Universal Suffrage

Tuesday, 22 January 2013

The situation of universal suffrage in 2012

LEARN 7-3-0 DAYS STUDY SERIES TVB News (2007-12-12) The situation of universal suffrage in...

published: 14 Dec 2007

author: lly331

Anson Chan wants stronger push on universal suffrage

Anson Chan talks about Hong Kong's political future in the lead up to the 10th anniversary...

published: 18 May 2007

author: scmp888

March for Universal Suffrage in Hong Kong on Dec 04, 05

This is a video record on 124 March in Hong Kong by a small citizen. (des blog: www.desmon...

published: 11 Dec 2005

author: thats0117

World Record "Open Umbrella for Universal Suffrage 2012"

To set a World Record for "Opening Umbrella for Universal Suffrage 2012" -- Fight for demo...

published: 08 Oct 2007

author: Charles Mok

Some feedbacks to the report on 2012 universal suffrage

LEARN 7-3-0 DAYS STUDY SERIES TVB News (2007-12-12) Some feedbacks to the report on 2012 a...

published: 14 Dec 2007

author: lly331

HK Universal Suffrage March

HK people have taken to the streets for many years to demand for better democracy. This is...

published: 18 Mar 2007

author: kitkatkang

The TVB hardcore universal suffrage Gangjie failure is accidental overweight send cars appease the resentment

...

published: 31 Dec 2012

author: Linhao Hai

Peter Schiff Despises Democracy & Universal Suffrage

Don't say we didn't warn you about this....

published: 12 Nov 2012

author: schittreport2

Investors Relations: La Coruña universal suffrage - Busdongo de Arbás | Kiddy's Class

AV&VA; SEO : Children: You spend the first 2 years of their Amancio Ortega Gaona life teach...

published: 16 Jun 2012

author: UrbanUrari

Universal suffrage

Universal suffrage (also universal adult suffrage, general suffrage or common suffrage) co...

published: 19 Jan 2013

author: James Credulo

World Record "Open Umbrella for Universal Suffrage 2012"

To set a World Record for "Opening Umbrella for Universal Suffrage 2012" -- Fight for demo...

published: 08 Oct 2007

author: Charles Mok

1.13.2008 March for Universal Suffrage 1

1.13.2008 March for Universal Suffrage...

published: 27 Jan 2008

author: Charles Mok

318 March for Universal Suffrage in Hong Kong

Alan Leong Urges Hong Kong People To March for Universal Suffrage on March 18, 2007...

published: 14 Mar 2007

author: misspurty

Suffragettes - Arguments against Universal Suffrage - Reason 2

Paul Wiggins and Cleve Tait discuss another argument raised by men against giving the wome...

published: 03 Aug 2010

author: intouchwithourroots

Vimeo results:

Seeing Suffrage

The last decade of the suffrage movement, 1910 - 1920, saw increasing sophistication in th...

published: 28 Feb 2011

author: Jim Stovall

Suffrage Science Launch

'Suffrage Science' - a publication by the MRC Clinical Sciences Centre to commemorate 100 ...

published: 05 Apr 2011

author: cscweb

The 1913 Washington Suffrage Parade - Introduction

On March 3, 1913 - one day before the inauguration of Woodrow Wilson as president - more t...

published: 14 Oct 2012

author: Jim Stovall

Another Day (Shoebox cam)

Since Hong Kong's handover to China in 1997 on July 1, the date has become an annual gathe...

published: 04 Jul 2009

author: Edwin Lee

Youtube results:

Suffragettes - Arguments against Universal Suffrage - Reason 5

Shaun Swift discusses an argument used against the Suffragettes during their campaign for ...

published: 16 Aug 2010

author: intouchwithourroots

Suffragettes - Arguments against Universal Suffrage - Reason 10

Denise and James discuss another argument used against giving the vote to women in the ear...

published: 03 Aug 2010

author: intouchwithourroots

Suffragettes - Arguments for Universal Suffrage - Reason 4

Cheryl Forrest and Vicky Hames discuss an argument used by the Suffragettes in their campa...

published: 16 Aug 2010

author: intouchwithourroots

Suffragettes - Arguments for universal suffrage (Reason 2)

Two UNISON activists discuss an argument used by women during the early 20th century in th...

published: 09 Aug 2010

author: intouchwithourroots

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Year	Country / Territory	Notes
1838	Pitcairn Island	Voting rights were extended to include the female descendants of the Bounty mutineers who lived on Pitcairn Islands (now a British Overseas Territory) in 1838, and this right transferred with their 1856 resettlement to Norfolk Island (now an Australian external territory).^[6]
1882	Iceland	Women of sufficient financial standing, mainly widows and women that held land, and were over the age of 25, could vote in local municipal and county elections. Women were, however, unable to run for office until 1907 when the municipalities of Reykjavík and Hafnarfjörður allowed women to run for city council. The voting right was extended further three more times in 1909, when married women were allowed to hold office, in 1915 when all women over the age of forty were allowed full suffrage and again in 1920 when the age limit was set down to 25 years of age.
1889	Franceville	Universal suffrage without distinction of sex or race; however, only whites could hold office. After 1906 it was jointly ruled by France and Britain and is now part of Vanuatu.
1893	New Zealand	With the extension of voting rights to women in 1893, the self-governing British colony became first major nation in the world to grant universal suffrage.^[1] Universal suffrage for Māori men over 21 had been granted in 1867; and European males in 1879.^[7]
1894	Australia	Britain's Australian colonies granted male suffrage from the 1850s and in 1894 the women of South Australia achieved the right to both vote and stand for Parliament, enabling Catherine Helen Spence to be the first to stand as a political candidate in 1897.^[8] The Australian colonies federated as the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901 and the Franchise Act of 1902, granted the right to vote to men and women.^[9] However, the Act also restricted votes for 'natives' unless they were already enrolled. These restrictions were unevenly applied and were relaxed after World War II, with full rights restored by the Commonwealth Electoral Act of 1962.^[10]
1906	Grand Principality of Finland	As an autonomous Grand Principality in the Russian Empire, Finland achieved women's suffrage in 1906, becoming the second country in the world to adopt universal suffrage.^[11] The Finnish parliamentary election of 1907 was the first time when women were elected (19 of 200 MPs). Finland became independent with the same universal suffrage in 1917.
1913	Norway	Full male suffrage in 1898, with women included in 1913, first independent nation to also allow women as candidates.
1915	Denmark	First voting rights to anyone came in 1849, and the rules were changed a number of times. But it was not until the change of the constitution in 1915 that all men and women had influence on all chambers.
1917	Estonia	Two tiered elections were held, with 62 representatives from rural communities and towns elected in May–June and July–August, respectively.
1918	Germany	After the Central Powers' defeat in World War I and the introduction of a democratic system, the Weimar Republic. Revoked during 1935–1945 by the Nuremberg Laws. The restrictions applied also to the territories occupied by the Nazis during World War II. The German Empire (and the North German Confederation before it) had had universal male suffrage since 1867/71, which then has been one of the most progressive election laws.^[12]
1918	Austria	After the Central Powers' defeat in World War I universal suffrage including women.
1918	First Czechoslovak Republic	After the Central Powers' defeat in World War I universal suffrage including women.
1918	Kingdom of Hungary	After the Central Powers' defeat in World War I
1918	Second Polish Republic	Universal suffrage for men and women over 21.
1918	Soviet Union	With the 1918 Soviet Constitution; direct voting and the lifting of some political restrictions not until the 1936 Soviet Constitution.
1919	Azerbaijan Democratic Republic	became part of the Soviet Union in 1920
1919	Democratic Republic of Armenia	became part of the Soviet Union in 1920
1919	Democratic Republic of Georgia	became part of the Soviet Union in 1921
1919	Latvia	Universal suffrage introduced in Law of elections to the Constituent assembly
1919	Luxembourg
1919	Netherlands	From 1917 full suffrage for men aged 23 and above. From 1919 universal suffrage for men and women aged 23. From 1971 suffrage for men and women aged 18 and older.
1919^[13]	Sweden	Full male suffrage 1909 for those aged 25 and above, but only to one of two equally weighed chambers. Universal suffrage for men and women later enacted.
1920	Canada	1920 was the year that Canada (excluding Quebec until 1940) enacted suffrage for both sexes. First Nations (of either sex) were not allowed to vote until 1960.
1922	Lithuania
1922	Republic of Ireland	Then known as the Irish Free State, the country changed previous British law to enfranchise women equally with men in 1921.
1925	Newfoundland	Joined Canada in 1949.
1928	United Kingdom	Universal suffrage for all men in 1918 (in national elections). Women granted vote for first time in the same year but about 25% of women were excluded on property grounds until 1928. The Representation of the People Act of 1948 removed multiple voting (i.e. established one person, one vote) and extended universal suffrage to local elections (apart from Northern Ireland elections where the situation was brought in line in 1968)
1931	Ceylon (now as Sri Lanka)	Universal suffrage for all irrespective of race, ethnicity, language, or gender.
1932	Brazil	Replaced the previous system of male suffrage, from 1891, which excluded homeless, women, priests, the military and illiterates.
1933	Spain	Suffrage for men practiced since 1869 to 1923 and in the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1936). On November 19, 1933 women were granted the right to vote. Revoked during Franco era (1939–1975) and recovered since 1977 in the new Spanish Constitution.
1934	Turkey
1935	Burma	Last free elections held in 1990.^[14]
1943	Lebanon	Universal suffrage for all adult males and females since the independence of Lebanon (The Chamber of Deputies is shared equally between Christians and Muslims, rather than elected by universal suffrage that would have provided a Muslim majority).
1944	France	Universal suffrage including women introduced
1944	Jamaica	Universal suffrage for all adult males and females
1945	Bulgaria	Universal suffrage including women and men serving in the Army was instituted by the government of the Fatherland front.
1945	Japan	Universal suffrage including women introduced
1945	Italy	Universal suffrage including women introduced
1947	Republic of China (now Taiwan)	Universal suffrage under the Constitution of the Republic of China
1947/1953	Mexico	Universal suffrage given to men after the Mexican Revolution; suffrage given to women in municipal elections in 1947 and national elections in 1953.^[15]In 1996, Mexicans living in the United States were also given voting rights.^[16]
1948	United Nations	Provision of "universal and equal suffrage" in Universal Declaration of Human Rights [Article 21(3)]
1948	Israel	Universal suffrage since the founding of the State of Israel.
1948	South Korea	Universal suffrage since the founding of the Republic of Korea
1948	Belgium	Universal suffrage for Women for Parliament elections
1949	Chile	From 1925 full suffrage for men aged 21 and above and able to read and write. From 1949 universal suffrage for men and women aged 21 and above and able to read and write. From 1970 suffrage for men and women aged 18 and older.
1950	India	All adult citizens as recognized by the Constitution of India, irrespective of race or gender on the founding of the Republic of India
1951	Argentina	Universal male suffrage granted in 1912; universal women's suffrage introduced in 1947.
1951	Ghana	Universal suffrage granted for the 1951 legislative election.
1952	Bolivia	Universal suffrage granted by decree; first elections in 1956; women's suffrage coincided with abolition of literacy requirements.
1952	Greece	Universal male suffrage in 1864, with secret ballot; women given the vote in local elections since 1930 and in parliamentary elections since 1952.
1955	Indonesia
1955	Malaysia
1956	Colombia	Electorate defined on the basis of adult franchise and joint electorate.
1956	Pakistan
1963	Iran	Reforms under Shah's "White Revolution"
1964	Afghanistan	Constitution transformed Afghanistan into a modern democracy.^[17]
1965	United States	In 1870 the 15th Amendment granted suffrage to African Americans, and in 1920 the 19th Amendment extended the franchise to women. However, many Southern States pro-actively disenfranchised black voters through poll taxation, literacy tests and bureaucratic loopholes. Further enfranchisement was realized in 1965 with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the ratification of the 24th Amendment in 1964.^[18]^[19] The 26th Amendment set the voting age to 18. Universal adult suffrage is still not established as of 2012 as some categories of felons in 48 of 50 states are still excluded from voting.
1971	Switzerland	Introduction of women's suffrage at the federal level; for cantonal elections this was not completed until 1990.
1974	Portugal
1979	European Community (now European Union)
1980	Zimbabwe	Universal suffrage was introduced in the 1978 Internal Settlement between Ian Smith and Abel Muzorewa. The 1979 Lancaster House constitution agreed to accommodate the nationalists also affirmed universal suffrage but with a special role for whites. Universal suffrage with no special consideration for race came in 1987. Previous to 1978, Rhodesia (what Zimbabwe was named before 1980) had a merit qualification in order to vote. This was controversial because, by virtue, it excluded the vast majority of native Africans.
1984	Liechtenstein
1990	Samoa
1994	South Africa	universal suffrage not regarding race or colour of skin; Blacks and Coloureds were denied the right to vote during the Apartheid era (1948–1994). White women's suffrage granted in 1930.
1996	Taiwan	See above 1947 Republic of China.
2002	Bahrain	Universal male suffrage in 1973, although parliament was suspended and dissolved in 1975 for approximately 30 years.
2003	Oman
2005	Kuwait	Universal adult male suffrage since 1962, for citizens who are 21 or older, with the exception of those who, at the time of elections, serve in the armed forces and, citizens who have been naturalized for fewer than 30 years. Note: As of 2005, women who satisfy the age and citizenship requirements are allowed to vote provided both men and women vote in separate polling locations.
2008	Bhutan
2013?	Qatar^{[citation needed]}	Municipal elections since 1999.^{[citation needed]}
2017 (planned)^[20]	Hong Kong

The Honourable Anson Chan Fang On-sang 陳方安生 GBM, GCMG, CBE, JP

Chief Secretary for Administration
In office 1 July 1997 – 30 April 2002
Succeeded by	Sir Donald Tsang
Chief Secretary
In office 29 November 1993 – 30 June 1997
Preceded by	Sir David Robert Ford
Member of the Legislative Council
In office 5 December 2007 – 30 September 2008
Preceded by	Ma Lik
Majority	54.84%
Personal details
Born	(1940-01-17) 17 January 1940 (age 72) Shanghai, Republic of China
Nationality	Chinese (Hong Kong)
Spouse(s)	Archibald Chan Tai-wing
Relations	Fang Shin-hau (father) Fang Zhaoling (mother) Harry Fang (uncle)
Children	Chan Wai-ling Chan Hong-wai
Alma mater	Sacred Heart Canossian College (1949–1957) St. Paul's Convent School (1957–1958) University of Hong Kong (1959–1962)
Religion	Roman Catholic

“	''Practise their profession after 1997 as they have practised it, continue to write the stories and editorials that deserve to be written, responsibly, objectively without fear or favour... How well they do their job after the transition will to a very large extent decide how well our other freedoms will be protected."^[9]	”
—Anson Chan on Hong Kong journalists' role after the handover

Political offices
Preceded by Piers Jacobs	Secretary for Economic Services 1987–1993	Succeeded by Gordon Siu
Preceded by Edward Barrie Wiggham	Secretary for the Civil Service 1993	Succeeded by Michael Sze
Preceded by Herself as Chief Secretary of Hong Kong	Chief Secretary for Administration 1997–2001	Succeeded by Donald Tsang
Government offices
Unknown	Director of Social Welfare 1984–1987	Succeeded by Elizabeth Wong
Preceded by Sir David Robert Ford	Chief Secretary of Hong Kong 1993–1997	Succeeded by Herself as Chief Secretary for Administration
Legislative Council of Hong Kong
Preceded by Ma Lik	Member of Legislative Council Representative for Hong Kong Island constituency 2007–2008 Served alongside: Martin Lee, Yeung Sum, Choy So-yuk, Audrey Eu, Rita Fan	Succeeded by Kam Nai-wai
Order of precedence
Preceded by Wong Po-yan Recipient of the Grand Bauhinia Medal	Hong Kong order of precedence Recipient of the Grand Bauhinia Medal	Succeeded by Yang Ti-liang Recipient of the Grand Bauhinia Medal

Persondata
Name	Chan, Anson
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	17 January 1940
Place of birth	Shanghai, Republic of China
Date of death
Place of death

Austrian School

Born	(1963-03-23) March 23, 1963 (age 49)
Nationality	United States
Field	Financial Economics
Alma mater	U.C. Berkeley (B.B.A.), 1987^[1]
Opposed	John Maynard Keynes,^[2] Alan Greenspan,^[3]^[4]^[5] Ben Bernanke,^[6]^[7]^[8] Paul Krugman,^[9] Christopher Dodd,^[10] Barack Obama,^[11]
Influences	Irwin Schiff, Ludwig von Mises, F.A. Hayek, Murray Rothbard

Persondata
Name	Schiff, Peter
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1963-03-23
Place of birth
Date of death
Place of death

Jawaharlal Nehru जवाहरलाल नेहरू

1st Prime Minister of India
In office 15 August 1947 – 27 May 1964
Monarch	George VI (1947-1950)
President	Rajendra Prasad Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
Governor General	The Earl Mountbatten of Burma Chakravarti Rajagopalachari
Deputy	Vallabhbhai Patel
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Gulzarilal Nanda (Acting)
Minister of Defence
In office 31 October 1962 – 14 November 1962
Preceded by	V. K. Krishna Menon
Succeeded by	Yashwantrao Chavan
In office 30 January 1957 – 17 April 1957
Preceded by	Kailash Nath Katju
Succeeded by	V. K. Krishna Menon
In office 10 February 1953 – 10 January 1955
Preceded by	N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar
Succeeded by	Kailash Nath Katju
Minister of Finance
In office 13 February 1958 – 13 March 1958
Preceded by	Tiruvellore Thattai Krishnamachariar
Succeeded by	Morarji Desai
In office 24 July 1956 – 30 August 1956
Preceded by	Chintaman Dwarakanath Deshmukh
Succeeded by	Tiruvellore Thattai Krishnamachariar
Minister of External Affairs
In office 15 August 1947 – 27 May 1964
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Gulzarilal Nanda
Personal details
Born	(1889-11-14)14 November 1889 Allahabad, North-Western Provinces, British India
Died	27 May 1964(1964-05-27) (aged 74) New Delhi, India
Political party	Indian National Congress
Spouse(s)	Kamala Kaul
Children	Indira Gandhi
Alma mater	Trinity College, Cambridge Inns of Court
Profession	Barrister
Religion	None (Agnostic atheism)^[1]^[2]^[3]
Signature

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Political offices
New office	Prime Minister of India 1947–1964	Succeeded by Gulzarilal Nanda Acting
	Minister of External Affairs 1947–1964
	Chairperson of the Planning Commission 1950–1964
Preceded by N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar	Minister of Defence 1953–1955	Succeeded by Kailash Nath Katju
Preceded by Chintaman Dwarakanath Deshmukh	Minister of Finance 1956	Succeeded by Tiruvellore Thattai Krishnamachariar
Preceded by Kailash Nath Katju	Minister of Defence 1957	Succeeded by Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon
Preceded by Tiruvellore Thattai Krishnamachariar	Minister of Finance 1958	Succeeded by Morarji Desai
Preceded by Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon	Minister of Defence 1962	Succeeded by Yashwantrao Chavan

Persondata
Name	Nehru, Jawaharlal
Alternative names	जवाहरलाल नेहरू, جواهر لال نهرو
Short description	1st Prime Minister of India
Date of birth	14 November 1889
Place of birth	Allahabad, United Provinces, British India
Date of death	27 May 1964
Place of death	New Delhi, Delhi, India

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[edit] Notable dates for universal suffrage in the world[citation needed]

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[edit] Notable dates for universal suffrage in the world^{[citation needed]}