Minoans, the islands were ruled by the Mycenaean Greeks from circa 1400 BC, until the arrival of the Dorians circa 1100 BC. It is in the Dorian period that they began to prosper as an independent entity, developing a thriving economy and culture through the following centuries. By the early Archaic Period Rhodes and Kos emerged as the major islands in the group, and in the 6th century BC the Dorians founded three major cities on Rhodes (Lindos, Kameiros and Ialyssos). Together with the island of Kos and the cities of Knidos and Halicarnassos on the mainland of Asia Minor, these made up the Dorian Hexapolis.
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East Attica
East Attica (Greek: Περιφερειακή ενότητα Ανατολικής Αττικής) is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Attica. The capital of the regional unit is the town of Pallini. The regional unit covers the eastern part of the agglomeration of Athens, and also the rural area to its east.
The regional unit East Attica is subdivided into 13 municipalities. These are (number as in the map in the infobox):
As a part of the 2011 Kallikratis government reform, the regional unit East Attica was created out of the former prefecture East Attica (Greek: νομαρχία Ανατολικής Αττικής). The prefecture had the same territory as the present regional unit. At the same time, the municipalities were reorganised, according to the table below.
The prefecture of East Attica was subdivided into three provinces: the Province of Marathon (capital Marathon), the Province of Mesogia (capital Koropi), and the Province of Lavriotiki (capital Lavrio). They were abolished before the Kallikratis programme came into effect.
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Elasa
Elasa (Greek: Ελάσα) is an island that can be found northeast of Crete in the Aegean Sea, about 3.5 nautical miles from the palm tree forest of Vai. It is rocky and uninhabited covering 1.9 square kilometres. Its highest point is 79 metres above sea-level. Administratively it comes within the Itanos municipality in Lasithi.
Elasa is a neighbour of the Dionysades islands and is part of an environmentally protected area with many rare plants and animals including the Mediterranean Monk Seal.
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Erinia
Erinia, also Rineia (Greek: Ερηνιά or Ρήνεια) is a Greek island in the Sporades located west of Skyros.
Its nearest islands and islets are Skyropoula to the west, Skyros to the north and Valaxa to the east.
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Euboea
Euboea (Greek: Εύβοια, Évia; Ancient Greek: Εὔβοια, Eúboia) is the second largest Greek island in area and population, after Crete. The narrow Euripus Strait separates it from Boeotia in mainland Greece. In general outline it is a long and narrow, seahorse-shaped island; it is about 150 kilometres (93 mi) long, and varies in breadth from 50 kilometres (31 mi) to 6 kilometres (3.7 mi). Its general direction is from northwest to southeast, and it is traversed throughout its length by a mountain range, which forms part of the chain that bounds Thessaly on the east, and is continued south of Euboea in the lofty islands of Andros, Tinos and Mykonos.
Like most of the Greek islands, Euboea was originally known under other names in ancient times, such as Macris and Doliche from its shape, Ellopia and Abantis from the tribes inhabiting it.
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Farmakonisi
Farmakonisi (Greek: Φαρμακονήσι) is a small Greek island of the Dodecanese prefecture. Alternative names are Pharmakos, Pharmacusa, Farmaco, and Pharmakousa ([1]).
Farmakonisi lies in the middle between the chain of the Dodecanese islands in the west, and the coast of Asia Minor (Turkey) in the east. To the north of it are the island of Agathonisi, to the west the islands of Leipsoi, Patmos and Leros, and to the south the islands of Kalymnos and Pserimos. It forms part of the municipality of Leros, and had a 2001 census population of 74 inhabitants.
Farmakonisi is 1.48 square miles (3.8 km2) large. It is known for its rich flora.
Plutarch in his Parallel Lives tells that the young Julius Caesar, while travelling to Asia Minor, was kidnapped by pirates and held prisoner there 38 days. During his imprisonment he promised to them that if he were freed, he would have all of them killed. After having paid a ransom twice as high as his kidnappers claimed (since he said that the required amount was too low for someone like he) and having been freed, he organised a fleet and maintained his promise, crucifying all of them.
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Ftena Trachylia
Ftena Trachylia (Greek: Φτενά Τραχύλια, "thin and rough or uneven"), also known as Pinnacle Rocks (Greek: Πίνακλ), are a group of uninhabited Greek islets/rocks, in the Aegean Sea, close to the eastern coast of Crete. Administratively they lie within the Itanos municipality of Lasithi.
The "Trachylia" part of the name was probably given due to the shape of the islet rocks (and many of the islets surrounding Crete are named from their shape). For example, see Trachea (cup-shaped Byzantine coins) and Trachylinae (cup-shaped jellyfish).
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Gioura
Gioura (Greek: Γιούρα) is a Greek island and an abandoned settlement in the eastern part of the Sporades. It is administratively part of the municipality of Alonnisos. The island name dates back to the ancient times as Gerontia. The name was later altered to Gioura. The island also features a Neolithic settlement. The 1991 census read one inhabitant making it the smallest municipal district in Greece in population. The tiny settlement became abandoned however in the mid to late-1990s.
Its nearest islands and islets are Pelagos to the west, Psathoura to the north and Piperi to the east.
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Glaronisi
Glaronisi (Greek: Γλαρονήσι, "seagull island", also known as Petalidi (Greek: Πεταλίδι, "limpet"), is an islet off the northwest coast of the island Dia, north of the Greek island of Crete. Glaronisi is administered from Gouves in Heraklion regional unit.
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Grandes (islands)
Grandes (Greek: Γκράντες) is a group of three small islands off the east coast of Crete. Administratively it comes within the Itanos municipality in Lasithi. Grandes can be seen from the Minoan site of Roussolakkos near Palekastro as can the island of Elasa.
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Greece
Greecei/ˈɡriːs/ (Greek: Ελλάδα, Ellada, IPA: [eˈlaða] ( listen) historically in Katharevousa and Ancient Greek: Ἑλλάς, Hellas, IPA: [eˈlas] and [helːás] respectively), officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Elliniki Dimokratia, IPA: [eliniˈci ðimokraˈtia]), is a country in Southern Europe, politically considered part of Western Europe.Athens is the capital and the largest city in the country (its urban area also including Piraeus). The population of the country is around 11 million.
Greece has land borders with Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a vast number of islands (approximately 1,400, of which 227 are inhabited), including Crete, the Dodecanese, the Cyclades, and the Ionian Islands among others. Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains, of which Mount Olympus is the highest at 2,917 m (9,570 ft).
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Gyali
Gyali (Greek: Γυαλί "glass", also spelled Yiali or Yali, pronounced [ʝaˈli]) is a volcanic Greek island in the Dodecanese, located halfway between the south coast of Kos (Kardamaina) and Nisyros. It consists of rhyolitic obsidian lava domes and pumice deposits. The island has two distinct segments, with the northeastern part almost entirely made of obsidian and the southwestern part of pumice. These are connected by a narrow isthmus and beach made of modern reef sediments.
The island is 6 km (4 mi) long and between 4 km (2 mi) and 500 m (1,640 ft) across. It has a 180 m (591 ft) cave. The island is barren of vegetation. The 2001 census reported a resident population of 10 people. Administratively, it is part of the municipality of Nisyros.
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Ionian Islands
The Ionian Islands (Modern Greek: Ιόνια νησιά, Ionia nisia; Ancient Greek, Katharevousa: Ἰόνιοι Νῆσοι, Ionioi Nēsoi; Italian: Isole Ionie) are a group of islands in Greece. They are traditionally called the Heptanese, i.e. "the Seven Islands" (Greek: Ἑπτάνησα, Heptanēsa, or Ἑπτάνησος, Heptanēsos; Italian: Eptaneso), but the group includes many smaller islands as well as the seven principal ones.
The seven are, from north to south:
The six northern islands are off the west coast of Greece, in the Ionian Sea. The seventh island, Kythira, is off the southern tip of the Peloponnese, the southern part of the Greek mainland. Kythira is not part of the region of the Ionian Islands, as it is included in the region of Attica.
In Ancient Greek the adjective Ionios (Ἰόνιος) was used as an epithet for the sea between Epirus and Italy in which the Ionian Islands are found because Io swam across it. Latin transliteration, as well as Modern Greek pronunciation, may suggest that the Ionian Sea and Islands are somehow related to Ionia, an Anatolian region; in fact the Ionian Sea and Ionian Islands are spelled in Greek with an omicron (Ιόνια), whereas Ionia has an omega (Ιωνία). In Modern Greek this is purely a spelling distinction, but the different pronunciations in Ancient Greek would have eliminated the risk of confusion between the two areas. Furthermore, Ionian is accented on the antepenult (IPA: [iˈoɲa]), and Ionia on the penult (IPA: [ioˈnia]); also the proper adjective for Ionia is Ionic, not Ionian.
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Kalolimnos
Kalolimnos (Greek: Καλόλιμνος) is a small Greek island in the Dodecanese chain, lying between Kalymnos and Imia, opposite the coast of Turkey. It is part of the municipality of Kálymnos.
The island has no permanent civilian population, but hosts a permanent Greek Army garrison. The island is steep and rocky and has a population of wild goats.
Coordinates: 37°04′N 27°05′E / 37.067°N 27.083°E / 37.067; 27.083
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Kara Ada (Bodrum)
Coordinates: 36°58′26″N 27°27′45″E / 36.97389°N 27.4625°E / 36.97389; 27.4625
Kara Ada, (literally "Black island" in Turkish), is a small Turkish island in the Bay of Bodrum in the Aegean Sea. It is a popular tourist destination, particularly for yachting.
In the Middle Ages the island, which the Greeks know under the name of Arkos, was taken over by the Knights of St. John Hospitaller, who also occupied Bodrum. It was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century. In 1919 it was occupied by the Italians. The 1932 Convention between Italy and Turkey assigned it to Turkey.
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Karavi
Karavi (Greek: Καράβι, "ship"), is an uninhabited Greek islet, in the Aegean Sea, close to the northeastern coast of eastern Crete. The small islet lies close to the island of Kyriamadi. Administratively it lies within the Itanos municipality of Lasithi.
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Katergo
Katergo (Greek: Κάτεργο, "galley or hulk"), is an uninhabited Greek islet, in the Aegean Sea, close to the eastern coast of Crete. Administratively it lies within the Itanos municipality of Lasithi.
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Kavallos
Kavaloi (Greek: Καβάλοι), is the name of a group of three uninhabited Greek islets, close to the coast of Lasithi, eastern Crete. The close group comprises the islets Anavatis (Αναβάτης "rider"), Kavallos (Καβάλλος), and Kefali (Κεφαλή "head"). Administratively the islets are part of the municipal unit Lefki.
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Kefali
Kavaloi (Greek: Καβάλοι), is the name of a group of three uninhabited Greek islets, close to the coast of Lasithi, eastern Crete. The close group comprises the islets Anavatis (Αναβάτης "rider"), Kavallos (Καβάλλος), and Kefali (Κεφαλή "head"). Administratively the islets are part of the municipal unit Lefki.
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Keros
Keros (Greek: Κέρος) is an uninhabited Greek island in the Cyclades about 10 km (6 mi) southeast of Naxos. Administratively it is part of the community of Koufonisia. It has an area of 15 km2 (6 sq mi) and its highest point is 432 metres (1,417 ft). It was an important site to the Cycladic civilization that flourished around 2500 BC.
Keros is especially noted for the flat-faced Cycladic marble statues which later inspired the work of Pablo Picasso and Henry Moore.
In 2006-2008, the Cambridge Keros Project, co-directed by Colin Renfrew with others, conducted excavations at Kavos on the west coast of the island. This general area is believed to be the source of the so-called "Keros Hoard" of fragmentary Cycladic figurines. The material excavated in 2006-2008 includes Cycladic figurines, vessels and other objects made of marble, all broken prior to deposition and most likely broken elsewhere and brought to Kavos for deposition. The lack of joining fragments shows that only a part of the broken material was deposited here, while ongoing studies of the pottery and other material show that material was brought from multiple sources for deposition here.
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Kolokythas
Kolokythas (Greek: Κολοκύθας, also known as Kolokythia and Vryonisi Βρυονήσι) is a Greek islet with a hotel, located north of the coast of Lasithi, eastern Crete, next to the island of Spinalonga.
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Koursaroi
Koursaroi (Greek: Κουρσάροι, "privateers or privateering vessels"), also known as Nisaki (Greek: Νησάκι, "small island"), is an islet close to the eastern coast of Crete, and north-east of the islet of Praso, in the Aegean Sea. Administratively, it is located within the municipality of Kissamos, in Chania regional unit.
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Kyra Panagia
Kyra Panagia (Greek: Κυρά Παναγιά) is a Greek island in the Sporades. It is administratively part of the municipality of Alonnisos in the Sporades regional unit. The island is also known by the name of Pelagos and rarely Pelagonisi. In Antiquity it was known as Ephthyros (Έφθυρος) and Polyaigos (Πολύαιγος). A bay in the south west of the island is named Agios Petros. Kyra Panagia has belonged to the Athonite monastery of Megisti Lavra since it was granted the island by the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros II Phokas in 963. There is a monastery, currently (2011) under restoration and inhabited by a single monk, on the east coast of the island.
Its nearest islands and islets are Gioura to the northeast and the main island of Alonnisos to the southwest.
The 1991 census read only one inhabitant making it the smallest municipal district in Greece in population. The tiny settlement became abandoned in the mid to late-1990s. The 2001 census reported a population of ten inhabitants.
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Kyriamadi
Kyriamadi (Greek: Κυριαμάδι) is a peninsula in the northeast of Crete. Small landbridges connect it to the Toplou peninsula of mainland Crete in the south, and the peninsula Sideros in the northeast. It is close to the palm tree forest of Vai. Administratively it comes within Itanos municipality in Lasithi. The population of Kyriamadi at the 2001 census was 26 persons.
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Lagousa
Kardiotissa (Greek: Καρδιώτισσα, formerly Lagousa) is a Greek island in the Cyclades. It is uninhabited and administratively a part of the island community of Sikinos. It lies midway between that island and the island of Folegandros.
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Lazaretta
Lazaretta (Greek: Λαζαρέττα), also called Lazaretto (and alternatively spelled Lazareto), is an uninhabited island close to the northern coast of Crete in the Aegean Sea. It is located near the city of Chania and administratively, it is within the municipality of Chania, in Chania regional unit.
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Lebynthos
Coordinates: 37°00′40″N 26°27′35″E / 37.01111°N 26.45972°E / 37.01111; 26.45972
Levitha (Greek: Λέβιθα, known in classical antiquity as Lebynthos) is a small island located in the east of the Aegean Sea, between Kos and Paros, part of the Dodecanese islands. It is part of the municipality Leros. The island is mentioned in two of Ovid's works Ars Amatoria and the Metamorphoses in connection with the saga of Daedalus and Icarus. While escaping from Crete, Daedalus and Icarus flew over Lebynthos.
As of 2009, the population of the island is three - a family with one child. The total area of the island is 9,2 km2 and its total coast line length is 34 km.
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Lesbos Island
Lesbos (Greek pronunciation: [ˈle̞zvo̞s]) (Greek: Λέσβος, transliterated from Modern Greek as Lesvos, sometimes also referred to as Mytilini after its major city Mytilene) is a Greek island located in the northeastern Aegean Sea. It has an area of 1,632 km2 (630 sq mi) with 320 kilometres (almost 200 miles) of coastline, making it the third largest Greek island. It is separated from Turkey by the narrow Mytilini Strait.
Lesbos is a separate regional unit of the North Aegean region, and the only municipality of the regional unit. Its population is approximately 90,000, a third of which lives in its capital, Mytilene, in the southeastern part of the island. The remaining population is distributed in small towns and villages. The largest are Kalloni, the Gera Villages, Plomari, Agiassos, Eresos, and Molyvos (the ancient Mythymna).
Mytilene was founded in the 11th century BC by the family Penthilidae, who arrived from Thessaly, and ruled the city-state until a popular revolt (590–580 BC) led by Pittacus of Mytilene ended their rule. In early Middle Ages, it was under Byzantine and Genovese rule. Lesbos was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1462, who ruled the island until the First Balkan War in 1912, when it became part of the Kingdom of Greece.
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Macedon
Macedonia or Macedon (from Greek: Μακεδονία, Makedonía) was an ancient kingdom, centered in the northeastern part of the Greek peninsula, bordered by Epirus to the west, Paeonia to the north, the region of Thrace to the east and Thessaly to the south. The rise of Macedon, from a small kingdom at the periphery of Classical Greek affairs, to one which came to dominate the entire Hellenic world, occurred under the reign of Philip II. For a brief period, after the conquests of Alexander the Great, it became the most powerful state in the world, controlling a territory that included the former Persian empire, stretching as far as the Indus River; at that time it inaugurated the Hellenistic period of Ancient Greek civilization.
The name Macedonia (Greek: Μακεδονία, Makedonía) comes from the ancient Greek word μακεδνός (Makednos). It is commonly explained as having originally meant "a tall one" or "highlander", possibly descriptive of the people. The shorter English name variant Macedon developed in Middle English, based on a borrowing from the French form of the name, Macédoine.
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Makronisos
Makronisos (Greek: Μακρόνησος, lit. Long Island) is an island in the Aegean sea, in Greece and is located close to the coast of Attica, facing the port of Lavrio. It has an elongated shape (13 km north to south, ca. 500 m east to west) and its terrain is arid and rocky.
In ancient times the island was called Helena.
It is part of the prefecture of the Cyclades but it is not part of that island chain. Administratively, it is part of the municipality of Kea.
The island is currently uninhabited. However, from the time of the Greek Civil War up until the restoration of democracy following the collapse of the Regime of the Colonels, it was used as a place of imprisonment for Greek communists, hosting hundreds of prisoners. Because of its history, it is considered as a monument of the civil war era; therefore the island itself and the original structures on it are protected from alterations.
The straits between Makronisos and neighbouring Kea are the site of the sinking, in 1916, of HMHS Britannic, sister ship of the RMS Titanic.
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Mavros
Mavros (Greek: Μαύρος, "black"), is an uninhabited Greek islet, in the Aegean Sea, close to the eastern coast of Crete. Administratively it lies within the Itanos municipality of Lasithi.
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Mavros Volakas
Mavros Volakas (Greek: Μαύρος Βώλακας) is a large rock, next to Long Beach, on the coast of Crete, near Lambi, in Rethymno regional unit.
There is another large rock that is even closer to the beach, called Aspros Volakas.
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Megatzedes
Megatzedes (Greek: Μεγατζέδες), is an uninhabited Greek islet, in the Aegean Sea, close to the eastern coast of Crete. Administratively it lies within the Itanos municipality of Lasithi.
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Miletus
Miletus (mī lē' təs) (Ancient Greek: Μίλητος, Milētos; Latin: Miletus) was an ancient Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia (in what is now Aydin Province, Turkey), near the mouth of the Maeander River in ancient Caria. Before the Persian invasion in the middle of the 6th century BC, Miletus was considered the greatest and wealthiest of Greek cities.
Evidence of first settlement at the site has been made inaccessible by the rise of sea level and deposition of sediments from the Maeander. The first available evidence is of the Neolithic. In the early and middle Bronze age the settlement came under Minoan influence. Legend has it that an influx of Cretans occurred displacing the indigenous Leleges. The site was renamed Miletus after a place in Crete.
The Late Bronze Age, 13th century BCE, saw the arrival of Luwian language speakers from south central Anatolia calling themselves the Carians. Later in that century the first Greeks arrived. The city at that time rebelled against the Hittite Empire. After the fall of that empire the city was destroyed in the 12th century BCE and starting about 1000 BCE was resettled extensively by the Ionian Greeks. Legend offers an Ionian foundation event sponsored by a founder named Neleus from the Peloponnesus.
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Mochlos
Mochlos (Greek: Μόχλος) is a modern island in the Gulf of Mirabello in eastern Crete, and the archaeological site of an ancient Minoan settlement. There is evidence that Mochlos was not an island in Minoan times, but was attached to the mainland and acted as an eastern harbor.
The name Mochlos also applies to the small fishing village and resort located on the main island of Crete, opposite Mochlos island. Only 150 metres separates them. The island is administered from Tourloti which is only 9 km away.
Mochlos was first excavated by Richard Seager in 1908 at the western end of the island, where a prepalatial cemetery was found. At that time, tombs, pithos burials and pit graves were uncovered, as well as two large tombs at the western tip of the island. In the 1970s, Jeffrey Soles documented the tombs and cemetery uncovered by Seager. The cemetery was in use from Early Minoan II to Middle Minoan IA.
The main Minoan settlement is at the south end of the island. The earliest buildings are from Early Minoan IB and the ruins visible today on Mochlos date from Late Minoan IB. Northwest of the modern town of Mochlos, a three-storey building was found from the Late Minoan I period. The building included two pillar crypts, a staircase and a kitchen. This building is the largest of the Late Minoan I town.
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Morea
The Morea (Greek: Μωρέας or Μωριάς, French: Morée, Italian: Morea, Turkish: Mora) was the name of the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece during the Middle Ages and the early modern period. It also referred to a Byzantine province in the region, known as the Despotate of Morea.
There is some uncertainty over the origin of the medieval name "Morea", which is first recorded only in the 10th century in the Byzantine chronicles.
Traditionally scholars thought the name originated from the word morea (μορέα), meaning morus or mulberry, a tree which, though known in the region from the ancient times, gained value after the 6th century, when silkworms were smuggled from China to Byzantium. Then the mulberry began to be planted so copiously in the Peloponnesus that the plain around Thebes came to be known as Morokampos and Thebes gained renown for its silk. No silk is now made at Thebes and mulberry trees are not prominent, but the Theban plain retains its name Morokampos from the mulberry trees which once gave the town its prosperity.
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Mykonos
Mykonos (English: /ˈmiːkənɒs/, Greek: Μύκονος [ˈmikonos]) is a Greek island, part of the Cyclades, lying between Tinos, Syros, Paros and Naxos. The island spans an area of 85.5 km2 (33 sq mi) and rises to an elevation of 341 m (1,119 ft) at its highest point. There are 9,320 inhabitants (2001) most of whom live in the largest town, Mykonos, which lies on the west coast. The town is also known as Chora (i.e. the Town in Greek, following the common practice in Greece when the name of the island itself is the same as the name of the principal town). Tourism is a major industry.
Mykonos early human inhabitants were Carians, followed by Ancient Egyptians, Phoenecians, Cretans and Ionians.
In ancient times, Mykonos, due to its proximity to the then highly populated island of Delos (situated about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) away), became very important as a supply island and possibly as a getaway location for Delian citizens.
In Greek mythology Mykonos was the location of the battle between Zeus and the Titans,[citation needed] and the island was named in honor of Mykons, son of Anios who was a son of Apollo and nymph named Rio.
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Naucratis
Naucratis or Naukratis, (Greek: Ναύκρατις), loosely translated as "(the city that wields) power over ships" (Piemro in Egyptian, now Kom Gieif), was a city of Ancient Egypt, on the Canopic branch of the Nile river, 45 mi (72 km) SE of the open sea and the later capital of Ptolemaic Egypt, Alexandria. It was the first and, for much of its early history, the only permanent Greek colony in Egypt; acting as a symbiotic nexus for the interchange of Greek and Egyptian art and culture.
The modern site of the city has become an archaeological find of the highest significance and the source of not only many beautiful objects of art now gracing the museums of the world but also an important source of some of the earliest Greek writing in existence, provided by the inscriptions on its pottery.
Archaeological evidence suggests that the history of the ancient Greeks in Egypt dates back at least to Mycenaean times and more likely even further back into the proto-Greek Minoan age. This history is strictly one of commerce as no permanent Greek settlements have been found of these cultures to date.
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Naxos (island)
Naxos ([pronunciation?]in Greek, Νάξος, pronounced [ˈnaksos]) is a Greek island, the largest island (429 km2 (166 sq mi)) in the Cyclades island group in the Aegean. It was the centre of archaic Cycladic culture.
The island comprises the two municipalities of Naxos and Drymalia. The largest town and capital of the island is Hora or Naxos City, with 6,533 inhabitants (2001 census). The main villages are Filoti, Apiranthos, Vivlos, Agios Arsenios, Koronos and Glinado.
Naxos is a popular tourist destination, with several easily accessible ruins. It has a number of beautiful beaches, such as those at Agia Anna, Agios Prokopios, Alikos, Kastraki, Mikri Vigla, Plaka, and Agios Georgios, most of them near Hora. Naxos is the most fertile island of the Cyclades. It has a good supply of water in a region where water is usually inadequate. Mount Zeus (1003 metres) is the highest peak in the Cyclades, and tends to trap the clouds, permitting greater rainfall. This has made agriculture an important economic sector with various vegetable and fruit crops as well as cattle breeding, making Naxos the most self-sufficient island in the Cyclades. Naxos is also known within Greece for its potatoes.
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Nikolos
Nikolos (Greek: Νικολός), also known as Nikolonisi, Nikolo Nisi, and Agios Antonios, is an island close to the northeastern coast of Crete. Administratively it comes within the Agios Nikolaos municipality in Lasithi.
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Palaiosouda
Palaiosouda (Greek: Παλαιόσουδα, "old Souda"), also known as Marathi (Greek: Μαράθι), is an islet located south of the town of Marathi, close to Souda Bay in Crete. The islet is a popular diving location.
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Parthenon
Coordinates: 37°58′13″N 23°43′21″E / 37.97025°N 23.72247°E / 37.97025; 23.72247
The Parthenon (Greek: Παρθενών) is a temple on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their virgin patron. Its construction began in 447 BC when the Athenian Empire was at the height of its power. It was completed in 438 BC, although decoration of the Parthenon continued until 432 BC. It is the most important surviving building of Classical Greece, generally considered the culmination of the development of the Doric order. Its decorative sculptures are considered some of the high points of Greek art. The Parthenon is regarded as an enduring symbol of Ancient Greece and of Athenian democracy and one of the world's greatest cultural monuments. The Greek Ministry of Culture is currently carrying out a program of selective restoration and reconstruction to ensure the stability of the partially ruined structure.
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Peloponnesus
The Peloponnese, Peloponnesos or Peloponnesus (Greek: Πελοπόννησος, Pelopónnisos; see also list of Greek place names), is a large peninsula, located in a region of southern Greece, forming the part of the country south of the Gulf of Corinth. During the late Middle Ages and the Ottoman era, the peninsula was known as the Morea (Greek: Μωρέας, colloq. Μωριάς), a name still in colloquial use.
The peninsula is divided among three regions of Greece: most of it belongs to the Peloponnese region, and parts belong to the West Greece and Attica regions.
It was here that the Greek War of Independence began; the Peloponnesians have had an almost total dominance of politics and government in Greece since then.
The Peloponnese covers an area of some 21,549.6 km² (8,320 square miles) and constitutes the southernmost part of mainland Greece. While technically it may be considered an island, since the construction of the Corinth Canal in 1893 – like other peninsulas that have been separated from their mainland by man-made bodies of waters – it is rarely, if ever, referred to as an "island". It has two land connections with the rest of Greece, a natural one at the Isthmus of Corinth, and an artificial one in the shape of the Rio-Antirio bridge (completed 2004).
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Peristerovrachoi
Peristerovrachoi (Greek: Περιστερόβραχοι, "pigeon rocks"), are uninhabited Greek islets/rocks, in the Aegean Sea, close to the eastern coast of Crete. Administratively they lie within the Itanos municipality of Lasithi.
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Petalida
Petalida (Greek: Πεταλίδα, "limpet"), also known as Xera (pronounced Ksera), is an islet close to the northern coast of Crete in the Aegean Sea. It is located between the island of Imeri Gramvousa and the mainland. Administratively, it is located within the municipality of Kissamos, in Chania regional unit.
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Petalouda
Petalouda (Greek: Πεταλούδα, "butterfly") is an uninhabited islet off the coast of western Crete in the Aegean Sea. Administratively, it is part of the municipality Kissamos, in Chania regional unit.
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Piperi, Greece
Piperi (Greek: Πιπέρι meaning pepper) is a Greek island in the Northern Sporades. It is administratively part of the municipality of Alonnisos and, after Skyros, is the Sporades' easternmost island. The 2001 census reported a population of two inhabitants.
Its nearest islands and islets are Gioura to the west and Psathoura to the northwest. The island of Piperi is the core of the Park and is strictly protected. Its approach by any vessel without special permission is forbidden. The aim of the restrictions is the protection of the important habitat of the monk seal, and also of the birds of prey which live and reproduce on the inaccessible rocks of the island, which are also home to some rare plant species. Piperi has precipitous, rocky shores and its vegetation is dominated by pine forests, although there are also some holly, frygana and chasmophytes to be found on the cliffs. There are 33 species of birds and it is estimated that the island is home to about 350 - 400 pairs of Eleonora's falcon (Falco eleonorae).
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Pontikaki
Pontikaki (Greek: Ποντικάκι, "little mouse") is an uninhabited islet off the coast of western Crete that is close to the islet of Pontikonisi. Administratively, it is part of the municipality Kissamos, in Chania regional unit.
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Pontikonisi
Pontikonisi (Greek: Ποντικονήσι, "mouse island") is an uninhabited islet off the coast of western Crete. Administratively, it is part of the municipality Kissamos, in Chania regional unit. There is a small islet close to Pontikonisi called Pontikaki ("little mouse").
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Prasiae
Brasiae or Brasies or Prasies (Ancient Greek: Βρασιαί; Homeric Greek: Βρυσειαί; Latin: Bryseae; Modern Greek: Βρασιές, Πρασιές) is an Ancient Greek city in South-East Peloponnese. It is located four kilometers SE of Leonidio, next to Plaka. Brasiae was part of Menelaus' kingdom and is mentioned by Homer in the Catalogue of Ships. Brasiae was an important harbour and a naval base of Sparta during the Peloponnesian War. Later it consisted with other cities the Koinon of Free Laconians according to Pausanias.
Coordinates: 37°8′44″N 22°53′21″E / 37.14556°N 22.88917°E / 37.14556; 22.88917
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Praso (Kissamos)
Praso (Greek: Πράσο, "leek"), also known as Prasonisi (Greek: Πρασονήσι, "leek island"), is an islet close to the eastern coast of Crete, and south-west of the islet of Koursaroi, in the Aegean Sea. Administratively, it is located within the municipality of Kissamos, in Chania regional unit.
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Prosfora
Prosfora (Greek: Προσφορά, "offering"), is an uninhabited Greek islet, close to the coast of Lasithi, eastern Crete. Administratively it lies within the Sitia municipality of Lasithi.
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Pseira
Pseira (Greek Ψείρα) is an islet in the Gulf of Mirabello in northeastern Crete with the archaeological remains of Minoan and Mycenean civilisation.
The island was explored in 1906–07 by Richard Seager and partially documented by Halvor Bagge in ink and watercolors based on photographs (University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, 1910), and more minutely examined in 1984–92 by Philip P. Betancourt and Costis Davaras, for Temple University. Archaeological materials in this seaport, sited above its harbor, to which it was connected by cliffside stairs, span the period from the end of the Neolithic in the 4th millennium to the Late Bronze Age, with the cultural high point being Early Minoan to Late Minoan 1B. At that time the prosperous town of some 60 buildings was ranged round its open square (plateia), with a single large building that occupied one side. Like many contemporary Late Minoan 1B sites, it was violently destroyed, ca 1550–1450 BC. A remnant of its population cleared spaces in the rubble and for a time continued to dwell in the ruined town.
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Pserimos
Pserimos (Greek: Ψέριμος Δωδεκανήσου) is a small Greek island in the Dodecanese chain, lying between Kalymnos and Kos in front of the coast of Turkey. It is part of the municipality of Kálymnos, and reported a population of 130 inhabitants at the 2001 census.
The main industry is tourism, with Greek and other European holidaymakers attracted by its remote location. There are several beaches and a number of taverns, some of which offer accommodation.
Pserimos is served by a daily ferry from Pothia, on the island of Kalymnos, and is a destination on the itinerary of a number of cruise boats in the area.
Coordinates: 36°56′N 27°08′E / 36.933°N 27.133°E / 36.933; 27.133
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Rineia
Rineia or Rhenea (Ρήνεια) is a Greek island in the Cyclades. It lies just west of the island of Delos and further southwest of the island of Mykonos, of which it and Delos are administratively a part. Its area is 14 km². It had a small population until the 1980s, but is currently uninhabited. In ancient times the island was subdued by the tyrant Polycrates of Samos and dedicated to the Delian Apollo.
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Samiopoula
Samiopoula (Greek: Σαμιοπούλα) is a Greek islet located on the south of Samos Island and at a distance of .85 km (0.46 nmi). It is under the authority of the regional unit of Samos and the local jurisdiction of the municipal unit of Pythagoreio. The 2001 census reported a population of five inhabitants. The name Samiopoula is a derivative of Samos (in Greek Σάμος) and literally means "small Samos".
The islet measures approximately 2.15 km (1.34 mi) in length and .7 km (0.43 mi) in width. There are few buildings on Samiopoula, mainly the small parish churches of Agia Pelagia (in Greek Αγία Πελαγία) and of the Ascension of Christ (in Greek: Αναλήψεως του Σωτήρος), a small tavern and few small houses and shelters. Electricity and telephone services are provided via underwater cables from nearby Samos. Photovoltaic systems provide some alternative electrical power. There are few cisterns on the island and rainwater is conserved throughout winter. Most of the terrain is rocky with very few trees and several species of wild bushes, shrubs and wildflowers. Wild goats out-number the few inhabitants by far, even when visitors and tourists storm the little island during the summer season. The islet is easily accessible during the tourist season via daily excursions from the ports of Pythagoreio and Ormos Marathokampou. Τhe only beach on the island, Psalida (in Greek Ψαλίδα), is quite small and may be crowded during peak summer season though it offers uniquely beautiful white sands and turquoise waters. Sailing boats typically approach the islet through the small bay of Katsakas (in Greek Κατσακάς) which is sheltered by the prevailing north-westerly winds.
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Samos
Samos (Greek: Σάμος) is a Greek island in the eastern Aegean Sea, south of Chios, north of Patmos and the Dodecanese, and off the coast of Asia Minor, from which it is separated by the 1.6 kilometres (0.99 mi)-wide Mycale Strait. It is also a separate regional unit of the North Aegean region, and the only municipality of the regional unit.
In ancient times Samos was a particularly rich and powerful city-state. It is home to Pythagoreion and the Heraion of Samos, a UNESCO World Heritage Site that includes the Eupalinian aqueduct, a marvel of ancient engineering. Samos is the birthplace of the Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras, after whom the Pythagorean theorem is named, the philosopher Epicurus, and the astronomer Aristarchus of Samos, the first known individual to propose that the Earth revolves around the sun. Samian wine was well known in antiquity, and is still produced on the island.
The island was an autonomous principality from 1835 until it joined Greece in 1912.
The area of the island is 478 km2 (184.6 sq mi) 43 km (27 mi) long and 13 km (8 mi) wide. It is separated from Anatolia, by the approximately 1 mile (1.6 km)-wide Mycale Strait. While largely mountainous, Samos has several relatively large and fertile plains.
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Sarakino
Sarakino (Greek: Σαρακηνό) is a Greek island in the Sporades south of Skyros.
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Saria Island
Saria Island (Greek: Σαρία) is an island in Greece. It is a rocky, volcanic island along the northern edge of Karpathos, separated from it by a strait 100 m (330 ft) wide. Administratively, it is part of the community of Olympos. The 2001 census reported a resident population of 22 persons. It has little plant or animal life, and has a number of sharp cliffs. Although only shepherds live on Saria now, the ruins of the ancient city of Nisyros can be found here. It is also a breeding area for a breed of falcon known as Eleonora's Falcon.
Although the name is subject to dispute, scholars link it with the name of an ancient Greek Princess named Katherine from a line of Saria royalty. Greek legends say she was as beautiful as Helen of Troy and so they named an Island after her majesty. On the island of Saria, it is recorded history that a kingdom existed named Mikri Nisyros.
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Serifopoula
Serifopoula is a Greek island in the Cyclades. It is a part of the municipality of Serifos. Serifopoula was uninhabited at the 2001 Greek census.
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Sideros
Sideros (Greek: Σίδερος, "iron"), also known as Strongylo (Greek: Στρογγύλο, "round"), is an uninhabited Greek rock, in the Aegean Sea, close to the northeastern coast of eastern Crete. The rock lies just north of the peninsula of Kyriamadi, with which it is connected by a small land bridge. There is also a Cape Sideros on the island of Kyriamadi. Administratively it lies within the Itanos municipality of Lasithi.
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Sparta
Coordinates: 37°4′55″N 22°25′25″E / 37.08194°N 22.42361°E / 37.08194; 22.42361
Sparta (Doric Σπάρτα; Attic Σπάρτη Spartē), or Lacedaemon, was a prominent city-state in ancient Greece, situated on the banks of the River Eurotas in Laconia, in south-eastern Peloponnese. It emerged as a political entity around the 10th century BC, when the invading Dorians subjugated the local, non-Dorian population. From c. 650 BC it rose to become the dominant military land-power in ancient Greece.
Given its military pre-eminence, Sparta was recognized as the overall leader of the combined Greek forces during the Greco-Persian Wars. Between 431 and 404 BC, Sparta was the principal enemy of Athens during the Peloponnesian War, from which it emerged victorious, though at great cost. Sparta's defeat by Thebes in the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC ended Sparta's prominent role in Greece. However, it maintained its political independence until the Roman conquest of Greece in 146 BC.
Sparta was unique in ancient Greece for its social system and constitution, which completely focused on military training and excellence. Its inhabitants were classified as Spartiates (Spartan citizens, who enjoyed full rights), Mothakes (non-Spartan free men raised as Spartans), Perioikoi (freedmen), and Helots (state-owned serfs, enslaved non-Spartan local population). Spartiates underwent the rigorous agoge training and education regimen, and Spartan phalanges were widely considered to be among the best in battle. Spartan women enjoyed considerably more rights and equality to men than elsewhere in the classical world.
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Spetsopoula
Spetsopoula is a private island situated to the southeast of Spetses, which is one of the Saronic Islands, in the region of Attica and the Aegean Sea. It was purchased by the Greek tycoon Stavros Niarchos, a native of Attica. It is located is about 90 km by helicopter from Athens.
It was here that Eugenia Livanos Niarchos, wife of Niarchos, died in mysterious circumstances in 1970.
Coordinates: 37°13′28″N 23°09′59″E / 37.2244°N 23.1664°E / 37.2244; 23.1664
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Spinalonga
The island of Spinalonga (Greek: Σπιναλόγκα), officially known as Kalydon (Καλυδών), is located in the Gulf of Elounda in north-eastern Crete, in Lasithi prefecture, next to the town of Elounda. It is near the Spinalonga peninsula ("large Spinalonga") – which often causes confusion as the same name is used for both. The official Greek name of the island today is Kalydon.
Originally, Spinalonga was not an island, it was part of the island of Crete. During Venetian occupation the island was carved out of the coast for defense purposes and a fort was built there.[citation needed]
During Venetian rule, salt was harvested from salt pans around the island.[citation needed] The island has also been used as a leper colony. Spinalonga has appeared in novels, television series, and a short film.
According to Venetian documents, the name of the island originated in the Greek expression στην Ελούντα stin Elounda (meaning "to Elounda"). The Venetians could not understand the expression so they familiarized it using their own language, and called it spina "thorn" lunga "long", an expression that was also maintained by the locals. The Venetians were inspired for this expression by the name of an island near Venice called by the same name and which is known today as the island of Giudecca.[citation needed]
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Sporades
The (Northern) Sporades ( /ˈspɒrədiːz/; Greek: Βόρειες Σποράδες) are an archipelago along the east coast of Greece, northeast of the island of Euboea, in the Aegean Sea. It consists of 24 islands, four of which are permanently inhabited: Alonnisos, Skiathos, Skopelos and Skyros.
"Sporades" means "those scattered" (compare with "sporadic"), and was used from Classical Antiquity to refer to the Aegean island groups outside the central archipelago of the Cyclades. In modern geographical parlance, there are five different Sporades groups:
The Sporades islands are divided over two regions: Thessaly (most islands) and Central Greece (Skyros and a few uninhabited islets). The Thessalian Sporades are organised in the regional unit of Sporades (Greek: Περιφερειακή ενότητα Σποράδων).
As a part of the 2011 Kallikratis government reform, the regional unit Sporades was created out of part of the former Magnesia Prefecture. It is subdivided into 3 municipalities. These are:
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Syros
Syros (Greek: Σύρος), or Siros or Syra is a Greek island in the Cyclades, in the Aegean Sea. It is located 78 nautical miles (144 km) south-east of Athens. The area of the island is 83.6 km2 (32 sq mi). The largest towns are Ermoupoli, Ano Syros, and Vari. Ermoupoli is the capital of the island and the Cyclades. It has always been a significant port town, and during the 19th century it was even more significant than Piraeus.
Ermoupoli, stands on a naturally amphitheatrical site, with neo-classical buildings, old mansions and white houses cascading down to the harbour. The City Hall, where Miaoulis Square lies ringed with cafes and with seating areas under palm trees, has a grandeur[peacock term] all of its own. The "City of Hermes" has numerous churches, the most interesting[peacock term] of which are Metamorphosis, Koimisis, St. Demetrius, Three Hierarchs, Anastasis, Evangelistria and St. Nicolas. The Archaeological Museum has a collection of notable[peacock term] finds and the Municipal Library contains numerous interesting[peacock term] and rare[peacock term] editions. The quarter of the town known as Vaporia, where the sea captains lived, is of special interest[peacock term]. Along its narrow streets, stand numerous neo-classical mansions.
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Temple of Aphaea
The Temple of Aphaia or Afea is located within a sanctuary complex dedicated to the goddess Aphaia on the Greek island of Aigina, which lies in the Saronic Gulf. It stands on a circa 160 m peak on the eastern side of the island approximately 13 km east by road from the main port.
Aphaia (Greek Ἀφαία) was a Greek goddess who was worshipped exclusively at this sanctuary. The extant temple of circa 500 BC was built over the remains of an earlier temple of circa 570 BC, which was destroyed by fire circa 510 BC. The elements of this destroyed temple were buried in the infill for the larger, flat terrace of the later temple, and are thus well preserved. Abundant traces of paint remain on many of these buried fragments. There may have been another temple in the 7th century BC, also located on the same site, but it is thought to have been much smaller and simpler in terms of both plan and execution. Significant quantities of Late Bronze Age figurines have been discovered at the site, including proportionally large numbers of female figurines (kourotrophoi), indicating – perhaps – that cult activity at the site was continuous from the 14th cent. BC, suggesting a Minoan connection for the cult. The last temple is of an unusual plan and is also significant for its pedimental sculptures, which are thought to illustrate the change from Archaic to Early Classical technique. These sculptures are on display in the Glyptothek of Munich, with a number of fragments located in the museums at Aigina and on the site itself.
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Tenos
Tinos (Greek: Τήνος) [ˈtinos] is a Greek island situated in the Aegean Sea. It is located in the Cyclades archipelago. In antiquity, Tinos was also known as Ophiussa (from ophis, Greek for snake) and Hydroessa (from hydor, Greek for water). The closest islands are Andros, Delos, and Mykonos. It has a land area of approximately 194 square kilometres and a 2001 census population of 8,574 inhabitants.
Between 1207 and 1715, Tinos was in Venetian hands. From 1715 to 1821, Tinos was ruled by the Ottoman Empire before joining in the Greek War of Independence. It was known İstendil during Ottoman rule.
Tinos is famous amongst Greeks for the Church of Panagia Evangelistria, its 80 or so windmills, about 1000 artistic dovecotes, 50 active villages and its Venetian fortifications at the mountain, Exobourgo. On Tinos, both Greek Orthodox and Roman Catholic populations co-exist, and the island is also well known for its famous sculptors and painters, such as Nicholaos Gysis, Yannoulis Chalepas and Nikiforos Lytras.
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Thasos
Thasos or Thassos (Greek: Θάσος) is a Greek island in the northern Aegean Sea, close to the coast of Thrace and the plain of the river Nestos but geographically part of Macedonia. It is the northernmost Greek island, and 12th largest by area. Thasos is also the name of the largest town of the island (also known as Limenas Thasou, "Harbour of Thasos"), situated at the northern side, opposite the mainland and about 10 kilometres (6 mi) from Keramoti.
Lying close to the coast of Eastern Macedonia, Thasos was inhabited from the Palaeolithic period onwards, but the earliest settlement to have been explored in detail is that at Limenaria where Middle and Late Neolithic remains have been found that relate closely to those of the Drama Plain. In contrast, the remains of the Early Bronze Age on the island align it with the culture that developed in the Cyclades and Sporades to the south in the Aegean. At Skala Sotiros for example, a small settlement was encircled by a strongly built defensive wall. Even earlier activity is demonstrated by the presence of large pieces of 'megalithic' anthropomorphic stelai built into these walls, which, so far, have no parallels in the Aegean area.
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Tinos
Tinos (Greek: Τήνος) [ˈtinos] is a Greek island situated in the Aegean Sea. It is located in the Cyclades archipelago. In antiquity, Tinos was also known as Ophiussa (from ophis, Greek for snake) and Hydroessa (from hydor, Greek for water). The closest islands are Andros, Delos, and Mykonos. It has a land area of approximately 194 square kilometres and a 2001 census population of 8,574 inhabitants.
Between 1207 and 1715, Tinos was in Venetian hands. From 1715 to 1821, Tinos was ruled by the Ottoman Empire before joining in the Greek War of Independence. It was known İstendil during Ottoman rule.
Tinos is famous amongst Greeks for the Church of Panagia Evangelistria, its 80 or so windmills, about 1000 artistic dovecotes, 50 active villages and its Venetian fortifications at the mountain, Exobourgo. On Tinos, both Greek Orthodox and Roman Catholic populations co-exist, and the island is also well known for its famous sculptors and painters, such as Nicholaos Gysis, Yannoulis Chalepas and Nikiforos Lytras.
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Turkey
Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info)), is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia (mostly in the Anatolian peninsula) and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population are Muslims. The country's official language is Turkish, whereas Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who constitute 18% of the population.
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Valaxa
Valaxa (Greek: Βάλαξα) is a Greek island in the Sporades. It is located southwest of the island Skyros, and is administratively a part of Skyros.
Its nearest islands and islets are Erinia to the west and Skyros to the north and east.
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Vryonisi
Vryonisi (Greek: Βρυονήσι, "moss island"), also known as Prasonisi (Greek: Πρασονήσι, "leek island"), is an uninhabited Greek islet, in the Aegean Sea, close to the northern coast of eastern Crete. Administratively it lies within the Agios Nikolaos municipality of Lasithi.
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West Attica
West Attica (Greek: Περιφερειακή ενότητα Δυτικής Αττικής) is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Attica. The capital of the regional unit is the town of Elefsina. The regional unit covers the western part of the agglomeration of Athens, and the area to its west.
The regional unit West Attica is subdivided into 5 municipalities. These are (number as in the map in the infobox):
As a part of the 2011 Kallikratis government reform, the regional unit West Attica was created out of the former prefecture West Attica (Greek: νομαρχία Δυτικής Αττικής). The prefecture had the same territory as the present regional unit. At the same time, the municipalities were reorganised, according to the table below.
The prefecture of West Attica was subdivided into two provinces: the Province of Megaris (capital Megara), and the Province of Eleusis (capital Elefsina). They were abolished before the Kallikratis programme came into effect.
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Zante
Zakynthos [ˈzakinθos] ( listen), also Zante, the other form often used in English and in Italian (Greek: Ζάκυνθος; Venetian: Zacinto), is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea. It is the third largest of the Ionian Islands. Zakynthos is a separate regional unit of the Ionian Islands region, and its only municipality. It covers an area of 410 km2 (158 sq mi) and its coastline is roughly 123 km (76 mi) in length. The island is named after Zakynthos, the son of a legendary Arcadian chief Dardanus. The name, like all similar names ending in -nthos, is pre-Mycenaean or Pelasgian in origin. Zakynthos has a thriving tourism industry.
Zakynthos was inhabited from the Neolithic Age, as some archaeological excavations have proved.
The famous ancient Greek poet and writer, Homer, first mentioned the island in his masterpieces, the Iliad and the Odyssey, stating that the first inhabitants of it were the son of King Dardanos of Troy called Zakynthos and his men and that they first came on the island around 1500–1600 BC[citation needed].
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Zeus
In the ancient Greek religion, Zeus ( /ˈzjuːs/ ZEWS;Ancient Greek: Ζεύς; Modern Greek: Δίας, Dias) is the "Father of Gods and men" (πατὴρ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε, patēr andrōn te theōn te) who rules the Olympians of Mount Olympus as a father rules the family. He is the god of sky and thunder in Greek mythology. His Roman counterpart is Jupiter and Etruscan counterpart is Tinia. His Hindu equivalent is Indra.
Zeus is the child of Cronus and Rhea, and the youngest of his siblings. In most traditions he is married to Hera, although, at the oracle of Dodona, his consort is Dione: according to the Iliad, he is the father of Aphrodite by Dione. He is known for his erotic escapades. These resulted in many godly and heroic offspring, including Athena, Apollo and Artemis, Hermes, Persephone (by Demeter), Dionysus, Perseus, Heracles, Helen of Troy, Minos, and the Muses (by Mnemosyne); by Hera, he is usually said to have fathered Ares, Hebe and Hephaestus.
As Walter Burkert points out in his book, Greek Religion, "Even the gods who are not his natural children address him as Father, and all the gods rise in his presence." For the Greeks, he was the King of the Gods, who oversaw the universe. As Pausanias observed, "That Zeus is king in heaven is a saying common to all men". In Hesiod's Theogony Zeus assigns the various gods their roles. In the Homeric Hymns he is referred to as the chieftain of the gods.
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Achilles
In Greek mythology, Achilles (Ancient Greek: Ἀχιλλεύς, Akhilleus, pronounced [akʰillěu̯s]) was a Greek hero of the Trojan War, the central character and the greatest warrior of Homer's Iliad.
Plato named Achilles the most handsome of the heroes assembled against Troy.
Later legends (beginning with a poem by Statius in the 1st century AD) state that Achilles was invulnerable in all of his body except for his heel. As he died because of a small wound on his heel, the term Achilles' heel has come to mean a person's principal weakness.
Achilles' name can be analyzed as a combination of ἄχος (akhos) "grief" and λαός (Laos) "a people, tribe, nation, etc." In other words, Achilles is an embodiment of the grief of the people, grief being a theme raised numerous times in the Iliad (frequently by Achilles). Achilles' role as the hero of grief forms an ironic juxtaposition with the conventional view of Achilles as the hero of kleos (glory, usually glory in war).
Laos has been construed by Gregory Nagy, following Leonard Palmer, to mean a corps of soldiers, a muster. With this derivation, the name would have a double meaning in the poem: When the hero is functioning rightly, his men bring grief to the enemy, but when wrongly, his men get the grief of war. The poem is in part about the misdirection of anger on the part of leadership.
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Alexander Kazhdan
Alexander Petrovich Kazhdan (Russian: Александр Петрович Каждан; 3 September 1922 – 29 May 1997) was a Soviet-American Byzantinist.
Born in Moscow, Kazhdan was educated at the Pedagogical Institute of Ufa and the University of Moscow, where he studied with the historian of medieval England, Evgenii Kosminskii. A post-war Soviet initiative to revive Russian-language Byzantine studies led Kazhdan to write a dissertation on the agrarian history of the late Byzantine empire (published in 1952 as Agrarnye otnosheniya v Vizantii XIII-XIV vv.) Despite a growing reputation in his field, anti-Semitic prejudice in the Joseph Stalin-era Soviet academy forced Kazhdan to accept a series of positions as a provincial teacher (in Ivanovo, 1947–49, and Tula, 1949–52). Following the death of Stalin in 1953, however, Kazhdan's situation improved, and he was hired by a college in Velikie Luki. In 1956 he finally secured a position in the Institute for History of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, where he remained until leaving the Soviet Union in 1978.
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Antoni Rubió i Lluch
Antoni Rubió i Lluch (Valladolid 1856 – Barcelona 1937) was a Spanish-Catalan historian and intellectual who published in both Catalan and Spanish. A Hellenist and a medievalist, he left his mark on the study of the Catalan period in Greece, 1313–1381.
Son of the poet Joaquim Rubió i Ors, Rubió i Lluch studied philosophy and literature at the University of Barcelona under Manuel Milà i Fontanals and Francesc Xavier Llorens i Barba and in the company of Marcelino Menéndez Pelayo, who was a longtime friend and colleague. The two are icons of Catalan positivism. In 1880 he became a tutor in the literature faculty there and in 1885 a full professor of general literature at the University of Oviedo, from which he was transferred to Barcelona. In 1889 he became a member of the Reial Acadèmia de Bones Lletres de Barcelona. In 1904 he taught Catalan literature at the Estudis Universitaris Catalans and in 1906 he was vice-president of the First International Congress of the Catalan Language. The next year (1907) he was named both a member and the first president of the Institute for Catalan Studies. He later presided over the Jocs Florals in Barcelona.
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Artaphernes
Artaphernes (Greek: Ἀρταφέρνης), was the brother of the king of Persia, Darius I of Persia, and satrap of Sardis.
In 497 BC, Artaphernes received an embassy from Athens, probably sent by Cleisthenes, and subsequently advised the Athenians that they should receive back the tyrant Hippias.
Subsequently he took an important part in suppressing the Ionian Revolt.
Athens and Eretria responded to the Ionian Greeks’ plea for help against Persia and sent troops. Athenian and Eretrian ships transported the Athenian troops to the Ionian city of Ephesus. There they were joined by a force of Ionians and they marched upon Sardis.
Artaphernes, who had sent most of his troops to besiege Miletus, is taken by surprise. However, Artaphernes is able to retreat to the citadel and hold it. Although the Greeks are unable to take the citadel, they pillage the town and set fires that burn Sardis to the ground. Returning to the coast, the Greek forces are met by the Persians led by Artaphernes and defeated.
Having successfully captured several of the revolting Greek city-states, the Persians under Artaphernes lay siege to Miletus. The decisive Battle of Lade was fought in 494 BC close to the island of Lade, near Miletus' port. Although out-numbered, the Greek fleet appeared to be winning the battle until the ships from Samos and Lesbos retreated. The sudden defection turned the tide of battle, and the remaining Greek fleet was completely destroyed. Miletus surrendered shortly thereafter, and the Ionian Revolt came to an end.
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Athanasia of Aegina
Saint Athanasia of Aegina (born circa 790 in Aegina - died 14 August 860, Timia, Greece) was a saint who lived in the Byzantine Empire and was for a while adviser to the Empress Theodora II.
The life of Athanasia is contained only in a vitae, which is held in the manuscript, Vaticanus Graecus 1660, of 916 AD. The author is unknown but most likely a man who wrote soon after St. Athanasia's death.
Athanasia was the daughter of Christian nobles, Niketas and Irene, and experienced a mystical union of a star merging with her heart while weaving at the loom when she was a young girl. She wanted a spiritual life but an imperial edict required all single women of marriageable age to marry soldiers. At 16 years old, at her parents urging, she complied and married a young officer. Sixteen days after her wedding, her husband was killed in a battle with raiding Arabs. She again married this time to a deeply religious man who felt drawn to become a monk and left with her blessing to do so.
Athanasia then gave away the bulk of her possessions, converted their home into a convent and began building churches. She served as an abbess and was known for her miraculous healing of the sick and those seen as possessed. Her community later moved to Timia near the ancient church of Stephen the Protomartyr. Here crowds flocked to see her. As her fame grew she moved to Constantinople seeking solitude as an Anchoress in a cell for seven years. While walled away, she was an adviser to the Empress Theodora II. After seven years, she returned to Aegina, where she died of natural causes three days later at Timia on 14 August 860.
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Attalus I
Attalus I (Greek: Ἄτταλος), surnamed Soter (Greek: Σωτὴρ, "Savior"; 269 BC – 197 BC) ruled Pergamon, an Ionian Greek polis (what is now Bergama, Turkey), first as dynast, later as king, from 241 BC to 197 BC. He was the second cousin and the adoptive son of Eumenes I, whom he succeeded, and was the first of the Attalid dynasty to assume the title of king in 238 BC. He was the son of Attalus and his wife Antiochis.
Attalus won an important victory over the Galatians, newly arrived Celtic tribes from Thrace, who had been, for more than a generation, plundering and exacting tribute throughout most of Asia Minor without any serious check. This victory, celebrated by the triumphal monument at Pergamon (famous for its Dying Gaul) and the liberation from the Gallic "terror" which it represented, earned for Attalus the name of "Soter", and the title of "king". A courageous and capable general and loyal ally of Rome, he played a significant role in the first and second Macedonian Wars, waged against Philip V of Macedon. He conducted numerous naval operations, harassing Macedonian interests throughout the Aegean, winning honors, collecting spoils, and gaining for Pergamon possession of the Greek islands of Aegina during the first war, and Andros during the second, twice narrowly escaping capture at the hands of Philip.
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Barbarian Invasions
The Migration Period, also known as the Barbarian Invasions (German: Völkerwanderung "migration of peoples"), was a period of intensified human migration in Europe from about 400 to 800 AD. This period marked the transition from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. Migrations were catalyzed by profound changes within the Roman Empire and on its "barbarian frontier". The migrants who came first were Germanic tribes such as the Goths, Vandals, Lombards, Suebi, Frisii and Franks; they were later pushed westwards by the Huns, Avars, Slavs, Bulgars and Alans. Later migrations (such as the Arab conquest and Viking, Magyar, Moorish, Turkic, and Mongol invasions) also had significant effects (especially in North Africa, the Iberian peninsula, Anatolia and Central and Eastern Europe); however, they are outside the scope of the Migration Period.
Germanic peoples moved out of southern Scandinavia, Denmark and adjacent lands between the Elbe and Oder rivers after 1000 BC. The first wave moved westward and southward (pushing the resident Celts west to the Rhine River by about 200 BC) and moving into southern Germany up to the Roman province of Gaul by 100 BC, where they were stopped by Gaius Marius and Julius Caesar. It is this western group who was described by the Roman historian Tacitus (56 – 117 AD) and Julius Caesar (100 - 44 BC). A later wave of German tribes migrated eastward and southward from Scandinavia between 600 and 300 BC to the opposite coast of the Baltic Sea, moving up the Vistula near the Carpathians. During Tacitus' era they included lesser-known tribes such as the Tencteri, Cherusci, Hermunduri and Chatti; however, a period of federation and intermarriage resulted in the familiar groups known as the Alamanni, Franks, Saxons, Frisians and Thuringians.
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Cimon
Cimon (in Greek, Κίμων — Kimōn) (510, Athens – 450 BC, Citium, Cyprus), was an Athenian statesman, strategos, and major political figure in mid-5th century BC Greece, the son of Miltiades, victor of Marathon. Cimon played a key role in creating the powerful Athenian maritime empire following the failure of the Persian invasion of Greece by Xerxes I in 480-479 BC. Cimon became a celebrated military hero and was elevated to the rank of admiral after fighting in the Battle of Salamis.
One of Cimon’s greatest exploits was his destruction of a Persian fleet and army at the Battle of the Eurymedon river in 466 BC. In 462 BC, he led an unsuccessful expedition to support the Spartans during the helot uprisings. As a result, he was dismissed and ostracized from Athens in 461 BC; however, he was recalled from his exile before the end of his ten-year ostracism to broker a five-year peace treaty in 451 BC between Sparta and Athens. Cimon also led the Athenian aristocratic party against Pericles and opposed the democratic revolution of Ephialtes seeking to retain aristocratic party control over Athenian institutions.
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Cleomenes I
Cleomenes or Kleomenes ( /kliːˈɒmɨniːz/; Greek Κλεομένης; died c. 489 BC) was an Agiad King of Sparta in the late 6th and early 5th centuries BC. During his reign, which started around 520 BC, he pursued an adventurous and at times unscrupulous foreign policy aimed at crushing Argos and extending Sparta's influence both inside and outside the Peloponnese. He was a brilliant tactician. It was during his reign that the Peloponnesian League came formally into existence. During his reign, he intervened twice successfully in Athenian affairs but kept Sparta out of the Ionian Revolt. He died in prison in mysterious circumstances, with the Spartan authorities claiming his death was suicide due to insanity.
He was the son of Anaxandrides II (of the Agiad royal house) and his second wife (apparently a daughter of Prinetades), and was the half-brother of Dorieus, Leonidas I, and Cleombrotus. Although the three younger half-brothers were the sons of Anaxandrides' first wife and therefore had a better claim to the throne according to tradition, Cleomenes was apparently the eldest son and succeeded his father around 520 BC. He allowed his half-brother Dorieus to mount expeditions outside the Peloponnesse, perhaps as a way of expanding Spartan influence and territories, and perhaps to rid himself of a potential rival. His interest in the world outside the Peloponnesse may have accounted for some of his reputation for insanity among fellow Spartans who tended to be highly insular, conservative, and suspicious of all things foreign.
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Datis
For other uses of the word Dati, see Dati (disambiguation).
Datis or Datus was a Median admiral who served the Persian Empire, under Darius the Great. He is most notable for his joint leadership with Artaphernes of the Persian forces in the first campaign of the Persian Wars against the Greeks.
Datis was one of the Persian commanders responsible for the siege of Naxos and the sacking of Eretria in 490 BC along with the infamous Persian Immortals. He was also leader of the Persian assault force on the Athenians at the Battle of Marathon in the same year. Ctesias of Cnidus relates that Datis was slain at Marathon and that the Athenians refused to hand over his body, however this conflicts with Herodotus' earlier analysis that Datis survived the battle
Datis was originally called to duty alongside Artaphernes for the Greek invasion because Darius I had decided to temporarily relieve Mardonius of military service due to an injury he suffered in the Thracian campaign. Datis is mocked in Aristophanes' play "Peace", where Trygaeus exclaims: Now is the time to sing as Datis did, as he masturbated at high noon, "Oh pleasure! oh enjoyment! oh delights!"
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Demaratus
Demaratus (Greek: Δημάρατος) was a king of Sparta from 515 until 491 BC, of the Eurypontid line, successor to his father Ariston. As king, he is known chiefly for his opposition to the other, co-ruling Spartan king, Cleomenes I.
When Cleomenes attempted to make Isagoras tyrant in Athens, Demaratus tried unsuccessfully to frustrate his plans. In 501 BC, Aegina was one of the states which gave the symbols of submission (earth and water) to Persia. Athens at once appealed to Sparta to punish this act of medism, and Cleomenes I crossed over to the island to arrest those responsible. His first attempt was unsuccessful, due to interference from Demaratus, who did his utmost to bring Cleomenes into disfavour at home.
In retaliation, Cleomenes urged Leotychidas, a relative and personal enemy of Demaratus, to claim the throne on the ground that the latter was not really the son of Ariston, but of Agetus, his mother's first husband. Cleomenes bribed the Delphic oracle, to pronounce in favor of Leotychidas, who became king in 491 BC.
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Dorians
The Dorians (Ancient Greek: Δωριεῖς, Dōrieis, singular Δωριεύς, Dōrieus) were one of the four major Greek ethnē into which the Ancient Greeks, or Hellenes, of the Classical period considered themselves divided.Ethnos has the sense of ethnic group. Herodotus uses the word with regard to them. They are almost always referenced as just "the Dorians", as they are in the earliest literary mention of them in Odyssey, where they already can be found inhabiting the island of Crete.
They were diverse in way of life and social organization, varying from the populous trade center of the city of Corinth, known for its ornate style in art and architecture, to the isolationist, military state of Sparta. And yet, all Hellenes knew which localities were Dorian, and which were not. Dorian states at war could more likely, but not always, count on the assistance of other Dorian states. Dorians were distinguished by the Doric Greek dialect and by characteristic social and historical traditions.
In the 5th century BC, Dorians and Ionians were the two most politically important Greek ethne, whose ultimate clash resulted in the Peloponnesian War. The degree to which fifth-century Hellenes self-identified as "Ionian" or "Dorian" has itself been disputed. At one extreme Édouard Will concludes that there was no true ethnic component in fifth-century Greek culture, in spite of anti-Dorian elements in Athenian propaganda. At the other extreme John Alty reinterprets the sources to conclude that ethnicity did motivate fifth-century actions. Moderns viewing these ethnic identifications through the fifth- and fourth-century BC literary tradition have been profoundly influenced by their own social politics. Also, according to E.N. Tigerstedt, nineteenth-century European admirers of virtues they considered "Dorian" identified themselves as "Laconophile" and found responsive parallels in the culture of their day as well; their biases contribute to the traditional modern interpretation of "Dorians".
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Ephorus
Ephorus or Ephoros (Ancient Greek: Ἔφορος, c. 400 – 330 BC), of Cyme in Aeolia, in Asia Minor, was an ancient Greek historian. Information on his biography is limited; he was the father of Demophilus, who followed in his footsteps as a historian, and to Plutarch's claim that Ephorus declined Alexander the Great's offer to join him on his Persian campaign as the official historiographer. Together with the historian Theopompus, he was a pupil of Isocrates, in whose school he attended two courses of rhetoric.[citation needed] But he does not seem to have made much progress in the art, and it is said to have been at the suggestion of Isocrates himself that he took up literary composition and the study of history.[citation needed]
The fruit of his labours was a set of 29 books, his universal history. The whole work, edited by his son Demophilus - who added a 30th book - contained a summary description of the Sacred War, along with other narratives from the days of the Heraclids up until the taking of Perinthus in 340 BC by Philip of Macedon, covering a time span of more than seven hundred years. According to Polybius, Ephorus was the first historian ever to author a universal history. For each of the 29 separate books Ephorus wrote a prooimion. The work was probably simply named Historiai, and followed a thematic, rather than a strictly chronological order in its narrative. Diodorus Siculus was largely responsible for preserving this work for posterity, by copying large parts of his writings. Book 30, covering the years 356-340 BC, was added by Demophilus quite probably after his death.[citation needed] The excerpts of their writings in Diodorus constitute the only continuous narrative on the history of Greece between 480-340 BC.
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Eusebius of Caesarea
Eusebius of Caesarea (c. AD 263 – 339) also called Eusebius Pamphili, was a Roman historian, exegete and Christian polemicist. He became the Bishop of Caesarea in Palestine about the year 314. Together with Pamphilus, he was a scholar of the Biblical canon. He wrote Demonstrations of the Gospel, Preparations for the Gospel, and On Discrepancies between the Gospels, studies of the Biblical text. As "Father of Church History" he produced the Ecclesiastical History, On the Life of Pamphilus, the Chronicle and On the Martyrs.
Little is known about the life of Eusebius. His successor at the see of Caesarea, Acacius, wrote a Life of Eusebius, but this work has been lost. Eusebius' own surviving works probably only represent a small portion of his total output. Since he was on the losing side of the long 4th-century contest between the allies and enemies of Arianism (Eusebius was an early and vocal supporter of Arius), posterity did not have much respect for Eusebius' person and was neglectful in the preservation of his writings. Beyond notices in his extant writings, the major sources are the 5th-century ecclesiastical historians Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret, and the 4th-century Christian author Jerome. There are assorted notices of his activities in the writings of his contemporaries Athanasius, Arius, Eusebius of Nicomedia, and Alexander of Alexandria. Eusebius' pupil, Eusebius of Emesa, provides some incidental information.
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Hayreddin Barbarossa
Hayreddin Barbarossa, or Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha (Turkish: Barbaros Hayreddin (Hayrettin) Paşa or Hızır Hayreddin (Hayrettin) Paşa; also Khizr Reis before being promoted to the rank of Pasha and becoming the Kapudan-i Derya, born Khizr or Khidr, Turkish: Hızır; c. 1478 – 4 July 1546), was an Ottoman Turkish admiral who dominated the Mediterranean for decades. He was born on the island of Lesbos/Mytilini and died in Istanbul (Constantinople), the Ottoman capital. Hayreddin (Arabic: Khair ad-Din خير الدين, which literally means "goodness" or "best of the religion" of Islam) was an honorary name given to him by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. He became known as "Barbarossa" ("Redbeard" in Italian) in Europe, a name he inherited from his elder brother Baba Oruç (Father Aruj) after Aruj was killed in a battle with the Spanish in Algeria. This name sounded like "Barbarossa" ("Redbeard") to the Europeans, and Aruj did have a red beard. The nickname then stuck also to Hayreddin's Turkish name, in the form Barbaros.[citation needed]
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Herodotus
Herodotus ( /hɨˈrɒdətəs/; Ancient Greek: Ἡρόδοτος Hēródotos) was an ancient Greek historian who was born in Halicarnassus, Caria (modern day Bodrum, Turkey) and lived in the fifth century BC (circa 484 – 425 BC). He has been called the "Father of History", and was the first historian known to collect his materials systematically, test their accuracy to a certain extent and arrange them in a well-constructed and vivid narrative.The Histories—his masterpiece and the only work he is known to have produced—is a record of his "inquiry" (or ἱστορία historía, a word that passed into Latin and acquired its modern meaning of "history"), being an investigation of the origins of the Greco-Persian Wars and including a wealth of geographical and ethnographical information. Although some of his stories were fanciful, he claimed he was reporting only what had been told to him. Little is known of his personal history.
The Histories, otherwise known as The Researches or The Inquiries, were divided by later Alexandrian editors into nine books, named after the nine Muses: the "Muse of History", Clio, representing the first book, then Euterpe, Thaleia, Melpomene, Terpsichore, Erato, Polymnia, Ourania and Calliope for books 2 to 9, respectively. At its simplest and broadest level of meaning, The Histories is structured as a dynastic history of four Persian kings:
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Hippias
Hippias of Elis ([pronunciation?]; Greek: Ἱππίας; late 5th century BCE) was a Greek Sophist, and a contemporary of Socrates. With an assurance characteristic of the later sophists, he claimed to be regarded as an authority on all subjects, and lectured on poetry, grammar, history, politics, mathematics, and much else. Most of our knowledge of him is derived from Plato, who characterizes him as vain and arrogant.
Hippias was born at Elis in the mid 5th-century BCE (c. 460 BCE) and was thus a younger contemporary of Protagoras and Socrates. He lived at least as late as Socrates (399 BCE). He was a disciple of Hegesidamus. Owing to his talent and skill, his fellow-citizens availed themselves of his services in political matters, and in a diplomatic mission to Sparta. But he was in every respect like the other sophists of the time: he travelled about in various towns and districts of Greece for the purpose of teaching and public speaking. The two dialogues of Plato, the Hippias major and the Hippias minor characterize him as vain and arrogant. The Hippias major (the authorship of this work by Plato is sometimes doubted) concerns the question about the beautiful, and purposely puts the knowledge and presumption of Hippias in a ludicrous light. The Hippias minor discusses the deficiency of our knowledge, and characterizes Hippias as ridiculously vain.
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Ioannis Kapodistrias
Count Ioannis Antonios Kapodistrias Greek: Κόμης Ιωάννης Αντώνιος Καποδίστριας Komis Ioannis Antonios Kapodistrias; also John Capodistrias, Russian: граф Иоанн Каподистрия Graf Ioann Kapodistriya, Italian: Giovanni Capo d'Istria Conte Capo d'Istria, (11 February 1776 – 9 October 1831) was a Greek diplomat of the Russian Empire and later the first head of state of independent Greece.
Ioannis Kapodistrias was born in Corfu, one of the Ionian Islands, which at the time of his birth were under Venetian rule. He studied medicine, philosophy and law at Padua, in Italy. When he was 21 years old, in 1797, he started his medical practice as a doctor in his native island of Corfu. He was throughout his life a deeply liberal thinker and a true democrat, though born and raised as a nobleman. An ancestor of Kapodistrias' had been created a conte (count) by Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy, and the title was later (1679) inscribed in the Libro d'Oro of the Corfu nobility; the title originates from Capodistria (formerly Justinopolis), a city on the eastern shore of the Gulf of Venice, now Koper in Slovenia and the place of origin of Kapodistrias' paternal family before they moved to Corfu in the 13th century where they changed their dogma from Catholic to Orthodox and they soon became hellenized. His family's name in Koper was Vitori or Vittori.
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Kemal Reis
Kemal Reis (c. 1451 – 1511) was a Turkish privateer and admiral of the Ottoman Empire. He was also the paternal uncle of the famous Ottoman admiral and cartographer Piri Reis who accompanied him in most of his important naval expeditions.
Kemal Reis was born in Gallipoli on the Aegean coast of the Ottoman Empire in circa 1451. His full name was Ahmed Kemaleddin and his father was a Turk named Ali from the city of Karaman in central Anatolia. He became known in Europe, particularly in Italy and Spain, with names like Camali and Camalicchio.
Kemal Reis started his career as the commander of the naval fleet belonging to the Sanjak Bey (Provincial Governor) of Eğriboz (present-day Euboea) which was under Ottoman control. In 1487 the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid II appointed Kemal Reis with the task of defending the lands of Emir Abu Abdullah, the ruler of Granada, which was then one of the final Muslim strongholds in Spain. Kemal Reis sailed to Spain and landed an expeditionary force of Ottoman troops at Malaga, capturing the city and the surrounding villages and taking many prisoners. From there he sailed to the Balearic Islands and Corsica, where he raided the coastal settlements, before landing his troops near Pisa in Italy. From Pisa he once again went to Andalucia and in several occasions between 1490 and 1492 transported the Muslims and Jews who wished to escape Spain to the provinces of the Ottoman Empire which welcomed them. The Muslims and Jews of Spain contributed much to the rising power of the Ottoman Empire by introducing new ideas, methods and craftsmanship. Kemal Reis continued to land his troops in Andalucia and tried to stop the Spanish advance by bombarding the ports of Elche, Almeria and Malaga.
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Lysander
Lysander ([pronunciation?]; died 395 BC, Greek: Λύσανδρος, Lýsandros) was a Spartan general who commanded the Spartan fleet in the Hellespont which defeated the Athenians at Aegospotami in 405 BC. The following year, he was able to force the Athenians to capitulate, bringing the Peloponnesian War to an end; he organized the dominion of Sparta over Greece in the last decade of his life.
Little is known of Lysander's early life. Lysander's father was Aristocleitus, who was a member of the Spartan Heracleidae; that is, like most Dorian men of good family, he claimed descent from Heracles. Nevertheless, Lysander was a mothax: his family was poor and when he was young he needed sponsorship to be able to participate in the Spartan training to be a soldier.
Lysander was appointed Spartan navarch (admiral) for the Aegean Sea in 407 BC. It was during this period that he gained the friendship and support of Cyrus the Younger, a son of Darius II of Persia and Parysatis.
Lysander then undertook the major project of creating a strong Spartan fleet based at Ephesus which could take on the Athenians and their allies.
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Michael Choniates
Michael Choniates (or Acominatus) (Greek: Μιχαήλ Χωνιάτης or Ἀκομινάτος) (c. 1140 – 1220), Byzantine writer and ecclesiastic, was born at Chonae (the ancient Colossae). At an early age he studied at Constantinople and was the pupil of Eustathius of Thessalonica. Around 1175 he was appointed archbishop of Athens. In 1204, he defended the Athenian Acropolis from attack by Leo Sgouros, holding out until the arrival of the Crusaders in 1205, to whom he surrendered the city. After the establishment of Latin control, he retired to the island of Ceos. Around 1217 he moved again to the monastery of Vodonitsa near the Thermopylae, where he died.
Though he is known to classical scholars as the last possessor of complete versions of Callimachus' Hecale and Aitia, he was a versatile writer, and composed homilies, speeches and poems, which, with his correspondence, throw considerable light upon the miserable condition of Attica and Athens at the time. His memorial to Alexios III Angelos on the abuses of Byzantine administration, the poetical lament over the degeneracy of Athens and the monodies on his brother Nicetas and Eustathius, archbishop of Thessalonica, deserve special mention.
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Minyans
According to Greek mythology and legendary prehistory of the Aegean region, the Minyans (Greek: Μινύες) were an autochthonous group inhabiting the Aegean region. However, the extent to which the prehistory of the Aegean world is reflected in literary accounts of legendary peoples, and the degree to which material culture can be securely linked to language-based ethnicity have been subjected to repeated revision.
The Mycenaean Greeks reached Crete as early as 1450 BCE. Greek presence on the mainland, however, dates to 1600 BCE as shown in the latest shaft graves. Other aspects of the "Minyan" period appear to arrive from northern Greece and the Balkans, in particular tumulus graves and perforated stone axes. John L. Caskey's interpretation of his archaeological excavations conducted in the 1950s linked the ethno-linguistic "Proto-Greeks" to the bearers of the "Minyan" (or Middle Helladic) culture. More recent scholars have questioned or emended his dating and doubted the linking of material culture to linguistic ethnicity.
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Nectarios
Saint Nectarios of Aegina (1846–1920),Greek: Άγιος Νεκτάριος Αιγίνης, Metropolitan of Pentapolis and Wonderworker of Aegina, was officially recognized as a Saint by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople in 1961. His Feast Day is celebrated every year on 9 November.
St. Nectarios was born on 1 October 1846 in Selymbria in Thrace to a poor family. His parents, Dimos and Maria Kephalas, were pious Christians but not wealthy. His given name was Anastasios Kephalas.
At the age of 14, he moved to Constantinople (Istanbul) to work and further his education. In 1866, at age 20, he moved to the island of Chios to take a teaching post. On November 7, 1876, he became a monk, at age 30, in the Monastery of Nea Moni, for he had long wished to embrace the ascetic life.
Three years after becoming a monk he was ordained a Deacon, taking the name Nectarios. He graduated from the University of Athens in 1885. During his years as a student of the University of Athens he wrote many books, pamphlets, and Bible commentaries.
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Nectarios of Aegina
Saint Nectarios of Aegina (1846–1920),Greek: Άγιος Νεκτάριος Αιγίνης, Metropolitan of Pentapolis and Wonderworker of Aegina, was officially recognized as a Saint by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople in 1961. His Feast Day is celebrated every year on 9 November.
St. Nectarios was born on 1 October 1846 in Selymbria in Thrace to a poor family. His parents, Dimos and Maria Kephalas, were pious Christians but not wealthy. His given name was Anastasios Kephalas.
At the age of 14, he moved to Constantinople (Istanbul) to work and further his education. In 1866, at age 20, he moved to the island of Chios to take a teaching post. On November 7, 1876, he became a monk, at age 30, in the Monastery of Nea Moni, for he had long wished to embrace the ascetic life.
Three years after becoming a monk he was ordained a Deacon, taking the name Nectarios. He graduated from the University of Athens in 1885. During his years as a student of the University of Athens he wrote many books, pamphlets, and Bible commentaries.
wn.com/Nectarios_of_Aegina -
Nicias
Nicias (/ˈnɪʃiəs/; Νικίας; c. 470 BC – 413 BC), or Nikias, was an Athenian politician and general during the period of the Peloponnesian War. Nicias was a member of the Athenian aristocracy because he had inherited a large fortune from his father, which was invested into the silver mines around Attica's Mt. Laurium. Following the death of Pericles in 429 BC, he became the principal rival of Cleon and the democrats in the struggle for the political leadership of the Athenian state. He was a moderate in his political views and opposed the aggressive imperialism of the democrats. His principal aim was to conclude a peace with Sparta as soon as it could be obtained on terms favourable to Athens.
He was frequently elected to serve as strategos (general) for Athens during the Peloponnesian War. He led several expeditions which achieved little. Nevertheless, he was largely responsible for the successful negotiations which led to the Peace of Nicias in 421 BC.
Following the Peace, he objected to the ambitious plans of Alcibiades for advancing Athens' interests. Despite this, Nicias was appointed to participate in the Athenian invasion of Sicily. The Athenian siege of Syracuse was nearly successful until the arrival of the Spartan general Gylippus, who turned the situation around so that the Athenians were themselves under siege. Nicias led his forces in a desperate attempt to escape by land. However, they were cut off and he and his Athenian army were overwhelmed and defeated. Subsequently, Nicias was executed.
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Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire or Turkish Empire or Sublime Ottoman State or sometimes also referred to as Turkey (Ottoman Turkish: دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه Devlet-i ʿAliyye-yi ʿOsmâniyye (also عثمانلى دولتى Osmanlı Devleti),Modern Turkish: Osmanlı Devleti or Osmanlı İmparatorluğu) was a Turkish empire which lasted from 27 July 1299 to 1 November 1922, when the Sultanate was abolished.
The Ottoman Empire was one of the largest and longest lasting empires in history; such that the Ottoman State, its politics, conflicts, and cultural heritage in a vast geography provide one of the longest continuous narratives. During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the empire was one of the most powerful states in the world – a multinational, multilingual empire that stretched from the southern borders of the Holy Roman Empire to the outskirts of Vienna, Royal Hungary (modern Slovakia) and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the north to Yemen and Eritrea in the south; from Algeria in the west to Azerbaijan in the east; controlling much of southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. At the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states, some of which were later absorbed into the empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries.
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Paul of Aegina
Paul of Aegina or Paulus Aegineta (Aegina, 625?–690?) was a 7th-century Byzantine Greek physician best known for writing the medical encyclopedia Medical Compendium in Seven Books. For many years in the Byzantine Empire, this work contained the sum of all Western medical knowledge and was unrivaled in its accuracy and completeness.
Nothing is known about his life, except that he was born in the island of Aegina, and that he travelled a good deal, visiting, among other places, Alexandria. He is sometimes called Iatrosophistes and Periodeutes, a word which probably means a physician who travelled from place to place in the exercise of his profession. The exact time when he lived is not known; but, as he quotes Alexander of Tralles, and is himself quoted by Yahya ibn Sarafyun (Serapion the Elder), it is probable that Abu-al-Faraj is correct in placing him in the latter half of the 7th century.
The Suda says he wrote several medical works, of which the principal one is still extant, with no exact title, but is commonly called Medical Compendium in Seven Books (Latin: De Re Medica Libri Septem). This work is chiefly a compilation from earlier writers.
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Pheidon
Pheidon (Greek: Φείδων) was a king of Argos, Greece in the 7th century BC. At that time, the monarch was purely a traditional figurehead with almost no genuine power. Pheidon seized the throne from the reigning aristocracy. He is seen in the tradition of other tyrants, like Gyges of Lydia, as an outsider to the ruling caste in some ways even though a fragment of the Parian Chronicle confirms him to have been a noble and places him as eleventh in line from Heracles.
According to tradition he flourished during the first half of the 7th century BC. He was a vigorous and energetic ruler and greatly increased the power of Argos. He gradually regained sway over the various cities of the Argive confederacy, the members of which had become practically independent, and (in the words of Ephorus) reunited the broken fragments of the inheritance of Temenus. His object was to secure predominance for Argos in the north of Peloponnesus. According to Plutarch, he attempted to break the power of Corinth, by requesting the Corinthians to send him 1000 of their picked youths, ostensibly to aid him in war, his real intention being to put them to death; but the plot was revealed. Pheidon assisted the Pisatans to expel the Eleian superintendents of the Olympian Games and presided at the festival himself. The Eleians, however, refused to recognize the Olympiad or to include it in the register, and shortly afterwards, with the aid of the Spartans, who are said to have looked upon Pheidon as having ousted them from the headship of Greece, defeated Pheidon and were reinstated in the possession of Pisatis and their former privileges.
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Solon
Solon ([pronunciation?]; Ancient Greek: Σόλων, c. 638 BC – 558 BC) was an Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and poet. He is remembered particularly for his efforts to legislate against political, economic and moral decline in archaic Athens. His reforms failed in the short term, yet he is often credited with having laid the foundations for Athenian democracy.
Knowledge of Solon is limited by the lack of documentary and archeological evidence covering Athens in the early 6th century BC. He wrote poetry for pleasure, as patriotic propaganda, and in defence of his constitutional reforms. His works only survive in fragments. They appear to feature interpolations by later authors and it is possible that fragments have been wrongly attributed to him (see Solon the reformer and poet). Ancient authors such as Herodotus and Plutarch are the main source of information, yet they wrote about Solon long after his death, at a time when history was by no means an academic discipline. Fourth century orators, such as Aeschines, tended to attribute to Solon all the laws of their own, much later times. Archaeology reveals glimpses of Solon's period in the form of fragmentary inscriptions but little else. For some scholars, our "knowledge" of Solon and his times is largely a fictive construct based on insufficient evidence while others believe a substantial body of real knowledge is still attainable. Solon and his times can appear particularly interesting to students of history as a test of the limits and nature of historical argument.
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Themistocles
Themistocles (Greek: Θεμιστοκλῆς; "Glory of the Law"; c. 524–459 BC), was an Athenian politician and a general. He was one of a new breed of politicians who rose to prominence in the early years of the Athenian democracy, along with his great rival Aristides. As a politician, Themistocles was a populist, having the support of lower class Athenians, and generally being at odds with the Athenian nobility. Elected archon in 493 BC, he took steps to increase the naval power of Athens, which would be a recurring theme in his political career. During the first Persian invasion of Greece, he fought at the Battle of Marathon, and was possibly one of the 10 Athenian strategoi (generals) in that battle.
In the years after Marathon, and in the run up to the second Persian invasion he became the most prominent politician in Athens. He continued to advocate a strong Athenian navy, and in 483 BC he persuaded the Athenians to build a fleet of 200 triremes; these would prove crucial in the forthcoming conflict with Persia. During the second invasion, he was in effective command of the Greek allied navy at the battles of Artemisium and Salamis. Due to subterfuge on the part of Themistocles, the Allies lured the Persian fleet into the Straits of Salamis, and the decisive Greek victory there was the turning point in the invasion, which was ended the following year by the defeat of the Persians at the Battle of Plataea.
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Xerxes I
Xerxes I of Persia (/ˈzɜrksiːz/; Old Persian: Xšayaršā IPA: [xʃajaːrʃaː] meaning "ruling over heroes",Greek: Ξέρξης, Hebrew: אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ, Modern Aẖashverosh Tiberian ʼĂḥašwērôš), also known as Xerxes the Great (519 BC-465 BC), was the fourth king of the Achaemenid Empire.
Immediately after seizing the kingship, Darius I of Persia (son of Hystaspes) married Atossa (daughter of Cyrus the Great). They were both descendants of Achaemenes from different Achaemenid lines. Marrying a daughter of Cyrus strengthened Darius's position as king. Darius was an active emperor, busy with building programs in Persepolis, Susa, Egypt, and elsewhere. Toward the end of his reign he moved to punish Athens, but a new revolt in Egypt (probably led by the Persian satrap) had to be suppressed. Under Persian law, the Achaemenian kings were required to choose a successor before setting out on such serious expeditions. Upon his great decision to leave (487-486 BC), Darius prepared his tomb at Naqsh-e Rostam and appointed Xerxes, his eldest son by Atossa, as his successor. Darius's failing health then prevented him from leading the campaigns, and he died in October 486 BC.
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Discover Aegina - Life is Light
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:18
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
Discover Aegina - Life is Light
http://wn.com/Discover_Aegina_Life_is_Light
HELLAS... " AEGINA" ISLAND INTO ARGOSARONIC GOLF
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:03
- Updated: 25 Sep 2012
HELLAS ... '' AEGINA '' ISLAND INTO ARGOSARONIC GOLF
http://wn.com/HELLAS_AEGINA_ISLAND_INTO_ARGOSARONIC_GOLF
HELLAS ... '' AEGINA '' ISLAND INTO ARGOSARONIC GOLF
- published: 12 Sep 2009
- views: 21083
- author: mitsos0mitsos
Aegina island video - AeginaGreece.com
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:56
- Updated: 10 Nov 2012
Discover Aegina island. Promo video of Aegina island in Greece. Why have your holiday on Aegina island? Watch this movie and find out. This movie is especially made for www.AeginaGreece.com. In this movie: Musicians at En Aegini, Erik Rooze, Lizzy Koster, Stelios & Ria Palllis Aeginitissa Beach, Maya Lekka, Zoi Kalamakis, ?, Gerald Thompson at the Aphaia Temple, Theodora Spyridaki at Vlichada, Pavlos Leousi at Akrogiali in Agia Marina, Pavlos Lazarou at Hotel Hippocampus in Perdika, Petros Petritis at Irides studios & apartments in Agii. Find complete up to date information about Aegina island on www.aeginagreece.com.
http://wn.com/Aegina_island_video_AeginaGreececom
Discover Aegina island. Promo video of Aegina island in Greece. Why have your holiday on Aegina island? Watch this movie and find out. This movie is especially made for www.AeginaGreece.com. In this movie: Musicians at En Aegini, Erik Rooze, Lizzy Koster, Stelios & Ria Palllis Aeginitissa Beach, Maya Lekka, Zoi Kalamakis, ?, Gerald Thompson at the Aphaia Temple, Theodora Spyridaki at Vlichada, Pavlos Leousi at Akrogiali in Agia Marina, Pavlos Lazarou at Hotel Hippocampus in Perdika, Petros Petritis at Irides studios & apartments in Agii. Find complete up to date information about Aegina island on www.aeginagreece.com.
- published: 03 Sep 2011
- views: 4211
- author: Lizzy Koster
Athens & Aegina Island, Greece
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:43
- Updated: 11 Dec 2012
Athens - Acropolis and museum, Temple of Olympian Zeus, Odeon Herod Atticus, Theatre of Dionysus, Agora, Temple of Hephaestus, Hadrian's Arch, National Archaeological Museum, Olympic Stadium Kallimarmaro, Guard Change, Aegina - Town, Agios Nektarios monastery, Temple of Aphaia
http://wn.com/Athens_Aegina_Island,_Greece
Athens - Acropolis and museum, Temple of Olympian Zeus, Odeon Herod Atticus, Theatre of Dionysus, Agora, Temple of Hephaestus, Hadrian's Arch, National Archaeological Museum, Olympic Stadium Kallimarmaro, Guard Change, Aegina - Town, Agios Nektarios monastery, Temple of Aphaia
- published: 03 Mar 2012
- views: 662
- author: Robert Polasek
Poros, Hydra and Aegina
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:46
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Video from a one day cruise from Athens to the Greek islands of Poros, Hydra and Aegina with my original musical score.
http://wn.com/Poros,_Hydra_and_Aegina
Video from a one day cruise from Athens to the Greek islands of Poros, Hydra and Aegina with my original musical score.
- published: 08 Mar 2008
- views: 16304
- author: 40f5
Aegina town
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:07
- Updated: 21 May 2012
Pictures ffrom Aegina Town!
http://wn.com/Aegina_town
Katerina Moutsatsos - Life is Light in Aegina
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:58
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
Κατά την διάρκεια της Φωτογράφισης για τις ανάγκες της τουριστικής καμπάνιας του Δήμου Αίγινας, Life is Light, η παραγωγή φρόντισε να βιντεοσκοπήσει τα παρασκήνια της φωτογράφισης με σκοπό της δημιουργία ενός promo backstage video.
http://wn.com/Katerina_Moutsatsos_Life_is_Light_in_Aegina
Κατά την διάρκεια της Φωτογράφισης για τις ανάγκες της τουριστικής καμπάνιας του Δήμου Αίγινας, Life is Light, η παραγωγή φρόντισε να βιντεοσκοπήσει τα παρασκήνια της φωτογράφισης με σκοπό της δημιουργία ενός promo backstage video.
- published: 12 Jul 2011
- views: 18432
- author: AeginaPhotographer
Elefteria Arvanitaki & Melina Aslanidou live on Aegina summer 2009
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:13
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
Elefteria Arvanitaki & Melina Aslanidou live on Aegina island - 29th August 2009. www.aeginagreece.com for more information about Aegina island.
http://wn.com/Elefteria_Arvanitaki_Melina_Aslanidou_live_on_Aegina_summer_2009
Elefteria Arvanitaki & Melina Aslanidou live on Aegina island - 29th August 2009. www.aeginagreece.com for more information about Aegina island.
- published: 31 Aug 2009
- views: 22618
- author: Lizzy Koster
Aegina Island Greece , seaside
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:30
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
Aegina Island Greece . walking at the town seaside .... at left the port , at the right side the cafes and the neoclassical buildings.
http://wn.com/Aegina_Island_Greece_,_seaside
Aegina Island Greece . walking at the town seaside .... at left the port , at the right side the cafes and the neoclassical buildings.
- published: 24 Aug 2009
- views: 5552
- author: George Kalokentis
Scuba Diving in Kleidi, Aegina, Greece
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:34
- Updated: 30 Aug 2012
A nice site we found (almost by chance) in the southern part of Aegina. Seems unexplored. Goes down to 30m with more things to see. Had the chance to see big fish as well but not this time. Guess this should be a nice night dive. We promise better video next time.
http://wn.com/Scuba_Diving_in_Kleidi,_Aegina,_Greece
A nice site we found (almost by chance) in the southern part of Aegina. Seems unexplored. Goes down to 30m with more things to see. Had the chance to see big fish as well but not this time. Guess this should be a nice night dive. We promise better video next time.
- published: 11 Aug 2008
- views: 4150
- author: yannislitsas
Yggdra Union OST (GBA) - Luciana & Aegina Sortie!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:14
- Updated: 27 Sep 2012
Yggdra Union: We'll Never Fight Alone OST (GBA) To view the entire list, click here... www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Yggdra_Union_OST_GBA_Luciana_Aegina_Sortie!
Yggdra Union: We'll Never Fight Alone OST (GBA) To view the entire list, click here... www.youtube.com
- published: 20 Mar 2011
- views: 1074
- author: Paineity
SPARTACUS - Aegina Variation (Moiseyeva, 1972)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:37
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
Olga Moiseyeva Music: Aram Khachaturian Choreography: Leonid Jakobson
http://wn.com/SPARTACUS_Aegina_Variation_Moiseyeva,_1972
Olga Moiseyeva Music: Aram Khachaturian Choreography: Leonid Jakobson
- published: 11 May 2009
- views: 2490
- author: xxxFreyjaxxx
Agios Nektarios church, Aegina island, Greece
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:26
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
This is the church of Agios Nektarios, patron saint of Aegina island in Greece.
http://wn.com/Agios_Nektarios_church,_Aegina_island,_Greece
This is the church of Agios Nektarios, patron saint of Aegina island in Greece.
- published: 02 Nov 2009
- views: 8182
- author: TravellerJ
deluxe - The Greek Island of Aegina | euromaxx
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:10
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
We visit a modern house on the island of Aegina, west of Athens. The island belongs to the Saronic Islands. They are popular with people wanting to get away from the hustle and bustle of the Greek capital. We visit the home of Greek glass artist Costa Varotsos who has lived there since the mid 1990's.
http://wn.com/deluxe_The_Greek_Island_of_Aegina_|_euromaxx
We visit a modern house on the island of Aegina, west of Athens. The island belongs to the Saronic Islands. They are popular with people wanting to get away from the hustle and bustle of the Greek capital. We visit the home of Greek glass artist Costa Varotsos who has lived there since the mid 1990's.
- published: 17 Feb 2011
- views: 1486
- author: deutschewelleenglish
Fainomeno Aegina Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:02
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
Ένα πολύ παράξενο και ανησυχητικό, θαλάσσιο φαινόμενο παρουσιάστηκε χθες το πρωί στην Αίγινα. Στις 11:00 το πρωί η στάθμη της θάλασσας άρχισε σταδιακά να ανεβαίνει μέχρι που κάλυψε το λιμάνι και το παραλιακό δρόμο του νησιού. Το φαινόμενο συνεχίστηκε για περισσότερο από 3 ώρες. Άλλο ένα παράξενο ήταν τα ψάρια που έβγαιναν στην επιφάνεια της θάλασσας λες και ήθελαν να αναπνεύσουν.
http://wn.com/Fainomeno_Aegina_Video
Ένα πολύ παράξενο και ανησυχητικό, θαλάσσιο φαινόμενο παρουσιάστηκε χθες το πρωί στην Αίγινα. Στις 11:00 το πρωί η στάθμη της θάλασσας άρχισε σταδιακά να ανεβαίνει μέχρι που κάλυψε το λιμάνι και το παραλιακό δρόμο του νησιού. Το φαινόμενο συνεχίστηκε για περισσότερο από 3 ώρες. Άλλο ένα παράξενο ήταν τα ψάρια που έβγαιναν στην επιφάνεια της θάλασσας λες και ήθελαν να αναπνεύσουν.
- published: 05 Mar 2010
- views: 155766
- author: dusangr
Summer in Aegina 2008
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:28
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
^^
http://wn.com/Summer_in_Aegina_2008
LAUDELE Sfantului NECTARIE din Aegina (1846-1920) glasul 3 - Praises stichera of SAINT NEKTARIOS, tone 3 in ROMANIAN - You feel peace inside your soul when you hear it!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:38
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
www.orthodoxphotos.com SITE Saint Nectarios of Aegina(1846-1920) LIFE and WRITINGS. HOW OLD IS THE ORTHODOX FAITH? www.orthodoxphotos.com Este praznuit in data de 9 noiembrie. Moastele facatoare de minunui ale Sfantului Nectarie Taumaturgul, au vindecat multi credinciosi bolnavi de cancer carora doctorii nu le mai dadeau nici o sansa. The divine Nektarios of Aegina, is one of the most widely known of Greek Orthodox Saints. He was born on October 1st, 1846 in Silyvria.His parents brought him up in a manner pleasing to God, and did what their very limited means allowed for his formal education. Having completed elementary school in his hometown, he left for the great city of Constantinople at the age of 14. There, he found employment as a shop assistant and was able to earn a meager living. As well as regularly attending the Divine Liturgy, he also read the Holy Scriptures and Writings of the Orthodox Elders of the Church on a daily basis. In 1866, at the age of 20, Anastasios went to the island of Chios, where he was appointed a teacher. After 7 years, he entered into the local monastery, under the care of the venerable elder Pachomios. After 3 years as a novice Athanasios was tonsured a Monk and given the name Lazarus. A year later, he was ordained a Deacon and received the name Nektarios. Elder Pachomios, and a wealthy local benefactor convinced the young monk to complete his high school studies in Athens. From there Deacon Nektarios went to Alexandria, where he was ...
http://wn.com/LAUDELE_Sfantului_NECTARIE_din_Aegina_1846-1920_glasul_3_Praises_stichera_of_SAINT_NEKTARIOS,_tone_3_in_ROMANIAN_You_feel_peace_inside_your_soul_when_you_hear_it!
www.orthodoxphotos.com SITE Saint Nectarios of Aegina(1846-1920) LIFE and WRITINGS. HOW OLD IS THE ORTHODOX FAITH? www.orthodoxphotos.com Este praznuit in data de 9 noiembrie. Moastele facatoare de minunui ale Sfantului Nectarie Taumaturgul, au vindecat multi credinciosi bolnavi de cancer carora doctorii nu le mai dadeau nici o sansa. The divine Nektarios of Aegina, is one of the most widely known of Greek Orthodox Saints. He was born on October 1st, 1846 in Silyvria.His parents brought him up in a manner pleasing to God, and did what their very limited means allowed for his formal education. Having completed elementary school in his hometown, he left for the great city of Constantinople at the age of 14. There, he found employment as a shop assistant and was able to earn a meager living. As well as regularly attending the Divine Liturgy, he also read the Holy Scriptures and Writings of the Orthodox Elders of the Church on a daily basis. In 1866, at the age of 20, Anastasios went to the island of Chios, where he was appointed a teacher. After 7 years, he entered into the local monastery, under the care of the venerable elder Pachomios. After 3 years as a novice Athanasios was tonsured a Monk and given the name Lazarus. A year later, he was ordained a Deacon and received the name Nektarios. Elder Pachomios, and a wealthy local benefactor convinced the young monk to complete his high school studies in Athens. From there Deacon Nektarios went to Alexandria, where he was ...
- published: 29 Sep 2008
- views: 22617
- author: colindatorRoman
Aegina Epiphany
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:16
- Updated: 06 Jan 2011
Diving for the Cross on Epiphany Day, Aegina Island, Hellas: 2008. In the video is the Metropolitan Bishop of Hydra, Spetsae and Aegina, Ephraim, reading the Gospel of Christ's baptism and then throwing the Cross into the water. Five young men dive for the blessing to retrieve the Cross.
http://wn.com/Aegina_Epiphany
Diving for the Cross on Epiphany Day, Aegina Island, Hellas: 2008. In the video is the Metropolitan Bishop of Hydra, Spetsae and Aegina, Ephraim, reading the Gospel of Christ's baptism and then throwing the Cross into the water. Five young men dive for the blessing to retrieve the Cross.
- published: 19 Feb 2008
- views: 4186
- author: frcjt
Khachaturian - Spartacus - Variation of Aegina and Bacchanalia.wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:25
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
Conductor: Harout Fazlian - LNSO
http://wn.com/Khachaturian_Spartacus_Variation_of_Aegina_and_Bacchanaliawmv
Agia Marina in Aegina
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:13
- Updated: 02 Dec 2011
Agia marina is a nice village with nice beach in Aegina island, more info at www.mygreka.com
http://wn.com/Agia_Marina_in_Aegina
Agia marina is a nice village with nice beach in Aegina island, more info at www.mygreka.com
- published: 27 Jan 2011
- views: 2033
- author: MyGrekacom
Apollon Hellas at Aegina ; Water over the Ramp
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:17
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
Hellenic Seaways' Apollon Hellas at Aegina unloading & loading with water over the ramp 16:45 22 June 2009
http://wn.com/Apollon_Hellas_at_Aegina_;_Water_over_the_Ramp
Hellenic Seaways' Apollon Hellas at Aegina unloading & loading with water over the ramp 16:45 22 June 2009
- published: 12 Jul 2009
- views: 73491
- author: magwaus
Greek Fisherman's boat in Aegina.mpg
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:34
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
A Greek fisherman's boat near Agia Marina resort at the Greek island of Aegina
http://wn.com/Greek_Fisherman's_boat_in_Aeginampg
A Greek fisherman's boat near Agia Marina resort at the Greek island of Aegina
- published: 20 Nov 2010
- views: 1667
- author: TravellerJ
Kostas Taverna Alones Agia Marina Aegina island Greece
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:25
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Views of Kostas taverna at Alones, Agia Marina resort, Aegina island , Greece. Authentic taste ,surrounded by original decoration
http://wn.com/Kostas_Taverna_Alones_Agia_Marina_Aegina_island_Greece
Views of Kostas taverna at Alones, Agia Marina resort, Aegina island , Greece. Authentic taste ,surrounded by original decoration
- published: 20 Nov 2010
- views: 1439
- author: TravellerJ
photo: AP / Bullit Marquez
11 Dec 2012
The death toll brought about by typhoon “Pablo” continued to rise with 714 persons confirmed dead by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) yesterday while those missing ballooned to 890 as massive search, retrieval and relief operations continue in the typhoon-ravaged areas in Mindanao ... 4 ... They were subsequently brought to Caraga Regional Hospital ... (NHMFC) (P100,000) ... With AFP ....(size: 5.4Kb)
photo: USAF / Staff Sgt. Jonathan Lovelady
10 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. In the desert of central Australia still resides a primitive tribe known as the Arunta. This non-technological and stateless group, which mainly depends on hunting and gathering, had suffered several inexplicable deaths ... Therefore, they organized an atinga, or revenge group ... When the guiltless tribe learned of their approach, they sent out a delegation of young women as a token of peace....(size: 5.8Kb)
photo: AP / Ahn Young-joon
12 Dec 2012
North Korea defied international warnings and fired a long-range rocket on Wednesday, the second launch under its new leader and a clear sign Pyongyang is pushing forward with its quest to develop the technology needed to deliver a nuclear warhead ... But South Korea and Japan said they couldn’t immediately confirm that ... officials could determine whether a North Korean satellite was circling the Earth ... Kim said ... Keywords....(size: 2.7Kb)
photo: Russian Presidential Press and Information Office
12 Dec 2012
MOSCOW. Russia President Vladimir Putin on Wednesday denounced opponents who receive financial assistance from abroad and vowed that the country would not allow democracy to be imposed from the outside. Putin said in his first annual state-of-the-nation address since he returned to the Kremlin for a third term that it should be illegal for anyone who receives money from abroad to be a politician in Russia ... ....(size: 3.9Kb)
photo: UN / Eric Kanalstein
11 Dec 2012
Afghan women victims of violence are still being failed by the justice system, according to a new UN report. Although there had been some progress in implementing a 2009 anti-violence law, overall use of the law "remained low", the report says. Cultural pressures and inconsistent police practices are hampering implementation of the law, it added ... 'Tip of the iceberg' ... Afghan victims of sexual abuse rarely speak out ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
Deccan Herald
08 Dec 2012
“People visit Greece more to see its past than present,” says a local tour operator in Athens ... Its grand composition of perfectly symmetrical structures creates a landscape of distinctive beauty ... Imagination ... There are daily cruises available from Athens that takes visitors to three nearby islands — Hydra , Poros and Aegina where rest the ruins of the Temple of Aphaia, another great sample of ancient Greek art ... ....(size: 6.2Kb)
Kathimerini
29 Oct 2012
... cancelled, similarly to ferry services operating in the Saronic Gulf, connecting the port of Piraeus with the islands of Aegina, Agistri, Poros, Hydra and Spetses....(size: 0.8Kb)
San Francisco Chronicle
07 Oct 2012
It has been four long years since the beauty of Russia's Kirov Ballet graced Bay Area audiences. Courtesy of Cal Performances, they return to Berkeley's Zellerbach Hall from Wednesday to next Sunday. But this time, the Kirov has an American on its roster. Until recently, foreigners were almost never hired into the company ... Until now ... But ballet stuck ... Petersburg ... She dreams of dancing Juliet, Cinderella and Aegina in "Spartacus" someday....(size: 5.8Kb)
Business Insider
01 Oct 2012
Wolf Richter. URL. Wolf Richter is an entrepreneur, executive, and writer based in San Francisco. Recent Posts ... Testosterone Pit ... Awful as Greece’s GDP has been, it doesn’t do justice to the economic fiasco ... And not just cars ... For example, the state-owned Social Insurance Foundation (IKA), itself out of money, hasn’t paid Saronikos Gulf Kidney Dialysis Center on Aegina Island in months for the treatment of its patients ... ....(size: 7.6Kb)
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
09 Sep 2012
BELLEVUE, Wash. THIS is no Xbox 360 or PlayStation 3. Every way I look, the scene shifts, the battle unfolds. I have a crazy contraption strapped to my head. a boxy set of goggles that looks like a 22nd-century version of a View-Master. It immerses me in a virtual world ... Ms ... Mr ... "What does Valve have to add to our perception of the evolution of corporate structures in the future?" he said in a Skype interview from the Greek island of Aegina....(size: 14.1Kb)
photo: WN / marzena
26 Aug 2012
On a jetty alongside the town beach a loud phone call disturbs the peace of a handful of Spetses residents lying in the sun before taking their daily swim - one free pleasure still available to all. A rich weekender from Athens booms ostentatiously into his mobile, directing a man behind the wheel of a sizeable speedboat ... Trade is just about surviving, says Melody McKay Burton, who runs the Aegean Sailing School from nearby Aegina ... ....(size: 5.5Kb)
The Observer
26 Aug 2012
Spetses in the morning light. Many locals can no longer afford to eat out on their own island. Photograph. Chris Jackson/Getty Images ... A rich weekender from Athens booms ostentatiously into his mobile, directing a man behind the wheel of a sizeable speedboat ... Yet the place is also a microcosm of the country's troubles ... Trade is just about surviving, says Melody McKay Burton, who runs the Aegean Sailing School from nearby Aegina ... Share ... ....(size: 9.2Kb)
Kathimerini
11 Aug 2012
Every evening at dusk, the youngsters of the city of Volos in central Greece dash out into the streets when they hear the familiar sounds of bells and clopping hooves ... “The children wait for us to pass by, so they can pat the horses ... “There are still 10 carriages in Kifissia [northern Athens], around the Acropolis, in Thessaloniki, on Aegina, Skopelos and Crete, while recently another appeared in Mesolongi.”....(size: 3.9Kb)
Kathimerini
19 Jul 2012
The boats that currently serve passengers traveling to and from the Saronic Gulf are set to increase the frequency of sailings to make up for the recent sale of two of the main vessels that worked the routes from Piraeus to the islands of Aegina, Agistri, Poros, Hydra and Spetses....(size: 3.3Kb)
The Guardian
22 Jun 2012
Tourism in Greece has been threatened by the euro crisis but what should you really expect, and where are the best deals? Lipsi Island, in the Dodecanese. Photograph. Alamy. The first obvious blow to Greek tourism came when the country suspended international rail services 16 months ago. Since then, it's gone right off the rails ... Alamy ... For example, Lila Tzamousi offers an all-day guided group trip to the island of Aegina for £40 a head ... ....(size: 19.1Kb)
CNN
20 Jun 2012
June 20, 2012 -- Updated 0557 GMT (1357 HKT) People read newspapers' headlines in Athens on Monday, June 18, as Greece raced to form a government after a pro-bailout vote the previous day ... The Athens stock exchange on June 18, 2012 ... A man relaxes in the sun at a beach on the island of Aegina on Saturday in Aegina, Greece ... A man directs passengers as they disembark from a ferry at the island of Aegina on Saturday ... The future of Europe ... ....(size: 8.1Kb)
CNN
19 Jun 2012
June 19, 2012 -- Updated 1004 GMT (1804 HKT) Peolpe read newspapers' headlines in Athens on June 18, 2012, as Greece raced on to form a government after a pro-bailout vote the previous day ... The Athens stock exchange on June 18, 2012 ... A man relaxes in the sun at a beach on the island of Aegina on Saturday in Aegina, Greece ... A man directs passengers as they disembark from a ferry at the island of Aegina on Saturday ... Rogoff ... 3 scenarios ... ....(size: 8.2Kb)
The Examiner
19 Jun 2012
Alea iacta est, say the Greeks, "Let the die be cast.” Now that this week's election is over and the New Democracy Party has secured the opportunity to govern, the Greeks are getting down to business, specifically the tourism business ... Changing of the Guard ceremony Advertisement ... A passenger ferry travels from Piraeus, the Port of Athens, to the island of Aegina on June 16, 2012 in Aegina, Greece ... True Greece travel stories. Location....(size: 7.5Kb)
For other uses, see Aegina (disambiguation).
| Aegina Αίγινα |
|
|---|---|
 View of Aegina's seafront |
|
| Location | |
 Aegina
|
|
| Coordinates | 37°45′N 23°26′E / 37.75°N 23.433°E / 37.75; 23.433Coordinates: 37°45′N 23°26′E / 37.75°N 23.433°E / 37.75; 23.433 |
|
Location within the region
 |
|
| Government | |
| Country: | Greece |
| Region: | Attica |
| Regional unit: | Islands |
| Mayor: | Sakis Sakiotis (independent) |
| Population statistics (as of 2001) | |
| Municipality | |
| - Population: | 13,552 |
| - Area: | 87.41 km2 (34 sq mi) |
| - Density: | 155 /km2 (402 /sq mi) |
| Community | |
| - Population: | 7,783 |
| Other | |
| Time zone: | EET/EEST (UTC+2/3) |
| Postal code: | 180 10 |
| Telephone: | 2297 |
| Auto: | Υ |
| Website | |
| www.aegina.gr | |
Aegina ( /ɨˈdʒaɪnə/; Greek: Αίγινα - Aígina [ˈeʝina]) is one of the Saronic Islands of Greece in the Saronic Gulf, 17 miles (27 km) from Athens. Tradition derives the name from Aegina, the mother of Aeacus, who was born on and ruled the island. During ancient times Aegina was a rival to Athens, the great sea power of the era.
Municipality[link]
The municipality of Aegina consists of the island of Aegina and a few offshore islets. It is part of the Islands regional unit, Attica region. The municipality is subdivided into the following five communities (population in 2001 in brackets):[1]
- Aegina (7783)
- Kypseli (1949)
- Mesagros (1603)
- Perdika (743)
- Vathy (1474)
The capital is the town of Aegina, situated at the northwestern end of the island. Due to its proximity to Athens, it is a popular quick getaway during the summer months, with quite a few Athenians owning second houses on the island.
Geography[link]
Aegina is roughly triangular in shape, approximately 15 km (9.3 mi) from east to west and 10 km (6.2 mi) from north to south, with an area of about 87 km2 (34 sq mi).
An extinct volcano constitutes two thirds of Aegina. The northern and western side consist of stony but fertile plains, which are well cultivated and produce luxuriant crops of grain, with some cotton, vines, almonds, olives and figs, but the most characteristic crop of Aegina today (2000s) is pistachio. Economically, the sponge fisheries are of notable importance. The southern volcanic part of the island is rugged and mountainous, and largely barren. Its highest rise is the conical Mount Oros (531 m) in the south, and the Panhellenian ridge stretches northward with narrow fertile valleys on either side.
The beaches are also a popular tourist attraction. Hydrofoil ferries from Piraeus take only forty minutes to reach Aegina; the regular ferry takes about an hour, with ticket prices for adults within the 4-15 euro range. There are regular bus services from Aegina town to destinations throughout the island such as Agia Marina. Portes is a fishing village on the east coast.
History[link]
Prehistory[link]
Archaeological findings of prehistoric settlements with obsidian tools point to early habitation of the island.[citation needed]
Earliest history (20th–7th centuries BC)[link]
Aegina, according to Herodotus,[2] was a colony of Epidaurus, to which state it was originally subject. Its placement between Attica and the Peloponnesus made it a center of trade even earlier, and its earliest inhabitants came from Asia Minor.[3] Minoan ceramics have been found in contexts of ca. 2000 BC. The discovery on the island of a number of gold ornaments belonging to the last period of Mycenaean art suggests that Mycenaean culture held its own in Aegina for some generations after the Dorian conquest of Argos and Lacedaemon.[4] It is probable that the island was not doricized before the 9th century BC.
One of the earliest historical facts is its membership in the League of Calauria (Calaurian Amphictyony, ca. 8th century BC), which included, besides Aegina, Athens, the Minyan (Boeotian) Orchomenus, Troezen, Hermione, Nauplia and Prasiae, and was probably an organization of city-states that were still Mycenaean, for the purpose of suppressing piracy in the Aegean that arose as a result of the decay of the naval supremacy of the Mycenaean princes.
Aegina appears to have belonged to the Eretrian league during the Lelantine War; hence, perhaps, we may explain the war with Samos, a leading member of the rival Chalcidian league in the reign of King Amphicrates (Herod. iii. 59), i.e. not later than the earlier half of the 7th century BC.
Rise as a sea power (6th–5th centuries BC)[link]
Its early history reveals that the maritime importance of the island dates back to pre-Dorian times. It is usually stated on the authority of Ephorus, that Pheidon of Argos established a mint in Aegina. From this mint's output Kydonia on Crete began minting coins by over-striking Aeginetan specimens. Thus it was the Aeginetans who, within 30 or 40 years of the invention of coinage in Asia Minor by the Ionian Greeks or the Lydians (c. 630 BC), introduced coinage to the Western world. The fact that the Aeginetan standard of weights and measures (developed in the mid-7th century) was one of the two standards in general use in the Greek world (the other being the Euboic-Attic) is sufficient evidence of the early commercial importance of the island.
During the naval expansion of Aegina during the Archaic Period, Kydonia was an ideal maritime stop for Aegina's fleet on its way to other Mediterranean ports controlled by the emerging sea-power Aegina.[5] During the next century Aegina was one of the three principal states trading at the emporium of Naucratis, and it was the only state of European Greece that had a share in this factory.[6] At the beginning of the 5th century it seems to have been an entrepôt of the Pontic grain trade, which, at a later date, became an Athenian monopoly.[7]
Unlike the other commercial states of the 7th and 6th centuries BC, such as Corinth, Chalcis, Eretria and Miletus, Aegina founded no colonies. The settlements to which Strabo refers (viii. 376) cannot be regarded as any real exceptions to this statement.
Rivalry with Athens (5th century BC)[link]
The history of Aegina, as it has come down to us, is almost exclusively a history of its relations with the neighbouring state of Athens, which began to compete with the thalassocracy of Aegina at the beginning of the sixth century. Solon passed laws limiting Aeginetan commerce in Attica. The legendary history of these relations, as recorded by Herodotus (v. 79-89; vi. 49-51, 73, 85-94), involves critical problems of some difficulty and interest. He traces the hostility of the two states back to a dispute about the images of the goddesses Damia and Auxesia, which the Aeginetes had carried off from Epidauros, their parent state.
The Epidaurians had been accustomed to make annual offerings to the Athenian deities Athena and Erechtheus in payment for the Athenian olive-wood of which the statues were made. Upon the refusal of the Aeginetes to continue these offerings, the Athenians endeavoured to carry away the images. Their design was miraculously frustrated – according to the Aeginetan version, the statues fell upon their knees – and only a single survivor returned to Athens, there to fall victim to the fury of his comrades' widows, who pierced him with their brooch-pins. No date is assigned by Herodotus for this old feud; recent writers, e.g. J. B. Bury and R. W. Macan, suggest the period between Solon and Peisistratus, circa 570 BC. It may be questioned, however, whether the whole episode is not mythical. A critical analysis of the narrative seems to reveal little else than a series of aetiological traditions (explanatory of cults and customs, e.g. of the kneeling posture of the images of Damia and Auxesia, of the use of native ware instead of Athenian in their worship, and of the change in women's dress at Athens from the Dorian to the Ionian style.
The account which Herodotus gives of the hostilities between the two states in the early years of the 5th century BC is to the following effect. Thebes, after the defeat by Athens about 507 BC, appealed to Aegina for assistance. The Aeginetans at first contented themselves with sending the images of the Aeacidae, the tutelary heroes of their island. Subsequently, however, they entered into an alliance, and ravaged the seaboard of Attica. The Athenians were preparing to make reprisals, in spite of the advice of the Delphic oracle that they should desist from attacking Aegina for thirty years, and content themselves meanwhile with dedicating a precinct to Aeacus, when their projects were interrupted by the Spartan intrigues for the restoration of Hippias.
In 491 BC Aegina was one of the states which gave the symbols of submission (earth and water) to Achaemenid Persia. Athens at once appealed to Sparta to punish this act of medism, and Cleomenes I, one of the Spartan kings, crossed over to the island, to arrest those who were responsible for it. His attempt was at first unsuccessful; but, after the deposition of Demaratus, he visited the island a second time, accompanied by his new colleague Leotychides, seized ten of the leading citizens and deposited them at Athens as hostages.
After the death of Cleomenes and the refusal of the Athenians to restore the hostages to Leotychides, the Aeginetans retaliated by seizing a number of Athenians at a festival at Sunium. Thereupon the Athenians concerted a plot with Nicodromus, the leader of the democratic party in the island, for the betrayal of Aegina. He was to seize the old city, and they were to come to his aid on the same day with seventy vessels. The plot failed owing to the late arrival of the Athenian force, when Nicodromus had already fled the island. An engagement followed in which the Aeginetans were defeated. Subsequently, however, they succeeded in winning a victory over the Athenian fleet.
All the incidents subsequent to the appeal of Athens to Sparta are expressly referred by Herodotus to the interval between the sending of the heralds in 491 BC and the invasion of Datis and Artaphernes in 490 BC (cf. Herod. vi. 49 with 94).
There are difficulties in this story, of which the following are the principal elements: –
- (i.) Herodotus nowhere states or implies that peace was concluded between the two states before 481 BC, nor does he distinguish between different wars during this period. Hence it would follow that the war lasted from shortly after 507 BC down to the congress at the Isthmus of Corinth in 481 BC
- (ii.) It is only for two years (490 and 491) out of the twenty-five that any details are given. It is the more remarkable that no incidents are recorded in the period between Marathon and Salamis, since at the time of the Isthmian Congress the war was described as the most important one then being waged in Greece (Herod. vii. 145).
- (iii.) It is improbable that Athens would have sent twenty vessels to the aid of the Ionians in 499 BC if at the time she were at war with Aegina. (iv.) There is an incidental indication of time, which points to the period after Marathon as the true date for the events which are referred by Herodotus to the year before Marathon, viz. the thirty years that were to elapse between the dedication of the precinct to Aeacus and the final victory of Athens (Herod. v. 89).
As the final victory of Athens over Aegina was in 458 B.C., the thirty years of the oracle would carry us back to the year 488 BC as the date of the dedication of the precinct and the outbreak of hostilities. This inference is supported by the date of the building of the 200 triremes for the war against Aegina on the advice of Themistocles, which is given in the Constitution of Athens as 483-482 BC (Herod. vii. 144; Ath. Pol. r2. 7). It is probable, therefore, that Herodotus is in error both in tracing back the beginning of hostilities to an alliance between Thebes and Aegina (c. 507 BC) and in putting the episode of Nicodromus before Marathon.
Overtures were unquestionably made by Thebes for an alliance with Aegina c. 507 BC, but they came to nothing. The refusal of Aegina was veiled under the diplomatic form of sending the Aeacidae. The real occasion of the outbreak of the war was the refusal of Athens to restore the hostages some twenty years later. There was but one war, and it lasted from 488 to 481. That Athens had the worst of it in this war is certain.
Herodotus had no Athenian victories to record after the initial success, and the fact that Themistocles was able to carry his proposal to devote the surplus funds of the state to the building of so large a fleet seems to imply that the Athenians were themselves convinced that a supreme effort was necessary.
It may be noted, in confirmation of this view, that the naval supremacy of Aegina is assigned by the ancient writers on chronology to precisely this period, i.e. the years 490-480 (Eusebius, Chron. Can. p. 337).
Decline[link]
In the repulse of Xerxes I it is possible that the Aeginetans played a larger part than is conceded to them by Herodotus. The Athenian tradition, which he follows in the main, would naturally seek to obscure their services. It was to Aegina rather than Athens that the prize of valour at Salamis was awarded, and the destruction of the Persian fleet appears to have been as much the work of the Aeginetan contingent as of the Athenian (Herod. viii. 91). There are other indications, too, of the importance of the Aeginetan fleet in the Greek scheme of defence. In view of these considerations it becomes difficult to credit the number of the vessels that is assigned to them by Herodotus (30 as against 180 Athenian vessels, cf. Greek History, sect. Authorities). During the next twenty years the Philo-Laconian policy of Cimon secured Aegina, as a member of the Spartan league, from attack. The change in Athenian foreign policy, which was consequent upon the ostracism of Cimon in 461, led to what is sometimes called the First Peloponnesian War, in which the brunt of the fighting fell upon Corinth and Aegina. The latter state was forced to surrender to Athens after a siege, and to accept the position of a subject-ally (c. 456 BC). The tribute was fixed at 30 talents.
By the terms of the Thirty Years' Peace (445 BC) Athens covenanted to restore to Aegina her autonomy, but the clause remained a dead letter. In the first winter of the Peloponnesian War (431 BC) Athens expelled the Aeginetans and established a cleruchy in their island. The exiles were settled by Sparta in Thyreatis, on the frontiers of Laconia and Argolis. Even in their new home they were not safe from Athenian rancour. A force landed under Nicias in 424, and put most of them to the sword. At the end of the Peloponnesian War Lysander restored the scattered remnants of the old inhabitants to the island, which was used by the Spartans as a base for operations against Athens in the Corinthian War. Its greatness, however, was at an end. The part which it plays henceforward is insignificant.
It would be a mistake to attribute the fall of Aegina solely to the development of the Athenian navy. It is probable that the power of Aegina had steadily declined during the twenty years after Salamis, and that it had declined absolutely, as well as relatively, to that of Athens. Commerce was the source of Aegina's greatness, and her trade, which appears to have been principally with the Levant, must have suffered seriously from the war with Persia. Her medism in 491 is to be explained by her commercial relations with the Persian Empire. She was forced into patriotism in spite of herself, and the glory won by Salamis was paid for by the loss of her trade and the decay of her marine. The completeness of the ruin of so powerful a state finds an explanation in the economic conditions of the island, the prosperity of which rested upon a basis of slave-labour. It is impossible, indeed, to accept Aristotle's (cf. Athenaeus vi. 272) estimate of 470,000 as the number of the slave-population; it is clear, however, that the number must have been out of all proportion to that of the free inhabitants. In this respect the history of Aegina does but anticipate the history of Greece as a whole. The constitutional history of Aegina is unusually simple. So long as the island retained its independence the government was an oligarchy. There is no trace of heroic monarchy and no tradition of a tyranny. The story of Nicodromus, while it proves the existence of a democratic party, suggests, at the same time, that it could count upon little support.
Hellenistic period and Roman rule[link]
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Aegina passed with the rest of Greece under the successive domination of Macedon, the Aetolians, Attalus of Pergamum and Rome. A Jewish community is believed to have been established in Aegina "at the end of the second and during the third century AD" by Jews fleeing the Barbarian Invasions of the time in Greece.[8]
Byzantine period[link]
Aegina belonged of the East Roman (Byzantine) Empire after the division of the Roman Empire in 395. It remained in Byzantine hands during the period of crisis in the 7th–8th centuries, when most of the Balkans and the Greek mainland were overrun by Slavic invasions. Indeed, according to the Chronicle of Monemvasia, the island served as a refuge for the Corinthians fleeing these incursions.[9] The island flourished in the early 9th century, as evidenced by church construction activity, but suffered greatly from Arab raids originating from Crete. During that time, the population sought refuge in the island's interior, establishing the settlement of Palaia Chora.[9]
According to the 12th-century bishop of Athens, Michael Choniates, the island had become a base for pirates.[9] This is corroborated by Benedict of Peterborough's graphic account of Greece, as it was in 1191, where he states that many of the islands were uninhabited from fear of pirates and that Aegina, along with Salamis and Makronesos were their strongholds.
Frankish rule after 1204[link]
Further information: Frangokratia
After the dissolution and partition of the Byzantine Empire by the Fourth Crusade in 1204, Aegina was accorded to the Republic of Venice. In the event, it came under the control of the Duchy of Athens. The Catalan Company seized control of Athens, and with it Aegina, in 1317, and in 1425 the island came under Venetian control,[10] when Alioto Caopena, at that time ruler of Aegina, placed himself with treaty under the Republic's protection in order to escape the danger of a Turkish raid. The island must then have been fruitful, for one of the conditions under which Venice accorded him her protection, was that he should supply grain to her colonies. He agreed to surrender the island to Venice if his family became extinct. Antonio II Acciaioli was against the treaty for one of his adopted daughters had married the future lord of Aegina, Antonello Caopena.
Venetians in Aegina (1451–1537)[link]
In 1451, Aegina became Venetian. The islanders welcomed Venetian rule; the claims of Antonello’s uncle Arnà, who had lands in Argolis, were satisfied by a pension. A Venetian governor (rettore) was appointed, who was dependent on the authorities of Nauplia. After Arnà's death, his son Alioto renewed his claim to the island but was told that the republic was firmly resolved to keep it. He and his family were pensioned and one of them aided in the defence of Aegina against the Turks, in 1537, was captured with his family and died in a Turkish dungeon.
Ιn 1463 came the Turco-Venetian war, which was destined to cost the Venetians Negroponte, most of the Cyclades and their colonies in the Morea. Peace was concluded in 1479. Venice still retained Aegina, Lepanto, Nauplia, Monemvasia, Coron, Modon, Navarino, Crete, Mykonos and Tinos. Aegina remained subject of Nauplia.
Administration[link]
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Aegina obtained money for her defences by the unwilling sacrifice of her cherished relic, the head of St. George, which had been carried there from Livadia by the Catalans. In 1462, the Venetian Senate ordered the relic to be removed to St. Giorgio Maggiore in Venice. On 12 November, it was transported from Aegina, by Vettore Cappello, the famous Venetian commander. The Senate gave the Aeginetans 100 ducats apiece towards fortifying the island.
In 1519, the government was reformed. The system of having two rectors was found to lead to frequent quarrels and the republic thenceforth sent out a single official styled Bailie and Captain, assisted by two councilors, who performed the duties of camerlengo by turns. The Bailie’s authority extended over the rector of Aegina, whereas Kastri (opposite Hydra) had been granted to two families, the Palaiologoi and the Alberti.
A democratic wave passed over the colony. Society at Nauplia was divided into 3 classes: nobles, citizens and plebeians; and it had been the ancient usage that the nobles alone should hold the much-coveted local offices, such as the judge of the inferior court and inspector of weights and measures. The populace now demanded its share and the Home Government ordered that at least one of the 3 inspectors should be a man of the people.
Aegina had always been exposed to the raids of the corsairs and was cursed with oppressive governors during these last 30 years of Venetian rule. Venetian nobles weren't willing to go to this island. In 1533, three rectors of Aegina were punished for their acts of injustice and we have a graphic account of the reception given by the Aeginetans to the captain of Nauplia, who came to hold an enquiry into the administration of these delinquents. [Vid. Inscription over the entrance of St. George the Catholic in Paliachora.] The rectors had spurned their ancient right to elect an islander to keep one key of the money-chest. They had also threatened to leave the island en masse with the commissioner, unless the captain avenged their wrongs. In order to spare the economy of the community, it was ordered that appeals from the governor's decision should be heard on Crete, instead of Venice. The republic should pay a bakshish to the Turkish governor of the Morea and to the Voevode who was stationed at the frontier of Thermisi (opposite Hydra). The fortifications too, were allowed to fall into despair and were inadequately guarded.
16th century[link]
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After the fall of the Duchy of Athens and the principality of Achaia, the only Latin possessions left on the mainland of Greece were the papal city of Monemvasia, the fortress of Vonitsa, the Messenian stations Coron and Modon, Navarino, the castles of Argos and Nauplia, to which the island of Aegina was subordinate, Lepanto and Pteleon.
In 1502/03, the new peace treaty left Venice with nothing but Cephalonia, Monemvasia and Nauplia, with their appurtenances in the Morea. And against the sack of Megara, she had to face the temporary capture of the castle of Aegina by Kemal Reis and the carrying off of 2000 Aeginetans. This treaty was renewed in 1513 and 1521. All the supplies of grain of Nauplia and Monemvasia had now to be imported from Turkish possessions, while corsairs rendered dangerous all traffic by sea.
In 1537, Suleyman the Magnificent declared war upon Venice and his admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa spread fire and sword upon the Ionian Islands, and in October fell upon the island of Aegina. On the 4th day Palaiochora fell, but the church of St George (Latin church) was spared. He massacred all the adult male population and took away 6000 women and children as slaves. Thence Barbarossa sailed to Naxos, whence he carried off an immense booty, compelling the Duke of Naxos to purchase his further independence by a tribute of 5000 ducats.
With the peace of 1540, Venice ceded Nauplia and Monemvasia. For nearly 150 years after, Venice did not own an inch of soil on the mainland of Greece, except the Ionian dependencies of Parga and Butrinto, but of her insular dominions Cyprus, Crete, Tenos and 6 Ionian islands still remained.
First Ottoman period (1540–1687)[link]
Attack and desolation of the island by Francesco Morosini during the Cretan War (1654).
Second Venetian period (1687–1715)[link]
In 1684, the outbreak of the Morean War between Venice and the Ottoman Empire led to the temporary reconquest of a large part of the country by the Republic. In 1687 the Venetian army arrived in Piraeus and took command of Attica. The number of the Athenians at that time exceeded 6000, the Albanians from the villages of Attica excluded, whilst in 1674 the population of Aegina did not seem to exceed 3000 inhabitants, 2/3 of which were women. The Aeginetans had been reduced to poverty to pay their taxes. The most significant plague epidemic began in Attica in 1688, an occasion that caused the massive migration of all the Athenians toward the south; most of them settled in Aegina. In 1693 Morosini resumed command, but his only acts were to refortify the castle of Aegina, which he had demolished during the Cretan war in 1655, the cost of upkeep being paid as long as the war lasted, by the Athenians, and to place it and Salamis under Malipiero as Governor. This led the Athenians to send him a request for the renewal of Venetian protection and an offer of an annual tribute. He died in 1694 and Zeno was appointed at his place.
In 1699, thanks to English mediation, the war ended with the peace of Karlowitz by which Venice retained possession of the 7 Ionian islands, Butrinto and Parga, the Morea, Spinalonga and Suda, Tenos, Santa Maura and Aegina and ceased to pay a tribute for Zante, but restored Lepanto to the Ottoman sultan. Of the burden of having to contribute to the maintenance of Cerigo and Aegina, both united administratively with the Morea since the peace, the peninsula not only paid all the expenses of administration, but furnished a substantial balance for the naval defence of Venice, in which it was directly interested.
Second Ottoman period (1715–1821)[link]
The Ottomans regained Aegina along with the Morea in 1715, and remained in control of the island with the exception of a short-lived Russian occupation, until the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence in 1821.
Landmarks[link]
File:Aigina.JPG
Aegina town centre
- Temple of Aphaea, dedicated to its namesake, a goddess who was later associated with Athena; the temple was part of a pre-Christian, equilateral holy triangle of temples including the Athenian Parthenon and the temple of Poseidon at Sounion.
- Monastery of Agios Nectarios, dedicated to Saint Nectarios, a recent saint of the Greek Orthodox Church.
- Ioannis Kapodistrias, the first leader of free modern Greece (1776–1831), had a large building erected; intended as a barracks, it was subsequently used as a museum, a library and a school. The museum was the first institution of its kind in Greece, but the collection was transferred to Athens in 1834. A statue in the principal square commemorates him.
Culture[link]
Mythology[link]
In Greek mythology, Aegina was a daughter of the river god Asopus and the nymph Metope. She bore at least two children: Menoetius by Actor, and Aeacus by Zeus. When Zeus abducted Aegina, he took her to Oenone, an island close to Attica. This island would later be called Aegina. Here, Aegina gave birth to Aeacus, who would later become king of Oenone; thenceforth, the island's name was Aegina.
Aegina was the gathering place of Myrmidons; in Aegina they gathered and trained. Zeus needed an elite army and at first thought that Aegina, which at the time did not have any villagers, was the perfect place. So he turned the ants (Greek: Μυρμύγκια, Myrmigia) into warriors who had 6 hands and wore black armor. Later, the Myrmidons, led by Achilles, were known as the most fearsome fighting unit in Greece.
Famous Aeginetans[link]
- Aeacus, the first king of Aegina according to mythology
- Smilis (6th century BC), sculptor
- Onatas (5th century BC), sculptor
- Ptolichus (5th century BC), sculptor
- Cosmas II Atticus (12th century), Patriarch of Constantinople
- Paul of Aegina (7th century), medical scholar and physician
- Saint Athanasia of Aegina (9th century), abbess and saint
The influential Leoussi family originated on the isle of Aigina; their roots go as far back as the 15th century.
Historical population[link]
| Year | Town population | Municipal/Island population |
|---|---|---|
| 1981 | 6,730 | 11,127 |
| 1991 | 6,373 | 11,639 |
| 2001 | 7,410 | 13,552 |
References[link]
- ^ Kallikratis law Greece Ministry of Interior (Greek)
- ^ Herodotus v. 83, viii.46; Pausanias 2.29.9
- ^ Richard Stillwell, ed. Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, 1976
- ^ A. J. Evans, in Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. xiii. p. 195[when?]
- ^ C. Michael Hogan, Cydonia, Modern Antiquarian, January 23, 2008
- ^ Herodotus ii. 178
- ^ Herodotus vii. 147
- ^ Mosaic floor of a Jewish synagogue (Sign). Aegina, Greece: Archaeological Museum of Aegina.
- ^ a b c Kazhdan (1991), p. 40
- ^ Kazhdan (1991), pp. 40–41
Sources[link]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Welter Gabriel, Aigina, Archäol. Inst. d. Deutschen Reiches, Berlin 1938.
- Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991), Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6
- Miller William, Essays on the Latin orient, Rome 1921 (reprint: Amsterdam 1964).[1]
- Miller William, «Η Παληαχώρα της Αιγίνης. Ηρημωμένη ελληνική πόλις», Νέος Ελληνομνήμων Κ΄ (1926), p. 363-365.[2]
- Rubio y Lluch A., «Συμβολαί εις την ιστορίαν των Καταλωνίων εν Ελλάδι», Δελτίον της Ιστορικής και Εθνολογικής Εταιρείας της Ελλάδος Β΄(1883), p. 458-466.[3]
- Lambros Spyridon ed., Έγγραφα αναφερόμενα εις την μεσαιωνικήν ιστορίαν των Αθηνών, Athens 1906.
- D’ Olwer Nic., Les seigneurs Catalans d’ Egine, τόμος εις μνήμην του Σπυρίδωνος Λάμπρου, Athens 1935.
- Koulikourdi Georgia, Αίγινα, 2 vols., Athens 1990.
- Moutsopoulos Nikolaos, Η Παλιαχώρα της Αιγίνης. Ιστορική και μορφολογική εξέτασις των μνημείων, Athens 1962.
- Nikoloudis Nikolaos[4], "Η Αίγινα κατά τον Μεσαίωνα και την Τουρκοκρατία", Βυζαντινός Δόμος 7(1993-4), pp:13-21.
- Pennas Charalambos[5], The Byzantine Aegina[6], Athens 2004.
- John N. Koumanoudes[7], Ανεμομυλικά ΙΙ, Αγκίστρι, Αίγινα, Αστυπάλαια, Λήμνος, Σαλαμίνα, Σπέτσες, Σύμη, Χίος και Ψαρά[8], Τεχνικό Επιμελητήριο Ελλάδας, 2010.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Aegina |
- Richard Stillwell, ed. Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, 1976: "Aigina, Greece"
- Map of Ancient Greece (includes Aegina Island)
- Aegina Live Portal - German Page
- Aegina's most informative online Internet Guide in English
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegina
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This article is about the fictional character. For the theater, see Greek Theatre (Los Angeles).
| The Greek | |
|---|---|
| 250px | |
| First appearance | "Ebb Tide" (episode 2.01) |
| Last appearance | "–30–" (episode 5.10) |
| Created by | David Simon |
| Portrayed by | Bill Raymond |
| Information | |
| Gender | Male |
| Occupation | International smuggling/Organized Crime Boss |
The Greek is a fictional character on the HBO drama The Wire, played by actor Bill Raymond. The Greek is the head of an international criminal organization involved in narcotics and human trafficking.[1] The Greek is a mysterious figure involved in numerous criminal activities. His given name is never mentioned on the show, and though he is known only as "The Greek", he has stated (in the episode Port in a Storm) that he is not actually Greek. A quiet and unassuming man, the Greek prefers to keep a low profile, operating all of his business through his lieutenant Spiros "Vondas" Vondopoulos. His smuggling organization operated from a small diner in Baltimore for years, and while Vondas would conduct business the Greek would listen in quietly at the counter. Nick Sobotka, upon seeing the Greek identify himself, was amazed that the shadowy figure had been in plain sight the entire time.
Despite his calm appearance, the Greek is cunning and ruthless, and only interested in facts that make him more money. Series creator David Simon has said that The Greek is an embodiment of raw unencumbered capitalism.[2] Anyone interfering in this process is eliminated immediately, and he prefers to leave victims headless and handless to hinder identification.
The Greek's smuggling operation includes importing sex trade workers, illicit drugs, stolen goods and chemicals for drug processing. He bribes union stevedores to move containers through the Baltimore port for him and uses his muscle, Sergei "Serge" Malatov, to run containers back and forth from the port to his warehouse, a front managed by "Double G" Glekas. The Greek supplies the major drug dealers in East Baltimore with pure cocaine and heroin, using Eton Ben-Eleazer to move his drugs. His chief client is Proposition Joe, but he is also affiliated with smaller drug dealing organizations like those run by "White Mike" McArdle. His sex trade interests in Baltimore include a brothel run by a madam named Ilona Petrovitch, bringing in girls from eastern Europe. He manages to avoid prosecution for his crimes because an FBI counter-terrorism agent named Kristos Koutris tips him off if a criminal investigation gets too close. It is suggested he and Vondas may serve as federal informants.
Contents |
Biography[link]
Season 2[link]
The Greek began to draw police attention in Baltimore when his contact at the docks, Frank Sobotka, became the target of an investigation. At the same time a container of thirteen dead young women intended for the sex trade was discovered at the docks, triggering a high-profile homicide investigation. The container belonged to the Greek and the girls were killed by a crewman onboard the vessel that had delivered them. The ship's crew had been paying the girls for sex and when one of the girls refused, she was killed. The crewman responsible dumped her overboard and collapsed the air pipe to kill the remaining women. The Greek had Sergei track the crewman down, interrogated him personally, and had Vondas kill him.
As the investigation continued the police were able to link Eton and Sergei to the drug smuggling operation. When police began tracking containers as they left the port, The Greek and Vondas began to close down the operation temporarily by dumping their cell phones and stealing "clean" containers. Persuading Sobotka to keep the smuggling operation going he bought further protection from Agent Koutris by betraying a load of Colombian cocaine, giving him time to destroy incriminating evidence in the warehouse and Glekas' store.
The Greek recognized that the investigation was too extensive to stop and made plans to leave, sending Vondas to assure Proposition Joe that supply of drugs would continue albeit with new faces. He attempted to buy Sobotka's silence with promised legal aid for his son, but when he learned from Koutris that Frank was planning to turn informant he had the union man killed. Although Frank's nephew Nick Sobotka was able to identify The Greek in a photo and Sergei was pressured to give up the location of his hotel suite, Vondas and the Greek had already boarded a flight to Chicago. Aware that the Greek and Vondas were gone, the police left the investigation behind and moved on to the drug dealers he supplied.
Seasons 4 & 5[link]
The Greek continued to supply "Proposition Joe" Stewart, who formed an organization with other drug dealers called the New Day Co-Op to provide The Greek's product to them in exchange for reduced violence and sharing of territory. When Omar Little steals an entire shipment of heroin from the Greek's men as it is being delivered to Stewart's people, Marlo Stanfield demands a meeting with Spiros "Vondas" Vondopoulos in order to allay his fears that Stewart was responsible.[3][4] Once Stanfield is satisfied, he waits for the Major Crimes Unit's investigation into his activities to cease and then moves to establish a direct relationship with Vondas and the Greek. After getting in communication with Vondas through former soldier Sergei,[5][6] Marlo eventually sells himself as Joe's replacement by convincing the Greek that he requires an insurance policy in the form of a replacement for Proposition Joe, in the event that anything should happen to him. Realizing that Stanfield will move against Stewart regardless of his approval, the Greek accepts Marlo's proposal to act as an "insurance policy," knowing that it will mean Joe's death.[7][8]
After Stewart's murder, Stanfield meets with Vondas to initiate their new business relationship.[9][10] Stanfield's tenure proves short lived when he is forced into retirement by an investigation, and the other Co-Op members purchase the connection from Stanfield. In the closing scenes of the series finale, Slim Charles and Fat-Face Rick take over meeting with Vondas while the Greek listens quietly in the background.[11][12]
References[link]
- ^ "Character profile - The Greek". HBO. 2004. http://www.hbo.com/thewire/cast/characters/port/the_greek.shtml. Retrieved 2006-08-16.
- ^ Meghan O'Rourke (2006). "Behind The Wire". Slate. http://www.slate.com/id/2154694/pagenum/all/. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
- ^ Ernest Dickerson; David Simon (story and teleplay), Ed Burns (story) (2004-12-10). "Final Grades". The Wire. episode 13. season 4. HBO.
- ^ "The Wire episode guide - episode 50 Final Grades". HBO. 2006. http://www.hbo.com/thewire/episode/season4/episode50.shtml. Retrieved 2007-10-17.
- ^ Ernest Dickerson; William F. Zorzi (story and teleplay), David Simon (story) (2008-01-13). "Unconfirmed Reports". The Wire. episode 2. season 5. HBO.
- ^ "The Wire episode guide - episode 52 Uncomfirmed Reports". HBO. 2008. http://www.hbo.com/thewire/episode/season5/episode52.shtml. Retrieved 2008-01-22.
- ^ Dan Attias; Ed Burns (story and teleplay), David Simon (story) (2008-01-27). "Transitions". The Wire. episode 4. season 5. HBO.
- ^ "The Wire episode guide - episode 54 Transitions". HBO. 2008. http://www.hbo.com/thewire/episode/season5/episode54.shtml. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
- ^ Agnieszka Holland; David Mills (story and teleplay), David Simon (story) (2008-02-03). "React Quotes". The Wire. episode 5. season 5. HBO.
- ^ "The Wire episode guide - episode 55 React Quotes". HBO. 2008. http://www.hbo.com/thewire/episode/season5/episode55.shtml. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
- ^ Clark Johnson; David Simon (story and teleplay), Ed Burns (story) (2008-03-09). "-30-". The Wire. episode 10. season 5. HBO.
- ^ "The Wire episode guide - episode 60 –30–". HBO. 2008. http://www.hbo.com/thewire/episode/season5/episode60.shtml. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
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http://wn.com/The_Greek
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Greek
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
