Antequera
—  Municipality  —
Flag Coat of arms
Antequera Location in Andalusia
Antequera Location in Spain
Coordinates: 37°01′N 4°34′W / 37.017°N 4.567°W / 37.017; -4.567Coordinates: 37°01′N 4°34′W / 37.017°N 4.567°W / 37.017; -4.567
Country	Spain
Autonomous community	Andalusia
Province	Málaga
Comarca	Comarca de Antequera
Government
• Mayor	Ricardo Millán Gómez (PSOE)
Area
• Total	814 km2 (314 sq mi)
Elevation	575 m (1,886 ft)
Population (2011)
• Total	45,854
• Density	56/km2 (150/sq mi)
Demonym	Antequeranos
Time zone	CET (UTC+1)
• Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code	29200
Dialing code	95
Official language(s)	Spanish
Website	Official website

Antequera is a city and municipality in the province of Málaga, part of the Spanish autonomous community of Andalusia. It is known as "the heart of Andalusia" (el corazón de Andalucía) because of its central location among Málaga, Granada, Córdoba, and Seville. It is noted for two large Bronze Age dolmens.

In 2011 it had 41,854 inhabitants. It covers an area of ​​749.34 km² and a density of 55.85 inhabitants/km² and is situated at an altitude of 575 meters. For its population, Antequera is the first in the interior of the province and the largest in area. It is the twenty-second largest in Spain^[1] . The city is located 45 km from Málaga and 115 km from Córdoba. The cities are connected by a high speed train and the A-45. Antequera is 160 kim from Seville and 102 km from Granada, which is connected by motorway A-92 and in the near future, by high speed, the Transverse Axis Rail^[2] .

For its strategic position in communications, with four airports located approximately one hour away and the railway from the Port of Algeciras, Antequera is emerging as an important logistical infrastructure, with several parks, and the new logistics center in Andalusia^[3] . In addition, the Vega de Antequera, watered by the river Guadalhorce, is a fertile agricultural area that provides cereals, olive oil and vegetables in abundance^[4] .

The city has its origins in ancient Roman Antikaria, although several sites located in the town attest that the area was inhabited before. Its past has an extensive archaeological and architectural heritage, highlighting all the dolmens of Menga, Viera and El Romeral^[5] , and numerous churches, convents and palaces of different periods and styles.

Its physical environment highlights the natural reserve of El Torcal, famous for its capricious limestone rocks, which form one of the most important karst landscapes in Europe^[6] .

Antequera was one of the sites linked to the beginnings of Andalusian nationalism, which drafted the Federal Constitution of Antequera in 1883 and agreed to the so-called Pact of Antequera Autonomy in 1978, which led to the achievement of autonomy for Andalusia^[7] . It had an to be the headquarters of the Andalusian government but lost in favor of Seville^[8] .

Geography[link]

Antequera and Peña de los Enamorados

Antequera lies 47 km north of the city of Málaga on the A45 road, at the foot of the mountain ranges of El Torcal and Sierra de la Chimenea, 575 m above mean sea level. It overlooks the fertile valley bounded to the south by the Sierra de los Torcales, and to the north by the river Guadalhorce. It occupies a commanding position. At 817 km², the municipality is the largest, in terms of area, in the province of Málaga and one of the largest in Spain. The population is 41,197 (2002 census).

The saltwater lagoon Fuente de Piedra, which is one of the few nesting places of the Greater Flamingo in Europe, and the limestone rock formation of the Torcal, a nature reserve and popular spot for climbers, are nearby. Across the Guadalhorce is Peña de los Enamorados, ("The Lovers' Rock"); named after the legend of two young Moorish lovers from rival clans who threw themselves from the rock while being pursued by the girl's father and his men. This romantic legend was adapted by Robert Southey. In his Laila and Manuel the lovers were a Muslim girl and her father's Christian slave.

History[link]

Bronze Age and early history[link]

Dólmen de Menga.

On the northern outskirts of the city there are two Bronze Age burial mounds (barrows or dolmens) the Dólmen de Menga^[9] and Dólmen de Viera, dating from the 3rd millennium BC. They are the largest such structures in Europe. The larger one, Dólmen de Menga, is twenty-five metres in diameter and four metres high, and was built with thirty-two megaliths, the largest weighing about 180 tonnes. After completion of the chamber (which probably served as a grave for the ruling families) and the path leading into the center, the stone structure was covered with earth and built up into the hill that can be seen today. When the grave was opened and examined in the 19th century, archaeologists found the skeletons of several hundred people inside. The Dólmen del Romeral, which dates from the early 2nd millennium (about 1800 BC), is outside the city. A large number of smaller stones were used in its construction. Los Silillos, a significant Bronze Age prehistoric village was uncovered several miles north of Antequera.^[10]

From the 7th century BC, the region was settled by the Iberians, whose cultural and economic contacts with the Phoenicians and Greeks are demonstrated by many archaeological discoveries. In the middle of the 1st millennium BC, the Iberians mingled with wandering Celts (see Celtiberians) and with the civilization of Tartessos of southern Spain.

Roman era and later invasions[link]

In the last quarter of the 1st millennium BCE, the Iberian peninsula became part of the Roman Empire. The people quickly adopted Roman culture and the Latin language, and the transition to Roman rule was largely peaceful. As in many other places in Andalusia, the current city plan and the name originate from when Spain was part of the Roman Empire; the Latin name of the city was Antikaria. Under the Romans, the city continued to be an important commercial center, especially known for the quality of its olive oil.

Starting from the 5th century AD, the Romans were increasingly displaced by people crossing the Pyrenees, including Vandals, Alans, and Suebi. In 554 a Roman expedition sent by emperor Justinian retook the area, but they were in turn defeated by the Visigoths in 624.

Al-Andalus[link]

Alcazaba

In the year 711 was the start of the Arab Islamic invasion of the iberian peninsula. Antikaria was conquered around 716, and it was named Antaquira. The full name wasMedina Antaquira. The word Medianh or Madinah means "city" in Arabic.

The Arab Islamic "Moorish" state was known for its religious tolerance, and lasted until 1212, when a coalition of Christian kings drove them from Central Spain in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. Over the next few years the dominant Almohad dynasty was defeated and Moorish Al-Andalus greatly reduced in strength. Medina Antaquira, which at that time had a population of about 2,600, became one of the northern cities of the remaining Nasrid kingdom of Granada and an important border town. To defend against the Catholic Spanish troops from the northern kingdoms, fortifications were built, and a castle (alcazaba) was erected overlooking the city.

For about two hundred years, Medina Antaquira was repeatedly attacked by Christian kings during the Reconquista, and on September 16, 1410 an army led by Ferdinand I of Aragon conquered the city. This gave Ferdinand, who was crowned King of Aragon in 1412, the title "Ferdinand of Antequera" (Don Fernando de Antequera), and the main street still carries his name: Calle Infante Don Fernando.

Spain[link]

Old town and tower of San Sebastián church.

Statue of the scholar Pedro Espinosa (1578-1650) on the Plaza de Escribanos.

After Antequera became part of the Kingdom of Castile, the Muslims were driven out. The city became a Catholic fortress against the Muslim Nasrid kingdom of Granada, and a base for continuing conquest. After Granada, the last Moorish city, capitulated in 1492, Antequera began to recover from the centuries of fighting, and the population increased from 2,000 to almost 15,000 in twenty years.

Antequera became an important commercial town at the crossroads between Málaga to the south, Granada to the east, Córdoba to the north and Seville to the west. Because of its location, its flourishing agriculture, and the work of its craftsmen, all contributing to the cultural growth of the city, Antequera was called the "Heart of Andalusia" by the early 16th century. During this time the townscape also changed. Mosques and houses were torn down, and new churches and houses built in their place. The oldest church in Antequera, the late Gothic Iglesia San Francisco, was built around the year 1500.

In 1504, the humanist university of the Real Colegiata de Santa María la Mayor was founded; it became a meeting place for important writers and scholars of the Spanish Renaissance. A school of poets arose during the 16th century that included Pedro Espinosa, Luis Martín de la Plaza and Cristobalina Fernández de Alarcón. A school of sculpture produced artists who were mainly employed on the many churches built, and who were in demand in Seville, Málaga and Córdoba and the surrounding areas. The newly-built churches included San Sebastián in the city center and the largest and most splendid of the city, Real Colegiata de Santa María, with its richly decorated mannerist façade.

Still more churches and convents were built into the 18th century (today there are 32 in the city altogether), as were palaces for the members of the aristocracy and the wealthier citizens in the Spanish Baroque style.

Antequera's prosperity slowly came to a close at the end of the 17th century and the beginning of the 18th. Spain had to accept the loss of its American colonies and lost a number of crucial military conflicts in Europe. That led to a deep economic crisis, which in some parts of the country led people to turn to bartering. Church, aristocracy and the upper middle class — the great landowners — who had been the clients and sponsors of the creative arts, lost most of their fortunes and could not afford to build more churches or palaces.

Starting from the mid-18th century, Spain underwent a series of reforms, in particular a land reform and the reduction of the power of the Church (the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767) that produced a slow economic recovery. In Antequera, textile production became the main industry. In 1804, yellow fever caused a setback, as well as the Napoleonic wars which broke out shortly after. In the early 20th century, Antequera's textile industry suffered another serious crisis.

It was only in the 1960s, when the nearby Costa del Sol developed into an international tourist hotspot, that Antequera experienced another economic upswing. Today the city is an important tourist and cultural center, not only on a regional scale.

Main sights[link]

Religious architecture[link]

• Church Real Colegiata de Santa María la Mayor (1514–1550), a national monument built in a transition style between the late Gothic and the Renaissasance ones. For the façade construction were used stones from the abandoned Roman town of Singilia Barba, located north of Antequera.
• Church Real Colegiata de San Sebastián, built from 1548. Originally in Renaissance style, it has a Baroque bell tower and a Neoclassicist interior.
• Convent of Madre de Dios de Monteagudo (1747–1761). It has a notable Baroque bell tower.
• Convento de la Encarnación (1580), in Mannerist-Mudéjar style.
• Convent of Belén (early 16th century)
• Church of San Pedro (16th century), with traces of a previous Gothic edifice
• Royal Monastery of San Zoilo, founded in 1500. In Gothic style, it has been declared national monument.
• Church of St. John the Baptist (finished in 1584). It has an austere façade, with a notable Baroque interior.
• Church of Santiago (1522)
• Church of the Carmen (1583–1633), in Mannerist-Baroque style. It has a tre retablos in the main chapel, dating to the 18th century.
• Chapel of the Virgen del Socorro, an isolated small church in the port area. It was built in 1715

Other buildings[link]

• Alcazaba
• the 18th century Palace of Nájera, now home to the Municipal Museum,.^[11]
• The bullring, dating from 1848, was rebuilt beginning in 1984, in a style that reflects the city's diverse architectural influences
• Arco de los Gigantes ("Giants' Arch"), erected in 1595 in honour of King Philip II of Spain, and partly constructed of inscribed Roman masonry.
• The excavated Roman baths can be seen in the southeast part of the city.
• Roman villa of Estación: (1st century BC-4th century AD)

The city's museums house about 80% of all the art treasures in the province of Málaga, which makes it one of the cultural centers of Andalusia.

In the eastern suburbs there is one of the largest burial mounds in Spain, dating from the Bronze Age, and with subterranean chambers excavated to a depth of c. 20 m.

Economy[link]

Historically, the region's economy was based on the production and processing of agricultural products (olives, grain, and wool), as well as furniture manufacturing. Today, tourism is the main industry, and there are an increasing number of international visitors.

Twin towns[link]

• Agde, France
• Oaxaca de Juárez, Mexico

References[link]

• C. Fernandez, Historia de Antequera, desde su fundación (Malaga, 1842).
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Antequera

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Antequera.

• Official website
• Information Website
• Information on the Costa del Sol site
• Visiting Antequera
• Photo Essay on Antequera

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