In this seventeenth-century plan of the fortified city of Casale Monferrato the citadel is the large star-shaped structure on the left.

Vauban’s citadel of Neuf Brisach (France)

The Citadel of Aleppo, Syria.

The Citadel of Gondershe, Somalia was an important city in the Medieval Ajuuraan Empire.

A view of Samuil's Fortress, over the old town in Ohrid, Macedonia.

A citadel is a fortress protecting a town, sometimes incorporating a castle.^[1] The term derives from the same Latin root as the word "city", civis, meaning citizen.

In a fortification with bastions, the citadel is the strongest part of the system, sometimes well inside the outer walls and bastions, but often forming part of the outer wall for the sake of economy. It is positioned to be the last line of defence should the enemy breach the other components of the fortification system. A citadel is also a term of the third part of a medieval castle, with higher walls than the rest. It was to be the last line of defence before the keep itself.

The oldest known structures which have served as citadels were built by the Indus Valley Civilization, where the citadel represented a centralised authority. The main citadel in Indus Valley was almost 12 meters tall.^[2] The purpose of these structures, however, remains debated. Though the structures found in the ruins of Mohenjo-daro were walled, it is far from clear that these structures were defensive against enemy attacks. Rather, they may have been built to divert flood waters.

In ancient Greece, the Acropolis (literally: "peak of the city"), placed on a commanding eminence, was important in the life of the people, serving as a refuge and stronghold in peril and containing military and food supplies, the shrine of the god and a royal palace. The most well-known is the Acropolis of Athens, but nearly every Greek city-state had one - the Acrocorinth famed as a particularly strong fortress. In a much later period, when Greece was ruled by the Latin Empire, the same strongpoints were used by the new feudal rulers for much the same purposes.

In various countries, the citadels gained a specific name such as "Kremlin" in Russia or "Alcazaba" in the Iberian Peninsula. In European cities, the term "Citadel" and "City Castle" are often used interchangeably. The term "tower" is also used in some cases such as the Tower of London and Jerusalem's (misnamed) Tower of David.

At various periods, and particularly during the Middle Ages, the citadel - having its own fortifications, independent of the city walls - was the last defence of a besieged army, often held after the town had been conquered. A city where the citadel held out against an invading army was not considered conquered. For example, in the 1543 Siege of Nice the Ottoman forces led by Barbarossa conquered and pillaged the town itself and took many captives - but the city castle held out, due to which the townspeople were accounted the victors (and took considerable pride in it).

Similarly, rebels who took power in the city but with the citadel still held by the former rulers could by no means regard their tenure of power as secure. One such incident played an important part in the history of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire. The Hellenistic garrison of Jerusalem and local supporters of the Seleucids held out for many years in the Acra citadel, making Maccabean rule in the rest of Jerusalem precarious. When finally gaining possession of the place, the Maccabeans pointedly destroyed and razed the Acra, though they constructed another citadel for their own use in a different part of Jerusalem.

As late as the 19th century, a similar situation developed at Antwerp, where a Dutch garrison under General David Hendrik Chassé held out in the city's citadel between 1830 and 1832, while the city itself had already become part of the independent Belgium.

In time of war the citadel in many cases afforded retreat to the people living in the areas around the town. However, Citadels were often used also to protect a garrison or political power from the inhabitants of the town where it was located, being designed to ensure loyalty from the town which they defended.

For example Barcelona had a great citadel built in 1714 to intimidate the Catalans against repeating their mid-17th- and early-18th-century rebellions against the Spanish central government. In the 19th century, when the political climate had liberalised enough to permit it, the people of Barcelona had the citadel torn down, and replaced it with the city's main central park, the Parc de la Ciutadella. A similar example is the Citadella in Budapest, Hungary.

The attack on the Bastille in the French Revolution - though afterwards remembered mainly for the release of the handful of prisoners incarcerated there - was to considerable degree motivated by the structure being a Royal citadel in the midst of revolutionary Paris.

Similarly, after Garibaldi's overthrow of Bourbon rule in Palermo, during the 1860 Unification of Italy, Palermo's Castellamare Citadel - symbol of the hated and oppressive former rule - was ceremoniously demolished.

The Siege of the Alcázar in the Spanish Civil War, in which the Nationalists held out against a much larger Republican force for two months until relieved, shows that in some cases a citadel can be effective even in modern warfare; a similar case is the Battle of Huế, where an NVA division held the citadel of Huế for 26 days against roughly their own numbers of much better-equipped US and South Vietnamese troops.

The Citadelle of Quebec still survives as the largest citadel still in official military operation in North America after more than two hundred years of existence.

Naval term[link]

A safe room on a vessel is called a citadel.

See also[link]

• Bijela Tabija (English: White Bastion) is a citadel overlooking the historic core of Sarajevo - National monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Citadel Počitelj overlooking the historic village Počitelj and with it constitute architectural whole - National monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Gradačac Castle is a citadel, also a palace of Husein "Dragon Of Bosnia" Gradaščević who was a renowned 19th-century military Bosnian Captain, overlooking the historic core of Gradačac - National monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Bab Ksiba Southern gateway to the Kasbah, Marrakesh, first Citadel to the Sultans of Morocco
• Alcazaba a term for Moorish citadels in Spain
• Casbah/Kasbah a synonym
• El Morro
• Arx (Roman)
• Citadel of Arbil
• Citadelle Laferrière built by King Henry I of Haiti
• Citadelle de Forcalquier
• Acropolis
• Kremlin
• Alcázar
• Acra (fortress)
• Antwerp citadel in 1830-32
• Citadel of Salah Ed-Din
• Brest Fortress
• Edinburgh Castle
• Dublin Castle
• Prague Castle
• Tower of London
• Tower of David (Jerusalem)
• Kars#Kars Citadel
• Uzhhorod Castle
• Samuil's Fortress, Ohrid
• Spandau Citadel
• Suomenlinna (Finland)
• Rocca (architecture)
• Cadmea
• Presidio

References[link]

1. ^ Sidney Toy (1985). Castles: Their Construction and History. Courier Dover. ISBN 0-486-24898-4. 
2. ^ Thapar, B. K. (1975). "Kalibangan: A Harappan Metropolis Beyond the Indus Valley". Expedition 17 (2): 19–32. 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Citadels

External links[link]

This article or section reads like a news release, or is otherwise written in an overly promotional tone. Please help by either rewriting this article from a neutral point of view or by moving this article to Wikinews. When appropriate, blatant advertising may be marked for speedy deletion with {{db-spam}}. (August 2010)

Gareth Emery
Background information
Birth name	Gareth Thomas Rhys Emery
Also known as	GTR, Rue De Gar, Runaway
Born	(1980-07-18) 18 July 1980 (age 31) United Kingdom
Genres	Electronic dance music
Occupations	Disc jockey Record producer
Years active	2002–present
Labels	Five AM (2003–2008) Garuda (2009–present)
Website	www.garethemery.com

Gareth Emery (born 18 July 1980 in Southampton, England) is an English/Welsh Trance producer and DJ. Since 2009 he has been the highest ranked British DJ in DJ Magazine's annual Top 100 poll, peaking at #7 in 2010.^[1][2]

Background[link]

Gareth Emery was born in Southampton, England although he also has Welsh heritage.^[3] He lived in Southampton until the age of 26^[4] before relocating to Manchester, England where he has a studio and runs a club night and record label, both called Garuda.^[5] He has a degree in Politics from University of Warwick,^[6] supports Southampton Football Club,^[7] and is trained in classical piano.^[8] Prior to becoming involved in electronic music he played guitar in a punk band in the mid-nineties.^[9]

Style[link]

Emery has a distinctive and unique production style that has been described as a fusion of trance, house and progressive,^[10] and is described by Emery himself as ‘simple but effective’.^[11] Although usually categorised as a trance DJ, he has often dismissed this label simply stating that he plays good records regardless of genre.^[12]

Breakthrough[link]

Emery’s debut vinyl release was a white label remix of The Shrink's classic 'Nervous Breakdown' which was released in early 2002.^[13] In February 2002 Judge Jules broadcast the track live on BBC Radio 1 from the Mardi Gras festival, which brought Emery to the attention of the electronic music community.^[14] However, the track that launched his career is generally considered to be his third release: GTR – 'Mistral'.^[15] It was created entirely on a laptop computer over the course of a two week holiday in Provence.^[16] Paul van Dyk debuted the track live on the radio during the Nature One Festival in 2002 and it subsequently received support from some of the world's leading DJs, including Tiësto, Armin van Buuren and Ferry Corsten,^[17] and received highly positive reviews in Mixmag, Muzik, and DJ Magazine.^[18] Emery was ranked at #34 in DJ Mag’s Top 100 poll in 2006,^[19] #31 in in 2007, #23 in 2008, #9 in 2009^[20] and #7 in 2010.^[21]

Albums and Remixes[link]

Emery has released four mix CDs during his career: The Five AM Sessions (2005), The Podcast Annual (2007), The Sound Of Garuda (2009) and The Sound Of Garuda: Chapter 2 (2011).^[22] His debut artist album Northern Lights was released in 2010, and achieved considerable success, climbing to no.1 in the US iTunes dance chart.^[23] The album also contained one of his most successful tracks ‘Sanctuary’, which was voted the 2nd biggest track of 2010 by listeners of Armin van Buuren's A State Of Trance radio show,^[24] and then became the most played record of 2011 on US Sirius XM Radio dance station BPM.^[25] In 2011, a remixed edition of the album was released entitled Northern Lights Re-Lit with remixes by acts including Hardwell, Arty, Giuseppe Ottaviani, John O’Callaghan, Lange and Ashley Wallbridge.^[26] Since 2002, he has produced, remixed, or collaborated on around 90 tracks, with notable remixes for Britney Spears, Armin van Buuren, and Above & Beyond.^[27]

Labels[link]

From 2003 to 2008, Gareth co-owned now defunct label Five AM under which some of his biggest hits from the time were released (Mistral / This Is That / More Than Anything).^[28] In late 2008 he announced he would no longer be involved at Five AM, instead starting a new label 100% owned by him called Garuda.^[29] The first Garuda release was his own record 'Exposure / Metropolis' released in May 2009.^[30]

Since then all Emery's records have been released through Garuda. It is named after the bird-like creature from Hindu and Buddhist mythology, which Emery became aware of whilst touring Indonesia.^[31] The label has released records by artists including Ben Gold, Tritonal, M.I.K.E. and Blake Jarrell.^[32] The label also runs occasional club nights at Manchester superclub Sankeys, which was voted DJ Mag’s no.1 club in the world in 2010.^[33] Guests have included Ferry Corsten, Markus Schulz, Above & Beyond and Sander Van Doorn.^[34]

Podcast[link]

Since March 2006, Emery has produced the 'Gareth Emery Podcast'.^[35] Originally fortnightly but now weekly, the podcast is generally 60 minutes in length and features 15 or so tracks in a radio show style format, covering a wide range of dance music genres.^[36] It is considered one of the first dance music podcasts, and has been nominated for “Best Podcast” at the Miami Winter Music Conference’s International Dance Music Awards three times.^[37] A feature called ‘Podcast Player’ involves DJs leaving an answerphone message and playing one of their favourite tracks of the time.^[38] .^[39]

Selected Discography[link]

Gareth Emery's production aliases include GTR, Cupa, Digital Blues and a house project under the meme Runaway.^[40]

His production history includes collaborations with artists like Lange, Solid Globe, Jon O’Bir and CERN with releases on a multitude of labels including A State of Trance, Lost Language, Multiply Records, Bonzai Records, and his native Five AM label.^[41]

2002[link]

• GTR – Mistral [Five AM]
• GTR – Flood Control [Influential]
• GTR – Psiclone [Influential]
• GTR vs The Shrink – Nervous Breakdown (Trance mix) [Nutrition]
• GTR vs The Shrink – Nervous Breakdown (Bootleg mix) [Nutrition]

2003[link]

• CERN – The Message (additional production) [Five AM / ASOT]
• Cupa – Blaze [Five AM]
• Cupa – Foundation [Five AM]
• Nova – All This Love (GTR mix) [Multiply]
• CERN – Baileys (GTR dub) [Five AM]
• Quadraphonic – I Can Feel Your Love (Gareth Emery's GTR mix) [Lost Language]

2004[link]

• Wirefly – The Verdict (Gareth Emery & Mark Dedross mix) [Motion]
• Gareth Emery & Jon O'Bir – Escapade [Five AM]
• GTR – Reason To Believe (Original Mix) [Five AM]
• GTR – Reason To Believe (Gareth Emery Remix) [Five AM]
• Echano – Nothing To Live For (Gareth Emery Remix) [Motion]
• Will Holland – Magicka (Gareth Emery Remix) [Forty Five]
• Digital Delinquents – Forever (Gareth Emery Vocal / Dub mixes) [Equilibrium]

2005[link]

• Zodiak – Provincial Disco (Gareth Emery Remix) [MICREC]
• DJ Sammy – L'bby Haba (Gareth Emery Remix) [Super M]
• Gareth Emery – Between Dreams [Five AM]
• Gareth Emery – Backlash [Five AM]
• Gareth Emery – Tribalism [Five AM]
• Gareth Emery – History Of A Day [Five AM]
• Lange vs Gareth Emery – This Is New York [Lange Recordings]
• Lange vs Gareth Emery – X Equals 69 [Lange Recordings]
• Gareth Emery & Jon O'Bir – Bouncebackability [Five AM]
• Emery & Kirsch – Lose Yourself [Enhanced]
• Cupa – Mass Panic (Gareth Emery Remix) [Five AM]
• Cupa – Mass Panic (Concept mix) [Five AM]
• Digital Blues – Digital Blues [Lange Recordings]
• Digital Blues – Definition [Lange Recordings]
• Nu-NRG – Dreamland (Gareth Emery vs. Brisky Remix) [Monster]

2006[link]

• DT8 Project – Tomorrow Never Comes (Gareth Emery Remix) [Mondo]
• Lange vs Gareth Emery – Another You, Another Me [Vandit]
• Lange vs Gareth Emery – Back On Track (Gareth Emery Back On Breaks remix) [Lange]
• Mike Foyle – Shipwrecked (Gareth Emery remix) [Armind]
• Vinny Troia feat. Jaidene Veda – Flow (Gareth Emery Remix / Dub mix) [Curvve]
• Gareth Emery & Nicholas Bennison – Interlok [Five AM]
• Gareth Emery & Nicholas Bennison – Interlok (Gaz's Dubbed Out mix) [Five AM]
• Gareth Emery & Jon O'Bir – No Way Back [Five AM]
• Gareth Emery & Jon O'Bir – Integrate [Five AM]
• Lange vs Gareth Emery – On Track [Lange]
• Lange vs Gareth Emery – Three [Lange]
• George Acosta feat. Truth – Mellodrama (Gareth Emery Remix) [Five AM]

2007[link]

• Gareth Emery – More Than Anything [Five AM]
• Albert Vorne – Formentera What? (Gareth Emery Remix) [Club Elite]
• Gareth Emery pres. Runway – Outrageous [Baroque]
• Gareth Emery And Rue De Gar – Soul Symbol [Curvve Recordings]

2008[link]

• DJ Orkidea – Metaverse (Gareth Emery Remix)[AVA Recordings]
• Myon And Shane 54 feat. Carrie Skipper – Vampire (Gareth Emery's Garuda Remix)[Armind]
• Gareth Emery – This Is That [Five AM Records]
• Martin Roth – Off the World (Gareth Emery Remix)[Vandit]
• Darude Ft Blake Lewis – I Ran (So Far Away) (Gareth Emery Remix)[HMC/DRD Music Finland]
• Andrew Bennett Vs Tatana Feat. Tiff Lacey – Closer (Than A Heartbeat) (Gareth Emery Remix) [S2 Records]
• Bartlett Bros feat. Marcia Juell – Let it Flow (Gareth Emery Remix)[Lunatique]
• Stowers & Young – The Second Coming (Gareth Emery Remix) [Insight Recordings]
• Menno De Jong feat. Re:Locate – Solid State (Gareth Emery Remix) [Intuition Recordings]

2009[link]

• Gareth Emery – Exposure/Metropolis [Garuda]
• Bobina – Time & Tide (Gareth Emery Remix) [World Club Music]
• Above & Beyond pres. Oceanlab – Lonely Girl (Gareth Emery Remix) [Anjunabeats]
• Ronski Speed feat. Ana – The Deep Divine (Gareth Emery Remix)[euphonic]
• M.I.K.E. – Sunrise At Palamos 2009 (Gareth Emery Remix) [Garuda]
• Fabio XB & Micky VI – Make This Your Day (Gareth Emery Remix) [S107 Recordings]
• Fabio XB & Andrea Mazza – Light To Lies (Gareth Emery Remix) [S107 Recordings]
• Gaia – Tuvan (Gareth Emery Remix) [Armind]
• Gareth Emery With Emma Hewitt – I Will Be the Same [Garuda]
• Terry Ferminal & Jonas Stenberg – A Thousand Miles, Memories (Gareth Emery Edit) [High Contrast Recordings]
• Gareth Emery – The Sound Of Garuda [Garuda]
• Rosie and The Goldbug – Heartbreak (Gareth Emery Remix)
• Delerium Vs Gareth Emery – In This Silence (Black Army Mashup)

2010[link]

• Gareth Emery Feat Lucy Saunders – Sanctuary [Garuda]
• Gareth Emery – Northern Lights (Studio Album) [Garuda]
• Gareth Emery – Citadel [Garuda]
• Above & Beyond & Gareth Emery pres. OceanLab – On a Good Day (Metropolis) [Anjunabeats]
• Nadia Ali – Rapture (Gareth Emery Remix)

2011[link]

• Gareth Emery – Northern Lights Re-Lit (Studio Album) [Garuda]
• John O'Callaghan – Save This Moment (Gareth Emery Remix) [Captivating Sounds – Armada]
• Britney Spears – I Wanna Go (Gareth Emery Remix)
• Gareth Emery & Ben Gold – Flash
• Super8 & Tab – Perfect Day feat. Alyna (Gareth Emery Remix) [Anjunabeats]
• Gareth Emery & Ashley Wallbridge – Mansion
• Gareth Emery feat. Mark Frisch – Into The Light
• Gareth Emery – Tokyo

2012[link]

• Gareth Emery feat. Christina Novelli – Concrete Angel [Garuda]
• Labrinth – Last Time (Gareth Emery Remix)
• Gareth Emery & Ashley Wallbridge – D.U.I. (TBA)
• Gareth Emery - The Saga (TBA)
• Gareth Emery – 2012 Album (TBA)

References[link]