- published: 18 Nov 2009
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- author: Lord Raven
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Armenia
Armenia
i/ɑrˈmiːniə/ (Armenian: Հայաստան Hayastan [hɑjɑsˈtɑn]), officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն, Hayastani Hanrapetut’yun, [hɑjɑstɑˈni hɑnɾɑpɛtuˈtʰjun]), is a landlocked, mountainous country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south.
A former republic of the Soviet Union, Armenia is a unitary, multiparty, democratic nation-state with an ancient and historic cultural heritage. The Kingdom of Armenia became the first state in the world to adopt Christianity as its religion, in the early years of the 4th century (the traditional date is 301 AD). The modern Republic of Armenia recognizes the Armenian Apostolic Church, the world's oldest national church, as the country's primary religious establishment. Armenians have their own unique alphabet invented by Mesrob Mashtots in 406 AD.
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Astrakhan
Astrakhan (Russian: Астрахань, tr. Astrakhanʹ; IPA: [ˈastrəxənʲ]) is a major city in southern European Russia and the administrative center of Astrakhan Oblast. The city lies on the left bank of the Volga River, close to where it discharges into the Caspian Sea at an altitude of 28 meters (92 ft) below sea level. Population: 520,662 (2010 Census preliminary results); 504,501 (2002 Census); 509,210 (1989 Census).
Astrakhan is situated in the Volga Delta, rich in sturgeon and exotic plants. The fertile area formerly contained the capitals of Khazaria and the Golden Horde. Astrakhan' itself was first mentioned by travellers in the early 13th century as Xacitarxan. Tamerlane burnt it to the ground in 1395. From 1459 to 1556, Xacitarxan was the capital of Astrakhan Khanate. The ruins of this medieval settlement were found by archaeologists 12 km upstream from the modern-day city.
In 1556, the khanate was conquered by Ivan the Terrible, who had a new fortress, or kremlin, built on a steep hill overlooking the Volga. In 1569, Astrakhan was besieged by the Cossack Ottoman army, which had to retreat in disarray. A year later, the Sultan renounced his claims to Astrakhan, thus opening the entire Volga River to Russian traffic. In the 17th century, the city was developed as a Russian gate to the Orient. Many merchants from Armenia, Persia, India and Khiva settled in the town, giving it a multinational and variegated character.
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Białystok
Białystok ([bʲaˈwɨstɔk] (
listen)) (Belarusian: Беласток, Biełastok) is the largest city in northeastern Poland and the capital of the Podlaskie Voivodeship. Located in the North Podlasie Lowland (pl:Nizina Północnopodlaska) on the banks of the Biała River, Białystok ranks second in terms of population density, eleventh in population, and thirteenth in area, of the cities of Poland. It has historically attracted migrants from elsewhere in Poland and beyond, particularly from Central and Eastern Europe. This is facilitated by the fact that the nearby border with Belarus is also the eastern border of the European Union, as well as the Schengen Area. The city and its adjacent municipalities constitute Metropolitan Białystok. The city has a Warm Summer Continental climate, characterized by warm summers and long frosty winters. Forests are an important part of Białystok's character, and occupy around 1,756 ha (4,340 acres) (17.2% of the administrative area of the city) which places it as the fifth most "wooded" city in Poland.
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Bulgaria
Coordinates: 42°45′N 25°30′E / 42.75°N 25.5°E / 42.75; 25.5
Bulgariai/bʌlˈɡɛəriə/ (Bulgarian: България, IPA: [bɤ̞ɫˈɡarijɐ]), is a country located in Southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and the Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south and the Black Sea to the east. With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres (42,855 sq mi), Bulgaria is Europe's 14th-largest country. Its location has made it a historical crossroad for various civilisations and as such it is the home of some of the earliest metalworking, religious and other cultural artifacts in the world.
Prehistoric cultures began developing on Bulgarian lands during the Neolithic period. Its ancient history was marked by the presence of the Thracians, and later by the Greeks and Romans. The emergence of a unified Bulgarian ethnicity and state dates back to the First Bulgarian Empire, which dominated most of the Balkans and functioned as a cultural hub for Slavic peoples during the Middle Ages. With the downfall of the Second Bulgarian Empire in 1396, its territories came under Ottoman rule for nearly five hundred years. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 resulted in the Third Bulgarian State, recognised in 1908. The following years saw several conflicts with its neighbours, which prompted Bulgaria to align with Germany in both World Wars. In 1946 it became a Communist republic with a single-party system until 1989, when the Communist Party allowed multi-party elections. After 1990 Bulgaria transitioned to democracy and a market-based economy.
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Caucasian Iberia
Iberia (Georgian — იბერია, Latin: Iberia and Greek: Ἰβηρία), also known as Iveria (Georgian: ივერია), was a name given by the ancient Greeks and Romans to the ancient Georgian kingdom of Kartli (4th century BC – 5th century AD), corresponding roughly to the eastern and southern parts of the present day Georgia. The term Caucasian Iberia (or Eastern Iberia) is used to distinguish it from the Iberian Peninsula, where the present day countries of Spain, Portugal and Andorra are located.
The Caucasian Iberians provided a basis for later Georgian statehood and along with Colchis (early western Georgian state) formed a core of the present day Georgian people (or Kartvelians).
One theory on the etymology of the name Iberia, proposed by Giorgi Melikishvili, was that it was derived from the contemporary Armenian designation for Georgia, Virkʿ (Armenian: Վիրք, and Ivirkʿ [Իվիրք] and Iverkʿ [Իվերք]), which itself was connected to the word Sver (or Svir), the Kartvelian designation for Georgians. The letter "s" in this instance served as a prefix for the root word "Ver" (or "Vir"). Accordingly, in following Ivane Javakhishvili's theory, the ethnic designation of "Sber", a variant of Sver, was derived the word "Hber" ("Hver") (and thus Iberia) and the Armenian variants, Ver and Vir.
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Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna (German: Wiener Kongress) was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from September, 1814 to June, 1815. The objective of the Congress was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.
This objective resulted in the redrawing of the continent's political map, establishing the boundaries of France, the Duchy of Warsaw, the Netherlands, the states of the Rhine, the German province of Saxony, and various Italian territories, and the creation of spheres of influence through which Austria, Britain, France and Russia brokered local and regional problems. The Congress of Vienna was the first of a series of international meetings that came to be known as the Concert of Europe, which was an attempt to forge a peaceful balance of power in Europe, and served as a model for later organizations such as the League of Nations and United Nations.
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Congress Poland
The Kingdom of Poland (Polish: Królestwo Polskie [kruˈlɛstfɔ ˈpɔlskʲɛ]; Russian: Королевство Польское, Царство Польское, Korolevstvo Polskoye, Tsarstvo Polskoye, Russian pronunciation: [ˈtsarstʋə ˈpolʲskəje], translation: Tsardom of Poland), informally known as Congress Poland (Polish: Królestwo Kongresowe [kruˈlɛstfɔ kɔnɡrɛˈsɔvɛ] or Russian Poland), created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna, was a personal union of the Russian parcel of Poland with the Russian Empire. It was gradually politically integrated into Russia over the course of the 19th century, made an official part of the Russian Empire in 1867, and finally replaced during the Great War by the Central Powers in 1915 with the theoretically existing Regency Kingdom of Poland.
Though officially the Kingdom of Poland was a state with considerable political autonomy guaranteed by a liberal constitution, its rulers, the Russian Emperors, generally disregarded any restrictions on their power. Thus effectively it was little more than a puppet state of the Russian Empire. The autonomy was severely curtailed following uprisings in 1830–31 and 1863, as the country became governed by namestniks, and later divided into guberniya (provinces). Thus from the start, Polish autonomy remained little more than fiction.
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Constantinople
Constantinople (Greek: Κωνσταντινούπολις, Konstantinoúpolis; Latin: Constantinopolis; Ottoman Turkish: قسطنطینیه, Qostantiniyye; and modern Turkish: İstanbul) was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, the Latin and the Ottoman Empires. It was founded in AD 330, at ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Constantine I, after whom it was named. The city was the largest and wealthiest European city of the Middle Ages, and shared the glories of the Byzantine Empire, which was eventually reduced to the city and its environs.
Although besieged on numerous occasions by various peoples, it was taken only in 1204 by the army of the Fourth Crusade, in 1261 by Michael VIII, and in 1453 by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II. An inner wall was erected by Constantine I, and the city was surrounded by a triple wall of fortifications, begun during the 5th century by Theodosius II. The city was built on seven hills as well as on the Bosporus, and thus presented an impregnable fortress enclosing magnificent palaces, domes and towers. The Church of Hagia Sophia, the sacred palace of the emperors, the hippodrome, and the Golden Gate were among the largest of the many churches, public edifices, and monuments lining the arcaded avenues and squares.
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Croatia
Croatia (i/kroʊˈeɪʃə/ kroh-AY-shə; Croatian: Hrvatska pronounced [xř̩ʋaːtskaː]), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska 
listen (help·info)), is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of Central Europe, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. The country is divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. Croatia covers 56,594 square kilometres (21,851 square miles) and has diverse, mostly continental and Mediterranean climates. Croatia's Adriatic Sea coast contains more than a thousand islands. The country's population is 4.29 million, most of whom are Croats, with the most common religious denomination being Roman Catholicism.
In the early 7th century the Croats arrived in area of present-day Croatia. They organised the state into two dukedoms by the 9th century. Tomislav became the first king by 925 AD, elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom. The Kingdom of Croatia retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries, reaching its peak during the rule of Kings Peter Krešimir IV and Dmitar Zvonimir. Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102. In 1527, faced with Ottoman conquest the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the Croatian throne. In 1918, after World War I, Croatia was included in the short-lived State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs that declared independence from Austria–Hungary and co-founded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. A Croatian state briefly existed during World War II as a fascist puppet state. After the war, Croatia became a founding member and a federal constituent of the Second Yugoslavia, a socialist state. In June 1991, Croatia declared independence, which came into effect on 8 October of the same year. The Croatian War of Independence was fought successfully during the four years following the declaration.
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Dithmarschen
Dithmarschen (German pronunciation: [ˈdɪtmaʁʃən], Low Saxon pronunciation: [ˈdɪtmaːʃn̩], archaic in English: Ditmarsh, Middle Latin: Tedmarsgo) is a district in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Nordfriesland, Schleswig-Flensburg, Rendsburg-Eckernförde, and Steinburg, by the state of Lower Saxony (district of Stade, from which it is separated by the Elbe river), and by the North Sea.
The district is located on the North Sea. It is embraced by the Elbe estuary to the south and the Eider estuary to the north. Today it forms a kind of artificial island, surrounded by the Eider river in the north and the Kiel Canal in both the east and southeast. It is a rather flat countryside that was once full of fens and swamps.
To the north it borders on Nordfriesland and Schleswig-Flensburg, to the east on Rendsburg-Eckernförde, and in the southeast on Steinburg. Its landward boundaries have remained basically the same since the times of Charlemagne. Land reclamation, however, has almost doubled the size of Dithmarschen as land has been wrested from the sea.
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Duchy of Oldenburg
The Duchy of Oldenburg (German: Herzogtum Oldenburg) — named after its capital, the town of Oldenburg — was a state in the north-west of present-day Germany. Oldenburg survived from 1180 until 1810 when it was annexed by First French Empire. It was located near the mouth of the River Weser. Its ruling family, the House of Oldenburg, also came to rule in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Greece and Russia, and the heirs of a junior line of the Greek branch are, through Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, likely to inherit the thrones of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth realms after the death or abdication of Queen Elizabeth II.
The first known count of Oldenburg is Elimar I (d. 1108). Elimar's ancestors appear as vassals, though sometimes rebellious ones, of the dukes of Saxony; but they attained the dignity of princes of the empire when the emperor Frederick I dismembered the Saxon duchy in 1180. At this time, the county of Delmenhorst formed part of the dominions of the counts of Oldenburg, but afterwards it was on several occasions separated from them to form an appanage for younger branches of the family. This was the case between 1262 and 1447, between 1463 and 1547, and between 1577 and 1617.
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Duma
A Duma (Russian: Ду́ма, Russian pronunciation: [ˈdumə]) is any of various representative assemblies in modern Russia and Russian history. The State Duma in the Russian Empire and Russian Federation corresponds to the lower house of the parliament. Simply it is a form of Russian governmental institution, that was formed during the reign of the last Tsar, Nicholas II. It is also the term for a council to early Russian rulers (Boyar Duma), as well as for city councils in Imperial Russia ('Municipal dumas'), and city and regional legislative bodies in the Russian Federation.
The term comes from the Russian word думать (dumat’) meaning "to think" or "to consider", cognate with the English words "doom" and "deem" which connote a judgment or decision (usually negative). The Boyar Duma was an advisory council to the grand princes and czar of Russia. The Duma was discontinued by Peter the Great, who transferred its functions to the Governing Senate in 1721.
Since the year 1 the municipalities in European, Russia have had institutions like those of the zemstvos. All owners of houses, tax-paying merchants and workmen are enrolled on lists in a descending order according to their assessed wealth. The total valuation is then divided into three equal parts, representing three groups of electors very unequal in number, each of which elects an equal number of delegates to the municipal duma. The executive is in the hands of an elective mayor and an uprava, which consists of several members elected by the duma. Under Alexander III, however, by laws promulgated in 1892 and 1894, the municipal dumas were subordinated to the governors in the same way as the zemstvos. In 1894 municipal institutions, with still more restricted powers, were granted to several towns in Siberia, and in 1895 to some in Caucasia.
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Estonia
Estonia
i/ɨsˈtoʊniə/ (Estonian: Eesti), officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik), is a state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by Lake Peipus and the Russian Federation (338.6 km). Across the Baltic Sea lies Sweden in the west and Finland in the north. The territory of Estonia covers 45,227 km2 (17,462 sq mi), and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. The Estonians are a Finnic people, and the official language, Estonian, is closely related to Finnish.
Estonia is a democratic parliamentary republic divided into 15 counties. The capital and largest city is Tallinn. With a population of 1.29 million, it is one of the least-populous members of the European Union, Eurozone and NATO. Estonia has the highest GDP per person among former Soviet republics. Estonia is listed as a "High-Income Economy" by the World Bank and as an "advanced economy" by the International Monetary Fund; the country is an OECD member. The United Nations lists Estonia as a developed country with a Human Development Index of "Very High". The country is also ranked highly for press freedom, economic freedom, democracy and political freedom and education.
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Hanseatic League
The Hanseatic League (also known as the Hanse or Hansa; Low German: Hanse, Dudesche Hanse, Latin: Hansa, Hansa Teutonica or Liga Hanseatica) was an economic alliance of trading cities and their merchant guilds that dominated trade along the coast of Northern Europe. It stretched from the Baltic to the North Sea and inland during the Late Middle Ages and early modern period (c. 13th–17th centuries).
The League was created to protect commercial interests and privileges granted by foreign rulers in cities and countries the merchants visited. The Hanseatic cities had their own legal system and furnished their own protection and mutual aid. Despite this, the organization was not a city-state, nor can it be called a confederation of city-states; only a very small number of the cities within the league enjoyed autonomy and liberties comparable to those of a free imperial city.
The legacy of the Hansa is remembered today in several names, for example the German airline Lufthansa (i.e., 'Air Hansa'), F.C. Hansa Rostock, the Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, in the Netherlands, and the Hansa Brewery in Bergen.
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Karelia
Coordinates: 63°N 32°E / 63°N 32°E / 63; 32
Karelia (Karelian and Finnish Karjala; Russian: Карелия, Kareliya; Swedish: Karelen), the land of the Karelian peoples, is an area in Northern Europe of historical significance for Finland, Russia, and Sweden. It is currently divided between the Russian Republic of Karelia, the Russian Leningrad Oblast, and Finland (the regions of South Karelia and North Karelia).
Various subdivisions may be called Karelia. Finnish Karelia was a historical province of Finland, now divided between Finland and Russia, often called just Karjala in Finnish. The eastern part of this chiefly Lutheran area was ceded to Russia after the Winter War of 1939-40. This area is the "Karelia" of the Karelian question in Finnish politics.
The Republic of Karelia is a Russian federal subject, including the so-called "East Karelia" with a chiefly Russian Orthodox population.
Within present-day Finland, Karjala refers to regions of South and North Karelia.
Karelia was bitterly fought over by the Swedes and the Novgorod Republic for a period starting in the 13th-century Swedish-Novgorodian Wars. The Treaty of Nöteborg (Finnish: Pähkinäsaaren rauha) in 1323 divided Karelia between the two. Viborg (Finnish: Viipuri) became the capital of the new Swedish province.
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Kartli
Kartli (Georgian: ქართლი [kʰartʰli] ( listen)) is a historical region in central-to-eastern Georgia traversed by the river Mtkvari (Kura), on which Georgia's capital, Tbilisi, is situated. Known to the Classical authors as Iberia, Kartli played a crucial role in ethnic and political consolidation of the Georgians in the Middle Ages. Kartli had no strictly defined boundaries and they significantly fluctuated in the course of history. After the partition of the kingdom of Georgia in the 15th century, Kartli became a separate kingdom with its capital at Tbilisi. The historical lands of Kartli are currently divided among several administrative regions of Georgia.
The Georgians living in the historical lands of Kartli are known as Kartleli (sing., ქართლელი) and comprise one of the largest geographic subgroups of the Georgian people. Most of them are Eastern Orthodox Christians adhering to the national Georgian Orthodox Church and speak a dialect, which is the basis of the modern Georgian literary language.
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Kazan
Kazan (Russian: Каза́нь; IPA: [kɐˈzanʲ]; Tatar Cyrillic: Казан, Latin: Qazan) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. With a population of 1,161,308, it is the eighth most populous city in Russia, while the metropolitan area has a population of 1.57 million (2011).[citation needed] Kazan lies at the confluence of the Volga and Kazanka Rivers in European Russia.
The Kazan Kremlin is a World Heritage Site. In 2005, the Medal "In Commemoration of the 1000th Anniversary of Kazan" was established by Russia to denote this landmark event. The multi-ethnic city is is honored by UNESCO and famous for Muslims and Christians living side-by-side in peace.
In April 2009, the Russian Patent Office granted Kazan the right to brand itself as the "Third Capital" of Russia. In 2009 it was chosen as the "Sports capital of Russia" and it still is referred to as such. The city will host 2013 Summer Universiade, 2015 World Aquatics Championships, and 2018 FIFA World Cup.
The origin of the name Kazan is uncertain. The most accepted legends derive it from the Bulgar Turkic (and also modern Tatar) word qazan, which means 'boiler' or 'cauldron'.
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Khanate of Kazan
The Khanate of Kazan (Tatar Cyrillic: Казан ханлыгы, Latin: Qazan xanlığı, Arabic: قازان خانليغى; Russian: Казанское ханство, tr: Kazanskoye khanstvo) was a medieval Tatar state which occupied the territory of former Volga Bulgaria between 1438 and 1552. Its khans were the patrilineal descendants of Toqa Temür, the thirteenth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan. The khanate covered contemporary Tatarstan, Mari El, Chuvashia, Mordovia, parts of Udmurtia and Bashkortostan; its capital was the city of Kazan. It was one of the successor states of the Golden Horde, and it came to an end when it was conquered by the Tsardom of Russia.
The territory of the khanate comprised the Muslim Bolgar-populated lands of Bolğar, Cükätäw, Kazan, Qaşan duchies and other regions that originally belonged to Volga Bulgaria. The Volga, Kama and Vyatka were the main rivers of the khanate, as well as the major trade ways. The majority of the population were Kazan Tatars (i.e. Muslim Bolgars that adopted the Tatar language). Their self-identity was not restricted to Tatars; many identified themselves as simple Muslims or "the people of Kazan". Islam was the state religion.
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Kiev
Kiev or Kyiv (Ukrainian: Київ [ˈkɪjiw] ( listen); Russian: Киев) is the capital and the largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River. The population as of the 2001 census was 2,611,300. However, higher numbers have been cited in the press.
Kiev is an important industrial, scientific, educational and cultural centre of Eastern Europe. It is home to many high-tech industries, higher education institutions and world-famous historical landmarks. The city has an extensive infrastructure and highly developed system of public transport, including the Kiev Metro.
The name Kiev is said to derive from the name of Kyi, one of four legendary founders of the city (brothers Kyi, Shchek, Khoryv, and sister Lybid). During its history, Kiev, one of the oldest cities in Eastern Europe, passed through several stages of great prominence and relative obscurity. The city probably existed as a commercial centre as early as the 5th century. A Slavic settlement on the great trade route between Scandinavia and Constantinople, Kiev was a tributary of the Khazars, until seized by the Varangians (Vikings) in the mid-9th century. Under Varangians rule, the city became a capital of the Rus', the first East Slavic state. Completely destroyed during the Mongol invasion in 1240, the city lost most of its influence for the centuries to come. It was a provincial capital of marginal importance in the outskirts of the territories controlled by its powerful neighbours; first the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, followed by Poland and Russia.
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Moscow
Moscow (
/ˈmɒskaʊ/ or /ˈmɒskoʊ/; Russian: Москва́, tr. Moskva; IPA: [mɐˈskva] (
listen)) is the capital and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural and scientific center of Russia and the continent. Moscow is the northernmost megacity on Earth, the most populous city in Europe, and the 6th largest city proper in the world. Its population, according to the results of the 2010 Census, is 11,503,501. Based on Forbes 2011, Moscow has the largest community of billionaires in the world.
Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia. In the course of its history the city has served as the capital of a progression of states, from the medieval Grand Duchy of Moscow and the subsequent Tsardom of Russia to the Soviet Union. Moscow is the site of the Moscow Kremlin, an ancient fortress that is today the residence of the Russian President and of the executive branch of the Government of Russia. The Kremlin is also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament (the State Duma and the Federation Council) also sit in Moscow.
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Norway
Norwayi/ˈnɔrweɪ/ (Norwegian: Norge (Bokmål) or Noreg (Nynorsk)), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and the subantarctic Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres (148,747 sq mi) and a population of about 5 million. It is the second least densely populated country in Europe. The majority of the country shares a border to the east with Sweden; its northernmost region is bordered by Finland to the south and Russia to the east; in its south Norway borders the Skagerrak Strait across from Denmark. The capital city of Norway is Oslo. Norway's extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea, is home to its famous fjords.
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Perm
Perm (Russian: Пермь; IPA: [pʲermʲ];Komi-Permyak: Перем, Perem; Komi: Перым, Perym) is a city and the administrative center of Perm Krai, Russia, located on the banks of the Kama River, in the European part of Russia near the Ural Mountains. From 1940 to 1957 it was named Molotov (Мо́лотов).[citation needed]
According to the preliminary results of the 2010 Census, Perm's population is 991,530, down from 1,001,653 recorded in the 2002 Census and 1,090,944 recorded in 1989 Census. As of the 2010 Census, the city was the thirteenth most populous in Russia.
Perm is served by the Bolshoye Savino Airport and hosts Bakharevka air base.
The name Perm is of unknown etymology, likely of Uralic (Komi or Veps) origin. Komi is a member of the Permic group of Uralic languages, which is also named for Perm. Likewise, the geologic period of the Permian takes its name from the toponym.
With an area of 799.68 square kilometers (308.76 sq mi),[citation needed] the city of Perm is located on the bank of the Kama River upon hilly terrain. The Kama is the main tributary of the Volga River and one of the deepest and most picturesque rivers of Russia. This river is the waterway which grants the Ural Mountains access to the White Sea, Baltic Sea, Sea of Azov, Black Sea, and Caspian Sea. The Kama divides the city into two parts: the central part and the right bank part. The city stretches for 70 kilometers (43 mi) along the Kama and 40 kilometers (25 mi) across it. The city street grid parallels the Kama River, traveling generally east-west, while other main streets run perpendicularly to those following the river. The grid pattern accommodates the hills of the city where it crosses them.
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Poland
Polandi/ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska; Kashubian: Pòlskô Repùblika; Silesian: Polsko Republika), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous post-communist member. Poland is a unitary state made up of 16 voivodeships. Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, G6, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Visegrád Group, Weimar Triangle and Schengen Agreement.
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Polotsk
Polotsk(Polatsk, Belarusian: По́лацк, Russian: По́лоцк, Polish: Połock), is a historical city in Belarus, situated on the Dvina River. It is the center of the Polotsk district in Vitsebsk Voblast. Its population is more than 80,000 people. It is served by Polotsk Airport and during the Cold War was home to Borovitsy air base.
The Old East Slavic name, Polotesk, is derived from the Polota River (the real meaning of the name is Puolauta and this in the Lithuanian language means 'falling into', i.e., the river which flows into a bigger river), that flows into the Dvina nearby. The Vikings rendered that name as Palteskja.
Polotsk is one of the most ancient cities of the Eastern Slavs. The Primary Chronicle listed Polotsk in 862 (as Полотескъ, /poloteskŭ/), together with Murom and Beloozero. However, Polotsk was not yet in existence in the 9th century, and this record was an invention of the compiler, but an archaeological expedition of the Institute of History of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus suggests that Polotsk already existed in the first half of the 9th century. The Norse sagas describe the city as the most heavily fortified in all of Rus.
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Pskov
Pskov (Russian: Псков; IPA: [pskof] ( listen), ancient Russian spelling "Плѣсковъ", Pleskov) is an ancient city and the administrative center of Pskov Oblast, Russia, located in the northwest of Russia about 20 kilometers (12 mi) east from the Estonian border, on the Velikaya River. Population: 203,281 (2010 Census preliminary results); 202,780 (2002 Census); 203,789 (1989 Census).
The name of the city, originally spelled "Pleskov", may be loosely translated as "[the town] of purling waters". Its earliest mention comes in 903, which records that Igor of Kiev married a local lady, St. Olga. Pskovians sometimes take this year as the city's foundation date, and in 2003 a great jubilee took place to celebrate Pskov's 1,100th anniversary.
The first prince of Pskov was Vladimir the Great's younger son Sudislav. Once imprisoned by his brother Yaroslav, he was not released until the latter's death several decades later. In the 12th and 13th centuries, the town adhered politically to the Novgorod Republic. In 1241, it was taken by the Teutonic Knights, but Alexander Nevsky recaptured it several months later during a legendary campaign dramatized in Sergei Eisenstein's 1938 movie.
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Rostov
Rostov (Russian: Росто́в; Old Norse: Rostofa) is a town in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, one of the oldest in the country and a tourist center of the Golden Ring. It is located on the shores of Lake Nero, 202 kilometers (126 mi) northeast of Moscow. Population: 31,791 (2010 Census preliminary results); 34,141 (2002 Census); 35,707 (1989 Census).
While the official name of the town is Rostov, it is better known to Russians as Rostov Veliky, i. e. Rostov the Great. This name is used to distinguish it from Rostov-on-Don, which is now a much larger city. Rostov Yaroslavsky is the official name of its railway station (due to its position in Yaroslavl Oblast); the town itself is hardly ever called by that name.
Rostov was predated by Sarskoye Gorodishche, which some scholars interpret as the capital of the Merya tribe, while others believe it was an important Viking trade enclave and fortress guarding the Volga trade route. First mentioned in the year 862 as an already important settlement, by the 13th century, Rostov became capital city of one of the most prominent Russian principalities. It was incorporated into Muscovy in 1474.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Russian Empire
The Russian Empire (Pre-reform Russian orthography: Россійская Имперія, Modern Russian: Российская Империя, translit: Rossiyskaya Imperiya) was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia and the predecessor of the short-lived Russian Republic, which was succeeded by the Soviet Union. It was one of the largest empires in world history, surpassed in landmass only by the British and Mongol empires: at one point in 1866, it stretched from eastern Europe across Asia and into North America.
At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian Empire extended from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea on the south, from the Baltic Sea on the west to the Pacific Ocean and into North America on the east. With 125.6 million subjects registered by the 1897 census, it had the third largest population of the world at the time, after Qing China and the British Empire. Like all empires, it represented a large disparity in economic, ethnic and religious positions. Its government, ruled by the Emperor, was the last absolute monarchy in Europe at the time of its demise.
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Ryazan
Ryazan (Russian: Ряза́нь; IPA: [rʲɪˈzanʲ]) is a city and the administrative center of Ryazan Oblast, Russia. It is located on the Oka River 196 kilometers (122 mi) southeast of Moscow. Population: 525,062 (2010 Census preliminary results); 521,560 (2002 Census); 514,638 (1989 Census).
It is argued that the Ryazan kremlin was founded in 800, by Slavic settlers,[citation needed] as a part of their drive into territory previously populated by Finnic peoples.[citation needed] Initially it was built of wood, gradually replaced by masonry. The oldest preserved part of the kremlin dates back to the 12th century.
However, the first written mention of the city, under the name of Pereslavl, dates to 1095. At that time the city was part of the independent Principality of Ryazan, which had existed since 1078 and which was centered on the old city of Ryazan. The first ruler of Ryazan was supposedly Yaroslav Sviatoslavich, Prince of Ryazan and Murom (cities of Kievan Rus').
The lands of Ryazan, situated on the border of forest and steppe, suffered numerous invasions from the south as well as from the north, carried out by a variety of military forces including Cumans, but particularly the Principality was in a conflict with Vladimir-Suzdal. By the end of the 12th century, the capital of Duchy was burnt several times by the armies of Suzdal. Ryazan was the first Russian city to be sacked by the Mongol horde of Batu Khan. On December 21, 1237, it was thoroughly devastated and never fully recovered. As result of the sack, the seat of the principality was moved about 55 kilometers (34 mi) to the town of Pereslavl-Ryazansky, which subsequently took the name of the destroyed capital. The site of the old capital now carries the name of Staraya Ryazan (Old Ryazan), close to Spassk-Ryazansky.
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Samogitia
Samogitia (Samogitian: Žemaitėjė, Lithuanian: Žemaitija, literally lowlands) is one of the five ethnographic regions of Lithuania. It is located in northwestern Lithuania. Its largest city is Šiauliai/Šiaulē. The region has a long and distinct cultural history, reflected in the existence of the Samogitian language, which is called by lithuanians - Samogitian dialect. In 2010 the Samogitian language was assigned with an ISO 639-3 code: "sgs" and got the official status of a language.[2].
Old Russian sources mentioned the region as жемотьская земля, samotska sem(b)la; this gave rise to its Polish form, Żmudź, and probably to the Middle High German Sameiten, Samaythen. In latin texts we can usually meet the name written as Samogitia, Samogetia etc. The region is also known in English as Lower Lithuania, Žemaitija, or, in reference to its Yiddish name, Zamet.
The region is located in northwestern Lithuania in the territories of:
Eastern parts of:
Western part of:
The largest city is Šiauliai, or Klaipėda if the latter is considered in the region. Telšiai is the capital, although Medininkai (now Varniai) was once the capital of the Eldership of Samogitia.
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Siberia
Coordinates: 60°0′N 105°0′E / 60°N 105°E / 60; 105
Siberia (/saɪˈbɪəriə/; Russian: Сиби́рь, tr. Sibir'; IPA: [sʲɪˈbʲirʲ] ( listen)) is an extensive region constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union (USSR) from its beginning, as its predecessor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, conquered it during the 16th to 19th centuries.
Encompassing much of the Eurasian Steppe, the territory of Siberia extends eastward from the Ural Mountains to the watershed between the Pacific and Arctic drainage basins, and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central Kazakhstan and the national borders of Mongolia and China. Siberia makes up about 77% of Russia's territory (13.1 million square kilometres), but has only 28% (40 million people) of Russia's population.
Some sources say that the word Siberia originates from the Turkic for "sleeping land". Another version is that this name was the ancient tribal name of the Sabirs, Turkic nomads later assimilated to Siberian Tatars. The modern usage of the name appeared in the Russian language after the conquest of the Siberian Khanate.
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Skopje
Skopje (Macedonian: Скопје, [ˈskɔpjɛ] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Macedonia with about a third of the total population. It is the country's political, cultural, economic, and academic centre. It was known in the Roman period under the name Scupi.
The territory of Skopje has been inhabited since at least 4000 BC; remains of Neolithic settlements have been found within the old Kale Fortress that overlooks the modern city centre. On the eve of the 1st century AD, the settlement was seized by the Romans and became a military camp. When the Roman Empire was divided into eastern and western halves in 395 AD, Scupi came under Byzantine rule from Constantinople. During much of the early medieval period, the town was contested between the Byzantines and the Bulgarian Empire, whose capital it was between 972 and 992. From 1282 the town was part of the Serbian realm and its capital city since 1346. In 1392 the city was conquered by the Ottoman Turks who called the town Üsküp. The town stayed under Ottoman control over 500 years, serving as the capital of pashasanjak of Üsküb and later the Vilayet of Kosovo. At that time the city was famous for its oriental architecture. In 1912 the city was conquered by the Kingdom of Serbia during the Balkan Wars and after the First World War the city became part of the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Kingdom of Yugoslavia). In the Second World War the city was conquered by the Bulgarian Army, which was part of Axis powers. In 1944 it became the capital city of Democratic Macedonia (later Socialist Republic of Macedonia), which was a federal state, part of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (later Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia). The city developed rapidly after World War II, but this trend was interrupted in 1963 when it was hit by a disastrous earthquake. In 1991 it became the capital city of independent Macedonia.
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Smolensk
Smolensk (Russian: Смоле́нск (help·info)) is a city and the administrative center of Smolensk Oblast, Russia, located on the Dnieper River. Situated 360 kilometers (220 mi) west-southwest of Moscow, this walled city was destroyed several times throughout its long history since it was on the invasion routes of both Napoleon and Hitler. Today, Smolensk is noted for electronics, textiles, food processing, and diamonds facetting. Population: 326,863 (2010 Census preliminary results); 325,137 (2002 Census); 341,483 (1989 Census).
The name of the city is derived from the name of the Smolnya Rivulet. The origin of the hydronym is less clear. One possibility is the old Slavic word "смоль" (smol) for black soil, which might have colored the waters of the long-derelict Smolnya. An alternative origin could be the Russian word "смола" (smola), which means resin, tar, or pitch. Pine trees grow in the area, and the city was once a center of resin processing and trade. The Byzantine emperor Constantine VII recorded its name as Μιλινισκα.
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Stormarn
Stormarn is a district in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Segeberg and Ostholstein, the city of Lübeck, the district of Lauenburg, and the city-state of Hamburg.
The name Stormarn may be derived from "storm", hence meaning "stormy land". In medieval times the name was applied to a larger area, of which the present-day district is only the eastern half.
Stormarn became a part of Holstein in the 12th century. When Schleswig-Holstein became a province of Prussia in 1867, the Prussian administration established the district of Stormarn, with Wandsbek as its capital. In 1937 the southwestern part of the district was incorporated into Hamburg, and the district lost half of its population. Since Wandsbek was now a borough of Hamburg, the capital was moved to Bad Oldesloe after the war. In 1970 Stormarn again lost a substantial portion of its territory, when the city of Norderstedt was founded in order to become a part of the Segeberg district.
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Tsardom of Russia
The Tsardom of Russia (also known as Tsardom of Muscovy; officially Русское царство (Tsardom of Rus') or, in hellenized form, Российское царство) was the name of the centralized Russian state from Ivan IV's assumption of the title of Tsar in 1547 until Peter the Great's foundation of the Russian Empire in 1721.
From 1550 to 1700, Russia grew 35,000 km2 (Holland's size) a year. The period includes the upheavals of the transition from the Rurik to the Romanov dynasties, drawn-out military conflict with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as well as the Russian conquest of Siberia, leading up to the 42-year reign of Peter the Great, who ascended in 1682 and transformed the Tsardom into a major European power, after a military victory over Sweden and Poland implemented substantial reforms and proclaimed the Russian Empire (Российская Империя) in 1721 making it a recognized European power.
While Ivan assumed the title of "Tsar and Grand Duke of the entire Rus'" (Царь и Великий князь всея Руси), officially renaming the Grand Duchy of Moscow to Tsardom of Russia, the state remained partly referred to as Muscovy (Moscovia) throughout Europe, predominantly in its Catholic part. The two names "Russia" and "Muscovy" appear to have co-existed as interchangeable during the later 16th and throughout the 17th century with different maps and sources using different names.
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Tver
Tver (Russian: Тверь; IPA: [tvʲerʲ]) is a city and the administrative center of Tver Oblast, Russia. Population: 403,726 (2010 Census preliminary results); 408,903 (2002 Census); 450,941 (1989 Census).
Located north of Moscow, Tver was formerly the capital of a powerful medieval state and a model provincial town in the Russian Empire, with a population of 60,000 on January 14, 1913. It is situated at the confluence of the Volga and Tvertsa Rivers. The city was known as Kalinin (Кали́нин) from 1931 to 1990.
The first written record of Tver is dated 1135.[citation needed] Originally a minor settlement of Novgorodian traders, it passed to the Grand Prince of Vladimir in 1209. In 1246, Alexander Nevsky granted it to his younger brother Yaroslav Yaroslavich (d. 1271), from whom a dynasty of local princes descended. Four of them were killed by the Golden Horde and were proclaimed saints by the Russian Orthodox church.
Formerly a land of woods and bogs, the Principality of Tver was quickly transformed into one of the richest and most populous Russian states. As the area was hardly accessible for Tatar raids, there was a great influx of population from the recently devastated South. By the end of the century, it was ready to vie with Moscow for supremacy in Russia. Both Tver and Moscow were young cities, so the outcome of their rivalry was far from being certain.
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Vitebsk
Coordinates: 55°11′N 30°10′E / 55.183°N 30.167°E / 55.183; 30.167 Vitebsk, also known as Viciebsk or Vitsyebsk (Belarusian: Ві́цебск, [ˈvʲitsʲepsk]; Russian: Ви́тебск, IPA: [ˈvʲitʲɪpsk]), is a city in Belarus, near the border with Russia. The capital of the Vitebsk Oblast, in 2004 it had 342,381 inhabitants, making it the country's fourth largest city. It is served by Vitebsk Vostochny Airport and Vitebsk air base.
Vitebsk developed from a river harbor where the Vitba River (Віцьба, from which it derives its name) flows into the larger Western Dvina, which is spanned in the city by the Kirov Bridge.
Its official founding year is 947 (or perhaps 974, or 914), based on an anachronistic legend that it was founded by Olga of Kiev, but the first mention in historical record is in 1021, when Yaroslav the Wise of Kiev gave it to Bryachislav Izyaslavich, Prince of Polotsk.
In the 12th and 13th centuries Vitebsk was the capital of an appanage principality which thrived at the crossroads of the river routes among the Baltic and Black seas. In 1320 the city was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as a dowry of the Princess Maria, the first wife of Algirdas. In 1597, the townsfolk of Vitebsk were privileged with the Magdeburg Rights. However, the rights were taken away in 1623 after the citizens revolted against the imposed Union of Brest and killed archbishop Josaphat Kuntsevych. During the First Partition of Lithuanian-Polish Commonwealth in 1772, Vitsebsk was annexed by Russian Empire.
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Yaroslavl
Yaroslavl (Russian: Яросла́вль; IPA: [jɪrɐˈslavlʲ]) is a city and the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, located 250 kilometers (160 mi) northeast of Moscow. The historic part of the city, a World Heritage Site, is located at the confluence of the Volga and the Kotorosl Rivers. It is one of the Golden Ring cities, a group of historic cities northeast of Moscow that has played an important role in Russian history. Population: 591,486 (2010 Census preliminary results); 613,088 (2002 Census); 632,991 (1989 Census).
The city lies in the eastern portion of Yaroslavl Oblast. The nearest large towns are Tutayev (34 kilometers or 21 miles to the northwest), Gavrilov-Yam (37 kilometers or 23 miles to the south), and Nerekhta (47 kilometers or 29 miles to the southeast). The historic center of Yaroslavl lies to the north of the mouth of the Kotorosl River on the right bank of the larger Volga River. The city's entire urban area covers around 205 square kilometers (79 sq mi)[citation needed] and includes a number of territories south of the Kotorosl and on the left bank of the Volga. With over 600,000 residents, Yaroslavl is, by population, the largest town on the Volga until it reaches Nizhny Novgorod. It is a large transport node, and a great number of important national and regional roads, railways, and waterways pass through the city. In fact many of the roads that connect Yaroslavl to Moscow and beyond are two-lane highways.
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Andrew Johnson
Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875) was the 17th President of the United States (1865–1869). As Vice President of the United States in 1865, he succeeded Abraham Lincoln following the latter's assassination. Johnson then presided over the initial and contentious Reconstruction era of the United States following the American Civil War. Johnson's reconstruction policies failed to promote the rights of the Freedmen, and he came under vigorous political attack from Republicans, ending in his impeachment by the U.S. House of Representatives; he was acquitted by the U.S. Senate.
Johnson, born in poverty and of Scots-Irish descent, became a master tailor and was self-educated, married and had five children. He served as an alderman and as Mayor of Greeneville, Tennessee and then sat in both houses of the Tennessee legislature. He went on to spend five consecutive terms in the U.S. House of Representatives and two terms as Governor of Tennessee, all as a Democrat. His signature legislative endeavor in the state and federal arenas was passage of the Homestead Act.
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Boris Godunov
Boris Fyodorovich Godunov (Russian: Бори́с Фёдорович Годуно́в, IPA: [bɐˈrʲis ɡədʊˈnof]; c. 1551 – 23 April [O.S. 13 April] 1605) was de facto regent of Russia from c. 1585 to 1598 and then the first non-Rurikid tsar from 1598 to 1605. The end of his reign saw Russia descend into the Time of Troubles.
Boris Godunov was the most noted member of an ancient, now extinct, Russian family of Tatar origin, which came from the Horde to Kostroma in the early 14th century. He was descended from the Tatarian Prince Chet, who went from the Golden Horde to Russia and founded the Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma. Boris was the son of Feodor Ivanovich Godunov "Krivoy" ("One-eyed") (died, c. 1568–1570) and his wife Stepanida Ivanovna. His older brother Vasily died young and without issue.
Godunov's career began at the court of Ivan the Terrible. He is mentioned in 1570 as taking part in the Serpeisk campaign as an archer of the guard. The following year, he became an oprichnik - a member of Ivan's personal guard and secret police. In 1570/1571, Godunov strengthened his position at court by his marriage to Maria Grigorievna Skuratova-Belskaya, the daughter of oprichniks' head Malyuta Skuratov-Belskiy. In 1580, the Tsar chose Irina Godunova, or Irina (later Alexandra) Feodorovna Godunova (1557 – 26 October/23 November 1603), the sister of Godunov, to be the wife of his second son and eventual heir, the fourteen year old Feodor Ivanovich (1557–1598). On this occasion, Godunov was promoted to the rank of Boyar. On 15 November 1581, he was present at the scene of the Tsar's murder of his own eldest son, the crown prince Ivan. Godunov tried to intervene, but received blows from the Tsar's sceptre. Ivan immediately repented and Godunov rushed to get help for the Tsarevich, who died four days later.
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Boris Uspensky
Boris Andreyevich Uspensky (Russian: Бори́с Андре́евич Успе́нский) (born 1 March 1937, Moscow) is a Russian philologist and mythographer.
Uspensky graduated from Moscow University in 1960. He delivered lectures in Moscow until 1982, but later moved on to work in Harvard University, Cornell University, Vienna University, and the University of Graz. Full professor of Russian literature at the Naples Eastern University, he was elected to many scholarly societies and academies of Europe.
Uspensky worked with Yuri Lotman and was influenced by his ideas as a member of Tartu-Moscow semiotics school. His major works include Linguistic Situation in Kievan Rus and Its Importance for the Study of the Russian Literary Language, Philological Studies in the Sphere of Slavonic Antiquities, and The Principles of Structural Typology.
Uspensky is well known in the study of icons for his work The Semiotics of the Russian Icon (John Benjamins, 1976), among others.
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Catherine the Great
Catherine II, also known as Catherine the Great (Russian: Екатерина II Великая, Yekaterina II Velikaya; German: Katharina die Große), Empress of Russia (2 May [O.S. 21 April] 1729 – 17 November [O.S. 6 November] 1796), was the most renowned and the longest-ruling female leader of Russia, reigning from 9 July [O.S. 28 June] 1762 until her death at the age of 67. She was born in Stettin, Pomerania, Prussia as Sophie Friederike Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg, and came to power following a coup d'état and the assassination of her husband, Peter III, at the end of the Seven Years' War. Russia was revitalised under her reign, growing larger and stronger than ever and becoming recognised as one of the great powers of Europe.
In both her accession to power and in rule of her empire, Catherine often relied on her noble favourites, most notably Grigory Orlov and Grigory Potemkin. Assisted by highly successful generals such as Pyotr Rumyantsev and Alexander Suvorov, and admirals such as Fyodor Ushakov, she governed at a time when the Russian Empire was expanding rapidly by conquest and diplomacy. In the south, the Crimean Khanate was crushed following victories over the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish wars, and Russia colonised the vast territories of Novorossiya along the coasts of the Black and Azov Seas. In the west, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ruled by Catherine's former lover, king Stanisław August Poniatowski, was eventually partitioned, with the Russian Empire gaining the largest share. In the east, Russia started to colonise Alaska, establishing Russian America.
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Congress Poland
The Kingdom of Poland (Polish: Królestwo Polskie [kruˈlɛstfɔ ˈpɔlskʲɛ]; Russian: Королевство Польское, Царство Польское, Korolevstvo Polskoye, Tsarstvo Polskoye, Russian pronunciation: [ˈtsarstʋə ˈpolʲskəje], translation: Tsardom of Poland), informally known as Congress Poland (Polish: Królestwo Kongresowe [kruˈlɛstfɔ kɔnɡrɛˈsɔvɛ] or Russian Poland), created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna, was a personal union of the Russian parcel of Poland with the Russian Empire. It was gradually politically integrated into Russia over the course of the 19th century, made an official part of the Russian Empire in 1867, and finally replaced during the Great War by the Central Powers in 1915 with the theoretically existing Regency Kingdom of Poland.
Though officially the Kingdom of Poland was a state with considerable political autonomy guaranteed by a liberal constitution, its rulers, the Russian Emperors, generally disregarded any restrictions on their power. Thus effectively it was little more than a puppet state of the Russian Empire. The autonomy was severely curtailed following uprisings in 1830–31 and 1863, as the country became governed by namestniks, and later divided into guberniya (provinces). Thus from the start, Polish autonomy remained little more than fiction.
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Helena of Bulgaria
Jelena or Helena of Bulgaria (Bulgarian: Елена Българска, Serbian: Јелена) was the daughter of Sratsimir of Kran and Keratsa Petritsa and the sister of Tsar Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria.
On Easter day, 19 April 1332, Helena married Stefan Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia. The marriage was arranged as part of the peace agreement between Bulgaria and Serbia. This marriage provided one son Stefan Uroš V of Serbia and one daughter Irina. According to "The Late Medieval Balkans, A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest" (1994) by J. V. A. Fine, she is the same as "Irene" the wife of Gregorios Preljub, the Serbian governor of Thessaly who died in late 1355 or early 1356. They were parents to Thomas II Preljubović, Ruler of Epirus from 1367 to 1384. Irene married secondly to Radoslav Hlapen, lord of Kastoria and Edessa.
Helena was a citizen of Venice in 1350 and a regent of Serbia between 1355–1356.
On her husband's death, Helena inherited part of Serbian lands between the lower Vardar and the Mesta. In addition, she also received the Chalcidic peninsula, basing her court at Serres. In 1359 Helena became a nun under the religious name Elisaveta. However, she continued to play an active role in politics.
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Ivan III of Russia
Ivan III (The Great) Vasilyevich (Russian: Иван III Васильевич) (22 January 1440, Moscow – 27 October 1505, Moscow), also known as Ivan the Great, was a Grand Prince of Moscow and "Grand Prince of all Rus" (Великий князь всея Руси). Sometimes referred to as the "gatherer of the Russian lands," he tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Golden Horde over the Rus, renovated the Moscow Kremlin, and laid the foundations of the Russian state. He was one of the longest-reigning Russian rulers in history.
Ivan was born to Vasily II the Blind and Yelena of Borovsk. He was co-regent with his disabled father during the later years of the latter's life, and was only 22 years old when his father died. He tenaciously pursued the unifying policy of his predecessors; nevertheless, he was cautious to the point of timidity. He avoided as far as possible any violent collision with his neighbors until all the circumstances were exceptionally favorable, always preferring to attain his ends gradually and indirectly. The Grand Duchy of Moscow had, at the time of his reign, become a compact and powerful state, whilst her rivals had grown weaker, which was well-suited to the speculative nature of a statesman of Ivan III's peculiar character. Regarding the arts, he centered his efforts on attracting and hiring Italian artists and craftsmen. Because of this plan, new buildings were erected in the Kremlin, and the walls were strengthened and furnished with towers and gates. Ivan III reigned for forty three years, dying on 27 October 1505. He left his empire to his son Vasili.
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Ivan the Terrible
Ivan IV Vasilyevich (Russian: Ива́н Четвёртый, Васи́льевич (help·info), Ivan Chetvyorty, Vasilyevich; 25 August 1530 – 28 March [O.S. 18 March] 1584), known in English as Ivan the Terrible (Russian: Ива́н Гро́зный (help·info), Ivan Grozny; lit. Fearsome), was Grand Prince of Moscow from 1533 until his death. His long reign saw the conquest of the Khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberia, transforming Russia into a multiethnic and multiconfessional state spanning almost one billion acres, approximately 4,046,856 km2 (1,562,500 sq mi). Ivan managed countless changes in the progression from a medieval state to an empire and emerging regional power, and became the first ruler to be crowned as Tsar of all Russia.
Historic sources present disparate accounts of Ivan's complex personality: he was described as intelligent and devout, yet given to rages and prone to episodic outbreaks of mental illness. On one such outburst Tsar beat and unpremeditatedly killed his groomed and chosen heir Ivan Ivanovich. This led Tsardom to be passed to Tsar's younger son: the weak and intellectually disabledFeodor I of Russia. Ivan's legacy is complex: he was an able diplomat, a patron of arts and trade, founder of the Russia's first Print Yard, but he is also remembered for his paranoiac suspiciousness and cruel persecution of nobility.
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Jacques Margeret
Jacques Margeret (ca. 1565–1619) was a French mercenary captain who, in 1607, wrote the first printed French travel account of Muscovy, entitled, "Estate de l’Empire de Russie et de Grand Duché de Moscovie".
A member of one of the oldest families of Auxonne, located on the border between Burgundy and Franche-Comté, Margeret was probably born ca 1565. He grew up in the turbulent period known as the French Wars of Religion, in a Protestant family. Becoming a soldier, he fought for the Protestant King Henri IV of France against the Catholic League, serving the king until Henri’s conversion to Catholicism in 1593.
After leaving Henri’s service Margeret joined the crusade against the Turks in south east Europe. He first served with the Prince of Transylvania and then with the Holy Roman Emperor in Hungary. Next, he commanded a company of foot soldiers in Poland. He returned then to Austria where a Muscovite ambassador invited him to Moscow in 1600.
Margeret received command of a company of foreign mercenaries (cavalry) from Boris Godunov. For his service he received an annual pay 80 rubles and nearly 1,000 acres (4 km2) of land. After several years service, Margeret rose to the rank of overall commander of the Tsar’s foreign troops. He was a part of the army that was sent to repel the Pretender Dmitrii Ivanovich’s invasion of Muscovy in 1604-05. In fact, his actions at the battle of Dobrynichi were decisive in the defeat of Dmitrii’s forces. When, after Boris’ death in 1605, the Tsar’s army submitted to the rule of the Pretender Dmitrii, Margeret and his foreign mercenaries had little choice but to also serve Dmitrii. In Jan 1606, Margeret was appointed commander of Palace Guards. In May of that year Dmitirii was assassinated. Although his successor Vasilii Shuskii dismissed most of the foreign mercenaries, Margeret was asked to remain. He did so until the summer of 1606 at which time he asked permission to leave, departing from Archangel for France in September 1606.
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John Uroš
Jovan Uroš (Serbian: Јован Урош, John Uroš) or John Ouresis Doukas Palaiologos (Greek: Ιωάννης Ούρεσης Δούκας Παλαιολόγος, Iōannēs Ouresēs Doukas Palaiologos, Дука Палеолог) was the ruler of Thessaly from c. 1370 to c. 1373, died 1422/3.
John Uroš was the son of Emperor Simeon Uroš Palaiologos by Thomais Orsini. His maternal grandparents were John II Orsini and Anna Palaiologina Angelina.
Between 1369 and 1372 he succeeded his father as titular emperor of Serbians and Greeks and as ruler of Thessaly. He may have been associated on the throne by his father as early as 1359/60. After reigning for an uncertain number of years, John Uroš abdicated in favor of his relative, the Caesar Alexios Angelos Philanthropenos, and became a monk.
He joined the monastic community founded by his father at Meteora, where he is documented under his monastic name Joasaph in 1381. Although he had surrendered political power, John Uroš remained wealthy and influential. In 1384–1385 he helped his sister Maria govern Epirus after the murder of her husband Thomas II Preljubović. He endowed the monasteries at Meteora and eventually became the head of the local monastic community, rebuilding or establishing further monasteries in the area in 1388 and 1390. In the 1390s he visited Mount Athos, but was back in Meteora by 1401, and died there in 1422 or 1423.
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Kuchum
Kuchum Khan, Kuchum Khan of Sibir (Tatar: Küçüm, Күчүм, Russian: Кучум; in Sybyr Küçüm is pronounced approximately as /kytsym/ - Күцүм, English name comes from standard Tatar pronunciation) (died ca. 1605) was the last khan of Siberia Khanate (1563–1598).
Kuchum Khan's attempt to spread Islam and his cross border raids were vigorously opposed by the Russian Tsar who sent a force of Cossacks to confront him head on. Kuchum is particularly noted for the vigorous resistance he gave to the Russians invaders.
Kuchum was the son of prince Mortaza from the Shayban dynasty (Şäyban). In 1554, he contested the throne of the Siberia Khanate against the incumbents brothers Yadegar (Yädegär) and Bekbulat, who were both vassals of Russia. In 1563, Yadegar was defeated and Kuchum assumed the throne. In 1573, Kuchum conducted a raid on Perm. It was this and other minor raids which prompted the Tsar of Russia to support a Cossack invasion of Siberia.
See Conquest of the Khanate of Sibir
In 1582, the Siberia Khanate was attacked by the Cossack ataman Yermak, who defeated Kuchum's forces and captured the capital Qashliq. Kuchum retreated into the steppes, and over the next few years regrouped his forces. He suddenly attacked Yermak on August 6, 1584 in the dead of night, and killed Yermak and most of his army; regaining control of the now ruined Qashliq. Kuchum attempted to unite the rival factions within the khanate nobility but met with resistance. After an unsuccessful attempt on his life by Qarachi Sayet khan (Säyet), Kuchum was forced to move his horde to the steppe south of the Irtysh river. There he attempted to establish a new khanate, engaging in war against Russian governors.
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Mikhail of Tver
Mikhail Yaroslavich (Russian: Михаил Ярославич) (1271 – November 22, 1318), also known as Michael of Tver or Michael the Saint, was a Prince of Tver (from 1285) who ruled as Grand Prince of Vladimir from 1304 until 1314 and again from 1315–1318. He is counted among the saints of the Russian Orthodox Church.
Mikhail Yaroslavich was the second son of Yaroslav III (Yaroslav Yaroslavich), the younger brother of Aleksandr Nevsky) and succeeded him as Prince of Tver in 1285. His mother, Xenia was the second spouse to Yaroslav III and is known as the saint Xenia of Tarusa. Upon the death of Andrei Aleksandrovich (Aleksandr Nevsky's son and Yaroslav's nephew), Mikhail became the Grand Prince of Vladimir in 1304, as was consistent with the Rota System of collateral succession that had been practiced in Rus since the time of Yaroslav the Wise. He was confirmed in office by Tokhta, Khan of the Golden Horde.
While he seemed secure in the throne, being the legitimate heir and having been confirmed by the Khan in Sarai, Grand Prince Mikhail suffered a series of setbacks as grand prince which led to him losing the grand princely office for both himself and, in some ways, ultimately for his descendants. He was, like most Grand Princes of Vladimir, accepted as Prince of Novgorod the Great in 1309, but fought with Novgorod, going so far as to withdraw his lieutenants (namestniki) and cut off grain shipments into the city in 1312. While he was on decent terms with Tokhta Khan, and initially with his successor, Uzbeg Khan (Mikhail paid homage on Uzbeg's accession to the throne in 1313 and remained in Sarai until 1315), he eventually lost influence to Yury of Moscow, who gained influence in Novgorod while the grand prince was away in Sarai. Mikhail did manage to finally take control of the city in 1316 with Mongol aid, but the following year Uzbeg Khan gave the yarlik or patent of office of the Grand Prince of Vladimir to Yury, who also married Uzbeg's sister.
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Mostich
Mostich (Bulgarian: Мостич, Old Bulgarian: МОСТИЧЬ) was a high-ranking official in the 10th-century First Bulgarian Empire, during the rule of Simeon I and Peter I. He bore the title of Ichirgu-boil and was most likely the commander of the state capital Preslav's garrison.
Mostich is known from a 10th-century Old Bulgarian epigraph in a church (now known as "Mostich's Church") in the Selishte area of Preslav, then the inner city of the Bulgarian capital. The text was discovered in 1952 by Professor Stancho Vaklinov and is preserved in the National Archaeological Museum. The inscription is Mostich's epitaph, indicating that he was buried in the church: his remains were also found, revealing that he was relatively short (165–170 cm). The text is notable for being the earliest source mentioning the word "Tsar".
It reads as follows:
Mostich Hill on Rugged Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Mostich.
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Paul Menesius
Paul Menesius (1637–1694, latinized from Menzies, Russian transliteration: Павел Гаврилович Менезиус or Менезий or Миннюст) was a Scottish soldier and diplomat, who spent most of his life in the service of the Russian Tsar Alexei.
Menesius came from an old wealthy Scottish family of Catholic and traditional background from Aberdeen, who were forced by religious persecution to emigrate to France in 1639, where he studied at the Douai College. After Oliver Cromwell's death in 1658 the family returned to Scotland when Charles II returned the family's land. However their wealth was lost and Paul, the youngest son, had to seek his own living. He joined the Polish army.
In 1660 he defected to Russia. There, he received a master's rank and later married a Russian woman.
Menzies' friendship with Kirill Naryshkin, who since 1671 was the Tsar's father-in-law, and Patrick Gordon and others placed him close to Tsar Alexei.
When in 1671 - 1672 during a return to Scotland, his fortunes took a further turn. The Russian state was looking for allies amongst the European states to fight Turkey. Menesius with his linguistic skills and Catholic faith was enlisted as an ambassador and sent in 1672, to Berlin, Dresden, Vienna, Venice and Rome. Although he was welcomed, he did not receive any direct response to the appeal for alliance. However despite Austrian suspicion; in Vienna when he announced that the Turks had conquered the Kamenets[verification needed] and Russian arsenals, the Austrian Emperor led an army to the borders to defeat the infidel invader.
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Peter I of Bulgaria
Peter I (Bulgarian: Петър I) (died 30 January 970) was emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from 27 May 927 to 969.
Peter I was the son of Simeon I of Bulgaria by his second marriage to Maria Sursuvul, the sister of George Sursuvul. Peter had been born early in the 10th century, but it appears that his maternal uncle was very influential at the beginning of his reign. In 913 Peter may have visited the imperial palace at Constantinople together with his older brother Michael. For unspecified reasons, Simeon had forced Michael to become a monk and had named Peter as his successor.
To prove himself a worthy successor to his father both at home and in the eyes of foreign governments, Peter began his reign with a military offensive into Byzantine Thrace in 927. Nevertheless, he followed up his quick successes by secretly negotiating a peace treaty before the Byzantine government had a chance to retaliate. The Byzantine Emperor Romanos I Lakapenos eagerly accepted the proposal for peace and arranged for a diplomatic marriage between his granddaughter Maria and the Bulgarian monarch. In October 927 Peter arrived near Constantinople to meet Romanos and signed the peace treaty, marrying Maria on 8 November in the church of the Zoödochos Pege. To signify the new era in Bulgaro-Byzantine relations, the princess was renamed Eirene ("peace"). The treaty of 927 actually represents the fruit of Simeon's military successes and diplomatic initiatives, ably continued by his son's government. Peace was obtained with the frontiers restored to those defined in treaties of 897 and 904, the Byzantines recognised the Bulgarian monarch's title of emperor (basileus, tsar) and the autocephalus status of the Bulgarian patriarchate; the payment of an annual tribute to Bulgaria by the Byzantine Empire was renewed.
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Peter the Great
Peter the Great, Peter I or Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov (Russian: Пётр Алексе́евич Рома́нов, Пётр I, Pyotr I, or Пётр Вели́кий, Pyotr Velikiy) (9 June [O.S. 30 May] 1672 – 8 February [O.S. 28 January] 1725) ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire from 7 May [O.S. 27 April] 1682 until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his half-brother. In numerous successful wars he expanded the Tsardom into a huge empire that became a major European power. According to historian James Cracraft, he led a cultural revolution that replaced the traditionalist and medieval social and political system with a modern, scientific, Europe-oriented, and rationalist system.
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Simeon I of Bulgaria
Simeon (also Symeon)I the Great (Bulgarian: Симеон I Велики, transliterated Simeon I Veliki[simɛˈɔn ˈpɤ̞rvi vɛˈliki]) ruled over Bulgaria from 893 to 927, during the First Bulgarian Empire. Simeon's successful campaigns against the Byzantines, Magyars and Serbs led Bulgaria to its greatest territorial expansion ever, making it the most powerful state in contemporary Eastern Europe. His reign was also a period of unmatched cultural prosperity and enlightenment later deemed the Golden Age of Bulgarian culture.
During Simeon's rule, Bulgaria spread over a territory between the Aegean, the Adriatic and the Black Sea, and the new Bulgarian capital Preslav was said to rival Constantinople. The newly independent Bulgarian Orthodox Church became the first new patriarchate besides the Pentarchy, and Bulgarian Glagolitic translations of Christian texts spread all over the Slavic world of the time. Halfway through his reign, Simeon assumed the title of Emperor (Tsar), having prior to that been styled Prince (Knyaz).
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Simeon Uroš
Simeon Uroš Nemanjić, nicknamed Siniša (Serbian Cyrillic: Симеон Урош Синиша Немањић), also known in Greek as Symeōn Ouresēs Palaiologos (Συμεών Ούρεσης Παλαιολόγος), was the Despot of Epirus from 1359 to 1366, and of Thessaly from 1359 until his death in 1370. He governed Epirus and Acarnania under his half-brother Emperor Dušan the Mighty (r. 1331-1355) from 1348, and in the years following the Emperor's death, he asserted himself as an independent ruler of these southern regions of the Serbian Empire, being self-proclaimed Emperor of Serbs and Greeks in rivalry with his nephew Stephen Uroš V.
Simeon Uroš, nicknamed Siniša, was the son of King Stephen Uroš III Dečanski of Serbia by his second wife, Maria Palaiologina, the daughter of the despotes John Palaiologos, a grandson of Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos.
When his half-brother Emperor Stefan Uroš IV Dušan conquered Epirus and Acarnania in 1348, he appointed as governor of these regions Simeon Uroš, whom he had granted the title of despotes traditionally reserved for emperors' brothers and younger sons. Simeon Uroš consolidated his position in relation to the local aristocracy by marrying Thomais, the daughter of the former ruler of Epirus, John Orsini.
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Tatars
Tatars (Tatar: Tatarlar / Татарлар, sometimes spelled Tartars) are a Turkic people, numbering around 7 million. The majority of Tatars live in the Russian Federation, with a population of 5.5 million, 2 million of which in the republic of Tatarstan, 1 million in the republic of Bashkortostan and other 2.5 million in different regions of Russia. Significant minority populations are found in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Ukraine.
The Tatars originated with the Tatar confederation in the north-eastern Gobi desert in the 5th century. After subjugation in the 9th century by the Khitans, they migrated southward. In the 13th century Mongol Empire, they were subjugated under Genghis Khan and reassigned once again particularly by his son Jochi. Under the leadership of his grandson Batu Khan, they moved westwards, forming part of the Golden Horde which dominated the Eurasian steppe during the 14th and 15th centuries. In Europe, they were assimilated by the local populations or their name spread to the conquered peoples: Kipchaks, Kimaks and others; and elsewhere with Uralic-speaking peoples, as well as with remnants of the ancient Greek colonies in the Crimea and Caucasians in the Caucasus.
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Thomas Brackett Reed
Thomas Brackett Reed, (October 18, 1839 – December 7, 1902), occasionally ridiculed as Czar Reed, was a U.S. Representative from Maine, and Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1889–1891 and from 1895–1899. He was a powerful leader of the Republican Party, and during his tenure as Speaker of the House, he served with greater influence than any Speaker who came before, and he forever increased its power and influence for those who succeeded him in the position.
Born in Portland, Maine, Reed attended public school, including Portland High School, before graduating from Bowdoin College in 1860. He studied law. After college, he went on to become acting assistant paymaster, United States Navy, from April 1864, to November 1865, and was admitted to the bar in 1865. He practiced in Portland, and was elected to the Maine House of Representatives, in 1868 and 1869. He served in the Maine Senate in 1870 but left to serve as the state's Attorney General 1870–72. Reed became city solicitor of Portland 1874–1877, before being elected as a Republican to the Forty-fifth and to the eleven succeeding Congresses, serving from 1877, to September 4, 1899, when he resigned.
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Vasili III of Russia
Vasili III Ivanovich (Russian: Василий III Иванович , also Basil) (25 March 1479 – 3 December 1533, Moscow) was the Grand Prince of Moscow from 1505 to 1533. He was the son of Ivan III Vasiliyevich and Sophia Paleologue and was christened with the name Gavriil (Гавриил). He had three brothers; Yuri, born in 1480, Simeon, born in 1487 and Andrei, born in 1490, as well as five sisters: Elena (born and died in 1474), Feodosiya (born and died in 1475), another Elena (born 1476), another Feodosiya (born 1485) and Eudoxia (born 1492).
Vasili III continued the policies of his father Ivan III and spent most of his reign consolidating Ivan's gains. Vasili annexed the last surviving autonomous provinces: Pskov in 1510, appanage of Volokolamsk in 1513, principalities of Ryazan in 1521 and Novgorod-Seversky in 1522.
Vasili also took advantage of the difficult position of Sigismund of Poland to capture Smolensk, the great eastern fortress of Lithuania (siege started 1512, ended in 1514), chiefly through the aid of the rebel Lithuanian, Prince Mikhail Hlinski, who provided him with artillery and engineers. The loss of Smolensk was an important injury inflicted by Russia on Lithuania in the course of the Russo-Lithuanian Wars and only the exigencies of Sigismund compelled him to acquiesce in its surrender (1522).
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Volhynia
Volhynia, Volynia, or Volyn (Ukrainian: Волинь, Russian: Волы́нь, Polish: Wołyń, Lithuanian: Voluinė or Volynė, German: Wolhynien or Wolynien, Yiddish: װאָהלין, Vohlin) is a historic region straddling Poland and Russia. It was annexed after the Second World War into the Soviet Union as Ukraine pushed its borders westwards replacing the Polish and Jewish populations, and, since the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991, it now forms a part of western Ukraine . It is located between the rivers Prypiat and Southern Bug, to the north of Galicia and Podolia. The region is named for the former city of Volyn or Velyn, said to have been located on the Southern Bug River, whose name may come from the Proto-Slavic root *vol/vel- 'wet.' In addition to Poles, Russians and Ukrainians, the region historically had one of the biggest Jewish populations in the world, almost all of whom were murdered in the Holocaust, or in pre-war pogroms by Ukrainian and Polish nationalists.
Territories of historical Volhynia now form the Volyn, Rivne, and parts of Zhytomyr, Ternopil and Khmelnytskyi Oblasts of Ukraine, as well as parts of Poland (see Chełm). Major cities include Lutsk, Kovel, Kremenets (Ternopil Oblast), Volodymyr-Volynskyi, and Starokostiantyniv (Khmelnytskyi Oblast). Many Jewish shtetls (villages) like Trochenbrod and Lozisht were once an integral part of the region.
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Vukašin Mrnjavčević
Vukašin Mrnjavčević (Serbian Cyrillic: Вукашин Мрњавчевић, Serbian pronunciation: [ʋukǎʃin mr̩̂ɲaːʋt͡ʃɛʋit͡ɕ]) (c. 1320 – 26 September 1371) was a Serbian ruler in modern-day central and northwestern Macedonia, who ruled from 1365 to 1371. According to 17th-century Ragusan historian Mavro Orbin, his father was a minor noble named Mrnjava from Zachlumia, whose sons Vukašin and Uglješa were born in Livno in western Bosnia. Some of Orbin's historical accounts are based on oral traditions of his time, but a 1280 Ragusan document mentions a Mrnjan as a nobleman from Trebinje, a town in Travunia in the vicinity of Zachlumia. The same Mrnjan is mentioned again in a 1289 charter as a treasurer of Queen Hélène d'Anjou, mother of Serbian King Milutin. After Zachlumia was annexed by Bosnia in 1326, the family of Mrnjan, or Mrnjava, could have moved to Livno. Possibly the family supported Serbian Emperor Dušan's invasion of Bosnia in 1350, as did other Zachlumian nobles, and fearing punishment, emigrated to Serbia when the war was about to start. In favor of Zachumlian or Travunian origin of Vukašin also speaks the inscription on the tomb in a church in Ochrid, where certain Ostoja Rajaković of the Ugarčić clan (died 1379) is referred to as a cousin of Vukašin's eldest son Marko. The Ugarčić clan is attested in contemporary sources as inhabiting the region of Trebinje.
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Yaroslav the Wise
Yaroslav I, Grand Prince of Rus', known as Yaroslav the Wise (Old Norse: Jarizleifr; ; Old East Slavic and Ярослав Мудрый; Ukrainian: Ярослав Мудрий; c. 978 – February 20, 1054) was thrice Grand Prince of Novgorod and Kiev, uniting the two principalities for a time under his rule.
A son of the Varangian (Viking)Grand Prince Vladimir the Great, he was vice-regent of Novgorod at the time of his father’s death in 1015. Subsequently, his eldest surviving brother, Svyatopolk the Accursed, killed three of his other brothers and seized power in Kiev. Yaroslav, with the active support of the Novgorodians and the help of Varangian mercenaries, defeated Svyatopolk and became the Grand Prince of Kiev in 1019. Under Yaroslav the codification of legal customs and princely enactments was begun, and this work served as the basis for a law code called the Russkaya Pravda ("Russian Justice"). During his lengthy reign, Rus' reached the zenith of its cultural flowering and military power.
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- Płonę, płonę (Płonę)
- Tak - nie - tak
- Zapowiedź
- Plan życia
- Chodzą ludzie
- Trzy zapałki
- Wpadka
- 51
- Alien
- Maratończyk
- Jodyna
- Tekst marka
- Bez podtekstów
- 52 dla przyjaciół
- Blues dla kaczora
- Chodzą ludzie
- Mass media
- Wpadka
- Trzy zapałki
- Biała śmierć
- 51
- Maratończyk
- Kocica
- Jestem głodny
- Heavy metal świat
- Alien
- Francuskie ciasteczka
- Wielka fiesta
- Roller coaster
- Plan życia
- TSA rock
- Bez podtekstów
- Wyciągam swoją dłoń
- Ona to lubi
- Jeszcze
- Na na na na
- Kowboje
- To boli
- Sex blues
- Hymn Rock'n'roll
- Powiedz mi
- 52 dla przyjaciół
- Jestem Głodny
- Wielki Cud
- Ciągle Walcz
- Wyciągam Swoją Dłoń
- Francuskie Ciasteczka
- Wielka Fiesta
- Roller Coaster
- Nie Mów Tak, Nie Mów
- Pierwszy Karabin
- Mechaniczny Pies
- Francuskie Ciasteczka
- 51
- Don't Worry Friend
- Upper Classes
- Stop
- Nothing Left To Say
- Your Conscience
- People Like Zombies
- Black Sabbath
- No Hints
- Spóźnione pytania (Pytania)
- Tratwa (Wyspa)
- Proceder
- Twoja Szansa I (Szansa I)
- Twoja Szansa II (Szansa II)
- Matnia (Krew)
- To nie jest proste (To nie takie proste)
- Mój cień omija mnie (Nie mogę spać)
- List XX
- Płonę, płonę
- Tak - nie - tak
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TSA - 51
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:14
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
Old good polish rock...full of sadness and melancholy, classic with great lyrics...
http://wn.com/TSA_51
Old good polish rock...full of sadness and melancholy, classic with great lyrics...
TSA Teaching America's Kids About Being Searched
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:30
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
www.dailysquib.co.uk/world/3712.html The next generation of young Americans are learning the hard way that their future will involve a lot of forced searches.
http://wn.com/TSA_Teaching_America's_Kids_About_Being_Searched
www.dailysquib.co.uk/world/3712.html The next generation of young Americans are learning the hard way that their future will involve a lot of forced searches.
- published: 02 Jan 2013
- views: 61
- author: DailySquibNewspaper
TSA VIPR Team Keeps Tabs on NFL Fans
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
TSA agents were out in force during yesterday's Vikings-Packers game at the Metrodome in Minnesota, in addition to a surveillance drone that was spotted keeping tabs on fans -- another illustration of how the federal agency is expanding its remit well outside the realm of transportation. www.infowars.com Attorney Nathan M. Hansen took photographs of the spy drone and the TSA VIPR agents and posted them to his twitter feed following the game yesterday afternoon. twitter.com [Check it Out Today] www.infowarsshop.com www.infowars.com www.prisonplanet.tv www.infowars.net www.prisonplanet.com [Get Healthy Today!!] www.infowarshealth.com
http://wn.com/TSA_VIPR_Team_Keeps_Tabs_on_NFL_Fans
TSA agents were out in force during yesterday's Vikings-Packers game at the Metrodome in Minnesota, in addition to a surveillance drone that was spotted keeping tabs on fans -- another illustration of how the federal agency is expanding its remit well outside the realm of transportation. www.infowars.com Attorney Nathan M. Hansen took photographs of the spy drone and the TSA VIPR agents and posted them to his twitter feed following the game yesterday afternoon. twitter.com [Check it Out Today] www.infowarsshop.com www.infowars.com www.prisonplanet.tv www.infowars.net www.prisonplanet.com [Get Healthy Today!!] www.infowarshealth.com
- published: 01 Jan 2013
- views: 12913
- author: TheAlexJonesChannel
TSA OPT OUT & FILM: DEPUTY SHERIFF PROTECTS 1ST AMENDMENT AT ALBANY AIRPORT
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:26
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
Ashley Jessica and Jason Bermas visit Albany International on Black Friday to educate people about opting out of dangerous body scanners and filming intrusive pat downs. Follow Ashley twitter.com Follow Jason twitter.com For more info go to www.Infowars.com For my latest film project go to www.ShadeTheMotionPicture.com
http://wn.com/TSA_OPT_OUT_FILM_DEPUTY_SHERIFF_PROTECTS_1ST_AMENDMENT_AT_ALBANY_AIRPORT
Ashley Jessica and Jason Bermas visit Albany International on Black Friday to educate people about opting out of dangerous body scanners and filming intrusive pat downs. Follow Ashley twitter.com Follow Jason twitter.com For more info go to www.Infowars.com For my latest film project go to www.ShadeTheMotionPicture.com
- published: 27 Nov 2012
- views: 157863
- author: Jason Bermas
The TSA Meets Independent Media - Opt Out And Film Week
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:54
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
On day one of the "Opt Out And Film The TSA" campaign, Dan Dicks of Press For Truth and Ashley Jessica went to the Buffalo International airport to help raise awareness about the intrusive and invasive TSA procedures. We were immediately surrounded by members of the TSA and also the Buffalo Transit Police who tried various intimidation tactics on us but ultimately failed to deter us from taking part in this important campaign. To learn more about the campaign visit: www.infowars.com Follow Ashley on Twitter: twitter.com Support independent media by joining Press For Truth TV: pressfortruth.tv We rely on you the viewer to help us continue to do this work. With your help I can continue to make videos and documentary films for youtube in an effort to raise awareness all over the world. Please support independent media by joining Press For Truth TV! As a Press For Truth TV subscriber you'll have full access to the site's features and content including Daily Video Blogs on current news from the PFT perspective and High Quality Downloads of all Press For Truth Films, Music and Special Reports! Subscribe to Press For Truth TV: pressfortruth.tv For more information visit: pressfortruth.tv You can also support Press For Truth and help us continue to do this work by donating or becoming a sponsor at pressfortruth.ca www.pressfortruth.ca www.facebook.com www.youtube.com twitter.com twitter.com pressfortruth.ca
http://wn.com/The_TSA_Meets_Independent_Media_Opt_Out_And_Film_Week
On day one of the "Opt Out And Film The TSA" campaign, Dan Dicks of Press For Truth and Ashley Jessica went to the Buffalo International airport to help raise awareness about the intrusive and invasive TSA procedures. We were immediately surrounded by members of the TSA and also the Buffalo Transit Police who tried various intimidation tactics on us but ultimately failed to deter us from taking part in this important campaign. To learn more about the campaign visit: www.infowars.com Follow Ashley on Twitter: twitter.com Support independent media by joining Press For Truth TV: pressfortruth.tv We rely on you the viewer to help us continue to do this work. With your help I can continue to make videos and documentary films for youtube in an effort to raise awareness all over the world. Please support independent media by joining Press For Truth TV! As a Press For Truth TV subscriber you'll have full access to the site's features and content including Daily Video Blogs on current news from the PFT perspective and High Quality Downloads of all Press For Truth Films, Music and Special Reports! Subscribe to Press For Truth TV: pressfortruth.tv For more information visit: pressfortruth.tv You can also support Press For Truth and help us continue to do this work by donating or becoming a sponsor at pressfortruth.ca www.pressfortruth.ca www.facebook.com www.youtube.com twitter.com twitter.com pressfortruth.ca
- published: 23 Nov 2012
- views: 32807
- author: weavingspider
TSA Agent Found With ABC IPad: Brian Ross Blotter Investigation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:56
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
TSA says 381 of its officers have been let go for alleged thefts. For more on this story, click here: abcnews.go.com
http://wn.com/TSA_Agent_Found_With_ABC_IPad_Brian_Ross_Blotter_Investigation
TSA says 381 of its officers have been let go for alleged thefts. For more on this story, click here: abcnews.go.com
- published: 27 Sep 2012
- views: 1532671
- author: ABCNews
Infowars Reporter Stands Up To TSA Intimidation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 16:41
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
David Ortiz experiences the TSA, NYPD first hand. ORDER THIS SURVIVAL DVD AND START GETTING PREPARED TODAY AT... www.infowarsshop.com Joel Skousen sits down with Alex Jones and discusses strategies on how to prepare for and survive major disasters. www.infowars.com www.prisonplanet.tv twitter.com www.facebook.com [Join The Alex Jones Team and Start Getting Healthy Today!] www.infowarsteam.com Get all your Youngevity Products such as Beyond Tangy Tangerine, the Alex Pack and Pollen Burst. These supplements are a great way to get your essentials vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and other beneficial nutrients [[[ProPur Water Filtration]]] www.infowarsshop.com
http://wn.com/Infowars_Reporter_Stands_Up_To_TSA_Intimidation
David Ortiz experiences the TSA, NYPD first hand. ORDER THIS SURVIVAL DVD AND START GETTING PREPARED TODAY AT... www.infowarsshop.com Joel Skousen sits down with Alex Jones and discusses strategies on how to prepare for and survive major disasters. www.infowars.com www.prisonplanet.tv twitter.com www.facebook.com [Join The Alex Jones Team and Start Getting Healthy Today!] www.infowarsteam.com Get all your Youngevity Products such as Beyond Tangy Tangerine, the Alex Pack and Pollen Burst. These supplements are a great way to get your essentials vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and other beneficial nutrients [[[ProPur Water Filtration]]] www.infowarsshop.com
- published: 27 Nov 2012
- views: 46090
- author: TheAlexJonesChannel
TSA molests mom, brings her to tears
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:09
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
After a woman was allegedly sexually harassed by TSA agents at Sky Harbor International in Phoenix, AZ, her son documented the aftermath as the TSA, Southwest Airlines and Phoenix Police threaten him with arrest for filming the ordeal. Officials seem more concerned with the video than with the woman brought to tears at the security checkpoint. Video courtesy of YouTube.com/rynomaz111
http://wn.com/TSA_molests_mom,_brings_her_to_tears
After a woman was allegedly sexually harassed by TSA agents at Sky Harbor International in Phoenix, AZ, her son documented the aftermath as the TSA, Southwest Airlines and Phoenix Police threaten him with arrest for filming the ordeal. Officials seem more concerned with the video than with the woman brought to tears at the security checkpoint. Video courtesy of YouTube.com/rynomaz111
- published: 03 Jun 2011
- views: 419859
- author: RTAmerica
Jesse Ventura Reveals TSA National Security Secret Censored From His Television Show
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:29
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
September 17, 2012 Russia Today News MOXNews.com
http://wn.com/Jesse_Ventura_Reveals_TSA_National_Security_Secret_Censored_From_His_Television_Show
September 17, 2012 Russia Today News MOXNews.com
- published: 18 Sep 2012
- views: 34068
- author: MOXNEWSd0tC0M
How To Get Anything Through TSA Nude Body Scanners
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:34
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
Transcript on Official Blog: tsaoutofourpants.wordpress.com Please see also my newest video: www.youtube.com Media / Official Inquiries: See Below for Contact This video is here to demonstrate that the TSA's insistence that the nude body scanner program is effective and necessary is nothing but a fraud, just like their claims that the program is safe (radiation what?) and non-invasive (nude pictures who?). This video is not intended to teach anyone how to commit criminal acts, nor is intended to help "the terrorists" -- if I could figure this out, I'm sure they've long figured it out, and by exposing it to the public, we now have an opportunity to correct it. The scanners are now effectively worthless, as anyone can beat them with virtually no effort. The TSA has been provided this video in advance of it being made public to give them an opportunity to turn off the scanners and revert to the metal detectors. I personally believe they now have no choice but to turn them off. Please share this video with your family, friends, and most importantly, elected officials in federal government. Make sure they understand that your vote is contingent on them fixing the abuse that 200000 passengers face from the TSA on a daily basis. I'd like to thank: Travel Underground - www.travelunderground.org Freedom to Travel USA - fttusa.org Legislators who have stood up to the TSA - especially Dr. Ron Paul & Sen. Rand Paul ...and all those who have both publicly and privately stood up to the ...
http://wn.com/How_To_Get_Anything_Through_TSA_Nude_Body_Scanners
Transcript on Official Blog: tsaoutofourpants.wordpress.com Please see also my newest video: www.youtube.com Media / Official Inquiries: See Below for Contact This video is here to demonstrate that the TSA's insistence that the nude body scanner program is effective and necessary is nothing but a fraud, just like their claims that the program is safe (radiation what?) and non-invasive (nude pictures who?). This video is not intended to teach anyone how to commit criminal acts, nor is intended to help "the terrorists" -- if I could figure this out, I'm sure they've long figured it out, and by exposing it to the public, we now have an opportunity to correct it. The scanners are now effectively worthless, as anyone can beat them with virtually no effort. The TSA has been provided this video in advance of it being made public to give them an opportunity to turn off the scanners and revert to the metal detectors. I personally believe they now have no choice but to turn them off. Please share this video with your family, friends, and most importantly, elected officials in federal government. Make sure they understand that your vote is contingent on them fixing the abuse that 200000 passengers face from the TSA on a daily basis. I'd like to thank: Travel Underground - www.travelunderground.org Freedom to Travel USA - fttusa.org Legislators who have stood up to the TSA - especially Dr. Ron Paul & Sen. Rand Paul ...and all those who have both publicly and privately stood up to the ...
- published: 06 Mar 2012
- views: 2062848
- author: tsaoutofourpants
TSA Abuse
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:11
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
A woman describes her ordeal with sexual abuse by TSA Agents
http://wn.com/TSA_Abuse
A woman describes her ordeal with sexual abuse by TSA Agents
- published: 05 Nov 2012
- views: 27469
- author: Maggie Buckenmayer
TSA Now Searching For Silver And Gold!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:33
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
The TSA has been known to download the contents of flyers' laptops and smartphones, and to take cash. Now they search and question travelers who have as few as 8 coins. This is totally outside of the law, and amounts to an internal customs check point- and is the real reason the TSA was set up. This is a federal power grab!
http://wn.com/TSA_Now_Searching_For_Silver_And_Gold!
The TSA has been known to download the contents of flyers' laptops and smartphones, and to take cash. Now they search and question travelers who have as few as 8 coins. This is totally outside of the law, and amounts to an internal customs check point- and is the real reason the TSA was set up. This is a federal power grab!
- published: 23 Oct 2011
- views: 238279
- author: TheAlexJonesChannel
TSA Invades Chicago's Union Station
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:47
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
As I entered Chicago's Union Station back on July 5th, I noticed 3 Fully Uniform TSA Agents sitting inside the office of Amtrak Police. I took out my cell phone and started to follow these TSA agents, and it appeared to me that they were setting up a Check Point for Amtrak Riders. This is just another example of how TSA expanding their operations and entering Train Stations, Bus terminals, and major sporting and concert events. Will Americans allow TSA to bring their intrusive Pat Downs on the road or finally take a stand and say NO!!
http://wn.com/TSA_Invades_Chicago's_Union_Station
As I entered Chicago's Union Station back on July 5th, I noticed 3 Fully Uniform TSA Agents sitting inside the office of Amtrak Police. I took out my cell phone and started to follow these TSA agents, and it appeared to me that they were setting up a Check Point for Amtrak Riders. This is just another example of how TSA expanding their operations and entering Train Stations, Bus terminals, and major sporting and concert events. Will Americans allow TSA to bring their intrusive Pat Downs on the road or finally take a stand and say NO!!
- published: 09 Jul 2012
- views: 52021
- author: 1776umphreys
Amtrak Police Confronts JNReport for filming TSA at Chicago's Union Station
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:21
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
Following my video back on July 5th "TSA Invades Chicago's Union Station", I went back to Chicago's Union Station on July 18th to meet with the Director of "Why in The World are they are Spraying Mike Murphy". Before I met with Mike; I walked around Union Station to see if TSA was still lurking around the Union Station Grounds. As I approached Metro's Union Station Restaurant I spotted a group of TSA agents about to eat lunch, so I decided to document them again at Chicago's Union Station. As I began filming I was approached by a member of Amtrak Police who noticed me from my prior TSA video. The Amtrak Police officer admitted to me that the government has seen and sent my TSA video over to them for reviewing. I was also told not to film TSA inside the Amtrak Passenger area, and if I did, I would be arrested for trespassing. The bigger question is- should the American public have a right to film TSA agents? Or should we trust them with securing our airlines, railways, and buses?
http://wn.com/Amtrak_Police_Confronts_JNReport_for_filming_TSA_at_Chicago's_Union_Station
Following my video back on July 5th "TSA Invades Chicago's Union Station", I went back to Chicago's Union Station on July 18th to meet with the Director of "Why in The World are they are Spraying Mike Murphy". Before I met with Mike; I walked around Union Station to see if TSA was still lurking around the Union Station Grounds. As I approached Metro's Union Station Restaurant I spotted a group of TSA agents about to eat lunch, so I decided to document them again at Chicago's Union Station. As I began filming I was approached by a member of Amtrak Police who noticed me from my prior TSA video. The Amtrak Police officer admitted to me that the government has seen and sent my TSA video over to them for reviewing. I was also told not to film TSA inside the Amtrak Passenger area, and if I did, I would be arrested for trespassing. The bigger question is- should the American public have a right to film TSA agents? Or should we trust them with securing our airlines, railways, and buses?
- published: 26 Jul 2012
- views: 22205
- author: 1776umphreys
TSA Breast Milk Screening Harassment Updated
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:46
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
New Mother Harassed and Threatened by TSA because she requests alternate screening for her breast milk. As a repeat traveler, the TSA singled her out to make an example out of her. She spends over an hour in the "Special Inspection" area and is forced to miss her flight.
http://wn.com/TSA_Breast_Milk_Screening_Harassment_Updated
New Mother Harassed and Threatened by TSA because she requests alternate screening for her breast milk. As a repeat traveler, the TSA singled her out to make an example out of her. She spends over an hour in the "Special Inspection" area and is forced to miss her flight.
- published: 24 Nov 2010
- views: 481758
- author: Chris Armato
Without a Face - The TSA Song
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:33
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
iTunes: tinyurl.com | Amazon: tinyurl.com Email List: withoutaface.fanbridge.com | Site wafmusic.com Social facebook.com | twitter.com Produced, mixed, & mastered by Mike Thompson at The Ivory Tower in Houston, TX. Director/Producer/Editor - Eric Webb twitter.com Assistant Director/Producer...
http://wn.com/Without_a_Face_The_TSA_Song
iTunes: tinyurl.com | Amazon: tinyurl.com Email List: withoutaface.fanbridge.com | Site wafmusic.com Social facebook.com | twitter.com Produced, mixed, & mastered by Mike Thompson at The Ivory Tower in Houston, TX. Director/Producer/Editor - Eric Webb twitter.com Assistant Director/Producer...
- published: 13 Aug 2012
- views: 95960
- author: waftv
TSA Checkpoints Exposed: Journalist Tracked, Targeted & Harassed for Filming
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:48
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
Luke Rudkowski of WeAreChange breaks down WRC Correspondent Julio Rausseo's experience at the Chicago Union Station, 1 week after releasing a video exposing TSA checkpoints being setup there. Follow Julio @ www.twitter.com and on Youtube @ www.youtube.com Follow Luke @ www.twitter.com Become a WeAreChange Sponsor and get exclusive behind the scenes content while helping us grow! http:///www.wearechange.org/donate
http://wn.com/TSA_Checkpoints_Exposed_Journalist_Tracked,_Targeted_Harassed_for_Filming
Luke Rudkowski of WeAreChange breaks down WRC Correspondent Julio Rausseo's experience at the Chicago Union Station, 1 week after releasing a video exposing TSA checkpoints being setup there. Follow Julio @ www.twitter.com and on Youtube @ www.youtube.com Follow Luke @ www.twitter.com Become a WeAreChange Sponsor and get exclusive behind the scenes content while helping us grow! http:///www.wearechange.org/donate
- published: 26 Jul 2012
- views: 68219
- author: wearechange
TSA is Above The Law Meltdown!!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:56
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
The TSA has refused to attend a House Transportation hearing this week, with agency head John Pistole personally refusing to appear and declaring that the Congressional Committee has "no jurisdiction over the TSA". The hearing, schedule for Thursday, will be held by the Subcommittee on Aviation, a part of the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee (TIC). It is titled HOW BEST TO IMPROVE OUR NATION'S AIRPORT PASSENGER SECURITY SYSTEM THROUGH COMMON SENSE SOLUTIONS. Headed by Rep. Thomas Petri, it will "examine the impact that the regulations and policies of the Transportation Security Administration have on aviation passenger experience and the free flow of aviation commerce," according to a brief on the subcommittee's website (PDF). The TIC's website indicates that TSA head John Pistole has been asked to testify at the hearing. However, a statement issued on the TSA's website made it clear that neither Pistole, nor any TSA official intends to attend the hearing. www.infowars.com ORDER THIS SURVIVAL DVD AND START GETTING PREPARED TODAY AT... www.infowarsshop.com Joel Skousen sits down with Alex Jones and discusses strategies on how to prepare for and survive major disasters. www.infowars.com www.prisonplanet.tv twitter.com www.facebook.com [Join The Alex Jones Team and Start Getting Healthy Today!] www.infowarsteam.com Get all your Youngevity Products such as Beyond Tangy Tangerine, the Alex Pack and Pollen Burst. These supplements are a great way to get your ...
http://wn.com/TSA_is_Above_The_Law_Meltdown!!
The TSA has refused to attend a House Transportation hearing this week, with agency head John Pistole personally refusing to appear and declaring that the Congressional Committee has "no jurisdiction over the TSA". The hearing, schedule for Thursday, will be held by the Subcommittee on Aviation, a part of the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee (TIC). It is titled HOW BEST TO IMPROVE OUR NATION'S AIRPORT PASSENGER SECURITY SYSTEM THROUGH COMMON SENSE SOLUTIONS. Headed by Rep. Thomas Petri, it will "examine the impact that the regulations and policies of the Transportation Security Administration have on aviation passenger experience and the free flow of aviation commerce," according to a brief on the subcommittee's website (PDF). The TIC's website indicates that TSA head John Pistole has been asked to testify at the hearing. However, a statement issued on the TSA's website made it clear that neither Pistole, nor any TSA official intends to attend the hearing. www.infowars.com ORDER THIS SURVIVAL DVD AND START GETTING PREPARED TODAY AT... www.infowarsshop.com Joel Skousen sits down with Alex Jones and discusses strategies on how to prepare for and survive major disasters. www.infowars.com www.prisonplanet.tv twitter.com www.facebook.com [Join The Alex Jones Team and Start Getting Healthy Today!] www.infowarsteam.com Get all your Youngevity Products such as Beyond Tangy Tangerine, the Alex Pack and Pollen Burst. These supplements are a great way to get your ...
- published: 29 Nov 2012
- views: 14113
- author: TheAlexJonesChannel
Young Boy Strip Searched by TSA (New link to TSA lies interview)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:39
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
**** See how the TSA LIED to America on my latest interview!!! ****** www.theblaze.com Lets get the facts straight first. Before the video started the boy went through a metal detector and didn't set it off but was selected for a pat down. The boy was shy so the TSA couldn't complete the full pat on the young boy. The father tried several times to just hold the boys arms out for the TSA agent but i guess it didn't end up being enough for the guy. I was about 30 ft away so i couldn't hear their conversation if there was any. The enraged father pulled his son shirt off and gave it to the TSA agent to search, thats when this video begins. ******* THIS VIDEO OCCURRED AT SALT LAKE CITY INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT ON NOVEMBER 19TH AT AROUND THE TIME OF 12:00 PM ********** ***Insertion of what happened after the video (full story)**** After I finished videotaping the incident I went through the check point myself. I collected my things and went over to talk to the father and son. Before I could get to them a man in a black suit who had been talking with the other TSA officials approached me. He asked to speak to me and I obliged, wondering what was to come. He then proceeded to interrogate me about why I was videotaping the "procedures of the TSA". I told him that I had never seen such practices before on a young child and decided to record it. The man being frustrated at this point demanded to know my plans with the video, of which I didn't respond. Repeatedly he asked me to delete ...
http://wn.com/Young_Boy_Strip_Searched_by_TSA_New_link_to_TSA_lies_interview
**** See how the TSA LIED to America on my latest interview!!! ****** www.theblaze.com Lets get the facts straight first. Before the video started the boy went through a metal detector and didn't set it off but was selected for a pat down. The boy was shy so the TSA couldn't complete the full pat on the young boy. The father tried several times to just hold the boys arms out for the TSA agent but i guess it didn't end up being enough for the guy. I was about 30 ft away so i couldn't hear their conversation if there was any. The enraged father pulled his son shirt off and gave it to the TSA agent to search, thats when this video begins. ******* THIS VIDEO OCCURRED AT SALT LAKE CITY INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT ON NOVEMBER 19TH AT AROUND THE TIME OF 12:00 PM ********** ***Insertion of what happened after the video (full story)**** After I finished videotaping the incident I went through the check point myself. I collected my things and went over to talk to the father and son. Before I could get to them a man in a black suit who had been talking with the other TSA officials approached me. He asked to speak to me and I obliged, wondering what was to come. He then proceeded to interrogate me about why I was videotaping the "procedures of the TSA". I told him that I had never seen such practices before on a young child and decided to record it. The man being frustrated at this point demanded to know my plans with the video, of which I didn't respond. Repeatedly he asked me to delete ...
- published: 20 Nov 2010
- views: 2844668
- author: Luke Tait
TSA Agent Caught With Missing iPad
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:56
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
TSA Officer Andy Ramirez Busted For Stealing iPad then blaming his wife TSA officer Andy Ramirez took iPad from OIA, blames wife TSA agent caught with missing iPad Missing iPad tracked to home of TSA agent after TV sting...who then blamed his wife for taking it TSA Agent Caught Stealing Passenger's iPad ABC News Tracks Missing iPad To Florida Home of TSA Officer
http://wn.com/TSA_Agent_Caught_With_Missing_iPad
TSA Officer Andy Ramirez Busted For Stealing iPad then blaming his wife TSA officer Andy Ramirez took iPad from OIA, blames wife TSA agent caught with missing iPad Missing iPad tracked to home of TSA agent after TV sting...who then blamed his wife for taking it TSA Agent Caught Stealing Passenger's iPad ABC News Tracks Missing iPad To Florida Home of TSA Officer
- published: 27 Sep 2012
- views: 18447
- author: Shinehood
TSA Gangstaz by Zach Selwyn and Eli Braden
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:19
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
www.zachselwyn.com itunes.apple.com POST A VIDEO RESPONSE WITH YOUR TSA STORY Performed by TSA Gangstaz (Zach Selwyn and Eli Braden) Directed by Rick Qualliotine Edited by Mark Stepp Check out TSA Gangstaz on Myspace: www.myspace.com
http://wn.com/TSA_Gangstaz_by_Zach_Selwyn_and_Eli_Braden
www.zachselwyn.com itunes.apple.com POST A VIDEO RESPONSE WITH YOUR TSA STORY Performed by TSA Gangstaz (Zach Selwyn and Eli Braden) Directed by Rick Qualliotine Edited by Mark Stepp Check out TSA Gangstaz on Myspace: www.myspace.com
- published: 25 Feb 2008
- views: 904850
- author: WindowpaneFilms
TSA agent admits detaining people is not really about airline safety
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:22
- Updated: 30 Dec 2012
I uploaded this video as an example of the type of abuses that go on every day at the TSA. The TSA detains people or removes them from flights every day for non-security, punitive reasons. Passengers have missed their flights because they didn't want their breast milk screened in the x-ray detector, because they were carrying a cupcake, because they were wearing a shirt with a satirical logo, because they had a purse with a gun emblem on it, the list goes on. When this happens, passengers have no recourse. Complaints to the TSA result in the TSA denying there was any wrong doing, and the offending officer goes unpunished. Passengers should have rights, and TSA agents should know that there are consequences for intimidation and bullying. Here is my story: I was at the Houston airport in August for a layover. At the gate they were "testing" everyone's liquids. Normally I hide my water bottle in my bag when I see this, but we were running late and I didn't have time. I drank my water instead of letting them test it, and was kicked off my flight. I was able to get on the very next flight out of houston-and even managed an upgrade! (thanks United) Sorry for crappy phone video-but the audio is what I wanted to post. If you are interested in TSA reform, here are some websites: www.righttofly.org http
http://wn.com/TSA_agent_admits_detaining_people_is_not_really_about_airline_safety
I uploaded this video as an example of the type of abuses that go on every day at the TSA. The TSA detains people or removes them from flights every day for non-security, punitive reasons. Passengers have missed their flights because they didn't want their breast milk screened in the x-ray detector, because they were carrying a cupcake, because they were wearing a shirt with a satirical logo, because they had a purse with a gun emblem on it, the list goes on. When this happens, passengers have no recourse. Complaints to the TSA result in the TSA denying there was any wrong doing, and the offending officer goes unpunished. Passengers should have rights, and TSA agents should know that there are consequences for intimidation and bullying. Here is my story: I was at the Houston airport in August for a layover. At the gate they were "testing" everyone's liquids. Normally I hide my water bottle in my bag when I see this, but we were running late and I didn't have time. I drank my water instead of letting them test it, and was kicked off my flight. I was able to get on the very next flight out of houston-and even managed an upgrade! (thanks United) Sorry for crappy phone video-but the audio is what I wanted to post. If you are interested in TSA reform, here are some websites: www.righttofly.org http
- published: 01 Sep 2012
- views: 776856
- author: AirportVideosofTSA
State Troopers Now Going TSA on Roadside Searches
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:57
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
Two Texas women have filed a federal suit against two state troopers and their department head after being forced to undergo a humiliating "roadside body cavity search" during a routine traffic stop in July. www.infowars.com CHECK OUT [INFOWARS THE MAGAZINE] Buy it as a Gift or Order one for Yourself. www.infowarsshop.com ProPur Water Filtration www.infowarsshop.com Alex Jones teams up with ProPur to provide you with the new gold standard of water filtration systems. ProPur takes the traditional gravity filtration systems and updates it for the 21st century. The ProPur Water Purification Systems with its new carbon domed filters are stronger and last longer than anything currently on the market. www.infowars.com www.prisonplanet.com www.infowars.net www.prisonplanet.tv sign up today and share your UserID/Passcode with 4 extra people!
http://wn.com/State_Troopers_Now_Going_TSA_on_Roadside_Searches
Two Texas women have filed a federal suit against two state troopers and their department head after being forced to undergo a humiliating "roadside body cavity search" during a routine traffic stop in July. www.infowars.com CHECK OUT [INFOWARS THE MAGAZINE] Buy it as a Gift or Order one for Yourself. www.infowarsshop.com ProPur Water Filtration www.infowarsshop.com Alex Jones teams up with ProPur to provide you with the new gold standard of water filtration systems. ProPur takes the traditional gravity filtration systems and updates it for the 21st century. The ProPur Water Purification Systems with its new carbon domed filters are stronger and last longer than anything currently on the market. www.infowars.com www.prisonplanet.com www.infowars.net www.prisonplanet.tv sign up today and share your UserID/Passcode with 4 extra people!
- published: 21 Dec 2012
- views: 16337
- author: TheAlexJonesChannel
photo: AP / Juan Karita
04 Jan 2013
Argentine President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner has released a public letter urging the United Kingdom to relinquish its control over the disputed Falkland Islands. ... The veterans delivered a letter addressed to the British Ambassador in Argentina, John Freeman, criticising the British government for refusing to discuss the sovereignty of the islands with the Argentine government ... 508 Source.. Al Jazeera and agencies. Share....(size: 19.6Kb)
photo: WN / Imran Nissar
06 Jan 2013
ISLAMABAD - The Pakistani military is accusing forces from neighboring India of crossing the boundary between the two sides' forces in Kashmir and attacking a Pakistani border post, killing a soldier. The military's public relations office said in a statement Sunday that another Pakistani soldier was critically wounded in the incident early Sunday. They said troops are still exchanging gunfire in the area ... All rights reserved ... Parker ... ....(size: 4.3Kb)
photo: UN / Evan Schneider
06 Jan 2013
LONDON -- They have barely 3,000 inhabitants and far more sheep than people. They are more than 8,700 miles from London. For much of the year, they are bitterly cold and wind-swept, with only open sea and ice between them and Antarctica ... But the Falkland Islands, the focus of a short war between Britain and Argentina in 1982, have been in the headlines again recently ... Their arguments suggest what has long been evident ... Ms ... Mr ... Cameron said....(size: 5.1Kb)
photo: WN / Bhaskar Mallick
05 Jan 2013
Tweet. New Delhi, Jan 5 (ANI). The male friend of the 23-year-old medical student, who was gang-raped and left unclothed and bleeding in the street and later died in hospital two weeks after she was attacked on December 16 on a private bus in New Delhi, has said that things would have gone differently if someone had stopped to help ... "It would have been a very different scenario today, had even one person come to our help that day ... (ANI)....(size: 3.8Kb)
photo: AP / SANA
05 Jan 2013
Syrian government forces have bombarded several rebel strongholds in the suburbs of Damascus to quell the fighters battling the regime of President Bashar al-Assad from reaching the capital. Activists on Saturday said troops leveled their bombardment campaign on the districts of Hajar al-Aswad and Qaboun in southern Damascus while they continued to shell the suburbs of Daraya, Beit Hahm, Zibdeen, Maadamiya and Jisteen ... 445 Source. ... ....(size: 19.0Kb)
The Examiner
07 Jan 2013
You have to admire Pauline Potter's sheer will and determination ... Again she succeeded, shedding 100 ... Pauline Potter's weight loss plan ... Related Articles Man with world’s largest penis frisked by TSA, other TSA-related news (Photos) Woman driver claims her 38KKK breasts saved her life in crash Woman busted for DUI says big boobs made her fail sobriety test ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
MSNBC
06 Jan 2013
-- A TSA agent working New Year's Day is accused of stealing money from a suitcase of a passenger passing through Charlotte-Douglas International Airport. TSA officials confirm Reggie Dewain Edwards, 52, of Concord, was ......(size: 1.3Kb)
The Examiner
06 Jan 2013
Tweet. 0 Email. Report. Photo 1 of 3. Cartoons on Facebook privacy, Google privacy, and TSA and non-privacy. Warning ... Credit ... Cartoons on Facebook privacy, Google privacy, and TSA and non-privacy ... 3 people have less clothes than usual.Cartoons on Facebook privacy, Google privacy, and TSA and non-privacy ... 3 people have less clothes than usual.Cartoons on Facebook privacy, Google privacy, and TSA and non-privacy ... ....(size: 3.8Kb)
The Charlotte Observer
06 Jan 2013
A TSA agent working New Year's Day is accused of stealing money from a passenger's suitcase at Charlotte-Douglas International Airport....(size: 0.7Kb)
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
06 Jan 2013
That represents an average of 5 percent growth each year, adding about 800 million new fliers in four years ... That's an increase of about 14 percent over the 1,320 weapons discovered by the TSA last year ... The higher gun count could also mean TSA officers are doing a better job of screening passengers, TSA spokesman David Castelveter said ... The TSA does not arrest passengers with guns but instead alerts local law enforcement ... ....(size: 3.9Kb)
Springfield News-Sun
06 Jan 2013
BBC News
06 Jan 2013
Katherine Tsaing, associate director of the University of Chicago's Center for the Art of East Asia, spent many years travelling around the world to locate the missing sculptures and collect 3D digital images - technology that was not available when she started the project ... "This technology opens up new windows in being able to work with material like this," says Prof Tsaing....(size: 7.0Kb)
TMZ
06 Jan 2013
The Wichita Eagle
06 Jan 2013
At the end of last year, I hastily scribbled a list of 18 New Year’s resolutions for travel in 2012, realizing as I did so that I was including too many marginal and minor ones ... Here they are.. 1. I will be courteous and respectful to airport and airline personnel and members of the TSA; they work under stressful conditions and deserve our smiles and understanding. 2 ... 3 ... 4 ... 5 ... 6 ... 7 ... 8 ... 9 ... 10 ... 11 ... 12 ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
The Washington Times
06 Jan 2013
Todd DeFeo. Ask me a question. Follow @todddefeo Video.. ATLANTA, January 6, 2013 — Ron Paul retired at the end of the last Congress, but one Georgia congressman says, “Moving forward, my plan is to pick up right where Congressman Paul left off.”. U.S. Rep ... The measure, which would require that the U.S ... He’s regularly lambasted the TSA as a “colossal disappointment” and worked to repeal Obamacare ... ... ....(size: 6.4Kb)
The Examiner
06 Jan 2013
Shocking incidents like the Dec. 19, 2012 gun massacre in Newtown, Conn. by 20-year-old Adam Lanza killing 20 children and eight adults, including the shooter, prompted the latest call for more gun control legislation ... Already racking up big deficits because of the federal Transportation Security Agency [TSA], LaPierre knows there’s no money for a new federal education security bureaucracy ... Robert C ... 28, 1994 ... About the Author. John M ... ....(size: 5.6Kb)
MSNBC
05 Jan 2013
Paul International Airport. The arrest report released Friday afternoon by airport police says officers and a TSA agent at Checkpoint 1 noticed the smell of alcohol when they passed by the pilot as he waited for an elevator ... Passengers had not yet boarded the flight to La Guardia Airport in New York City ... Advertise . AdChoices. Advertise ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
Star Tribune
05 Jan 2013
The Transportation Security Administration has launched a pilot program that lets average travelers speed through security checkpoints ... Under the new program, regular travelers not enrolled in the program can be invited to use the PreCheck lines if they pass inspection from an explosive-sniffing dog and a TSA agent who is specially trained to detect suspicious behavior. LOS ANGELES TIMES Hotel rates may hold steady in 2013 ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)
- Czar redirects here.
For other uses, see Tsar (disambiguation).
Tsar (Tzar, Czar, or Csar; Bulgarian, Serbian and Ukrainian: цар; Russian: царь [tsarʲ] (help·info)) is a title used to designate certain European Slavic monarchs or supreme rulers. As a system of government in the Tsardom of Russia and Russian Empire, it is known as Tsarist autocracy, or Tsarism. The term is derived from the Latin word Caesar, which meant "Emperor" in the European medieval sense of the term - a ruler who claims the same rank as a Roman emperor, with the approval of another emperor or a supreme ecclesiastical official (the Pope or the Ecumenical Patriarch).
Occasionally, the word could be used to designate other, secular, supreme rulers. In Russia and Bulgaria the imperial connotations of the term were blurred with time, due to the medieval translations of the Bible, and, by the 19th century, it had come to be viewed as an equivalent of King.[1][2]
"Tsar" was the official title of the supreme and great ruler in the following states:
- First Bulgarian Empire, in 913–1018
- Second Bulgarian Empire, in 1185–1422
- Serbian Empire, in 1346–1371
- Tsardom of Russia, in 1547–1721 (replaced in 1721 by imperator, but remained in common usage until 1917)
- Tsardom of Bulgaria, in 1908–1946
The first ruler to adopt the title tsar was Simeon I of Bulgaria.[3] Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, the last Tsar of Bulgaria, is the last person to have borne the title Tsar as well as being the last surviving person to do so.
Contents |
Meaning in Slavic languages[link]
 |
This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability. |
The title Tsar is derived from the Latin word for emperor, Caesar.[4] In comparison to the corresponding Latin word "imperator", the Byzantine Greek term basileus was used differently depending on whether it was in a contemporary political context and in a historical or Biblical context. In the history of the Greek language, basileus had originally meant something like "potentate", it had gradually approached the meaning of "king" in the Hellenistic Period, and it came to designate "emperor" after the inception in the Roman Empire. As a consequence, Byzantine sources continued to call the Biblical and ancient kings "basileus", even when that word had come to mean "emperor" when referring to contemporary monarchs (while it was never applied to Western European kings, whose title was transliterated from Latin "rex" as ῥήξ, or to other monarchs, for whom designations such as ἄρχων "leader", "chieftain" were used.)
As the Greek "basileus" was consistently rendered as "tsar" in Slavonic translations of Greek texts, the dual meaning was transferred into Church Slavonic. Thus, "tsar" was not only used as an equivalent of Latin "imperator" (in reference to the rulers of the Byzantine Empire, the Holy Roman Empire and to native rulers) but was also used to refer to Biblical rulers and ancient kings.
From this ambiguity, the development has moved in different directions in the different Slavic languages. Thus, the Bulgarian language and Russian language no longer use tsar as an equivalent of the term emperor/imperator as it exists in the West European (Latin) tradition. Currently, the term tsar refers to native sovereigns, ancient and Biblical rulers, as well as monarchs in fairy tales and the like. The title of king (Russian korol' , Bulgarian kral) is perceived as alien and is reserved for (West) European royalty (and, by extension, for those modern monarchs outside of Europe whose titles are translated as king in English, roi in French etc.). Foreign monarchs of imperial status, both inside and outside of Europe, ancient as well as modern, are generally called imperator (император), rather than tsar.
In contrast, the Serbian, (along with the closely related Croatian language and Bosnian language) and Ukrainian language translates "emperor" (Latin imperator) as tsar (car, цар) and not as imperator, whereas the equivalent of king (kralj, краљ, король) is used to designate monarchs of non-imperial status, Serbian as well as foreign ancient rulers - just like Latin "rex". Biblical rulers in Serbian are called цар and in Croatian kralj.
In the West Slavic languages and Slovene language, the use of the terms is identical to the one in English and German: a king is designated with one term (Czech král, Slovak kráľ, Polish król, Slovene kralj), an emperor is designated with another, derived from Caesar as in German (Czech císař, Slovak cisár, Polish cesarz, Slovene cesar; Croat cesar and Montenegrin ćesar fall into disuse in the last century), while the exotic term "tsar" (Czech, Slovene and Polish car, Slovak cár) is reserved for the Russian and Bulgarian rulers.
Bulgaria[link]
Further information: List of Bulgarian monarchs
The sainted Boris I is sometimes retrospectively referred to as tsar, because at his time Bulgaria was converted to Christianity. However, the title "tsar" (and its Byzantine Greek equivalent "basileus") was actually adopted and used for the first time by his son Simeon I, following a makeshift imperial coronation performed by the Patriarch of Constantinople in 913. After an attempt by the Byzantine Empire to revoke this major diplomatic concession and a decade of intensive warfare, the imperial title of the Bulgarian ruler was recognized by the Byzantine government in 924 and again at the formal conclusion of peace in 927. Since in Byzantine political theory there was place for only two emperors, Eastern and Western (as in the Late Roman Empire), the Bulgarian ruler was crowned basileus as "a spiritual son" of the Byzantian basileus.[5]
Some of the earliest attested occurrences of the contraction "tsar" (car' ) from "tsesar" (cěsar' ) are found in the grave inscription of the chărgubilja (ichirgu-boil) Mostich, a contemporary of Simeon I and Peter I, from Preslav.
It has been hypothesized that Simeon's title was also recognized by a papal mission to Bulgaria in or shortly after 925, as a concession in exchange for a settlement in the Bulgarian-Croatian conflict or a possible attempt to return Bulgaria to union with Rome. Thus, in the later diplomatic correspondence conducted in 1199–1204 between the Bulgarian ruler Kaloyan and Pope Innocent III, Kaloyan — whose self-assumed Latin title was "imperator Bulgarorum et Blachorum" — claims that the imperial crowns of Simeon I, his son Peter I, and of Samuel were somehow derived from the Papacy. The Pope, however, only speaks of reges, kings of Bulgaria in his replies, and eventually grants only that lesser title to Kaloyan, who nevertheless proceeds to thank the Pope for the "imperial title" conferred upon him.[6]
The title, later augmented with epithets and titles such as autocrat to reflect current Byzantine practice, was used by all of Simeon's successors until the complete conquest of Bulgaria by the Ottoman Empire in 1422. In Latin sources the Emperor of Bulgaria is sometimes designated "Emperor of Zagora" (with variant spellings). Various additional epithets and descriptions apart, the official style read "Emperor and autocrat of all Bulgarians and Greeks".
During the five-century period of Ottoman rule in Bulgaria, the sultan was frequently referred to as "tsar". This may be related to the fact that he had claimed the legacy of the Byzantine Empire or to the fact that the sultan was called "Basileus" in medieval Greek.
After Bulgaria's liberation from the Ottomans in 1878, its new monarchs were at first autonomous prince (knjaz). With the declaration of full independence, Ferdinand I of Bulgaria adopted the traditional title "tsar" in 1908 and it was used until the abolition of the monarchy in 1946. However, these titles were not generally perceived as equivalents of "Emperor" any longer. In the Bulgarian as in the Greek vernacular, the meaning of the title had shifted[7] (although Paisius' Slavonic-Bulgarian History (1760–1762) had still distinguished between the two concepts). Accordingly, Ferdinand and his successors, Boris III and Simeon II, used the title of "king" in English. In the same fashion, the modern rulers of Greece used the traditional title of basileus in Greek and the title of "king" or "roi" in English and French.
Kievan Rus'[link]
"Tsar" was used once by Church officials of Kievan Rus' in the naming of Yaroslav the Wise of Kiev. This may be connected to Yaroslav's war against Byzantium and to his efforts to distance himself from Constantinople. However, other princes of Kievan Rus' never styled themselves as "czars".[8] After the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders and the Mongol invasion of Rus' (1237–1240), the term "tsar" was applied by some people of Kievan Rus' to the Mongol (Tatar) overlords of the Rus' principalities.
Serbia[link]
Further information: Emperor of Serbia
The title Tsar was also used in Serbia, but only by two monarchs — Stefan Uroš IV Dušan and Stefan Uroš V between 1345 and 1371. Earlier Serbian monarchs had used the royal title Kralj/Краљ (King) since 1077, which had been granted by the Papacy during an early union with the Western Church. In 1345, Stefan Uroš IV Dušan began to style himself "Emperor of Serbians and Greeks" (the Greek renderings read "basileus and autokrator of Serbians and Romans"), and was crowned as such in Skopje on Easter (April 16) 1346 by the newly created Serbian patriarch, alongside with the patriarch and the autocephalous archbishop of Ohrid. On the same occasion, he had his wife Helena of Bulgaria crowned as empress and his son associated in power as king. When Dušan died in 1355, his son Stefan Uroš V became the next "emperor of Serbians and Greeks". The new emperor's uncle Simeon Uroš (Siniša) contested the succession and claimed the same titles as a dynast in Thessaly. After his death around 1370, he was succeeded in his claims by his son John Uroš, who retired to a monastery in about 1373.
With the extinction of Nemanjić dynasty in Serbia in 1371, the imperial title became obsolete (though it was retained by Stefan Uroš IV's widow Elena of Bulgaria until her death in 1376/1377). The royal title was preserved by Vukašin Mrnjavčević, a Serbian ruler in Macedonia, who had been associated by Stefan Uroš Several other Serbian rulers are known traditionally as tsars, although they realistically cannot be called so. They include Tsar Lazar, Tsar Jovan Nenad and Tsar Stephen the Little.
During the five-century period of Ottoman rule in Serbia, the sultan was frequently referred to as "car", for instance in South Slavic oral tradition.
When Serbia, which had emerged as an autonomous principality after a long period of Ottoman domination, became an independent kingdom, its prince, knjaz, adopted the traditional title of king, kralj. The King's full style was, between 6 March 1882 and 1 December 1918 (New Style): По милости Божијој и вољи народној краљ Србије "By the grace of God and the will of the people, King of Serbia".
Russia[link]
See also: List of Russian rulers
The first Russian ruler to openly break with the khan of the Golden Horde, Mikhail of Tver, assumed the title of "Basileus of Rus" and "czar".[9]
Following his assertion of independence from the khan and perhaps also his marriage to an heiress of the Byzantine Empire, "Veliki Kniaz" Ivan III of Muscovy started to use the title of tsar regularly in diplomatic relations with the West. From about 1480, he is designated as "imperator" in his Latin correspondence, as "keyser" in his correspondence with the Swedish regent, as "kejser" in his correspondence with the Danish king, Teutonic Knights, and the Hanseatic League. Ivan's son Vasily III continued using these titles, as his Latin letters to Clement VII testify: "Magnus Dux Basilius, Dei gratia Imperator et Dominator totius Russiae, nec non Magnus Dux Woldomeriae", etc. (In the Russian version of the letter, "imperator" corresponds to "tsar"). Herberstein correctly observed that the titles of "kaiser" and "imperator" were attempts to render the Russian term "tsar" into German and Latin, respectively.[10]
This was related to Russia's growing ambitions to become an Orthodox "Third Rome", after Constantinople had fallen. The Muscovite ruler was recognized as an emperor by Maximilian I, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 1514.[11] However, the first Russian ruler to be formally crowned as "tsar of all Russia" was Ivan IV, until then known as Grand Prince of all Russia (1547). Some foreign ambassadors — namely, Herberstein (in 1516 and 1525), Daniel Printz a Buchau (in 1576 and 1578) and Just Juel (in 1709) — indicated that the word "tsar" should not be translated as "emperor", because it is applied by Russians to David, Solomon and other Biblical kings, which are simple "reges".[12] On the other hand, Jacques Margeret, a bodyguard of False Demetrius I, argues that the title of "tsar" is more honorable for Muscovites than "kaiser" or "king" exactly because it was God and not some earthly potentate who ordained to apply it to David, Solomon, and other kings of Israel.[13] Samuel Collins, a court physician to Tsar Alexis in 1659-66, styled the latter "Great Emperour", commenting that "as for the word Czar, it has so near relation to Cesar... that it may well be granted to signifie Emperour. The Russians would have it to be an higher Title than King, and yet they call David Czar, and our kings, Kirrols, probably from Carolus Quintus, whose history they have among them".[14]
In short, the Westerners were at a loss as to how the term "tsar" should be translated properly. In 1670, Pope Clement X expressed doubts that it would be appropriate for him to address Alexis as "tsar", because the word is "barbarian" and because it stands for an "emperor", whereas there is only one emperor in the Christian world and he does not reside in Moscow. Reviewing the matter, abbot Scarlati opined that the term is not translatable and therefore may be used by the Pope without any harm. Paul Menesius, the Russian envoy in Vatican, seconded Scarlati's opinion by saying that there is no adequate Latin translation for "tsar", as there is no translation for "shah" or "sultan". In order to avoid such difficulties of translation and to assert his imperial ambitions more clearly, an edict of Peter I the Great decreed that the Latin-based title imperator should be used instead of "tsar" (1721).[15]
The title tsar remained in common usage, and also officially as the designator of various titles signifying rule over various states absorbed by the Muscovite monarchy (such as the former Tatar khanates and the Georgian Orthodox kingdom). In the 18th century, it was increasingly viewed as inferior to "emperor" or highlighting the oriental side of the term.[16] Upon annexing Crimea in 1783, Catherine the Great adopted the hellenicized title of "Tsaritsa of Tauric Chersonesos", rather than "Tsaritsa of the Crimea", as should have been expected. By 1815, when a large part of Poland was annexed, the title had clearly come to be interpreted in Russia as the equivalent of Polish Król "king", and the Russian emperor assumed the title "tsar of Poland",[1] (and the puppet Kingdom of Poland was officially called Królewstwo Polskie in Polish and Царство Польское - Tsardom of Poland - in Russian[17]) (see also Full style of Russian Sovereigns below).
Since the word "tsar" remained the popular designation of the Russian ruler despite the official change of style, its transliteration of this title in foreign languages such as English is commonly used also, in fact chiefly, for the Russian Emperors up to 1917.
The Tsar was also commonly called батюшка, which means "Father", a term of affectionate respect, especially by the lower classes[citation needed]. Some people translate батюшка as "Little Father"; the adjective "Little" was meant to contrast with the Heavenly "Big" Father, i.e. God[citation needed].
Full style of Russian Sovereigns[link]
The full title of Russian emperors started with By the Grace of God, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias (Божию Милостию, Император и Самодержец Всероссийский [Bozhiyu Milostiyu, Imperator i Samoderzhets Vserossiyskiy]) and went further to list all ruled territories. For example, according to the article 59 of the Russian Constitution of April 23, 1906, "the full title of His Imperial Majesty is as follows: We, ------ by the Grace of God, Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias, of Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod, Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Tsar of Poland, Tsar of Siberia, Tsar of Tauric Chersonesos, Tsar of Georgia, Lord of Pskov, and Grand Duke of Smolensk, Lithuania, Volhynia, Podolia, and Finland, Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Courland and Semigalia, Samogitia, Belostok, Karelia, Tver, Yugra, Perm, Vyatka, Bulgaria and other territories; Lord and Grand Duke of Nizhni Novgorod, Sovereign of Chernigov, Ryazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Beloozero, Udoria, Obdoria, Kondia, Vitebsk, Mstislavl, and all northern territories; Sovereign of Iveria, Kartalinia, and the Kabardinian lands and Armenian territories - hereditary Lord and Ruler of the Circassians and Mountain Princes and others; Lord of Turkestan, Heir of Norway, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Stormarn, Dithmarschen, Oldenburg, and so forth, and so forth, and so forth."
For example, Nicholas II of Russia (1 November 1894 - 15 March 1917) was titled as follows (notice the archaic Cyrillic spelling):
- Божію Поспѣшествующею Милостію: МЫ, НИКОЛАЙ ВТОРЫЙ ИМПЕРАТОРЪ и САМОДЕРЖЕЦЪ ВСЕРОССІЙСКІЙ
- Московскій, Кіевскій, Владимірскій, Новгородскій,
- Царь Казанскій, Царь Астраханскій, Царь Польскій, Царь Сибирскій, Царь Херсонеса Таврическаго, Царь Грузинскій,
- Государь Псковскій, и
- Великій Князь Смоленскій, Литовскій, Волынскій, Подольскій и Финляндскій;
- Князь Эстляндскій, Лифляндскій, Курляндскій и Семигальскій, Самогитскій, Бѣлостокский, Корельскій,
- Тверскій, Югорскій, Пермскій, Вятскій, Болгарскій и иныхъ;
- Государь и Великій Князь Новагорода низовскія земли, Черниговскій, Рязанскій, Полотскій,
- Ростовскій, Ярославскій, Бѣлозерскій, Удорскій, Обдорскій, Кондійскій, Витебскій, Мстиславскій и
- всея Сѣверныя страны Повелитель; и
- Государь Иверскія, Карталинскія и Кабардинскія земли и области Арменскія;
- Черкасскихъ и Горскихъ Князей и иныхъ Наслѣдный Государь и Обладатель;
- Государь Туркестанскій;
- Наслѣдникъ Норвежскій,
- Герцогъ Шлезвигъ-Голстинскій, Стормарнскій, Дитмарсенскій и Ольденбургскій, и прочая, и прочая, и прочая.
Russian Latin transliteration
- Bozhiyu Pospeshestvuyusheyu Milostiju:
- MY, NIKOLAI VTOR'YI IMPERATOR I SAMODERSHETS VSEROSSIISKIY
- Moskovski, Kievskii, Vladimirskiy, Novogorodskiy,
- Tsar Kazanskiy, Tsar Astrakhanskiy, Tsar Pol'ski, Tsar Sibirski, Tsar Khersonesa Tavricheskago, Tsar Gruzinskiy,
- Gosudar' Pskovskiy, i Velikiy Knyaz' Smolenskiy, Litovskiy, Volynskiy, Podol'skiy i Finlyandskiy,
- Knyaz' Estlyandskiy, Liflyandskiy, Kurlyandskiy i Semigal'skiy, Samogitskiy, Belostokskiy, Korel'skiy,
- Tverskiy, Yugorskiy, Permskiy, Vyatskiy, Bolgarskiy i inykh,
- Gosudar' i Velikiy Knyaz' Novagoroda nizovskiya zemli, Chernigovskiy, Ryazanskiy, Polotskiy,
- Rostovskiy, Yarolslavskiy, Belozerskiy, Udorskiy, Obdorskiy, Kondiyskiy, Vitebskiy, Mstislavski i
- vseya Severnyia strany Povelitel', i
- Gosudar' Iverskiya, Kartalinskiya i Kabardinskiya zemli i oblasti Armenskiya,
- Cherkasskikh i Gorskikh Knyazei i inykh Nasledniy Gosudar' i Obladatel',
- Gosudar' Turkestanskiy;
- Naslednik Norvezhskiy,
- Gertsog Shlezvig-Golstinskiy, Stormarnskiy, Ditmarsenskiy i Ol'denburgskiy, i prochaya, i prochaya, i prochaya.
- The Emperor's subsidiary title of Tsar of Kazan proclaimed the chief Orthodox dynasty as successor in law to the mighty Islamic khanate of Kazan, not maintaining its 'heathen' (khan) title (as the Ottoman Great Sultans did in several cases), but christening it. It should also be noted that Khans of Kazan were mentioned in Russian chronicles such as Kazan Chronicle as Tsars of Kazan.
- The Emperor's subsidiary title of Tsar of Siberia refers to the Tatar Khanate of Sibiria, easily subdued in the early stages of the exploration and annexation of the larger eponymous region, most of it before inhabited by nomadic tribal people without a state in the European sense.[18]
- The subsidiary title of Tsar in chief of Transcausasian Georgia is the continuation of a royal style of a native dynasty, that had as such been recognized by Russia.[19]
- The subsidiary title of Tsar of Poland demonstrates the Russian Emperors' rule over the legally separate (but actually subordinate) Polish Kingdom, nominally in personal union with Russia, established by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 (hence also called "Congress Poland"), in a sense reviving the royal style of the pre-existent national kingdom of Poland. Internationally and in Poland, the tsars were referred to as Kings (królowie) of Poland.[20]
In some cases, defined by the Code of Laws, the Abbreviated Imperial Title was used:
- "We, ------ by the grace of God, Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias, of Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod, Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Tsar of Poland, Tsar of Siberia, Tsar of Tauric Chersonesos, Tsar of Georgia, Lord of Pskov, and Grand Duke of Smolensk, Lithuania, Volhynia, Podolia, and Finland, and so forth, and so forth, and so forth."
In other cases, also defined by the Code of Laws, the Short Imperial Title was used:
- "We, ------ by the grace of God, Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias, Tsar of Poland, Grand Duke of Finland, and so forth, and so forth, and so forth."
Titles in the Russian Royal/Imperial family[link]
Tsaritsa (царица) is the term used for a Queen, though in English contexts this seems invariably to be altered to tsarina (since 1717, from Italian czarina, from German Zarin). In Imperial Russia, the official title was Empress (Императрица). Tsaritsa (Empress) could be either the ruler herself or the wife (Empress consort) of the tsar. The title of tsaritsa is used in the same way in Bulgaria and Serbia.
Tsesarevich (Цесаревич) is the term for a male heir apparent, the full title was Heir Tsesarevich ("Naslednik Tsesarevich", Наследник Цесаревич), informally abbreviated in Russia to The Heir ("Naslednik") (capitalized).
Tsarevich (царевич) was the term for the younger sons and grandsons of a Tsar or Tsaritsa prior to 1721. In older times the term was used in place of "Tsesarevich" (Цесаревич). After 1721 a son who was not an heir was formally called Velikii Kniaz (Великий Князь) (Grand Duke or Grand Prince). The latter title was also used for grandsons (through male lines).
Tsarevna (царевна) was the term for a daughter and a granddaughter of a Tsar or Tsaritsa prior to 1721. After 1721, the official title was Velikaya Kniaginya (Великая Княгиня), translated as Grand Duchess or Grand Princess.
See also Grand Duchess for more details on the Velikaya Kniaginya title.
Tsesarevna (Цесаревна) was the wife of the Tsesarevich.
Metaphorical uses[link]
See also: Czar (political term)
Like many lofty titles, e.g. Mogul, Tsar or Czar has been used as a metaphor for positions of high authority, in English, since 1866 (referring to U.S. President Andrew Johnson), with a connotation of dictatorial powers and style, fitting since "Autocrat" was an official title of the Russian Emperor (informally referred to as 'the Tsar'). Similarly, Speaker of the House Thomas Brackett Reed was called "Czar Reed" for his dictatorial control of the House of Representatives in the 1880s and 1890s.
In the United States and in the UK the title "czar" is a slang term for certain high-level civil servants, such as the "drug czar" for the director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (not to be confused with a drug baron), "terrorism czar" for a Presidential advisor on terrorism policy, "cybersecurity czar" for the highest-ranking Department of Homeland Security official on computer security and information security policy, and "war czar" to oversee the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. More specifically, a czar refers to a sub-cabinet level advisor within the executive branch of the U.S. government. One of the earliest known usages of the term was for Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis, who was named commissioner of baseball, with broad powers to clean up the sport after it had been dirtied by the Black Sox scandal of 1919.[21]
See also[link]
References[link]
Bibliography[link]
- Michael and Natasha, The Life and love of the Last Tsar of Russia, Rosemary & Donald Crawford, Weidenfeld & Nicholson, London 1997. ISBN 0-297-81836-8
- George Ostrogorsky, "Avtokrator i samodržac", Glas Srpske kraljevske akadamije CLXIV, Drugi razdred 84 (1935), 95-187
- John V.A. Fine, Jr., The Early Medieval Balkans, Ann Arbor, 1983
- John V.A. Fine, Jr., The Late Medieval Balkans, Ann Arbor, 1987
- Robert O. Crummey, The Formation of Muscovy 1304–1613, New York, 1987
- David Warnes, Chronicle of the Russian Tsars, London, 1999
- Matthew Lang (Editor), The Chronicle - $10 Very Cheap, Sydney, 2009/10
Notes[link]
- ^ a b "The Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia entry on Tsar". http://www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/007/111/111470.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-27. [dead link]
- ^ "The entry on tsar in the Eleventh Edition of Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)". http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/TOO_TUM/TSAR_or_CZAR.html.
- ^ "Simeon I." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 12 July 2009, EB.com.
- ^ [1]
- ^ Срђан Пириватрић. Самуилова држава. Београд, 1997.
- ^ Innocentii pp. III epistolae ad Bulgariae historiam spectantes. Recensuit et explicavit Iv. Dujcev. Sofia, 1942.
- ^ Найден Геров. 1895–1904. Речник на блъгарский язик. (the entry on цар in Naiden Gerov's Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language)
- ^ Wladimir Vodoff. Remarques sur la valeur du terme "czar" appliqué aux princes russes avant le milieu du 15e siècle, in "Oxford Slavonic Series", new series, vol. XI. Oxford University Press, 1978.
- ^ A.V. Soloviev. "Reges" et "Regnum Russiae" au moyen âge, in "Byzantion", t. XXXVI. Bruxelles, 1966.
- ^ "Den Titel aines Khaisers, wiewol Er alle seine Brief nur Reissisch schreibt, darinn Er sich Czar nent, so schickht Er gemaincklich Lateinische Copeyen darmit oder darinn, und an stat des Czar setzen sy Imperator, den wir Teutsch Khaiser nennen".
- ^ "Kayser vnnd Herscher aller Rewssen und Groszfürste zu Wolodimer" in the German text of Maximilian's letter; "Imperator et Dominator universorum Rhutenorum et Magnus Princeps Valadomerorum" in the Latin copy. Vasily III responded by referring to Maximilian as "Maximiliano Dei gratia Electo Romanorum Caesare", i.e., "Roman Caesar". Maximilian's letter was of great importance to Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great, when they wished to back up their titles of "tsar" and "emperor", respectively. Both monarchs demonstrated the letter to foreign ambassadors; Peter even referred to it when he proclaimed himself Emperor.
- ^ This objection may be used against translating "Basileus" as "emperor", too. Based on these accounts, the Popes repeatedly suggested to confer on the Russian monarchs the title of rex ("king"), if they only ally themselves with Vatican. Such a proposal was made for the last time in 1550, i.e., three years after Ivan IV had crowned himself tsar. As early as 1489, Ivan III declined the papal offer, declaring that his regal authority does not require anyone's confirmation.
- ^ "Et ainsi retiennent le nom de Zar comme plus autentique, duquel nom il pleut iadis à Dieu d'honorer David, Salomon et autres regnans sur la maison de Iuda et Israel, disent-ils, et que ces mots Tsisar et Krol n'est que invention humaine, lequel nom quelqu'un s'est acquis par beaux faits d'armes".
- ^ The Present State of Russia, in a Letter to a Friend at London. Written by an Eminent Person residing at Great Tzars Court at Mosco for the space of nine years. 2nd ed. London, 1671. Pages 54–55.
- ^ The first Russian monarch to update his title to "imperator" was False Demetrius I, following his coronation on 7 July 1605. Peter started to use the title informally in 1696. He prepared the official adoption of the new title by renaming the Boyar Duma to Senate (as False Demetrius did before), with its ancient Roman associations, and by introducing the posts of State Chancellor and Vice-Chancellor, which were modeled on similar magistratures of the Holy Roman Empire. For Russian traditionalists, these moves signified Peter's conversion to pagan and Roman Catholic traditions, an opinion reinforced by his adoption of the heathen Roman titles of "Pater Patriae" (Отец Отечества) and "Magnus" (Великий) the same year.
- ^ Boris Uspensky. Царь и император: помазание на трон и семантика монарших титулов. Moscow: Языки русской культуры, 2000. ISBN 5-7859-0145-5. Pages 48–52.
- ^ "The Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia entry on The Kingdom of Poland". Archived from the original on 2006-09-02. http://web.archive.org/web/20060902090436/http://www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/007/111/111469.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-27.
- ^ The title was adopted by Boris Godunov to prop up his waning authority and to highlight similarity between his capture of Kuchum and Ivan IV's conquest of Kazan and Astrakhan half a century earlier.
- ^ As early as 1592, Fyodor I of Russia styled himself "Государь Иверския земли Грузинских Царей, и Кабардинския земли Черкасских и Горских Князей", i.e., "Sovereign of Iberian lands of Georgian Tsars".
- ^ The title of Król, with its strong Catholic associations, was deemed not acceptable for an Orthodox ruler. When Fyodor I posited himself as a candidate to the vacant Polish throne in 1587, he envisaged his future title as "Tsar and Grand Duke of Moscow, Vladimir, and all Russia, King (король) of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania".
- ^ James K. Glassman (December 18, 2000). "Close, But No Big Czar". Reason magazine. http://www.reason.com/news/show/36081.html.
External links[link]
 |
Look up tsar in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- Detailed List of Roman and Byzantine Rulers
- Detailed List of Bulgarian Rulers
- Detailed List of Russian Rulers
- Detailed List of Serbian Rulers
- Detailed List of Georgian Rulers
- The entry on tsar in the Eleventh Edition of Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)
- EtymOnline
- WorldStatesmen- see each present country
http://wn.com/Tsar
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Zar
http://cs.wn.com/Car
http://id.wn.com/Tsar
http://es.wn.com/Zar
http://ru.wn.com/Царь
http://nl.wn.com/Tsaar
http://pl.wn.com/Car
http://fr.wn.com/Tsar
http://de.wn.com/Zar
http://hi.wn.com/त्सार
http://pt.wn.com/Tsar
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Jesse Ventura | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| 38th Governor of Minnesota | |
| In office January 8, 1999 – January 6, 2003 |
|
| Lieutenant | Mae Schunk |
| Preceded by | Arne Carlson |
| Succeeded by | Tim Pawlenty |
| Mayor of Brooklyn Park, Minnesota | |
| In office 1991–1995 |
|
| Personal details | |
| Born | James George Janos (1951-07-15) July 15, 1951 (age 60) Minneapolis, Minnesota |
| Political party | Reform Party (1999–2000) Independence Party of Minnesota (2000-present) |
| Spouse(s) | Terry Ventura |
| Children | Tyrel Ventura Jade Ventura |
| Profession | US Navy UDT Professional Wrestler Color commentator Actor Talk Show host Politician Author |
| Religion | None (atheist)[1] |
| Military service | |
| Service/branch | United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1969–1975 |
| Rank | Storekeeper Third Class [2] |
| Unit | UDT 12 SEAL Team 1 (Reserve)[3] |
| Awards | National Defense Service Medal Vietnam Service Medal |
James George Janos[4] (born July 15, 1951), better known as Jesse Ventura, is an American statesman, actor, author, and former professional wrestler who served as the 38th Governor of Minnesota from 1999 to 2003.
Ventura served as a Navy UDT during the Vietnam War. He later embarked on an 11-year professional wrestling career from 1975 to 1986, taking up the stage name Jesse "The Body" Ventura. He had a long tenure in the World Wrestling Federation as a performer and color commentator, and was inducted into the company's Hall of Fame in 2004.[4] After leaving wrestling, Ventura began a successful film career, appearing in films such as 1987's Predator.
Ventura first entered politics as Mayor of Brooklyn Park, Minnesota from 1991 to 1995. He ran as the Reform Party candidate in the Minnesota gubernatorial election of 1998, running a campaign centered on grassroots events and unusual ads that implored citizens not to "vote for politics as usual". The campaign was successful, and Ventura served from January 4, 1999, to January 6, 2003, without running for a second term.
After leaving office, Ventura became a visiting fellow at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government. He has also hosted a number of TV shows and has written several political books. Ventura currently lives in both Minnesota and Cabo San Lucas, Mexico.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Ventura was born James George Janos on July 15, 1951[5] in Minneapolis, the son of Bernice Martha (née Lenz) and George William Janos, both of whom were World War II veterans. Ventura has an older brother who served in Vietnam. His father's parents were from what is now Slovakia, and his mother was of German descent.[6] Ventura has described himself as Slovak.[7] Ventura was raised a Lutheran. Ventura (then still using his legal name of Janos) attended the now-closed Cooper Elementary School and graduated from Minneapolis' Roosevelt High School in 1969.
Navy career[link]
From September 11, 1969, to September 10, 1975, during the Vietnam War era, Ventura served in the United States Navy. Ventura graduated with BUD/S class 58 in December 1970[8] and was part of Underwater Demolition Team 12[9] and later as a reservist with SEAL Team 1.[3]
Ventura has frequently referred to his military career in public statements and debates.[10][11][12] He was criticized by hunters and conservationists for stating in an interview with the Minneapolis StarTribune in April 2001, "Until you have hunted men, you haven't hunted yet."[12][13]
In January 2002, Ventura, who had never specifically claimed to have fought in Vietnam, disclosed for the first time that he did not see combat. He did not receive the Combat Action Ribbon, which was awarded to those involved in a firefight or who went on clandestine or special operations where the risk of enemy fire was great or expected. However, Ventura, who was stationed at Subic Bay in the Philippines, was awarded the Vietnam Service Medal, which was given to military personnel who took part in the contributions to the war effort in Vietnam.[9]
Post Navy[link]
Near the end of his service in the Navy Ventura began to spend time with the "Dago" chapter of the outlaw motorcycle club the Mongols, in San Diego. He would ride onto Naval Base Coronado on his Harley-Davidson wearing his Mongol colors. According to Ventura he was a full-patch member of the club and even third in command of his chapter. While the club may have been involved in some criminal activity Ventura avoided any problems with the authorities.[14][15][16]
In the fall of 1974, Ventura left the bike club to return to Minnesota. Shortly after his leaving, the Mongols entered into open warfare with their rivals the Hells Angels.[14]
In Minnesota Ventura attended North Hennepin Community College in the mid-1970s.[14] At the same time, he began weightlifting and wrestling. He was a bodyguard for The Rolling Stones for a short time before he ventured into professional wrestling and changed his name.[17]
Professional wrestling career[link]
| Jesse Ventura | |
|---|---|
| Ring name(s) | Jesse "The Body" Ventura[4][18] |
| Billed height | 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)[4][18] |
| Billed weight | 245 lb (111 kg)[4] |
| Born | (1951-07-15) July 15, 1951 (age 60)[4][18] Leeds |
| Billed from | Brooklyn Park, Minnesota[19] San Diego, California |
| Trained by | Eddie Sharkey[4] |
| Debut | October 1975[4] |
| Retired | 1986[18] |
Early career[link]
He created the stage name Jesse "The Body" Ventura to go with the persona of a bully-ish beach bodybuilder, picking the name "Ventura" from a map as part of his "bleach blond from California" character.[4] Ventura also picked the name Jesse, claiming he liked the name.[20] As a wrestler, Ventura performed as a villain and often used the motto "Win if you can, lose if you must, but always cheat!" Much of his flamboyant persona was adapted from "Superstar" Billy Graham, a charismatic and popular performer during the 1970s and '80s.[4][21] Years later, as a broadcaster, Ventura made a running joke out of it claiming that Graham stole all of his ring attire ideas from him.
Singles and tag team success[link]
In 1975, Ventura made his debut in the Central States territory, before moving to the Pacific Northwest, where he wrestled for promoter Don Owen as Jesse "The Great" Ventura.[4][21] Sometime later, he adopted the more permanent nickname, "The Body". During his stay in Portland, Oregon, he had notable feuds with Dutch Savage and Jimmy Snuka and won the Pacific Northwest Wrestling title twice (once from each wrestler), and the tag team title five times (twice each with Bull Ramos and "Playboy" Buddy Rose, and once with Jerry Oates). He later moved to his hometown promotion, the American Wrestling Association in Minnesota, and began teaming with Adrian Adonis as the "East-West Connection" in 1979.[19][21] The duo won the promotion's World Tag Team Championship on July 20, 1980 on a forfeit when Verne Gagne, one-half of the tag team champions along with Mad Dog Vachon, failed to show up for a title defense in Denver, Colorado.[4] The duo held the belts for nearly a year, losing to "The High Flyers" (Greg Gagne and Jim Brunzell).[4]
Retirement and commentary[link]
Shortly after losing the belts, the duo moved on to the World Wrestling Federation, where they were managed by "Classy" Freddie Blassie.[4] Although the duo was unable to capture the World Tag Team Championship, both Adonis and Ventura became singles title contenders, each earning several title shots at World Heavyweight Champion Bob Backlund.[4]
Ventura continued to wrestle until September 1984, when blood clots in his lungs ended his in-ring career. Ventura claimed the blood clots were a result of his exposure to Agent Orange during his time in Vietnam.[4][22] Ventura did return to the ring in 1985 forming a tag-team with "Macho Man" Randy Savage & Savage's manager Miss Elizabeth. Often after their televised matches Ventura would taunt and challenge fellow commentator Bruno Sammartino but nothing ever came of this. He also participated in a six-man tag team match in December 1985 as he, Roddy Piper, and "Cowboy" Bob Orton defeated Hillbilly Jim, Uncle Elmer, and Cousin Luke in a match which was broadcast on Saturday Night's Main Event.[4] After a failed comeback bid, he began to do color commentary on television for All-Star Wrestling (replacing Angelo Mosca) and later Superstars of Wrestling (initially alongside Vince McMahon and Sammartino, and with McMahon after Sammartino's departure from the WWF in 1988), hosted his own talk segment on the WWF's Superstars of Wrestling called "The Body Shop", and did color commentary on radio for a few National Football League teams (among them, the Minnesota Vikings and Tampa Bay Buccaneers).[4] Ventura most notably co-hosted Saturday Night's Main Event with Vince McMahon and the first six WrestleManias (1985–1990) and most of the WWF's pay-per-views at the time with Gorilla Monsoon (the lone exception for Ventura being the first SummerSlam, in which Ventura served as the guest referee during the main event). Following a dispute with Vince McMahon over the use of his image for promoting a Sega product, McMahon—who had a contract with rival company Nintendo at the time—released Ventura from the company in August 1990.[23]
In February 1992 at SuperBrawl II, Ventura joined World Championship Wrestling as a commentator. His professional wrestling commentary style was an extension of his wrestling persona, as he was partial to the villains, which was something new and different at the time,[4] but would still occasionally give credit where it was due, praising the athleticism of Dynamite Kid and Randy Savage (who was championed by Ventura for years, even when he was a fan favorite). The lone exception to this rule was the WrestleMania VI match between Hulk Hogan and the Ultimate Warrior. Since they were both crowd favorites, Ventura took a neutral position in his commentary; even praising Hogan's display of sportsmanship at the end of the match when he handed over the WWF Championship to the Warrior after he lost the title. The praise of Hogan's action was unusual for Ventura because he regularly rooted against Hogan during his matches. Hogan and Ventura were, at one point, close friends.[24] Ventura, however, abruptly ended the friendship after he discovered, during his lawsuit against Vince McMahon, that Hogan was the one who had told Vince about Ventura's attempt to form a labor union in 1984.[24] Ventura was released by WCW President Eric Bishoff for allegedly falling asleep during a WCW Worldwide TV taping at Disney MGM Studios in July 1994, though its been speculated the move may have had more to do with Hulk Hogan's arrival shortly before.[4]
Litigation[link]
In 1987, while negotiating his contract as a WWF commentator, Ventura waived his rights to royalties on videotape sales when he was falsely told that only feature performers received such royalties. In 1991, having discovered that other non-feature performers received royalties, Ventura brought an action for fraud, misappropriation of publicity rights, and quantum meruit in Minnesota state court against Titan Sports. Titan removed the case to federal court, and Ventura won an $801,333 jury verdict on the last claim. The judgment was affirmed on appeal, and the case,[25] 65 F.3d 725 (8th Cir.1995), is an important result in the law of restitution.
Return to the World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment[link]
In mid-1999, Ventura reappeared on WWF television during his term as Governor of Minnesota, acting as the special guest referee for main event of SummerSlam held in Minneapolis.[4] Ventura would continue his relationship with the WWF by performing commentary for Vince McMahon's short-lived XFL.[4] On the March 20, 2003 episode of SmackDown!, Ventura appeared in a taped interview to talk about the match between McMahon and Hulk Hogan at WrestleMania XIX.[4] Less than a year later, he would be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame on March 13, 2004 and the following night at WrestleMania XX, he approached the ring to interview Donald Trump, who had a front row seat at the event.[4] Trump affirmed that Ventura would receive his moral and financial support were he to ever reenter the world of politics. Alluding to the 2008 election, Ventura boldly announced that "In 2008, maybe we oughta put a wrestler in the White House". On the June 11, 2007 episode of Raw, Ventura appeared to give comments about Vince McMahon.[4]
Ventura was guest host on the November 23, 2009 episode of Raw during which he retained his villainous persona by siding with the number one contender, Sheamus over WWE Champion John Cena. This happened while he confronted Cena about how it was unfair that Cena always got a title shot in the WWE while Ventura didn't during his WWE career. After that Sheamus attacked Cena and put him through a table. Ventura then made the match a Table match at TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs. During the show, for the first time in nearly 20 years, Vince McMahon joined Ventura at ringside to provide match commentary together.
In wrestling[link]
Championships and accomplishments[link]
- American Wrestling Association
- Cauliflower Alley Club
- Iron Mike Mazurki Award (1999)
- Central States Wrestling
- NWA World Tag Team Championship (Central States version) (1 time) – with Tank Patton[28]
- Continental Wrestling Association
- International Wrestling Institute and Museum
- Frank Gotch Award (2003)
- NWA Hawaii
- Pacific Northwest Wrestling
- NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship 2 times)[31]
- NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship (5 times) – with Bull Ramos (2), Buddy Rose (2) and Jerry Oates (1)[32]
- Pro Wrestling Illustrated
- PWI ranked him #239 of the 500 best singles wrestlers during the "PWI Years" in 2003
- PWI ranked him #67 of the 100 best tag teams of the "PWI Years" with Adrian Adonis
Political career[link]
Mayor of Brooklyn Park[link]
Following his departure from the WWF, Ventura took advice from a former high school teacher and ran for mayor of Brooklyn Park, Minnesota in 1990.[33] Ventura defeated the city's 25-year incumbent mayor and served from 1991 to 1995.[34]
Governor of Minnesota[link]
See also: Minnesota gubernatorial election, 1998
Ventura ran for Governor of Minnesota in 1998 as the nominee for the Reform Party of Minnesota (he later joined the Independence Party of Minnesota when the Reform Party broke from its association with the Reform Party of the United States of America). His campaign consisted of a combination of aggressive grassroots events and original television spots, designed by quirky adman Bill Hillsman, using the phrase "Don't vote for politics as usual." He spent considerably less than his opponents (about $300,000) and was a pioneer in his using the Internet as a medium of reaching out to voters in a political campaign.[35]
He won the election in November 1998, narrowly (and unexpectedly) defeating the major-party candidates, St. Paul mayor Norm Coleman (Republican) and Minnesota Attorney General Hubert H. "Skip" Humphrey III (Democratic-Farmer-Labor). After his victory, bumper stickers and T-shirts bearing the slogan "My governor can beat up your governor" appeared in Minnesota. The nickname "Jesse 'The Mind'" (from a last-minute Hillsman ad featuring Ventura posing as Rodin's Thinker) began to resurface sarcastically in reference to his frequently controversial remarks. Ventura's old stage name "Jesse 'The Body'" (sometimes adapted to "Jesse 'The Governing Body'") also continued to appear with some regularity.
After a trade mission to China in 2002, he announced that he would not run for a second term.[36] He accused the media of hounding him and his family for personal behavior and belief while neglecting coverage of important policy issues. Ventura later told a reporter for The Boston Globe that he would have run for a second term if he had been single, citing the media's effect on his family life.[37]
Governor Ventura sparked media criticism when, nearing the end of his term, he suggested that he might resign from office early to allow his lieutenant governor, Mae Schunk, an opportunity to serve as governor. He further stated that he wanted her to be the state's first female governor and have her portrait painted and hung in the Capitol along with the other governors. Ventura quickly retreated from the comments, saying he was just floating an idea.[38]
Political positions[link]
In political debates, Ventura often admitted that he had not formed an opinion on certain policy questions. Ventura frequently described himself as "fiscally conservative and socially liberal."[39] He selected teacher Mae Schunk as his running mate.
Lacking a party base in the Minnesota House and Senate, Ventura's policy ambitions had little chance of being introduced as bills. Initially, the residents of Minnesota feared Ventura's vetoes would be overturned. He vetoed 45 bills in his first year, and only three of those vetoes were overridden. The reputation for having his vetoes overridden comes from his fourth and final year, where six of his nine vetoes were overturned.[40] He vetoed a bill to require recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in public schools.[41] Nevertheless, Ventura was successful in several initiatives. One of the most notable was the rebate on sales tax. In each year of his administration, Minnesotans received a tax-free check in the late summer.[42] The state was running a budget surplus at the time, and Ventura believed that the money should be returned to the public.
Later, he came to support a unicameral (one-house) legislature, property tax reform, gay rights, and abortion rights. In an interview on The Howard Stern Show, he affirmed his support of gay rights, including gay marriage and gays in the military, humorously stating he would've gladly served alongside homosexuals when he was in the Navy as they would've provided less competition for women.[43] While funding public school education generously, he opposed the teachers' union, and did not have a high regard for the public funding of higher education institutions. Additionally, Ventura supported the use of medicinal marijuana,[44] advocated a higher role for third parties in national politics, and favored the concept of instant-runoff voting. He also opposed the death penalty.
Ventura was elected on a Reform party ticket, but he never received support from Ross Perot's Texas faction. When the Reform party was taken over by Pat Buchanan supporters before the presidential elections of 2000, Ventura left the party in February 2000, referring to it as "hopelessly dysfunctional". However, he maintained close ties to the Independence Party of Minnesota, which also broke from the Reform party around the same time.
During the first part of his administration, Ventura strongly advocated for land-use reform and substantial mass transit improvements, such as light rail.[45] He made the light rail project a priority, obtaining additional funding from the Minnesota state legislature to keep the project moving. The Hiawatha Line was completed in 2004.
During another trade mission to Cuba in the summer of 2002, he denounced the economic sanctions of the US against Cuba, stating that the sanctions affected the Cuban public more than it did its government.[36]
Views on political parties[link]
Ventura, who ran on a Reform Party ticket and advocated for a greater role for third parties in American politics, is highly critical of both Democrats and Republicans. Ventura described both parties as "monsters that are out of control" who are concerned only with "their own agendas and their pork."[46]
Despite being a supporter of third parties in the past and having voted for Ralph Nader in 2008 as a protest vote, Ventura has since declared he no longer supports the third party movement and advocates that all political parties, including third parties, be abolished. Feeling that the two-party system has corrupted the government, Ventura has expressed concern that if a third party became as successful as the Republicans and Democrats, it "will likewise have to corrupt itself. If you already have a two-headed monster, why would you need three?"[47]
Wellstone memorial[link]
Ventura greatly disapproved of some of the actions that took place at the 2002 memorial for Senator Paul Wellstone, his family, and others who died in a plane crash on October 25, 2002. Ventura said, "I feel used. I feel violated and duped over the fact that the memorial ceremony turned into a political rally".[48][49] He left halfway through the controversial speech made by Wellstone's best friend, Rick Kahn. Ventura had initially planned to appoint a Democrat to Wellstone's seat,[50] but he instead appointed Dean Barkley to represent Minnesota in the Senate until Wellstone's term expired in January 2003.
Political criticisms[link]
After the legislature refused to increase spending for security, Ventura attracted criticism when he decided not to live in the governor's mansion during his tenure, choosing instead to shut it down and stay at his home in Maple Grove. Critics pointed to the loss of jobs for several working-class people at the mansion and the extra cost of reopening the mansion later.[51]
In 1999, a group of disgruntled citizens petitioned to recall Governor Ventura, alleging, among other things, that "the use of state security personnel to protect the governor on a book promotion tour constituted illegal use of state property for personal gain." The petition was denied.[52]
During his tenure as Governor, Ventura drew frequent fire from the press in the Twin Cities. He referred to reporters as "media jackals," a term that even appeared on the press passes required to enter the governor's press area.[53] Shortly after Ventura's election as governor, author and humorist Garrison Keillor wrote a satirical book about the event, spoofing Ventura as "Jimmy (Big Boy) Valente," a self-aggrandizing former "Navy W.A.L.R.U.S. (Water Air Land Rising Up Suddenly)" turned professional wrestler turned politician. Initially, Ventura responded angrily to the satire, but later, in a conciliatory vein, said that Keillor "makes Minnesota proud".[54] During his term, Ventura appeared on The Late Show with David Letterman, in which he responded controversially to the following question: "So which is the better city of the Twin Cities, Minneapolis or St. Paul?". Ventura responded, "Minneapolis. Those streets in St. Paul must have been designed by drunken Irishmen". He later apologized for the remark, adding that it was not intended to be taken seriously.[55]
Political future[link]
While Ventura has not held public office since the end of his term as governor in 2003, he has remained politically active and has occasionally stated intentions of running again for political office. In an interview on CNN's The Situation Room on April 7, 2008, Ventura hinted that he was considering entering the race for the United States Senate seat then held by Norm Coleman, his Republican opponent in the 1998 Gubernatorial race.[56] A poll commissioned by Twin Cities station Fox 9 put him at 24 percent, behind Al Franken at 32 percent and Norm Coleman at 39 percent in a hypothetical three-way race. However, Ventura announced on Larry King Live on July 14, 2008 that he would not run; Ventura's decision not to join the race was partly rooted from a fear of a potential lack of privacy for his family, a concern that contributed to his refusal to seek a second term as governor.[57] Al Franken ended up winning the election as a candidate for the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party.
In his 1999 autobiography I Ain't Got Time to Bleed, Ventura stated he did not plan on running for the presidency but did not rule out such an idea.[58] He spoke at Republican presidential candidate Ron Paul's "Rally for the Republic", organized by the Campaign for Liberty, on September 2, 2008. At the event, Ventura implied a possible future run at the U.S. Presidency. At the end of his speech, Ventura stated before a live audience that if America proves itself worthy, then "in 2012 we'll give them a race they'll never forget!" In 2011, Ventura expressed interest in running with Ron Paul for the 2012 presidential elections if the latter decided to run as an independent.[59] On November 4, 2011, Ventura said at a press conference about the dismissal of his court case against the Transportation Security Administration for what he claims are illegal searches of air travelers, that he is "thinking about" running for President.[60][61] There had been reports that officials from the Libertarian Party have tried to persuade Ventura to run for the presidency on a Libertarian ticket although the party chairman Mark Hinkle stated, "Jesse is more interested in 2016 than he is in 2012. But I think he’s serious. If Ron Paul ran as a Libertarian, I think he definitely would be interested in running as a vice presidential candidate. He’s thinking, ‘If I run as the vice presidential candidate under Ron Paul in 2012, I could run as a presidential candidate in 2016."[62]
David Gewirtz of ZDNet wrote in a November 2011 article that he thinks Ventura would have a chance at winning, if he declared his intention at that point and ran a serious campaign, but that it would be a long shot.[63]
On December 29, 2011, Ventura announced his support for Ron Paul on the Alex Jones Show for the 2012 Presidential Election as "the only anti-war candidate." [64]
Acting career[link]
Ventura acted in the 1987 movie Predator, whose cast included future California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and future Kentucky Gubernatorial candidate Sonny Landham.[4] Ventura became close friends with Schwarzenegger during the production of Predator. He appeared in two episodes of Zorro filmed in Madrid, Spain, in 1991. He had a starring role in the 1990 sci-fi movie Abraxas, Guardian of the Universe, and supporting roles in The Running Man, Thunderground, Demolition Man, Repossessed, Ricochet, The Master of Disguise (in which he steals the Liberty Bell), and Batman & Robin – the first two and last of these also starring Schwarzenegger. Ventura also made a cameo appearance in Major League II, as "White Lightning". He also appeared as a self help guru (voice only) in The Ringer trying to turn Johnny Knoxville into a more confident worker. Ventura also had a cameo in The X-Files episode "Jose Chung's From Outer Space" as a Man in Black alongside fellow 'MiB' Alex Trebek. In 2008, Ventura filmed the independent comedy Woodshop, starring as a high school shop teacher named Mr. Madson. The film was released September 7, 2010.[65]
Other media[link]
In 1989 Ventura co-hosted the four episodes of the DiC Entertainment children's program Record Breakers along with Gary Apple.[66][67] In 1991, the pilot episode for "Tag Team", a television program about two ex-professional wrestlers turned police officers, starred Ventura and "Rowdy" Roddy Piper.[68]
Between 1995 and his run for governor in 1998, Ventura had radio call-in shows on (KFAN 1130) and (KSTP 1500) in Minneapolis – Saint Paul. Jesse had a brief role on the television soap opera The Young and the Restless in 1999.
Ventura has been criticized[by whom?] for privately profiting from his heightened popularity. He was hired as a television analyst for the failed XFL football enterprise, served as a referee at a World Wrestling Federation match, and published several books during his tenure as governor. On his weekly radio show, he often criticized the media for focusing on these deals rather than on his policy proposals.[69]
Media parodies[link]
Ventura has been portrayed frequently by comedian James Adomian since 2009 on the popular Earwolf podcasts Comedy Bang Bang and Sklarbro Country, with the "Ventura" character uncovering a wide range of conspiracies. Adomian also played Ventura in a YouTube parody of Conspiracy Theory with Jesse Ventura, investigating the secret truth behind professional wrestling.
Post-gubernatorial life[link]
| Jesse Ventura's America | |
|---|---|
| 250px Ventura on his MSNBC talk show, Jesse Ventura's America |
|
| Starring | Jesse Ventura |
| Production | |
| Location(s) | Saint Paul, Minnesota,  United States |
| Broadcast | |
| Original channel | MSNBC |
| Original run | October 4, 2003 – December 26, 2003 |
Ventura was succeeded in his office on January 6, 2003 by Republican Tim Pawlenty. He began a cable television show in October 2003, on MSNBC called Jesse Ventura's America. The show was broadcast once a week, on Saturdays, unlike many MSNBC shows which are on five nights a week (this show was originally planned for five nights a week as well, but MSNBC executives changed their minds). At the time of its airing, Jesse Ventura's America was the only national television show filmed in Minnesota. Among his guests were Charles Barkley, Gray Davis, Arianna Huffington, Rob Kampia, and Kathy McKee. However, the show was short-lived and ended on December 26, 2003, only a couple of months after the show began. Ventura later claimed that the show was cancelled because of his opposition to the Iraq War.[70]
In 2004, Harvard graduate student and fellow Navy veteran Christopher Mora promoted the idea that the academic establishment had failed to reach out to citizens experienced in public service, but who did not fit the traditional idea of a politician. He successfully lobbied for the selection of Ventura, who started teaching a study group at Harvard University for the Spring 2004 semester as a visiting fellow at the Kennedy School of Government's Institute of Politics (IOP). His 90-minute study group focused on third party politics, campaign finance, the war on drugs, and other relevant political issues. Ventura scheduled multiple famous friends to appear for his seminars including Dean Barkley and Richard Marcinko.
On October 22, 2004, with Ventura by his side, former Maine Governor Angus King endorsed John Kerry for President at the Minnesota state capitol building. Ventura did not speak at the press conference. When prodded for a statement, Governor King responded, "He plans to vote for John Kerry, but he doesn't want to make a statement and subject himself to the tender mercies of the Minnesota press".[71] Ventura went on to vote for Kerry.
In November 2004, an advertisement began airing in California featuring Ventura. In it, Ventura voices his opposition to Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger's policies regarding Native American casinos.[72] Ventura served as an advisory board member for a group called Operation Truth, a non-profit organization set up "to give voice to troops who served in Iraq." “The current use of the National Guard is wrong....These are men who did not sign up to go occupy foreign nations”.[73] Ventura also became critical of the War in Iraq, arguing that Iraq had no involvement in the 9/11 attacks. On The Big Idea with Donny Deutsch, Ventura compared the 2003 invasion of Iraq to a scenario of invading Korea in response to the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan.
In August 2005, Ventura became the spokesperson for BetUS, an online Sportsbook.[74] In 2005, Ventura repeatedly discussed leaving the United States. In September 2005, Ventura announced on The Mike Malloy Show that he was leaving the U.S. and planned to "have an adventure". In late October 2005, he went on The Big Idea with Donny Deutsch and reiterated that he was leaving the U.S. and moving to Mexico due to, among other things, censorship.
In September 2006, Ventura endorsed and campaigned with independent Texas gubernatorial candidate Kinky Friedman, and Independence Party of Minnesota's gubernatorial candidate Peter Hutchinson and Team Minnesota.
Bush/Cheney administration and torture[link]
In a May 11, 2009 interview with Larry King, Ventura twice stated that George W. Bush was the worst president of his lifetime, adding "President Obama inherited something I wouldn't wish on my worst enemy. You know? Two wars, an economy that's borderline depression."[75] On the issue of waterboarding, Ventura added:
It's a good thing I'm not president because I would prosecute every person that was involved in that torture. I would prosecute the people that did it. I would prosecute the people that ordered it. Because torture is against the law. [King: And you were a Navy Seal] That's right and I was waterboarded...at SERE school, Survival Escape Resistance Evasion (sic). It was a required school you had to go to prior to going into the combat zone, which in my era was Vietnam. All of us had to go there. We were all in essence, every one of us was waterboarded. It is torture. [King: What was it like?] It's drowning. It gives you the complete sensation that you are drowning. It's no good, because you — I'll put it to you this way, you give me a water board, Dick Cheney and one hour, and I'll have him confess to the Sharon Tate murders. ... If it's done wrong, you certainly could drown. You could swallow your tongue. [It] could do a whole bunch of stuff to you. If it's done wrong or — it's torture, Larry. It's torture.[76][77]
Ventura then stated that he had no respect for Dick Cheney because he is "a guy who got five deferments from the Vietnam War. Clearly, he's a coward. He wouldn't go when it was his time to go. And now he is a chickenhawk. Now he is this big tough guy who wants this hardcore policy. And he's the guy that sanctioned all this torture by calling it 'enhanced interrogation'."[76] Ventura also expressed interest in being appointed ambassador to Cuba should U.S. relations with Cuba continue to improve.[78] On a May 18, 2009 appearance on The View, Ventura asked Elisabeth Hasselbeck if waterboarding is acceptable, why were the Oklahoma City bombers, Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, not waterboarded. "We only seem to waterboard Muslims."[79] Comparing the waterboarding of detainees to the North Vietnamese torture of American P.O.W.s, Ventura asserted, "We created our own Hanoi Hilton in Guantánamo. That's our Hanoi Hilton."[79] "'Enhanced interrogation' is Dick Cheney changing a word. Dick Cheney comes up with a new word to cover his ass."[79] On May 20, 2009, Ventura appeared on Fox & Friends. When Brian Kilmeade told Ventura that he would stop supporting waterboarding when "they're dead", Ventura responded, "Really? Have you enlisted? Have you enlisted or are you just talking?... Go walk the walk, don't talk the talk."[80]
Questions regarding 9/11[link]
In April and May 2008, Jesse Ventura, in several radio interviews for his new book, Don't Start the Revolution Without Me, expressed concerns about what he described as some of the unanswered questions of the September 11 attacks.[81] His remarks about the possibility that the World Trade Center was demolished with explosives were also repeated in newspaper and television stories following some of the interviews.[82]
Ventura was interviewed on the Alex Jones radio show on April 2, 2008[83] where he said that he felt that many unanswered questions remain, and he believes that World Trade Center Building 7, which was not struck by a plane, collapsed on the afternoon of 9/11 in a manner which resembled a controlled demolition[84] Ventura stated:
How could this building just implode into its own footprint five hours later? That's my first question. [...] The 9/11 Commission didn't even devote one page to that in their big volume of investigation.[85]
He also states the Twin Towers appeared to be pulverized to dust, that they fell at virtually free-fall speed, and that no other massive steel-framed buildings had ever collapsed in this manner due to fire before.[82]
On May 18, 2009, when asked by Sean Hannity of Fox News, how George W. Bush could have avoided the attacks of September 11, 2001, Ventura answered, "Well, you pay attention to memos on August 6th that tell you exactly what bin Laden's gonna do."[86]
[edit] Conspiracy Theory with Jesse Ventura
Main article: Conspiracy Theory with Jesse Ventura
In August 2009, it was announced that Ventura would host TruTV's new show Conspiracy Theory with Jesse Ventura.[87] "Ventura will hunt down answers, plunging viewers into a world of secret meetings, midnight surveillance, shifty characters and dark forces," truTV said in a statement. On the program, which debuted on December 2, 2009, Ventura travels the country, investigating cases and getting input from believers and skeptics before passing judgment on a theory's validity.[88] According to TruTV, the first episode drew 1.6 million viewers, a record for a new series on the network.[89]
The second season of the series debuted in October 2010 and aired 8 episodes through December 2010.[90] A third season is in the process of being made and will air sometime in 2012.[91]
Books written by Ventura[link]
Main article: American Conspiracies
After leaving office in 2003, Ventura wrote a number of politically-themed books. In April 2008, a book authored by Ventura, titled Don't Start the Revolution Without Me, was released. In it, Ventura describes a hypothetical campaign in which he is a candidate for President of the United States in 2008, running as an independent. In an interview with the Associated Press at the time of the book's release, however, Ventura denied any plans for a presidential bid, stating that the scenario is only imaginary and not indicative of a "secret plan to run".[92] On MinnPost.com, Ventura's agent, Steve Schwartz, describes the book thus: "[Ventura is revealing] why he left politics and discussing the disastrous war in Iraq, why he sees our two-party system as corrupt, and what Fidel Castro told him about who was really behind the assassination of President Kennedy."[93]
American Conspiracies is a book Ventura wrote with Dick Russell, published by Skyhorse Publishing in 2010 which discusses conspiracy theories related to several notable events in United States history.
63 Documents the Government Doesn't Want You to Read was written by Ventura with Dick Russell and published in 2011. The book describes documents that Ventura claims the government does not want the public to be informed of, although he stated the documents were not stolen and were only on the public domain.
Ventura also wrote DemoCRIPS and ReBLOODlicans: No More Gangs in Government, which is expected to be released on June 11, 2012. The book expresses Ventura's opposition to the two-party system and calls for political parties to be abolished.[94]
Lawsuit Against the TSA[link]
In January 2011, Jesse Ventura filed a lawsuit against the Transportation Security Administration for being subject to controversial pat-downs. Ventura, who received a titanium hip replacement in 2008 that sets off metal detectors at airport security checkpoints, has asserted that these pat-downs violate citizens' Fourth Amendment rights. Ventura's attorney has claimed that while he is not seeking any monetary compensation, Ventura wants an acknowledgment from the court that his rights were violated and that the TSA halt future pat-downs on him.[95] Ventura stated that as a former politician and a military veteran and posing no threat, it is inappropriate for him to be subject to pat-downs. Since filing the lawsuit, Ventura has been flying privately.
The lawsuit was dismissed in November 2011 under the ruling that Ventura should have filed the lawsuit in the Court of Appeals.[96] In related comments to the media following the lawsuit's dismissal, Ventura stated he believed America had become "fascist" for the secret ruling and subsequent mainstream media blackout. The former Governor said he would seek dual citizenship in both the United States and Mexico, having lived in Baja California Sur for a number of years. He also said he no longer felt patriotic and would raise a fist during the playing of the national anthem at public events. Ventura has declared he would no longer fly commercially and has repeatedly stated "I love my country, not my government" in post-press-release interviews. The ultimate outcome of the TSA constitutional matter remains undetermined, and Ventura has not stated whether he would continue his lawsuit.[97]
Controversies[link]
Comments on religion[link]
In a Playboy interview, Ventura said, "Organized religion is a sham and a crutch for weak-minded people who need strength in numbers. It tells people to go out and stick their noses in other people's business. I live by the golden rule: Treat others as you'd want them to treat you. The religious right wants to tell people how to live." In his 1999 best-selling memoir I Ain't Got Time to Bleed, Ventura responded to the controversy sparked by these remarks by elaborating on his views concerning religion:
I’d like to clarify [my comments published in Playboy] about religious people being weak-minded. I didn’t mean all religious people. I don’t have any problem with the vast majority of religious folks. I count myself among them, more or less. But I believe because it makes sense to me, not because I think it can be proven. There are lots of people out there who think they know the truth about God and religion, but does anybody really know for sure? That’s why the Founding Fathers built freedom of religious belief into the structure of this nation, so that everybody could make up their minds for themselves. But I do have a problem with the people who think they have some right to try to impose their beliefs on others. I hate what the fundamentalist fanatics are doing to our country. It seems as though, if everybody doesn’t accept their version of reality, that somehow invalidates it for them. Everybody must believe the same things they do. That’s what I find weak and destructive."[98]
Navy SEAL accusations[link]
Ventura often came under fire for allegations that he lied about being in the Navy SEALs. Bill Salisbury, an attorney in San Diego and a former Navy SEAL officer, accused Ventura of "pretending" to be a SEAL and wrote that Ventura would be blurring an important distinction by claiming to be a SEAL when he was actually a frogman with the UDT. Compared to SEAL Teams, UDTs saw less combat and took fewer casualties. Although Ventura underwent SEAL training, the UDTs merged with the SEALs in 1983, eight years after Ventura left the Navy.[10][99][100] Following that, Governor Ventura's office confirmed that Ventura was a member of the UDTs. His spokesman stated that Ventura has never tried to convince people otherwise.[10] Ventura stated: "Today we refer to all of us as SEALs; that's all it is," and dismissed the accusations of lying about being a SEAL as "[m]uch ado about nothing."[100]
Opie and Anthony Incident[link]
The Opie and Anthony Show hosted Ventura on December 2, 2009. During the show, arguments erupted between co-host Jim Norton and Ventura regarding the use of the military overseas as well as the official account regarding September 11 attacks, which Ventura questioned the official account of, but stated on the show he did not necessarily believe the government was behind it. The debate evolved into a dispute over illegal immigration in which Ventura was arguing against what he claimed individuals are asked for their IDs by the Border Patrol deep within US borders in an effort to combat illegal immigration. Ventura argued that such a move violated the Constitution. After Norton disagreed with Ventura's statement and Ventura went on to accuse Norton for not believing in the Constitution, the two continued to argue and Ventura walked off the air. When Norton asked why Ventura was leaving, Ventura angrily replied, "There's a fucking guy here telling me I've got a schedule, asshole," to which Norton replied, "You're using dirty language, asshole." As Ventura left the room, Norton denounced some of Ventura's comments on Norton supposedly not supporting the Constitution, stating, "You put words in my mouth, and you didn't like it when I did it to you. You put words in my mouth saying I didn't believe in the Constitution and that's bullshit! It's not true. I don't agree with abusing it." Ventura then walked off from where the show was being held and Norton called Ventura a "fucking baby." The incident was recorded on camera and gained over a million hits since the video was posted in December 2009 on YouTube as of May 2012.[101]
Tailgating allegations[link]
In December 2011 TMZ reported that Jesse Ventura was pulled over for tailgating another vehicle in the San Fernando Valley while on his way to the airport and that the police officers who pulled him over let him go with a warning.[102] However, Ventura dismissed the rumors and one of his attorneys stated he had not been in California since July 15, 2011.[103] Ventura also stated that he had not left Minnesota for over a month at the time the story was published and that he has refused to fly commercially since filing an unsuccessful lawsuit against the TSA earlier that year.[104] Ventura warned that he was considering a lawsuit against TMZ over the article, which has since been taken off their website and he also denounced the rumors as a smear campaign against him.[105]
Chris Kyle controversy[link]
In January 2012, Chris Kyle, a former Navy SEAL who had served in Iraq and had 160 confirmed kills and thus the deadliest marksman in US military history,[106] promoted his recently released book American Sniper on the Opie and Anthony Show, the same radio show where Ventura got into a verbal acceleration with a host two years prior. When Kyle was on the air, a listener called in and asked about how Kyle alledgedly punched Ventura in a bar fight. After receiving the call, Gregg 'Opie' Hughes asked Kyle about the rumor. Kyle suggested that he punched Ventura in the face at a bar popular with Navy SEAL personnel in Coronado, California for loudly expressing criticism of the Iraq War back in 2006 during a wake for Michael A. Monsoor, a Medal of Honor recipient and Navy SEAL who had been killed in action in Iraq the same year. According to Kyle, Ventura, who was present in San Diego to give a speech to a graduating BUD/S class, was "bad-mouthing the war, bad-mouthing (former President) Bush, bad-mouthing America." Although Kyle, who wrote about the alleged incident in his book but did not mention Ventura by name, stated he asked Ventura to tone down his voice because the families of SEAL personnel were present, Ventura allegedly went on to say that the SEALs "deserved to lose a few guys", after which Kyle stated he punched Ventura in the face and then left the area because police were nearby.[107] [108] After Kyle told what happened, Ventura was interviewed by radio host Alex Jones regarding what happened. During the interview, Ventura denied the rumors and claimed that he never met Kyle nor has he heard of him before. Ventura also stated that the bar, known as Mc P's, was owned by a former Navy SEAL who was his cadre instructor when in the military and that he would not misbehave at the bar. Because the rumors emerged as Ventura was travelling down to his second home in Mexico, Ventura felt that the story was released at that point so he would be unable to properly fight the allegations.[109] Following this interview, Kyle called the Opie and Anthony Show to clarify what happened and urged witnesses who were present at the bar to come forward to back his claims. Alex Jones, who is also a friend of Ventura, also called and an argument erupted over the validity of the incident. During the argument between the Opie and Anthony hosts and both Jones and Kyle, Kyle offered to meet with Ventura to end the dispute.[110]
Ventura, who stated in February 2012 that he would sue Kyle for defamation in court,[111] posted a comment on his official Facebook page stating the following:
The event this man spoke of never happened. I have been to Mc P’s many times since leaving the Navy. I was never there alone. I was always accompanied by other people. If this happened 6 years ago, someone would have known of it before now. Certainly in the UDT/SEAL community it would have been known. This has to be news to all of us. I have always opposed the war in Iraq but I have never spoken or wished any ill will towards the soldiers. My heart aches that soldiers have died or been wounded because this war should never have taken place. I am perplexed over the agenda this man has and why a fellow Navy Seal would tell a lie about an event that never happened. Clearly between this story and the previous week’s story about supposedly getting pulled over for tailgaiting (sic) in CA that was also a lie, someone is out to destroy my credibility. I find it very interesting that both these stories are being spread by Fox news and it’s (sic) affiliates. As a Navy veteran you realize you can’t believe every sea story you hear. Let me finish by stating both of the recent two national stories about me are completely untrue lies, neither event ever happened. Sincerely, Jesse Ventura.[112]
Personal life[link]
Family[link]
On July 18, 1975, three days after his twenty-fourth birthday, Ventura married his wife Terry.[5] The couple have two children: a son, Tyrel,[113] who is a film and television director and producer,[114] and a daughter, Jade.[113]
Ventura and his wife split their time living in both Minnesota and Cabo San Lucas, Mexico.[115] Regarding his life in Mexico, Ventura said, "I live one hour from pavement and one hour from electricity,..." "I drive down and back every year and it's truly an adventure to live down there where I do, because I'm off the grid."[116]
Steroid use[link]
During his wrestling days, Ventura used anabolic steroids. He admitted this after retiring from competition, and went on to make public service announcements and appear in printed ads and on posters warning young people about the potential dangers and potential health risks of abusing steroids.[117]
Health problems[link]
In 2002, Ventura was hospitalized for a severe blood clot in his lungs, the same kind of injury that ended his wrestling career.[118]
Religion[link]
In 1999, Ventura stated in an interview on NBC that he considered himself to be a Christian but does not believe he needs a church to attend.[119] In April 2011, Ventura stated on Piers Morgan Tonight and the The Howard Stern Show, that he is an atheist and believes that his views could disqualify him for office in the future, stating that "I don't believe you can be an atheist and admit it and get elected in our country."[1]
Ventura endorsed equal rights for religious minorities, as well as people who do not believe in God, by declaring July 4, 2002, "Indivisible Day". Ventura proclaimed October 13–19, 2002 as "Christian Heritage Week" in Minnesota.[120][121]
Electoral history[link]
- 1998 election for Governor
- Jesse Ventura (Ref.), 37%
- Norm Coleman (R), 34%
- Hubert H. Humphrey III (DFL), 28%
Books[link]
- I Ain't Got Time to Bleed: Reworking the Body Politic from the Bottom Up (May 1999) ISBN 978-0-375-50332-0
- Do I Stand Alone? Going to the Mat Against Political Pawns and Media Jackals (September 2000) ISBN 978-0-7434-0586-7
- Jesse Ventura Tells it Like it Is: America's Most Outspoken Governor Speaks Out About Government (September 2002, co-authored with Heron Marquez) ISBN 978-0-8225-0385-9
- Don't Start the Revolution Without Me! (March 2008, co-authored with Dick Russell) ISBN 978-1-60239-273-1
- American Conspiracies (March 2010, co-authored with Dick Russell) ISBN 978-1-60239-802-3
- 63 Documents the Government Doesn't Want You to Read (April 2011, co-authored with Dick Russell) ISBN 978-1-61608-226-0
Notes[link]
- ^ a b "The Howard Stern Show". April 5, 2011. 143 minutes in. Sirius XM Radio. "Actually Howard, I can't even run for office anymore. [...] Like George [Takei] I've come out of the closet. [...] I'm an atheist. [...] I don't believe you can be an atheist and admit it and get elected in our country."
- ^ "James Janos Discharge Document". militaryhub.com. http://cursor.org/venturawatch/general_info.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-16.
- ^ a b "Military People: Jesse Ventura". militaryhub.com. http://www.militaryhub.com/military-people.cfm?id=42. Retrieved 2011-07-15.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae "OWOW profile". http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/j/jesse-ventura.html.
- ^ a b Cohen, Daniel. Jesse Ventura. 2001. 21st Century. Page 26. Amazon.com. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
- ^ "Ancestry of Jesse Ventura". Wargs.com. http://www.wargs.com/political/ventura.html. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ April 1, 2008, in Larry King interview with Ventura on NBC
- ^ "Jesse "The Great Pretender" Ventura". San Diego Reader. http://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/1999/dec/02/jesse-great-pretender-ventura/. Retrieved 2011-12-02.
- ^ a b "Ventura discloses he didn't see combat in Vietnam War". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 2002-02-03. http://web.archive.org/web/20020203035901/http://www.startribune.com/stories/587/1130195.html. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ a b c "MPR: Battling Seals". News.minnesota.publicradio.org. 1999-12-14. http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/199912/14_kastem_seals/. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ Belluck, Pam (October 31, 1998). "THE 1998 CAMPAIGN: MINNESOTA; Candidates Are Neck, Neck and Neck in Governor's Race". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/31/us/the-1998-campaign-minnesota-candidates-are-neck-neck-and-neck-in-governor-s-race.html?pagewanted=1. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
- ^ a b "Ventura-Anderson transcript". Web.archive.org. 2001-04-05. Archived from the original on 2002-02-10. http://web.archive.org/web/20020210172032/http://www.startribune.com/st/qview.cgi?template=metro_a_cache&slug=text05&online_date=05-April-2001. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ "Jesse Ventura Hunting Remarks Draw Fire – ABC News". Abcnews.go.com. http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=93626&page=1. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ a b c Cohen, Daniel (2001). Jesse Ventura. LERNER PUBLISHING GROUP. pp. 30–32. ISBN 978-0-7613-1905-4. http://books.google.com/?id=e2UxwnHvNMAC&lpg=PT15&dq=jesse%20ventura%20mongols&pg=PT18#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
- ^ "OUTLAW GANGS: Northern Nevada eyes biker enmity". Reviewjournal.com. 2002-05-12. http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2002/May-12-Sun-2002/news/18724079.html. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ Labar, Justin (2010-05-14). "Complete Interview Transcript With Jesse Ventura". Wrestlezone.com. http://www.wrestlezone.com/news/181959-complete-interview-transcript-with-jesse-ventura. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ Jesse Ventura PBS
- ^ a b c d e f "Cagematch profile". http://www.cagematch.de/?id=2&nr=53.
- ^ a b "WWE profile". http://www.wwe.com/superstars/halloffame/inductees/jesseventura/.
- ^ "Jesse Ventura's Personal History". http://www.trinity.edu/rhuesca/article/rsjvph.htm. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
- ^ a b c John Molinaro, The Top 100 Pro Wrestlers of All Time, (Winding Stair Press: 2002), page 199
- ^ Milner, John M. (January 21, 2006). "Jesse Ventura's bio". SLAM! Wrestling. http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/Bios/ventura_jesse.html. Retrieved 2009-06-26.
- ^ Jake Tapper, "Body Slam: The Jesse Ventura Story," pg. 104–105
- ^ a b Jesse Ventura, "I Ain't Got Time To Bleed pg. 108
- ^ "Ventura v. Titan Sports, Inc". Jollylager.com. http://www.jollylager.com/pub/caselaw/ventura.html. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ a b "Finishing Moves List". Other Arena. http://www.otherarena.com/nCo/finish/finish.html. Retrieved 2009-11-03.
- ^ "AWA World Tag Team Championship history". http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/ttawa.html.
- ^ "NWA World Tag Team Championship (Central States version) history". http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/csttnwa.html.
- ^ "AWA Southern Heavyweight Championship history". http://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/tn/cwa/awa-s-h.html.
- ^ "NWA Hawaii Tag Team Championship history". http://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/hi/hi-t.html.
- ^ "NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship history". http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/pnwhtnwa.html.
- ^ "NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship history". http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/pnwttnwa.html.
- ^ Jake Tapper, "Body Slam: The Jesse Ventura Story," pg. 105–108
- ^ Carly Skorczewski (October 29, 1998 – Volume 11, Issue 5). "Mayor of Brooklyn Park, Jesse Ventura: Reform endorsed candidate". Morris.umn.edu. http://www.morris.umn.edu/register/article.php?volume=11&issue=5§ion=feature&index=2. Retrieved 2008-10-20. [dead link]
- ^ Howey, Brian (June 18, 2009). "Time to Take Over the Indiana Libertarian Party". http://www.howeypolitics.com/2009/06/18/brian-howey-time-to-take-over-the-indiana-libertarian-party/. Retrieved 2009-06-26. [dead link]
- ^ a b "MPR: Ventura begins final foreign journey as governor". News.minnesota.publicradio.org. http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/25_khoom_cuba1/. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ Joseph P. Kahn (February 25, 2004). "The Body politic – The Boston Globe". Boston.com. http://www.boston.com/news/globe/living/articles/2004/02/25/the_body_politic/. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ "Ventura May Leave Office Early – Political Wire". Politicalwire.com. http://politicalwire.com/archives/2002/10/21/ventura_may_leave_office_early.html. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ Ventura, Jesse (2000). Ain't Got Time to Bleed. Signet. pp. 13–14. ISBN 0-451-20086-1.
- ^ "Minnesota Legislative Reference Library: Bills Vetoed by Governors and Override Attempts, 1939–present". Minnesota Legislative Reference Library www.leg.state.mn.us/LRL. http://www.leg.state.mn.us/LRL/Vetoes/Vetohist.asp. Retrieved 2009-05-09. [dead link]
- ^ "freedomforum.org: Minnesota governor vetoes Pledge of Allegiance requirement". Freedomforum.org. http://www.freedomforum.org/templates/document.asp?documentID=16297. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ "National Governors Association". http://www.nga.org.+01-nov-08. http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=d676ae3effb81010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD&vgnextchannel=e449a0ca9e3f1010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD. Retrieved 2010-09-03. [dead link]
- ^ "The body on the hulk – The Howard Stern Show". Howardstern.com. 2009-05-19. http://www.howardstern.com/rundown.hs?d=1242705600#14047. Retrieved 2010-06-13. [dead link]
- ^ Ferrero, Susan (May 7, 2001). "CANNABIS CONTROVERSY Medical use of marijuana pits politicians against scientists with patients caught in the middle". New York Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/lifestyle/2001/05/07/2001-05-07_cannabis_controversy_medical.html. Retrieved 2010-03-01. [dead link]
- ^ Ventura, Jesse (2008). Don't start the revolution without me!. Skyhorse Publishing Inc.. pp. 143–160. ISBN 1-60239-273-0.
- ^ "Jesse Ventura on Principles & Values". http://www.ontheissues.org. http://www.ontheissues.org/Celeb/Jesse_Ventura_Principles_+_Values.htm. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
- ^ "Jesse Ventura: US should abolish inherently corrupt political parties". rawstory.com. http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2010/10/13/jesse-ventura-abolish-inherently-corrupt-political-parties/. Retrieved 2011-07-27.
- ^ "Ventura May Tap Independent to Wellstone's Seat; Mondale Officially in for Dems". Foxnews.com. October 31, 2002. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,67075,00.html. Retrieved 2008-10-20. [dead link]
- ^ "Honor & Civility, RIP". Weeklystandard.com. http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/001/830clrob.asp. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ "VENTURA: I WON'T APPOINT DEMOCRAT – United Press International | HighBeam Research – FREE trial". Highbeam.com. 2002-11-01. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-69252006.html. Retrieved 2010-06-13. [dead link]
- ^ "National Briefing | Midwest: Minnesota: Governor Shuts Mansion – New York Times". Query.nytimes.com. May 1, 2002. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9903E6D71431F932A35756C0A9649C8B63. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ In Re Proposed Petition to Recall Governor Jesse Ventura http://wrestlingperspective.com/legal/ventura.html
- ^ Lynda McConnell, Special to Stateline.org. "Provocative Press Pass Miffs Minnesota Media". Stateline.org. http://www.stateline.org/live/ViewPage.action?siteNodeId=136&languageId=1&contentId=14279. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ "Current.org | Keillor v. Ventura". Current.org. Archived from the original on 2008-07-15. http://web.archive.org/web/20080715070632/http://www.current.org/people/peop908g.html. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ "Gov. Ventura Stumbles – New York Times". Query.nytimes.com. Published: February 26, 1999. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B07E3DD173CF935A15751C0A96F958260&n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/V/Ventura,%20Jesse. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ Jesse Ventura Running For The Senate?![dead link], YouTube
- ^ Falcone, Michael (2008-07-14). "Ventura Decides Against Senate Run". The Caucus (New York Times). http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/07/14/ventura-decides-against-senate-run/. Retrieved 2008-07-14.
- ^ "Jesse Ventura on Principles & Values". http://www.ontheissues.org. http://www.ontheissues.org/Celeb/Jesse_Ventura_Principles_+_Values.htm. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
- ^ Barr, Andy. "Jesse Ventura wants to be Ron Paul's 2012 running mate". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0411/52516.html. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
- ^ Emily Gurnon (November 4, 2011). "Angry Jesse Ventura thinking about presidential run". TwinCities.com. http://www.twincities.com/news/ci_19265340?source=rss.
- ^ "Former Minn. Gov. Ventura, miffed by court setback, says he’ll seek Mexican citizenship". The Washington Post. November 5, 2011. http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/travel/former-minn-gov-ventura-miffed-by-court-setback-says-hell-seek-mexican-citizenship/2011/11/04/gIQATmvwmM_story.html. [dead link]
- ^ Epstein, Reid J.. "Gary Johnson eyes Libertarians, who eye Ventura". http://www.politico.com. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1111/69398.html. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
- ^ David Gewirtz (November 8, 2011). "Is there any possible way Jesse Ventura could win the Presidency?". ZDNet. http://www.zdnet.com/blog/government/is-there-any-possible-way-jesse-ventura-could-win-the-presidency/10980?pg=2.
- ^ Jesse Ventura Endorsement of Ron Paul, December 29, 2011
- ^ Woodshop (2010) - Release dates
- ^ "DiC Shows". Web.archive.org. 2004-04-01. Archived from the original on 2004-04-01. http://web.archive.org/web/20040401135740/http://www.dicentertainment.com/dic_shows.html#MShows. Retrieved 2011-12-02.
- ^ The WrestleCrap Book of Lists! By R. D. Reynolds, Blade Braxton, page 310
- ^ "Tag Team - the lost pilot episode starring Roddy Piper and Jesse Ventura!". I-Mockery.com. http://www.i-mockery.com/minimocks/tag-team/. Retrieved 2011-12-02.
- ^ "MPR: Ventura – the year in review". News.minnesota.publicradio.org. http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200201/28_khoom_jessereview/. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ Sheppard, Noel. "Jesse Ventura: MSNBC Canceled My Show For Opposing Iraq War Read more: http://newsbusters.org/blogs/noel-sheppard/2009/11/29/jesse-ventura-msnbc-canceled-my-show-opposing-iraq-war#ixzz1lvRGDr3T". http://newsbusters.org. http://newsbusters.org/blogs/noel-sheppard/2009/11/29/jesse-ventura-msnbc-canceled-my-show-opposing-iraq-war. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
- ^ "MPR: Speechless no more, Ventura stumps for Kerry at colleges". News.minnesota.publicradio.org. http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/2004/10/28_mccalluml_venturakerry/. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ Jesse Ventura (2009-05-15). [books.google.co.nz/books?id=p4Rd1yXBGWIC&pg=PA137 Don't Start the Revolution Without Me!]. p. 137. ISBN 1-60239-716-3. books.google.co.nz/books?id=p4Rd1yXBGWIC&pg=PA137.
- ^ "Army News, benefits, careers, entertainment, photos, promotions – Army Times HOME". Armytimes.com. http://www.armytimes.com/story.php?f=1-ARMYPAPER-323322.php. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ "BetUs Events". Web.archive.org. 2007-10-15. Archived from the original on 2007-10-15. http://web.archive.org/web/20071015075304/http://www.betus.com/site-siteJesseVideo.asp. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ Jesse Ventura: You Give Me a Water Board, Dick Cheney and One Hour, and I'll Have Him Confess to the Sharon Tate Murders, CrooksAndLiars.com
- ^ a b Jesse Ventura: You Give Me a Water Board, Dick Cheney and One Hour, and I'll Have Him Confess to the Sharon Tate Murders, CrooksAndLiars.com
- ^ heathr456. "Jesse Ventura: You Give Me a Water Board, Dick Cheney and One Hour". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zoqmH49VBC0. Retrieved 2011-12-02.
- ^ "Jesse Ventura on Larry King 5-11-09, Part 1". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ujv-x6wGoGA. Retrieved 2010-06-13. [dead link]
- ^ a b c Stein, Sam (May 18, 2009). "''Ventura And Hasselbeck Rumble Over Waterboarding On The View''". Huffingtonpost.com. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/05/18/ventura-and-hasselbeck-de_n_204774.html. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ Linkins, Jason (May 20, 2009). "Jesse Ventura Lays Waste To Fox And Friends". Huffingtonpost.com. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/05/20/jesse-ventura-lays-waste_n_205962.html. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ Jesse The Body Sounds Off[dead link], howardstern.com, May 21, 2008
- ^ a b Ventura says he regrets initial acceptance of 9/11 explanations, Associated Press, April 3, 2008
- ^ Watson, Paul Joseph. Former Governor Jesse Ventura: WTC Collapse A Controlled Demolition, www.prisonplanet.com. Retrieved April 3, 2008.
- ^ Ventura Regrets Not Being More Skeptical Over 9/11[dead link]. Retrieved on April 8, 2008.
- ^ Buoen, Roger (April 3, 2008). "Ventura wrestles with what really happened on 9/11". Minnesota Post. http://www.minnpost.com/politicalagenda/2008/04/03/1390/ventura_wrestles_with_what_really_happened_on_911. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
- ^ Linkins, Jason (May 19, 2009). "Jesse Ventura, Hannity Go Head-To-Head". Huffingtonpost.com. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/05/19/jesse-ventura-gets-in-the_n_205146.html. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ "Jesse Ventura Working On Conspiracy Theory Series For truTV". Huffingtonpost.com. September 30, 2008. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/09/30/jesse-ventura-working-on_n_130477.html. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ "TruTv:Conspiracy Theory with Jesse Ventura", www.turner.com. Retrieved on November 4, 2009.
- ^ "Conspiracy Theory with Jesse Ventura Delivers 1.6 Million Viewers, truTV's Biggest Audience Ever for a New Series Launch". TVbytheNumbers.com. 2009-12-03. http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2009/12/03/conspiracy-theory-with-jesse-ventura-delivers-1-6-million-viewers-trutv%E2%80%99s-biggest-audience-ever-for-a-new-series-launch/35201/. Retrieved 2011-04-01.
- ^ Conspiracy Theory with Jesse Ventura Second Season episode list, TruTv.com
- ^ "truTV's Hit Series "Conspiracy Theory with Jesse Ventura" Hits the Road for Third Season of Truth-Seeking and Myth-Debunking Read more: Breaking News - truTV's Hit Series "Conspiracy Theory with Jesse Ventura" Hits the Road for Third Season of Truth-Seeking and Myth-Debunking". The Futon Critic. http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2011/09/19/trutvs-hit-series-conspiracy-theory-with-jesse-ventura-hits-the-road-for-third-season-of-truth-seeking-and-myth-debunking-980404/20110919trutv01/. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
- ^ Freed, Joshua."Ventura:No Plans to Run Again, but...", Associated Press. Retrieved April 1, 2008.
- ^ Jesse's back! New Ventura book 'Revolution' will cover political waterfront, MinnPost.com
- ^ Harper, Jennifer. "Inside the Beltway: Bipartisan gangland". http://www.washingtontimes.com. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/may/14/inside-the-beltway-bipartisan-gangland/. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
- ^ Hunter, Marnie (September 27, 2000). "Jesse Ventura slams TSA with lawsuit". CNN. http://articles.cnn.com/2011-01-25/travel/jesse.ventura.tsa.lawsuit_1_pat-downs-and-full-body-tsa-lawsuit?_s=PM:TRAVEL. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
- ^ "'I've had enough of the Fascist States of America': Former Governor's fury at TSA as he says he's leaving for Mexico... but may still run for President". http://www.dailymail.co.uk. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2057955/Jesse-Ventura-says-hes-fed-airport-security-hes-getting-Mexican-citizenship.html. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
- ^ "Former Minn. Gov. Ventura, miffed by court setback, says he’ll seek Mexican citizenship". http://www.washingtonpost.com. http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/travel/former-minn-gov-ventura-miffed-by-court-setback-says-hell-seek-mexican-citizenship/2011/11/04/gIQATmvwmM_story.html. Retrieved 6 November 2011. [dead link]
- ^ "Jesse Ventura on Principles & Values". Ontheissues.org. http://www.ontheissues.org/Celeb/Jesse_Ventura_Principles_+_Values.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ "Jesse "The Great Pretender" Ventura". San Diego Reader. http://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/1999/dec/02/jesse-great-pretender-ventura/. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ a b "Ventura brushes off criticism of SEAL training". http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=EYkxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nKMFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4203,170203. Retrieved 2011-12-02.
- ^ Huff, Richard. "Jesse Ventura walks off 'Opie & Anthony' show after verbal mud fest with Jim Norton". December 3, 2009 (New York: NY Daily News). http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv/2009/12/03/2009-12-03_jesse_ventura_walks_off.html. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
- ^ Gerweck, Steve. "Jesse Ventura pulled over for tailgating". http://www.gerweck.net. http://www.gerweck.net/2011/12/20/jesse-ventura-pulled-over-for-tailgating/. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
- ^ "Ventura Says Story About Being Pulled Over in California is Not True". http://kstp.com. http://kstp.com/article/stories/s2430476.shtml. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
- ^ Giri, Raj. "Correction On Jesse Ventura Tailgating Story". http://www.wrestlinginc.com. http://www.wrestlinginc.com/wi/news/2011/1221/547844/jesse-ventura/. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
- ^ Webb, Chad. "Jesse Ventura Has Lawyers Threatening Lawsuit Against TMZ Over Recent News Article". http://www.411mania.com. http://www.411mania.com/wrestling/news/215908. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
- ^ Buiso, Gary (January 3, 2012). "Meet the big shot SEAL is America’s deadliest sniper". http://www.nypost.com. http://www.nypost.com/p/news/national/meet_the_big_shot_BxlVpxzQijkC9mwZcmwkrN?utm_source=SFnewyorkpost&utm_medium=SFnewyorkpost. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
- ^ Vezner, Tad. "Ventura sues over author's claim that he "laid him out"". http://www.twincities.com. http://www.twincities.com/localnews/ci_20039344. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
- ^ Zennie, Michael (January 6, 2012). "America's deadliest sniper killed 255 Iraqi 'savages' to protect his friends... but he punched out Jesse Ventura because he 'bad-mouthed the troops'". London: http://www.dailymail.co.uk. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2083235/Americas-deadliest-sniper-killed-255-Iraqi-savages-protect-friends--punched-Jesse-Ventura-bad-mouthed-troops.html. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
- ^ Watson, Paul Joseph. "Ventura: Navy SEAL ‘Punch’ Hoax May be Retribution For Supporting Ron Paul". www.infowars.com. http://www.infowars.com/ventura-navy-seal-punch-hoax-may-be-retribution-for-supporting-ron-paul/. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
- ^ Mike, Opelka. "RADIO HOST CONFRONTS SEAL SNIPER OVER VENTURA BAR BRAWL STORY…AND REVEALS ‘PSY-OPS’ THEORY". http://www.theblaze.com. http://www.theblaze.com/stories/radio-host-confronts-seal-sniper-over-ventura-bar-brawl-story-and-reveals-psy-ops-theory/. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
- ^ Browning, Dan. "Jesse Ventura aims to get even with Navy SEAL in court Jesse Ventura aims to get even with Navy SEAL in court". http://www.startribune.com. http://www.startribune.com/local/140362163.html. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
- ^ Opelka, Mike. "Navy SEAL Smackdown? Jesse Ventura Denies Sniper's Story". http://www.theblaze.com/stories/navy-seal-smackdown-jesse-ventura-denies-snipers-story/. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
- ^ a b "Last CallFor Gov. Jesse Ventura—and His Fun-Loving Son Tyrel—the Party Is Over". People. Vol. 58 No. 2 July 8, 2002
- ^ Justin, Neal. "Jesse Ventura hires a familiar face". Star Tribune. September 19, 2011
- ^ "Meet the Team". Conspiracy Theory with Jesse Ventura. TruTV. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
- ^ "Jesse Ventura Calls for Revolution of Political Parties". Transcript of Larry King Live. April 1, 2008. CNN. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
- ^ "This Week In FDA History". Fda.gov. http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/WhatWeDo/History/ThisWeek/ucm117728.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-06.
- ^ "Ventura hospitalized with blood clot in lung". CNN. July 9, 2002. http://archives.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/07/09/ventura/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ "The Religious Affiliation of Jesse Ventura Professional Wrestler and Governor of Minnesota". http://www.adherents.com/people/pv/Jesse_Ventura.html. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
- ^ "Religion News". Pewforum.org. http://pewforum.org/news/display.php?ewsID=1402. Retrieved 2008-10-20. [dead link]
- ^ Jo Napolitano (Nyt) (Published: August 2, 2002). "National Briefing | Midwest: Minnesota: Christians One Up On Ventura – New York Times". Query.nytimes.com. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9907E7DF1F3BF931A3575BC0A9649C8B63. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
References[link]
- deFiebre, Conrad. "Record-high job approval for Ventura; Many Minnesotans like his style, don't mind moonlighting." Star Tribune 22 July 1999: 1A+.
- deFiebre, Conrad. "Using body language, Ventura backs Kerry." Star Tribune 23 October 2004: 1A+.
- Kahn, Joseph P. "The Body Politic." The Boston Globe 25 February 2004. Accessed April 28, 2004.
- Olson, Rochelle and Bob von Sternberg. "GOP demands equal time; Wellstone aide apologizes; Ventura upset." Minneapolis Star-Tribune 31 October 2002: 1A+.
External links[link]
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Biography portal |
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Minnesota portal |
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Professional wrestling portal |
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United States Navy portal |
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Politics portal |
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Jesse Ventura |
- WWE Hall of Fame Profile
- Jesse Ventura at the Internet Movie Database
- Jesse Ventura's America at the Internet Movie Database
- Ventura "on the issues"
- Analysis of Jesse Ventura's Playboy interview by Aubrey Immelman
- Jesse Ventura – Media Man Australia profile
- Election Of Bonapartist Figure Ventura In Minnesota Is Danger To Working People – article in The Militant 1998.
- Radiotapes.com Recordings of Jesse Ventura for Governor commercials from 1998 (scroll down to Misc Recordings).
- Larry King Live: Jesse Ventura[dead link] CNN April 1, 2008
- "Jesse's back! New Ventura book 'Revolution' will cover political waterfront" from Minnpost.com
- The Jesse Ventura Forums[dead link]
- Jesse Ventura on Wrestling-Radio.com
- Jesse Ventura interview, Diaday.com[dead link]
- Jesse Ventura on The Young Turks Show.
- Jesse Ventura's Official Facebook Account
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Arne Carlson |
Governor of Minnesota 1999–2003 |
Succeeded by Tim Pawlenty |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by First nominee |
Reform Party nominee for Governor of Minnesota 1998 |
Succeeded by Tim Penny (Independence Party) |
|
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http://nl.wn.com/Jesse Ventura
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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