Branches of Mathematics

Pure mathematics

• Algebra
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Applied mathematics

• Dynamical systems and differential equations
• Mathematical physics
• Computing
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• 
  

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  Afghanistan
  Afghanistan ⁱ/æfˈɡænɨstæn/ (Persian/Pashto: افغانستان, Afġānistān), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in the centre of Asia, forming part of South Asia, Central Asia, and Greater Middle East, it is also considered to be part of a broader West Asia. With a population of about 29 million, it has an area of 647,500 km² (250,001 sq mi), making it the 42nd most populous and 41st largest nation in the world. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and the east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the far northeast.
  Afghanistan has been an ancient focal point of the Silk Road and human migration. Archaeologists have found evidence of human habitation from as far back as 50,000 BC. Urban civilization may have begun in the area as early as 3,000 to 2,000 BC. Sitting at an important geostrategic location that connects the Middle East with Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, the land has been home to various peoples through the ages and witnessed many military campaigns, notably by Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, and in modern era Western forces. The land also served as a source from which the Greco-Bactrians, Kushans, Saffarids, Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Timurids, Mughals and many others have risen to form major empires.
  
  wn.com/Afghanistan
• ALLAHABAD
  wn.com/ALLAHABAD
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  Allahabad
  Allahabad ([ɪlɑhɑbɑd̪]; Hindi: इलाहाबाद; Urdu: الہ آباد), or Settled by God in Persian, is a major city of India and is one of the main holy cities of Hinduism. It was renamed by the Mughal emperor Akbar from the original (still unofficially used) native name of Prayaga, and is by some accounts the second-oldest city in India. It is located in the north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, lying some 205 kilometres (127 mi) south of the state capital, Lucknow. It is the administrative headquarters of the Allahabad District. Allahabad has been ranked the world's 130th fastest growing city (growth rate: 2.09 per cent (2011)).^{[citation needed]} The ancient name of the city is Prayaga (Sanskrit for "place of sacrifice"), as it is believed to be the spot where Brahma offered his first sacrifice after creating the world. It is one of four sites of the mass Hindu pilgrimage Kumbh Mela, the others being Haridwar, Ujjain and Nashik. It has a position of importance in Hindu scriptures for it is situated at Triveni Sangam, the confluence of the holy rivers Ganges and Yamuna, and the ancient Sarasvati River.
  
  wn.com/Allahabad
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  Arabian peninsula
  The Arabian Peninsula (Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīrat al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب Ǧazīrat al 'Arab‎) is a land mass situated north-east of Africa. Also known as Arabia or the Arabian subcontinent, it is the world's largest peninsula and covers 3,237,500 km² (1,250,000 mi²). The area is an important part of the Asian continent and plays a critical geopolitical role of the Middle East and Arab World due to its vast reserves of oil and natural gas. The peninsula formed as a result of the rifting of the Red Sea between 56-23 million years ago, and is bordered by the Red Sea to the west, the Persian Gulf to the northeast, and the Indian Ocean to the southeast.
  The Arabian Peninsula is located in the Asia continent and bounded by (clockwise) the Persian Gulf on the northeast, the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman on the east, the Arabian Sea on the southeast and south, the Gulf of Aden on the south, the Bab-el-Mandeb strait on the southwest, and the Red Sea on the southwest and west. The northern portion of the peninsula merges with the Syrian Desert with no clear border line, although the northern boundary of the Arabian Peninsula is generally considered to be the northern borders of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.
  
  wn.com/Arabian_peninsula
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  Azad Kashmir
  Azad Jammu and Kashmir (Urdu: آزاد جموں و کشمیر, Azaad Jammu o- Kashmir, literally Free Jammu and Kashmir ; AJK) or Azad Kashmir (literally Free Kashmir) for short, is the southernmost political entity within the Pakistani-administered part of the former princely state of Kashmir and Jammu. It borders the present-day Indian-controlled state of Jammu and Kashmir to the east (separated from it by the Line of Control), Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa to the west, Gilgit–Baltistan to the north, and the Punjab province to the south. With its capital at Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir covers an area of 13,297 square kilometres (5,134 sq mi) and has an estimated population of about four million. Brad Adams the Asia director at Human Rights Watch has said in 2006
  Although ‘azad’ means ‘free,’ the residents of Azad Kashmir are anything but, The Pakistani authorities govern Azad Kashmir with strict controls on basic freedoms.
  Azad Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan together constitute the disputed region, referred to as Pakistan-administered Kashmir by the United Nations and other international organisations, and as Pakistan-occupied Kashmir in India in contrast to the name Indian-occupied Kashmir which is given to the Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir by Pakistan. The territories have been under control of the two countries since the first Kashmir war after which Azad Kashmir was successfully captured from the princely state by the rebelling militias with the help of Pakistan army.
  
  wn.com/Azad_Kashmir
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  Baghdad
  Baghdad (Arabic: بغداد‎, Baġdād, IPA: [bæɣˈdæːd]) is the capital of Republic of Iraq, as well as the coterminous Baghdad Province. The population of Baghdad as of 2011 is approximately 7,216,040, making it the largest city in Iraq, the second largest city in the Arab World (after Cairo, Egypt), and the second largest city in Western Asia (after Tehran, Iran).
  Located along the Tigris River, the city was founded in the 8th century and became the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. Within a short time of its inception, Baghdad evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual center for the Islamic World. This in addition to housing several key academic institutions (e.g. House of Wisdom) garnered the city a worldwide reputation as the "Center of Learning". Throughout the High Middle Ages, Baghdad was considered to be the largest city in the world with an estimated population of 1,200,000 people. The city was largely destroyed at the hands of the Mongol Empire in 1258, resulting in a decline that would linger through many centuries due to frequent plagues and multiple successive empires. With the recognition of Iraq as an independent state (formerly the British Mandate of Mesopotamia) in 1938, Baghdad gradually regained some of its former prominence as a significant center of Arabic culture.
  
  wn.com/Baghdad
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  Bahawalnagar
  Bahawalnagar is the capital city of Bahawalnagar District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. As well as being district capital it has the administrative headquarters of the tehsil.
  Bahawalnagar is the administrative centre of Bahawalnagar District, one of the five tehsils or subdivisions of the district, the tehsil is subdivided into 31 Union Councils. The Bahawal Nagar is the district headquarter of tehsils Haroonabad, Chistian, Fortabbass and Minchanabad. t is one of the largest districts of Panjab with respect to its area. The largest union council of Bahawal Nagar is U.C 6. As of 2011, Asim Iqbal is serving Bahawal Nagar as D.C.O.^{[citation needed]}
  Punjabi is the main language, Urdu (the national language) is widely spoken.^{[citation needed]}
  Bahawalnagar is blessed with talent, there are poets, writers, saints, scholars and every kind of professional. Syed Wali Shah is the Sufi here. His tomb is situated in a town named Peer Shah. Engr Abdullah Abbas is well known personality of the district and belongs to Paracha Family, the influential family of the region. Writers like Syed Noor Alam, Aijaz Saqib, Saleem Shehzad, Amir Sohail and Anwaar Gilani, Major Bashir Ahmad Khokhar Principal Fauji Foundation Higher Secondary School Bahawalnagar belong to the city.
  
  wn.com/Bahawalnagar
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  Bahawalpur
  Bahawalpur (Urdu, Saraiki: بہاولپور), located in Punjab, is the twelfth largest city in Pakistan. The city was once the capital of the former princely state of Bahawalpur. The city was home to various Nawabs (rulers) and counted as part of the Rajputana states (now Rajasthan, India). The city is known for its famous palaces such as the Noor Mahal, Sadiq Ghar Palace, and Darbar Mahal, as well as the ancient fort of Derawar in the Cholistan Desert bordering India. The city is located near the historical and ancient cities of Uch and Harappa, which were once a stronghold of the Delhi Sultanate and Indus Valley Civilisation. The city is home to one of the few natural safari parks in Pakistan, Lal Suhanra National Park.
  In 2007, the city's population was recorded to have risen to 798,509 from 403,408 in 1998.Punjabi and Saraiki are the major languages of local people, while Urdu is well understood and English is the official languages used in various educational and government institutions. Bahawalpur is located south of the Sutlej River and lies in the Cholistan region near the Thar Desert. It is situated 90 km from Multan, 420 km from Lahore, and 270 km from Faisalabad.
  
  wn.com/Bahawalpur
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  Bihar
  Bihar (/bɨˈhɑr/, pronounced [bɪˈɦaːr] ( listen)) is a state in eastern India. It is the 12th largest state in terms of geographical size at 38,202 sq mi (98,940 km²) and 3rd largest by population. Almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25, which is the highest proportion in India.
  Bihar lies mid-way between West Bengal in the east and Uttar Pradesh in the west. It is bounded by the country of Nepal to the north and by Jharkhand to the south. The Bihar plain is divided into two parts by the river Ganges which flows through the middle from west to east. Bihar has notified forest area of 6,764.14 km², which is 6.8% of its geographical area. Hindi and Urdu are the official languages of the state, while the majority of the people speak Angika, Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Maithili and Bajjika. In 2000, Bihar was divided into 2 parts, the Southern part known as Jharkhand.
  Ancient Bihar (which consisted of Anga, Videha/Mithila, Magadha and Vajji/Vrijji) was a centre of power, learning and culture in ancient and classical India. Out of five "The Greats" from India, four greats belonged to this region of India, Magadh: Chandragupta Maurya, Ashoka, Samudragupta and Vikramaditya. From Magadha arose India's first and greatest empire, the Maurya empire as well as one of the world's most widely adhered-to religions, Buddhism. Magadha empires, notably under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties, unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule. Its capital Patna, earlier known as Pataliputra, was an important centre of Indian civilization.Nalanda and Vikramshila were centres of learning established in the 5th and 8th century respectively in Bihar, and are counted amongst the oldest and truly international universities, where people all over the world came to study. Bihar has distinction of giving the world its first democracy through Lichchivi (modern days Vaishali) during ancient era.
  
  wn.com/Bihar
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  Ghazni
  For the Province of Ghazni see Ghazni Province
  Ghazni (Persian/Pashto: غزنی - Ġaznī; historically known as غزنین / Ġaznīn and غزنه / Ġazna) is a city in central-east Afghanistan with a population of about 141,000 people. Situated on a plateau at 7,280 feet (2,219 m) above sea level, the city is considered more like a town by international standard and serves as the capital of Ghazni Province. It is linked by a highway with Kandahar to the south-west, Kabul to the northeast and Gardez to the east. It is located 143 kilometes by road southwest of Kabul.
  Just like other cities of Afghanistan, Ghazni is very old and has witnessed many military invasions. In pre-Islamic days, the area was inhabited by Buddhists and Hindus until the Saffarids from Zarang in the east came to spread Islam in the 9th century. Sabuktigin made it the capital of the Ghaznvid Empire in the 10th century. It was later destroyed by the Ghurids, when one of its rulers completely burned the city to the ground. During the First Anglo-Afghan War in the 19th century, it was again destroyed by the British-Indian forces. The city is currently being rebuilt by the NATO states, mainly by the United States.
  
  wn.com/Ghazni
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  Ghazni Province
  Ghazni (Persian: غزنی‎) (Pashto: غزني) is of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. Babur records in his Babur-Nama that Ghazni is also known as Zabulistan It is in the east of the country. Its capital is Ghazni City. The province lies on the important Kabul to Kandahar road, and has historically functioned as an important trade center between those two major cities.
  Ghazni was a thriving Buddhist center before and during the 7th century AD. Excavations have revealed religious artifacts of both Hindu and Buddhist traditions.
  In 644 AD, the Chinese pilgrim Hsüan-tsang visited Jaguda, Ghazni, while travelling from the country of Varnu, crossing the land of O-po-kien (Afghans i.e. Pashtuns).
  In 683 AD, Arab armies brought Islam to the area and attempted to conquer the capital of Ghazni but the local tribes fiercely resisted. Its resistance was so famed that Yaqub Saffari (840-879) from Zaranj made an example of Ghazni when he ranged the vast region conquering in the name of Islam. The city was completely destroyed by the Saffarids in 869. A substantial portion of the local population including Hindus and Buddhists were converted to Islam by Mahmud of Ghazni
  
  wn.com/Ghazni_Province
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  Gujarat
  Gujarat /ˌɡʊdʒəˈrɑːt/ (Gujarati: ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt [ɡudʒ(ə)ɾat] ( listen)) is a state in western India. It has an area of 75,686 sq mi (196,030 km²) with a coastline of 1,600 km, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula, and a population in excess of 60 million. The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the north, Maharashtra to the south, Madhya Pradesh to the east and the Arabian Sea as well as the Pakistani province of Sindh on the west. Its capital is Gandhinagar, while its largest city is Ahmedabad. Gujarat is home to the Gujarati-speaking people of India.
  The state encompasses major sites of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, such as Lothal and Dholavira. Lothal is believed to be one of the world's first ports. Gujarat's coastal cities, chiefly Bharuch and Khambhat, served as ports and trading centers in the Maurya and Gupta empires. Mahatma Gandhi, India's "father of the nation", who led the Indian Independence Movement against the British colonial rule was a Gujarati.Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, independent India's first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister was also from Gujarat.
  
  wn.com/Gujarat
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  Gujranwala
  Gujranwala (Punjabi, Urdu: گوجرانوالہ ) is an industrial city in the north-east of the Punjab province. It is the 7th largest city in Pakistan with a population of approximately 2,661,360 as on 24 June 2011 (Extrapolated from a population of 1,415,711 in 2006 and a population of 2,569,090 on February 4, 2011). Gujranwala is located at 32.16° North, 74.18° East and is 226 metres (744 ft) above sea level. It shares borders with Ghakhar Mandi, Alipur Chatha, kamonke and some small towns and villages. Punjabi is the local language, but English and Urdu are also common, particularly in schools and offices. Due to extensive road and rail links the city has flourished within the manufacturing and agricultural markets. The city is on the Grand Trunk Road, which allows logistical connections to the provincial capitals such as Peshawar and Lahore and also to the capital of Pakistan Islamabad.It is in between Lahore and [Gujrat,Wazirabad]. its small and medium industries. Gujranwala is known for its extensive production of sugarcane, melons and grains for international export.Gujranwala exports one of the world's finest quality Rice. The city has set up several commercial and industrial centres allowing the manufacturing of ceramics,Fans,electrical switch gears,engineering tools,Agricultural/earth moving machinery, steel, cutlery, crockery, iron safes, metal tool, utensils, textiles,Wollen Sweaters, sanitary Fittings and tannery production. The city has produced some of the finest wrestlers and bodybuilders of the subcontinent, which has resulted in the nickname 'City of wrestlers' or Phelwana da shehar in Punjabi. The city is also the birthplace of the legendary Sikh warrior-king, Ranjit Singh.
  
  wn.com/Gujranwala
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  India
  India (ⁱ/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
  Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
  
  wn.com/India
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  Iran
  Coordinates: 32°N 53°E / 32°N 53°E / 32; 53
  Iran (ⁱ/ɪˈrɑːn/ or /aɪˈræn/;Persian: ایران‎ [ʔiˈɾɒn] ( listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ایران‎ Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān), is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran", which in Persian means "Land of the Aryans", has been in use natively since the Sassanian era. It came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia ( /ˈpɜrʒə/ or /ˈpɜrʃə/). Both "Persia" and "Iran" are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, "Iran" is the name used officially in political contexts.
  The 18th-largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km² (636,372 sq mi), Iran has a population of around 79 million. It is a country of particular geopolitical significance owing to its location in the Middle East and central Eurasia. Iran is bordered on the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. As Iran is a littoral state of the Caspian Sea, which is an inland sea, Kazakhstan and Russia are also Iran's direct neighbors to the north. Iran is bordered on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, on the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, on the west by Iraq and on the northwest by Turkey. Tehran is the capital, the country's largest city and the political, cultural, commercial and industrial center of the nation. Iran is a regional power, and holds an important position in international energy security and world economy as a result of its large reserves of petroleum and natural gas. Iran has the second largest proven natural gas reserves in the world and the fourth largest proven petroleum reserves.
  
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  Iraq
  Iraq (/ɪˈræk/ or ⁱ/ɪˈrɑːk/; Arabic: العراق‎ al-‘Irāq); officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic:  جمهورية العراق (help·info) Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq), is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert.
  Iraq borders Syria to the northwest, Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Jordan to the southwest and Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to the south. Iraq has a narrow section of coastline measuring 58 km (36 mi) on the northern Persian Gulf. The capital city, Baghdad is in the center-east of the country.
  Two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run through the center of Iraq, flowing from northwest to southeast. These provide Iraq with agriculturally capable land and contrast with the steppe and desert landscape that covers most of Western Asia.
  Historically, Iraq was the center of the Abbasid Arabic Islamic Empire. Iraq has been known to the west by the Greek toponym 'Mesopotamia' (Land between the rivers) and has been home to continuous successive civilizations since the 6th millennium BC. The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is often referred to as the cradle of civilization and the birthplace of writing, law and the wheel. At different periods in its history, Iraq was the center of the indigenous Akkadian, Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Abbasid empires. It was also part of the Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Mongol, Safavid, Afsharid, and Ottoman empires, and under British control as a League of Nations mandate.
  
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  Islamabad
  Islamabad (Urdu: اسلام آباد Islām ābād, lit. Abode of Islam) is the capital of Pakistan and the tenth largest city in the country. Located within the Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT), the population of the city has grown from 100,000 in 1951 to 1.152 million in 2011. The greater Islamabad-Rawalpindi Metropolitan Area is the third largest conurbation in Pakistan with a population of over 4.5 million inhabitants.
  Islamabad is located in the Pothohar Plateau in the northern part of the country, within the Islamabad Capital Territory. The region has historically been a part of the crossroads of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with Margalla pass acting as the gateway between the two regions. The city was built during the 1960s to replace Karachi as Pakistan's capital. Islamabad is a well-organized city divided into different sectors and zones. It is regarded as the most developed city in Pakistan. Islamabad is ranked as a Gamma world city. The city is home to Faisal Mosque, the largest mosque in South Asia and the sixth largest mosque in the world.
  
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  Karachi
  Karachi ( Karācī (help·info), Urdu: کراچی; Sindhi: ڪراچي) is the largest city, main seaport and financial centre of Pakistan, as well as the capital of the province of Sindh. The city has an estimated population of 13 to 15 million, while the total metropolitan area has a population of over 13 million. Results in April 2012 of Pakistan's latest census initial tabulations show that the district is home to over 21 million people, at a density of nearly 6,000 people per square kilometer (15,500 per square mile). Karachi is the most populous city in the country, one of the world's largest cities in terms of population and also the 10th largest urban agglomeration in the world. It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, economic activity and trade and is home to Pakistan's largest corporations, including those involved in textiles, shipping, automotive industry, entertainment, the arts, fashion, advertising, publishing, software development and medical research. The city is a major hub of higher education in South Asia and the wider Muslim world.
  
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  Karnataka
  Karnataka /kɑrˈnɑːtəkə/ is a state in South West India. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act and this day is annually celebrated as Karnataka Rajyotsava (Formation Day). Originally known as the State of Mysore /maɪˈsɔər/, it was renamed Karnataka in 1973. It is the land of the Kannadigas, Tuluvas, Konkanis and Kodavas. The capital and largest city is Bangalore.
  Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Goa to the northwest, Maharashtra to the north, Andhra Pradesh to the east, Tamil Nadu to the southeast, and Kerala to the southwest. The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres (74,122 sq mi), or 5.83% of the total geographical area of India. It is the eighth largest Indian state by area. With over 61 million inhabitants (2011), Karnataka is the ninth largest state by population, comprising 30 districts. Kannada is the most widely spoken and official language of the state.
  The two main river systems of the state are Krishna and its tributaries (Bhima, Ghataprabha, Vedavati, Malaprabha, and Tungabhadra) in the north, and the Cauvery and its tributaries (Hemavati, Shimsha, Arkavathi, Lakshmana Thirtha and Kabini) in the south. Both these rivers flow eastward and fall into the Bay of Bengal.
  
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  Kashmir
  Kashmir (Balti, Gojri, Poonchi/Chibhali, Dogri: कश्मीर; Kashmiri: कॅशीर, کٔشِیر; Ladakhi: ཀཤམིར; Uyghur: كەشمىر; Shina: کشمیر) is the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term Kashmir geographically denoted only the valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal mountain range. Today Kashmir denotes a larger area that includes the Indian-administered state of Jammu and Kashmir (the Kashmir valley, Jammu and Ladakh), the Pakistani-administered Gilgit–Baltistan and the Azad Kashmir provinces, and the Chinese-administered regions of Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract.
  In the first half of the first millennium, the Kashmir region became an important center of Hinduism and later of Buddhism; later still, in the ninth century, Kashmir Shaivism arose. In 1349, Shah Mir became the first Muslim ruler of Kashmir and inaugurated the Salatin-i-Kashmir or Swati dynasty. For the next five centuries, Muslim monarchs ruled Kashmir, including the Mughals, who ruled from 1526 until 1751, then the Afghan Durrani Empire that ruled from 1747 until 1820. That year, the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh, annexed Kashmir. In 1846, upon the purchase of the region from the British under the Treaty of Amritsar, the Dogras—under Gulab Singh—became the new rulers. Dogra Rule, under the paramountcy (or tutelage) of the British Crown, lasted until 1947, when the former princely state became a disputed territory, now administered by three countries: India, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China.
  
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  Kerala
  Kerala or Keralam /ˈkɛrələ/ is an Indian state located on the Malabar coast of south-west India. It was formed on 1 November 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act by combining various Malayalam speaking regions.
  The state has an area of 38,863 km² (15,005 sq mi) and is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Arabian Sea on the west. Thiruvananthapuram is the state capital. Kochi and Kozhikode are other major cities. According to a survey by The Economic Times, five out of ten best cities to live in India are located in Kerala.
  Kerala has the highest Human Development Index in India, higher than that of most developed countries The state has the highest literacy rate in India with 93.91 percent. It hopes to be the first e-literate state in India through the state run Akshaya project. The state recently became and is currently the only one to have banking facilities in every village. A survey conducted in 2005 by Transparency International ranked Kerala as the least corrupt state in the country. Kerala is also ranked as India's cleanest state. Kerala has witnessed significant migration of its people, especially to the Persian Gulf countries during the Kerala Gulf boom and is heavily dependent on remittances from its large Malayali expatriate community.
  
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  Lahore
  Lahore (Punjabi: لہور, Urdu: لاہور) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and the second largest city in the country. With a rich history dating back over a millennium, Lahore is a main cultural centre of Pakistan. One of the most densely populated cities in the world, Lahore remains an economic, political, transportation, entertainment, and educational hub.
  Lahore successively served as regional capital of the empires of the Shahi kingdoms in the 11th century, the Ghaznavids in the 12th century, the Ghurid State in the 12th and 13th centuries the Mughal Empire in the 16th century, the Sikh expansion in the early 19th century, and it was the capital of the Punjab region under the British Raj in the mid 19th and early 20th century. The traditional capital of Punjab for a thousand years, Lahore was the cultural center of the northern Indian subcontinent which extends from the eastern banks of the Indus River to New Delhi. Mughal structures such as the Badshahi Mosque, the Lahore Fort, Shalimar Gardens, and the mausolea of Jehangir and Nur Jehan are tourist attractions. Lahore is also home to many British colonial structures built in the Indo-Saracenic style, such as the Lahore High Court, the General Post Office, Lahore Museum and many older universities including the University of the Punjab. The Lahore Zoo, thought to be the fourth oldest in the world, is also situated here.
  
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  Lodhran
  Lodhran (Urdu: لودھران) is the chief city of Lodhran District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is located on the northern side of River Sutlej.
  As well as being district capital, Lodhran is the administrative centre of Lodhran tehsil, which is subdivided into 28 Union Councils.
  Coordinates: 29°32′0″N 71°38′0″E / 29.533333°N 71.633333°E / 29.533333; 71.633333
  
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  Maharashtra
  Maharashtra /mɑːhəˈrɑːʃtrə/ (Marathi: महाराष्ट् mahārāṣṭra [məharaːʂʈrə] ( listen)) is a state located in India. It is the second most populous after Uttar Pradesh and third largest state by area in India. Maharashtra is the richest state in India, contributing 15% of the country's industrial output and 13.3% of its GDP (2006–2007 figures).
  Maharashtra is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Gujarat and the Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli to the northwest, Madhya Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the east, Karnataka to the south, Andhra Pradesh to the southeast, and Goa to the southwest. The state covers an area of 307,731 km² (118,816 sq mi) or 9.84% of the total geographical area of India. Mumbai, the capital city of the state, is India's largest city and the financial capital of the nation. Nagpur is the second capital of the state. Marathi is the official language.
  Maharashtra is the world's second most populous first-level administrative country sub-division. Were it a nation in its own right, Maharashtra would be the world's tenth most populous country ahead of Mexico.
  
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  Mughal Empire
  The Mughal Empire, Shahan-e-Gurkhani, Shahan-e-Mughal, Sultanate-e-Mughliya, Daulat-e-Mughliya (Persian: شاهان گورکانی‎ Shāhān-e Gūrkānī; Urdu: مغلیہ سلطنت; self-designation: گوركانى Gūrkānī ),‎ or Mogul (also Moghul) Empire in traditional English usage, was an imperial power from the Indian Subcontinent. The Mughal emperors were direct descendants of Genghis Khan through Chagatai Khan and Timur. The Mughal Empire began in 1526; at the height of their power in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, they controlled most of the Indian Subcontinent—extending from Bengal in the east to Balochistan in the west, Kashmir in the north to the Kaveri basin in the south. According to "Babur-Nama", Kazakh tribal aristocracy along with number of other Turkic soldiers participated actively in the campaign of Babur, which made great influence over the development of Mughal Empire. Its population at that time has been estimated as between 110 and 150 million, over a territory of more than 3.2 million square kilometres (1.2 million square miles).
  
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  Multan
  Multan (Saraiki, Punjabi, Urdu: : مُلتان  pronunciation (help·info)), is a city in the Punjab province of Pakistan.According to area its 3rd largest city of Pakistan,but according to population its on 5th number. It is located in the southern part of the province on the east bank of the Chenab River, more or less in the geographic centre of the country and about 562 km (349 mi) from Islamabad, 356 km (221 mi) from Lahore and 966 km (600 mi) from Karachi. Multan District has a population of 3.1 million (1998).
  Multan is known as the City of Sufis or City of Saints and Madinah-Tul-Awleyah due to the large number of shrines and Sufi saints from the city. According to area its 3rd largest city of Pakistan,but according to population its on 3rd number. The city is full of bazaars, mosques, shrines and ornate tombs. Multan is also the birthplace of Fariduddin Ganjshakar popularly known as Baba Farid who is considered a father of Punjabi language and one of the pioneers in developing Shahmukhī script of Punjabi language which was later adopted by almost all Muslim saints and intellectuals in Punjab region and even in whole of India. Celebrated sufi saint of Punjab and North India Khwaja Ghulam Farid also adopted Shahmukhī script of Punjabi language to convey his teachings.Multan is located in a bend created by five rivers of central Pakistan. The Sutlej River separates it from Bahawalpur and the Chenab River from Muzaffar Garh. The city has grown to become an influential political and economical center for the country, with a dry port and excellent transport links. Multan is famous for its crops: wheat, cotton and sugar cane as well as mangoes, citrus, guavas and pomegranates.
  
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  Narowal
  Narowal (Urdu/Punjabi: نارووال) is a city in the northeast of the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city is the capital of Narowal District and tehsil. It is situated on the banks of Ravi River about 4–5 km from the Indian border.
  There are several theories as to the origin of the name. The most famous of them is that it was named after a Sikh landlord, Naro Singh, who was the owner of the land before the partition of the sub-continent in 1947. The city is situated on the banks of River Ravi, about 4-5 Km from Indian Border and about 50 km away from the Indian occupied Kashmir. It is famous for the production of rice and cereals and for the local dish Dahi Barray.^{[citation needed]}
  About 500 years ago in the era of Sikandar Lodhi in the year 1488, Hindus belonging to the Aror tribe of District Multan embraced Islam in the hands of Habibullah Shah, a saint of the area. Nar Singh of the said tribe met Shah Shamash Tabraiz as per direction of the said saint. Nar Singh wanted to build a new city and requested Shah Shamash Tabraiz to pray for the completion of his desire. Shah Shamash Tabraiz sent his own son along with said Nar Singh towards Narowal. The tribe of said Nar Singh stationed permanently in the vicinity of Narowal. Later on the city gradually came to be known as Narowal. During British rule, Narowal was a town of the Raya Tehsil of Sialkot District; after independence from Britain in 1947 Narowal became tehsil headquarters. In 1991 the district of Sialkot was bifurcated, and Narowal became the capital of the newly formed Narowal District.
  
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  Nepal
  Nepal (नेपाल) (ⁱ/nɛˈpɔːl/ ne-PAWLNepali: नेपाल [neˈpal] ( listen)), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked sovereign state located in South Asia. It is located in the Himalayas and bordered to the north by the People's Republic of China, and to the south, east, and west by the Republic of India. Specifically, the Indian states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, and Sikkim border Nepal, while across the Himalayas lies the Tibetan Autonomous Region. With an area of 147,181 square kilometres (56,827 sq mi) and a population of approximately 27 million (and 2 million absentee workers living abroad), Nepal is the world's 93rd largest country by land mass and the 41st most populous country. Kathmandu is the nation's capital and the country's largest metropolis. Kathmandu Valley itself has estimated population of 5 million.
  Nepal has a rich geography. The mountainous north has eight of the world's ten tallest mountains, including the highest point on Earth, Mount Everest, called Sagarmatha in Nepali. It contains more than 240 peaks over 20,000 ft (6,096 m) above sea level. The fertile and humid south is heavily urbanized.
  
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  Pakistan
  Pakistan (ⁱ/ˈpækɨstæn/ or ⁱ/pɑːkiˈstɑːn/; Urdu: پاکستان) (Urdu pronunciation: [paːkɪˈst̪aːn] ( listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان), is a sovereign country in South Asia. It sits at the crossroads of the strategically important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and north, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and it shares a marine border with Oman.
  The territory of modern Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures, including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and has undergone invasions or settlements by Hindu, Persian, Indo-Greek, Islamic, Turco-Mongol, Afghan and Sikh cultures. Thus the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and India's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of India where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh.
  
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  Pasrur
  Pasrur (Urdu: پسرور) is a city of Sialkot District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is located at 32°16'0N 74°40'0E with an altitude of 238 metres (784 feet). The nearest big cities are Sialkot, Narowal and Gujranwala. The city is the capital of Pasrur Tehsil and is administratively subdivided into two Union councils. </ref>
  Pasrur was originally called Parasrur after Paras Ram, Brahman, to whom the town was assigned by its founder ; it is mentioned by Babar as a halting-place between Sialkot and Kalanaur, and seems to have once been of considerable importance. It possesses a large tank, constructed in the reign of Jahangir. To feed this, Dara Shikoh dug a canal, traces of which are still extant. Nearby are the remains of a bridge built by Shah Daula.The Rajput population and the former Rajput states are found spread through much of the subcontinent, particularly in north, west and central sailkot Punjab.The most populor person of the pasrur was Burhay Khan.It comprises over sixty villages of various clans including RAMKEY,MALOPATAL,BORAYKEY,MALI PUR etc.He was owner 32 squares of areas and Called the Tittle of JATT.Bajwa is the strongest cast of that area. After his death Muhammad Baksh was the owner of this all propertoy.Muhammad Baksh live in Malo pityal and the owner of SUGAR MILL PASRUR.Muhammad baksh had eight(8) Grand sons.Khadam Ali,Rahmat Ali,Murad Ali,Saiid Ali,Maqsood Ali,Mushtaq Ali, hukumat Ali,Shoukat Ali.hukumat Ali and shoukat Ali played Kabaddi well and have played a major part in Punjabi history.After the death of Muhammad Baksh his all property divided into their 8 sons.now the owner of Malo Pityal and the Big person of this village is Shoukat Ali.
  
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  Rajasthan
  Rājasthān /ˈrɑːdʒəstæn/ (Hindustani pronunciation: [raːdʒəsˈt̪ʰaːn] ( listen)) the land of Rajasthanis, ("the land of kings"), is the largest state of the Republic of India by area. It is located in the northwest of India. It encompasses most of the area of the large, inhospitable Great Indian Desert (Thar Desert), which has an edge paralleling the Sutlej-Indus river valley along its border with Pakistan. The state is bordered by Pakistan to the west, Gujarat to the southwest, Madhya Pradesh to the southeast, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana to the northeast and Punjab to the north. Rajasthan covers 10.4% of India, an area of 342,269 square kilometres (132,151 sq mi).
  Jaipur is the capital and the largest city of the state. Geographical features include the Thar Desert along north-western Rajasthan and the termination of the Ghaggar River near the archaeological ruins at Kalibanga of the Indus Valley Civilization, which are the oldest in the Indian subcontinent discovered so far.
  One of the world's oldest mountain ranges, the Aravalli Range, cradles the only hill station of Rajasthan, Mount Abu, famous for Dilwara Temples, a sacred pilgrimage for Jains. Eastern Rajasthan has the world famous Keoladeo National Park near Bharatpur, a World Heritage Site known for its bird life. It also has two national tiger reserves, Ranthambore and Sariska Tiger Reserve, and a famous temple in Khatu, Sikar district, dedicated to Khatu Shyam Ji. Rajasthan was formed on 30 March 1949, when the region known until then as Rajputana, consisting of erstwhile princely states ruled mainly by Rajputs.
  
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  Rawalpindi
  Rawalpindi (Urdu: راولپنڈی,Rāwalpindī), locally known as Pindi, is a city in the Pothohar region of Pakistan near Pakistan's capital city of Islamabad, in the province of Punjab. Rawalpindi is the fourth largest city in Pakistan after Karachi, Lahore and Faisalabad. In the 1950s, Rawalpindi was smaller than Hyderabad and Multan, but the city's economy received a boost during the building of Islamabad (1959–1969), during which time Rawalpindi served as the national capital and its population increased from 180,000 at the time of independence to over 4.5 million in 2007.^{[citation needed]} Rawalpindi is located in the northernmost part of the Punjab province, 275 km (171 mi) to the north-west of Lahore. It is the administrative seat of the Rawalpindi District. The total area of the city is approximately 154 square kilometres (59 sq mi). Rawalpindi is the military headquarters of the Pakistani Armed Forces.
  Rawalpindi, named after Raja Pindi, is a bustling city on the northernmost part of the Punjab province, strategically located between the NWFP and Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Many tourists use the city as a stop before traveling towards the northern areas. Rawalpindi is also a prime destination for the expatriate community of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Numerous shopping bazaars, parks and a cosmopolitan population attract shoppers from all over Pakistan and abroad. The city is home to several industries and factories. Islamabad International Airport is actually located in Rawalpindi and serves both cities.
  
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  Sialkot
  Sialkot (Punjabi, Urdu: سیالکوٹ) is located in Pakistan in the north-east of the Punjab province at the foothills of snow-covered peaks of Kashmir near the Chenab river. It is the capital of Sialkot District. The city is about 125 km (78 mi) north-west of Lahore The recorded history of Sialkot covers thousands of years. Sialkot has, since its foundation, changed hands from Hindu, Buddhist, Persian, Greek, Afghan, Turk, Sikh, Mughal and British rule to that of present-day Pakistan.
  There are various sources tracing the origins of the city of Sialkot but the authenticity of many of these sources varies. Excavations throughout the area have revealed large amounts of Greek coins, ancient Zoroastrian temples and several Buddhist stupas. The antiquities of Sialkot have also been discussed by Sir Alexander Cunningham in his Archaeological Survey Reports, II, 21, 22, and XIV, 44 to 47.
  According to the Greek historical texts, which bring mention of the city of Sialkot dating back to before 327 BC when the city was known as Sagala, it represented the eastern-most outpost and expansion of the Hellenic Empire created by Alexander the Great which has been cross-correlated to ancient Greek maps of the era and several monuments found in the Sialkot District. The Greek historians state that the city was one of the most productive Silk regions of the Achaemenid Empire. Sákala or Sagala was the capital, or one of the capitals, of the Indo-Greek Kingdom which broke-away from the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom during the Euthydemid Dynasty
  
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  Sindh
  Sindh (pronounced [sɪnd̪ʱ]; Sindhi: سنڌ; Urdu: سندھ Indica in Latin, Indus in Greek) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhi people. It is also locally known as the "Mehran" and has been given the title of Bab-ul-Islam (The gateway of Islam). The name of Sindh is derived from the Indus River that separates it from Balochistan and the greater Iranian Plateau. This river was known to the ancient Iranians in Avestan as Indus, in Sanskrit as Sindhu, to Assyrians (as early as the seventh century BC) as Sinda, to the Greeks as Indos, to the Romans as Indus, to the Persians as Ab-e-sind, to the Pashtuns as "Abasind", to the Arabs as Al-Sind, to the Chinese as Sintow, and to the Javanese as the Santri.
  Sindh is bounded to the west by the Indus River and Balochistan, to the north by Punjab, the east by the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan and to the south by the Arabian Sea. The capital of the province is Karachi, Pakistan's largest city and financial hub. Most of the population in the province is Muslim, with sizeable Christian, Zoroastrian and Hindu minorities. The main language spoken is Sindhi by about 40 million people, while there exists a significant Urdu-speaking minority.
  
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  South Africa
  Coordinates: 30°S 25°E / 30°S 25°E / -30; 25
  South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is a country located at the southern tip of Africa. It is divided into nine provinces and has 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of coastline. To the north of the country lie the neighbouring territories of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an enclave surrounded by South African territory.
  South Africa is multi-ethnic and has diverse cultures and languages. Eleven official languages are recognised in the constitution. Two of these languages are of European origin: South African English and Afrikaans, a language which originated mainly from Dutch that is spoken by the majority of white and Coloured South Africans. Though English is commonly used in public and commercial life, it is only the fifth most-spoken home language. All ethnic and language groups have political representation in the country's constitutional democracy comprising a parliamentary republic; unlike most parliamentary republics, the positions of head of state and head of government are merged in a parliament-dependent President.
  
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  Tamil Nadu
  Tamil Nadu /ˈtæmɨl ˈnɑːduː/ (Tamiḻ Nāṭu [t̪amɨɭ naːɖɯ] ( listen)) is one of the 28 states of India. Its capital is Chennai, the largest city. Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by the union territory of Pondicherry, and the states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. It is bound by the Eastern Ghats in the north, the Nilgiri, the Anamalai Hills, and Palakkad on the west, by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Gulf of Mannar, the Palk Strait in the south east, and by the Indian Ocean in the south.
  Tamil Nadu is the eleventh largest state in India by area and the seventh most populous state. It is the fourth largest contributor (as of 2010) to India's GDP and ranks tenth in Human Development Index as of 2006. Tamil Nadu is also the most urbanised state in India. The state has the highest number (10.56%) of business enterprises and stands second in total employment (9.97%) in India, compared to the population share of about 6%.
  The region has been the home of the Tamil people since at least 500 BCE. Its official language Tamil has been in use in inscriptions and literature for over 2000 years. Tamil Nadu is home to many natural resources, Hindu temples of Dravidian architecture, hill stations, beach resorts, multi-religious pilgrimage sites and eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
  
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  Uttar Pradesh
  Uttar Pradesh /ˌʌtər prəˈdɛʃ/, abbreviation U.P. ("Northern Province"; formerly: United Provinces), is a state located in the north western part of India. With a population of over 200 million people, it is India's most populous state, as well as the world's most populous sub-national entity. Were it a nation in its own right, Uttar Pradesh would be the world's fifth most populous country, ahead of Brazil (a country thirty-five times larger in territorial area than Uttar Pradesh). On 9 November 2000, the Himalayan portion of the state, comprising the Garhwal and Kumaon divisions and Haridwar district, was formed into a new state 'Uttaranchal', now called Uttarakhand, meaning the 'Northern Segment' state.
  Uttar Pradesh is the second largest state-economy in India, with a GDP of $103.5 billion in 2009. The annual per capita GDP of the state was $1586 in 2009, on purchasing power parity basis. It contributed 8.34% to India's total GDP in the financial year 2010. Agriculture is a significant part of UP's economy. The state was India's sixth largest producer of fruits, and became the largest producer of vegetables in 2010. With an area of 93,933 sq mi (243,290 km²), Uttar Pradesh covers a large part of the highly fertile and densely populated upper Gangetic plain. It shares an international border with Nepal to the north. Other states along Uttar Pradesh's border include Uttarakhand, Haryana and Delhi to the north and northwest; Rajasthan on the west; Madhya Pradesh on the south; Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand on the south east; and Bihar on the east.
  
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  West Bengal
  West Bengal /bɛŋˈɡɔːl/ (proposed new English name: Paschim Banga) is a state in the eastern region of India and is the nation's fourth-most populous. It is also the seventh-most populous sub-national entity in the world, with over 91 million inhabitants. Covering a total area of 34,267 sq mi (88,750 km²), it is bordered by the countries of Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh, and the Indian states of Orissa, Jharkhand, Bihar, Sikkim, and Assam. The state capital is Kolkata (formerly Calcutta). West Bengal encompasses two broad natural regions: the Gangetic Plain in the south and the sub-Himalayan and Himalayan area in the north.
  In the 3rd century BC, the broader region of Bengal was conquered by the emperor Ashoka. In the 4th century AD, it was absorbed into the Gupta Empire. From the 13th century onward, the region was ruled by several sultans, powerful Hindu states and Baro-Bhuyan landlords, until the beginning of British rule in the 18th century. The British East India Company cemented their hold on the region following the Battle of Plassey in 1757, and the city of Calcutta (now known as Kolkata) served for many years as the capital of British India. The early and prolonged exposure to British administration resulted in expansion of Western education, culminating in development in science, institutional education, and social reforms of the region, including what became known as the Bengal Renaissance. A hotbed of the Indian independence movement through the early 20th century, Bengal was divided in 1947 along religious lines into two separate entities: West Bengal – a state of India – and East Bengal, which initially joined the new nation of Pakistan, before becoming part of modern-day Bangladesh in 1971.
  
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  Aafia Siddiqui
  Aafia Siddiqui (Urdu: عافیہ صدیقی; born March 2, 1972) is an American-educated Pakistani cognitive neuroscientist, related by marriage to terrorist-mastermind Khalid Sheikh Mohammed. Not long after the September 11 attacks, Dr. Siddiqui left the United States for Pakistan in 2002. After the capture of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed in March 2003 in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, by the Inter-Services Intelligence, he has stated he gave names of innocent people under torture to "please his captors" and Siddiqui’s lawyers believe her name was one of these.. After she was named by him, Siddiqui disappeared off the grid for five years. Siddiqui and her children's whereabouts and activities from March 2003 to July 2008 are a matter of dispute. She reappeared in Afghanistan under detention in 2008. Although authorities claimed she was found in possession of bomb-making instructions and materiel (including sodium cyanide) at the time of her arrest in Afghanistan, Dr. Siddiqui would come to be charged, tried and convicted in U.S. federal court not for terrorist-related activities, but instead for assault with intent to murder her U.S. interrogators in Afghanistan - charges that carried a maximum sentence of life in prison. Siddiqui was ultimately sentenced by a United States district court to 86 years in prison in a trial that critics have called "a grave miscarriage of justice".
  
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• Abdul Bari Siddiqui
  Abdul Bari Siddiqui is an Indian politician who is the MLA representing Alinagar Darbhanga.Bihar is a member of the Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) political party and leader of the opposition in the Bihar assembly.
  
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• Abdul Latif Siddiqui
  Abdul Latif Siddiqui is a Bangladeshi politician. He is a Parliament member and the current Jute and Textiles Minister of the Bangladesh Government.
  
  
  
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  Abdul Samad Siddiqui
  Abdul Samad Siddiqui is a prominent educator and former Member of parliament (Rajya Sabha) from Hyderabad - Karnataka region from 1988 till 1994 (Complete term of 6 years) and a leading political figure in the region representing the minorities.
  In Raichur, karnataka he is considered a prominent educator, who has contributed towards the education of the underprivileged of society and minorities with various educational institutes and programs.
  He is famous for success running educational institutions in the community, which have been of great benefit to the community of Raichur.
  Abdul Samad Siddiqui started his political journey with Janata Party which later merged to form Janata Dal a prominent National Party during the 90's. He served as the National General Secretary of the Janata Dal.
  After the Split in the Janata Dal he co-founded the Lok Shakti which once was a prominent State Party in Karnataka, with Ramakrishna Hegde (Former Union Commerce Minister and Karnataka Chief minister) and many prominent Janata Dal leaders. Samad Siddiqui served as the National Vice-President of Lok Shakti from its inception.
  
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• Abdul Wahab Siddiqi
  Hazrat Allama Pir Muhammad Abdul Wahab Siddiqi (ra) (1942–1994) was a Sunni Muslim religious scholar and Sufi Master. He was born in 1942, the third son of Hazrat Allama Pir Muhammad Umar Icharvi, one of Pakistan's leading religious scholars of the time, who held the honorary title of Munazare-Azam (the greatest debater) because of his success in defeating the leaders of rival Islamic sects. Despite being the third son, Hazrat Abdul Wahab was made the head of the branch of the Naqshbandi Sufi order by his father. He founded or co-founded a number of important Islamic Institutions in the UK and established the Hijazi Sufi Order.
  jkl
  Hazrat Abdul Wahab Siddiqi was the founder of the Hijazi Naqshbandiya Sufi Order. Before his death he passed on his position as head of the order to his eldest son. Shaykh Faiz-ul-Aqtab Siddiqi.
  Hazrat Abdul Wahab Siddiqi was one of the founding members of the Muslim Parliament and helped draft the Muslim Manifesto He was the vice-chair of the Muslim Parliament at the time of his death File:Hazrat Sahib with Kalim Siddiqi.jpg
  
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  Abu Bakr
  Abu Bakr (Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa) (Arabic: عبد الله بن أبي قحافة, Transliteration: ʿAbd Allāh ibn Abī Quḥāfah, c. 573 CE - 634 CE) also known as Abū Bakr as-Șiddīq (Arabic: أبو بكر الصديق) was a senior companion (Sahabi) and the father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He ruled over the Rashidun Caliphate from 632–634 CE when he became the first Muslim Caliph following Muhammad's death. As Caliph, Abu Bakr succeeded to the political and administrative functions previously exercised by Muhammad, since the religious function and authority of prophethood ended with Muhammad's death according to Islam. He was called Al-Siddiq (The Truthful) and was known by that title among later generations of Muslims.
  As a young man, Abu Bakr became a cloth merchant and he traveled extensively in Arabia and neighboring lands in the Middle East, through which he gained both wealth and experience. He eventually came to be recognized as the chief of his clan. On his return from a business trip to Yemen, he was informed that in his absence Muhammad had openly declared his prophethood. Not long after, Abu Bakr accepted Islam and was the first person outside the family of Muhammad to openly become a Muslim. He was instrumental in the conversion of many people to the Islamic faith and early in 623, Abu Bakr's daughter Aisha was married to Muhammad, strengthening the ties between the two men.
  
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• Abul Lais Siddiqui
  Abul Lais Siddiqui (Urdu: ابو اللیث صدیقی) is an author, researcher, critic, linguist and scholar of Urdu literature and linguistics from Pakistan.
  He remained associated with the University of Karachi as Professor and Chairman, Department of Urdu. After retirement he devoted his time to writing, guiding research, public speaking and media appearances. He headed the Urdu Lughat Board (The Board for Urdu Dictionary) from 1962 to 1984.
  He earned M.A. and Ph.D degrees in Urdu from the Aligarh Muslim University.
  He has a vast collection of critical and literary writing to his credit.
  
  
  
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• Adnan Siddiqui
  Adnan Siddiqui (Urdu: عدنان صدیقی) is a Pakistan model and television actor who has appeared in many commercials and drama serials, including Mehndi, Meri Zaat Zara-e-Benishan, Doraha, Hawa Rait Aur Aangan and Parsa. Siddiqui first started his filming career in the 1990s; he became notable for being casted in one of the famous travel reality shows of the time Gulls & Guys. In 2002, he was nominated for Best Actor (TV) in the Lux Style Awards. He also played a small role alongside Angelina Jolie in the 2007 film A Mighty Heart, a story based on the kidnapped American journalist Daniel Pearl.
  
  
  
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• Aijaz Siddiqi
  Aijaz (Urdu: اعجاز ) Siddiqi (1911–1978) was a renowned Urdu writer and poet. He was the son of the famous Urdu poet, Seemab Akbarabadi. He was born in Agra, Uttar Pradesh. After having founded Qasr-ul-Adab in 1923, Seemab Akbarabadi had in the year 1930 started publication of a literary journal in Urdu from Agra titled Shair; he was its first editor. A few years later i.e. in 1935, in order to concentrate on the other than more important activities of Qasr-ul- Adab, he had handed over the charge of this magazine to Aijaz Siddiqi who carrying forward the tradition of his father remained its editor till 1978 long after the publication of Shair was shifted from Agra to Mumbai in 1947 and Seemab Akbarabadi had in 1951 died in Karachi. Mahendra Nath, the Urdu short-story writer and younger brother of Krishan Chander had also joined him to compile and edit several special issues of Shair.
  In his dress and appearance Aijaz resembled his father.Presently there exist two collections of his poems – 1) Khawabon ke masiha and 2) Karb e khvud kalami, both published in 1966.
  
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• Ali Khan Asaf Jah II
  Nawab Mir Nizam Ali Khan Siddiqi Bahadur Asaf Jah II (7 March 1734 – 6 August 1803) was the Nizam of Hyderabad State in South India between 1762 and 1803. He was born on March 7, 1734 as fourth son to Asaf Jah I and Umda Begum. His official name is Asaf Jah II, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Nizam 'Ali Khan Siddiqi Bahadur, Fath Jang, Sipah Salar, Nawab Subedar of the Deccan.
  Nizam Ali was appointed as the leading commander and administrator of the Deccan in the year 1759, his successful methods of fighting against the Marathas had earned him much repute as a capable commander. After the Marathas were routed during the Third Battle of Panipat in the year 1761, Nizam Ali and his army of 60,000 immediately advanced and repulsed them as far as Puna and forced Balaji Rao to sue for lasting peace. Nizam Ali then seized the Bidar Fort and later arrested Salabat Jung, this action of Nizam Ali Khan was ratified by the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, who issued a Firman terminating Salabat Jung, from his position as the Subedar of Deccan and appointing Nizam Ali Khan Asaf Jah II as his successor.
  
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• Ali Sheikh Ahmed
  Dr. Ali Sheikh Ahmed (Somali: Cali Sheekh Ahmed, Arabic: علي الشيخ احمد‎) is the founder and president of Mogadishu University, and a noted Islamic scholar.
  Ahmed studied abroad in Saudi Arabia, earning a Bachelor of Arts from the Islamic University of Madinah in Medina in 1977. He followed that three years later with a Master's degree in Arts from the same institution. In 1984, Ahmed also earned a Ph.D. from the university.
  Ahmed has been involved in numerous Islamic and academic initiatives throughout his career. In 1978, he was one of the five founding members of the Islamic peace union Al Islah movement in Somalia.
  Between 1984 and 1993, Ahmed was Professor of History and Islamic Civilization in King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. He later served as Director of the Horn of Africa Center of Journalism and Research in Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia, from 1994 to 1996.
  Between 1994 and 2000, Ahmed also acted as the Vice Chairman and Public Relation Director of the Somali Reconciliation Council based in Mogadishu.
  
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• Ameen Faheem
  
  Makhdoom Muhammad Ameen Faheem (alt. spelling: Amin Fahim) (Sindhi: مخدوم محمد امين فھيم, Urdu: مخدوم محمد امین فہیم, born 4 August, 1939) is a senior member of the ruling Pakistan Peoples Party, where he serves as the senior vice-chairman, and its head in the Parliament. He also holds the cabinet portfolio of Senior Federal Minister for Commerce. Makhdoom Amin Fahim is chairman of the Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians in National Assembly of Pakistan and Parliamentary Leader of his party in National Assembly of Pakistan. He also served as Federal Minister during Benazir Bhutto's tenure. As of 2012, he is Commerce Minister in current coalition government.
  
  
  Makhdoom, was born in Makhdoom family of Hala, which is located 200 km off the southern port city of Karachi, on August 4, 1939. His father, Makhdoom Muhammmad Zaman "Talib-ul-Mola", the spiritual leader of Sarwari Jammat of Pakistan, was one of the founding members of the PPP in 1967. Makhdoom Muhammad Zaman "Talib ul Mola" was a great poet and was elected MNA (Member of National Assembly), from the same area as his son. Makhdoom Muhammad Zaman was also offered many high-ranking posts in the time of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, but he refused and chose to stay in Hala and look after his Sarwari Jamaat.
  
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• Arghons
  The Arghons are a small community of descendants of immigrants from Yarkand and Kashmir that have intermingled with the local Ladakhi community, residing mainly in Leh and Kargil towns of Ladakh in the state of Jammu & Kashmir in India. They are Sunni Muslims.
  They first arrived as traders and merchants from Central Asia and Kashmir in the 17th century and were among the first Muslims to settle in the Buddhist Kingdom. Most were traders but some included religious people. Most central Asian merchants returned home at the end of the caravan season. Those who remained and settled in Ladakh married ladakhis and are now known as Arghons.
  Today they are merchants although some, a very few, have taken to agriculture. Most of them today speak the Ladakhi language but are also conversant in Turkic and Tibetan.
  
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• Asif Azam Siddiqi
  Asif Azam Siddiqi is a Bangladeshi American space historian. He is an associate professor of history at Fordham University. He specializes in the history of science and technology and modern Russian history. He has written several books on the history of space exploration. His most recent book The Rockets' Red Glare: Spaceflight and the Soviet Imagination, 1857-1957 (Cambridge, 2010) recovered the social and cultural roots of cosmic enthusiasm in the Russian context dating back to the 19th century.
  His first book Challenge to Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945-1974 is widely considered to be the best English-language history of the Soviet space program in print and was identified by the Wall Street Journal as "one of the five best books" on space exploration. This book was later published in paperback in two separate volumes, Sputnik and the Soviet Space Challenge and The Soviet Space Race with Apollo.
  Siddiqi's major contribution to space history scholarship has been to apply academic training, theory, and methodology to the study of Soviet space history. Siddiqi utilized newly available archival materials from Russia, published works such as memoirs, and other sources and essentially pioneered Soviet space history scholarship in the post Cold War-era. Even current Russian-based space history tends to rely heavily upon memoirs and as a result Siddiqi is acknowledged by Russian space officials as one of the few people conducting original archival research on the subject worldwide. His articles have been published in the leading Russian space journal Novosti kosmonavtiki (News of Cosmonautics) as well as the official history journal of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Problems in the History of Natural Sciences and Technology). He also regularly publishes pieces in the Moscow English language daily, Moscow Times.
  
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• Asim Siddiqui
  Asim Siddiqui (born 1976 in Kettering) is Chairman and a founding trustee of The City Circle, a network of young British Muslim professionals established in 1999. In addition to running local educational and welfare projects, The City Circle organises weekly public discussion forums providing a grassroots outlet for debate on issues of mutual concern between British Muslim communities and wider society. Asim is responsible for the strategic direction of The City Circle. All of The City Circle projects are committed to inculcating constructive citizenship and building bridges between communities. Its past public debates can be viewed here
  Asim is a member of the International Institute for Strategic Studies and has spoken at numerous think tanks including the Royal United Services Institute, Demos and the Fabian Society. He was appointed to the Iraq Commission by the Foreign Policy Centre. Asim is regularly interviewed by the BBC, Sky news and various radio stations. Asim contributes to The Guardian and New Statesman web blogs. TIME Magazine placed Asim on its front page in 2008 as part of a cover piece on 'Europe's Muslim Success Story.
  
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• Assamese people
  The Assamese people are people of Assam and elsewhere who are associated with the Assamese language. Historically, the definition of the "Assamese people" has remained in flux and this has had strong political repercussions in Assam, especially in the colonial (1826-1947) and post-colonial (after 1947) periods. Attempts in the past to define the Assamese people on linguistic, cultural or ethnic basis have failed.
  The lack of a definition has put stumbling blocks in implementing clause 6 of the Assam Accord, an agreement signed by the activists of the Assam Movement and the Government of India in 1985. Since a legal definition is important to provide "constitutional, legislative and cultural" safeguards to the Assamese people, the Government of Assam had formed a ministerial committee to finalize the definition in March 2007. To address the clause 6 issue AASU had announced a definition on April 10, 2000 which was based on residency with a temporal limit: "All those whose names appeared in the 1951 National Register of Citizens and their progenies should be considered as Assamese".
  
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• Azam Jah
  Azam Jah, Damat Walashan Sahebzada Nawab Sir Mir Himayat Ali Khan Bahadur Bey Effendi (21/22 February 1907 - 9 October 1970) was the eldest son of the seventh and last Nizam of Hyderabad, Mir Osman Ali Khan Asif Jah VII; In 1936 he was given the courtesy title of Prince of Berar, a territory of the Nizam then leased in perpetuity to the British and administered by them.
  Azam Jah married Her Imperial Highness The Princess Hatice Hariye Durr-e-Shevar in Nice on 12 November 1931. Her Imperial Highness was one of the daughters of His Imperial Majesty Caliph Abdul Mejid II, Commander of the Faithful and Succerssor of the Prophet of the Lord of the Universe, Caliph of Islam. Her father was also the cousin and heir of the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. It has been suggested that through this dynastic union of one of the richest ruling Muslim families with the impoverished and exiled Imperial House of Osman (the administrative House of the Caliphs), the seventh nizam of Hyderabad hoped to acquire the Caliphate for his descendants.
  
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• Bakho
  The Bakho are a Muslim community, found in the state of Bihar in India .
  The Bakho are a nomadic community, who are a traditionally associated with singing folk songs. They visit their patrons from other castes on special occasions, such as a birth of a child. The community speak Urdu. Little is known about their origin, but it is likely they are division of the Dom community, which sometime in the distant past converted to Islam. They are found mainly in the districts of Begusarai, Patna, Champaran and Nalanda. The community are strictly endogamous, and are culturally aloof from neighbouring Bihari Muslim communities. they have often been prevented from using Mosques and graveyards frequented by Bihari Muslims.
  
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• Balti people
  The Balti are an ethnic group of Tibetan descent with some Dardic admixture, who live in the Gilgit–Baltistan region of Pakistan. In addition, smaller populations also exist in Ladakh, a region of Jammu & Kashmir, India; others are scattered in Pakistan's major urban centres of Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad/Rawalpindi. The Balti language belongs to the Tibetan language family and is a sub-dialect of Ladakhi. Balti, Ladakhi and Burig are mutually intelligible.
  Modern day Balti people are not all from Tibetan stock. With the passage of time, many other tribes namely, Shins, Yashkuns (Dardic people), Kashmiris (known as Khache in local language), Arabs (mostly Sayeds), Persian (Sufis) and Turks (especially Uygurs from central Asia) made their enroads to Baltistan and gradually merged with the local population. After second or third generation they became Baltis. Today, in Skardu (land of Sakas), the capital of Baltistan region of Pakistan, the most hardened Baltis are outsiders namely Kashmiris or Dard tribes.
  
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• Bekhud Badayuni
  Muhammad Abdul-Hayy Siddiqui (Urdu/Arabic: محمّد عبدالحي صدیقی‎), writing under the pen-name Bekhud Badayuni (Urdu/Persian: بےخود بدایونی), was one of the leading Urdu poets of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
  It is customary for Urdu poets to assume a pen-name (takhallus) that can be employed as a pun in the final couplet of every ghazal, often combined with a second name that denotes the poet's place of origin. In this case, "Bekhud", the pen-name means beside oneself (with joy or grief), out of one's mind; in ecstasy, transported, enraptured, intoxicated; senseless, delirious, commonly used in the context of spiritual ecstasy, and is paired with "Badayuni", which indicates ties to the city of Badayun.
  Bekhud Badayuni's most recent biographer was Asad Ahmad of Aligarh Muslim University's Urdu Department, who drew upon the work of prior biographers, including Hasrat Mohani.
  Bekhud Badayuni was born on September 17, 1857 into Badayun's prominent Siddiqui family, known for its leadership in the areas of Islamic scholarship, mysticism (tasawwuf or "Sufism"), and literary pursuits. He was a descendant of the first Caliph, Abu Bakr; an intermediate ancestor, Hameeduddin Mukhlis, immigrated to Delhi from Iran in the late 13th century during the reign of Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban, and was the brother of Shaikh Saadi Shirazi, one of the seminal and most-quoted poets of Persian literature. Balban appointed Hameeduddin qadi-ul-quddat (literally "judge-of-judges", or Chief Justice) and granted him an extensive landholding in Badayun, at the time one of the key cities of the Delhi Sultanate. It is also reported that Hameeduddin presented Saadi's two major works, Golistan and Bostan, as a gift to Prince Muhammad Shaheed (Balban's favorite son, and patron - along with Balban - of the great poet, musician, and mystic Amir Khusro).
  
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  Bengali people
  The Bengali people are an ethnic community native to the historic region of Bengal (now divided between Bangladesh and India) in South Asia. They speak Bengali (বাংলা Bangla), which is an Indo-Aryan language of the eastern Indian subcontinent, evolved from the Magadhi Prakrit and Sanskrit languages. In their native language, they are referred to as বাঙালী (pronounced Bangali). They primarily belong to Indo-Aryan and Mongolo-Dravidian stock,and are closely related to Austro-Asiatic, Dravidian, Assamese, Sinhalese, Munda, and Tibeto-Burman linguistic/ethnic stocks. As such, Bengalis are a homogeneous but considerably diverse ethnic group with heterogeneous origins. They are the second largest single ethnic group in the world^{[citation needed]}.
  They are mostly concentrated in Bangladesh and the states of West Bengal and Tripura in India. There are also a number of Bengali communities scattered across North-East India, New Delhi, and the Indian states of Assam, Jharkhand, Bihar, Maharastra, Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Orissa. In addition, there are significant Bengali communities beyond South Asia; some of the most well established Bengali communities are in the United Kingdom and United States. Large numbers of Bengalis (mainly from Sylhet) have settled in Britain, mainly living in the East boroughs of London, numbering from around 300,000; in the USA there are about 150,000 living across the country, mainly in New York. There are also millions living across the Gulf States, majority of whom are living as foreign workers. There are also many Bengalis in Pakistan, Malaysia, South Korea, Canada, Japan, Australia and many other countries (see Bangladeshi diaspora).
  
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• Bodla
  Bodla is a surname of a Muslim family which is mostly living in various parts of Pakistan.
  Shaikh Shahabulmulik Quraishi Siddiqui was the first one to whom this surname was given. The word Bodla is derived from the Persian word "Bou-E-Dil" which literally means "Fragrance of heart" but in general word it means "the person who knows feeling of heart".
  The Bodla are a clan of the Shaikh Siddiqui, found in Punjab, Pakistan.
  The Bodla are found in the lower and middle Sutlej valley in Pakistan. They were at one time an entirely pastoral tribe, and are said to have come from Multan through Bahawalpur to Sahiwal. They claim to have originally settled in Multan, at the time of Bahuaudin Zakariya, also a Qureshi by tribe) the famous Sufi saint. From Sahiwal, the Bodla spread to Sirsa, where they occupied the Bahak parganna, as a jagir. Historically, they were found in Firozpur and Sirsa districts in modern day Indian Punjab and Haryana. In what became Pakistani territory, they were found in Sahiwal, Pakpattan and Vehari Shuja Abad, MultanBahawalpur Bahawalnagar districts and Jaranwala Road in Mandi Faiz Abad. The Bodlas of the Punjab in India and Haryana moved to Pakistan, at the time of the partition of India.
  
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  Chaush
  The Chaush are a Sunni Muslim community of Hadhrami Arab descent found in the Deccan region of India. An extension of these Arab descendants are also found in Bosnia & Herzegovina and Montenegro. It is a Turkish word used particularly during the Ottoman era of the Balkans, 'Chaush' or Čauši were military officers generally deputed as palace officers. They have a common origin with the Chavuse community of Gujarat.
  Chaush is a Turkish word meaning military personnel, as many of them served in the armies of the Deccan rulers. They migrated to India in the 18th century, primarily from the Hadhrami people of the Hadhramaut region in Yemen. They have a big community mainly in the Deccan region of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. They have relatives living/working in the Persian Gulf region and many of them still holding Yemeni nationality. They came here in search of work especially from Yemen. They worked here with the Nizam of Hyderabad, serving in the armed forces or police. they have settled well over here and hold the Indian citizenship. They still have maintained the Arab culture in them. Most of them cannot speak Arabic but they still are Arabs. People who have migrated from Jizan(Saudi Arabia), They are the tribe known as Bin Munief Al Nahdi, and many more.
  
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• Dard people
  The Dards (Devanagari: दारद, Perso-Arabic: دارد) are a group of people defined by linguistic similarities, and not a common ethnic origin, predominantly found in Eastern Afghanistan, in the Indian State of Jammu and Kashmir and in the Gilgit-Baltistan region and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The term Dard is due to Herodotus who described a land of the Dardikae in the areas forming Hindu Kush and Karakoram.
  Parpola (1999) identifies "Proto-Dardic" with "Proto-Rigvedic", suggesting that the Dards are the linguistic descendants of the bearers of proto Rigvedic culture ca. 1700 BC, pointing to features in certain Dardic dialects that continue peculiarities of Rigvedic Sanskrit, such as the gerund in -tvī (p. 189).
  Moreover, the Dard people are mentioned in the Vishnu Purana.and in the Mahabharat. also They now occupy the area called Dardu, supposed by Herodotus to be the Dadicæ. As such, during Swati rule, the Dard people were dominantly Hindu and frequent small scale jihad against Dard might have been a routine. Dards of Dras, Gilgit, Skardu, etc., embraced Islam after the Muslim invasion of India during the 14th century A.D. whereas the Dards of Da, Hanu, Bema, Darchik and Garkon did not accept this and gradually later accepted Buddhism.
  
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• Dharhi
  The Dharhi are a Muslim community found in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India.
  Their name is a corruption of the Sanskrit word dhrista, which means impudent. The community are traditionally associated with singing. Like other Muslim groups involved with in singing, there occupation has led to the community evolving a distinct identity from neighbouring Uttar Pradesh Muslims. They are found in Gopamau and Sandhila in Hardoi District, Kakori in Lucknow District and Lakhimpur in Lakhimpur Kheri District. A small number are also found in Raibareli and Faizabad districts. The Dharhi speak the Awadhi dialect.
  The Dharhi are strictly endogamous, and practice consanguineous marriages. They prefer marriages within the lineage, which are known as biradaris. Members of a biradari are supposedly descended from a common male ancestor. There are said to be forty biradaris, the main ones being the Balrampuria, Chaurasiya, Jaunpuriya and Desi. The biradaris get their name from their place of origin.
  The Dharhi are still involved with singing and playing the table for their patron communities. A majority of the community are now daily wage labourers. They live in multi-caste villages, and each settlement has an informal caste council. These caste councils act as an instrument of social control. The Dharhi are Sunni Muslims, although incorporate a number of folk beliefs.
  
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• 
  Farooqi
  Farooqui (Arabic: فاروقي ‎) (also spelt as Farooki,Faroqui, Farooqi, Faruki, Farouki or Faruqi), is a distinctt name or surname or last name.
  The name purportedly signifies ancestry from Hazrat Umar ibn al-Khattāb (Arabic: عمر ابن الخطاب‎), the second Caliph of Islam. Caliph Umar was also titled 'Umar al-Farooq' (the Redeemer).
  Sheikh Ibrahim Bin Adham, who was the great grandson of Umar ibn al-Khattāb, travelled up to modern day Afghanistan in around the 9th century AD
  One of his great grandsons, Farooq Shah Kabuli, was the ruler of Kabul and Ghazni. Farooq Shah's son died fighting Hulagu Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan. The family got uprooted and most moved to the area which is now the modern day Punjab. There, one of the great grandsons Baba Farid made a name as a Sufi Saint and also travelled to Dehli Farooqui's(Ghazi) in India (Meeruth,Doraha,Jhalod,Depalpur,Mungavli). Khawja abu-alfateh Daood Farooqui Qadiri, grandfather of Mai Safoora, who migrated from Levant area to Afghanistan as merchant and later settled in riyasat of Jhang which was under the control of Nawab muzafar khan, governor of riyasat appointed by Ahmed Shah Abdali. The Farooqui clan also moved in under the Ottoman rule during the late 16th century and eventually lost their name under the title of Ghazi. They employed Sipahi under the casted families including Sayyid, Mughal, Qureshi, Shaikh, Pathan, Parmar, Ghori, Rathore, Kokwana, Bhelim, Khokhar and Soomra.
  The name "Farooqi" or "Farooqui" reappeared from time to time as the Nizam family grew too large, as Farooqui was more or less of a title of reference (to Umar ibn al-Khattāb) rather than a Family name until the mid 19th century. They're official residence was Chowmahalla Palace. It later grew to Falaknuma Palace, Bashir Bagh Palace, etc., under the Jah title.
  
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• Fawad Siddiqui
  Fawad Siddiqui is an American actor, improvisational comedian, journalist and cartoonist. He has appeared on the USA Network television show Burn Notice alongside Bruce Campbell and Jeffrey Donovan, in the George Clooney film The Men Who Stare At Goats with Ewan McGregor [1], and in the indie films The Bait and Festival of Lights—starring Jimi Mistry and Aidan Quinn. He also has a role in the upcoming film CO2—starring Charlie Murphy, Mike Tyson and Faizon Love—and currently has a recurring role on the fifth season of the Lifetime Network series Army Wives. He also appeared in the latest season of the FX/The Audience Network series Damages—starring Glenn Close, Rose Byrne and John Goodman--as the shady Afghan information broker Shahbaz Gul opposite Dylan Baker, and in the French comedy Bienvenue à Bord—opposite popular French comedic actors Franck Dubosc and Valerie Lemercier, released in October 2011. He will be featured in the upcoming 2012 indie drama Sunlight Jr., from critically acclaimed director Laurie Collyer, opposite Matt Dillon and Naomi Watts.
  
  wn.com/Fawad_Siddiqui
• Ghayasuddin Siddiqui
  Ghayasuddin Siddiqui (born 1939) is an academic and political activist. He was born in Delhi, India, migrated to Pakistan in late 1947 and moved to the UK in 1964.^{[citation needed]}
  He has been leader of the Muslim Parliament of Great Britain, which he co-founded in 1992^{[citation needed]}, and director of one of the oldest Muslim think-tanks in Britain, the Muslim Institute, which he co-founded in 1973^{[citation needed]}.
  Siddiqui claims to have met Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi (whom he considered "charismatic") and much of the early Jamaat-e-Islami and Muslim Brotherhood leadership.^{[citation needed]} Rejecting their methodologies, he forged a close relationship with Iran and met the more radical Ayatullah Khomeini and other members in the revolutionary Iranian leadership. This explains some reports that the Institute was [1] funded by the Iranian government.
  Siddiqui supported the death sentence placed on Salman Rushdie. In 1998, despite an apparent relaxation of the fatwa against the author, Siddiqui remained a supporter of the decision, criticising the Iranian leadership by saying to the BBC News that it had no authority to revoke the fatwa, and "the position of the Muslim Parliament is independent of what may or may not happen in Tehran".
  
  wn.com/Ghayasuddin_Siddiqui
• Hammad Siddiqi
  Hammad Siddiqi (born July 29, 1979) is a U.S.A based Pakistani economist, banker and social commentator. He is the only son of former Pakistani politician Shahid Aziz Siddiqi and educationist and social worker Shabana Siddiqi. He is the brother of Beenish Mahmood who is a jewellery designer for Tiffany & Co.^{[citation needed]}
  In 1996, he was named in the 100 Best Young Cricketers in Pakistan, which included future stars like Shahid Afridi, Hasan Raza, Bazid Khan and Faisal Iqbal, and was invited to a camp for fast bowlers supervised by former Test bowler Sarfraz Nawaz the same year. Despite showing early promise, he did not continue with Cricket. Siddiqi is part of the new generation of creative and thought provoking Karachiites and was classmates with comedians Kumail Nanjiani, Saad haroon and film maker Sharmeen Obaid-Chinay.
  Born in Karachi, he received a bachelors degree in International Relations and Economics from the University of Cincinnati and a Masters in Developmental Economics from the Ohio State University. He also received a Masters Degree and wrote his doctoral thesis in Urban Planning and Development from the London School of Economics. Hammad Siddiqi served on the campaign staff for Governor George W. Bush during the 2000 Presidential elections.
  
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• Haroon Siddiqui
  Haroon Siddiqui, CM, O.Ont (born June 1, 1942^{[citation needed]}) is an Indo-Canadian newspaper journalist, columnist and a former editor.
  Born in Hyderabad, India, the oldest of six children, to a construction company proprietor, Siddiqui enjoyed what he characterizes as a secure and affectionate, "middle- to upper-class" childhood.
  At Osmania University in Hyderabad he earned degrees in science and journalism. In 1963, he joined the Press Trust of India as a reporter and copy editor. When his father fell ill, Siddiqui briefly left journalism to manage his father's company, which he did until 1967.
  While at the Press Trust he met Roland Michener, then Canada's High Commissioner to India who encouraged him to immigrate to Canada. By 1968 he had taken a job at the Brandon Sun in Brandon, Manitoba, reporting on municipal and provincial politics from 1968 to 1978.
  In 1978, he joined the Toronto Star, becoming foreign affairs analyst in 1979, news editor in 1982 and national editor in 1985. From 1985 to 1990, Siddiqui was National Editor, responsible for coverage of federal and provincial affairs.
  
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• 
  Hyderabadi Muslims
  Hyderabadi Muslims are a community of Urdu-speaking Muslims from the area that used to be the princely state of Hyderabad, India. With its origins in the Muslim Bahmani Sultanate and then Deccan sultanates, the culture became defined in the latter half of the reign of the Nizam dynasty in Hyderabad. The culture exists today in Hyderabad and among the Hyderabadi Muslim diaspora around the world, in particular, Pakistan,Saudi Arabia, the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, USA, Canada and the United Kingdom.
  The Deccan plateau acted as a bulwark sheltering South India from the invasions and political turmoil that affected North India. This allowed the Muslim-ruled state of Hyderabad to develop a distinctive culture during the Qutb Shahi dynasty, Mughal Aurangzeb and later the Asaf Jahi dynasty of the Nizams.
  According to Time, the seventh Nizam was the richest man in the world during the late 1940s.
  The Nizam was the Muslim ruler of the vast princely Hyderabad State. The capital city of Hyderabad was primarily Urdu-speaking Muslim until the Incorporation of Hyderabad into India and the subsequent rise to dominance of Telugu-speaking people of Andhra. The state's economy was agrarian, and Hyderabad was primarily a government and administrative hub, run mostly (but far from exclusively) by Muslims. The aristocracy, jagirdars and deshmukhs (wealthy landowners), and even minor government officials, could afford to hire servants, usually also Muslims, in a social order similar to the class system of Victorian England. The Nizam allied himself with the British early on, with ensuing political stability. The Muslim upper and middle classes were free to concentrate on a care-free and leisurely lifestyle involving clothes, jewelry, food, music, literary arts, and other indulgences, little of which trickled down to the servant class, known as naukar (a word originally used for the Mughal Emperor Babur's closest feudal retainers).
  
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• Imran Siddiqi
  Imran Siddiqi (born 7 September 1957) is an Indian botanist. Currently, he is a group leader at Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB) and heads a research group.
  In 1981, Mr. Siddiqi completed his Master of Science in Chemistry from Indian Institute of Technology Bombay.
  Afterwards, his research, under the guidance of Prof. Franklin Stahl, focused on genetic recombination in bacteriophage, which was the topic of his dissertation. He was awarded the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by the University of Oregon in 1989.
  Dr. Siddiqi's post doctoral work was carried out in Indian Institute of Science, situated in Bangalore.
  Dr. Imran Siddiqi's research is predominantly in the areas of genetics, plant development and genetic recombination. His research has shown a lot of promise and progress in the areas of meiosis, gametogenesis and apomixis (asexual reproduction) in plants. The fact that the seeds of high-yielding hybrid plants often fail to produce the same beneficial traits of the parent plants has been a limiting factor in revolutionizing agriculture, as it inhibits the hybrid traits from propogating through seeds. Major advances in these areas will help in the development of new plant breeding techniques, which will produce exact genetic clones of hybrid plants by engineering apomixis and will have a major impact in agriculture in developing countries.
  
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• Iqbal Siddiqui
  Iqbal Siddiqui  pronunciation (help·info) (born December 26, 1974 in Aurangabad) is an Indian cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-fast bowler. Having made his debut for Maharashtra in the 1992-93 Ranji Trophy, Siddiqui's frame generates a considerable amount of pace. In spite of his low first-class batting average, he has also once scored a first class century.
  He played one Test in 2001, against England. England had gained a meager 5 run lead at the start of India's second innings. Captain Saurav Ganguly sent Siddiqui in to bat, even though his regular position was in the tail, and he hit the winning runs in his only ever Test match to date.
  Despite having played only one Test, Iqbal Siddiqui is the only Indian other than Manoj Prabhakar till date to open both the bowling and batting on debut, in Test matches.
  In the 2006 cricket season he played for Sevenoaks Vine in the Kent cricket league.
  
  
  
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• Iraqi biradri
  The word Birâdrî (Persian: برادري) means Brotherhood originating from the word Birâdar meaning "Brother" in Persian. In Pakistan, India and Bangladesh it is used to denote a number of social strata among Muslims.
  The taxonomy “Iraqi Biradri” (Hindi: इराक़ी बिरादरी, Urdu: عراقی برادری) does not refer to a group presently living in Iraq, but is a reference to an ethnic group in Pakistan and India.
  Most of the Iraqi Biradri speak Urdu though the more highly educated also speak Persian and some more religious oriented families also speak Arabic.
  The Iraqi Biradri are Sunni Muslims.
  The name "Iraqi" is an ethnonym. In Persian, and Urdu, the terminal 'i' is what is called in Arabic morphology "yâ' an-nisba" (ياء النسبة) meaning "the letter yâ of association". Though most Iraqis of the Subcontinent speak Urdu, gravestones from as far back as the 1800's found as far east as Uttar Pradesh and Bihar are branded with both Persian and liturgical Arabic. Though they are very few, some genetic tests have substantiated their Iraqi ancestry by yielding Haplogroups found primarily in Iran and Iraq. File:Iraqui.jpg File:Iraqui.jpg
  
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• Javed Siddiqui
  Javed Siddiqui (Hindi: जावेद सिद्दीकी) is a Hindi and Urdu screenwriter, dialogue writer and playwright from India. He has written over 50 storylines, screenplays and dialogues.
  During his career, Siddiqui has collaborated with some of India's most prominent filmmakers, from independent directors like Satyajit Ray and Shyam Benegal to commercial directors like Yash Chopra and Subhash Ghai, he became an integral part of Indian cinema, in both commercial and art cinema fields.
  Siddiqui has won two Filmfare Awards, two Star Screen Awards and one BFJA Award. Recently, he announced his association with Tumbhi where he would review artists and their artwork.(2010).
  After having graduated in Urdu Literature from Rampur, Javed Siddiqui migrated to Bombay (now Mumbai) in 1959, working as a professional journalist for various Urdu dailies like Khilafat Daily and Inquilaab. Soon after that, he went on to lead his own newspaper, Urdu reporter.
  He started his career, as a dialogue writer in Satyajit Ray's Shatranj Ke Khiladi in 1977.
  
  wn.com/Javed_Siddiqui
• Jawed Siddiqi
  Jawed Siddiqi FBCS is a Pakistani British computer scientist and software engineer. He is the Professor of Software Engineering at Sheffield Hallam University, England.
  Siddiqi received a BSc degree in mathematics from the University of London, followed by an MSc and PhD in computer science at the University of Aston, Birmingham. During 1991–1993, he was a visiting researcher at the Centre for Requirements and Foundation at the Oxford University Computing Laboratory, working with Prof. Joseph Goguen in the area of requirements engineering. Siddiqi has been involved with the BCS Formal Aspects of Computing Science (FACS) Specialist Group for many years. Currently he is Chair of the group. Prof. Siddiqi is also an executive member of the IEEE Technical Council on Software Engineering (TCSE). Siddiqi is a British computer scientist, Fellow of the British Computer Society, a Member of the IEEE, and a Member of the ACM. He is a co-editor of Formal Methods: State of the Art and New Directions.
  
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• Kakori Shaikh
  The Kakorvi Shaikhs are a Muslim community found in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India. They are also found in the province of Sindh in Pakistan, particularly the city of Karachi.
  The town of Kakori in Lucknow district is home to a number of Alavi and Abbasi families, and word Kakorvi Shaikh literally means the Shaikhs of the town of Kakori. The term Shaikh (Arabic: شيخ‎, shaykh; pl. شيوخ‎ shuyūkh), is a word or honorific term in the Arabic language that literally means "elder." It is commonly used to designate an elder of a tribe, a revered wise man, or an Islamic scholar. In India, the Shaikh title is used by the descendants of Arab and other Muslim immigrants who settled in South Asia, and signifies Arab descent. From the beginning of Muslim rule in South Asia in 713 AD, technocrats, bureaucrats, soldiers, traders, scientists, architects, teachers, theologians and Sufis flocked from the rest of the Muslim world, to the Islamic Sultanate in South Asia and settled permanently. The descendents of these Arabs usually use the title of Shaikh. These Shaikh family often claim descent from the early Caliphs of Islam.
  
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• Kalim Siddiqui
  Kalim Siddiqui, Ph.D. (September 15, 1931 – April 18, 1996) was an Indian British writer and Islamic activist.
  Siddiqui was born in the village of Dondi Lohara, CP, British India on September 15, 1931. He became increasing involved in politics as a teenager, when during a small demonstration close to his home town a bullet fired by a British soldier barely missed him, killing the youth behind him. After the creation of the state of Pakistan he briefly joined the Khilafat Movement in Karachi and became the editor of its newspaper, The Independent Leader. Along with other members of the movement, he moved to London in the early 1950s. In the mid 1960s he put himself through college and university, taking a degree in Economics and then, in 1972, a PhD in International Relations from University College, London. He founded the Muslim Institute for Research and Planning in London in 1972 and campaigned through his writings for political Islam.
  He publicly declared his support for the Iranian Revolution of 1979, and was later a defender of Ayatullah Khomeini's fatwa against Salman Rushdie.^{[citation needed]}
  
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• Kamal Siddiqi
  Kamal Siddiqi is a journalist of Pakistan. He is currently the editor of the Express Tribune, a local affiliate with the International Herald Tribune. He was previously the Editor Reporting at The News based in Karachi. He is a political analyst and acclaimed as an expert on war in Afghanistan and the problem of Talibans.
  Siddiqi was born in Karachi, Pakistan. Soon after he was born, his family moved to Nigeria.
  Before The News, he worked for the Dawn newspaper. Also he freelanced for the ABC of Australia. He worked as a lecturer in journalism at the Gippsland Campus of Monash University in Australia. He earned a master’s degree at Karachi University.
  In 1994, Mr. Siddiqi was awarded the Britannia Scholarship during which he completed a master’s of science degree in media studies from the London School of Economics. He has also taught at the Karachi University.
  He is a veteran critic of US Foreign Policy.
  
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• Kamal Uddin Siddiqui
  Working as faculty at the Monash University,Kamal Uddin Siddiqui, (Bengali: কামাল উদ্দিন সিদ্দিকী) popularly known as Kamal Siddiqui, is an economist and social scientist from Bangladesh.
  In 1971, he participated in the Liberation War of Bangladesh. A career civil servant by profession, he served as the Principal Secretary to the government of Bangladesh until 2006. He was nominated by Bangladesh for election to the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, and served from 2005-09. He was until 2006 Chief Editor of the Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh, the first volumes of which were published in 2008 by Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
  Bangladesh's war of liberation commenced on 25 March 1971. At that time Kamal Siddiqui was serving as the Sub-Divisional Officer (SDO) of Norail. He quit his job and walked to India to participate in the war of liberation. He took arms in hand and participated in battles with occupational Pakistan army. After the establishment of Bangladesh on 16 December 1971, he returned home and was appointed as the Deputy Commissioner (DC) and District Magistrate of the Khulna district.
  
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• 
  Kashif Siddiqi
  Kashif Mumtaz Siddiqi (Urdu: کاشف صدیق; born 25 January 1986) is an English-born Pakistani footballer, who has played at both professional and international levels as a defender. He is currently a free agent.
  After playing youth football with various teams in England, Siddiqi moved to the United States on a scholarship to play college soccer, before spending two seasons in the USL PDL, before moving to the Middle East to play. Siddiqi, a British Asian of Pakistani descent, was eligible to represent Pakistan at international level due to his father, and he has played for Pakistan at senior international level.
  In 2011, Siddiqi founded the Kashif Siddiqi Foundation, which aims to encourage young British Asians into the game.
  Siddiqi is also a sport commercial model.
  Kashif Mumtaz Siddiqi was born in Hammersmith.
  In January 2012, Siddiqi was invited to the inaugural Asian Football Awards at Wembley Stadium, where he handed out the award for Young Asian Player of the Year to Danny Batth.
  In April 2012, Siddiqi was made an official ambassador for Chelsea's "Search for an Asian Star" campaign 2012, along with player Florent Malouda and Bhangra musicians Jaz Dhami and H Dhami.
  
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• 
  Kashmiri people
  The Kashmiri people (Kashmiri: کٲشُر) are a Dardic linguistic group living in or originating from the former Indian state of Kashmir. That former state is presently disputed territory, comprising the Indian-administered state of Jammu and Kashmir, the Pakistani-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan, and the People's Republic of China-administered regions of Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract.
  According to language research conducted by the International Institute of UCLA, the Kashmiri language is "a Northwestern Dardic language of the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-Iranian subfamily of the Indo-European language family." There is, however, no universally agreed genetic basis for the language. UCLA estimates the number of speakers as being around 4.4 million, with a preponderance in the Kashmir Valley, whereas the 2001 census of India recorded 5,362,349 throughout India, and thus excluding speakers in the non-Indian Kashmiri areas.
  Horace Hayman Wilson, who died in 1860, noted that the recorded history of Kashmir commences with the Kurukshetra War, which is believed to date variously from 6000BCE to 500BCE.
  
  wn.com/Kashmiri_people
• Kazi Zainul Abedin
  Kazi Mohammed Zainul Abedin (Urdu: قاضى ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺯﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺪﻳﻦ) (December 8, 1892 — May 23, 1962) was a famous Urdu poet and a very senior officer in the government of the Nizam of Hyderabad. He was also the last Kazi of Udgir under the Hyderabad State.
  Kazi Zainul Abedin was born in Parbhani on December 8, 1892. He was the only son of Kazi Mohammed Badruddin Hussain and Rahimunnisa Begam.
  His lineage traces back to the first Caliph Abu Bakr. He was also a direct descendent of the famous Sufi Baha-ud-din Zakariya Multani (1160-1267). One of the great-grandsons of Baha-ud-din Zakariya Multani, i.e. Shaykh Nizamuddin moved to the Deccan in South India during the reign of Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq around the year 1343. Subsequently, this branch of the family settled down in Hyderabad for over six centuries.
  Kazi Zainul Abedin’s ancestors were given the title of "Kazi", i.e. judge and administrators of the various towns that were located west of the city of Hyderabad - like Qandahar, Udgir, Parbhani, etc. He was the last of the series of Kazis of Udgir in District Bidar, Hyderabad State.
  
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• Lodha Muslims
  The Lodha Muslim are a tribal or Adivasi community found in the state of West Bengal in India. They are Muslim converts from the Hindu Lodha tribe.
  The exact circumstances of the conversion of the Lodha Muslims to Islam remains shrouded in mystery, but the conversion process was gradual, and the community still preserve many of their pre-Islamic customs. They are found mainly in the Midnapore District, in particular in the villages of Madhya Hingli, Uttar Rani Chak, Gamatub, Maniktala, Laldighi, Chapbasan, Sodhpur and Piyada. .
  The traditional occupation of the Lodha was hunting and gathering, in particular catching of snakes and toads, and then selling their skins. They are no longer hunters and gatherers, and community has now taken up the occupation as locksmiths. A small number are also marginal farmers, but their holdings are incredibly small. The bulk of the community are now wage labourers, with a steady immigration to the city of Kolkata.
  The Lodha are strictly endogamous community, and prefer to marry close kin. They are residentially segregated, live in their own quarters within the villages they reside. Each settlement contains a jati panchayat or caste council, which maintains social control, and resolves any intra community dispute. The community are Sunni Muslims and have customs similar to other Bengali Muslims.
  
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• Madari
  
  The Madari are a Muslim community found in North India. They are a community of Muslim Faqirs.
  The Madari are followers of a celebrated Sufi saint Zinda Shah of Makanpur in Awadh. His real name was Bazi ul din Shah and was born in Aleppo in Syria. The saint is said to still alive, hence his nickname of Zinda Shah or the living king. According to their traditions, Zinda Shah left Syria some thousand years ago, and settled in the village of Makanpur, after expelling a demon. The Madari were originally an order of faqirs, and were considered beshara, or those who did not follow the shariah law. Over time the followers of the pir have evolved into a distinct community. The community is found mainly in the states of Haryana, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. Many people moved to Pakistan at the time of partition of India.
  However, other sources including the sajjad-nasheen, physical and spiritual descendants of Zinda Shah, claim that Zinda Shah of Makanpur was a Syed, descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Imtiaz Ahmed mentions reasons in his book Lived Islam in South Asia: adaptation, accommodation, and conflict the reason why some orientalists have claimed Zinda Shah to be a Jewish convert and why his Sufi Order has been considered non-Islamic by the orientalists.
  
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• 
  Mappila
  Mappila (Malayalam: മാപ്പിള Māppiḷa, alternatively Mopla, Moplah) refers to the largest Muslim community in Kerala state, India primarily distributed in the northern region called Malabar, which arose as a result of the pre and post Islamic Arab contacts.
  Muslims of Kerala, of which Mappilas constitute a majority, also make up the largest community in Kerala state, 24.70% of the population. As a religious group they are the second largest after Hindus (56%). They share the common language called Malayalam with the other inhabitants of Kerala. Islam reached Malabar Coast as early as 7th century AD and was assimilated with the culture and traditions of the local people. Over the centuries, the strong relations of the Mappilas with the traders from Arabia have created a profound impact on their life and culture. This has resulted in the formation of a unique tradition in literature, art, music, and history of the Mappilas. They form an integral part of the unique blend of the culture of the Malayalam language speaking population. Most of the Mappilas follow Shafi`i School, while a large minority follow movements arose within Sunni Islam.
  
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  Marathi people
  The Marathi people or Maharashtrians (Marathi: मराठी माणसं or महाराष्ट्रीय) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group, that inhabit the Maharashtra region and state of western India. Their language Marathi is part of the southern group of Indo-Aryan languages. Although their history goes back more than a millennium, the community came to prominence when Maratha warriors under Shivaji established the Maratha Empire in 1674. If regarded as a single ethnic group, the Marathi constitute the 17th largest ethnic group.
  The term 'Marathi people' is derived from the language commonly spoken by this ethnicity, i.e. Marathi.
  The term Maratha or its plural Marathe was used between the 17th and 19th centuries, coinciding with the existence of the Maratha Empire. However, at the beginning of 20th century, due to the efforts of Shahu Maharaj of Kolhapur, the peasant Indo-Aryan Kshatriya Marathi class called Kunbi started using the word Maratha to describe themselves. The current usage of the term Maratha applies mainly to the former Indo-Aryan Kshatriya Kunbi caste as well as the 96 clan upper caste Maratha group and not to the wider Marathi community.
  
  wn.com/Marathi_people
• Memon people
  Memons (Gujarati: મેમણ; Sindhi: ميمڻ; Urdu: میمن; Hindi: मेमन) are a caste who trace their roots largely to Sindh, Kutch and Kathiawar in South Asia, and are sometimes seen as transitional between the three regions. Memons predominantly adhere to Sunni Islam . Historically Memons are a mercantile community (and are generally referred to as a business community in Pakistan and India).
  Traditionally, the name Memon is an adaptation of Momin (Arabic: مومن‎) meaning faithful. This was used when this community converted to Islam. They are now predominantly Hanafi Sunni Muslims. They follow Sun-nah and hadeeth of Muhammad, considered by them to be the last prophet of God "Allah" (Offers five time prayers and recites Qur'an, . And adherent of Islam.
  More than one hypothesis has been forwarded about the origins of the Memon community. One of the main schools of thought is that they are of the lohana caste. These hypotheses, although similar, differ in their details. This could be because Memons have had to rely on oral history in order to determine their origins.
  
  wn.com/Memon_people
• Mirasi
  The Mirasi (Hindi: मीरासी, Urdu: میراثی) are a Muslim or Sikh caste, found in Northern India and Pakistan. They are also known as Pakhwaji, Kalawart and Qawwal. The Mirasi community are the genealogists of a number of communities in Northern India and Pakistan. Most Mirasis are Muslim, but Rababi and Dhadi sub-groups are entirely Sikh. Their preferred self-designation in Pakistan is now Qureshi.
  Included within the name Mirasi are a number of sub-groups, each with their own history and origin myths. Some Mirasi groups are Muslim converts from the Hindu Dom caste, while others claim to have originally belonged to the Hindu Charan community. They are said to have converted to Islam at the hands of Amir Khusro, the 11th Century Sufi poet. The word mirasi is derived from the Arabic word miras, which means inheritance or sometimes heritage. They are the heredity genealogists of many communities in North India, and as such the keepers of the heritage or Mirasi. The North Indian Mirasi are divided into five main sub-groups, the Abbal, Posla, Bet, Kattu and Kalet. In customs, they are similar to the Muslim Raibhat, another community of genealogists. Also related to the Mirasi are the Kingharia, another community that once employed as musicians and entertainers.
  
  wn.com/Mirasi
• Mirshikar
  The Mirshikar are a Muslim community, found in North India . They are also known as Chirimar.
  The word Mirshikar is a combination of two Urdu words, mir meaning lord and shikar meaning a hunt, and their name means a leader of a hunting party. They were a community who were employed as trekkers by the various rulers of north and central Bihar. They were initially settled in Bihar by the rulers of Dumraon in the 18th Century. The Mirshikar speak a dialect which is a combination of Urdu, Hindi and Maithili.
  The Mirshikar are scattered are all over Bihar. They are an endogamous community, marrying close kin. The community is still involved in the trapping of birds and animals such as porcupines. However, the majority are landless agricultural labourers. There has also been a steady emigration of the Mirshikar to Kolkata, where many are now found. A few are also involved in the manufacture of bamboos flute. They are an extremely marginalized community, with a poor literacy rates. The Mirshikar are Sunni Muslims, and are fairly orthodox.
  
  wn.com/Mirshikar
• Mohammed Hussein Ali
  Major General Mohammed Hussein Ali (Somali: Maxamed Xuuseeyn Cali, Arabic: محمد حسين علي‎) (born in 1956 in Eldoret) is an ethnic Somali military commander. He was the former Commissioner of the Kenya Police, and is currently Chief Executive of the Postal Corporation of Kenya.
  Ali is a member of the Sheekhaal Somali clan. He was born in 1956 in Eldoret, and went to Uasin Gishu School and then to Kolanya Boys High School in Busia District. He dropped out of high school after the death of his father to take care of his four younger siblings.
  In 1977, Ali joined the Kenyan Army. He was eventually promoted to Brigadier in 2003 and to Major General in 2005. During his military career, he served as a military attaché in Zimbabwe and Uganda, and was commanding officer of the Western Brigade of the Kenya Army Paratrooper Battalion, as well as the Air Cavalry regiment in Embakasi. He is also a former chairman of the Ulinzi Stars football club.
  Ali was appointed to the position of Commissioner of the Kenya Police in 2004 by incumbent President of Kenya, Mwai Kibaki, whilst then holding the rank of Brigadier in the Kenya Army. Ali was the first Police Commander to assume office from a post outside the police force.
  
  wn.com/Mohammed_Hussein_Ali
• Mona Siddiqui
  Mona Siddiqui OBE (born 1963) is a British Muslim academic. She is Professor of Islamic Studies and Public Understanding at the University of Glasgow, as well as the Director of its Centre for the Study of Islam, and is a member of the Commission on Scottish Devolution.
  She is also a regular contributor to Thought for the Day and Sunday on BBC Radio 4, and to The Times, The Scotsman, The Guardian, Sunday Herald and (since February 2007, as its first regular Muslim columnist) The Tablet.
  Siddiqui was born in Karachi, Pakistan in 1963. Her parents were religious and the family prayed and read the Qur'an together. The family moved from Pakistan to England in 1968. Her father was a psychiatrist and moved to England to carry out post-graduate work in Cambridge, and his work eventually took the family to Huddersfield when he gained a substantive job there. The family lived in four successive houses in Huddersfield, moving partly because the family expanded from four to six, and finally into a 1930s detached house in a relatively prosperous area near the town centre. The household was very literary and there were many books in the house. Siddiqui became closest to her sister about seven years younger than herself. Urdu was generally spoken at home, and so the children became bilingual. Her father also spoke Arabic and worked in Saudi Arabia for a few years, where he was visited by Siddiqui at the age of about 18 years together with her sister.
  
  wn.com/Mona_Siddiqui
• 
  Muhammad
  Muhammad (c. 26 April 570 – 8 June 632; also transliterated as Mohammad, Mohammed, or Muhammed; Arabic: محمد‎), full name: Muhammad Ibn `Abd Allāh Ibn `Abd al-Muttalib (Arabic: محمد بن عبدالله بن عبد المطلب ‎) was a leader from Mecca who unified the tribes of Arabia into a single religious polity under Islam. He is believed by Muslims and Bahá'ís to be a messenger and prophet of God. Muslims believe that Islam was not his own invention but was revealed by God, and most consider him to be the last prophet of God Muslims thus consider him the restorer of an uncorrupted original monotheistic faith (islām) of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and other prophets.
  Born in 570 CE in the Arabian city of Mecca, he was orphaned at an early age and brought up under the care of his uncle Abu Talib. He later worked mostly as a merchant, as well as a shepherd, and was first married by age 25. Being in the habit of periodically retreating to a cave in the surrounding mountains for several nights of meditation and prayer, he later reported that it was there, at age 40, that he received his first revelation from God. Three years after this event Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "surrender" to Him (lit. islām) is the only way (dīn) acceptable to God, and that he himself was a prophet and messenger of God, in the same vein as other Islamic prophets.
  
  wn.com/Muhammad
• 
  Muhammad bin Qasim
  Muhammad bin Qasim Al-Thaqafi (Arabic: محمد بن قاسم‎) (c. 31 December 695–18 July 715) was a Umayyad general who, at the age of 17, began the conquest of the Sindh and Punjab regions along the Indus River (now a part of Pakistan) for the Umayyad Caliphate. He was born & raised in the city of Taif (in modern day Saudi Arabia). Qasim's conquest of Sindh and Punjab laid the foundations of Islamic rule in the Indian subcontinent.
  A member of the Thaqeef tribe, which is still settled in and around the city of Taif ( a city in modern day Saudi Arabia) to this very day, Muhammad bin Qasim's father was Qasim bin Yusuf^{[citation needed]} who died when Muhammad bin Qasim was young, leaving his mother in charge of his education. Umayyad governor Al-Hajjaj Ibn Yusuf Al-Thaqafi, Muhammad bin Qasim's paternal uncle, was instrumental in teaching Muhammad bin Qasim about warfare and governance. Muhammad bin Qasim married his cousin Zubaidah, Hajjaj's daughter, shortly before going to Sindh. Another paternal uncle of Muhammad bin Qasim was Muhammad bin Yusuf, governor of Yemen.^{[citation needed]} Under Hajjaj's patronage, Muhammad bin Qasim was made governor of Persia, where he succeeded in putting down a rebellion.^{[citation needed]}
  
  wn.com/Muhammad_bin_Qasim
• 
  Muhammad bin Tughluq
  Muhammad ibn Tughluq (Arabic: محمد بن تغلق‎) (also Prince Fakhr Malik, Jauna Khan and Ulugh Khan) (c.1300 – March 20, 1351) was the Turkic Sultan of Delhi from 1325 to 1351. He was the eldest son of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq. He was born in Kotla Tolay Khan in Multan. His wife was the daughter of the raja of Dipalpur. Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq sent the young Muhammad to the Deccan to campaign against king Prataparudra of the Kakatiya dynasty whose capital was at Warangal. Muhammad succeeded to the Delhi throne upon his father's death in 1325. He in turn was succeeded by his nephew Firuz Shah Tughluq.
  Muhammad Tughlug was a scholar versed in logic, philosophy, mathematics, astronomy and physical sciences. He had knowledge of medicine and was skillful in dialectics. He was also a calligrapher. He was well versed with several languages like Persian, Arabic, Turkish and even Sanskrit. Ibn Battuta, a Moroccan traveler, visited him during his reign. He introduced some remarkable administrative measures which although failed but very distinct and exemplary in nature.
  
  wn.com/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq
• 
  Mukarram Jah
  Barkat Ali Khan Mukarram Jah Asaf Jah VIII, Beyefendi (b. 6 October 1933 at the Hilafet Palace, Nice, France), less formally known as Mukarram Jah, has been the titular Nizam of Hyderabad since the death of his grandfather in 1967. His full official regnal title is His Exalted and Imperial Highness Rustam-i-Dauran, Arustu-i-Zaman, Wal Mamaluk, Asaf Jah VIII, Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Barakat ’Ali Khan Bahadur, Sipah Salar, Fatah Jang, Nizam of Hyderabad and Berar, Imperial Prince of the Ottoman Empire and Honorable Lieutenant-General.
  Mukarram Jah was born to Azam Jah and Durru Shehvar and the grandson of Osman Ali Khan, the last reigning Nizam of Hyderabad state, and also the grandson of the last Ottoman Caliph, His Imperial Majesty Caliph ‘Abdu’l-Mijid II.
  Jah was educated at The Doon School and then in England at Harrow School, Cambridge, the London School of Economics and Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.
  Mukarram Jah enjoyed a close relationship with India's first Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru who reportedly wanted him to become his personal envoy or the country's ambassador, particularly to the Muslim countries. His two main palaces in Hyderabad - Chowmahalla and Falaknuma - have recently been restored and are accessible to the public, the former as a museum highlighting the Nizam era and the latter as a luxury hotel opened in February 2010 after renovating and restoring for about ten years (under lease to the Taj Group).
  
  wn.com/Mukarram_Jah
• Muslim Raj Gond
  The Muslim Raj Gond are a small Muslim community found mainly in the city of Nagpur in Maharashtra in India. A small number are also found in the state of Madhya Pradesh. They are also known as the Dao Muslim Jamat. The community are Muslim converts from the Gond community.
  The Dao Jamat are drawn from the largest tribal grouping in India, the Gond. They are descended from the family and close kinsmen of Gond chief who converted to Islam about three hundred years ago. The community descend from Raja Bhagtu Shah, the ruler of the state of Deogarh, who converted to Islam. He took the Muslim name Shaikh Bakht Buland Goindi. The principality was taken over by the Bhonsle Marathas in the 18th Century.
  The Muslim Raj Gond are found mainly in the city of Nagpur, living mainly in the Dao Mandi area. In addition, they are also found in the village Matkajheri in Nagpur District. They are also found in the districts of Hoshangabad, Betul, Balaghat, Seoni, and Raisen. The community is endogamous, although there are cases of marriage with the Mughal, Shaikh and Momin Ansari communities. They are now called Mughal Goindis or Shaikh Goindis. They have also given up the historic practice of clan exogamy. Like other Muslim communities in Maharashtra, they have come under the influence of the Tableeghi Jamat. There has also been a movement towards adoption of Urdu, and the use of the Gondi language has almost disappeared.
  
  wn.com/Muslim_Raj_Gond
• 
  Muzaffar Jung
  Mir Hidayat Muhi-ud-din Sa'adullah Khan was the ruler of Hyderabad briefly, from 1750 to his death in battle in 1751. He was born to Nawab Talib Muhi ud-din Mutawassil Khan Bahadur who was the Naib Subahdar (Deputy Governor) of Bijapur and his wife Sahibzadi Khair-un-nisa Begum who was the daughter of Nizam-ul-Mulk. He was also given a very pompous title like his predecessor and rival Nasir Jung; it was Nawab Khan Bahadur, Muzaffar Jung, Nawab Subadar of the Deccan.But he became famously known as Muzaffar Jung.
  Initially, he was appointed to an Imperial mansab of 3,000 zat and 2,000 sowar and later promoted to 4,000 zat on his appointment to Bijapur. He was Subadar of Bijapur after the death of his father. When his grandfather Nizam-ul-Mulk died in 1748, he decided to stake his claim to the throne in opposition to his uncle, Nasir Jung. This resulted in the first major direct involvement of the Europeans in Indian domestic politics. He joined hands with his Carnatic ally Chanda Sahib and the French while Nasir Jung joined hands with his Carnatic ally Muhammad Ali Khan Walajah and the British. Eventually the serious situation in Deccan and Carnatic would result in the Second Carnatic War. During the war Muzaffar Jung was briefly captured in March, 1750 after the Battle of Villianur. But after the assassination of Nasir Jung, he was released and took the throne of Hyderabad, December 16, 1750. He granted territories and titles to Dupleix and the French on December 31, 1750. He failed however, to honor his Afghan allies in a similar way. The resulting disagreement led to the Battle of Lakkireddipalli Pass in the Rayachoti taluka, where the Nawab of Kurnool struck him in the head with a spear, February 13, 1751 killing him instantly, after which the Nawab of Kurnool was also immediately cut down. At this critical juncture the French commander De Bussy made the decision to install Salabat Jung as the new Nizam.
  
  wn.com/Muzaffar_Jung
• Muzaffar Warsi
  Muzaffar Warsi (Urdu: مظفروارثی) (born 20 December 1933 in Meerath, India died 28 January 2011) was a prominent Urdu poet, critic, essayist, a lyricist par excellence, and scholar of Pakistan. He was one whose work never fails to surprise. A humble man with humble beginnings who is unafraid of experimenting. He began more than five decades ago comprises a rich repertoire of not just Naats, but also authoring several anthologies of Ghazals, Nazms & hycoes including his autobiography Gaye dinon ka suraagh which is considered to be a classic. He was writing quatrains every day for Pakistan's Renowned daily newspaper Nawa-i-Waqt.
  Muzaffar Warsi was born as Muhammad Muzaffar ud Din siddiqui into the family of Alhaaj Muhammad Sharf ud Din Ahmad known as Sufi Warsi (Urdu: صوفی وارثی). It was a family of landlords of Meerath. Sufi Warsi was a scholar of Islam, a doctor and poet. He received two titles: Faseeh ul Hind & Sharaf u shu'ara. He was the friend of Sir Muhammad Iqbal {(Allama Iqbal (علامہ اقبال‎)}, Akbar Warsi, Hasrat Mohani, Josh Malih Abadi, Ahsan Danish, Abul Kalaam Azad and Mahindar Singh Bedi. The family raised him with deep religious grounding. He has one brother namely Dr. M. S. Zafar Warsi who was also associated with State Bank as Assistant Director. Muzaffar Warsi's Nephew Usman Warsi is a Singer, Music Composer and a Poet. Usman's videos are available online as well. Muzaffar Warsi remained attached to State Bank of Pakistan (the Central Bank of Pakistan) as Deputy Treasurer. Muzaffar Warsi started his poetry by writing lyrics for songs for Pakistani movies but gradually changed direction and his style of poetry became more oriented towards praising Allah and the Islamic prophet Muhammad or in other words he started writing Hamd and Naats. He also wrote, regularly, a stanza or two on current affairs in the Newspaper Nawa-e-Waqt until recently.He died on 28-01-2011 in Lahore Pakistan.
  
  wn.com/Muzaffar_Warsi
• Nasir Jang Mir Ahmad
  Nasir Jang Mir Ahmad (February 26, 1712 – December 16, 1750) was the Nizam, or ruler, of the Hyderabad State from 1748 to 1750.
  His official name was Humayun Jah, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Ahmad Ali Khan Siddqi Bahadur, Nasir Jang, Nawab Subadar of the Deccan.
  He ruled Hyderabad State in India from June 1, 1748 to 1750. He was appointed as his father's Deputy during his absence in Delhi from 1737–1741. He attempted to seize power, but was defeated by his father at the Eid Gah Maidan in Aurangabad, on July 23, 1741. After his father's death, he ascended the throne on June 2, 1748 at Burhanpur.
  He was killed at Dupleix-Fathabad (Sarasangupettai), near Gingee, by the Pathan Himmat Khan, Nawab of Kadapa, on December 16, 1750 and was buried at the Mausoleum of Hazrat Burhan ud-Din Gharib, Khuldabad.
  
  
  
  wn.com/Nasir_Jang_Mir_Ahmad
• Nasir Jung
  Mir Ahmed Ali Khan Siddiqi was the son of Nizam-ul-Mulk by his wife Saeed-un-nisa Begum. He was born February 26, 1712. He succeeded his father as the Nizam of Hyderabad State in 1748. He had taken up a very pompous title of Humayun Jah, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Ahmad Ali Khan Siddiqi Bahadur, Nasir Jung, Nawab Subadar of the Deccan.However, he is most famously known as Nasir Jung.
  He ruled Hyderabad State in India from June 1, 1748 to 1750. He was appointed as his father's Deputy during his absence in Delhi from 1737–1741. He attempted to seize power, but was defeated by his father at the Eid Gah Maidan in Aurangabad, on July 23, 1741. After his father's death, he ascended the throne on June 2, 1748 at Burhanpur.
  After the death of the Nizam-ul-Mulk, the Nizam of Hyderabad, a civil war for succession broke out in south between Nasir Jung (son of the Nizam-ul-Mulk) and Muzaffar Jung (grandson of the Nizam-ul-Mulk from his daughter). This opened a window of opportunity for Hussain Dost Khan better known as Chanda Sahib who wanted to become Nawab of Carnatic and joined the cause of Muzaffar Jung and began to conspire against Nawab Anwar-ud-din Muhammad Khan in Arcot.
  
  wn.com/Nasir_Jung
• Nawazuddin Siddiqui
  Nawazuddin Siddiqui (Hindi: नवाज़ुद्दीन सिद्दीक़ी, Urdu: نواز اُلدین صِدٌیقی, also known as Nowaz) is an Indian actor who has appeared in some of Bollywood's major films including, Black Friday, New York, Peepli Live, and Kahani. He will be appearing in Aamir Khan's 2012 release, Talaash (2012 film). Siddiqui is a graduate of The National School of Drama (NSD), New Delhi, India. He worked in theatre for many years before moving to films.
  
  wn.com/Nawazuddin_Siddiqui
• Osmani
  Usmani or Osmani or Othmani or Uthmani (Arabic: عثمانی‎) is a large community (Biradari in Urdu), found mainly in South Asia. The word Usmani or Osmani ( one and the same thing) is a surname adopted mainly by two castes in India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh.
  The Shaikh Usmani are a Urdu speaking community, and many are found among the Sindhis of Pakistan.They are of Arab origin. The word usmani derived from Hazrat Usman Gahni (R.A), the third caliph of Islam. One of the sub-continent's well known personalities Hazrat Maulana Shabir Ahmed Usmani (Sheikh ul Islam) belongs to this origin. They claim that they came in India with sufi fakir Hazrat Khawaza Moinuedin Chisti .
  They claim to have Turk ancestry and are found mainly in North-West India and Pakistan.They include the descendants of Karlugh Turks who came with Taimur in 1398-1399.They live in Hazara region and Kashmir regions of Pakistan.They are Hindko speaking.The turks who came with Khilji and Slave dynasties also use "usmani" as surname.
  
  wn.com/Osmani
• Pamaria
  The Pamaria are a Muslim community found in the state of Bihar in India.
  The Pamaria are said to be Muslim converts from the Parmar Rajput community. This conversion is said to have taken place during the rule of the Mugal Emperor Akbar. The Pamaria are then said to have left Rajasthan, their own original home, and moved to Bihar. When in Bihar, the community took the occupation as professional singers. The Pamaria speak Maithili.
  The Pamaria are found mainly in the districts of Madhubani, Darbhanga, Samastipur, Begusarai and Muzaffarpur. Their occupation remains singing and dancing, with the Pamaria visiting households at special occasions such as weddings and births. They are also employed to singing folk songs by villagers. Their important songs are the badhaiya, sohar, nachari and samdaun. Each Pamaria family are allocated a particular area by the community. Many Pamaria have given up their traditional occupation and are wage labourers.
  The Pamaria are strictly endogamous, and consist are number of lineages, who trace their origin from a common ancestry. They are Sunni Muslims, and like other Bihari Muslims visit shrines of various Sufis such as the shrine of Malik Biya in Bihar Sharif.
  
  wn.com/Pamaria
• 
  Pashtun diaspora
  Pashtuns (Pashto: پښتانه Pax̌tānə, also spelled as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns or Pukhtuns), also known as ethnic Afghans (Pashto: افغان) or Pathans (Urdu: پٹھان, Hindi: पठान Paṭhān), are an ethnic group with populations in Afghanistan and Pakistan. There are also significant numbers in India, the Middle East, the Europian Union, North America, Australia, and other parts of the world.
  The ethnic group was known historically as "Afghan", believed to be the indigenous people of the vast Pashtunistan (Pakhtunistan) tribal region, between the Hindu Kush mountains in Afghanistan and the Indus River in Pakistan. According to Ethnologue, they currently number around 50 million but some sources give slightly lower or higher figures.
  Since the 3rd century AD and onward, the Pashtuns have been referred to by the ethnonym Afghan, a term now used to describe a citizen of Afghanistan. Pashtuns make up the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan, comprising 42-60% of the total Afghan population. Approximately 1.7 million Afghan refugees continue to live in neighboring Pakistan, majority of which are Pashtuns and born inside that country. An unknown number of them are also found among the 1 million Afghans in Iran.
  
  wn.com/Pashtun_diaspora
• Pir Aslam Bodla
  Pir Aslam Bodla is a Pakistani politician and member of National Assembly of Pakistan. He is the member of PML (Q) part and elected in general election 2008 from the Mian Channu in Khanewal constituency. He belongs to Bodla family in Punjab.
  
  
  
  wn.com/Pir_Aslam_Bodla
• Prince Azmet Jah
  Mir Azmet Ali Khan, commonly known as Prince Azmet Jah (born 1960), is an English professional photographer and a member of the Royal House of Asaf Jah.
  Azmet Jah was born in London, England to Prince Mukarram Jah, the titular Nizam of Hyderabad and Princess Esra. He has a degree in cinematography.
  Azmet Jah has worked on movies with Steven Speilberg and Richard Attenborough. He has wielded the camera for Hollywood films, such as Basic Instinct and Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade.
  In 2011, he stated that he was working on two films, one on Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the first President of Turkey and another one on his great grandfather, Mir Osman Ali Khan, the Seventh Nizam of Hyderabad.
  In May 1996, he married Princess Naaz Jah (née Zeynap Naz Guvendiren) in Kensington, London. He currently lives in England, but has lived in Canada as well.
  
  wn.com/Prince_Azmet_Jah
• Qallu
  Qallu is a name in which the people (person) who are believed to be the descents of Sayyid Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, the first Caliph of Islam, are known in Eastern Ethiopia, Somalia and Djibouti.
  Qallu is a common name known in Oromo, Somali, Harari, Afar traditions because there is a clan called “Qallu’’ within each of these ethnic groups. However, it is the Oromos or the Somalis who enthusiastically refer to the name. . It is said^[who?] that “Qallu” to mean "people of the religion", and it describes the Qallu’s main occupation in their societies. That means in the past, most of the persons who belong to Qallu clan were dominantly the teachers of Islam in the areas that they reside.
  The Qallu inhabit Hararghe, Somali Region, and Dire Dawa as well as the Republics of Somalia and Djibouti. The Qallu’s in Ethiopia trace back their genealogy mostly to a man called “Aw Omar Ziyad”, and then to “Aw Qutub”, and Aw Abadir Umar Ar-Rida , a scholar to whom the Harari’s refer as the Patron Saint of Harar. And all Qallus in Ethiopia claim they have the same blood with Sheekhaal, a clan whom Sir Richard Burton repeatedly mentioned in his book titled First Footsteps in East Africa. . However, in Somalia, there is a little bit unclear tradition of the Qallus. Some people categorize them under the well known Sheekhaal clan. Others group them under Fiqi Omar clan.
  
  wn.com/Qallu
• Ravish Siddiqi
  Ravish (Urdu: روش ) Siddiqui(1911-1971), born Shahid Aziz at Jawalapur in District Saharanpur of Uttar Pradesh on 11 July 1911 was a renowned Urdu Ghazal and Nazm writer whose forte was Romantic Poetry and Patriotic Poetry. A self-educated person he had studied and gained fluency in Urdu, Arabic, Persian, Hindi, Sanskrit and English. Ravish Siddiqi worked in the All India Radio at the time when Prem Nath Dar, Saghar Nizami and Salaam Machhalishahari were also working in the same institution. Ravish Siddiqi wrote both romantic and patriotic poetry, but most of his widely acclaimed poems were written on the beauty of the Kashmir valley and people of Kashmir, a collection of these poems, called Khayabaan Khayabaan"''' was published in late 1970s. His collection of ghazals titled Mehrab-e-Ghazal was published in 1956. He died in Shahjahanpur Uttar Pradesh on 24 January 1971.
  This is a stub.
  
  wn.com/Ravish_Siddiqi
• 
  Raziuddin Siddiqui
  Dr. Professor Muhammad Raziuddin Siddiqui (Urdu:رضی الدین صدیقی [rəzɪ.ʊd̪d̪iːn sɪˈd̪d̪iːqi]; January 8, 1908 – January 8, 1998), (FPAS, NI, HI, SI, Ph.D.), also known as Dr. Razi, was an eminent Pakistani theoretical physicist and a renowned mathematician who played an instrumental and an influential role in Pakistan's education system and Pakistan's integrated nuclear detterence development. An educationist and a scientist, Siddiqui had established numerous educational research institutes and universities in his country.
  During 1940s in Europe, he had made important and advance contributions in mathematical physics as well as work on the theory of relativity, nuclear energy, and the Quantum gravity. Siddiqui was an eminent and prominent educationist of Pakistan who dedicated his life for physics and mathematics in his country. An avid supporter of Science in Pakistan, Siddiqui attended various conferences for physics, mathematics, and science in Pakistan and abroad.
  He had been the Vice-Chancellor of four Pakistan universities and the first V.Chancellor of Quaid-e-Azam University and served as the Emeritus professor of Physics there until his death in 1998.
  
  wn.com/Raziuddin_Siddiqui
• 
  Rumi
  Jalāl ad-Dīn Muḥammad Balkhī (Persian: جلال‌الدین محمد بلخى‎ Persian pronunciation: [dʒælɒːlæddiːn mohæmmæde bælxiː]), also known as Jalāl ad-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī (جلال‌الدین محمد رومی Persian pronunciation: [dʒælɒːlæddiːn mohæmmæde ɾuːmiː]) and popularly known as Mevlānā in Turkey and Mawlānā (Persian: مولانا‎ Persian pronunciation: [moulɒːnɒː]) in Iran and Afghanistan but known to the English-speaking world simply as Rumi (30 September 1207 – 17 December 1273) was a 13th-century PersianMuslim poet, jurist, theologian, and Sufi mystic.Rūmī is a descriptive name meaning "Roman" since he lived most of his life in an area called "Rûm" (then under the control of Seljuq dynasty) because it was once ruled by the Eastern Roman Empire. He was one of the figures who flourished in the Sultanate of Rum.
  It is likely that he was born in the village of Wakhsh, a small town located at the river Wakhsh in Persia (in what is now Tajikistan). Wakhsh belonged to the larger province of Balkh, and in the year Rumi was born, his father was an appointed scholar there. Both these cities were at the time included in the greater Persian cultural sphere of Khorasan, the easternmost province of Persia and was part of the Khwarezmian Empire.
  
  wn.com/Rumi
• Sadaat Amroha
  The Sadaat Amroha or Amrohi Syed are a community of Sayyids, historically settled in the town of Amroha, in Uttar Pradesh, India. Many members of Sadaat Amroha community have migrated to Pakistan after independence have settled in Karachi, Sindh.
  The town of Amroha has been home to one of the oldest Naqvi Sadat settlements in India. Naqvis in Amroha arrived from Wasit, Iraq and have been resident in the town of Amroha since the 1190s A.D.
  The Sadaat Amroha belong mainly to the Naqvi sub-group, mainly due to the fact, that they are all decedents of the famous Sufi saint Hazrat Syed Sharfuddin Shah Wilayat (a true 9th direct decedent of Imam Ali Al-Naqi), who was highly respected religious figure in Wasit, Iraq and later in India during the early ages of Islam in the Indian subcontinent and the khalifa of Hazrat Imam Suhrawardi R. The majority of Amrohvie Sadaat are Naqvi, predominately of Shia and Sunni sects. According to the 1901 Census of India, the main sub-division of the Sayyid was the Husseini and Naqvi.
  
  wn.com/Sadaat_Amroha
• 
  Saeed Ahmad Bodla
  Saeed Ahmad Bodla (Urdu: سعید احمد بودلہ) is a renowned Pakistani artist and calligrapher. He belongs to Bodla family in Punjab.
  He studied Fine arts from the University of the Punjab, Lahore. He has been worked on Islamic calligraphy mostly. His work also includes 99 names of Allah and surah al-muzammil. In 2009 he donated a big collection of his Islamic calligraphic art work to the Punjab University Library on its inauguration.
  Islamic calligraphic art gallery of Saeed Ahmad Bodla
  Sheikh Zayed Islamic Centre University of The Punjab Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore.
  
  Bodla Islamic Calligraphic Art Gallery
  Sheikh Zayed Islamic Centre Peshawar University, Peshawar.
  
  Islamic Art Gallery Donated by Saeed Ahmad Bodla
  Punjab University, Library Quad-e-Azam Campus, Lahore.
  
  
  
  
  wn.com/Saeed_Ahmad_Bodla
• 
  Salabat Jung
  Salabat Jung was born Mir Sa'id Muhammad Khan Siddiqi in November 1718. He was the 4th Nizam of Hyderabad and the 3rd son of Nizam-ul-Mulk. He was appointed as Naib Subahdar (Deputy Viceroy) to his elder brother, Ghazi-ud-din Khan Feroze Jung II, the Prime Minister of Mughal Empire, with the title Salabat Jung. He was invested by Imperial firman, at Aurangabad, Maharashtra, September 12, 1749. He was granted the titles of Khan Bahadur and Salabat Jung during his father's lifetime. During the Second Carnatic War he was a prisoner, first in Nasir Jung's camp and later in Muzaffar Jung's camp. After Muzaffar Jung (his nephew) was killed by the Afghans on February 13, 1751, Mir Sa'id Muhammad Khan was proclaimed as the new Nizam near Lakkireddipalli Pass, by the French under De Bussy with the title Asaf-ad-Daulah, Nawab Said Muhammad Khan Bahadur, Salabat Jung,Zafar Jung, Nawab Subahdar of the Deccan. He was promoted to the title of Amir-ul-Mamalik by the Emperor Alamgir II. He was the ruler of the Hyderabad State in India from 1751 until 1762. Khilwath palace of Hyderabad was also built by him.
  
  wn.com/Salabat_Jung
• Sapuria
  The Sapuria (sometimes pronounced Sanpuria) are a Muslim community found in the state of West Bengal in India, as well as in Bangladesh. They are also known as Bedia Mal and Sanpui.
  The Sapuria are a community whose traditional occupation was snake charming. According to some traditions, they are converts from the Hindu Bedia caste. The Sapuria are said to have gotten their name from the Bengali word for snake which is sanp, and Sapuria literally means snake charmer. They speak a dialect of their own, but most also speak Bengali and are found mainly in the districts of Midnapore, Birbhum, Murshidabad, Howrah, Nadia and 24 Parganas. The Sapuria are also found in Bangladesh.
  There are now two distinct sub-groups among the Sapuria, those who still practice their traditional occupation of snake charming, and a small minority who are now cultivators. Both these groups intermarry, but the community as a whole is endogamous.. Many Sapuria are still nomadic, and are often employed by local peasants as snake catchers. There encampments are usually found at the end of villages. The community has a fairly strong caste panchayat, that enforces communal rules and resolves intra-community disputes.
  
  wn.com/Sapuria
• Sayyid
  Sayyid (pronounced [ˈsæjjɪd], or [ˈsæjjed], Arabic: سيد‎; meaning Mister; plural Sadah Arabic: سادة‎, Sādah) is an honorific title, it denotes males accepted as descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his grandsons, Hasan ibn Ali and Husain ibn Ali, sons of the prophet's daughter Fatima Zahra and his son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib.
  Daughters of sayyids are given the titles Sayyida, Alawiyah, Syarifah, or Sharifah. Children of a Sayyida mother but a non-Sayyid father cannot be attributed the title of Sayyid, however they may claim the title Mirza for males or Mirziya for females. Sayyids are by definition a branch of the tribe of Banu Hashim, a clan from the tribe of Quraish that traces its lineage to Adnan and thence to the Prophet Ismael.
  In the Arab world, it is the equivalent of the English word "liege-lord" or "master" when referring to a descendant of Muhammad, as in Sayyid John Smith. This is the reason the word sidi (from the contracted form sayyidī, 'my liege') is used in the Moroccan dialect of Arabic.
  
  wn.com/Sayyid
• 
  Sayyid Brothers
  The term Sayyid Brothers refers to Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha (b.1666) and Syed Hussain Ali Khan Barha (b.1668), who were powerful Mughal Army generals of the Mughal Empire during the early 18th century.
  The Sayyid Brothers became highly influential in the Mughal Court after Aurangzeb's death and turned king-makers in the anarchy following the death of emperor Aurangzeb in 1707 CE, and created and dethroned Mughal Emperors at their will during the 1710s.. Aurangzeb's son Bahadur Shah I defeated his brothers to capture the throne with the help of Sayyid Brothers, and Nizam-ul-Mulk, another influential administrator in the Mughal court. Bahadur Shah I died in 1712, and his successor Jahandar Shah was assassinated on the orders of the Sayyid Brothers.
  In 1713, Jahandar's nephew Farrukhsiyar became the emperor with the Brothers' help. His reign marked the ascendancy of the Brothers, who monopolized state power and reduced the Emperor to an effective figurehead. The Brothers conspired to send Nizam-ul-Mulk to Deccan, away from the Mughal Court, to reduce his influence. In 1719, the Brothers blinded, deposed and murdered Farrukhsiyar. They then established his first cousin Rafi ud-Darajat as the next ruler in February 1719; when he died of lung disease in June, they made his elder brother Rafi ud-Daulah (Shah Jahan II). After Rafi ud-Daulah also died of lung disease in September 1719, Muhammad Shah (r. 1719 -1748) ascended the throne at the age of seventeen with Sayyid Brothers as his regents from 1719 to 1722.
  
  wn.com/Sayyid_Brothers
• Sayyid of Gujarat
  The Sayyid (Arabic: سيد‎) (plural sādah Arabic: سادة‎) of Gujarat are members of the wider Sayyid community of South Asia. They are also known as Mir and Pirzada.
  Sayyid' (Arabic: سيد‎) (plural sādah Arabic: سادة‎) literally means Mister. In the Arab world itself, the word is the equivalent of the English "Mister", as in Sayyid John Smith. The same concept is expressed by the word sidi (from the contracted form sayyidī 'my lord') in the Moroccan dialect of Arabic.
  As an honorific title, the term Sayyid is given to males accepted as descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his grandsons, Hasan ibn Ali and Husain ibn Ali, who were the sons of the prophet's daughter Fatima Zahra and son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib. Daughters of male sayyids are given the titles Sayyida, Alawiyah, Syarifah, or Sharifah. Children of a Sayyida mother but a non-Sayyid father cannot be attributed the title of Sayyid, however they may claim maternal descent and are called Mirza
  
  wn.com/Sayyid_of_Gujarat
• Seemab Akbarabadi
  Seemab Akbarabadi (5 June 1882 – 31 January 1951) (Urdu: سیماب اکبرآبادی), born Aashiq Hussain Siddiqui, was a renowned Urdu poet belonging to the Daagh School. He hailed from Agra where his family had lived for nearly three hundred years.
  Seemab Akbarabadi, a descendant of Abu Bakr as-Siddiq, the first Caliph of Islam, was born in Imliwale makaan of Kakoo Gali, Nai Mandi, Agra, as the eldest son of Mohammad Hussain Siddiqui, who was himself a Urdu poet, author of several books, a disciple of Hakim Amiruldin Attaar Akbarabadi, and an employee of the Times of India Press, Ajmer. Seemab had said that his forefather had migrated from Bukhara sometime during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir and made Agra his home, however, according to Mohan Lal his great-grandfather had migrated from Bokhara during Aurangzeb's reign. Seemab learnt Persian, Arabic and logic from Jamaluddin Sarhadi and Rashid Ahmed Ganguli. The death of his father in 1897 forced Seemab to give up his studies and seek a livelihood first in Agra and then in Kanpur before joining the railways service at Ajmer, from which he resigned in 1922 and returned to Agra. In 1923 he founded the publishing imprint, Qasr-ul-adab. He had four sons and two daughters and the youngest son, Mazhar Siddiqui, continued his work in Karachi and published many of his father's manuscripts.
  
  wn.com/Seemab_Akbarabadi
• Shahid Aziz Siddiqi
  Nawabzada Shahid Aziz Siddiqi (born January 26, 1945, Lucknow, India) is a former senior Government official in Pakistan and Vice Chancellor of the Ziauddin Medical University. In June 2008 he was appointed Chairman of the Pakistan State Life Insurance Corporation.
  Siddiqi was educated at the Pakistan Air Force Military Academy in Sargodha and received a Bachelor's degree from F.C College in Lahore, a Master's degrees from the University of Karachi and the University of Cambridge.
  In 1968, after a stint as a recon pilot in the Pakistan Air Force and a year as a Management Trainee for the Pakistan Tobacco Company, Siddiqi sat his Central Superior Services of Pakistan (C.S.S) examinations for the elite Pakistan Civil Services and topped the examination in West as well East Pakistan (what is now Bangladesh)joining the "District Management Group".
  In 1982, Siddiqi began serving as a Minister Hajj in Saudi Arabia, where he was appointed Commissioner of Karachi. He then served in several roles, including Managing Director of the Rice Export Committee of Pakistan, Director General Ports and Shipping, and ultimately Federal Secretary Communications and Chairman National Highway Authority in 1997. He worked with Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, a relationship he characterized as both close and courteous in his tribute to her after her death.
  
  wn.com/Shahid_Aziz_Siddiqi
• Shahid Siddiqui
  Shri Shahid Siddiqui is a former Member of the Parliament of India representing Uttar Pradesh in the Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of the Indian Parliament. He is a journalist and presently chief editor of the Nai Duniya, an Urdu weekly published from Delhi.
  Shri Siddiqui began his political career with the Indian National Congress and was the head of its Minority Cell from 1997-99. He subsequently joined the Samajwadi party and was its National General Secretary from 2002 to 2008 and its Rajya Sabha member till he quit the Samajwadi party on July 19, 2008 and joined its arch-rival, the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP). He was expelled from the BSP on 14 December 2009 for speaking out against its leader, Mayawati.. He joined the Rashtriya Lok Dal on 12 April 2010. He cited his support for the RLD chief, Ajit Singh's demand for the creation of the state of Harit Pradesh as the reason for his joining the RLD. Prior to the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly election, 2012, Siddiqui resigned from the RLD in protest against its alliance with the Congress party and returned to the Samajwadi party.
  
  wn.com/Shahid_Siddiqui
• Shakeel Siddiqui
  Shakeel Siddiqui (Urdu: شکیل صدیقی) is a Pakistani stage comedian better known as 'Teeli' in Pakistan. He rose to prominence in India after appearing as a contestant in first season of Comedy Circus. Although he didn't win, he became so popular that he was hired as a co-host in the second season of the show. He was paired to actress Urvashi Dholakia in reality show, Ustaadon Ka Ustaad (2008).
  Shakeel Siddique also appeared as a celebrity guest in Salman Khan's reality game show, Dus Ka Dum (2008) and as a guest judge in Boogie Woogie dance competition. He was also a participant in the third season of Comedy Circus, dubbed Kaante Ki Takkar.
  Today Shakeel appears on all major channels of Pakistan for his performances.
  Before appearing on Comedy Circus, he had worked side by side with comedian Umer Sharif in Pakistani stage plays like "Bakra Qistoon Pay" (Goat on installments), "Yeh to Housefull Hogaya" (Full House), "Nayee Ammi Purana Abba" (New Mother Old Father) and many more.
  After the 2008 Mumbai Attacks some news channels and blogs reported that Shakeel was beaten and forced to leave India by Hindu religious extremists. However, he later denied being beaten or abused and claimed that the producers of Sony were threatened by the members of MNS of "dire consequences" if they continue to allow Pakistanis to perform on their shows. As a safety precaution, the producers and the artist agreed to have him depart from the country. This claim coincides with later reports.
  
  wn.com/Shakeel_Siddiqui
• Shaukat Siddiqui
  Shaukat Siddiqui (March 20, 1923 – December 18, 2006) was a Pakistani writer of fiction who wrote in Urdu. He is known for his novels Khuda Ki Basti (God's Own Land) and Jangloos.
  Shaukat Siddiqui was born on March 20, 1923 in a literary family of Lucknow, India. He got his early education from his home town and earned a B.A. in 1944 and M.A. (Political Science) in 1944. After partition of India, he migrated to Pakistan in 1950 and stayed in Lahore but soon permanently settled in Karachi. His early days in Pakistan were full of financial trouble and political opposition, which he soon overcame. He accompanied Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in a lot of his foreign tours.
  He was an active member of Pakistan Writers' Guild and a partisan of progressive writers association. Shaukat Siddiqi worked at the news-desks of the Times of Karachi, Pakistan Standard and the Morning News. He finally rose to be the editor of the Daily Anajam, the Weekly Al-Fatah and the Daily Musawat Karachi, before bidding goodbye to journalism in 1984.
  
  wn.com/Shaukat_Siddiqui
• Shujauddin Siddiqi
  Shujauddin Siddiqi (10 May 1919 - 21 July 2003) was an Indian first-class cricketer. After Partition, he was a Pakistani first-class and Test cricket umpire.
  Shujauddin Siddiqi was born in Delhi. He played in seven Ranji Trophy matches for Delhi between 1939/40 and 1945/46, scoring 138 runs at a batting average of 12.54, and taking 12 wickets as a leg spinner at a bowling average of 28.75.
  He umpired one first-class match in March 1946, the Ranji Trophy semi-final between Southern Punjab and Baroda. After nearly four days of play, the match was tied - Southern Punjab scored 167 in their first innings, and Baroda replied with 106. After Southern Punjab's second innings of 146, Baroda were bowled out for 207. Baroda won a toss of a coin to decide which team should go forward to meet Holkar in the final.
  He moved to Pakistan after Partition, where he continued to umpire in first-class matches, and also became a Test and ODI umpire. He appeared in 22 Tests spread over near 24 years, all played in Pakistan. His first Test as umpire was the match between Pakistan and India at Bahawalpur in January 1955. His last was also between Pakistan and India, at Karachi in November 1978. He stood in all three Tests in the MCC tour of Pakistan in 1968/9 which was marred by a series of riots. The final match, in Karachi, was abandoned during the third day due to crowd trouble, after England reached an imposing total of 502 for 7. Alan Knott was stranded on 96*, four runs short of his maiden Test century, as rioting crowds stormed into the ground.
  
  wn.com/Shujauddin_Siddiqi
• 
  Siddi
  The Siddi, Siddhi, or Sheedi (Urdu: شیدی ; Hindi, Marathi, Konkani: सिद्दी or शीदि; Gujarati: સિદ્દી; Kannada: ಸಿದ್ಧಿಗಳು), also known as Habshi, are an Indian and Pakistani ethnic group of Black African and/or Afro-Arab descent. The Siddi population is currently estimated to be 20,000–55,000, with Gujarat and Hyderabad in India and Makran and Karachi in Pakistan as the main population centres. Siddis are mainly Sufi Muslims, although some are Hindus and some Roman Catholic Christians. Villages in the forests of northern Karnataka, for instance, have residents who likely are descended from Mozambican/Angolan slaves who escaped from Portuguese traders and ships.
  There are conflicting hypotheses on the origin of the name Siddi. One theory is that the word was a term of respect in North Africa, similar to the word sahib in modern India and Pakistan. A second theory is that the term Siddi is derived from the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to India. These captains were known as Sayyid.
  
  wn.com/Siddi
• Siddiqui
  Siddiqui, (also rendered as Siddiqi, Siddique, Siddiquee, Siddighi, Sadighi, Seddighi, Sidiki or Siddiquie) (Arabic: صدیقی‎) is a Muslim family name, found in the South Asia and the Middle East. Shaikh is an additional title used occasionally by Siddiqui/Siddique to signify their Arab heritage. People having surname "Siddiqui" are offspring of Abu Bakr Siddiq (Arabic: ابو بكر الصديق‎), the first Caliph and an early companion and a close friend of the Prophet Muhammad.
  The name "Siddiqui" derives from the word Siddiq, which means "truthful" in Arabic. "Al-Siddiq" was the title accorded to Abu Bakr (Arabic: ابو بكر الصديق‎), the first Caliph and friend of the Prophet Muhammad. The surname "Siddiqui/Siddiqi" signifies ancestry from Abu Bakr Siddiq.
  Abu Bakr belonged to the Banu Taym clan of the Quraish. The genealogy of Abu Bakr joined that of the Prophet Muhammad in the eighth degree in their common ancestor Murrah ibn Ka'b. Four generations of the family of Abu Bakr Siddiq had the distinction of being the companions (Sahaba) of the Prophet Muhammad namely Abu Bakr, his father Uthman Abu Quhafa, his eldest son Abdu'l-Rahman and his grandson Abu Atiq Muhammad. No other family had this honour. Many Siddiqui families descend from this particular lineage. On the other hand, the Siddiqui families who are the progeny of Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, the youngest son of Abu Bakr descend from three generations of Sahaba. The lineage of Abu Bakr did not continue through his middle son Abdullah ibn Abi Bakr who was wounded during the Siege of Taif and later died of these wounds.
  
  wn.com/Siddiqui
• Tadvi Bhil
  The Tadvi Bhil (Urdu: تدوی بهیل ) are a Muslim community found in the states of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh in India and Sindh in Pakistan. They are Muslim converts from the larger Bhil ethnic group. Tadvi Bhils are descendents of Muslim men and local Bhil women (Forcefully Islam Conversion). They are also known as Tadvi Pathan, and use the surname Khan.
  The Tadvi Bhil inhabit an area which roughly covers the border areas of the states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. This territory forms the core of the Faruqi kingdom, a medieval state in central India. A close association between the Bhil of this region, and the Faruqi state led to the conversion of many of them to Islam.
  The Tadvi Bhil in Maharashtra consist of three sub-groups, the Tadvi proper, the Nirade, and Nahay. Each of these groups intermarry, although the Tadvi proper perceive themselves to be superior.
  The Tadvi speak a dialect of their own, also known as Tadvi, but many are switching to Hindi and Marathi. Their language is Dhanka, which belongs to the Bhil subgroup of the Indo-Aryan linguistic family. They inhabit villages which are largely Tadvi, although interact with neighbouring Muslim communities such as the Bohra and Pinjara. The community consist mainly of small cultivators. Like the wider Bhil community, they maintain the custom of gotra exogamy, and are strictly endogamous. In Maharashtra, their main clans are the Sirsat, Mankar, Dhopi, Tadvi, Khate, Solanki and Wade. They are found mainly in Dhule and Jalgaon, and in this state are mainly small and medium sized farmers. They are also raise sheep and other livestock.
  
  wn.com/Tadvi_Bhil
• 
  Tanwir Phool
  Tanwir Phool (Urdu: تنور پھول , or Tanwiruddin Ahmad Phool (Urdu: تنور الدین احمد پھول ) (born 1948 in Muzaffarpur, India) is the pen name of Tanwiruddin Ahmad Siddiqui, a Pakistani author and poet, writing in Urdu and English.
  He received his education in Karachi, Pakistan. He studied at the D. J. Science College and Urdu College, and graduated in 1971 from the University of Karachi. In 1973 he obtained a Masters Degree in Islamic history from the university. He worked at the State Bank of Pakistan from 1970 to 1997, until retirement.
  Phool has written poems in the traditional Urdu forms of the Ghazal, Rubaa'ee, and Dohay, as well as the traditional Japanese form of Haiku.
  Anwaar-e-Hira is a collection of religious poems by Tanwir Phool. It was published in 1997.
  Some of the forms used are Musaddases, with every stanza having 6 lines, and Mukhammases, with every stanza having 5 lines. It was published by the Hira Foundation, Pakistan. The introduction, which includes biographical information on the author, was written by Professor Najmul Hoda of India.
  
  wn.com/Tanwir_Phool
• Tooba Siddiqui
  Tooba Siddiqui (Urdu: طوبٰی صدیقی; born 7 August 1984 in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan) is a Pakistani model.
  Tooba started her career from a charity show. Soon after her first show she starred in a Music Video for Pakistani pop singer Yasir Akhtar. The video gave Tooba enough exposure to register her as a newcomer. Soon Tooba packed her bags and moved to Karachi from Islamabad to start her career as a model in the big city. She started modeling for the Pakistani fashion industry towards the beginning of 2000 (the exact year in which she started is a mystery ). Since the start of her career she has appeared on numerous Pakistani fashion magazines and has done photoshoots for several agencies. The notable shoots include those of Deevees and Diva. One she said that people are actually surprised when they see her because they have some one shorter in mind.
  Tooba also has a love for acting and when asked if she would prefer acting or modeling she replied by saying acting. Tooba Siddiqui wants to work on the big screen but regrets not having been offered any good roles. Even though the young model has been offered roles from the neighboring country India, she declined all offers saying if she is to become a Film Heroine she will do so in Pakistan. Tooba is considering some Lollywood offers at the moment. She is currently filming Ajnabee Shehr Mein alongside Shaan, Ali Zafar, Nadeem, Veena Malik, Samina Peerzada, Ali Saleem and others. The film will release in early 2012.
  
  wn.com/Tooba_Siddiqui
• Usman Siddiqui
  Usman Siddiqui is an Indian sculptor. He hails from the city of Hyderabad.
  Usman Siddiqui has been a popular sculptor in Hyderabad. He is preferred by the local Nawabs.
  
  wn.com/Usman_Siddiqui
• Usman Warsi
  Usman Warsi (Urdu: عثمان وارثی) (born 23 September in Lahore, Pakistan) An enthusiastic & energetic personality, determined to vanquish the impediments of creativity in the field of Music. He is one whose work never fails to surprise. A Singer, a Poet, a Music Director, a Professional Music Composer, invites your exquisite group to unveil the vague & skittish, styles & angulations plunged into the fathomless depths of his aesthetic thoughts, ideas & skills. The mirror of his untiring endeavors is set to reflect your dreams in your ears, on your screens & on your papers to witness the world of Warsi's creations...
  Usman Warsi was born into the family of Alhaaj Muhammad Sharf ud Din Ahmad known as Sufi Warsi (Urdu: صوفی وارثی). It was a family of landlords of Meerut. Sufi Warsi (his grandfather) was a scholar of Islam, a doctor and poet. He received two titles: Faseeh ul Hind & Sharaf u shu'ara. He was the friend of Sir Muhammad Iqbal {(Allama Iqbal (علامہ اقبال)}, Akbar Warsi, Hasrat Mohani, Josh Malih Abadi, Ahsan Danish, Abul Kalaam Azad and Mahindar Singh Bedi. His father Dr. M. S. Zafar Warsi was attached to State Bank of Pakistan (the Central Bank of Pakistan) as Assistant Director, and he is also a Writer, Scholor and Poet. Usman Warsi is a nephew of Mr. Muzaffar Warsi who is an International Poet and doesn't need any introduction. Usman has completed his studies in 1999 from Lahore.
  
  wn.com/Usman_Warsi
• Uthman Abu Quhafa
  'Uthman ibn 'Amir ibn 'Amr ibn Ka'b, also known as Abu Quhafa (542–635 CE)^{[citation needed]} (Arabic: أبو قحافة‎), was the father of Abu Bakr Siddiq. Salma was Abu Bakr's mother, She was also known as Umm-ul-Khair.
  He was 90 years old when he accepted Islam in 8 A.H.
  
  
  
  wn.com/Uthman_Abu_Quhafa
• Zaka Siddiqi
  Zaka Siddiqi (1937-2003) was an Urdu poet and a critic of Urdu and Persian poetry. His published works include Aamadnaama, Aaj Ki Shab Phir Sannaata, and Makaateebe Habeeb.
  Ghazal singer Jagjit Singh has performed two of his ghazals, Khamoshi Khud Apni Sada Ho and Jeete Rehne Ki Saza De in his albums In Search and Face to Face, respectively.
  
  
  
  wn.com/Zaka_Siddiqi
• Zeeshan Siddiqi
  Zeeshan Siddiqi (born October 26, 1976 in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan) is a Canadian cricketer who plays for the Canada national cricket team and has also played for the Karachi cricket team and Pakistan National Shipping Corporation. He made his debut in 1995.And very close friend of Suhaib Jamal a commercial director of Karachi Pakistan.
  
  
  
  wn.com/Zeeshan_Siddiqi