The Wayback Machine - http://web.archive.org./web/20120615004925/http://wn.com:80/type_theory
Thursday, 14 June 2012
fullscreen
Advanced Topics in Programming Languages Series:...
PLT: Type Theory 1 - ZFC set theory (part 1)
PLT: Type Theory 4 - ZFC set theory (part 4)
Gordon Plotkin - Robin Milner: A Craftsman of Tools for the Mind
Where To Shoot in
Discover Your Personality Type | Myers Briggs
UFC 133: Dana White:
**VERY HOT BANGER!** Big Bang Theory (Lex Luger Rick Ross Kid Ink Dirty South Beat)
Basic Guitar Theory - Learning To Count Subdivisions
Big Bang Theory - Penny's TV (IQ of 360)
Main Show Only - Mothman; Sightings & Theories - Coast to Coast AM
Denis Dutton: A Darwinian theory of beauty

Type Theory

  • WN Shopping
  • Ebay
  • Publications

Make changes yourself !



Advanced Topics in Programming Languages Series:...
  • Order:
  • Published: 09 Oct 2007
  • Duration: 30:40
  • Updated: 02 Jun 2012
Author: GoogleTechTalks
Google Tech Talks April 18, 2007 ABSTRACT Advanced Topics in Programming Languages Series: Parametric Polymorphism and the Girard-Reynolds Isomorphism. This talk is based on a series of papers by Philip Wadler, a principal designer of the Haskell programming language. Featured are a number of double-barreled names in computer science: * Hindley-Milner (Strong typing without having to type the types) * Wadler-Blott (Making ad-hoc polymorphism less ad-hoc with parametricity) * Curry-Howard (Isomorphism between types and theorems, terms and proofs) * Girard-Reynolds (Isomorphism between types and terms in the presence of parametricity) The talk will conclude with a programming technique...
http://web.archive.org./web/20120615004925/http://wn.com/Advanced Topics in Programming Languages Series:...
PLT: Type Theory 1 - ZFC set theory (part 1)
  • Order:
  • Published: 06 Apr 2011
  • Duration: 14:24
  • Updated: 30 May 2012
Author: rlindeque
The first lecture on type theory in programming languages. Strap yourself in for a wild mathematical ride
http://web.archive.org./web/20120615004925/http://wn.com/PLT: Type Theory 1 - ZFC set theory (part 1)
PLT: Type Theory 4 - ZFC set theory (part 4)
  • Order:
  • Published: 27 Apr 2011
  • Duration: 12:09
  • Updated: 08 Jun 2012
Author: rlindeque
The last two axioms of the ZFC set theory and a quick review.
http://web.archive.org./web/20120615004925/http://wn.com/PLT: Type Theory 4 - ZFC set theory (part 4)
Gordon Plotkin - Robin Milner: A Craftsman of Tools for the Mind
  • Order:
  • Published: 26 Aug 2010
  • Duration: 29:45
  • Updated: 24 May 2012
Author: EdinburghUniversity
Robin Milner (1934 - 2010) contributed to many areas of computer science. His LCF system (Logic of Computable Functions) is at the origins of computer-assisted theorem-proving, and his ML language (MetaLanguage) is the first large-scale typed functional programming language. He was a founder of the field of process calculi, making a whole series of fundamental contributions: CCS (the Calculus of Communicating Systems), the pi-calculus, and, most recently, bigraphs. This talk by Gordon Plotkin at the 2010 Federated Logic Conference (FLoC) surveys Robin's many contributions, trying both to give some feeling for what he did and also to convey something of the influence of his work. Gordon Plotkin obtained his BSc, in Mathematics and Physics, from Glasgow University, in 1967, and his PhD, in Artificial Intelligence, from Edinburgh University, in 1972. He then joined the faculty at Edinburgh, becoming a full professor in 1986. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society, a member of Academia Europaea, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and has held visiting positions at Syracuse, Stanford, Orsay, INRIA, Aarhus, MIT, ENS, Paris 7, DEC SRC, ETL, and Microsoft. His research contributions include work on hypothesis discovery, theorem proving, situation theory, non-standard logics, and category theory, but he may be best known for his work on the semantics and logic of programming languages, with contributions to operational semantics, logical frameworks, concurrency, domain <b>...</b>
http://web.archive.org./web/20120615004925/http://wn.com/Gordon Plotkin - Robin Milner: A Craftsman of Tools for the Mind
Where To Shoot in
  • Order:
  • Published: 04 Jan 2012
  • Duration: 12:52
  • Updated: 09 Jun 2012
Author: moggiex
www.youtube.com - Our DEDICATED Channel to World of Tanks! Having problems hitting tanks & causing damage? In this video the weak spots are identified and the game straight after recording the theory part I go on to score 5 kills and cause a decent amount of damage using exactly the same theory covered in the first part of the video. I also point out the weak spots for the Type-59 tank. I am not a pr0 player, I just aim for the places I know causes damage and are sharing them with you to help you improve your game. The equation is simple: More Damage = More XP & More Coins * Lower Front Armour Its worth noting here that I did not mention about the under armour of the tanks. This is purely because I do not find it a hit point that I can consistently cause damage to. However if a tank is coming at you and showing their belly as they crown a hill, shoot it, they're normally pretty weak there OR if you have a HE loaded, you can splash damage the front of the tank by shooting under it, rather than straight at it. * For the Type-59 haters Pay close attention to the gameplay, the accuracy of the Type-59 is appalling. Also this tank is very, very weak, aim for the points I show in the theory and show in the game and you'll do what I do and head straight for them as I know they are easy kills (like the 2nd tank in the video). Note: If I'm in the E-100, E-50 or either of the Panthers, I also ram them (covered later in the video comments). Also Type-59 on Type-59 ramming is equally <b>...</b>
http://web.archive.org./web/20120615004925/http://wn.com/Where To Shoot in "World of Tanks" - Includes Theory & Gameplay Action
Discover Your Personality Type | Myers Briggs
  • Order:
  • Published: 17 Jun 2011
  • Duration: 7:21
  • Updated: 09 Jun 2012
Author: personalitydesk
INTP? ENFJ? Discover your personality type according to the theory of Myers and Briggs. Learn about the four facets of personality, and discover the four-letter personality type that fits you best. For more information, visit www.personalitydesk.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20120615004925/http://wn.com/Discover Your Personality Type | Myers Briggs
UFC 133: Dana White:
  • Order:
  • Published: 07 Aug 2011
  • Duration: 5:56
  • Updated: 04 Jun 2012
Author: KarynBryant
MMA HEAT's Karyn Bryant spends a few minutes with UFC President Dana White after UFC 133 in Philadelphia, PA, and gets his thoughts on a number of things, including: the style in which former champ Rashad Evans returned to the octagon in his Fight Of The Night against Tito Ortiz, the choice Dennis Hallman made to wear Speedo-type shorts, Vitor Belfort's chances of getting an Anderson Silva rematch,Akiyama's future in the UFC, Rory MacDonald's potential to be the next GSP and Chad Mendes' chances at a title shot. Be sure to visit www.MMAheat.com for more interviews and archived episodes of our 1 hour TV show. Nós falamos Português! * We're on Facebook: www.facebook.com * Follow MMAheat on Twitter: www.twitter.com * Follow Karyn on Twitter: www.twitter.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20120615004925/http://wn.com/UFC 133: Dana White: "Rashad Blew My Ring Rust Theory + Hallman's Shorts Were Disgusting"
**VERY HOT BANGER!** Big Bang Theory (Lex Luger Rick Ross Kid Ink Dirty South Beat)
  • Order:
  • Published: 16 Apr 2012
  • Duration: 2:21
  • Updated: 09 Jun 2012
Author: ItzSeanny
Go to my website or message me for purchase of leasing and exclusive rights of this beat. Website: itzseanny.weebly.com Twitter: @ItzSeanny Email: Itzseanny@yahoo.com SoundClick: www.soundclick.com This Is a little dirty south type beat that I made. I hope you enjoy!
http://web.archive.org./web/20120615004925/http://wn.com/**VERY HOT BANGER!** Big Bang Theory (Lex Luger Rick Ross Kid Ink Dirty South Beat)
Basic Guitar Theory - Learning To Count Subdivisions
  • Order:
  • Published: 26 Sep 2010
  • Duration: 11:11
  • Updated: 05 Jun 2012
Author: ShredGuitarAcademy
This is the first in a series of videos that is going to look at how to develop one of the most important attributes needed to become the best guitar player and musician you can be. A good sense of rhythm. In this lesson Mike Williams from www.ShredGuitarAcademy.com teaches about subdivisions, plus a simple method to count every type of subdivision of the beat possible where the quarter note is equal to one beat. This is a good first step to help you better your timing and understand rhythm on a deeper level, while giving you an easy method to practice musical ideas to a count.
http://web.archive.org./web/20120615004925/http://wn.com/Basic Guitar Theory - Learning To Count Subdivisions
Big Bang Theory - Penny's TV (IQ of 360)
  • Order:
  • Published: 01 Oct 2008
  • Duration: 4:02
  • Updated: 09 Jun 2012
Author: BlueMoon93
╔═╦╗╔╦╗╔═╦═╦╦╦╦╗╔═╗ ║╚╣║║║╚╣╚╣╔╣╔╣║╚╣═╣ ╠╗║╚╝║║╠╗║╚╣║║║║║═╣ ╚═╩══╩═╩═╩═╩╝╚╩═╩═╝ A short cut from the 1st episode from the famous series Big Bang Theory where Sheldon and Leonard were asked by their new neighbour to get her TV from her ex-boyfriend. Watch if you want to know what happens when they try it... "You got me pantless..." Your video, Big Bang Theory - Penny's TV (IQ of 360) , may include content that is owned or administered by this entity: •Entity: Warner Bros. Entertainment Content Type: Audiovisual content Your video is still available worldwide.
http://web.archive.org./web/20120615004925/http://wn.com/Big Bang Theory - Penny's TV (IQ of 360)
Main Show Only - Mothman; Sightings & Theories - Coast to Coast AM
  • Order:
  • Published: 24 May 2012
  • Duration: 1:17:20
  • Updated: 09 Jun 2012
Author: Secretsocietiestoday
jetstreamnews.com Filmmaker and paranormal researcher Charlie McCracken discussed his comprehensive research on the Mothman sightings, including little known witness accounts. He was joined during the evening by Travis Shortt and Matthew Flemming who worked with him on his documentary about Mothman, Dark Wings. For the film, McCracken said he took one of the original 1966 witnesses, Linda Scarberry, back to the location of where she saw a winged creature in Point Pleasant, WV.-- and all these years later she was still terrified to return to the site. Shortt noted that all the witnesses were scared by what they saw and though they varied in their estimates of the creature's height (from 6 ft. to 9 ft.) they all concurred that it had glowing red eyes that were mesmerizing. He suggested that Mothman is a type of demonic manifestation, and added that there have been sightings of such a creature as recent as 2005, outside of Nashville. McCracken hypothesized that because Point Pleasant sits at the juncture of two large rivers, the moving water may create electrical or magnetic disturbances which could either affect residents' perceptions or open a portal to another dimension. Flemming opined that Mothman may simply be an as-of-yet unidentified type of creature such as Bigfoot. WATCH THE LATEST VIDEO THAT CAME OUT TODAY HERE Subscibe @ www.youtube.com FAIR USE NOTICE: These Videos may contain copyrighted (©) material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized <b>...</b>
http://web.archive.org./web/20120615004925/http://wn.com/Main Show Only - Mothman; Sightings & Theories - Coast to Coast AM
Denis Dutton: A Darwinian theory of beauty
  • Order:
  • Published: 16 Nov 2010
  • Duration: 17:34
  • Updated: 09 Jun 2012
Author: TEDtalksDirector
www.ted.com TED collaborates with animator Andrew Park to illustrate Denis Dutton's provocative theory on beauty -- that art, music and other beautiful things, far from being simply "in the eye of the beholder," are a core part of human nature with deep evolutionary origins.TEDTalks is a daily video podcast of the best talks and performances from the TED Conference, where the world's leading thinkers and doers give the talk of their lives in 18 minutes. Featured speakers have included Al Gore on climate change, Philippe Starck on design, Jill Bolte Taylor on observing her own stroke, Nicholas Negroponte on One Laptop per Child, Jane Goodall on chimpanzees, Bill Gates on malaria and mosquitoes, Pattie Maes on the "Sixth Sense" wearable tech, and "Lost" producer JJ Abrams on the allure of mystery. TED stands for Technology, Entertainment, Design, and TEDTalks cover these topics as well as science, business, development and the arts. Closed captions and translated subtitles in a variety of languages are now available on TED.com, at http Watch a highlight reel of the Top 10 TEDTalks at www.ted.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20120615004925/http://wn.com/Denis Dutton: A Darwinian theory of beauty
Groove Theory - TELL ME (Album Version)
  • Order:
  • Published: 25 Oct 2009
  • Duration: 3:49
  • Updated: 10 Jun 2012
Author: GrooveTheoryVEVO
Music video by Groove Theory performing TELL ME (Album Version). (C) 1995 SONY BMG MUSIC ENTERTAINMENT
http://web.archive.org./web/20120615004925/http://wn.com/Groove Theory - TELL ME (Album Version)
Einstein's General Theory of Relativity | Lecture 1
  • Order:
  • Published: 14 Jan 2009
  • Duration: 1:38:28
  • Updated: 09 Jun 2012
Author: StanfordUniversity
Lecture 1 of Leonard Susskind's Modern Physics concentrating on General Relativity. Recorded September 22, 2008 at Stanford University. This Stanford Continuing Studies course is the fourth of a six-quarter sequence of classes exploring the essential theoretical foundations of modern physics. The topics covered in this course focus on classical mechanics. Leonard Susskind is the Felix Bloch Professor of Physics at Stanford University. Stanford Continuing Studies: continuingstudies.stanford.edu About Leonard Susskind: www.stanford.edu Stanford University Channel on YouTube: www.youtube.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20120615004925/http://wn.com/Einstein's General Theory of Relativity | Lecture 1
  • Advanced Topics in Programming Languages Series:......30:40
  • PLT: Type Theory 1 - ZFC set theory (part 1)...14:24
  • PLT: Type Theory 4 - ZFC set theory (part 4)...12:09
  • Gordon Plotkin - Robin Milner: A Craftsman of Tools for the Mind...29:45
  • Where To Shoot in "World of Tanks" - Includes Theory & Gameplay Action...12:52
  • Discover Your Personality Type | Myers Briggs...7:21
  • UFC 133: Dana White: "Rashad Blew My Ring Rust Theory + Hallman's Shorts Were Disgusting"...5:56
  • **VERY HOT BANGER!** Big Bang Theory (Lex Luger Rick Ross Kid Ink Dirty South Beat)...2:21
  • Basic Guitar Theory - Learning To Count Subdivisions...11:11
  • Big Bang Theory - Penny's TV (IQ of 360)...4:02
  • Main Show Only - Mothman; Sightings & Theories - Coast to Coast AM...1:17:20
  • Denis Dutton: A Darwinian theory of beauty...17:34
  • Groove Theory - TELL ME (Album Version)...3:49
  • Einstein's General Theory of Relativity | Lecture 1...1:38:28
Google Tech Talks April 18, 2007 ABSTRACT Advanced Topics in Programming Languages Series: Parametric Polymorphism and the Girard-Reynolds Isomorphism. This talk is based on a series of papers by Philip Wadler, a principal designer of the Haskell programming language. Featured are a number of double-barreled names in computer science: * Hindley-Milner (Strong typing without having to type the types) * Wadler-Blott (Making ad-hoc polymorphism less ad-hoc with parametricity) * Curry-Howard (Isomorphism between types and theorems, terms and proofs) * Girard-Reynolds (Isomorphism between types and terms in the presence of parametricity) The talk will conclude with a programming technique...
30:40
Ad­vanced Top­ics in Pro­gram­ming Lan­guages Se­ries:...
14:24
PLT: Type The­o­ry 1 - ZFC set the­o­ry (part 1)
12:09
PLT: Type The­o­ry 4 - ZFC set the­o­ry (part 4)
29:45
Gor­don Plotkin - Robin Mil­ner: A Crafts­man of Tools for the Mind
12:52
Where To Shoot in "World of Tanks" - In­cludes The­o­ry & Game­play Ac­tion
7:21
Dis­cov­er Your Per­son­al­i­ty Type | Myers Brig­gs
5:56
UFC 133: Dana White: "Rashad Blew My Ring Rust The­o­ry + Hall­man's Shorts Were Dis­gust­ing"
2:21
**VERY HOT BANGER!** Big Bang The­o­ry (Lex Luger Rick Ross Kid Ink Dirty South Beat)
11:11
Basic Gui­tar The­o­ry - Learn­ing To Count Sub­di­vi­sions
4:02
Big Bang The­o­ry - Penny's TV (IQ of 360)
77:20
Main Show Only - Moth­man; Sight­ings & The­o­ries - Coast to Coast AM
17:34
Denis Dut­ton: A Dar­wini­an the­o­ry of beau­ty
3:49
Groove The­o­ry - TELL ME (Album Ver­sion)
98:28
Ein­stein's Gen­er­al The­o­ry of Rel­a­tiv­i­ty | Lec­ture 1
4:49
Chaos The­o­ry
3:19
The­o­ry Of A Dead­man - Hate My Life [Ex­plic­it]
49:55
23. Queer The­o­ry and Gen­der Per­for­ma­tiv­i­ty
6:40
Big Bang The­o­ry best bits - Episode 1
9:08
Color wheel chart mix­ing the­o­ry paint­ing tu­to­ri­al
1:57
Minecraft: DOTA
1:40
Black Ops 2 Zom­bies - First Map Footage - Pre­view Sneak Peak (NEW Im­ages / Pic­tures)
2:12
Joe Rogan's The­o­ry on Life and Peo­ple


  • The book
    Creative Commons / Dezallier d'Argenville
  • The Sorraia is a rare breed of horse indigenous to a region on the Iberian peninsula known today as Portugal. The Sorraia is known for its primitive features, including a convex profile and dun coloring with primitive markings. Concerning its origins, a theory has been advanced by some authors that the Sorraia is a descendant of primitive horses belonging to the naturally occurring wild fauna of Southern Iberia. Studies are currently ongoing to discover the relationship between the Sorraia and v
    Creative Commons / Selona
  • Related News
  • Top Headlines
  • BBC
  • CNN
  • The Times
  • The Washington Post
  • Bloomberg
  • The Independent
LA Weekly Robyn Von Swank www.vonswank.com There are plenty of theaters, cafés, basements, and even back alleys where you can catch a long form improv show in L.A. these days, with more teams promoting the form than there are jokes about Kim Kardashian. The options for where to risk your $5-$15 to watch an...(size: 4.0Kb)
Newsvine "Your efforts to stabilize prices through direct government...(size: 0.4Kb)
Yahoo Daily News ARLINGTON, Va., May 3 – ARLINGTON, Va., May 3 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- To date, only three states have enacted so-called "Amazon-laws" aimed at establishing sales tax nexus based on the activities of in-state affiliates. Yet, 17 states told BNA that an Amazon-type arrangement with...(size: 4.8Kb)
The Times Does my bum look big in this? Probably ... if you're one of the millions who have been labouring under one of fashion's biggest faux pas. The popular idea that bodily bulges look smaller and sleeker when dressed in vertical stripes is "a misconception" that is adding unwanted bulk to the nation's...(size: 4.5Kb)
Las Vegas Sun That was quite a 5th of July celebration at the site of Trump International on the Strip this week. Camera crews and assorted technical types were spotted milling around the location of the 64-story, 1,283-unit luxury apartment-casino project on Wednesday afternoon. Inside the sales center, Donald...(size: 4.8Kb)
Scripps Howard Scientists studying the immune cells of people with HIV have confirmed for the first time that the virus singles out for attack the very cells designed to attack it. Immune system cells called CD4-plus T cells that are programmed to fight the AIDS-causing virus are two to five times more likely to...(size: 2.9Kb)
USA Today PHILADELPHIA -- Researchers reported disappointing results over the weekend from the first leg of a large-scale diabetes prevention study: Injections of low-dose insulin did not prevent the onset of a form of diabetes that generally strikes young people. The study involved 339 people, most of them...(size: 2.6Kb)
Fox News Albert Einstein was one of the greatest thinkers the world has ever known. An extraordinary polymath who left few branches of physics untouched, he formulated theories of relativity, successfully described the nature of the universe and came up with the most famous equation in the world. David...(size: 10.9Kb)
more news on: Type Theory
In mathematics, logic and computer science, type theory is any of several formal systems that can serve as alternatives to naive set theory, or the study of such formalisms in general. In programming language theory, a branch of computer science, ''type theory'' can refer to the design, analysis and study of type systems, although some computer scientists limit the term's meaning to the study of abstract formalisms such as typed λ-calculi.

Bertrand Russell invented the first type theory in response to his discovery that Gottlob Frege's version of naive set theory was afflicted with Russell's paradox. This theory of types features prominently in Whitehead and Russell's ''Principia Mathematica''. It avoids Russell's paradox by first creating a hierarchy of types, then assigning each mathematical (and possibly other) entity to a type. Objects of a given type are built exclusively from objects of preceding types (those lower in the hierarchy), thus preventing loops.

Alonzo Church, inventor of the lambda calculus, developed a higher-order logic commonly called ''Church's Theory of Types'', in order to avoid the Kleene–Rosser paradox afflicting the original pure lambda calculus. Church's type theory is a variant of the lambda calculus in which expressions (also called formulas or λ-terms) are classified into types, and the types of expressions restrict the ways in which they can be combined. In other words, it is a typed lambda calculus. The article Church's Type Theory in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is devoted to this subject.

Today many other such calculi are in use, including Per Martin-Löf's Intuitionistic type theory, Jean-Yves Girard's System F and the Calculus of Constructions. In typed lambda calculi, types play a role similar to that of sets in set theory.

History[link]

1900 - 1927 [link]

Origin of Russell's Theory of Types: In a letter to Gottlob Frege (1902) Russell announced his discovery of the paradox in Frege's Begriffsschrift. Frege promptly responded, acknowledging the problem and proposing a solution in a technical discussion of "levels". To quote Frege:

Incidentally, it seems to me that the expression "a predicate is predicated of itself" is not exact. A predicate is as a rule a first-level function, and this function requires an object as argument and cannot have itself as argument (subject). Therefore I would prefer to say "a concept is predicated of its own extension".

He goes about showing how this might work but seems to pull back from it. As a consequence of what has become known as Russell's paradox both Frege and Russell had to quickly amend works that they had at the printers. In an Appendix B that Russell tacked on to his 1903 ''The Principles of Mathematics'' one finds his "tentative" "theory of types".

The matter plagued Russell for about five years (1903–1908). Willard Quine in his preface to Russell's (1908a) ''Mathematical logic as based on the theory of types'' presents a historical synopsis of the origin of the theory of types and the "ramified" theory of types: Russell proposed in turn a number of alternatives: (i) abandoning the theory of types (1905) followed by three theories in 1905: (ii.1) the zigzag theory, (ii.2) theory of limitation of size, (ii.3) the no-class theory (1905–1906), then (iii) readopting the theory of types (1908ff)".

Quine observes that Russell's introduction of the notion of "apparent variable" had the following result: "the distinction between 'all' and 'any': 'all' is expressed by the bound ('apparent') variable of universal quantification, which ranges over a type, and 'any' is expressed by the free ('real') variable which refers schematically to any unspecified thing irrespective of type". Quine dismisses this notion of "bound variable" as "pointless apart from a certain aspect of the theory of types".

The 1908 "ramified" theory of types [link]

Quine explains the ''ramified'' theory as follows: "It has been so called because the type of a function depends both on the types of its arguments and on the types of the apparent variables contained in it (or in its expresion), in case these exceed the types of the arguments". Stephen Kleene in his 1952 ''Introduction to Metamathematics'' describes the ''ramified'' theory of types this way:

:The primary objects or individuals (i.e. the given things not being subjected to logical analysis) are assigned to one type (say ''type 0''), the properties of individuals to ''type 1'', properties of properties of individuals to ''type 2'', etc.; and no properties are admitted which do not fall into one of these logical types (e.g. this puts the properties 'predicable' and 'impredicable' ... outside the pale of logic). A more detailed account would describe the admitted types for other objects as relations and classes. Then to exclude impredicative definitions within a type, the types above type 0 are further separated into orders. Thus for type 1, properties defined without mentioning any totality belong to ''order 0'', and properties defined using the totality of properties of a given order belong to the next higher order. ... But this separation into orders makes it impossible to construct the familiar analysis, which we saw above contains impredicative definitions. To escape this outcome, Russell postulated his ''axiom of reducibility'', which asserts that to any property belonging to an order above the lowest, there is a coextensive property (i.e. one possessed by exactly the same objects) of order 0. If only definable properties are considered to exist, then the axiom means that to every impredicative definition within a given type there is an equivalent predicative one (Kleene 1952:44-45).

The axiom of reducibility and the notion of "matrix" [link]

But because the stipulations of the ramified theory would prove (to quote Quine) "onerous", Russell in his 1908 ''Mathematical logic as based on the theory of types'' also would propose his ''axiom of reducibility''. By 1910 Whitehead and Russell in their ''Principia Mathematica'' would further augment this axiom with the notion of a '' matrix '' -- a fully extensional specification of a function. From its matrix a function could be derived by the process of "generalization" and vice versa, i.e. the two processes are reversible -- (i) generalization from a matrix to a function (by using apparent variables) and (ii) the reverse process of reduction of type by courses-of-values substitution of arguments for the apparent variable. By this method impredicativity could be avoided.

Truth tables [link]

Eventually Emil Post (1921) would lay waste to Russell's "cumbersome" Theory of Types with his "truth functions" and their truth tables. In his "Introduction" to his 1921 Post places the blame on Russell's notion of apparent variable: "Whereas the complete theory [of Whitehead and Russell (1910, 1912, 1913)] requires for the enunciation of its propositions real and apparent variables, which represent both individuals and propositional functions of different kinds, and as a result necessitates the cumbersome theory of types, this subtheory uses only real variables, and these real variables represent but one kind of entity, which the authors have chosen to call elementary propositions".

At about the same time Ludwig Wittgenstein made short work of the theory of types in his 1922 work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus in which he points out the following in parts 3.331–3.333:

Wittgenstein proposed the truth-table method as well. In his 4.3 through 5.101, Wittgenstein adopts an unbounded Sheffer stroke as his fundamental logical entity and then lists all 16 functions of two variables (5.101).

The notion of matrix-as-truth-table appears as late as the 1940-1950's in the work of Tarski, e.g. his 1946 indexes "Matrix, see: Truth table"

Russell's doubts [link]

Russell in his 1920 ''Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy'' devotes an entire chapter to "The axiom of Infinity and logical types" wherein he states his concerns: "Now the theory of types emphatically does not belong to the finished and certain part of our subject: much of this theory is still inchoate, confused, and obscure. But the need of ''some'' doctrine of types is less doubtful than the precise form the doctrine should take; and in connection with the axiom of infinity it is particularly easy to see the necessity of some such doctrine".

Russell abandons the axiom of reducibility: In the second edition of ''Principia Mathematica'' (1927) he acknowledges Wittgenstein's argument. At the outset of his Introduction he declares "there can be no doubt ... that there is no need of the distinction between real and apparent variables...". Now he fully embraces the matrix notion and declares "A ''function can only appear in a matrix through its values''" (but demurs in a footnote: "It takes the place (not quite adequately) of the axiom of reducibility"). Furthermore, he introduces a new (abbreviated, generalized) notion of "matrix", that of a "logical matrix . . . one that contains no constants. Thus ''p''|''q'' is a logical matrix". Thus Russell has virtually abandoned the axiom of reducibility, but in his last paragraphs he states that from "our present primitive propositions" he cannot derive "Dedekindian relations and well-ordered relations" and observes that if there is a new axiom to replace the axiom of reducibility "it remains to be discovered".

Theory of simple types[link]

In the 1920s, Leon Chwistek and Frank P. Ramsey noticed that, if one is willing to give up the vicious circle principle, the hierarchy of levels of types in the "ramified theory of types" (see the History section for more on this) can be collapsed.

The resulting restricted logic is called the theory of simple types or, perhaps more commonly, simple type theory. Detailed formulations of simple type theory were published in the late 1920s and early 1930s by R. Carnap, F. Ramsey, W.V.O. Quine, and A. Tarski. In 1940 Alonzo Church (re)formulated it as simply typed lambda calculus. and examined by Gödel in his 1944. A survey of these developments is found in Collins (2012).

1940s - present [link]

Gödel 1944[link]

Kurt Gödel in his 1944 ''Russell's mathematical logic'' gave the following definition of the "theory of simple types" in a footnote: :By the theory of simple types I mean the doctrine which says that the objects of thought (or, in another interpretation, the symbolic expressions) are divided into types, namely: individuals, properties of individuals, relations between individuals, properties of such relations, etc. (with a similar hierarchy for extensions), and that sentences of the form: " ''a'' has the property ''φ'' ", " ''b'' bears the relation ''R'' to ''c'' ", etc. are meaningless, if ''a, b, c, R, φ'' are not of types fitting together. Mixed types (such as classes containing individuals and classes as elements) and therefore also transfinite types (such as the class of all classes of finite types) are excluded. That the theory of simple types suffices for avoiding also the epistemological paradoxes is shown by a closer analysis of these. (Cf. ''Ramsey 1926'' and ''Tarski 1935'', p. 399).".

He concluded the (1) theory of simple types and (2) axiomatic set theory, "permit the derivation of modern mathematics and at the same time avoid all known paradoxes" (Gödel 1944:126); furthermore, the theory of simple types "is the system of the first ''Prinicipa'' [''Principia Mathematica''] in an appropriate interpretation. . . . [However], many symptoms show only too clearly, however, that the primitive concepts need further elucidation" (Gödel 1944:126).

Formulations of Type Theory [link]

Mendelson's ST [link]

The following system is Mendelson's (1997, 289–293) ST. ST is equivalent with Russell's ramified theory plus the Axiom of reducibility. The domain of quantification is partitioned into an ascending hierarchy of types, with all individuals assigned a type. Quantified variables range over only one type; hence the underlying logic is first-order logic. ST is "simple" (relative to the type theory of ''Principia Mathematica'') primarily because all members of the domain and codomain of any relation must be of the same type. There is a lowest type, whose individuals have no members and are members of the second lowest type. Individuals of the lowest type correspond to the urelements of certain set theories. Each type has a next higher type, analogous to the notion of successor in Peano arithmetic. While ST is silent as to whether there is a maximal type, a transfinite number of types poses no difficulty. These facts, reminiscent of the Peano axioms, make it convenient and conventional to assign a natural number to each type, starting with 0 for the lowest type. But type theory does not require a prior definition of the naturals.

The symbols peculiar to ST are primed variables and infix \in. In any given formula, unprimed variables all have the same type, while primed variables (x') range over the next higher type. The atomic formulas of ST are of two forms, x=y (identity) and y\in x'. The infix symbol \in suggests the intended interpretation, set membership.

All variables appearing in the definition of identity and in the axioms ''Extensionality'' and ''Comprehension'', range over individuals of one of two consecutive types. Only unprimed variables (ranging over the "lower" type) can appear to the left of '\in', whereas to its right, only primed variables (ranging over the "higher" type) can appear. The first-order formulation of ST rules out quantifying over types. Hence each pair of consecutive types requires its own axiom of Extensionality and of Comprehension, which is possible if ''Extensionality'' and ''Comprehension'' below are taken as axiom schemata "ranging over" types.

  • Identity, defined by x=y\leftrightarrow\forall z' [x\in z'\leftrightarrow y\in z'].
  • Extensionality. An axiom schema. \forall x[x\in y' \leftrightarrow x\in z'] \rightarrow [y'=z'].
  • : Let \Phi(x) denote any first-order formula containing the free variable x.

  • Comprehension. An axiom schema. \exists z'\forall x[x\in z'\leftrightarrow \Phi(x)].
  • : ''Remark''. Any collection of elements of the same type may form an object of the next higher type. Comprehension is schematic with respect to \Phi(x) as well as to types.

  • Infinity. There exists a nonempty binary relation R over the individuals of the lowest type, that is irreflexive, transitive, and strongly connected: \forall x,y [x\neq y\rightarrow[xRy\vee yRx]].
  • : ''Remark''. Infinity is the only true axiom of ST and is entirely mathematical in nature. It asserts that R is a strict total order, with a domain identical to its codomain. If 0 is assigned to the lowest type, the type of R is 3. Infinity can be satisfied only if the (co)domain of R is infinite, thus forcing the existence of an infinite set. If relations are defined in terms of ordered pairs, this axiom requires a prior definition of ordered pair; the Kuratowski definition, adapted to ST, will do. The literature does not explain why the usual axiom of infinity (there exists an inductive set) of ZFC of other set theories could not be married to ST.

    ST reveals how type theory can be made very similar to axiomatic set theory. Moreover, the more elaborate ontology of ST, grounded in what is now called the "iterative conception of set," makes for axiom (schemata) that are far simpler than those of conventional set theories, such as ZFC, with simpler ontologies. Set theories whose point of departure is type theory, but whose axioms, ontology, and terminology differ from the above, include New Foundations and Scott–Potter set theory.

    Formulations based on equality [link]

    Church’s type theory has been extensively studied by two of Church’s students, Leon Henkin and Peter B. Andrews. Since ST is a higher order logic, and in higher order logics one can define propositional connectives in terms of logical equivalence and quantifiers, in 1963 Henkin developed a formulation of ST based on equality, but in which he restricted attention to propositional types. This was simplified later that year by Andrews in his theory Q0. In this respect ST can be seen as a particular kind of a higher-order logic, classified by P.T. Johnstone in ''Sketches of an Elephant'', as having a lambda-signature, that is a higher-order signature that contains no relations, and uses only products and arrows (function types) as type constructors. Furthermore, as Johnstone put it, ST is "logic-free" in the sense that it contains no logical connectives or quantifiers in its formulae.

    Extensions [link]

    Type polymorphism [link]

    Polymorphism is a programming language feature that allows values of different data types to be handled using a uniform interface. The concept of parametric polymorphism applies to both data types and functions. A function that can evaluate to or be applied to values of different types is known as a ''polymorphic function.'' A data type that can appear to be of a generalized type (e.g., a list with elements of arbitrary type) is designated ''polymorphic data type'' like the generalized type from which such specializations are made.

    Dependent types [link]

    Dependent type is a type that depends on a value. Dependent types play a central role in intuitionistic type theory and in the design of functional programming languages like ATS, Agda and Epigram.

    An example is the type of ''n''-tuples of real numbers. This is a dependent type because the type ''depends'' on the value ''n''.

    Practical impact[link]

    Computing[link]

    The most obvious application of type theory is in constructing type checking algorithms in the semantic analysis phase of compilers for programming languages. Definitions of ''type system'' vary, but the following one due to Benjamin C. Pierce roughly corresponds to the current consensus in the programming language theory community:

    In other words, a type system divides program values into sets called ''types'' — this is called a ''type assignment'' — and makes certain program behaviors illegal on the basis of the types that are thus assigned. For example, a type system may classify the value "hello" as a string and the value 5 as a number, and prohibit the programmer from adding "hello" to 5 based on that type assignment. In this type system, the program

    would be illegal. Hence, any program permitted by the type system would be provably free from the erroneous behavior of adding strings and numbers.

    Linguistics[link]

    Type theory is also widely in use in formal theories of semantics of natural languages, especially Montague grammar and its descendants. The most common construction takes the basic types e and t for individuals and truth-values, respectively, and defines the set of types recursively as follows:

  • if a and b are types, then so is \langle a,b\rangle.
  • Nothing except the basic types, and what can be constructed from them by means of the previous clause are types.
  • A complex type \langle a,b\rangle is the type of functions from entities of type a to entities of type b. Thus one has types like \langle e,t\rangle which are interpreted as elements of the set of functions from entities to truth-values, i.e. characteristic functions of sets of entities. An expression of type \langle\langle e,t\rangle,t\rangle is a function from sets of entities to truth-values, i.e. a (characteristic function of a) set of sets. This latter type is standardly taken to be the type of natural language quantifiers, like '' everybody'' or '' nobody'' (Montague 1973, Barwise and Cooper 1981).

    Social sciences[link]

    Gregory Bateson introduced a theory of logical types into the social sciences; his notions of double bind and logical levels are based on Russell's theory of types.

    Connections to constructive logic[link]

    See also[link]

  • Category theory
  • Data type for concrete types of data in programming
  • Domain theory
  • Type system for a more practical discussion of type systems for programming languages
  • Type (model theory)
  • References[link]

  • Mendelson, Elliot, 1997. ''Introduction to Mathematical Logic'', 4th ed. Chapman & Hall.
  • W. Farmer, ''The seven virtues of simple type theory'', Journal of Applied Logic, Vol. 6, No. 3. (September 2008), pp. 267–286.
  • Further reading[link]

  • Constable, Robert L., 2002, "Naïve Computational Type Theory," in H. Schwichtenberg and R. Steinbruggen (eds.), ''Proof and System-Reliability'': 213–259. Intended as an type theory counterpart of Paul Halmos's (1960) ''Naïve Set Theory''
  • Covers type theory in depth, including polymorphic and dependent type extensions. Gives categorical semantics. Provides a historical survey of the developments of the theory of types with a focus on the decline of the theory as a foundation of mathematics over the four decades following the publication of the second edition of 'Principia Mathematica'.
  • Cardelli, Luca, 1997, "Type Systems," in Allen B. Tucker, ed., ''The Computer Science and Engineering Handbook''. CRC Press: 2208–2236.
  • Thompson, Simon, 1991. ''Type Theory and Functional Programming''. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-41667-0.
  • J. Roger Hindley, ''Basic Simple Type Theory'', Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 0-521-05422-2 (also 1995, 1997). A good introduction to simple type theory for computer scientists; the system described is not exactly Church's STT though. Book review
  • Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Type Theory" – by Thierry Coquand.
  • Fairouz D. Kamareddine, Twan Laan, Rob P. Nederpelt, ''A modern perspective on type theory: from its origins until today'', Springer, 2004, ISBN 1-4020-2334-0
  • José Ferreirós, José Ferreirós Domínguez, ''Labyrinth of thought: a history of set theory and its role in modern mathematics'', Edition 2, Springer, 2007, ISBN 3-7643-8349-6, chapter X "Logic and Type Theory in the Interwar Period"
  • Sources for History section [link]

  • Bertrand Russell (1903) ''The Principles of Mathematics: Vol. 1'', Cambridge at the University Press, Cambridge, UK, republished as a googlebook.
  • Bertrand Russell (1920) ''Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy'' (second edition), Dover Publishing Inc., New York NY, ISBN 0-486-27724-0 (pbk).
  • Alfred Tarski (1946) ''Introduction to Logic and to the Methodology of Deductive Sciences'', republished 1995 by Dover Publications, Inc., New York, NY ISBN 0-486-28462-X
  • Jean van Heijenoort (1967, 3rd printing 1976), ''From Frege to Godel: A Source Book in Mathematical Logic, 1879-1931'', Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, ISBN 0-674-32449-8 (pbk)
  • * Bertrand Russell (1902) ''Letter to Frege'' with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 124-125. Wherein Russell announces his discovery of a "paradox" in Frege's work.
  • * Gottlob Frege (1902) ''Letter to Russell'' with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 126-128.
  • * Bertrand Russell (1908a) ''Mathematical logic as based on the theory of types'', with commentary by Willard Quine, pages 150-182.
  • * Emil Post (1921) ''Introduction to a general theory of elementary propositions'', with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 264-283.
  • Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell(1910–1913, 1927 2nd edition reprinted 1962), ''Principia Mathematica to *56'', Cambridge at the University Press, London UK, no ISBN or US card catalog number.
  • Ludwig Wittgenstein (republished 2009) ''Major Works: Selected Philosophical Writings", HarperCollins, New York. ISBN 978-0-06-155024-9. Wittgenstein's (1921 in English) ''Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus'' pages 1–82.
  • External links[link]

  • Types Project lecture notes of summer schools 2005-2008
  • * The 2005 summer school has introductory lectures
  • The Nuprl Book: "Introduction to Type Theory."
  • Category:Systems of formal logic

    ar:نظرية النمط de:Typentheorie el:Θεωρία τύπων es:Teoría de tipos eo:Teorio de tipoj fa:نظریه نوع‌ها fr:Théorie des types it:Teoria dei tipi he:טיפוס (לוגיקה מתמטית) nl:Typentheorie ja:型理論 pt:Teoria dos tipos ru:Теория типов zh:类型论

    This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.

    http://wn.com/Type_theory



    nameGordon D. Plotkin
    birth dateSeptember 09, 1946
    birth placeGlasgow
    residenceScotland
    nationalityBritish
    fieldlogician, computer scientist, mathematician
    work institutionUniversity of Edinburgh
    alma materEdinburgh
    doctoral advisorRod Burstall
    doctoral studentsLuca Cardelli (1982)Marcelo Fiore (1994)Philippa Gardner (1992)Martin Hofmann (1995)John Longley (1995)Ewen Denney (1999)Eugenio Moggi (1988)Mohammad Reza Mousavi (2005)Michael D. Pedersen (2010)David Pym (1990)Alex Simpson (1994)Lǐ WèiGlynn Winskel (1980) }}

    Gordon D. Plotkin, FRS, FRSE (born 9 September 1946, in Glasgow) is a Scottish computer scientist.

    Gordon Plotkin is best-known for his introduction of structural operational semantics (SOS) and his work on denotational semantics. In particular, his notes on ''A Structural Approach to Operational Semantics'' of 1981 were very influential. He has contributed to many other areas of computer science.

    Plotkin is now Professor of Theoretical Computer Science in the School of Informatics at The University of Edinburgh.

    Biography [link]

    Plotkin received his PhD in 1972 from the University of Edinburgh, where he studied under Rod Burstall. He has remained at Edinburgh, and was, with Burstall and Milner, a co-founder of the Laboratory for Foundations of Computer Science (LFCS).

    Works [link]

  • 1975: "Call-by-Name, Call-by Value and the Lambda Calculus".
  • ''A Structural Approach to Operational Semantics'' by G.D. Plotkin (1981)
  • ''Program Verification and Semantics: Further Work'' (2004)
  • Awards [link]

    He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1992, is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and a Member of the Academia Europæa. He is also a winner of the Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award.

    See also [link]

  • Church-Rosser theorem
  • Domain theory
  • Golem (ILP)
  • Informatics
  • LFCS
  • Operational semantics
  • Programming language for Computable Functions
  • Unbounded nondeterminism
  • University of Edinburgh
  • References [link]

    External links[link]

    Official home page
  • Personal home page
  • Online publications
  • Symposium for Gordon Plotkin
  • Category:1946 births Category:Living people Category:British computer scientists Category:Fellows of the Royal Society Category:Members of Academia Europaea Category:Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award holders Category:Formal methods people Category:Programming language researchers Category:British Jews Category:Jewish scientists Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh Category:Academics of the University of Edinburgh Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh

    it:Gordon Plotkin

    This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.

    http://wn.com/Gordon_Plotkin



    nameRobin Milner
    birth dateJanuary 13, 1934
    birth placeYealmpton, Plymouth, England
    death dateMarch 20, 2010
    death placeCambridge, England
    fieldComputer Science
    work institutionFerrantiCity University, LondonSwansea UniversityStanford UniversityUniversity of EdinburghUniversity of Cambridge
    doctoral advisorNone, as Milner never did a PhD
    doctoral studentsGeorge MilneAvra CohnRaymond AubinMike SandersonAlan MycroftLuis DamasBrian MonahanKevin MitchellKim Larsen (1986)Mads Tofte (1988)K.V.S. Prasad (1989)Faron MollerDave BerryChris ToftsPeter SewellDavide Sangiorgi (1993)David N. Turner (1995)Alex MifsudJames J. Leifer (2001)
    known forLCFMLCalculus of communicating systemsPi-calculusHindley-Milner type inference
    prizesTuring Award
    footnotes}}

    Arthur John ''Robin'' Gorell Milner FRS FRSE (Robin Milner or A.J.R.G. Milner, born 13 January 1934 near Plymouth, died 20 March 2010 in Cambridge) was a prominent British computer scientist.

    Life, education and career[link]

    Milner was born in Yealmpton, near Plymouth, England into a military family. He was awarded a scholarship to Eton College in 1947, and subsequently served in the Royal Engineers, attaining the rank of Second Lieutenant. He then enrolled at King's College, Cambridge, graduating in 1957, Milner first worked as a schoolteacher then as a programmer at Ferranti, before entering academia at City University, London, then Swansea University, Stanford University, and from 1973 at the University of Edinburgh, where he was a co-founder of the Laboratory for Foundations of Computer Science (LFCS). He returned to Cambridge as the head of the Computer Laboratory in 1995 from which he eventually stepped down, although he was still at the laboratory. From 2009, Milner was a SICSA Advanced Research Fellow and held (part-time) the Chair of Computer Science at the University of Edinburgh.

    Milner died of a heart attack on 20 March 2010 in Cambridge. His wife, Lucy, died shortly before him.

    Contributions[link]

    Milner is generally regarded as having made three major contributions to computer science. He developed LCF, one of the first tools for automated theorem proving. The language he developed for LCF, ML, was the first language with polymorphic type inference and type-safe exception handling. In a very different area, Milner also developed a theoretical framework for analyzing concurrent systems, the calculus of communicating systems (CCS), and its successor, the pi-calculus. At the time of his death, he was working on bigraphs, a formalism for ubiquitous computing subsuming CCS and the pi-calculus.

    Honors and awards[link]

    He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1988 and received the ACM Turing Award in 1991. In 1994 he was inducted as a Fellow of the ACM. In 2004, the Royal Society of Edinburgh awarded Milner with a Royal Medal for his "bringing about public benefits on a global scale". In 2008, he was elected a Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Engineering for "fundamental contributions to computer science, including the development of LCF, ML, CCS, and the pi-calculus."

    Selected publications [link]

  • ''A Calculus of Communicating Systems'', Robin Milner. Springer-Verlag (LNCS 92), 1980. ISBN 3-540-10235-3
  • ''Communication and Concurrency'', Robin Milner. Prentice Hall (International Series in Computer Science), 1989. ISBN 0-13-115007-3
  • ''The Definition of Standard ML'', Robin Milner, Mads Tofte, Robert Harper, MIT Press 1990
  • ''The Definition of Standard ML'' (Revised), Robin Milner, Mads Tofte, Robert Harper, David MacQueen, MIT Press 1997. ISBN 0-262-63181-4
  • ''Commentary on Standard ML'', Robin Milner, Mads Tofte, MIT Press 1997. ISBN 0-262-63137-7
  • ''Communicating and Mobile Systems: the Pi-Calculus'', Robin Milner. Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-521-65869-1
  • ''The Space and Motion of Communicating Agents'', Robin Milner, Cambridge University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-521-73833-0
  • Publications by Robin Milner in DBLP
  • Bibliography [link]

  • ''Proof, Language, and Interaction: Essays in Honour of Robin Milner'', edited by Gordon Plotkin, Colin Stirling and Mads Tofte. The MIT Press, 2000. ISBN 0-262-16188-5.
  • The Royal Society of Edinburgh: ''Royal Gold Medals for Outstanding Achievement'' (2004 press release). http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/rse_press/2004/medals.htm
  • A brief biography of and speech by Robin Milner
  • A Brief Scientific Biography of Robin Milner (from Proof, Language, and Interaction: Essays in Honour of Robin Milner)
  • References [link]

    External links [link]

  • Address in Bologna, a short address by Milner on receiving Laurea Honoris Causa in Computer Science from the University of Bologna, summarising some of his main works, 9 July 1997
  • Is informatics a science?, conference at ENS, 10 December 2007
  • Category:1934 births Category:2010 deaths Category:People from Devon Category:Old Etonians Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge Category:British computer scientists Category:Fellows of the Royal Society Category:Turing Award laureates Category:Academics of City University London Category:Academics of Swansea University Category:Stanford University faculty Category:Academics of the University of Edinburgh Category:Formal methods people Category:Members of the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory Category:Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery Category:Programming language designers Category:Programming language researchers Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Category:Fellows of the British Computer Society Category:Royal Engineers officers Category:Computer science writers Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction Category:Cardiovascular disease deaths in England Category:Members of IFIP Technical Committee 1

    bn:রবিন মিলনার de:Robin Milner es:Robin Milner fr:Robin Milner id:Robin Milner nl:Robin Milner ja:ロビン・ミルナー pl:Robin Milner pt:Robin Milner ro:Robin Milner ru:Милнер, Робин sk:Robin Milner sr:Робин Милнер vi:Robin Milner zh:罗宾·米尔纳

    This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.

    http://wn.com/Robin_Milner



    NameDana White
    Birth dateJuly 28, 1969
    Birth placeManchester, CT, U.S.
    Height5 ft 11 in
    StyleBoxercise
    residenceLas Vegas, Nevada
    Known forManaging The Ultimate Fighting Championship
    OccupationPresident
    SpouseAnne
    Children3
    net worthUS$150 million (2010)
    Nationality American }}

    Dana White (born July 28, 1967) is the current President of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), a mixed martial arts organization based in the United States.

    Biography [link]

    Born in Manchester, Connecticut on July 28, 1969, White grew up in Las Vegas, Nevada, Ware, Massachusetts and Levant, Maine. White is a passionate Boston Red Sox fan. During his youth, he bounced back and forth between Boston and Maine. He attended the University of Massachusetts Boston but did not finish; however, while there he did launch a boxing program for inner-city youth.

    White has a background as an aerobics instructor. In 1992, White established Dana White Enterprises in Las Vegas. He conducted aerobics classes at three gyms in the Las Vegas area and began managing MMA fighters Tito Ortiz and Chuck Liddell.

    While working as a manager, White learned that Semaphore Entertainment Group, the parent company of the UFC, was looking for a buyer for the UFC. White contacted childhood friend Lorenzo Fertitta, an executive at Station Casinos, and a former commissioner of the Nevada State Athletic Commission. Within a month, Lorenzo and his older brother Frank bought the UFC, with White installed as its president. White currently owns about 9% of Zuffa, LLC, the entity the Fertitta brothers created to own and manage the UFC.

    White failed to comment on a potential network broadcast deal at the UFC 136 press conference. The next day it was confirmed that the UFC and Fox broadcast networks had made a multiple year deal.

    Controversy [link]

    Loretta Hunt[link]

    On April 1, 2009, White was videotaped in a verbal tirade against Loretta Hunt, a sportswriter for Sherdog, in response to an article she wrote. In the video posted on his YouTube account, White used derogatory language in an obscenity-laced rant. The video was pulled from his official UFC YouTube page but has been widely republished across the internet and come under fire, including by GLAAD for his use of anti-gay slurs. White would later apologize for his slurs. He specifically did not include Hunt in the apology. Hunt responded by saying "I stand by the story. It's accurate."

    Miguel Torres[link]

    In December of 2011, White cut fighter Miguel Torres from the UFC after Torres tweeted "If a rape van was called a surprise van, more women wouldn’t mind going for rides in them. Everyone likes surprises." In an interview with Sports Illustrated confirming Torres' firing over the controversial remarks, White claimed "Now there's no explanation for that. There's absolutely nothing I could say to make any sense of that. And the fact that he even thinks that's funny or that's a joke, it disturbs me. It bothers me." The firing of Torres immediately sparked controversy after it was revealed that White did not similarly punish two fighters of greater marquee value – Forrest Griffin and Rashad Evans, both of whom have fought in the main event of multiple Pay-Per-View cards and the latter slated to fight in the main event of a fight card scheduled to air on the FOX network on January 28, 2012 – for making similarly offensive remarks: Griffin commenting that "Rape is the new missionary" and Evans invoking the recent child abuse scandal involving Penn State University while promoting a fight. Torres has since re-signed with the UFC after having a talk with Dana.

    Charity [link]

    In December 2010 White donated $50,000 to the Fransisco Espinoza foundation. White donated approximately $8,000 to help pay for the brain tumor treatment of two-year-old British girl, Ruby Owen. The young girl's family had described themselves as being "shocked and over the moon". Ruby Owen's uncle, being a UFC fan had contacted White via email and asked if he could help by donating to the Ruby Owen fund raising website. White and Owen have never officially met. In an act of compassion towards a fan, he gave $300 to one man without hesitation who said that he "just received a speeding ticket while racing across town to meet him". Shortly after being named 2009 Nevada Sportsman of The Year, White added $100,000 from his pocket to the $250,000 total raised for the fund raising marathon sponsored by ESPN Radio 1100 for Las Vegas.

    Feud with M-1 Global [link]

    After signing negotiations with M-1 Global Russian Heavyweight MMA fighter Fedor Emelianenko fell through in 2009, White and the UFC became the subject of debate and criticism from fans and experts alike. On several occasions, White referred to Emelianenko as "a fake, a phony and a farce.

    On June 26th, 2010 following Emelianenko's first legitimate defeat of his career to Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu ace Fabricio Werdum, White shared a simple ":)" via Twitter. The same symbol was expressed by White following Emelianenko's 2nd round doctor stoppage loss to Antonio "Bigfoot" Silva in the opening round of the 2011 Strikeforce GP. White followed this with an insult to Fedor's manager and M-1 Global President Vadim Finkelstein. This began a war of words on the social networking site. M-1 Global’s director of operations, Evgeni Kogan, stood up for Finkelstein and invited White to repeat his words to Finkelstein in person. When fans attempted to reason with White, they were met with similar contempt and insults.

    There is controversy over whether Fedor Emelianenko and White have actually met. White has claimed to have met Emelianenko on a "crazy island in the middle of nowhere". In 2011, Emelianenko denied that this encounter ever took place.

    Personal life[link]

    White and his wife have two sons and a daughter.Dana and his sister were raised by their mom. Biography 2011, Dana White, King of MMA. He is an atheist, and has stated that he is 'fascinated' by religion.

    Accomplishments [link]

    Nevada Sportsman of the Year (2009)
  • Wrestling Observer Newsletter Awards
  • Promoter of the Year (2005–2011/present)
  • World MMA Awards
  • *Leading Man of the Year 2011
  • *Leading Man of the Year 2010
  • Armed Forces Foundation
  • Patriot Award
  • References[link]

    External links[link]

  • UFC homepage
  • June/July Men's Fitness cover story
  • Dana White Signs Fox
  • Category:Living people Category:1969 births Category:Mixed martial arts executives Category:People from Manchester, Connecticut Category:American atheists Category:American skeptics

    de:Dana White fr:Dana White it:Dana White ja:ダナ・ホワイト no:Dana White pt:Dana White ru:Уайт, Дэйна

    This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.

    http://wn.com/Dana_White



    NameLex Luger
    NamesLex LugerThe Total Package The Narcissist
    Height
    Weight
    Birth dateJune 02, 1958
    Birth placeBuffalo, New York
    BilledChicago, Illinois
    TrainerBob RoopHiro MatsudaBarry Windham
    DebutSeptember 1985
    RetiredSeptember 18, 2006 }}
    Lawrence Wendell "Larry" Pfohl (born June 2, 1958), better known by his ring name Lex Luger, is an American former professional wrestler and football player currently working with WWE on their wellness policy. He is best known for his work with the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), World Championship Wrestling (WCW), and the World Wrestling Federation (WWF).

    Among other accolades in professional wrestling, Luger is a three-time world champion, having held the WCW World Heavyweight Championship twice and the WWA World Heavyweight Championship once; a record-tying five-time NWA/WCW United States Heavyweight Champion who owns the record for consecutive days and most total days spent as champion; and the 1994 WWF Royal Rumble winner (with Bret Hart). Readers of ''Pro Wrestling Illustrated'' voted Luger the Most Popular Wrestler of the Year 1993.

    Football career[link]

    Luger attended high school and played football in Orchard Park, New York. He then attended Pennsylvania State University on a football scholarship, but transferred to the University of Miami after his freshman year. A talented soccer player and lifelong fan of English soccer team Manchester United, Luger considered changing sports for some time but eventually decided his skills would be better suited to football. After sitting out the 1978 season, he started the 1979 season as a defensive tackle until his scholarship was terminated. He was joined at Miami by Jim Kelly, Jim Burt, Mitch Guittar, and Fred Marion among others. Upon leaving Miami, he played professional football for the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League. He then signed with the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League, but never played in a game and thus is not listed on their all-time roster, though he did spend the entire 1982 season on the team's injured reserve list with a groin problem incurred during training camp. He returned to the Packers training camp in 1983, but he was released before the regular season began. In 1984, Luger finished his football career playing in the United States Football League for the Memphis Showboats. He also played for the Jacksonville Bulls and the Tampa Bay Bandits in the USFL, where he was a teammate with future WCW rival Ron Simmons.

    Professional wrestling career[link]

    NWA Florida (1985–1986)[link]

    In 1985, Luger met Bob Roop at a celebrity golfing event in Florida and was given the chance to get into professional wrestling as Roop was greatly impressed with Luger's powerful bodybuilder physique. Roop arranged for Luger to be trained by Hiro Matsuda, who had previously trained Hulk Hogan and "Mr. Wonderful" Paul Orndorff. Luger adopted the ring name "Lex Luger", being a fan of the comic book villain Lex Luthor, and made his in-ring debut in September 1985. He was featured alongside Percy Pringle and Rick Rude.

    Luger began wrestling in the NWA Florida territory. He got his first victory on October 31, 1985 against Ed "The Bull" Gantner and won the Southern Heavyweight Championship from Wahoo McDaniel the next month. On September 1, 1986, he fought NWA World Heavyweight Champion Ric Flair for the title at a show ''Battle of the Belts'', which resulted in a 60-minute draw. As a result, Flair retained the title. Towards the end of his run in Florida, Luger was involved in a steel cage match with Bruiser Brody, where Brody stopped cooperating, leading to Luger leaving the match.

    National Wrestling Alliance / World Championship Wrestling[link]

    Teaming and feuding with the Four Horsemen (1987–1989)[link]

    In 1987, Luger went to work for Jim Crockett's World Championship Wrestling (WCW), which was under the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) banner, with the nickname "The Total Package" and began using "The Human Torture Rack", an Argentine backbreaker, as his finisher. He was first booked as an associate to Ric Flair's "Four Horsemen" stable until Ole Anderson was kicked out and he became an official member of the group. Luger started wrestling as a heel. His first big feud was with Nikita Koloff, whom he defeated for his first NWA United States Heavyweight Championship on July 11, 1987. Manager James J. Dillon threw a chair over the top of the cage while the referee, Earl Hebner, was down. Luger knocked Koloff unconscious with it and then lifted up Koloff in the Torture Rack. A revived Hebner then dropped Koloff's arm three times with no response and awarded Luger a submission victory.

    He held the title until NWA's first pay-per-view event Starrcade in November, when he dropped it to Dusty Rhodes in a steel cage. This loss set the stage for Luger leaving the Four Horsemen, as manager Dillon's interference cost Luger the match. A steel chair thrown in by Dillon was dropped by Luger and Rhodes DDT'd Luger on it prior to pinning him for the win. Luger left the Four Horsemen in 1988 after he and his stablemates (Tully Blanchard, Arn Anderson, and Dillon) were the sole wrestlers left in a Bunkhouse Stampede battle royal and Dillon asked the other wrestlers to eliminate themselves so he could win. Although Blanchard and Anderson complied, Luger refused and eliminated Dillon, leaving the Horsemen in the process.

    Luger turned babyface and befriended Barry Windham, his former Florida ally. They formed a tag team, dubbed "The Twin Towers". "The Twin Towers" first teamed on March 27, 1988 at ''Clash of the Champions'' to defeat Tully Blanchard and Arn Anderson for the NWA World Tag Team Championship. Only a few weeks after the title win, a swerve took place in the NWA with Windham suddenly turning on Luger during a title defense (against Blanchard and Anderson) and joining Luger's former stable, The Four Horsemen. Days later, the Jim Crockett, Sr. Memorial Cup Tag Team Tournament was held with its first night in Greenville, South Carolina. A partner-less Luger was teamed with Sting (whose partner Ronnie Garvin had been kayfabe injured) and the impromptu team won the entire tournament, defeating Blanchard and Anderson in the finals.

    Luger continued his feud with the Four Horsemen and Windham. He began hunting their leader Ric Flair for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. At the June 8 edition of ''Clash of the Champions'', it was announced that Luger would challenge Flair for the NWA title at The Great American Bash on July 10 in Baltimore. The contract was signed on a yacht with Flair delivering the line "You gotta make it to Baltimore..." to Luger. As Luger arrived at ''The Clash'' in a limousine he was attacked by The Four Horsemen, leaving him (kayfabe) injured and bleeding in the parking lot on live television. While Luger had Flair in the "Torture Rack" and Flair was about to submit, the match was abruptly stopped by the referee who cited (kayfabe) "Maryland State Athletic Commission" rules about a cut that had opened up on Luger's forehead "bleeding excessively". Luger faced Flair in many rematches across the country, never winning the title. The Luger/Flair feud came to an end after December's Starrcade 1988: True Gritt where Flair pinned Luger in a rematch main event for the NWA title by illegally using the ropes.

    United States Heavyweight Champion (1989–1990)[link]

    He was then matched up against old foe Barry Windham at The Chi-Town Rumble winning his second NWA United States Heavyweight Championship from him. Luger defended the U.S. Championship regularly. One of his major title defenses was against Jack Victory in a dark match on the April 2, 1989 edition of ''Clash of the Champions''.

    He teamed up with Michael P.S. Hayes against Barry and Kendall Windham in a match which saw Hayes turn on Luger, setting himself as a contender to the U.S. Title. Hayes defeated Luger for the US title at WrestleWar 1989: Music City Showdown when a surprise appearance by Hayes's ex-Freebird teammate Terry Gordy helped cost Luger the match. Luger regained the U.S. Title from Hayes in a rematch a couple of weeks later, beginning a heel turn when he broke the rules by pulling Hayes's tights while pinning Hayes to win the match. The turn became "official" shortly after, when on the June 14 edition of ''Clash of the Champions'', Luger attacked the popular Ricky "The Dragon" Steamboat after Steamboat had defeated Terry Funk by disqualification. Luger and Steamboat faced each other at The Great American Bash in July with Luger winning by disqualification after Luger refused to wrestle Steamboat until the match's no-disqualification clause had been waived.

    Flyin' Brian Pillman challenged Luger at Halloween Havoc 1989: Settling the Score for the US Title, which Luger won. He also defeated Pillman in a rematch on the November 15 edition of ''Clash of the Champions'' to retain the title and end the feud. After the main event of the card, which saw Ric Flair and Terry Funk in an "I Quit" match, Luger made a surprise run in, attacking both Flair and Sting, who had come out to save Flair from a post match attack by The Great Muta. December's Starrcade featured an "Ironman" tournament between Flair, Sting, Luger, and Muta.

    Though Sting eventually won the tournament, Luger was the only participant to go undefeated (Sting got pinfall victories over Muta and Flair, giving him the most points to win the tournament). This elevated Sting to the status of No.1 contender for Flair's world title. With Sting and Flair set to square off at WrestleWar in February, Luger was booked to defend the U.S. Title against "Dr. Death" Steve Williams on the card. A legitimate injury to Sting, however, caused the entire booking of the card to get changed. Luger was elevated to face Flair for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. An injured Sting appeared in Luger's corner during the match, eventually being attacked by Ole and Arn Anderson. When Luger left the ring to help Sting he was counted out, giving the match to Flair. The idea here was to build Luger up as a "changed man" that had "gained self-respect" by saving Sting. Luger challenged Flair across the country in rematches. In the final match of the feud, a few months later at the innaugural (and only) Capital Combat event in Washington, DC, another screwjob finish occurred where Luger won by disqualification against Flair in a steel cage match when the cage rose up from the ground and outside interference marred the match.

    In mid-1990, Luger's focus went back to defending his U.S. Championship while the NWA focused on Sting and his reign as World Heavyweight Champion. When Stan Hansen entered the company and the two of them feuded for a brief period of months, Luger eventually dropped the title to Hansen at Halloween Havoc, though he won it back at Starrcade 1990: Collision Course beginning his fourth NWA United States Heavyweight Championship reign. Luger's third title reign lasted a total of 523 days, making him, the longest reigning United States Champion in history. WCW withdrew from NWA in 1991 and the U.S. Title was renamed the WCW United States Heavyweight Championship. Luger started a feud with Dan Spivey, whom he defeated at WrestleWar to retain the U.S. Title. Following their match, Nikita Koloff suddenly appeared to attack Luger, reigniting their feud from 1987. It did not last long, however, as Koloff found himself being pushed into an angle with Sting instead of Luger, which began at SuperBrawl I: Return of the Rising Sun when Sting and Luger challenged The Steiner Brothers for the WCW World Tag Team Championship.

    During the match, Koloff interfered and hit Sting with a chain, which was intended for Luger. Luger again began to challenge Flair for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship after becoming No.1 contender by defeating The Great Muta on the June 14, 1991 edition of ''Clash of the Champions''. With the history of "screwjob finishes" between Flair and Luger, their title match was set to be contested at The Great American Bash in a steel cage match with the added stipulation that, should Flair get disqualified he would lose the title. The match never occurred, however, as Flair began to have disagreements with Jim Herd, the head of WCW, over his future and salary. He eventually quit the company (being "stripped" of the title in the process) and took the World Title belt with him.

    World Heavyweight Champion (1991–1992)[link]

    With the WCW Title now vacant, Barry Windham was declared the No. 2 contender and was set to face Luger in the cage match at The Great American Bash. During the match, a double turn took place when Harley Race and Mr. Hughes came to ringside and "ordered" Luger to execute a piledriver on Windham. He did it, winning his first WCW World Heavyweight Championship.

    After Luger won the WCW Title, he got over top heel by participating in a controversial racial angle with Ron Simmons where he asked Simmons to join his entourage, but as a chauffeur. It was also around this time he abandoned the Torture Rack and started using the piledriver, which he dubbed the "Attitude Adjustment", as his finisher. Luger retained the title at Halloween Havoc in a two out of three falls match. Eventually, Luger began to have his own issues with WCW, and the contract he had seemed to have him wrestling less and less while still collecting money. After ending his feud with Simmons, Luger had a brief feud with Rick Steiner, defeating him on the November 19 edition of Clash of the Champions. The next month's Starrcade was booked with the BattleBowl format, with Sting winning No.1 contendership at the end of the night.

    Luger's contract only required him to work a specific number of dates, and having fulfilled them he "sat out" the end of 1991 and beginning of 1992. This left Sting to build the feud against him on his own. Aside from one title defense against Masahiro Chono at WCW/New Japan Supershow II (Starrcade in Tokyo Dome), Luger did not wrestle a match until SuperBrawl II, where he lost his WCW title cleanly to Sting.

    World Bodybuilding Federation (1992)[link]

    After losing to Sting at SuperBrawl, Luger negotiated a departure from WCW and joined Vince McMahon's World Bodybuilding Federation (WBF), appearing regularly as a co-host on its Saturday morning program, ''WBF BodyStars''. He also made an appearance at WrestleMania VIII, taking part in an on air interview with Bobby "The Brain" Heenan and Gorilla Monsoon. He was slated to guest pose at a WBF pay-per-view event, but was injured in a motorcycle accident. By the time he recovered, the WBF was out of business.

    World Wrestling Federation[link]

    The Narcissist (1993)[link]

    After his accident and the closure of the WBF, Luger joined the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). Bobby "The Brain" Heenan "unveiled" him with the persona of "The Narcissist" at Royal Rumble 1993. Luger posed before full-length mirrors before every match. The WWF also incorporated his motorcycle accident into his gimmick, capitalizing on the fact that he had a "metal plate" inserted into his forearm which was said to cause more damage when it struck an opponent. This caused a number of his opponents to demand that he wear a cover over it during matches when he had a streak of knocking people out. This eventually led to WWF officials demanding that Luger wear an elbow pad, though he would often remove it. The Narcissist's one major feud was with Mr. Perfect. The feud was based on Heenan, his advisor, referring to him as being "Beyond Perfection," in a slight at Mr. Perfect, his former managerial client. The rivalry ended at WrestleMania IX when Luger defeated Perfect. During a WrestleMania IX press conference, Luger knocked out Bret Hart, leading to a house show feud between the two, mostly concentrated in Canada, with few (if any) of these matches being televised. At King of the Ring, Luger participated in the first-ever King of the Ring tournament on pay-per-view, but was eliminated in the quarterfinals after a time limit draw with Tatanka.

    The All-American (1993–1994)[link]

    In mid-1993, after Hulk Hogan's departure from the company, Luger was transformed from a heel to a "mega-face" with the nicknames "Made in the USA" and "The All-American". On July 4, he took part in a memorable event where he arrived (by a red helicopter) on the deck of the ''USS Intrepid'' and body slammed the near 600 pound (270 kg) WWF Champion Yokozuna after a number of other athletes, both inside the WWF and out, attempted and failed. Following this he began the "Lex Express" tour, traveling the country in a Red, White, and Blue painted bus to greet fans and to "campaign" for a shot at the WWF Title, thus beginning a feud with the champion Yokozuna. Luger got his shot at SummerSlam 1993, with the stipulation that this would be Luger's only shot at the title. Luger, with the use of the metal plate in his forearm, eventually won the match, but the count-out victory meant that Yokozuna retained the title.

    In late 1993, Luger began a feud with Ludvig Borga, another anti-American foreigner. At Survivor Series 1993, Luger captained a team dubbed "All-Americans" (Lex Luger, The Undertaker, and The Steiner Brothers) against Yokozuna's team "Foreign Fanatics" (Crush, Yokozuna, Ludvig Borga, and Quebecer Jacques) in a 4-on-4 Survivor Series match. Luger's team won the match after he pinned Borga. At Royal Rumble, Luger participated in the Royal Rumble match where he and Bret Hart were declared "co-winners" of the Royal Rumble match after both men went over the top rope and had their feet hit the ground simultaneously. As such, both received shots at the WWF Championship at WrestleMania X. Luger was disqualified in his title match against Yokozuna, and later that night Hart went on to win the title from Yokozuna.

    Ever since he became a babyface in the summer of 1993, Luger aligned himself with Tatanka until rumors began to swirl that Luger was planning to join Ted DiBiase's Million Dollar Corporation in the summer of 1994. Tatanka and Luger's friendship was strained by the lack of trust between them, and a match between the two took place at SummerSlam. At the event, Tatanka defeated Luger and joined the Million Dollar Corporation. Luger continued to feud with The Million Dollar Corporation, leading a Survivor Series team consisting of himself, Mabel, Adam Bomb, and The Smoking Gunns, dubbed "Guts & Glory", to a loss against the Corporate team of Tatanka, King Kong Bundy, Bam Bam Bigelow, and The Heavenly Bodies at Survivor Series – with only King Kong Bundy and Bam Bam Bigelow surviving.

    The Allied Powers and departure (1995)[link]

    In the beginning of 1995, Luger formed a team with Davey Boy Smith, dubbed The Allied Powers and they continued to feud with the Million Dollar Corporation. They made a good impact on the tag team division and made their pay-per-view debut as a tag team at WrestleMania XI, defeating the Blu Brothers. They wrestled and defeated jobbers on ''Raw'' and, after a victory over the newly-turned heel team Men on a Mission in June 1995, earned a shot at the WWF Tag Team Championship against Owen Hart and Yokozuna at In Your House 2: The Lumberjacks but failed to win the titles. Bulldog turned against partner Diesel in a match against Men on a Mission which Luger, who was scheduled to team with Smith, was unable to participate in. While Diesel fought King Mabel at Summerslam, Sir Mo tried to interfere but was attacked by Luger, who chased him to the back. Shortly after Summerslam, Luger, who's contract had expired, left the WWF without letting McMahon know firsthand.

    Return to WCW[link]

    Alliance to End Hulkamania (1995–1996)[link]

    In late August 1995, after expressing to Sting that he wanted to leave the WWF, Luger got a call from World Championship Wrestling Vice-President Eric Bischoff to set up a meeting about a contract and Luger possibly "jumping ship". Bischoff was initially reluctant to make the offer, as he didn't care for Luger personally or professionally, but relented due to both Sting's urging, and the idea that his appearance would make a big splash. Eight days after his appearance at SummerSlam, Luger made his return to WCW on the premiere of ''Nitro'', coming out during a match between Sting and Ric Flair. After Luger's debut, he acted as a sort of tweener character, not making his allegiances known, except for his long-time friendship with Sting. He merely claimed that he wanted to stake his claim at Hulk Hogan's World Heavyweight Title, facing him on the September 11, 1995 edition of ''Nitro,'' which Hogan won by disqualification. At Halloween Havoc, Luger officially turned heel, attacking Hogan after his match with The Giant and joining Kevin Sullivan's Dungeon of Doom stable. Later in the pay-per-view, Luger had a match where he lost to Randy "Macho Man" Savage. Luger and Savage had a rematch at World War 3, which Luger won. Later that night, Luger participated in the first-ever three-ring, 60-man battle royal for the vacant World Title, which was won by Savage.

    Despite being a heel, Luger retained his friendship with Sting. At Starrcade, Luger participated in a WCW vs NJPW World Cup of Wrestling where he represented WCW in a winning effort against NJPW representative Masa Chono. Later that night, he participated in a triangle match with Sting and Ric Flair; Flair won after both Sting and Luger were counted out, making Flair No.1 contender to the WCW title. The two men teamed up to defeat Harlem Heat for their first World Tag Team Championship on the January 22, 1996 edition of ''Nitro'', with Luger constantly threatening dissent due to his allegiance to the Dungeon of Doom, but always seeming to stay on the same path as his friend. Luger also defeated Johnny B. Badd for the WCW World Television Championship on February 17, losing it back to him the next night. He regained the television title from Badd by beating him on March 6.

    The Dungeon of Doom aligned with the Four Horsemen to form the Alliance to End Hulkamania, which feuded with Hulk Hogan and Randy Savage. At Uncensored, nine members from the Alliance participated in a "Tower of Doom Steel Cage match", but were unsuccessful in defeating the team of Hogan and Savage. Luger was blamed for the loss because he accidentally punched teammate Ric Flair and was kicked out of the stable, thus turning him face again.

    Feud with the New World Order (1996–1997)[link]

    During the summer, Luger began a feud with The Giant for the World Heavyweight Championship, unsuccessfully challenging him at The Great American Bash. During this time, Scott Hall and Kevin Nash, both former WWF superstars, began appearing on WCW television and claimed they were "taking over" the company. Randy Savage spearheaded the WCW wrestlers against them, with Luger and Sting by his side. Luger, along with Savage and Sting, took on Nash and Hall (who called themselves The Outsiders) and a third, mystery, partner that they claimed was an "insider" at Bash at the Beach. In the first few minutes of the match Luger went down to a kayfabe injury, leaving Sting and Savage on their own when the mystery partner revealed himself to be Hulk Hogan. With Luger no longer around, Savage and Sting were "easy prey" for the three who announced themselves as the New World Order (nWo).

    Luger continued to be one of the leaders for the WCW's siege against the nWo, wrestling and feuding with a number of their members. At SuperBrawl VII, Luger and The Giant defeated the Outsiders to win the World Tag Team Championship. The title was returned to the Outsiders by nWo member and WCW President Eric Bischoff. Luger won a Four Corners match to become the No.1 contender for Hogan's WCW Title at Spring Stampede, and teamed with his new ally, The Giant, to defeat Hogan and basketball star Dennis Rodman at Bash at the Beach. On the August 4, 1997 edition of ''Nitro'', Luger defeated Hogan to win his second World Heavyweight Championship in an impromptu match, before dropping the title back to Hogan just five days later at Road Wild. His victory, however, marked the first time in a year that WCW had "won their world title back" from the nWo.

    Luger began a program with Hall after both men pinned each other in tag team matches (Luger's partner was Diamond Dallas Page and Hall's partner was Randy Savage) before facing each other in a 1-on-1 match at Halloween Havoc which Luger won. He had a short feud with Buff Bagwell in the fall of 1997, culminating in a match at Starrcade, which Bagwell won. In the first half of 1998, Luger feuded with Savage and defeated him at Souled Out and SuperBrawl VIII. His final feud with the nWo was against Scott Steiner, whom Luger defeated at Uncensored. At Spring Stampede, he teamed with Scott's brother and former tag team partner Rick to defeat Scott and Bagwell.

    Joining nWo Wolfpac (1998–1999)[link]

    After a long war with the nWo, Luger joined nWo Wolfpac, the babyface faction of the nWo. Luger played a central role in the group's war with Hogan's nWo Hollywood, and even convinced the long standing anti-nWo Sting to join. On the August 10, 1998 edition of ''Nitro'', he defeated Bret Hart to win his record-tying fifth, and final, United States Heavyweight Championship in an impromptu title match, before dropping the title back to Hart just one day later on ''Thunder''. He also took part in the incident in which both nWo factions united against the dominant Bill Goldberg in early 1999, turning heel for the first time in many years. He remained a member of the new nWo until he was sidelined with a (legitimate) biceps injury.

    The Total Package and Totally Buff (1999–2001)[link]

    In August 1999 Lex Luger returned to WCW Monday Nitro during a Sting/Hogan angle for the World Heavyweight Championship. He eventually helped Sting win the World Title at the Fall Brawl PPV in September 1999.

    After Fall Brawl, Luger claimed that Lex Luger was now "dead" and he was going by the name "The Total Package". He debuted on WCW Monday Nitro in September 1999 with a Terminator-style entrance symbolizing his "rebirth" and by bringing back Miss Elizabeth as his manager. The Total Package’s entrance would often conclude with Miss Elizabeth tearing off his tracksuit in the middle of the ring. Luger would then pose down as if in a bodybuilding competition and conclude by performing a pose with fireworks.

    During late November and into December 1999 The Total Package began to have some disagreements with his best friend Sting. He also began treating Miss Elizabeth badly that prompted Sting to intervene. At the Starrcade 1999 PPV in December 1999 Sting and The Total Package had a match with Miss Elizabeth eventually turning on Sting. After this Luger began appearing dressed up as Sting and mocking him.

    Luger continued his Total Package angle with Miss Elizabeth through January 2000. He began a storyline where he would break the arms of his opponents by placing the arm inside a closed steel chair and stomping on it. In February 2000 he formed an alliance with Ric Flair to take out Hulk Hogan from WCW. They later formed a tag team under the name Team Package with Ric Flair. The team feuded with Sting and Hogan until April 2000 when WCW was reformatted with Vince Russo forming the New Blood causing Luger to turn face and joining the Millionaires Club.

    Lex Luger would not return again to WCW until September 2000 when Vince Russo was still running the company. Luger would no longer pose in the ring with Miss Elizabeth and his hair was cut short. He would face Booker T on Nitro for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship and Goldberg at the Mayhem 2000 PPV and then again at Starrcade 2000 with Goldberg’s career on the line. He also formed a tag team with Buff Bagwell named "Totally Buff". They defeated Goldberg and Dwayne Bruce in a tag team match at the WCW Sin PPV in January 2001. Luger stayed in the team until the WWE purchased WCW in March 2001.

    Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2003; 2006)[link]

    In late 2003 Luger began working for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA); he teamed with Jeff Jarrett on November 12 in a loss to Sting and A.J. Styles. He returned to TNA in 2006, first appearing during the April 27 ''TNA Impact!'' as the second of Sting's potential tag team partners for Sacrifice. Throughout September and October, he appeared on ''Impact!'' as one of the people (along with Buff Bagwell) helping Sting to "prepare" for his upcoming match against Jarrett at Bound for Glory.

    Semi-retirement[link]

    In late 2002, Luger joined the European tour of WWA. He debuted in November at Dublin, Ireland, teaming with Sting to defeat Buff Bagwell and Malice. At Retribution, Luger defeated Sting to win the vacant WWA World Heavyweight Championship after Jeff Jarrett interfered on his behalf. In Manchester, England on December 7, Luger and Sting faced Bagwell and Jarrett in a match in which both Luger's WWA World Heavyweight Championship and Jarrett's NWA World Heavyweight Championship were on the line, though neither title changed hands, as Sting pinned Bagwell. Luger made his final appearance with WWA on December 13, in Zürich, Switzerland, when he lost the WWA World Heavyweight Championship to Sting in a three way dance that also featured Malice.

    Throughout 2004 and 2005, Luger made sporadic appearances on the independent circuit. Luger is also included as a downloadable character in ''WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2011''.

    On September 22, 2007- Lex was inducted into the XWF Hall of Fame in Moundsville, WV by Jack Blaze at their "XWF Mountain Madness 2007" event. XWF was later renamed LPW (Legends Pro Wrestling) where Lex is still honored in their Hall of Fame- Class 2007.

    Return to WWE (2011–present)[link]

    In 2011, Luger began working again with WWE on their Wellness Policy. In regards to this role he stated:

    Personal life[link]

    Luger is divorced from Peggy and has two children, a son, Brian (born 1 January 1986), and a daughter, Lauren Ashley (born 24 September 1990).

    On September 28, 2006, Luger appeared on ''Praise the Lord'', the flagship talk program of the Trinity Broadcasting Network, and declared himself a born again Christian. In an interview conducted by guest host, one-time wrestling tag-team partner Steve "Sting" Borden, Luger emotionally discussed the downward turn of his career and personal life—including the events surrounding Elizabeth Hulette's death—and how it led to his religious conversion. Luger credits Steve Baskin, the pastor of Western Hills Baptist Church in Kennesaw, Georgia, with pulling him from a terminal tailspin. The jail chaplain met Luger in early 2006.

    Legal problems[link]

    On April 19, 2003, Luger was involved in a domestic dispute with Elizabeth Hulette, then his live-in girlfriend, in the garage of their townhouse in Marietta, Georgia, during which Luger allegedly struck her. Cobb County police found Elizabeth with two bruised eyes, a bump on her head, and a cut lip. Luger was charged with a misdemeanor count of battery and released on $2,500 bond. Two days later on April 21, Luger was arrested for driving under the influence after rear-ending another car. According to the police report, Luger had slurred speech and bloodshot eyes, and could not locate his driver's license. Luger had a 9mm handgun in the car (which was legal in Georgia). Hulette was a passenger in the vehicle and was sent home in a taxi. Luger was also driving with a suspended license for not appearing in court on March 5, 2003 for a hearing on a previous offense of driving with expired tags and having no proof of insurance.

    On May 1, 2003, Hulette died in the townhouse they shared in Marietta, after mixing pills of hydrocodone, Alprazolam (Xanax), and anabolic steroids (testosterone and saizen) with vodka. Luger was arrested later that day after a search of the residence revealed a number of illicit controlled substances, including anabolic steroids, OxyContin, synthetic growth hormone, testosterone, and Alprazolam. He was charged with 14 drug possession counts, 13 of them felonies. He was released the following day on $27,500 bail. Hulette's death was eventually ruled accidental. Luger pleaded guilty to the charges on February 3, 2005. He was given a $1,000 fine, sentenced to five years probation, and required to submit to periodic drug testing.

    In December 2005, Luger and fellow wrestlers Marcus Bagwell and Scott Steiner were removed from a flight from Minneapolis, Minnesota to Winnipeg, Manitoba. They were detained for several hours before Bagwell and Steiner were released, while Luger was held without bail as a result of his outstanding felony charges (he had neglected to obtain permission to leave the country from his probation officer). Luger was detained in the Hennepin County jail for two weeks before being extradited to Georgia to stand trial on December 22, 2005. Luger was sentenced to nine weeks imprisonment, and was released in February 2006.

    Spinal stroke[link]

    On October 19, 2007, Luger suffered a nerve impingement in his neck that led to temporary paralysis. He underwent intravenous antibiotic treatment and was expected to make a full recovery. Nearly a month after his spinal stroke, Luger was still in a quadriplegic state, having no movement in either his arms or legs. As of June 2008, Luger was said to be able to stand on his own for short periods of time and walk using a walker. As of 2010, Luger has stated in an interview that he is able to walk more comfortably, and is able to drive around after being paralyzed from the neck down before. Luger has stated in an interview he now resides in Atlanta, Georgia, and loves his family.

    In wrestling[link]

  • Finishing moves
  • ''Rebel Rack'' / ''Torture Rack'' (Backbreaker rack)
  • Running forearm smash
  • Signature moves
  • *Atomic drop, sometimes inverted
  • *Bearhug
  • *Hip toss
  • Knee lift
  • *One-handed bulldog
  • *Rib breaker
  • *Snap scoop powerslam
  • *Vertical suplex
  • '''Nicknames
  • *The Total Package
  • *The Narcissist
  • *The American
  • *Made In USA
  • Championships and accomplishments[link]

  • Championship Wrestling from Florida
  • NWA Florida Bahamian Championship (1 time)
  • NWA Florida Television Championship (1 time)
  • NWA Southern Heavyweight Championship ''(Florida version)'' (3 times)
  • Jim Crockett Promotions / World Championship Wrestling

  • NWA/WCW United States Heavyweight Championship (5 times)
  • WCW World Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
  • NWA (Mid-Atlantic)/WCW World Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Barry Windham (1), Sting (1), and The Giant (1)
  • WCW World Television Championship (2 times)
  • Jim Crockett, Sr. Memorial Cup (1988) – with Sting
  • *Second WCW Triple Crown Champion
  • Legends Pro Wrestling
  • :* XWF/LPW Hall of Fame Inductee- Class 2007 (9/22/07)

  • Pro Wrestling Illustrated
  • *PWI Comeback of the Year (1993)
  • *PWI Feud of the Year (1987) Four Horsemen vs. Super Powers and the Road Warriors
  • *PWI Feud of the Year (1988, 1990) vs. Ric Flair
  • *PWI Match of the Year (1991) with Sting vs. The Steiner Brothers at SuperBrawl
  • *PWI Most Popular Wrestler of the Year (1993)
  • *PWI Rookie of the Year (1986)
  • *PWI Wrestler of the Year (1997)
  • PWI ranked him #20 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003
  • World Wrestling All-Stars
  • WWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
  • World Wrestling Federation

  • Royal Rumble (1994)1
  • Yokozuna Bodyslam Challenge (1993)
  • Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards
  • *Worst Worked Match of the Year (1996) with Arn Anderson, Meng, The Barbarian, Ric Flair, Kevin Sullivan, Z-Gangsta, and The Ultimate Solution vs. Hulk Hogan and Randy Savage, Uncensored, Towers of Doom match, Tupelo, Mississippi, March 24
  • *Most Improved (1989)
  • 1Luger co-won the Royal Rumble with Bret Hart after both simultaneously eliminated each other

    See also[link]

  • Sting and Lex Luger
  • References[link]

    External links[link]

    Category:1958 births Category:Living people Category:American bodybuilders Category:American Christians Category:American professional wrestlers Category:American television actors Category:Four Horsemen (professional wrestling) members Category:New World Order (professional wrestling) members Category:People from Erie County, New York Category:People from Atlanta, Georgia Category:People from Marietta, Georgia Category:Stroke survivors

    da:Lex Luger de:Lex Luger es:Lex Luger fr:Lex Luger it:Lawrence Pfohl he:לורנס פוהל nl:Lex Luger ja:レックス・ルガー pt:Lex Luger ru:Лекс Люгер sv:Lex Luger th:เล็ค ลูเกอร์ tr:Lex Luger

    This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.

    http://wn.com/Lex_Luger



    4:49
    Chaos The­o­ry
    og­ni­ank
    3:19
    The­o­ry Of A Dead­man - Hate My Life [Ex­plic­it]
    the­o­ry­ofadead­man
    49:55
    23. Queer The­o­ry and Gen­der Per­for­ma­tiv­i­ty
    Yale­Cours­es
    6:40
    Big Bang The­o­ry best bits - Episode 1
    cox­on­fro­mobliv­ion
    9:08
    Color wheel chart mix­ing the­o­ry paint­ing tu­to­ri­al
    Paint­Bas­ket
    1:57
    Minecraft: DOTA
    The­o­ry­Movies
    show more
    add to playlist
    clear
    Video Suggestions







    The World News (WN) Network, has created this privacy statement in order to demonstrate our firm commitment to user privacy. The following discloses our information gathering and dissemination practices for wn.com, as well as e-mail newsletters.

    1. Personal Information Collection and Use

    We do not collect personally identifiable information about you, except when you provide it to us. For example, if you submit an inquiry to us or sign up for our newsletter, you may be asked to provide certain information such as your contact details (name, e-mail address, mailing address, etc.).

    When you submit your personally identifiable information through wn.com, you are giving your consent to the collection, use and disclosure of your personal information as set forth in this Privacy Policy. If you would prefer that we not collect any personally identifiable information from you, please do not provide us with any such information. We will not sell or rent your personally identifiable information to third parties without your consent, except as otherwise disclosed in this Privacy Policy.

    Except as otherwise disclosed in this Privacy Policy, we will use the information you provide us only for the purpose of responding to your inquiry or in connection with the service for which you provided such information. We may forward your contact information and inquiry to our affiliates and other divisions of our company that we feel can best address your inquiry or provide you with the requested service. We may also use the information you provide in aggregate form for internal business purposes, such as generating statistics and developing marketing plans. We may share or transfer such non-personally identifiable information with or to our affiliates, licensees, agents and partners.

    We may retain other companies and individuals to perform functions on our behalf. Such third parties may be provided with access to personally identifiable information needed to perform their functions, but may not use such information for any other purpose.

    In addition, we may disclose any information, including personally identifiable information, we deem necessary, in our sole discretion, to comply with any applicable law, regulation, legal proceeding or governmental request.

    2. E-mail addresses

    We do not want you to receive unwanted e-mail from us. We try to make it easy to opt-out of any service you have asked to receive. If you sign-up to our e-mail newsletters we do not sell, exchange or give your e-mail address to a third party.

    E-mail addresses are collected via the wn.com web site. Users have to physically opt-in to receive the wn.com newsletter and a verification e-mail is sent. wn.com is clearly and conspicuously named at the point of

    collection.

    If you no longer wish to receive our newsletter and promotional communications, you may opt-out of receiving them by following the instructions included in each newsletter or communication or by e-mailing us at michaelw(at)wn.com

    The security of your personal information is important to us. We follow generally accepted industry standards to protect the personal information submitted to us, both during registration and once we receive it. No method of transmission over the Internet, or method of electronic storage, is 100 percent secure, however. Therefore, though we strive to use commercially acceptable means to protect your personal information, we cannot guarantee its absolute security.

    If we decide to change our e-mail practices, we will post those changes to this privacy statement, the homepage, and other places we think appropriate so that you are aware of what information we collect, how we use it, and under what circumstances, if any, we disclose it.

    If we make material changes to our e-mail practices, we will notify you here, by e-mail, and by means of a notice on our home page.

    3. Third Party Advertisers

    The advertising banners and other forms of advertising appearing on this Web site are sometimes delivered to you, on our behalf, by a third party. In the course of serving advertisements to this site, the third party may place or recognize a unique cookie on your browser. For more information on cookies, you can visit www.cookiecentral.com.

    4. Business Transfers

    As we continue to develop our business, we might sell certain aspects of our entities or assets. In such transactions, user information, including personally identifiable information, generally is one of the transferred business assets, and by submitting your personal information on Wn.com you agree that your data may be transferred to such parties in these circumstances.