Zoophilia, from the Greek ζῷον (zṓion, "animal") and φιλία (philia, "friendship" or "love") is the practice of sexual activity between humans and non-human animals (bestiality), or a preference for or fixation on such practice. People who practice zoophilia are known as zoophiles,[1] zoosexuals, or simply "zoos".[2] Zoophilia may also be known as zoosexuality.[2]
Although sex with animals is not outlawed in some countries, it is not explicitly condoned anywhere. In most countries, zoophilic sexual acts are illegal under animal abuse laws or laws dealing with "crimes against nature"; however, the notion that such acts are "abusive" is disputed.[3]
There are three terms that are most commonly used in regards to the subject: zoophilia, bestiality, and zoosexuality. The terms are usually relatively interchangeable. Zoosadism, sodomy, zooerasty and zooerastia[4] are other terms closely related to the subject but are less synonymous with the former terms and/or are not commonly used. "Bestiosexuality" was discussed briefly by Allen (1979), but never became established.
The term "zoophilia" was introduced into the field of research on sexuality in Psychopathia Sexualis (1886) by Krafft-Ebing, who described a number of cases of "violation of animals (bestiality)",[5] as well as "zoophilia erotica",[6] which he defined as a sexual attraction to animal skin or fur.
Zoophilia can refer to sexual activity with non-human animals (bestiality), the desire to do so, or to the paraphilia (atypical arousal) of the same name which indicates a definite preference for animals over humans as sexual partners.
Some zoophiles and researchers draw a distinction between zoophilia and bestiality, using the former to describe the desire to form sexual relationships with animals, and the latter to describe the sex acts alone.[7]
Bestiality is frequently misspelled as "beastiality".[8] Even when spelled "bestiality", the word has two common pronunciations, (/ˌbestʃiˈæləti/ or /ˌbistʃiˈæləti/), with the first syllable sounding either like "best" or "beast", The latter is more frequently used in the United States.[9]
Masters (1962) uses the term "bestialist" specifically in his discussion of zoosadism, which refers to deriving sexual pleasure from cruelty to animals. Stephanie LaFarge, an assistant professor of psychiatry at the New Jersey Medical School, and Director of Counseling at the ASPCA, writes that two groups can be distinguished: bestialists, who rape or abuse animals, and zoophiles, who form an emotional and sexual attachment to animals.[10] Williams and Weinberg studied self-defined zoophiles via the internet and found they saw the term as involving concern for the animal's welfare and pleasure, and an emphasis on believing they obtained consent, as opposed to the zoophile's concept of bestialists, who zoophiles defined as a group who focused only on their own gratification. Williams and Weinberg also quoted a British newspaper as saying that zoophilia is the term used by "apologists" of bestiality.[11]
The term "zoosexual" was cited by the researcher Miletski in the year 2002.[2] It was seen as a value-neutral term which would be less susceptible to being loaded with emotion or rhetoric. Usage of the noun "zoosexual" can be applied to both a "zoosexual (person)" which is synonymous with zoophile, and a "zoosexual act", meaning a sex act between a human and an animal. The term "zoosexuality" is often used by zoophile forums and support groups, which manifests as a person being romantically and/or sexually attracted to animals.[12][2]
Ernest Bornemann (1990, cited by Rosenbauer 1997) coined the separate term "zoosadism" for those who derive pleasure from inflicting pain on an animal, sometimes with a sexual component. Some horse-ripping incidents may have a sexual connotation.[13]
Krafft-Ebing, the same author who introduced zoophilia, used the term "zooerasty" for the paraphilia of exclusive sexual attraction to animals,[14] but the term has fallen out of use.
The Kinsey reports controversially rated the percentage of people who had sexual interaction with animals at some point in their lives as 8% for men and 3.6% for women, and claimed it was 40–50% in people living near farms,[14] but some later writers dispute the figures, because the study lacked a random sample in that it included a disproportional amount of prisoners, causing sampling bias. Martin Duberman has written that it is difficult to get a random sample in sexual research, and that even when Paul Gebhard, Kinsey's research successor, removed prison samples from the figures, he found the figures were not significantly changed.[15]
By 1974, the farm population in the USA had declined by 80 percent compared to 1940, reducing the opportunity to live with animals; Hunt's 1974 study suggests that these demographic changes led to a significant change in reported occurrences of bestiality. The percentage of males who reported sexual interactions with animals in 1974 was 4.9% (1948: 8.3%), and in females in 1974 was 1.9% (1953: 3.6%). Miletski believes this is not due to a reduction in interest but merely a reduction in opportunity.[16]
Nancy Friday's 1973 book on female sexuality, My Secret Garden, comprised around 190 fantasies from different women; of these, 23 involve zoophilic activity.[17]
In one study, psychiatric patients were found to have a statistically significant higher prevalence rate (55 percent) of reported bestiality, both actual sexual contacts (45 percent) and sexual fantasy (30 percent) than the control groups of medical in-patients (10 percent) and psychiatric staff (15 percent).[18] Crépault and Couture (1980) reported that 5.3 percent of the men they surveyed had fantasized about sexual activity with an animal during heterosexual intercourse.[19] A 1982 study suggested that 7.5 percent of 186 university students had interacted sexually with an animal.[20]
Sexual fantasies about zoophilic acts can occur in people who do not have any wish to experience them in real life. Nancy Friday notes that zoophilia as a fantasy may provide an escape from cultural expectations, restrictions, and judgements in regard to sex. A frequent interest in and sexual excitement at watching animals mate is cited as an indicator of latent zoophilia by Massen (1994). Masters (1962) says that some brothel madams used to stage exhibitions of animals mating, as they found it aroused potential clientele, and that this may have encouraged the clients to engage in bestiality.[21]
Several studies have found that women show stronger vaginal responses to films depicting bonobo copulation than to non-sexual stimuli.[22][23]
Zoophiles have been described as "occupying [many] different demographic categories: white, black, Asian, Mormon, Amish, Catholic, atheist, pagan, Jewish, male and female.".[24] In addition, people who "grew up in the country around animals were no more likely to become zoophiles than those who grew up in the city without them."[25]
In many jurisdictions, all forms of zoophilic acts are prohibited; others outlaw only the mistreatment of animals, without specific mention of sexual activity. In the UK, Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (also known as the Extreme Pornography Act) outlaws images of a person performing or appearing to perform an act of intercourse or oral sex with an animal (whether dead or alive).[26] Countries such as Belgium, Germany, and Russia are somewhere in between: they permit sexual activity with animals, but prohibit the promotion of animal-oriented pornography.[27]
Laws on zoophilia are often triggered by specific incidents.[28] While some laws are very specific, others employ vague terms such as "sodomy" or "bestiality," which lack legal precision and leave it unclear exactly which acts are covered. In the past, some bestiality laws may have been made in the belief that sex with an animal could result in monstrous offspring, as well as offending the community. Current anti-cruelty laws focus more specifically on animal welfare while anti-bestiality laws are aimed only at offenses to community "standards".[29] Notable legal views include Sweden, where a 2005 report by the Swedish Animal Welfare Agency for the government expressed concern over the increase in reports of horse-ripping incidents. The agency believed current animal cruelty legislation was not sufficient in protecting animals from abuse and needed updating, but concluded that on balance it was not appropriate to call for a ban.[30] In New Zealand, the 1989 Crimes Bill considered abolishing bestiality as a criminal offense, and instead viewing it as a mental health issue, but they did not, and people can still be prosecuted for it.[31]
Some countries once had laws against single males living with female animals, such as Alpacas.[citation needed] Copulating with a female alpaca is still specifically against the law in Peru.[32]
Having sex with animals is illegal in 35 U.S. states. Until 2005, there was a farm near Enumclaw, Washington that was described as an “animal brothel”, where people paid to have sex with animals. After an incident on 2 July 2005, when a man was pronounced dead in the emergency room of the Enumclaw community hospital after his colon ruptured due to having been sodomized by a horse, the farm garnered police attention. The state legislature of the State of Washington, which had been one of the few states in the United States without a law against bestiality, within six months passed a bill making bestiality illegal.[33][34]
Anti-zoosexual laws are often created by lone politicians who disapprove of bestiality; for example, Joe Arpaio of Arizona, Bob Lynn of Alaska and Nan Rich of Florida were all responsible for banning bestiality in their respective states.[35][36][37] When such laws are proposed, they are never questioned or debated (because of bestiality's taboo status).[38][39]
Infections that are transmitted from animals to humans are called zoonoses. Some zoonoses may be transferred through casual contact, but others are much more readily transferred by activities that expose humans to the semen, vaginal fluids, urine, saliva, feces and blood of animals. Examples of zoonoses are Brucellosis, Q fever, leptospirosis, and toxocariasis. Therefore sexual activity with animals is, in some instances, a high risk activity. Allergic reactions to animal semen may occur, including anaphylaxis. Bites and other trauma from penetration or trampling may occur.
The love of animals is not necessarily sexual in nature. In psychology and sociology the word "zoophilia" is sometimes used without sexual implications. Being fond of animals in general or pets in particular is accepted in Western society, and although sometimes ridiculed, it is usually respected or tolerated. However, the word zoophilia is usually used to mean a sexual preference towards animals which is acted upon,[40] a paraphilia. People who identify as zoophiles may feel their love for animals is romantic rather than purely sexual, and say this makes them different from those committing entirely sexually motivated acts of bestiality.[41] They may not act on their sexual attraction to animals.
An online survey which recruited participants over the internet concluded that prior to the arrival of widespread computer networking, most zoophiles would not have known other zoophiles, and for the most part engaged in zoophilia secretly, or told only trusted friends, family or partners. The internet and its predecessors made people able to search for information on topics which were not otherwise easily accessible and to communicate with relative safety and anonymity. Because of the diary-like intimacy of blogs and the anonymity of the internet, zoophiles had the ideal opportunity to "openly" express their sexuality.[42] As with many other alternate lifestyles, broader networks began forming in the 1980s when participating in networked social groups became more common at home and elsewhere.[43] Such developments in general were described by Markoff in 1990; the linking of computers meant that people thousands of miles apart could feel the intimacy akin to being in a small village together.[44] The popular[45] newsgroup alt.sex.bestiality, said to be in the top 1% of newsgroup interest (i.e. number 50 out of around 5000), – and reputedly started in humor[46] – along with personal bulletin boards and talkers, chief among them Sleepy's multiple worlds, Lintilla, and Planes of Existence, were among the first group media of this kind in the late 1980s and early 1990s. These groups rapidly drew together zoophiles, some of whom also created personal and social websites and internet forums. By around 1992–1994 it became accurate to say that a wide social net had evolved.[47] This was initially centered around the above-mentioned newsgroup, alt.sex.bestiality, which during the six years following 1990 had matured into a discussion and support group.[48][49][50][51] The newsgroup included information about health issues, laws governing zoophilia, bibliography relating to the subject, and community events.[52] Since the 1990s, other zoophile websites have been created and have grown in size; for example, the zoophile website and internet forum "beastforum.com" has more than one million members as of March 2012.[53][54]
Weinberg and Williams observe that the internet can socially integrate an incredibly large number of people. In Kinsey’s day contacts between animal lovers were more localized and limited to male compatriots in a particular rural community. Further, while the farm boys Kinsey researched might have been part of a rural culture in which sex with animals was a part, the sex itself did not define the community. The zoophile community is not known to be particularly large compared to other subcultures which make use of the internet, so Weinberg and Williams surmised its aims and beliefs would likely change little as it grew. Unlike what Ross et al. (2000) suggested about gay men, that those particularly active on the internet may not be aware of a wider subculture, as there is not much of a wider subculture[clarification needed], Weinberg and Williams felt the virtual zoophile group would lead the development of the subculture.[43]
There also exist websites which aim to provide support and social assistance to zoophiles (including resources to help and rescue abused or mistreated animals), but these are not usually well publicized. Such work is often undertaken as needed by individuals and friends, within social networks, and by word of mouth. One notable early attempt at creating a zoophile support structure focused on social and psychological support was the newsgroup soc.support.zoophilia, which was proposed in 1994 but narrowly failed to meet the 2/3 majority needed to be created[clarification needed]. There was also a German support group called "Interessengemeinschaft Zoophiler Menschen ("Zoophile Interest Group").[55]
Zoophiles tend to experience their first zoosexual feelings during adolescence, and tend to be secretive about it, hence limiting the ability for non-Internet communities to form:[56]
"I asked him [a zoophile] when he had his first inkling of being a zoophile. 'When you're a kid, you're not really aware of too much sexually,' he says. 'But I was always interested in animals, starting around age 10. It was an extension of my affection for the dog and of my discovery of sex. He's a male. I'm a male. I wanted to make him feel good.' His attraction to dogs became stronger in his teens and stronger yet in his 20s. 'For years, I thought I was the only one who did this,' James says. 'I felt like there was no one I could talk to about this. I definitely knew I wasn't going to be talking to my parents or my friends about this.'[...] 'This is not a fetish,' James says of his attractions. 'It's an orientation, a lifestyle.'"[56]
Zoophilia has been partly discussed by several sciences: Psychology (the study of the human mind), sexology (a relatively new discipline primarily studying human sexuality), ethology (the study of animal behavior), and anthrozoology (the study of human-animal interactions and bonds).
The nature of animal minds, animal mental processes and structures, and animal self-awareness, perception, emotion in animals, and "map of the world", are studied within animal cognition and also explored within various specialized branches of neuroscience such as neuroethology.
Zoophilia may also be covered to some degree by other fields such as ethics, philosophy, law, animal rights and animal welfare. It may also be touched upon by sociology which looks both at zoosadism in examining patterns and issues related to sexual abuse and at non-sexual zoophilia in examining the role of animals as emotional support and companionship in human lives, and may fall within the scope of psychiatry if it becomes necessary to consider its significance in a clinical context. The Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine (Vol. 18, February 2011) states that sexual contact with animals is almost never a clinically significant problem by itself;[57] it also states that there are several kinds of zoophiles:[57]
- Human-animal role-players
- Romantic zoophiles
- Zoophilic fantasizers
|
- Tactile zoophiles
- Fetishistic zoophiles
- Sadistic bestials
|
- Opportunistic zoophiles
- Regular zoophlies
- Exclusive zoophiles
|
Additionally, zoophiles in categories 2, 3, and 8 (romantic zoophiles, zoophilic fantisizers, and regular zoophiles) are the most common, while zoophiles found in categories 6 and 7 (sadistic bestials and opportunistic zoophiles) are the least common.[57]
Zoophilia may reflect childhood experimentation, sexual abuse or lack of other avenues of sexual expression. Exclusive desire for animals rather than humans is considered a rare paraphilia, and sufferers often have other paraphilias[58] with which they present. Zoophiles will not usually seek help for their condition, and so do not come to the attention of psychiatrists for zoophilia itself.[59] It was placed in the classification "paraphilias not otherwise specified." in the DSM-III and IV. The World Health Organization takes the same position, listing a sexual preference for animals in its ICD -10 as "other disorder of sexual preference".[60]
The DSM-IV (TR) (the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association) requires that the individual does not receive the diagnosis of zoophilia, as with most other paraphilias, unless it is accompanied by distress or interference with normal functioning on the part of the individual.[61]
The first detailed studies of zoophilia date from prior to 1910. Peer reviewed research into zoophilia in its own right started around 1960. However, a number of the most oft-quoted studies, such as Miletski, were not published in peer-reviewed journals. There have been several significant modern books, from Masters (1962) to Beetz (2002);[62] their research arrived at the following conclusions:
-
- Most zoophiles have (or have also had) long term human relationships as well or at the same time as zoosexual ones, and that zoosexual partners are usually dogs and/or horses (Masters, Miletski, Beetz)[62][63]
- Zoophiles' emotions and care for animals can be real, relational, authentic and (within animals' abilities) reciprocal, and not just a substitute or means of expression.[64] Beetz believes zoophilia is not an inclination which is chosen.[62]
- Society in general at present is considerably misinformed about zoophilia, its stereotypes, and its meaning.[62] The distinction between zoophilia and zoosadism is a critical one to these researchers, and is highlighted by each of these studies. Masters (1962), Miletski (1999) and Weinberg (2003) each comment significantly on the social harm caused by misunderstandings regarding zoophilia: "This destroy[s] the lives of many citizens".[62]
Beetz also states the following:
"The phenomenon of sexual contact with animals is starting to lose its taboo: it is appearing more often in scholarly publications, and the public are being confronted with it, too.[...] Sexual contact with animals – in the form of bestiality or zoophilia – needs to be discussed more openly and investigated in more detail by scholars working in disciplines such as animal ethics, animal behavior, anthrozoology, psychology, mental health, sociology, and the law."[65]
More recently, research has engaged three further directions – the speculation that at least some animals seem to enjoy a zoophilic relationship assuming sadism is not present, and can form an affectionate bond.[66] Similar findings are also reported by Kinsey (cited by Masters), and others earlier in history. Miletski (1999) notes that information on sex with animals on the internet is often very emphatic as to what the zoophile believes gives pleasure and how to identify what is perceived as consent beforehand. For instance, Jonathan Balcombe says animals do things for pleasure. But he himself says pet owners will be unimpressed by this statement, as this is not news to them.[67]
Beetz described the phenomenon of zoophilia/bestiality as being somewhere between crime, paraphilia and love, although she says that most research has been based on criminological reports, so the cases have frequently involved violence and psychiatric illness. She says only a few recent studies have taken data from volunteers in the community.[68] As with all volunteer surveys and sexual ones in particular, these studies have a potential for self-selection bias.[69]
Medical research suggests that some zoophiles only become aroused by a specific species (such as horses), some zoophiles become aroused by multiple species (which may or may not include humans), and some zoophiles are not attracted to humans at all.[70][71]
Passages in Leviticus 18 (Lev 18:23: "And you shall not lie with any beast and defile yourself with it, neither shall any woman give herself to a beast to lie with it: it is a perversion." RSV) and 20:15–16 ("If a man lies with a beast, he shall be put to death; and you shall kill the beast. If a woman approaches any beast and lies with it, you shall kill the woman and the beast; they shall be put to death, their blood is upon them." RSV) are cited by Jewish, Christian, and Muslim theologians as categorical denunciation of bestiality. However, the teachings of the New Testament has been interpreted by some as not expressly forbidding bestiality.[72]
In Part II of his Summa Theologica, medieval philosopher Thomas Aquinas ranked various "unnatural vices" (sex acts resulting in "venereal pleasure" rather than procreation) by degrees of sinfulness, concluding that "the most grievous is the sin of bestiality."[73] Some Christian theologians extend Matthew's view that even having thoughts of adultery is sinful to imply that thoughts of committing bestial acts are likewise sinful.
Man having intercourse with a horse, pictured on the exterior of a temple in
Khajuraho.
There are a few references in Hindu scriptures to religious figures engaging in symbolic sexual activity with animals such as explicit depictions of people having sex with animals included amongst the thousands of sculptures of "Life events" on the exterior of the temple complex at Khajuraho. The depictions are largely symbolic depictions of the sexualization of some animals and are not meant to be taken literally.[74]
In the Hindu tradition, having sex with a sacred cow is believed to bring good fortune.[75] In the Dharmaśāstra tradition, the Hindu Visnu Smrti says that having sex with an animal is not wrong if certain conditions are met.[76] And in the Manusmrti, mating between humans and animals is permitted:
"Some wise men value the seed, others the field, and still others the seed and the field. Since sages have been born in female animals by the power of the seed, and were honored and valued, the seed is valued (Manu 10.70–72)"[77]
The taboo of zoophilia has led to stigmatised groups being accused of it, as with
blood libel.
The phenomenon of sexual intercourse with animals is not new. Instances of this behavior have been found in the Bible.[78] In a cave painting from at least 8000 BC in the Northern Italian Val Camonica a man is shown about to penetrate an animal. Raymond Christinger interprets that as a show of power of a tribal chief,[79] and so we do not know if this practice was then more acceptable, and if the scene depicted was usual or unusual or whether it was symbolic or imaginary.[80] The Cambridge Illustrated History of Prehistoric Art says the scene may be humorous, as the penetrating man seems to be waving cheerfully with his hand at the same time. Potters seem to have spent time depicting the practice, but this may be because they found the idea amusing.[81] Dr "Jacobus X", said to be a nom-de-plume for a French author, said this was clearly "before any known taboos against sex with animals existed."[82] Marc Epprecht states that authors such as Jacobus X do not deserve respect because their methodology is based on hearsay, and was designed for voyeuristic titilation of the reader.[83] Masters said that since pre-historic man is prehistoric it goes without saying that we know little of his sexual behaviour,[84] depictions in cave paintings may only show the artist's subjective preoccupations or thoughts.
Masters feels that in antiquity bestiality was widespread, and believed it was often incorporated into religious ritual. He believes it to have taken place in ancient Egypt, claiming that the zoomorphic forms of Ancient Egyptian gods ensures that bestiality would have been part of their rites.[85] There is no evidence that the presence of gods with zoomorphic attributes ensures this in itself. However, Pindar, Herodotus, and Plutarch claimed the Egyptians engaged in ritual congress with goats.[86] Such claims about other cultures do not necessarily reflect anything about which the author had evidence, but be a form of propaganda or xenophobia, similar to blood libel.
Bestiality was accepted in some cultures indigenously, such as North America and the Middle East.[87] Sexual intercourse between humans and non-human animals was common among Native American tribes such as the Hopi Indians.[88] Voget describes the sexual lives of young Native Americans as "rather inclusive," including bestiality.[88] In addition, the Copper Inuit people had "no aversion to intercourse with live animals".[88]
Several cultures built temples (Khajuraho, India) or other structures (Sagaholm, barrow, Sweden) with zoophilic carvings on the exterior, however at Khajuraho these depictions are not on the interior, perhaps depicting that these are things that belong to the profane world rather than the spiritual world, and thus are to be left outside.
In the West, the most explicit records of sex involving humans and animals activity are associated with reports of the murderous sadism, torture and rape of the Roman games and circus, in which some authors estimate that several hundreds of thousands died. Masters believes beasts were specially trained to copulate with women: if the girls or women were unwilling then the animal would attempt rape. A surprising range of creatures was used for such purposes, and taught how to copulate vaginally or anally. Representations of scenes from the sexual lives of the gods, such as Pasiphaë and the Bull, were highly popular, often causing extreme suffering, injury or death. On occasion, the more ferocious beasts were permitted to kill and (if desired) devour their victims afterwards.[89]
In the Church-oriented culture of the Middle Ages zoophilic activity was met with execution, typically burning, and death to the animals involved either the same way or by hanging, as "both a violation of Biblical edicts and a degradation of man as a spiritual being rather than one that is purely animal and carnal.[90] Some witches were accused of having congress with the devil in the form of an animal. As with all accusations and confessions extracted under torture in the witch trials in Early Modern Europe, their validity cannot be ascertained.[91]
Because of its controversial nature, different countries vary in they treat discussion of bestiality. Often sexual matters are the subject of legal or regulatory requirement. For example, in 2005 the UK broadcasting regulator (OFCOM) updated its code stating that freedom of expression is at the heart of any democratic state. Adult audiences should be informed as to what they will be viewing or hearing, and the young, who cannot make a fully informed choice for themselves, should be protected. Hence a watershed and other precautions were set up for explicit sexual material, to protect young people. Zoophile activity and other sexual matters may be discussed, but only in an appropriate context and manner.[92]
The IPT was replaced after the Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act in 1993, replaced with bodies designed to allow both more debate and increased consistency, and possession and supply of material that it is decided are objectionable was made a criminal offence.[93]
References to bestiality are not uncommon in some media, usually comedy, especially cartoon series such as Family Guy (episode: "Screwed the Pooch") and South Park (Recurring themes), satirical comedy such as Borat, and films (especially shock exploitation films), although a few broadcasters such as Howard Stern (who joked about bestiality dial-a-date on NBC) and Tom Binns (whose Xfm London Breakfast Show resulted on one occasion in a live discussion about the ethics of zoophilic pornographic movies at peak child listening time) have been reprimanded by their stations for doing so.[citation needed] Mention in the media is often comical in nature. In literature, American novelist Kurt Vonnegut refers to a photo of a woman attempting sexual intercourse with a Shetland Pony in The Sirens of Titan, Slaughterhouse Five, and God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater. Philip K. Dick also refers to a photo of a woman copulating with a Shetland Pony in Flow My Tears The Policeman Said. John Irving's novel The Cider House Rules repeatedly mentions a pornographic photograph depicting oral sex on a pony. In Clerks II Randal orders a donkey show as a going away present for his best friend Dante, in which it is referred to as "interspecies erotica" by the male performer. In June 2011, comedian Stephen Colbert briefly discussed dolphin-oriented zoophilia in a segment about same-sex marriage in New York.[94]
Pornography involving sex with animals is widely illegal, even in most countries where the act itself is not explicitly outlawed. In the United States, zoophilic pornography (in common with other pornography) would be considered obscene if it did not meet the standards of the Miller Test and therefore is not openly sold, mailed, distributed or imported across state boundaries or within states which prohibit it. Under U.S. law, 'distribution' includes transmission across the Internet. Production and mere possession appear to be legal, however. U.S. prohibitions on distribution of sexual or obscene materials are as of 2005[update] in some doubt, having been ruled unconstitutional in United States v. Extreme Associates (a judgement which was overturned on appeal, December 2005). Similar restrictions apply in Germany (see above). In New Zealand the possession, making or distribution of material promoting bestiality is illegal.
The potential use of media for pornographic movies was seen from the start of the era of silent film. Polissons and Galipettes (re-released 2002 as "The Good Old Naughty Days") is a collection of early French silent films for brothel use, including some animal pornography, dating from around 1905 – 1930.
Material featuring sex with animals is widely available on the Internet, due to their ease of production, and because production and sale is legal in countries such as Denmark. Prior to the advent of mass-market full-color glossy magazines such as Playboy, so-called Tijuana Bibles were a form of pornographic tract popular in America, sold as anonymous underground publications typically comprising a small number of stapled comic-strips representing characters and celebrities.[95] The promotion of "stars" began with the Danish Bodil Joensen, in the period of 1969–72, along with other porn actors such as the Americans Linda Lovelace (Dogarama, 1969), Chessie Moore (multiple films, c. 1994), Kerri Downs (three films, 1998) and Calina Lynx (aka Kelly G'raffe) (two films, 1998). Another early film to attain great infamy was "Animal Farm", smuggled into Great Britain around 1980 without details as to makers or provenance.[96] The film was later traced to a crude juxtaposition of smuggled cuts from many of Bodil Joensen's 1970s Danish movies.
Into the 1980s the Dutch took the lead, creating figures like "Wilma" and the "Dutch Sisters". In 1980s, "bestiality" was featured in Italian adult films with actresses like Denise Dior, Francesca Ray, and Marina Hedman, manifested early in the softcore flick Bestialità in 1976.
Today, in Hungary, where production faces no legal limitations, zoophilic materials have become a substantial industry that produces numerous films and magazines, particularly for Dutch companies such as Topscore and Book & Film International, and the genre has stars such as "Hector", a Great Dane starring in several films. Many Hungarian mainstream performers also appeared anonymously in animal pornography in their early careers. For example, Suzy Spark.[97]
In Japan, animal pornography is used to bypass censorship laws, often featuring Japanese and Russian female models performing fellatio on animals, because oral penetration of a non-human penis is not in the scope of Japanese mosaic censor. Sakura Sakurada is an AV idol known to have appeared in animal pornography, specifically in the AV The Dog Game in 2006. While primarily underground, there are a number of animal pornography actresses who specialize in bestiality movies. A box-office success of the 1980s, 24 Horas de Sexo Explícito featured zoophilia.
In the UK Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 criminalises possession of realistic pornographic images depicting sex with animals (see extreme pornography), including fake images and simulated acts, as well as images depicting sex with dead animals, where no crime has taken place in the production. The law provides for sentences of up to two years in prison; a sentence of 12 months was handed down in one case in 2011.[98]
Pornography of this sort has become the business of certain spammers such as Jeremy Jaynes and owners of some fake TGPs, who use the promise of "extreme" material as a bid for users' attention.
Because of its controversial nature, people have developed arguments both for[99] and against[100] zoophilia.
Platonic love for animals is usually viewed positively, but most people express concern or disapproval of sexual interest, sometimes very strongly. Criticisms come from a variety of sources, including religious, moral, ethical, psychological, medical and social arguments.
Zoophilia is seen in the United Kingdom as profoundly disturbed behavior (as indicated by the UK Home Office review on sexual offences in 2002)[101] Andrea Beetz states there is evidence that violent zoosadistic approaches to sex with animals, often characterized by "binding, roping, threatening, beating", are linked to "violent behavior" and could be a "rehearsal for human-directed violence". Beetz argues that animals might be traumatized even by a non-violent, sexual approach from a human;[102] however, Beetz also says that in some cases, non-abusive bestiality can be reciprocally pleasurable for both the human and non-human animal.[102]
An argument from human dignity is given by Wesley J. Smith, a senior fellow and Intelligent Design proponent at the Center for Science and Culture of the conservative Christian Discovery Institute: – "such behavior is profoundly degrading and utterly subversive to the crucial understanding that human beings are unique, special, and of the highest moral worth in the known universe—a concept known as 'human exceptionalism' ... one of the reasons bestiality is condemned through law is that such degrading conduct unacceptably subverts standards of basic human dignity and is an affront to humankind's inestimable importance and intrinsic moral worth."[103] In Africa at one point bestiality was rumored to spread AIDS, and people avoided the meat or milk of such animals, leading to their being destroyed.[104]
One of the primary critiques of zoophilia is that zoophilic activity is harmful to animals and necessarily abusive, because animals are unable to give or withhold consent.[105]
The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) has said that as animals don't have the same capacity for thinking as humans, they are unable to give full consent. The HSUS takes the position that all sexual activity between humans and animals is abusive, whether it involves physical injury or not.[106] In his 1993 article, Dr. Frank Ascione stated that "bestiality may be considered abusive even in cases when physical harm to an animal does not occur." In a 1997 article, Piers Beirne, Professor of Criminology at the University of Southern Maine, points out that 'for genuine consent to sexual relations to be present...both participants must be conscious, fully informed and positive in their desires.'[107][108]
A drawing from the 15th century sexual book in Iran, depicting the dog humping the woman
Defenders of zoophilia argue that "consent" is irrelevant because human practices (such as hunting, laboratory testing, and slaughtering animals for meat) do not involve the consent of the animal.[109] Brian Cutteridge states the following regarding this argument:
"Animal sexual autonomy is regularly violated for human financial gain through procedures such as [artificial insemination]. Such procedures are probably more disturbing physically and psychologically than acts of zoophilia would be, yet the issue of consent on the part of the animal is never raised in the discussion of such procedures. To confine the 'right' of any animal strictly to acts of zoophilia is thus to make a law [against zoophilia] based not on reason but on moral prejudice, and to breach the constitutional rights of zoophiles to due process and equality before the law. [...] Laws which criminalize zoophilia based on societal abhorrence of such acts rather than any real harm caused by such acts are an unjust and unconstitutional infringement on individual liberty."[110]
Miletski believes that "Animals are capable of sexual consent – and even initiation – in their own way."[111] It is not an uncommon practice for dogs to attempt to copulate with ("hump") the legs of people of both genders.[112] Rosenberger (1968) emphasizes that as far as cunnilingus is concerned, dogs require no training, and even Dekkers (1994) and Menninger (1951) admit that sometimes animals take the initiative and do so impulsively.[102] Those supporting zoophilia feel animals sometimes even seem to enjoy the sexual attention[113] or to initiate it.[114] Animals such as dogs can be willing participants in sexual activity with humans, and "seem to enjoy the attention provided by the sexual interaction with a human."[110] Animal owners normally know what their own pets like or do not like. Most people can tell if an animal does not like how it is being petted, because it will move away. An animal that is liking being petted pushes against the hand, and seems to enjoy it. To those defending zoopilia this is seen as a way in which animals give consent, or the fact that a dog might wag its tail.[115]
Utilitarian philosopher and animal liberation author Peter Singer argues that zoophilia is not unethical so long as it involves no harm or cruelty to the animal[116] (see Harm principle). In the article "Heavy Petting,"[117] Singer argues that zoosexual activity need not be abusive, and that relationships could form which were mutually enjoyed. Singer and others have argued that people's dislike of bestiality is partly caused by irrational speciesism and anthropocentrism.[118][119] Because interspecies sex occurs in nature,[120] and because humans are animals,[121] it is argued that zoophilic activity is not "unnatural" and is not intrinsically wrong.[122][123]
Zoophiles claim that they are not abusive towards animals:[124]
"In other recent surveys, the majority of zoophiles scoffed at the notion that they were abusive toward animals in any way—far from it, they said. Many even consider themselves to be animal welfare advocates in addition to zoophiles."[124]
Jacob M. Appel has also advocated for the decriminalization of bestialty, arguing that lack of consent is not a meaningful concept when discussing human-animal sex. He has written that society does "not describe owning a pet dog as kidnapping, even when the canine is restricted to the inside of a home, although confining a human being in the same manner would clearly be unethical." According to Appel, such relations "may well be neutral or even pleasurable for the animals concerned", and are primarily prohibited because of social taboos, not for any defensible philosophical reason.[125]
Research has proven that non-human animals can and do have sex for non-reproductive purposes.[126] In 2006, a Danish Animal Ethics Council report concluded that ethically performed bestiality is capable of providing a positive experience for all participants, and that some non-human animals are sexually attracted to humans.[127] Those who practice bestiality say they're "part of the next sexual rights movement."[3]
- Andrea Beetz PhD: Bestiality and Zoophilia (2005), ISBN 978-1-55753-412-5
- Andrea Beetz PhD: Love, Violence, and Sexuality in Relationships between Humans and Animals (2002), ISBN 978-3-8322-0020-6
- Christopher M. Earls and Martin L. Lalumiere: A Case Study of Preferential Bestiality (Zoophilia), 2007, Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 14(1), 83–88.
- Professors Colin J. Williams and Martin S. Weinberg: Zoophilia in Men: a study of sexual interest in animals in: Archives of sexual behavior, Vol. 32, No.6, December 2003, pp. 523–535
- Ellison, Alfred, Sex Between Humans & Animals: The Psycho-Mythic Meaning of Bestiality, San Diego: Academy Press, 1970. [paperback, volumes 1 and 2]
- Hani Miletski PhD: Bestiality – Zoophilia: An exploratory study, Diss., The Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality. – San Francisco, CA, October 1999
- Hani Miletski PhD: Bestiality/zoophilia – An exploratory study, 2000, Scandinavian Journal of Sexology, 3(4), 149–150.
- Hani Miletski PhD: Understanding Bestiality and Zoophilia, 2002, available at Hani Miletski's Homepage (Book review by Journal of Sex Research, May 2003)
- Hans Hentig PhD: Soziologie der Zoophilen Neigung (Sociology of the Zoophile Preference) (1962)
- Harris, Edwin. Animals as Sex Partners, 1969
- Havelock Ellis, Studies in the psychology of sex, Vol. V (1927) ch.4
covering Animals as Sources of Erotic Symbolism—Mixoscopic Zoophilia—Erotic Zoophilia—Zooerastia—Bestiality—The Conditions that Favor Bestiality—Its Wide Prevalence Among Primitive Peoples and Among Peasants—The Primitive Conception of Animals—The Goat—The Influence of Familiarity with Animals—Congress Between Women and Animals—The Social Reaction Against Bestiality. online version
- Josef Massen: Zoophilie – Die sexuelle Liebe zu Tieren (Zoophilia – the sexual love of/for animals) (1994), ISBN 978-3-930387-15-1
- Kahn, Richard. Zoophilia and Bestiality: Cross-cultural Perspectives. In Marc Bekoff (ed.), Encyclopedia of Human-Animal Relationships. Greenwood Press, (2007).
- Lindzey, A. "On Zoophilia". The Animals' Agenda, Westport: May/Jun 2000. Vol. 20, Iss. 3; p. 29.
- Podberscek, Anthony L, Elizabeth S. Paul, James A. Serpell eds. Companion Animals and Us : Exploring the Relationships between People and Pets, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978052163113
- Roland Grassberger PhD: Die Unzucht mit Tieren (Sex with Animals) (1968)
- S. Dittert, O. Seidl and M. Soyka: Zoophilie zwischen Pathologie und Normalität: Darstellung dreier Kasuistiken und einer Internetbefragung (Zoophilia as a special case of paraphilia: presentation of three case reports and an Internet survey) – in: Der Nervenarzt : Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Nervenheilkunde; Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurologie, 2004, published online in German 10 June 2004 (PDF) English machine translation[dead link]
- Midas Dekkers: Dearest Pet: On Bestiality, ISBN 978-1-85984-310-9
- Mark Matthews: The Horseman: Obsessions of a Zoophile, ISBN 978-0-87975-902-5
(German translation: Der Pferde-Mann, 2nd Print 2004, ISBN 978-3-8334-0864-9)
- Marjorie B. Garber: Dog Love, ISBN 978-0-641-04272-0
- Gaston Dubois-Dessaule: Etude sur la bestialité au point de vue historique, médical et juridique (The Study of Bestiality from the Historical, Medical and Legal Viewpoint) (Paris, 1905)
-
- Reprinted 2003 as – Gaston Dubois-Desaulle: Bestiality: An Historical, Medical, Legal, and Literary Study, University Press of the Pacific (1 November 2003), ISBN 978-1-4102-0947-4 (Paperback Ed.)
- A.F. Neimoller:
- Bestiality and the Law: A Resume of the Law and Punishments for Bestiality with Typical Cases from Fifteenth Century to the Present (1946)
- Bestiality in Ancient and Modern Times: A Study of the Sexual Relations of Man and Animals in All Times and Countries (1946)
- Marie-Christine Anest: Zoophilie, homosexualite, rites de passage et initiation masculine dans la Greece contemporaine (Zoophilia, homosexuality, rites of passage and male initiation in contemporary Greece) (1994), ISBN 2-7384-2146-6
- Robert Hough: The Final Confession Of Mabel Stark (Stark was the world's premier tiger trainer of the 1920s, specializing in highly sexualized circus acts. She wore white outfits to hide the tiger's semen during mating rituals and foreplay, which the audience took to be vicious attacks.)
- Otto Soyka: Beyond the Boundary of Morals
- Animal Sex (October 2009) "Bizarre Magazine speak to a couple who run bestiality web sites and star in the films"
- The Joy Of Beasts (3 December 2000, Independent on Sunday, UK)
- Heavy Petting (2001, Peter Singer Nerve.com)
- Sexual Contact With Animals (October 1977, Pomeroy PhD) (co-author of the Kinsey Reports)
- All opposed, say "neigh" (1999, RiverFront Times, discussing the British documentary and Missouri's legislation)
- A Goat's Eyes are so Beautiful (May 2004) "Tanya Gold, reviewing the Edward Albee play, finds that love affairs with pets are not as unusual as you'd think"
- Animal passions (part of the Hidden Love series) (1999, follow-up sequel 2004, Channel 4, UK): Ofcom [the UK television regulator] reported that: "This was a serious documentary exploring a rare minority sexual orientation. Although the programme gave an opportunity for zoophiles to express their opinions, the effect was neither to sensationalise nor normalise their behaviour."
- Sexe et confidences (April 2002, CBSC Decision C01/02-329, Canada): Hour-long sex information program hosted by sexologist Louise-Andrée Saulnier discussing zoophilia. Covered folklore, academic studies and general information, plus telephone call-in from viewers describing their zoophilic experiences and stories they had heard.
- Talk Sport Radio (December 2002, UK): Live talkshow interview with lifelong zoophile, followed by call-in discussion.
- Animal Love (1995, Ulrich Seidl, Austria)
- Zoo (2007), a documentary of the life and death of Kenneth Pinyan, and those who came to Enumclaw for a similar reason. One of 16 out of 856 candidates awarded a place at the Sundance Film Festival 2007.
- Sleeping Dogs Lie (also known as 'Stay'): A romantic comedy in which a girl's engagement is heavily tested when she confesses to her fiance that when younger she performed oral sex on her dog.
- Vase de Noces, a controversial Belgian art film about the disturbing sexual relationship between a man and his pig.
| Animal studies |
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Human sexuality
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| Human/nonhuman interaction |
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| Ethics, morality and philosophy |
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- ^ "Zoophilia," Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2009; Retrieved 24 January 2009.
- ^ a b c d Ascione, Frank (28 February 2010). The International Handbook of Animal Abuse and Cruelty: Theory, Research, and Application. ISBN 978-1-55753-565-8. http://books.google.com/?id=G_MwT9OHj4AC&pg=PA201&dq=zoophilia#v=onepage&q=zoophilia&f=false.
- ^ a b Thomas Francis (20 August 2009). "Those who practice bestiality say they're part of the next gay rights movement". Browardpalmbeach.com. http://www.browardpalmbeach.com/2009-08-20/news/those-who-practice-bestiality-say-they-re-part-of-the-next-gay-rights-movement/. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ "zooerastia definition". Medical dictionary. Dictionary.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/zooerastia. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ^ Richard von Krafft-Ebing: Psychopathia Sexualis, p. 561.
- ^ Richard von Krafft-Ebing: Psychopathia Sexualis, p. 281.
- ^ "Sexuality.about.com". Sexuality.about.com. http://sexuality.about.com/od/glossary/g/zoophilia.htm. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ "Common misspellings of bestiality". How do you spell?. http://www.how-do-you-spell.com/beastiality. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ^ "Pronunciation of bestiality". MacMillan Dictionary. http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/american/bestiality. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ^ Melinda Roth (15 December 1991). "All Opposed, Say Neigh". Riverfront Times. http://www.riverfronttimes.com/1999-12-15/news/all-opposed-say-neigh/. Retrieved 24 January 2009.
- ^ Williams CJ, Weinberg MS (December 2003). "Zoophilia in men: a study of sexual interest in animals". Archives of Sexual Behavior 32 (6): 523–35. DOI:10.1023/A:1026085410617. PMID 14574096.
- ^ "What is zoosexuality". Information on Zoosexuality. zoosexuality.org. http://zoosexuality.org/?id=1. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
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- ^ a b D. Richard Laws and William T. O'Donohue: Books.Google.co.uk, Sexual Deviance, page 391. Guilford Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-59385-605-2.
- ^ Richard Duberman: KinseyInstitute.org, Kinsey's Urethra The Nation, 3 November 1997, pp. 40–43. Review of Alfred C. Kinsey: A Public/Private Life. By James H. Jones.
- ^ Hunt 1974, cited and re-examined by Miletski (1999)
- ^ Nancy Friday: My Secret Garden, Pocket Books. Revised edition 1998. ISBN 978-0-671-01987-7
- ^ Alvarez WA, Freinhar JP (1991). "A prevalence study of bestiality (zoophilia) in psychiatric in-patients, medical in-patients, and psychiatric staff". International Journal of Psychosomatics 38 (1–4): 45–7. PMID 1778686.
- ^ Crépault C, Couture M (December 1980). "Men's erotic fantasies". Archives of Sexual Behavior 9 (6): 565–81. DOI:10.1007/BF01542159. PMID 7458662.
- ^ Story MD (1982). "A comparison of university student experience with various sexual outlets in 1974 and 1980". Adolescence 17 (68): 737–47. PMID 7164870.
- ^ R.E.L. Masters: Forbidden Sexual behavior and Morality. New York, NY 1962, Lancer Books, Inc. (Section "Psychical bestiality").
- ^ Chivers ML, Seto MC, Blanchard R (December 2007). "Gender and sexual orientation differences in sexual response to sexual activities versus gender of actors in sexual films". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 93 (6): 1108–21. DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.93.6.1108. PMID 18072857. http://www.indiana.edu/~sexlab/files/pubs/Chivers_Seto_Blanchard_2007.pdf.
- ^ Chivers ML, Bailey JM (October 2005). "A sex difference in features that elicit genital response". Biological Psychology 70 (2): 115–20. DOI:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.12.002. PMID 16168255.
- ^ Thomas Francis (20 August 2009). "Those Who Practice Bestiality Say They're Part of the Next Sexual Rights Movement – Page 3 – News – Broward/Palm Beach – New Times Broward-Palm Beach". Broward/Palm Beach. http://www.browardpalmbeach.com/2009-08-20/news/those-who-practice-bestiality-say-they-re-part-of-the-next-gay-rights-movement/3/. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ Thomas Francis (20 August 2009). "Those Who Practice Bestiality Say They're Part of the Next Sexual Rights Movement – Page 4 – News – Broward/Palm Beach – New Times Broward-Palm Beach". Broward/Palm Beach. http://www.browardpalmbeach.com/2009-08-20/news/those-who-practice-bestiality-say-they-re-part-of-the-next-gay-rights-movement/4/. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ "Section 63 – Possession of extreme pornographic images". Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008. 2008. http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2008/ukpga_20080004_en_9#pt5-pb1-l1g63.
- ^ Bundesrecht.Juris.de, § 184a Verbreitung gewalt- oder tierpornographischer Schriften Distribution of violent or animal pornographic publications in Strafgesetzbuch
- ^ Howard Fischer: AZstarnet.com, Lawmakers hope to outlaw bestiality Arizona Daily Star, 28 March 2006. In Arizona, the motive for legislation was a "spate of recent cases."
- ^ Posner, Richard, A Guide to America's Sex Laws, The University of Chicago Press, 1996. ISBN 978-0-226-67564-0. Page 207
- ^ "TheLocal.se". TheLocal.se. 26 January 2012. http://www.thelocal.se/article.php?ID=1357. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ HighBeam.com NSW: New Zealand man charged with bestiality and animal cruelty
- ^ Books.Gooble.co.uk The Real Drug Abusers
- ^ Johnston, Lynda and Longhurst, Robyn Space, Place, and Sex Lanham, Maryland:2010 Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Page 110
- ^ "Man dies after sex with horse". News24, 19 July 2005
- ^ http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/mar/16/sheriff-says-craigslist-facilitates-bestiality
- ^ http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/01/27/bill-to-criminalize-bestiality-advances-in-alaska-legislature/
- ^ http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-05-06/news/29534132_1_bestiality-bill-house-leaders-new-bill
- ^ http://weblogs.sun-sentinel.com/news/politics/dcblog/2011/03/senate_again_passes_bestiality.html
- ^ http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=animal-lovers-zoophiles-make-scient-2010-03-24
- ^ Books.Google.co.uk The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science, page 1050
- ^ Books.Google.co.uk Law and Nature, page 252
- ^ Montclair, 1997, cited by Miletski 1999 p.35
- ^ a b Weinberg and Williams
- ^ Markoff, 1990
- ^ Groups.Google.com, Google groups
- ^ Miletski p.35
- ^ Miletski (1999)
- ^ Milteski (1999), p.35
- ^ Andriette, 1996
- ^ Fox, 1994
- ^ Montclair, 1997.
- ^ Donofrio, 1996.
- ^ "Beast Forum statistics". Big-boards.com. http://www.big-boards.com/board/1626/. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
- ^ "The Worlds Largest Bestiality Board". BeastForum.com. http://www.beastforum.com. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ Miletski (1999) p. 22
- ^ a b Thomas Francis (20 August 2009). "Those Who Practice Bestiality Say They're Part of the Next Sexual Rights Movement – Page 2 – News – Broward/Palm Beach – New Times Broward-Palm Beach". Broward/Palm Beach. http://www.browardpalmbeach.com/2009-08-20/news/those-who-practice-bestiality-say-they-re-part-of-the-next-gay-rights-movement/2/. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ a b c "Sciencedirect.com". Sciencedirect.com. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1752928X11000102. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ Books.Google.co.uk Sexual Deviance, page 391
- ^ Books.Google.co.uk What Every Patient, Family, Friend, and Caregiver Needs to Know about Psychiatry page 133
- ^ "International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10, F65.8 Other disorders of sexual preference". Who.int. http://www.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ Miletski, H. "Zoophilia – Implications for Therapy," JSET, 26, 85–86.
- ^ a b c d e Beetz 2002, section 5.2.4 – 5.2.7
- ^ "Forensic And Medico-legal Aspects of Sexual Crimes And Unusual Sexual Practices – Anil Aggrawal". Google Books. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uNkNhPZQprcC&pg=PA257&dq=zoophilia+most+common+animal&lr=#PPA258. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ (Masters, Miletski, Weinberg, Beetz)
- ^ "Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals – Google Boeken". Google Books. http://books.google.com/books?id=Z-GbOvrbniQC&lpg=PT91&ots=gnVddgmO5P&dq=beetz%202002%20zoophilia&pg=PT94#v=onepage&q=beetz%202002%20zoophilia&f=false. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ Masters, 1962
- ^ Jonathan Balcombe. "Guardian.co.uk". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2006/may/29/animalbehaviour.evolution. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ Scie-SocialCareOnline.org.uk Bestiality/Zoophilia: A Scarcely-Investigated Phenomenon Between Crime, Paraphilia, and Love
- ^ Books.Google.co.uk Pornography and Sexual Representation, p.980
- ^ Christopher M. Earls1 and Martin L. Lalumiere2 (1 January 2002). "A Case Study of Preferential Bestiality (Zoophilia)". Sax.sagepub.com. http://sax.sagepub.com/content/14/1/83.short. Retrieved 22 November 2011.
- ^ USA (3 October 2011). "1. An uncommon case of zoophilia: a case report. [Med Sci Law. 2005] – PubMed – NCBI". Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15895645. Retrieved 22 November 2011.
- ^ http://www.reclaimingthemind.org/papers/ets/2001/Plummer/Plummer.pdf
- ^ Fordham.edu Aquinas on Unnatural Sex
- ^ The Critical and Cultural Study of the Shatapatha Brahmana by Swami Satya Prakash Saraswati, p. 415
- ^ "Questia.com". Questia.com. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5037624458. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ "Eforum6.cari.com.my". Eforum6.cari.com.my. http://eforum6.cari.com.my/mobile/index.php?tid-324993.html. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ Books.google.com
- ^ Aggrawal A (April 2009). "References to the paraphilias and sexual crimes in the Bible". Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 16 (3): 109–14. DOI:10.1016/j.jflm.2008.07.006. PMID 19239958.
- ^ Archaeometry.org, Link to web page and photograph, archaeometry.org
- ^ Bookds.google.co.uk Worshippers and Warriors
- ^ Books.Google.co.uk, The Cambridge Illustrated History of Prehistoric Art, p.188
- ^ Abuses Aberrations and Crimes of the Genital Sense, 1901
- ^ Books.Google.co.uk "Bisexuality" and the politics of normal in African Ethnography, Anthropologica, Canadian Anthropology Society, Vol.48 No.2 2006 p.193
- ^ Forbidden Sexual Behavior and Morality, Masters, Robert E. L., p. 5
- ^ Masters, "Prehistory of bestiality", part of his 1962 paper, 1966 edition, p.10
- ^ Books.Google.co.uk, Human Sexuality, p.61
- ^ Books.Google.co.uk, Encyclopedia of Women and Gender, p.298
- ^ a b c Voget, F. W. (1961) Sex life of the American Indians, in Ellis, A. & Abarbanel, A. (Eds.) The Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behavior, Volume 1. London: W. Heinemann, p90-109
- ^ R.E.L. Masters, "The Prostitute In Society", Mayflower Books
- ^ Masters (1962)
- ^ Books.Google.co.uk, Human Sexuality, page 61
- ^ "OFCOM Broadcasting Code". Ofcom.org.uk. 28 February 2011. http://www.ofcom.org.uk/tv/ifi/codes/bcode/?a=87101. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ Scholar.Google.co.uk An Objectionable offence (a critique of this part of the act)
- ^ "Colbernation.com". Colbertnation.com. 27 June 2011. http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/390703/june-27-2011/legalized-gay-marriage---dolphin-love. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ An example digitized Tijuana Bible entitled The Pet from the 1960s is linked at tijuanabibles.org page link (also see full size and search).
- ^ Channel14Sales.com[dead link] The Search for Animal Farm (documentary, part of the Dark Side of Porn series) (April 2006, Channel 4, UK)
- ^ EuroBabeIndex.com, Suzy Spark
- ^ ‘Acts of depravity’ found on dad’s computer, Reading Post, 26 January 2011
- ^ Pablo Stafforini. "Heavy Petting, by Peter Singer". Utilitarian.net. http://www.utilitarian.net/singer/by/2001----.htm. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ "Bestiality and Lack of Consent « StopBestiality". Stopbestiality.wordpress.com. http://stopbestiality.wordpress.com/2010/12/12/bestiality-and-lack-of-consent/. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ Archive2official-documents.co.uk (section 79, p.33)
- ^ a b c Beetz 2002, section 5.2.8
- ^ Wesleyjsmith.com and Weeklystandard.com, 31 August 2005
- ^ News24.com Bestiality new Aids myth – SPCA
- ^ Regan, Tom. Animal Rights, Human Wrongs. Rowman & Littlefield, 2003, pp. 63–4, 89.
- ^ Sex Abuse, NManimalControl.com
- ^ "NmanimalControl.com". NmanimalControl.com. http://www.nmanimalcontrol.com/aco_fo/sex_abuse/. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ Ascione(1993) Children Who Are Cruel to Animals: A Review of Research and Implications for Developmental Psychology, Anthrozoos, 6 (4): 226–247, also cited by Beetz (2002)
- ^ Posted on 28 February 2011 by Lucas Wachob (28 February 2011). "Column: In defense of chicken ‘lovers’ – The Breeze: Columnists". Breezejmu.org. http://www.breezejmu.org/opinion/columnists/article_f08fbb0c-42ca-11e0-ab43-00127992bc8b.html. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ a b "Inter-disciplinary.net" (PDF). http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/cutteridgepaper.pdf. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ Miltski, 1999, p.50
- ^ Cauldwell, 1948 & 1968; Queen, 1997
- ^ Blake, 1971, and Greenwood, 1963, both cited in Miletski, 1999
- ^ Dekkers, 1994
- ^ (Einsenhaim, 1971, cited in Katmandu, 2004)"
- ^ Singer, Peter. Heavy Petting, Nerve, 2001.
- ^ Pablo Stafforini. "Utilitarian.com". Utilitarian.com. http://www.utilitarian.net/singer/by/2001----.htm. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ Tadd Ruetenik (21 April 2010). "Animal Liberation or Human Redemption: Racism and Speciesism in Toni Morrison's Beloved". Isle.oxfordjournals.org. http://isle.oxfordjournals.org/content/17/2/317.short. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ "Project MUSE – American Bestiality: Sex, Animals, and the Construction of Subjectivity". Muse.jhu.edu. 21 March 2006. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/cultural_critique/v076/76.boggs.html. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ "Interspecies Sex: Evolution's Hidden Secret?". News.nationalgeographic.com. 28 October 2010. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/03/070314-hybrids.html. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ http://www.stanford.edu/group/pwruab/cgi-bin/pwrofthepen/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/kerstin-grune1.pdf
- ^ "Taylor & Francis Online :: Screwing the Pooch: Legitimizing Accounts in a Zoophilia On-line Community – Deviant Behavior – Volume 32, Issue 10". Tandfonline.com. 17 October 2011. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01639625.2010.538356. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ "The Unjustified Prohibition against Bestiality: Why the Laws in Opposition Can Find No Support under the Harm Principle by Michael Roberts :: SSRN". Papers.ssrn.com. DOI:10.2139/ssrn.1328310. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1328310. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ a b Bering, Jesse. "Animal Lovers: Zoophiles Make Scientists Rethink Human Sexuality | Bering in Mind, Scientific American Blog Network". Blogs.scientificamerican.com. http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/bering-in-mind/2010/03/24/animal-lovers-zoophiles-make-scientists-rethink-human-sexuality/. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ Appel, Jacob M. (13 March 2009) "Three Reasons Society Shouldn't Rush to Condemn Bestiality", Opposing Views
- ^ "Animal Homosexuality: A Biosocial Perspective – Aldo Poiani, A. F. Dixson – Google Boeken". Google Books. 19 August 2010. http://books.google.com/books?id=EftT_1bsPOAC&lpg=PR7&ots=dEaLdiussh&dq=animals%20homosexuality&lr&pg=PR7#v=onepage&q=animals%20homosexuality&f=false;. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ Danish Animal Ethics Council report Udtalelse om menneskers seksuelle omgang med dyr published November 2006. Council members included two academics, two farmers/smallholders, and two veterinary surgeons, as well as a third veterinary surgeon acting as secretary.
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Zoosexuality
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