- published: 26 Jul 2007
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- author: gambelputty
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- Agote
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Aegean Sea
The Aegean Sea (/ɨˈdʒiːən/; Greek: Αιγαίο Πέλαγος, Egeo Pelagos [eˈʝeo ˈpelaɣos] (
listen); Turkish: Ege Denizi or historically Turkish: Adalar Denizi) is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea located between the southern Balkan and Anatolian peninsulas, i.e., between the mainlands of Greece and Turkey. In the north, it is connected to the Marmara Sea and Black Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosporus. The Aegean Islands are within the sea and some bound it on its southern periphery, including Crete and Rhodes. The Aegean Region consists of nine provinces in southwestern Turkey, in part bordering on the Aegean sea.
The sea was traditionally known as Archipelago (in Greek, Αρχιπέλαγος, meaning "chief sea"), but in English this word's meaning has changed to refer to the Aegean Islands and, generally, to any island group.
The Aegean Sea covers about 214,000 square kilometres (83,000 sq mi) in area, and measures about 610 kilometres (380 mi) longitudinally and 300 kilometres (190 mi) latitudinally. The sea's maximum depth is 3,543 metres (11,624 ft), east of Crete. The Aegean Islands are found within its waters, with the following islands delimiting the sea on the south (generally from west to east): Kythera, Antikythera, Crete, Kasos, Karpathos and Rhodes.
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Anatolia
Coordinates: 39°N 32°E / 39°N 32°E / 39; 32
Anatolia (from Greek Ἀνατολή Anatolē — "east" or "(sun)rise"; also Asia Minor, from Greek: Μικρὰ Ἀσία Mikrá Asía "small Asia"; in modern Turkish: Anadolu) is a geographic and historical term denoting the westernmost protrusion of Asia, comprising the majority of the Republic of Turkey. The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south and the Aegean Sea to the west. The Sea of Marmara forms a connection between the Black and Aegean Seas through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits, and separates Anatolia from Thrace on the European mainland. Traditionally, Anatolia is considered to extend in the east to a line between the Gulf of Iskenderun and the Black Sea, approximately corresponding to the western two-thirds of the Asian part of Turkey. However, since Anatolia is now often considered to be synonymous with Asian Turkey, its eastern and southeastern borders are widely taken to be the Turkish borders with the neighboring countries, which are Georgia, Armenia, Iran, Iraq and Syria, in clockwise direction.
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Ancient Corinth
Coordinates: 37°54′19″N 22°52′49″E / 37.9053455°N 22.8801924°E / 37.9053455; 22.8801924
Corinth, or Korinth (Greek: Κόρινθος, Kórinthos) was a city-state (polis) on the Isthmus of Corinth, the narrow stretch of land that joins the Peloponnesus to the mainland of Greece, roughly halfway between Athens and Sparta. The modern town of Corinth is located approximately 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) northeast of the ancient ruins. Since 1896, systematic archaeological investigations of the Corinth Excavations by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens have revealed large parts of the ancient city, and recent excavations conducted by the Greek Ministry of Culture have brought important new facets of antiquity to light.
Neolithic pottery suggests that the site of Corinth was occupied from at least as early as 6500BC, and continually occupied into the Early Bronze Age , when, it has been suggested, the settlement acted as a centre of trade However, there is a dramatic drop in ceramic remains during the Early Helladic II phase, and only sparse ceramic remains in the EHIII and MH phases; thus it appears that the area was very sparsely inhabited in the period immediately before the Myceanaean period. While pottery dating to the Mycenaean period is negligable at the site of Corinth, there was a settlement on the coast near Lechaion which traded across the Corinthian Gulf; the site of Corinth itself was likely not heavily occupied again until around 900BC, when it is believed the Dorians settled there.
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Aquitaine
Aquitaine (French pronunciation: [a.ki.tɛn], English /ˌækwɪˈteɪn/; Occitan: Aquitània; Basque: Akitania), archaic Guyenne/Guienne (Occitan: Guiana), is one of the 27 regions of France, in the south-western part of metropolitan France, along the Atlantic Ocean and the Pyrenees mountain range on the border with Spain. It is composed of the 5 departments of Dordogne, Lot et Garonne, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Landes and Gironde. In the Middle Ages Aquitaine was a kingdom and a duchy, whose boundaries fluctuated considerably.
There are traces of human settlement by prehistoric peoples, especially in the Périgord, but the earliest attested inhabitants in the south-west were the Aquitani, who were not proper Celtic people, but more akin to the Iberians (see Gallia Aquitania). Although a number of different languages and dialects were in use in the area during ancient times, it is most likely that the prevailing language of Aquitaine during the late pre-historic to Roman period was an early form of the Basque language. This has been demonstrated by various Aquitanian names and words that were recorded by the Romans, and which are currently easily readable as Basque. Whether this Aquitanian language (Proto-Basque) was a remnant of a Vasconic language group that once extended much farther, or whether it was generally limited to the Aquitaine/Basque region is not currently known. One reason the language of Aquitaine is important is because Basque is the last surviving non-Indo-European language in western Europe and it has had some effect on the languages around it, including Spanish and, to a lesser extent, French.
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Argentina
Argentina
i/ˌɑrdʒənˈtiːnə/, officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina [reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina]), is a country in South America, the continent's second largest by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations.
Argentina's continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. It borders Paraguay and Bolivia to the north, Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast, and Chile to the west and south. Argentine claims over Antarctica, as well as overlapping claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom, are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. Argentina also claims the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are administered by the United Kingdom as British Overseas Territories.
A recognised middle power, Argentina is Latin America's third-largest economy, with a "very high" rating on the Human development index. Within Latin America, Argentina has the fifth highest nominal GDP per capita and the highest in purchasing power terms. Analysts have argued that the country has a "foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods", and it is classed by investors as middle emerging economy. Argentina is a founding member of the United Nations, Mercosur, the Union of South American Nations, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization, and is one of the G-15 and G-20 major economies.
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Battle of Adrianople
The Battle of Adrianople (9 August 378), sometimes known as the Battle of Hadrianopolis, was fought between a Roman army led by the Roman Emperor Valens and Gothic rebels (largely Thervings as well as Greutungs, non-Gothic Alans, and various local rebels) led by Fritigern. The battle took place about 8 miles (13 km) north of Adrianople (modern Edirne in European Turkey, near the border with Greece and Bulgaria) in the Roman province of Thracia and ended with an overwhelming victory for the Goths.
Part of the Gothic War (376–382), the battle is often considered the start of the final collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. Adrianople actually was fought between the Goths and the Eastern Roman Empire, which ultimately withstood the Gothic invasions and developed into the Byzantine Empire.
In 376 AD, displaced by the invasions of the Huns, the Goths, led by Alavivus and Fritigern, asked to be allowed to settle in the Roman Empire. Hoping that they would become farmers and soldiers, the emperor Valens allowed them to establish themselves in the Empire as allies (foederati). However, once across the Danube (and in Roman territory), the dishonesty of the provincial commanders Lupinicus and Maximus led the newcomers to revolt after suffering many hardships. Valens (of the Eastern Empire) then asked Gratian, the western emperor, for reinforcements to fight the Goths. Gratian sent the general Frigeridus with reinforcements, as well as the leader of his guards, Richomeres. For the next two years preceding the battle of Adrianople there were a series of running battles with no clear victories for either side.
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Battle of Naissus
The Battle of Naissus (268 or 269 AD) was the defeat of a Gothic coalition by the Roman Empire under Emperor Gallienus (or Claudius II) near Naissus (Niš in present-day Serbia). The events around the invasion and the battle are an important part of the history of the Crisis of the Third Century.
The result was a great Roman victory which, combined with the effective pursuit of the invaders in the aftermath of the battle and the energetic efforts of the Emperor Aurelian, largely removed the threat from Germanic tribes in the Balkan frontier for the following decades.
As is often the case in the history of the Roman Empire in the troubled 3rd century, it is very difficult to reconstruct the course of events around the battle of Naissus. Surviving accounts of the period, including Zosimus' New History, Zonaras' Epitome of the Histories, George Syncellus' Selection of Chronography, and the Augustan History, rely principally on the lost history of the Athenian Dexippus. The text of Dexippus has survived only indirectly, through quotations in the fourth-century Augustan History and extracts in ninth-century Byzantine compilations. Despite his importance for the period, Dexippus has been declared a "poor" source by the modern historian David S. Potter. To make matters worse, the works making use of Dexippus (and likely another unknown contemporary source) provide an almost radically different interpretation of events. The imperial propaganda in the age of Constantine's dynasty added more confusion by attributing all the calamities to the reign of Gallienus to avoid blemishing the memory of Claudius (supposed ancestor of the dynasty).
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Canary Islands
The Canary Islands (English /kəˈnɛəri ˈaɪləndz/; Spanish: Islas Canarias [ˈizlas kaˈnaɾjas, ˈihlah kaˈnaɾjas]), also known as the Canaries (Spanish: Canarias), is a Spanish archipelago located just off the northwest coast of mainland Africa, 100 km west of the border between Morocco and the Western Sahara. The Canaries are a Spanish autonomous community and an outermost region of the European Union. The islands include (from largest to smallest): Tenerife, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, La Palma, La Gomera, El Hierro, La Graciosa, Alegranza, Isla de Lobos, Montaña Clara, Roque del Este and Roque del Oeste. The Canary Islands are legally recognized as a nationality of Spain. Geographically it is a part of the African Continent.[citation needed]
The archipelago's beaches, climate and important natural attractions, especially Teide National Park and Mount Teide (the third tallest volcano in the world measured from its base on the ocean floor), make it a major tourist destination, with over 12 million visitors per year, especially Tenerife, Gran Canaria and Lanzarote. The islands have a subtropical climate, with long warm summers and moderately warm winters. Due to their location above the temperature inversion layer, these islands are ideal for astronomical observation. For this reason, two professional observatories, Teide Observatory on the island of Tenerife and Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on the island of La Palma, have been built on the islands.
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Chalcedon
Chalcedon (
/kælˈsiːdən/ or /ˈkælsɨdɒn/;Greek: Χαλκηδών, sometimes transliterated as Chalkedon) was an ancient maritime town of Bithynia, in Asia Minor, almost directly opposite Byzantium, south of Scutari (modern Üsküdar). It is now a district of the city of Istanbul named Kadıköy. The name is a variant of Calchedon (Greek: Καλχήδων), found on all the coins of Chalcedon as well as in manuscripts of Herodotus's Histories, Xenophon's Hellenica, Arrian's Anabasis, and other works. Almost no aboveground vestiges of the ancient city survive in Kadıköy today; artifacts uncovered at Altıyol and other excavation sites are on display at the Istanbul Archaeological Museum.
The site of Chalcedon is located on a small peninsula on the north coast of the Sea of Marmara, near the mouth of the Bosphorus. A stream, called the Chalcis or Chalcedon in antiquity and now known as the Kurbağalıdere (Turkish: stream with frogs), flows into Fenerbahçe bay. There Greek colonists from Megara in Attica founded the settlement of Chalcedon in 685 BC, some seventeen years before Byzantium.
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Chile
Chile (i/ˈtʃɪliː/ or /ˈtʃɪleɪ/), officially the Republic of Chile (Spanish: República de Chile [reˈpuβlika ðe ˈtʃile] ( listen)), is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. Along with Ecuador, it is one of two countries in South America that do not border Brazil. Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas and Easter Island. Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres (480,000 sq mi) of Antarctica, although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.
Chile's distinctive shape—4,300 kilometres (2,700 mi) long and on average 175 kilometres (109 mi) wide—makes it the longest country in the world, north to south, with the fifth lengthiest coastline at over 78 thousand kilometers. The diverse climate of Chile ranges from the world's driest desert in the north—the Atacama—through a Mediterranean climate in the centre, humid subtropical in Easter Island, to an Oceanic climate, including alpine tundra and glaciers in the east and south. The northern desert contains great mineral wealth, principally copper. The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources, and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions. Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands, and features a string of volcanoes and lakes. The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands.
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Colombia
Colombia (
/kəˈlʌmbiə/ kə-LUM-biə, or /kəˈlɒmbiə/ kə-LOM-biə), officially the Republic of Colombia (Spanish: República de Colombia [reˈpuβlika ðe koˈlombja]), is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the northwest by Panama; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia has maritime borders with Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Colombia is the 26th largest country by area and the fourth largest in South America after Brazil, Argentina and Peru. With over 46 million people, Colombia is the 27th largest country in the world by population and has the second largest population of any Spanish-speaking country in the world, after Mexico. Colombia is a middle power, with the fourth largest economy in Latin America, and the third largest in South America. Colombia is famous for the production of coffee, flowers, emeralds, coal, and oil. All of these products make up the primary sector of economy.
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Constantinople
Constantinople (Greek: Κωνσταντινούπολις, Konstantinoúpolis; Latin: Constantinopolis; Ottoman Turkish: قسطنطینیه, Qostantiniyye; and modern Turkish: İstanbul) was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, the Latin and the Ottoman Empires. It was founded in AD 330, at ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Constantine I, after whom it was named. The city was the largest and wealthiest European city of the Middle Ages, and shared the glories of the Byzantine Empire, which was eventually reduced to the city and its environs.
Although besieged on numerous occasions by various peoples, it was taken only in 1204 by the army of the Fourth Crusade, in 1261 by Michael VIII, and in 1453 by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II. An inner wall was erected by Constantine I, and the city was surrounded by a triple wall of fortifications, begun during the 5th century by Theodosius II. The city was built on seven hills as well as on the Bosporus, and thus presented an impregnable fortress enclosing magnificent palaces, domes and towers. The Church of Hagia Sophia, the sacred palace of the emperors, the hippodrome, and the Golden Gate were among the largest of the many churches, public edifices, and monuments lining the arcaded avenues and squares.
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Crete
Crete (Greek: Κρήτη; [kriti]) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the fifth-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, and one of the thirteen administrative regions of Greece. It forms a significant part of the economy and cultural heritage of Greece while retaining its own local cultural traits (such as its own dialect, poetry, and music). Crete was the centre of the Minoan civilization (c. 2700–1420 BC), the earliest civilization in Europe, comprising the first palaces in Europe.
The island is first referred to as Kaptara in texts from the Syrian city of Mari dating from the 18th century BC, repeated later in Neo-Assyrian records and the Bible (Caphtor). It was also known in ancient Egyptian as Keftiu, strongly suggesting some form similar to both was the Minoan name for the island.
The Mycenaean Greek name for Crete is unknown; it is not mentioned in extant Linear B texts. The name Crete (Κρήτη) first appears in Homer's Odyssey. Its etymology is unknown. One speculative proposal derives it from a hypothetical Luvian word *kursatta (cf. kursawar "island", kursattar "cutting, sliver"). In Latin, it became Creta.
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Criuleni District
Criuleni is a district (Moldovan: raion) in the central part of Moldova, with the administrative center at Criuleni. As of January 1, 2011, its population was 73,100.
The history of love of two young Criu and Lenuţa - from neighboring towns, and whose parents forbade them to marry, had a tragic end. Finding no other solution, they were thrown into the river Nistru. In there came two young parents and relatives, and he wept, understanding the tragedy they have committed. Some time passed parents and relatives living on the Nistru river, wanting to be closer to loved ones and the city have called Crio-Lean. Over several years the name was changed in Criuleni.
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Cyprus
Cyprusi/ˈsaɪprəs/ (Greek: Κύπρος, Kýpros, IPA: [ˈcipɾos]; Turkish: Kıbrıs, IPA: [ˈkɯbɾɯs]), officially the Republic of Cyprus (Greek: Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία, Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía, IPA: [cipɾiaˈci ðimokɾaˈtia]; Turkish: Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti, IPA: [ˈkɯbɾɯs dʒumhuɾijeˈti]), is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, east of Greece, south of Turkey, west of Syria, Lebanon, northwest of Israel and north of Egypt. Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and the Republic of Cyprus is a member state of the European Union.
The earliest known human activity on the island dates back to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia, which has been declared a World Heritage Site with an "enhanced protection" status in the event of armed conflict by UNESCO, along with the archaeological sites of Paphos and the Painted Churches of the Troodos Region. Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world.
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Cyzicus
Cyzicus (Greek: Κύζικος, Kyzikos; Ottoman Turkish: آیدینجق, Aydıncıḳ) was an ancient town of Mysia in Anatolia in the current Balıkesir Province of Turkey. It was located on the shoreward side of the present Kapıdağ Peninsula (the classical Arctonnesus), a tombolo which is said to have originally been an island in the Sea of Marmara only to be connected to the mainland in historic times either by artificial means or an earthquake.
The site of Cyzicus, located on the Erdek and Bandırma roads, is protected by Turkey's Ministry of Culture.
The city was said to have been founded by Pelasgians from Thessaly, according to tradition at the coming of the Argonauts; later it received many colonies from Miletus, allegedly in 756 BC, but its importance began only after the Peloponnesian War, when the decay of Athens and Miletus set in. Alcibiades defeated the Lacedaemonians there (410 BC). The era of its Olympiads was reckoned from 135 or 139.
Owing to its advantageous position it speedily acquired commercial importance, and the gold staters of Cyzicus were a staple currency in the ancient world till they were superseded by those of Philip of Macedon. Its unique and characteristic coin, the cyzicenus, was worth 28 drachmae.
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Dniester
The Dniester ( /ˈniːstər/ NEES-tər;Romanian: Nistru, Ukrainian: Дністе́р translit. Dnister; Russian: Днестр) is a river in Eastern Europe. It runs through Ukraine and Moldova and separates most of Moldova's territory from the breakaway territory of Transnistria.
The name Dniester derives from Iranic Sarmatian Dānu nazdya "the close river." The Dnieper River also derives from the same Sarmatian Iranic meaning, "the river on the far side.") The older name, Tyras, is from Scythian tūra, meaning "rapid." The names of the Don and Danube are also from the same Proto Indo-European word *dānu - river.
In Russian, it is known as Днестр, translit. Dnestr, in Yiddish: Nester נעסטער; in Turkish, Turla and during antiquity, it was called Tyras in Latin and Danastris in Greek. Classical authors have also referred to it as Danaster.
The Dniester rises in Ukraine, near the city of Drohobych, close to the border with Poland, and flows toward the Black Sea. Its course marks part of the border of Ukraine and Moldova, after which it flows through Moldova for 398 kilometres (247 mi), separating the bulk of Moldova's territory from Transnistria. It later forms an additional part of the Moldova-Ukraine border, then flows through Ukraine to the Black Sea, where its estuary forms the Dniester Liman.
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Ephesus
Ephesus (/ˈɛfəsəs/);Ancient Greek Ἔφεσος, Ephesos; Turkish Efes) was an ancient Greek city, and later a major Roman city, on the west coast of Asia Minor, near present-day Selçuk, Izmir Province, Turkey. It was one of the twelve cities of the Ionian League during the Classical Greek era. In the Roman period, Ephesus had a population of more than 250,000 in the 1st century BC, which also made it one of the largest cities in the Mediterranean world.
The city was famed for the Temple of Artemis (completed around 550 BC), one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Emperor Constantine I rebuilt much of the city and erected new public baths. Following the Edict of Thessalonica from emperor Theodosius I, the temple was destroyed in 401 AD by a mob led by St. John Chrysostom. The town was partially destroyed by an earthquake in 614 AD. The city's importance as a commercial center declined as the harbor was slowly silted up by the Cayster River (Küçük Menderes).
Ephesus was one of the seven churches of Asia that are cited in the Book of Revelation. The Gospel of John may have been written here. The city was the site of several 5th century Christian Councils, see Council of Ephesus. It is also the site of a large gladiators' graveyard.
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Gdynia
Gdynia [ˈɡdɨɲa] ( listen) (Kashubian: Gdiniô, German: Gdingen) is a city in the Pomeranian Voivodeship of Poland and an important seaport of Gdańsk Bay on the south coast of the Baltic Sea.
Located in Kashubia in Eastern Pomerania, Gdynia is part of a conurbation with the spa town of Sopot, the city of Gdańsk and suburban communities, which together form a metropolitan area called the Tricity (Trójmiasto), with a population of over a million people.
The area of the later city of Gdynia shared its history with Pomerelia (Eastern Pomerania); in prehistoric times it was the center of Oksywie culture; it was later populated by Slavs with some Baltic Prussian influences.
The decision to build a major seaport at the Gdynia village was made by the Polish government in the winter of 1920, in the midst of the Polish-Soviet War (1919–1920). The authorities and seaport workers of the Free City of Danzig felt Poland's economic rights in the city were being misappropriated to help fight the war.[citation needed] German dock workers went on strike, refusing to unload shipments of military supplies send from the West to aid the Polish army, and Poland realized the need for a port city it was in complete control of, economically and politically.
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Gotland
Gotland (/ˈɡɒtlənd/; Swedish pronunciation: [ˈɡɔtland] ( listen) or [ˈɡɔlland]), sometimes Gottland /ˈɡɒtlənd/ or Gothland /ˈɡɒθlənd/,Gutland in the local language Gutnish, is a province, county, municipality, and diocese of Sweden. It is Sweden's largest island and the largest island in the Baltic Sea. With its total area of 3,140 square kilometers, the island of Gotland and the other areas of the province of Gotland make up less than one percent of Sweden's total land area. The province includes the small islands of Fårö and Gotska Sandön to the north and some tiny islands, including the Karlsö Islands (Lilla and Stora) to the west. The island of Gotland has an area of 2,994 km², whereas the province has 3,183.7 km² (3,151 km² of land excluding the lakes and rivers). The population is 57,221, of which about 22,200 live in Visby, the main town. The island's main sources of income are tourism, agriculture, and concrete production from locally mined limestone.
The traditional provinces of Sweden serve no administrative or political purposes, but are historical and cultural entities. In the case of Gotland, however, due to its insular position, the administrative county, län, Gotland County and the municipality, kommun, Gotland Municipality both cover the same territory as the province. Furthermore, the Diocese of Visby is also congruent with the province.
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Greece
Greecei/ˈɡriːs/ (Greek: Ελλάδα, Ellada, IPA: [eˈlaða] ( listen) historically in Katharevousa and Ancient Greek: Ἑλλάς, Hellas, IPA: [eˈlas] and [helːás] respectively), officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Elliniki Dimokratia, IPA: [eliniˈci ðimokraˈtia]), is a country in Southern Europe, politically considered part of Western Europe.Athens is the capital and the largest city in the country (its urban area also including Piraeus). The population of the country is around 11 million.
Greece has land borders with Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a vast number of islands (approximately 1,400, of which 227 are inhabited), including Crete, the Dodecanese, the Cyclades, and the Ionian Islands among others. Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains, of which Mount Olympus is the highest at 2,917 m (9,570 ft).
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Heraclea Pontica
Heraclea Pontica ([pronunciation?]; Greek: Ἡράκλεια Ποντική Hērakleia Pontikē; modern day Karadeniz Ereğli, in the Zonguldak Province of Turkey, on the Black Sea), an ancient city on the coast of Bithynia in Asia Minor, at the mouth of the river Lycus. It was founded by the Greek city-state of Megarac.560-558 and was named after Heracles who the Greeks believed entered the underworld at a cave on the adjoining Archerusian promontory (Cape Baba).
The colonists soon subjugated the native Mariandynians but agreed to terms that none of the latter, now helot-like serfs, be sold into slavery outside their homeland. Prospering from the rich, fertile adjacent lands and the sea-fisheries of its natural harbor, Heraclea soon extended its control along the coast as far east as Cytorus (Gideros, near Cide), eventually establishing Black Sea colonies of its own (Cytorus, Callatis and Chersonesus).
The prosperity of the city, rudely shaken by the Galatians and the Bithynians, was utterly destroyed in the Mithridatic Wars. It was the birthplace of the philosopher Heraclides Ponticus.
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Hispania
Hispania was the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula. Under the Republic, Hispania was divided into two provinces: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. During the Principate, Hispania Ulterior was divided into two new provinces, Baetica and Lusitania, while Hispania Citerior was renamed Tarraconensis. Subsequently, the western part of Tarraconensis was split off, first as Hispania Nova, later renamed Callaecia (or Gallaecia, whence modern Galicia). From Diocletian's Tetrarchy (AD 284) onwards, the south of remaining Tarraconensis was again split off as Carthaginensis, and probably then too the Balearic Islands and all the resulting provinces formed one civil diocese under the vicarius for the Hispaniae (that is, the Celtic provinces). The name, Hispania, was also used in the period of Visigothic rule. The modern name Spain derives from Hispania.
The origin of the word Hispania is much disputed and the evidence for the various speculations are based merely upon what are at best mere resemblances, likely to be accidental, and suspect supporting evidence. One theory holds it to be of Punic derivation, from the Phoenician language of colonizing Carthage. Specifically, it may derive from a Punic cognate of Hebrew אי-שפניא (i-shfania) meaning "Island of the Hyrax" or "island of the hare" or "island of the rabbit" (Phoenician-Punic and Hebrew are both Canaanite languages and therefore closely related to each other). Another theory, proposed by the etymologist Eric Partridge in his work Origins, is that it is of Iberian derivation and that it is to be found in the pre-Roman name for Seville, Hispalis, which strongly hints at an ancient name for the country of *Hispa, an Iberian or Celtic root whose meaning is now lost. It may alternatively derive from Heliopolis (Greek for "city of the sun"). Occasionally it was called Hesperia, the western land, by Roman writers, or Hesperia ultima.
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Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula (Asturian, Galician, Leonese, Mirandese, Portuguese and Spanish: Península Ibérica, Catalan: Península Ibèrica, Aragonese and Occitan: Peninsula Iberica, French: Péninsule Ibérique, Basque: Iberiar Penintsula), sometimes called Iberia, is a peninsula located in the extreme southwest of Europe and includes the modern-day sovereign states of Spain, Portugal and Andorra, as well as the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It is the westernmost of the three major southern European peninsulas—the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas. It is bordered on the southeast and east by the Mediterranean Sea, and on the north, west and southwest by the Atlantic Ocean. The Pyrenees form the northeast edge of the peninsula, separating it from the rest of Europe. In the south, it approaches the northern coast of Africa. It is the second-largest peninsula in Europe, with an area of approximately 582,000 km2 (225,000 sq mi).
The English word Iberia was adapted from the use of the Ancient Greek word Ιβηρία (Ibēría) by the Greek geographers under the Roman Empire to refer to what is known today in English as the Iberian Peninsula. At that time the name did not describe a single political entity or a distinct population of people. Strabo's Iberia was delineated from Keltikē by the Pyrenees and included the entire land mass south-west (he named it "west") of there.
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Iberian peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula (Asturian, Galician, Leonese, Mirandese, Portuguese and Spanish: Península Ibérica, Catalan: Península Ibèrica, Aragonese and Occitan: Peninsula Iberica, French: Péninsule Ibérique, Basque: Iberiar Penintsula), sometimes called Iberia, is a peninsula located in the extreme southwest of Europe and includes the modern-day sovereign states of Spain, Portugal and Andorra, as well as the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It is the westernmost of the three major southern European peninsulas—the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas. It is bordered on the southeast and east by the Mediterranean Sea, and on the north, west and southwest by the Atlantic Ocean. The Pyrenees form the northeast edge of the peninsula, separating it from the rest of Europe. In the south, it approaches the northern coast of Africa. It is the second-largest peninsula in Europe, with an area of approximately 582,000 km2 (225,000 sq mi).
The English word Iberia was adapted from the use of the Ancient Greek word Ιβηρία (Ibēría) by the Greek geographers under the Roman Empire to refer to what is known today in English as the Iberian Peninsula. At that time the name did not describe a single political entity or a distinct population of people. Strabo's Iberia was delineated from Keltikē by the Pyrenees and included the entire land mass south-west (he named it "west") of there.
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Italian peninsula
The Italian Peninsula or Apennine Peninsula, also Italy (Italian: Penisola italiana or Penisola appenninica) is one of the three large peninsulas of Southern Europe (the other two being the Iberian Peninsula and Balkan Peninsula), spanning 1,000 km (620 mi) from the Po Valley in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south. The peninsula's shape gives it the nickname Lo Stivale (The Boot). Three smaller peninsulas contribute to this characteristic shape, namely Calabria, Salento and Gargano.
Since the reign of Roman Emperor Augustus (end of first century BCE), the northern border of the peninsula has been set on the Alps watershed, but geographically it coincides with a line extending from the Magra to the Rubicone rivers, north of the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines, which excludes the Po Valley and the southern slope of the Alps.
Nearly all of the peninsula is part of the state of the Italian Republic, apart from San Marino and the Vatican City. Additionally, Sicily, Elba, Malta (an independent state), and other smaller islands, as Palagruža (It. Pelagosa), belonging to Croatia, are usually considered as islands off the peninsula and in this sense geographically grouped along with it.
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Italy
Italyi/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
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Kattegat
The Kattegat (Danish, from Dutch, commonly used in English), or Kattegatt (Swedish) is a sea area bounded by the Jutland peninsula and the Straits islands of Denmark on the west and south, and the provinces of Västergötland, Scania, Halland and Bohuslän in Sweden on the east. The Baltic Sea drains into the Kattegat through the Øresund and the Danish Straits. The Kattegat is a continuation of the Skagerrak and may be seen as either a bay of the Baltic Sea, a bay of the North Sea, or, in traditional Scandinavian usage, neither of these.
According to the definition established in a 1932 convention signed by Denmark, Norway and Sweden (registered in the League of Nations Treaty Series 199 - 1933), the northern boundary between Kattegat and Skagerrak is found at the northernmost point of Skagen on Jutland and the southern boundary towards Oresund is found at the tip of Kullen Peninsula in Scania.
Waterways that drain into the Kattegat are the rivers of Göta älv at Gothenburg, together with the Lagan, Nissan, Ätran and Viskan from the province of Halland on the Swedish side, and the river of Gudenå from Jutland, in Denmark.
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Kingdom of Asturias
The Kingdom of Asturias (Latin: Regnum Asturorum) was a Kingdom in the Iberian peninsula founded in 718 by Visigothic nobles under the leadership of Pelagius of Asturias. It was the first Christian political entity established following the collapse of the Visigothic kingdom after Islamic conquest of Hispania. In 722, Pelagius subsequently defeated the Umayyad Caliphate at the Battle of Covadonga, in what is usually regarded as the beginning of the Reconquista. The kingdom lasted until 924, when Fruela II became King of León.
The birthplace of the Asturian kingdom was the western and central territory of the Cantabrian Mountains part of the Gallaecia, particularly the Picos de Europa and the central area of Asturias. The main political and military events during the first decades of the kingdom's existence took place in this region. According to the descriptions of Strabo, Dio Cassius and other Graeco-Roman geographers, the lands of Asturias were inhabited in the beginning of the Christian era by several peoples, amongst whom the more important were: From the Cantabrians, the Vadinienses, who inhabited the Picos de Europa region and whose settlement gradually expanded southward during the first centuries of the modern era; the Orgenomesci, who dwelled along the Asturian eastern coast; and from the Astures, the Saelini, whose settlement extended through the Sella valley; the Luggones, who had their capital in Lucus Asturum and whose territories stretched between the rivers Sella and Nalón; the Astures (in the strictest sense), who dwelled in inner Asturias, between the current councils of Piloña and Cangas del Narcea; and the Paesici, who had settled along the coast of Western Asturias, between the mouth of the Navia river and the modern city of Gijón.
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Mangup
Mangup (Ukrainian: Мангуп, Russian: Мангуп, Crimean Tatar: Mangup) also known as Mangup Kale is a historic fortress in Crimea, located on a plateau about 9 miles due east of Sevastopol (ancient Chersones). In medieval times it was known as Doros, later it was given the Kipchak name Mangup (kale means fortress).
The settlement dates back to the 3rd century CE and was fortified by Justinian I in the mid 6th century. It was inhabited and governed primarily by Crimean Goths, and became the center of their autonomous principality. It was conquered by the Khazars in the early 8th century and was the center of an unsuccessful Gothic revolt against Khazaria led by Bishop John of Gothia.
The principality of Doros was under Byzantine domination from the mid 9th century to approximately 1000, when it fell under the influence of competing powers - Kievan Rus and the Kipchak tribal confederacy. The town was severely damaged by an earthquake in the 11th century., yet managed to maintain autonomy during the Mongol conquest of Crimea but was compelled to pay tribute to the Great Khan.
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Marcianopolis
Marcianopolis or Marcianople (Greek: Μαρκιανούπολις) was an ancient Roman city in Thracia. It was located at the site of modern day Devnya, Bulgaria.
Roman Emperor Trajan renamed the ancient city of Parthenopolis after the Second Dacian War, which ended in 106. The city was rechristened after Trajan's sister, Ulpia Marciana. An important strategic centre, the city was part of Roman Thrace until 187–193, and then belonged to Moesia inferior. Marcianopolis's prosperity under the Severan Dynasty was ended by a Gothic raid in 248–249 and subsequent barbarian invasions from the north. The Romans repulsed another Gothic attack to this town in 267 (or 268), during the reign of Gallienus.
Under Emperor Diocletian Marcianopolis became the centre of the province Moesia Secunda of the Diocese of Thrace, and was rebuilt thoroughly in the late 3rd and early 4th century. It grew in importance at the expense of neighbouring Odessos (Varna) in the 4th century. The city was an important episcopal centre and a basilica from the period was excavated in the 20th century. During Emperor Valens' conflict with the Goths (366–369), Marcianopolis was a temporary capital of the empire and the largest city of Thrace according to a source from the period.
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Milan
Milan (Italian: Milano [miˈlaːno] ( listen); Lombard: [miˈlan]; Latin: Mediolanum) is the second-largest city in Italy and the capital of Lombardy as well as of the province of Milan. The city proper has a population of about 1.3 million, while its urban area is the 5th largest in EU and the largest in Italy with an estimated population of approximately 5 million. The growth of many suburbs and satellite settlements around the city proper, following the Italian economic miracle of 1950s–60s and massive commuting flows, suggest that socioeconomic linkages have expanded well beyond the boundaries of its administrative limits and its agglomeration, creating a region of approximately 9,3 million people. It has been suggested that the Milan metropolitan area is part of the so-called Blue Banana, the area of Europe with the highest population and industrial density. Its health care and education system is considered one of the best of Europe.
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Nicaea
Nicaea (/naɪˈsiːə/; Greek: Νίκαια) was a Hellenic city in northwestern Anatolia, and is primarily known as the site of the First and Second Councils of Nicaea (the first and seventh Ecumenical councils in the early history of the Church), the Nicene Creed (which comes from the First Council), and as the capital city of the Empire of Nicaea.
Nicaea served as the interim capital city of the Byzantine Empire between 1204 and 1261, following the Fourth Crusade in 1204, until the recapture of Constantinople by the Byzantines in 1261.
The ancient city is located within modern Iznik, Turkey, and is situated in a fertile basin at the eastern end of Lake Ascanius, bounded by ranges of hills to the north and south. It is situated with its west wall rising from the lake itself, providing both protection from siege from that direction, as well as a source of supplies which would be difficult to cut off. The lake is large enough that it could not be blockaded from the land easily, and the city was large enough to make any attempt to reach the harbour from shore-based siege weapons very difficult.
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Nicomedia
Nicomedia ([pronunciation?]; Greek: Νικομήδεια, Nikomedeia; modern İzmit) was an ancient city in what is now Turkey, founded in 712/11 BC as a Megarian colony and was originally known as Astacus (Ancient Greek: Αστακός, "lobster"). After being destroyed by Lysimachus, it was rebuilt by Nicomedes I of Bithynia in 264 BC under the name of Nicomedia, and has ever since been one of the most important cities in northwestern Asia Minor. Hannibal came to Nicomedia in his final years and committed suicide in nearby Libyssa (Diliskelesi, Gebze). The historian Arrian was born there.
Nicomedia was the metropolis of Bithynia under the Roman Empire, and Diocletian made it the eastern capital city of the Roman Empire in 286 when he introduced the Tetrarchy system. Nicomedia remained as the eastern (and most senior) capital of the Roman Empire until co-emperor Licinius was defeated by Constantine the Great at the Battle of Chrysopolis (Üsküdar) in 324. Constantine mainly resided in Nicomedia as his interim capital city for the next six years, until in 330 he declared the nearby Byzantium (which was renamed Constantinople) the new capital. Constantine died in a royal villa in the vicinity of Nicomedia in 337. Owing to its position at the convergence of the Asiatic roads leading to the new capital, Nicomedia retained its importance even after the foundation of Constantinople.
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Ostrogothic kingdom
The Kingdom established by the Ostrogoths in Italy and neighbouring areas lasted from 493 to 553. In Italy the Ostrogoths replaced Odoacer, the de facto ruler of Italy who had deposed the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire in 476. The Gothic kingdom reached its zenith under the rule of its first king, Theodoric the Great. Most of the social institutions in the late Western Roman Empire were preserved during his rule. Starting in 535, the Byzantine Empire invaded Italy. The Ostrogothic ruler at that time, Witiges, could not defend successfully and was finally captured when the capital Ravenna fell. The Ostrogoths rallied around a new leader, Totila, and largely managed to reverse the conquest, but were eventually defeated. The last king of the Ostrogothic Kingdom was Teia. At its greatest extent the kingdom stretched from contemporary France in the west into modern Serbia in the southeast.
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Ostrogothic Kingdom
The Kingdom established by the Ostrogoths in Italy and neighbouring areas lasted from 493 to 553. In Italy the Ostrogoths replaced Odoacer, the de facto ruler of Italy who had deposed the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire in 476. The Gothic kingdom reached its zenith under the rule of its first king, Theodoric the Great. Most of the social institutions in the late Western Roman Empire were preserved during his rule. Starting in 535, the Byzantine Empire invaded Italy. The Ostrogothic ruler at that time, Witiges, could not defend successfully and was finally captured when the capital Ravenna fell. The Ostrogoths rallied around a new leader, Totila, and largely managed to reverse the conquest, but were eventually defeated. The last king of the Ostrogothic Kingdom was Teia. At its greatest extent the kingdom stretched from contemporary France in the west into modern Serbia in the southeast.
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Poland
Polandi/ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska; Kashubian: Pòlskô Repùblika; Silesian: Polsko Republika), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous post-communist member. Poland is a unitary state made up of 16 voivodeships. Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, G6, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Visegrád Group, Weimar Triangle and Schengen Agreement.
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Pomerania
Pomerania - Polish: Pomorze, Kashubian: Pòmòrze or Pòmòrskô, (German: Pommern, Latin: Pomerania or Pomorania) is a historical region on the south shore of the Baltic Sea. Divided between Germany and Poland, it stretches roughly from the Recknitz River near Stralsund in the West, via the Oder River delta near Szczecin, to the mouth of the Vistula River near Gdańsk in the East. Pomerania was strongly affected by 20th century, post-World War I and II border and population shifts.
Pomerania belongs to the lowlands of the North European Plain. Outside its few urban centers − most notably the Szczecin and Tricity metropolitan areas − the poor soil is mostly used as farmland, dotted with numerous lakes, forests, and small towns. Agriculture primarily consists of raising livestock, forestry, fishery and the cultivation of cereals, sugar beets, and potatoes. Since the late 19th century, tourism has become an important sector of the economy, primarily in the numerous seaside resorts along the coast. Of the limited industrial zones, the most important products are ships, metal products, refined sugar, and paper.
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Portugal
Portugali/ˈpɔrtʃʉɡəl/ (Portuguese: Portugal, IPA: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa) is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula . Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are part of Portugal. The country is named after its second largest city, Porto, whose Latin name was Portus Cale.
The land within the borders of the current Portuguese Republic has been continuously settled since prehistoric times: occupied by Celts like the Gallaeci and the Lusitanians, integrated into the Roman Republic and later settled by Germanic peoples such as the Suebi, Swabians, Vandals and the Visigoths. In the 8th century most of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Moorish invaders professing Islam, which were later expelled by the Knights Templar under the Order of Christ. During the Christian Reconquista, Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom from León in 1139, claiming to be the oldest European nation state.
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Ravenna
Ravenna [raˈvenna] ( listen) (Romagnol: Ravêna) is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. It was the capital city of the Western Roman Empire from 402 until that empire collapsed in 476. Afterwards, it served as the capital of the Kingdom of the Ostrogoths. The city formed the centre of the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna until the invasion of the Franks in 751, after which it became the seat of the Kingdom of the Lombards.
Although an inland city, Ravenna is connected to the Adriatic Sea by the Candiano Canal. It is the location of a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The origin of the name Ravenna is unclear, although it is believed the name is Etruscan. Some have speculated that "ravenna" is related to "Rasenna" (later "Rasna"), the term that the Etruscans used for themselves, but there is no agreement on this point.[citation needed]
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Spain
Spain (i/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.
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Sparta
Coordinates: 37°4′55″N 22°25′25″E / 37.08194°N 22.42361°E / 37.08194; 22.42361
Sparta (Doric Σπάρτα; Attic Σπάρτη Spartē), or Lacedaemon, was a prominent city-state in ancient Greece, situated on the banks of the River Eurotas in Laconia, in south-eastern Peloponnese. It emerged as a political entity around the 10th century BC, when the invading Dorians subjugated the local, non-Dorian population. From c. 650 BC it rose to become the dominant military land-power in ancient Greece.
Given its military pre-eminence, Sparta was recognized as the overall leader of the combined Greek forces during the Greco-Persian Wars. Between 431 and 404 BC, Sparta was the principal enemy of Athens during the Peloponnesian War, from which it emerged victorious, though at great cost. Sparta's defeat by Thebes in the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC ended Sparta's prominent role in Greece. However, it maintained its political independence until the Roman conquest of Greece in 146 BC.
Sparta was unique in ancient Greece for its social system and constitution, which completely focused on military training and excellence. Its inhabitants were classified as Spartiates (Spartan citizens, who enjoyed full rights), Mothakes (non-Spartan free men raised as Spartans), Perioikoi (freedmen), and Helots (state-owned serfs, enslaved non-Spartan local population). Spartiates underwent the rigorous agoge training and education regimen, and Spartan phalanges were widely considered to be among the best in battle. Spartan women enjoyed considerably more rights and equality to men than elsewhere in the classical world.
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Spong Hill
Spong Hill is an Anglo-Saxon cemetery site located at North Elmham in Norfolk, England. The largest Early Anglo-Saxon burial site ever excavated, it contains within it 2259 cremations and 57 inhumations. The site at Spong Hill consisted of two cemeteries, a large cremation cemetery and a smaller, 6th century cemetery of 57 inhumations. Several of the graves were covered by small barrows and others were marked by the use of coffins.
Extensive excavations of the Early Saxon cemetery and part of the associated settlement revealed evidence of Early Prehistoric occupation on the hill top, dating from the Mesolithic to the Early Bronze Age. Excavation of the Anglo-Saxon cemetery also revealed extensive occupation evidence: late Iron Age and Roman enclosures and field boundaries, an early Roman kiln, and a small settlement of 'sunken huts' and post-hole buildings possibly contemporary with the cemetery.
"Spong Man" is a pottery lid of a cremation urn in the shape of a seated figure. It was excavated in 1979, and is unique in Early Saxon archaeology, being the earliest Anglo-Saxon three-dimensional human figure that has ever been found. An image of the pottery lid can be seen here: [1].
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Sutton Hoo
Sutton Hoo, near Woodbridge, in the English county of Suffolk, is the site of two 6th- and early 7th-century cemeteries. One contained an undisturbed ship burial including a wealth of Anglo-Saxon artifacts of outstanding art-historical and archaeological significance, now held in the British Museum in London.
Sutton Hoo is of a primary importance to early medieval historians because it sheds light on a period of English history that is on the margin between myth, legend and historical documentation. Use of the site culminated at a time when Rædwald, the ruler of the East Angles, held senior power among the English people and played a dynamic if ambiguous part in the establishment of Christian rulership in England; it is generally thought most likely that he is the person buried in the ship. The site has been vital in understanding the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of East Anglia and the whole early Anglo-Saxon period.
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Sweden
Sweden (i/ˈswiːdən/ SWEE-dən; Swedish: Sverige [ˈsværjɛ] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: Konungariket Sverige (help·info)), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland, and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Øresund.
At 450,295 square kilometres (173,860 sq mi), Sweden is the third largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of about 9.4 million. Sweden has a low population density of 21 inhabitants per square kilometre (54 /sq mi) with the population mostly concentrated to the southern half of the country. About 85% of the population live in urban areas. Sweden's capital city is Stockholm, which is also the largest city.
Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages. In the 17th century, the country expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire. The empire grew to be one of the great powers of Europe in the 17th and early 18th century. Most of the conquered territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were lost during the 18th and 19th centuries. The eastern half of Sweden, present-day Finland, was lost to Russia in 1809. The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Sweden by military means forced Norway into a personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, practicing "non-participation in military alliances during peacetime and neutrality during wartime". However, Sweden has been a member of the European Union since 1 January 1995 and is a member of the OECD.
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Temple of Artemis
Coordinates: 37°56′59″N 27°21′50″E / 37.94972°N 27.36389°E / 37.94972; 27.36389
The Temple of Artemis (Greek: Ἀρτεμίσιον, or Artemision), also known less precisely as the Temple of Diana, was a Greek temple dedicated to a goddess Greeks identified as Artemis and was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It was located in Ephesus (near the modern town of Selçuk in present-day Turkey), and was completely rebuilt three times before its eventual destruction in 401. Only foundations and sculptural fragments of the latest of the temples at the site remain.
The first sanctuary (temenos) antedated the Ionic immigration by many years, and dates to the Bronze Age. Callimachus, in his Hymn to Artemis, attributed it to the Amazons. In the 7th century the old temple was destroyed by a flood. Its reconstruction began around 550 BC, under the Cretan architect Chersiphron and his son Metagenes, at the expense of Croesus of Lydia: the project took 10 years to complete, only to be destroyed in an act of arson by Herostratus. It was later rebuilt.
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Trabzon
Trabzon (Turkish: Trabzon, see other names, Turkish pronunciation: [ˈtrabzon]) is a city on the Black Sea coast of north-eastern Turkey and the capital of Trabzon Province. Trabzon, located on the historical Silk Road, became a melting pot of religions, languages and culture for centuries and a trade gateway to Iran in the southeast and the Caucasus to the northeast. The Venetian and Genoese merchants paid visits to Trebizond during the medieval period and sold silk, linen and woolen fabric; with the Republic of Genoa having an important merchant colony within the city that was similar to Galata near Constantinople (across the Golden Horn) in present-day Istanbul. Trabzon formed the basis of several states in its long history and was the capital city of the Empire of Trebizond between 1204 and 1461. During the Ottoman period, Trabzon, because of the importance of its port, became a focal point of trade to Iran and the Caucasus. The population of the center urban is 230,399 (2009 census).
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Troy
Coordinates: 39°57′27″N 26°14′20″E / 39.9575°N 26.23889°E / 39.9575; 26.23889
Troy (Ancient Greek: Ἴλιον, Ilion, and Τροία, Troia; Latin: Trōia and Īlium;Hittite: Wilusa or Truwisa;Turkish: Truva) was a city, both factual and legendary, located in northwest Anatolia in what is now Turkey, southeast of the Dardanelles and beside Mount Ida. It is best known for being the setting of the Trojan War described in the Greek Epic Cycle and especially in the Iliad, one of the two epic poems attributed to Homer. Metrical evidence from the Iliad and the Odyssey seems to show that the name Ἴλιον (Ilion) formerly began with a digamma: Ϝίλιον (Wilion). This was later supported by the Hittite form Wilusa.
A new city called Ilium was founded on the site in the reign of the Roman Emperor Augustus. It flourished until the establishment of Constantinople and declined gradually during the Byzantine era.
In 1865, English archaeologist Frank Calvert excavated trial trenches in a field he had bought from a local farmer at Hisarlık, and in 1868, Heinrich Schliemann, wealthy German businessman and archaeologist, also began excavating in the area after a chance meeting with Calvert in Çanakkale. These excavations revealed several cities built in succession. Schliemann was at first skeptical about the identification of Hissarlik with Troy, but was persuaded by Calvert and took over Calvert's excavations on the eastern half of the Hissarlik site, which was on Calvert's property. Troy VII has been identified with the Hittite Wilusa, the probable origin of the Greek Ἴλιον, and is generally (but not conclusively) identified with Homeric Troy.
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Ukraine
Ukraine (i/juːˈkreɪn/ yew-KRAYN; Ukrainian: Україна, transliterated: Ukrayina, [ukrɑˈjinɑ]; Russian: Украина; Crimean Tatar: Ukraina) is a country in Central and Eastern Europe. Ukraine borders the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after the Russian Federation.
According to a popular and well established theory, the medieval state of Kievan Rus was established by the Varangians in the 9th century as the first historically recorded East Slavic state which emerged as a powerful nation in the Middle Ages until it disintegrated in the 12th century. By the middle of the 14th century, Ukrainian territories were under the rule of three external powers—the Golden Horde, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Kingdom of Poland. After the Great Northern War (1700–1721) Ukraine was divided between a number of regional powers and, by the 19th century, the largest part of Ukraine was integrated into the Russian Empire with the rest under Austro-Hungarian control. A chaotic period of incessant warfare ensued, with several internationally recognized attempts at independence from 1917 to 1921, following World War I and the Russian Civil War. Ukraine emerged from its own civil war, and on December 30, 1922 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic became one of the founding republics of the Soviet Union. The Ukrainian SSR's territory was enlarged westward during the civil war shortly before, and after World War II, and further south in 1954 with the Crimea transfer. In 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one of the founding members of the United Nations.
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Vistula
The Vistula ( /ˈvɪstʃələ/; Polish: Wisła [ˈvʲiswa], German: Weichsel) is the longest and the most important[citation needed] river in Poland, at 1,047 km (651 miles) in length. The watershed area of the Vistula is 194,424 km2 (75,068 sq mi), of which 168,699 km2 (65,135 sq mi) lies within Poland (splitting the country in half).
The Vistula rises at Barania Góra in the south of Poland, 1220 meters above sea level in the Silesian Beskids (western part of Carpathian Mountains) where it begins with the White Little Vistula (Biała Wisełka) and the Black Little Vistula (Czarna Wisełka). It then continues to flow over the vast Polish plains, passing several large Polish cities along its way, including Kraków, Sandomierz, Warsaw, Płock, Włocławek, Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Świecie, Grudziądz, Tczew and Gdańsk. It empties into the Vistula Lagoon or directly into the Gdańsk Bay of the Baltic Sea with a delta and several branches (Leniwka, Przekop, Śmiała Wisła, Martwa Wisła, Nogat and Szkarpawa).
The name was first recorded by Pliny in AD 77 in his Natural History. He uses Vistula (4.52, 4.89) with an alternative spelling, Vistillus (3.06). The Vistula River ran into the Mare Suebicum, which is today known as the Baltic Sea. The root of the name Vistula is Indo-European ultimately from proto-Indo-European. The diminutive endings -ila, -ula, were used in many Indo-European language groups, including Latin (see Ursula).
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Västergötland
Västergötland (help·info), English exonym: West Gothland, is one of the 25 traditional non-administrative provinces of Sweden (landskap in Swedish), situated in the southwest of Sweden. In older English literature one may also encounter the Latinized version Westrogothia.
Västergötland borders the provinces Bohuslän, Dalsland, Värmland, Närke, Östergötland, Småland, and Halland. It is also bounded by the two largest Swedish lakes Vänern and Vättern, with a small strip to the Kattegat sea area. On this small strip the second largest city of Sweden, Gothenburg, is situated.
The provinces of Sweden serve no administrative function. Instead, that function is served by counties of Sweden. From the 17th century up until 1998 Västergötland was divided into Skaraborg County, Älvsborg County and a minor part of Gothenburg and Bohus County. From 1999 nearly all of the province is in the newly created Västra Götaland County, with the exception of Habo Municipality and Mullsjö Municipality, which were transferred to Jönköping County, and smaller parts of the province which are in Halland County and Örebro County.
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Wielbark Culture
The Wielbark culture (German: Wielbark-Willenberg-Kultur, Polish: Kultura wielbarska, Ukrainian: Вельбарська культура (Vel’bars’ka kul’tura)) or East Pomeranian-Mazovian was a culture that appeared during the first half of the 1st century CE. It replaced the Oksywie culture, in the area of modern-day Eastern Pomerania around the lower Vistula river, which was related to the Przeworsk culture.
The Wielbark culture has been associated with Jordanes' account of the Goths leaving Scandza (Scandinavia) and their settlement in Gothiscandza.[citation needed]
The Wielbark culture was named after a village where a burial place with over 3000 tombs, attributed to the Goths, and Gepids was discovered back in 1873.[by whom?] Many of the cemetery stones were moved, and many graves were damaged by the early German discoverers. The report of the original excavation, lost during World War II was rediscovered only in 2004 and is about to be[when?] analysed in a cooperation of Polish scientists from Gdańsk, Warszawa, Kraków, and Lublin.
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Wielbark culture
The Wielbark culture (German: Wielbark-Willenberg-Kultur, Polish: Kultura wielbarska, Ukrainian: Вельбарська культура (Vel’bars’ka kul’tura)) or East Pomeranian-Mazovian was a culture that appeared during the first half of the 1st century CE. It replaced the Oksywie culture, in the area of modern-day Eastern Pomerania around the lower Vistula river, which was related to the Przeworsk culture.
The Wielbark culture has been associated with Jordanes' account of the Goths leaving Scandza (Scandinavia) and their settlement in Gothiscandza.[citation needed]
The Wielbark culture was named after a village where a burial place with over 3000 tombs, attributed to the Goths, and Gepids was discovered back in 1873.[by whom?] Many of the cemetery stones were moved, and many graves were damaged by the early German discoverers. The report of the original excavation, lost during World War II was rediscovered only in 2004 and is about to be[when?] analysed in a cooperation of Polish scientists from Gdańsk, Warszawa, Kraków, and Lublin.
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Östergötland
Östergötland, English exonym: East Gothland, is one of the traditional provinces of Sweden (landskap in Swedish) in the south of Sweden. It borders Småland, Västergötland, Närke, Södermanland, and the Baltic Sea. In older English literature, one might also encounter the Latinized version, Ostrogothia. The corresponding administrative county, Östergötland County covers the entire province and parts of neighbouring provinces.
From 1560, Östergötland was represented with two separate coat-of-arms seals until 1884, when the current one was granted. The coat of arms is represented with a dukal coronet. Blazon: "Gules a Griffin with Dragon Wings, Tail and Tongue rampant Or armed, beaked, langued and membered Azure between four Roses Argent."
From west to east, in the middle parts, extends the Östgöta Plain (Östgöta-slätten). It is largely agricultural. In the southern part of the province, the terrain becomes marked by the south-Swedish highlands, with hills and countless lakes. The northern parts are also hilly, and are otherwise dominated by forests.
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Alaric I
Alaric I (Gothic: Alareiks; 370 - 410) was the King of the Visigoths from 395–410. Alaric is most famous for his sack of Rome in 410, which marked a decisive event in the decline of the Roman Empire.
Born c. 370 on Peuce Island at the mouth of the Danube in present day Romania, Alaric belonged to the noble Balti dynasty of the Tervingian Goths. After their setbacks against the Huns, Alaric was probably a child during the Goths mass-migration across the Danube and their subsequent war with Rome. Alaric's first appearance was as the leader of a mixed band of Goths and allied peoples who invaded Thrace in 391, who were stopped by the half-Vandal Roman General Stilicho. Later joining the Roman army, he began his career under the Gothic soldier Gainas. In 394 Alaric led a Gothic force of 20,000 that helped the Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius defeat the Frankish usurper Arbogast at the Battle of Frigidus. Despite sacrificing around 10,000 of his men, Alaric received little recognition from the Emperor. Disappointed, he left the army and was elected chief of the Visigoths in 395, and marched toward Constantinople until he was diverted by Roman forces. He then moved southward into Greece, where he sacked Piraeus (the port of Athens) and destroyed Corinth, Megara, Argos, and Sparta. As a response, the Eastern emperor Flavius Arcadius appointed Alaric magister militum (“master of the soldiers”) in Illyricum.
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Alaric II
Alaric II (Gothic: Alareiks II), also known as Alarik, Alarich, and Alarico in Spanish and Portuguese or Alaricus in Latin (d. 507) succeeded his father Euric on December 28, 484, in Toulouse. He established his capital at Aire-sur-l'Adour (Vicus Julii) in Aquitaine. His dominions included not only the whole of Hispania except its north-western corner but also Gallia Aquitania and the greater part of an as-yet undivided Gallia Narbonensis.
Herwig Wolfram opens his chapter on the eighth Visigothic king, "Alaric's reign gets no full treatment in the sources, and the little they do contain is overshadowed by his death in the Battle of Vouillé and the downfall of the Toulosan kingdom." One example is Isidore of Seville's account of Alaric's reign: consisting of a single paragraph, it is primarily about Alaric's death in that battle.
The earliest documented event in Alaric's reign concerned providing refuge to Syagrius, the former ruler of the Domain of Soissons (in what is now north western France) who had been defeated by Clovis I King of the Franks. According to Gregory of Tours' account, Alaric was intimidated by Clovis into surrendering Syagrius to Clovis; Gregory then adds that "the Goths are a timorous race." The Franks then imprisoned Syagrius, and once his control over Syagrius' former kingdom was secure Clovis had him beheaded. However, Wolfram points out that at the time "Clovis got no farther than the Seine; only after several more years did the Franks succeed in occupying the rest of the Gallo-Roman buffer state north of the Loire." Any threat of war Clovis could make would only be effective if they were neighbors; "it is nowhere written that Syagrius was handed over in 486 or 487."
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Ambrose
Aurelius Ambrosius, better known in English as Saint Ambrose (c. between 337 and 340 – 4 April 397), was a bishop of Milan who became one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the 4th century. He was one of the four original doctors of the Church.
Ambrose was born into a Roman Christian family between about 337 and 340 and was raised in Trier. His father was Aurelius Ambrosius, the praetorian prefect of Gaul; his mother was a woman of intellect and piety. Ambrose's siblings, Satyrus (who is the subject of Ambrose's De excessu fratris Satyri) and Marcellina, are also venerated as saints. There is a legend that as an infant, a swarm of bees settled on his face while he lay in his cradle, leaving behind a drop of honey. His father considered this a sign of his future eloquence and honeyed tongue. For this reason, bees and beehives often appear in the saint's symbology.
After the early death of his father, Ambrose followed his father's career. He was educated in Rome, studying literature, law, and rhetoric.Praetor Anicius Probus first gave him a place in the council and then in about 372 made him consular prefect or "Governor" of Liguria and Emilia, with headquarters at Milan, which was then (beside Rome) the second capital in Italy.
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Ammianus Marcellinus
Ammianus Marcellinus (325/330–after 391) was a fourth-century Roman historian. He wrote the penultimate major historical account surviving from Antiquity (the last was written by Procopius). His work chronicled in Latin the history of Rome from 96 to 378, although only the sections covering the period 353–378 are extant.
Ammianus was born between 325 and 330 in the Greek-speaking East, possibly at Antioch on the Orontes. The surviving books of his history, the Res Gestae, cover the years 353 to 378. Ammianus served as a soldier in the army of Constantius II in Gaul and Persia.
He was "a former soldier and a Greek" (miles quondam et graecus), he tells us, and his enrollment among the elite protectores domestici (household guards) shows that he was of noble birth. He entered the army at an early age, when Constantius II was emperor of the East, and was sent to serve under Ursicinus, governor of Nisibis in Mesopotamia, and magister militum.
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Angles
The Angles is a modern English term for a Germanic people who took their name from the ancestral cultural region of Angeln, a district located in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The Angles were one of the main groups that settled in Britain in the post-Roman period, founding several of the kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England, and their name is the root of the name "England".
The name of the Angles is first recorded in Latinized form, as Anglii, in the Germania of Tacitus. The name is usually derived from a toponym, Angeln, from a Germanic word *anguz meaning "narrow" (of an estuary) or "angular" (of the shape of the Jutland peninsula).
Gregory the Great in an epistle simplified the Latinized name Anglii to Angli, the latter form developing into the preferred form of the word. The country remained Anglia in Latin. King Alfred's (Alfred the Great) translation of Orosius' history of the world uses Angelcynn (-kin) to describe England and the English people; Bede used Angelfolc (-folk); there are also such forms as Engel, Englan (the people), Englaland, and Englisc, all showing i-mutation.
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Athanaric
Athanaric (Gothic: Aþanareiks; Latin: Athanaricus; died 381) was king of several branches of the Thervingian Goths for at least two decades in the fourth century.
Athanaric made his first appearance in recorded history in 369, when he engaged in battle with the Eastern Roman Emperor Valens and ultimately negotiated a favorable peace for his people. During his reign, many Thervings had converted to Arian Christianity, which Athanaric vehemently opposed, fearing that Christianity would destroy Gothic culture. Fritigern, his rival, was an Arian and had the favor of Valens, who shared his religious beliefs. In the early 370s, Athanaric successively fought Fritigern in a civil war, only to later be defeated by the invading Huns. Temporarly fleeing to Caucaland in the Carpathians, Athanaric was warmly received by Theodosius in Constantinople in 381, where he signed a treaty of friendship with the Eastern Roman Empire.
His name, Athanareiks, means "Year King" or "King for the Year" comes from the Gothic word Athni meaning "year" and the Gothic Reiks meaning "king."[original research?]
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Attila
Attila ( /ˈætɨlə/ or /əˈtɪlə/; ?–453), more frequently referred to as Attila the Hun, was the ruler of the Huns from 434 until his death in 453. He was leader of the Hunnic Empire, which stretched from the Ural River to the Rhine River and from the Danube River to the Baltic Sea.
During his reign he was one of the most feared enemies of the Western and Eastern Roman Empires. He crossed the Danube twice and plundered the Balkans, but was unable to take Constantinople. He also attempted to conquer Roman Gaul (modern France), crossing the Rhine in 451 and marching as far as Aurelianum (Orléans) before being defeated at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains.
Subsequently he invaded Italy, devastating the northern provinces, but was unable to take Rome. He planned for further campaigns against the Romans but died in 453.
There is no surviving first-person account of Attila's appearance. There is, however, a possible second-hand source, provided by Jordanes, who cites a description given by Priscus. It suggests a person of Asian features.
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Augustus
Augustus ( /ɔːˈɡʌstəs/;Classical Latin: [awˈɡʊstʊs]; Latin: Imperator Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14) is considered the first emperor of the Roman Empire, which he ruled alone from 27 BC until his death in 14 AD. Born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, he was adopted posthumously by his great-uncle Gaius Julius Caesar in 44 BC via his last will and testament, and between then and 27 BC was officially named Gaius Julius Caesar. In 27 BC the Senate awarded him the honorific Augustus ("the revered one"), and thus consequently he was Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus.
The young Octavius came into his inheritance after Caesar's assassination in 44 BC. In 43 BC, Octavian joined forces with Mark Antony and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus in a military dictatorship known as the Second Triumvirate. As a triumvir, Octavian ruled Rome and many of its provinces. The triumvirate was eventually torn apart under the competing ambitions of its rulers: Lepidus was driven into exile, and Antony committed suicide following his defeat at the Battle of Actium by Octavian's fleet under the command of Agrippa in 31 BC.
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Aurelian
Aurelian (Latin: Lucius Domitius Aurelianus Augustus; 9 September 214 or 215 – September or October 275), was Roman Emperor from 270 to 275. During his reign, he defeated the Alamanni after a devastating war. He also defeated the Goths, Vandals, Juthungi, Sarmatians, and Carpi. Aurelian restored the Empire's eastern provinces after his conquest of the Palmyrene Empire in 273. The following year he conquered the Gallic Empire in the west, reuniting the Empire in its entirety. He was also responsible for the construction of the Aurelian Walls in Rome, and the abandonment of the province of Dacia. His successes effectively ended the Roman Empire's Crisis of the Third Century, earning him the title Restorer of the World. Although Domitian was the first Emperor who had demanded to be officially hailed as dominus et deus (master and god), these titles never occurred in written form on official documents until the reign of Aurelian.
Aurelian was born in Serdica (today Sofia in Bulgaria) in Moesia or what was later called Dacia Ripensis to an obscure provincial family; his father was tenant to a senator named Aurelius, who gave his name to the family. Aurelian probably joined the army in 235 at around age twenty. He distinguished himself in several wars during the tumultuous mid-century; his successes as a cavalry commander ultimately made him a member of emperor Gallienus' entourage. In 268, Aurelian and his cavalry participated in general Claudius' victory over the Goths at the Battle of Naissus. Later that year Gallienus traveled to Italy and fought Aureolus, his former general and now usurper for the throne. Driving Aureolus back into Mediolanum, Gallienus promptly besieged his adversary in the city. However, while the siege was ongoing the Emperor was assassinated. One source says Aurelian, who was present at the siege, participated and supported general Claudius for the purple – which is plausible.
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Aurelius Victor
Sextus Aurelius Victor (ca. 320 – ca. 390) was a historian and politician of the Roman Empire.
Aurelius Victor was the author of a short history of imperial Rome, entitled De Caesaribus and covering the period from Augustus to Constantius II. The work was published in 361. Under the emperor Julian (361-363), Victor served as governor of Pannonia Secunda, in 389 he became urban prefect, senior imperial official in Rome.
Four small historical works have been ascribed to him. But only his authorship of De Caesaribus is securely established:
The four have generally been published together under the name Historia Romana, but the fourth piece is a reworking of the third. The second was first printed at Naples about 1472, in four volumes, under the name of Pliny the Younger, and the fourth in Strasbourg in 1505.
The first edition of all four books was that of Andreas Schottus (8 volumes, Antwerp, 1579). A recent edition of the De Caesaribus is by Pierre Dufraigne (Collection Budé, 1975).
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Balti dynasty
The Balt(h)i dynasty, Baltungs, Balthings, or Balth(e)s, existed among the Visigoths, a Germanic tribe who confronted the Western Roman Empire in its declining years. The Balti took their name from the Gothic word balþa (baltha; bald or bold). It thus meant "the Bold ones" or "Bold men".
The Balti were considered next in worth among Gothic fighters, and next in royal dignity, to the Amali. But it was Alaric the Visigoth, a Balth, who led his people to the sacking of Rome in 410 CE and founded a dynasty that would come to rule much of Roman Gaul for a century and all of Roman Hispania for longer, establishing a kingdom in the latter that would last until early in the eighth century.
The Balti dynasty of Visigothic kings reigned from 395 to 531.
Edward Gibbon in footnote 4, Chapter 30, of the History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, adds:
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Basil of Caesarea
Basil of Caesarea, also called Saint Basil the Great, (329 or 330 – January 1, 379) (Greek: Ἅγιος Βασίλειος ὁ Μέγας) was the Greek bishop of Caesarea Mazaca in Cappadocia, Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey). He was an influential theologian, who supported the Nicene Creed and opposed the heresies of the early Christian Church, fighting against both Arianism and the followers of Apollinaris of Laodicea. His ability to balance his theological convictions with his political connections made Basil a powerful advocate for the Nicene position.
In addition to his work as a theologian, Basil was known for his care of the poor and underprivileged. Basil established guidelines for monastic life which focus on community life, liturgical prayer, and manual labour. Together with Pachomius he is remembered as a father of communal monasticism in Eastern Christianity. He is considered a saint by the traditions of both Eastern and Western Christianity.
Basil, Gregory of Nazianzus, and Gregory of Nyssa are collectively referred to as the Cappadocian Fathers. The Eastern Orthodox Church and Eastern Catholic Churches have given him, together with Gregory of Nazianzus and John Chrysostom, the title of Great Hierarch. His is recognised as a Doctor of the Church in both Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism. He is sometimes referred to by the epithet "Ουρανοφαντωρ", translatable as "revealer of heavenly mysteries".
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Battle of Naissus
The Battle of Naissus (268 or 269 AD) was the defeat of a Gothic coalition by the Roman Empire under Emperor Gallienus (or Claudius II) near Naissus (Niš in present-day Serbia). The events around the invasion and the battle are an important part of the history of the Crisis of the Third Century.
The result was a great Roman victory which, combined with the effective pursuit of the invaders in the aftermath of the battle and the energetic efforts of the Emperor Aurelian, largely removed the threat from Germanic tribes in the Balkan frontier for the following decades.
As is often the case in the history of the Roman Empire in the troubled 3rd century, it is very difficult to reconstruct the course of events around the battle of Naissus. Surviving accounts of the period, including Zosimus' New History, Zonaras' Epitome of the Histories, George Syncellus' Selection of Chronography, and the Augustan History, rely principally on the lost history of the Athenian Dexippus. The text of Dexippus has survived only indirectly, through quotations in the fourth-century Augustan History and extracts in ninth-century Byzantine compilations. Despite his importance for the period, Dexippus has been declared a "poor" source by the modern historian David S. Potter. To make matters worse, the works making use of Dexippus (and likely another unknown contemporary source) provide an almost radically different interpretation of events. The imperial propaganda in the age of Constantine's dynasty added more confusion by attributing all the calamities to the reign of Gallienus to avoid blemishing the memory of Claudius (supposed ancestor of the dynasty).
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Battle of Nedao
The Battle of Nedao, named after the Nedava, a tributary of the Sava[citation needed], was a battle fought in Pannonia in 454. After the death of Attila the Hun, allied forces of the subject peoples under the leadership of Ardaric, king of the Gepids, defeated the Hunnic forces of Ellac, the son of Attila, who had struggled with his half-brothers Irnik and Dengizich for supremacy after Attila's death, and eventually killed him in single combat. According to the 6th century historian Jordanes:
And so the bravest nations tore themselves to pieces. For then, I think, must have occurred a most remarkable spectacle, where one might see the Goths fighting with pikes, the Gepidae raging with the sword, the Rugi breaking off the spears in their own wounds, the Suavi fighting on foot, the Huns with bows, the Alani drawing up a battle-line of heavy-armed and the Heruli of light-armed warriors.
Hunnic dominance in Central and Eastern Europe was broken as a result. The handful of Hunnic forces left were expelled by Ardaric after a long siege.
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Battle of Vouillé
The Battle of Vouillé or Vouglé (from Latin Campus Vogladensis) was fought in the northern marches of Visigothic territory, at Vouillé, Vienne near Poitiers (Gaul), in the spring of 507 between the Franks commanded by Clovis and the Visigoths of Alaric II, the conqueror of Spain.
Clovis and Anastasius I of the Byzantine Empire agreed that each would attack the Goths from their own side.
The Franks crossed the Loire river. Clovis himself killed Alaric II. It may have been that huge defections in the field, from optimates and Gothic nobles, was the cause of defeat, as increased royal power in the clan of the Balths was eroding the other clans' independence.[citation needed] High ranking families from the Goths had been shifting away to "distant" and derelict Spanish regions across the Pyrenees, according to Jordanes, where land tenure was up for grabs in the depopulated high plains of Castile and the draft in military duties was easier to dodge. The battle forced the Goths to retreat to Septimania, which they continued to hold. The success at Vouillé allowed the Franks to control the southwestern part of France, and capture Toulouse. Alaric's illegitimate son Gesalec tried to organize a counterstrike at Narbonne, but he was deposed and ultimately killed when Narbonne was taken by Burgundian allies of the Franks, who held it until 511. The Franks might have pushed farther, had Theodoric the Great of the Ostrogoths not intervened.
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Belarusians
Belarusians (Belarusian: беларусы, biełarusy, Russian: белорусы, byelorusy) are an East Slavic ethnic group who populate the majority of the Republic of Belarus. There are over 8 million people who associate themselves with the Belarusian nationality today.
Belarusians also form minorities in neighboring Poland (especially in the Podlaskie Voivodeship), Russia and Lithuania. At the beginning of 20th century Belarusians constituted a majority in the regions around Smolensk.[citation needed]
Noticeable numbers have emigrated to the United States, Brazil and Canada in the early 20th century. During Soviet times, many Belarusians were deported or migrated to various regions of the USSR, including Siberia, Kazakhstan and Ukraine.
Since the breakup of the USSR several hundred thousand have emigrated to the European Union, United States, Canada and Russia.
The most spoken language in Belarus is Russian, principally spoken by 72% of the population, while the other official language, Belarusian, is only used by 11.9% in every day life. Statistical data shows that Belarusian is fluently communicated, read and written by 29.4%, while 52.5% of the population can communicate and read in Belarusian. Belarusian is a language of the Eastern Slavic group.
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Berig
Berig is a legendary king of the Goths appearing in the Getica by Jordanes. According to Jordanes, Berig led his people on three ships from Scandza (Scandinavia) to Gothiscandza (the Vistula Basin). They settled and then attacked the Rugians who lived on the shore and drove them away from their homes, subsequently winning a battle against the Vandals.
The name is said to stem from the Gothic Bairika, which translates as "Little Bear". A Danish historian, Arne Søby has nonetheless proposed that Cassiodorus, who wrote the original text on which Jordanes' work is based, invented him, with inspiration from the name of Βέρικος (Berikos or Verica). Recent archaeological research demonstrates that the transition of Oksywie culture into Wielbark culture was peaceful. Its timing coincides with the appearance of new population of Scandinavian origins in previously uninhabited area ("no man's land") between the Oksywie and Przeworsk culture areas.
The 16th century Swedish archbishop of Uppsala, Johannes Magnus in his history of the Swedes and Goths, was the first to publish a song known as the "Ballad of Eric", about an early Gothic king called Eric, who bears some similarities to Berig. It was once thought to contain authentic folk tradition about the king, but it is now regarded as fake. However, Magnus discusses king Berig separately as having united the Swedes and Goths some 400 years after Erik's death.
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Burgundians
The Burgundians (Latin: Burgundiōnes; Old Norse: Burgundar; Old English: Burgendas; Greek: Βούργουνδοι) were an East Germanic tribe which may have emigrated from mainland Scandinavia to the island of Bornholm, whose old form in Old Norse still was Burgundarholmr (the Island of the Burgundians), and from there to mainland Europe.
The name of the Burgundians has since remained connected to the area of modern France that still bears their name: see the later history of Burgundy. Between the 6th and 20th centuries, however, the boundaries and political connections of this area have changed frequently; none of those changes have had anything to do with the original Burgundians. The name Burgundians used here and generally used by English writers to refer to the Burgundiones is a later formation and more precisely refers to the inhabitants of the territory of Burgundy which was named from the people called Burgundiones. The descendants of the Burgundians today are found primarily among the west Swiss and neighbouring regions of France.
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Carus
Carus (Latin: Marcus Aurelius Carus Augustus; c. 224 – July or August 283), was Roman Emperor from 282 to 283. During his short reign, Carus fought the Germanic tribes and Sarmatians along the Danube frontier with success. During his campaign against the Sassanid Empire he sacked their capital Ctesiphon, but died shortly thereafter. He was succeeded by his sons Carinus and Numerian; creating a dynasty which, though short-lived, granted further stability to a resurgent empire.
Carus, whose name before the accession may have been Marcus Numerius Carus, was born, probably, at Narbo (modern Narbonne) in Gaul, but was educated at Rome. He was a senator, and had filled various civil and military posts before he was appointed prefect of the Praetorian Guard by the emperor Probus in 282. After the murder of Probus at Sirmium, Carus was proclaimed emperor by the soldiers. Although Carus severely avenged the death of Probus, he was himself suspected of having been an accessory to the deed. He does not seem to have returned to Rome after his accession, but contented himself with an announcement of the fact to the Senate.
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Cassiodorus
Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator (c. 485 – c. 585), commonly known as Cassiodorus, was a Roman statesman and writer, serving in the administration of Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths. Senator was part of his surname, not his rank.
Cassiodorus was born at Scylletium, near Catanzaro in southern Italy. He began his career as councillor to his father, the governor of Sicily, and while still very young, made a name for himself as learned in the law. During his working life, as quaestor sacri palatii c. 507-511, as a consul in 514, then as magister officiorum under Theodoric, and later under the regency for Theodoric's young successor, Athalaric, Cassiodorus kept copious records and letterbooks concerning public affairs. At the Gothic court his literary skill, which seems so mannered and rhetorical to modern readers, was so esteemed that when in Ravenna he was often entrusted with drafting significant public documents. His culminating appointment was as praetorian prefect for Italy, effectively the prime ministership of the Ostrogothic civil government and a high honor to finish any career. Cassiodorus also collaborated with Pope Agapetus I in establishing a library of Greek and Latin texts, which were intended to support a Christian school in Rome.
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Chatti
The Chatti (also Chatthi or Catti) were an ancient Germanic tribe whose homeland was near the upper Weser. They settled in central and northern Hesse and southern Lower Saxony, along the upper reaches of the Weser River and in the valleys and mountains of the Eder, Fulda and Weser River regions, a district approximately corresponding to Hesse-Kassel, though probably somewhat more extensive. According to Tacitus, among them were the Batavians, until an internal quarrel drove them out, to take up new lands at the mouth of the Rhine.
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Chernyakhov Culture
The Sântana de Mureș–Chernyakhov culture is an archaeological culture that flourished between the 2nd and 5th centuries AD in a wide area of Eastern Europe, specifically in what today constitutes Ukraine, Romania, Moldova, and parts of Belarus. The culture probably corresponds to the Gothic kingdom of Oium as described by Jordanes in his work Getica, but it is nonetheless the result of a poly-ethnic cultural mélange of the Gothic, Getae-Dacian (including Romanised Daco-Romans), Sarmatian and Slavic populations of the area.
The Chernyakhov culture encompassed the territories of modern Ukraine, Moldavia, and Romania. It is named after the localities Sântana de Mureş, Mureş County, Transylvania in Romania and Cherniakhiv, Kaharlyk Raion, Kiev Oblast in Ukraine. The dual name reflects past preferential use by different schools of history (Romanian and Soviet) to designate the culture.[citation needed]
The spelling "Chernyakhov" is the transliteration from the Russian language. Other spellings include Sintana de Mures (Moldovan language of Soviet times, without diacritics), Chernyakhiv (Ukrainian), Chernjakowo (Polish), and several others.
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Chernyakhov culture
The Sântana de Mureș–Chernyakhov culture is an archaeological culture that flourished between the 2nd and 5th centuries AD in a wide area of Eastern Europe, specifically in what today constitutes Ukraine, Romania, Moldova, and parts of Belarus. The culture probably corresponds to the Gothic kingdom of Oium as described by Jordanes in his work Getica, but it is nonetheless the result of a poly-ethnic cultural mélange of the Gothic, Getae-Dacian (including Romanised Daco-Romans), Sarmatian and Slavic populations of the area.
The Chernyakhov culture encompassed the territories of modern Ukraine, Moldavia, and Romania. It is named after the localities Sântana de Mureş, Mureş County, Transylvania in Romania and Cherniakhiv, Kaharlyk Raion, Kiev Oblast in Ukraine. The dual name reflects past preferential use by different schools of history (Romanian and Soviet) to designate the culture.[citation needed]
The spelling "Chernyakhov" is the transliteration from the Russian language. Other spellings include Sintana de Mures (Moldovan language of Soviet times, without diacritics), Chernyakhiv (Ukrainian), Chernjakowo (Polish), and several others.
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Claudian
Claudius Claudianus, usually known in English as Claudian (ca. 370 –404 AD), was a Latin poet associated with the court of the emperor Honorius at Mediolanum (Milan), and particularly with the general Stilicho. His work, written almost entirely in hexameters or elegiac couplets, falls into three main categories, poems for Honorius, poems for Stilicho, and mythological epic.
Claudian was born in Alexandria. He arrived in Rome before 395, and made his mark with a eulogy of his two young patrons, Probinus and Olybrius, thereby becoming court poet. He wrote a number of panegyrics on the consulship of his patrons, praise poems for the deeds of Stilicho, and invectives directed at Stilicho's rivals in the Eastern court of Arcadius.
He was well rewarded for these efforts. He was granted the rank of vir illustris. The Roman senate honored him with a statue in the Roman Forum in 400. Stilicho's wife, Serena, secured a rich wife for him.
Claudian was probably not a convert to Christianity, though it had become the official state religion of the Empire in 391. Since his poems do not record the achievements of Stilicho after 404, scholars assume Claudian died in that year.
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Claudius Gothicus
Claudius II (Latin: Marcus Aurelius Valerius Claudius Augustus; May 10, 213 – January 270), commonly known as Claudius Gothicus, was Roman Emperor from 268 to 270. During his reign he fought successfully against the Alamanni and scored a crushing victory against the Goths at the Battle of Naissus. He died after succumbing to a smallpox plague that ravaged the provinces of the Empire.
Claudius' origin is uncertain. Born on May 10, 213, he was either from Sirmium in Pannonia Inferior or from Naissus Dardania (in Moesia Superior).
Claudius had served with the Roman army for all his adult life, making his way up the military hierarchy until the Emperor Gallienus made him the commander of his elite cavalry force. In September 268 he found himself assigned as a military tribune with the Emperor, besieging the usurper Aureolus in Milan. There, the troops proclaimed him Emperor, amid charges, never proven, that he murdered his predecessor Gallienus. However, he soon proved to be less than bloodthirsty, as he asked the Roman Senate to spare the lives of Gallienus' family and supporters. He was less magnanimous toward Rome's enemies, however, and it was to this that he owed his popularity.
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Cniva
Cniva (Kniwa, meaning "knife") (flourished mid-3rd century CE) was the Gothic chieftain who invaded the Roman Empire in the third century CE. He successfully conquered the city of Philippopolis, now present day Bulgarian city Plovdiv, and killed the emperor Decius and his son Herennius Etruscus at the Battle of Abrittus as he was attempting to leave the Roman Empire. He was allowed to leave with his spoils and was paid tribute to stay out of the empire.
Cniva began the invasion of the Roman Empire when he crossed the Danube in the third century. He sent detachments throughout the Roman province of Moesia with forces of Goths, Germans and Sarmatians. His considerable forces demanded the attention of the emperor Decius. While Cniva was laying siege to the city of Nicopolis, Decius arrived, and the Goths left and headed towards Philippopolis. Decius and his troops pursued Cniva through the difficult terrain, but soon, after many forced marches, Cniva turned his troops on Decius, who thought he was further away from the Goths. The Roman camp was surprised and Decius fled while his army was defeated. Then Cniva laid siege to Philippopolis and, after a long resistance, he conquered the city, slaying one hundred thousand people, and taking many prisoner.
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Constantius II
Constantius II (Latin: Flavius Julius Constantius Augustus; 7 August 317 – 3 November 361), was Roman Emperor from 337 to 361. The second son of Constantine I and Fausta, he ascended to the throne with his brothers Constantine II and Constans upon their father's death.
In 340, Constantius' brothers clashed over the western provinces of the empire. The resulting conflict left Constantine II dead and Constans as ruler of the west until he was overthrown and assassinated in 350 by the usurper Magnentius. Unwilling to accept Magnentius as co-ruler, Constantius marched against him. Magnentius was defeated at the battles of Mursa Major and Mons Seleucus, committing suicide after the latter. This left Constantius as sole ruler of the empire.
His subsequent military campaigns against Germanic tribes were successful: he defeated the Alamanni in 354, and campaigned across the Danube against the Quadi and Sarmatians in 357. Contrastingly, in the east, the two decade old war against the Sassanids continued with mixed results.
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Decius
Trajan Decius (Latin: Gaius Messius Quintus Decius Augustus; ca. 201 – June 251), was Roman Emperor from 249 to 251. In the last year of his reign, he co-ruled with his son Herennius Etruscus until they were both killed in the Battle of Abrittus.
Decius, who was born at Budalia, now Martinci, Serbia near Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica), in Lower Pannonia was one of the first among a long succession of future Roman Emperors to originate from the province of Illyricum in the Danube. Unlike some of his immediate imperial predecessors such as Philip the Arab or Maximinus, Decius was a distinguished senator who had served as consul in 232, had been governor of Moesia and Germania Inferior soon afterwards, served as governor of Hispania Tarraconensis between 235–238, and was urban prefect of Rome during the early reign of Emperor Philip the Arab (Marcus Iulius Phillipus).
Around 245, Emperor Philip entrusted Decius with an important command on the Danube. By the end of 248 or 249, Decius was sent to quell the revolt of Pacatianus and his troops in Moesia and Pannonia; the soldiers were enraged because of the peace treaty signed between Philip and the Sassanids. Once arrived, the troops forced Decius to assume the imperial dignity himself instead. Decius still protested his loyalty to Philip, but the latter advanced against him and was killed near Verona, Italy. The Senate then recognized Decius as Emperor, giving him the attribute Traianus as a reference to the good emperor Trajan. As the Byzantine historian Zosimus later noted:
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Dexippus
Publius Herennius Dexippus (Greek: Δέξιππος, ca. 210–273), Greek historian, statesman and general, was an hereditary priest of the Eleusinian family of the Kerykes, and held the offices of archon basileus and eponymous in Athens.
When the Heruli overran Greece and captured Athens (269), Dexippus showed great personal courage and revived the spirit of patriotism among his fellow-countrymen. A statue was set up in his honour, the base of which, with an inscription recording his services, has been preserved. It is remarkable that the inscription is silent as to his military achievements. Photius (cod. 82) mentions three historical works by Dexippus, of which considerable fragments remain:
The Chronicle was continued by Eunapius of Sardis, who opens his own history with a critique of his predecessor. The Chronicle also appears to be the primary source of the Historia Augusta between 238 and 270, but Paschoud has demonstrated that the author of the Historia Augusta sometimes attributes material to Dexippus falsely, and so this evidence must be used with caution.
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East Germanic tribes
The Germanic tribes referred to as East Germanic constitute a wave of migrants who may have moved from Scandinavia into the area between the Oder and Vistula rivers between the years 600 and 300 BC. Later they went to the south. Unlike the Northern and Western tribes, they did not successfully preserve their ethnicity and were primarily assimilated into West Germanic tribes and Romans.
According to some theories, the east Germanic tribes, related to the North Germanic tribes, had migrated from Scandinavia into the region east of the Elbe River (Vandals, Burgundians, Goths, Rugians and others).
Groups identified as East Germanic tribes include:
Traditionally the Lombards were classified as East Germanic, however, the Lombardic language is now considered by many specialists to be close to Old High German, especially its Upper German dialects, which would make a classification as West rather than East Germanic more sensible.
The East Germanic languages are contrasted with North and West Germanic. However, the East Germanic languages shared many characteristics with North Germanic, perhaps because of the later migration date.
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Edward Gibbon
Edward Gibbon (27 April 1737 – 16 January 1794) was an English historian and Member of Parliament. His most important work, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, was published in six volumes between 1776 and 1788. The Decline and Fall is known for the quality and irony of its prose, its use of primary sources, and its open criticism of organized religion.
Edward Gibbon was born in 1737, the son of Edward and Judith Gibbon at Lime Grove, in the town of Putney, Surrey. He had six siblings: five brothers and one sister, all of whom died in infancy. His grandfather, also named Edward, had lost all of his assets as a result of the South Sea Bubble stock market collapse in 1720, but eventually regained much of his wealth, so that Gibbon's father was able to inherit a substantial estate.
As a youth, his health was under constant threat. He described himself as "a puny child, neglected by my Mother, starved by my nurse." At age nine, Gibbon was sent to Dr. Woddeson's school at Kingston upon Thames (now Kingston Grammar School), shortly after which his mother died. He then took up residence in the Westminster School boarding house, owned by his adored "Aunt Kitty," Catherine Porten. Soon after she died in 1786, he remembered her as rescuing him from his mother's disdain, and imparting "the first rudiments of knowledge, the first exercise of reason, and a taste for books which is still the pleasure and glory of my life." By 1751, Gibbon's reading was already extensive and certainly pointed toward his future pursuits: Laurence Echard's Roman History (1713), William Howel(l)'s An Institution of General History (1680–85), and several of the 65 volumes of the acclaimed Universal History from the Earliest Account of Time (1747–1768).
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Ermanaric
Ermanaric (Gothic: Aírmanareiks; Latin: Ermanaricus; Old English: Eormenric; Old Norse: Jörmunrekkr; died 376) was a Greuthungian Gothic King who before the Hunnic invasion evidently ruled an enormous area north of the Black Sea. Contemporary historian Ammianus Marcellinus recounts him as a "most warlike man" who "ruled over extensively wide and fertile regions". Late historian Jordanes describes him as a Gothic Alexander the Great who "ruled all the nations of Scythia and Germania as they were his own". Ermanaric appears frequently in Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon legend.
Ermanaric is mentioned in two Roman sources; the contemporary writings of Ammianus Marcellinus and in Getica by the 6th century historian Jordanes.
According to Ammianus, Ermanaric is "a most warlike king" who eventually commits suicide, facing the aggression of the Alani and of the Huns, who invaded his territories in the 370s. All that Ammianus says about the extent of Ermanric's domain is that his lands were rich and wide. Ammianus also says that after Ermanaric´s death, a certain Vithimiris was elected as a new king.
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Eunapius
Eunapius (Greek: Εὐνάπιος; fl. 4th-5th century) was a Greek sophist and historian of the 4th century. His principal surviving work is the Lives of the Sophists, a collection of the biographies of twenty-three philosophers and sophists.
He was born at Sardis, AD 347. In his native city he studied under his relative, the sophist Chrysanthius, and while still a youth went to Athens, where he became a favourite pupil of Prohaeresius the rhetorician. He possessed considerable knowledge of medicine. In his later years he seems to have lived at Athens, teaching rhetoric. Initiated into the Eleusinian Mysteries, he was admitted into the college of the Eumolpidae and became hierophant. There is evidence that he was still living in the reign of the younger Theodosius.
Eunapius was the author of two works, one entitled Lives of the Sophists, and the other consisting of a continuation of the history of Dexippus. The former work is still extant; of the latter only excerpts remain, but the facts are largely incorporated in the work of Zosimus. It embraced the history of events from AD 270–404.
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Filimer
Filimer was an early Gothic king, according to Jordanes.
He was the son of Gadareiks and the fifth generation since Berig settled with his people in Gothiscandza. When the Gothic nation had multiplied Filimer decided to move his people to Scythia where they defeated the Sarmatians. They then named their new territory Oium, meaning "in the waterlands". This migration would have taken place about 230 years before Jordanes wrote his "Origin of the Goths".
The archaeological record shows that the population of the Gothic Wielbark culture (Poland) had indeed moved and settled in the Ukraine and mixed with the previous populations of the Zarubintsy culture, where they formed the Chernyakhov culture. This cultural movement is identified as the migration of the Goths from Gothiscandza to Oium, but not all scholars find the evidence compelling.
Jordanes (XXIV:121) also relates that Filimer expelled the völvas, who were called Aliorumnas (probably Halju-runnos, meaning "hell-runners" or "runners to the realm of the dead", which refers to their shamanistic experiences during trance). These völvas were condemned to seek refuge far away and procreated the Huns.
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Foederati
Foederatus ([pronunciation?]) (pl. foederati) is a Latin term whose definition and usage drifted in the time between the early Roman Republic and the end of the Western Roman Empire. Early in the history of the Roman Republic, a foederatus identified one of the tribes bound by treaty (foedus), who were neither Roman colonies nor had they been granted Roman citizenship (civitas) but were expected to provide a contingent of fighting men when trouble arose, thus were allies. The Latini tribe were considered blood allies, but the rest were federates or socii.
During the Roman republic, the friction between these treaty obligations without the corresponding benefits of Romanity led to the Social War between Romans, with a few close allies, and the disaffected Socii. A law of 90 BC (Lex Julia) offered Roman citizenship to the federate states that accepted the terms. Not all cities were prepared to be absorbed into the Roman res publica (e.g. Heraclea and Naples). Other foederati lay beyond Italy: Gades in Spain, and Massilia (Marseilles).[clarification needed]
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Franks
The Franks (Latin: Franci or gens Francorum) were a confederation of Germanic tribes first attested in the third century AD as populating a broad strip of land on the right bank of the Lower and Middle Rhine River. From the third to fifth centuries some Franks raided Roman territory while other Franks joined the Roman troops in Gaul. Only the Salian Franks formed a kingdom on Roman-held soil that was acknowledged by the Romans after 357. In the climate of the collapse of imperial authority in the West, the Frankish tribes were united under the Merovingians and conquered all of Gaul except Septimania in the 6th century. The Salian political elite was one of the most active forces in spreading Christianity over western Europe. The Franks had created one of the most strong and stable barbaric kingdoms.
The Merovingian dynasty, descended from the Salians, founded one of the Germanic monarchies which replaced the Western Roman Empire from the fifth century. The Frankish state consolidated its hold over large parts of western Europe by the end of the eighth century, developing into the Carolingian Empire which dominated most of Western Europe. This empire would gradually evolve into France and the Holy Roman Empire.
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Frisii
The Frisii were an ancient Germanic tribe living in the low-lying region between the Zuiderzee and the River Ems. In the Germanic pre-Migration Period (i.e., before c. 300 AD) the Frisii and the related Chauci, Saxons, and Angles inhabited the Continental European coast from the Zuyder Zee to south Jutland. All of these peoples shared a common material culture, and so cannot be defined archaeologically.
The Frisii were bordered on the south by Germans who would later coalesce into the Frankish confederation in the 3rd century. On the east they were bordered by the Ampsivarii who lived at the mouth of the Ems until AD 58, at which time the Chauci expelled them and gained a border with the Frisii.
The Chauci and other tribes to the east would merge to form the Saxons in the 3rd century. Some or all of the Frisii may have joined in either or both of these confederations, but they would retain a separate identity in Roman eyes until at least 296, when they were forcibly resettled as laeti (i.e., Roman-era serfs) and thereafter disappear from recorded history. Their tentative existence in the 4th century is confirmed by archaeological discovery of a type of earthenware unique to 4th-century Frisia, called terp Tritzum, showing that an unknown number of Frisii were resettled in Flanders and Kent, likely as laeti under the aforementioned Roman coercion.
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Fritigern
Fritigern or Fritigernus (died ca. 380) was a Thervingian Gothic chieftain whose decisive victory at Adrianople during the Gothic War (376-382) led to favourable terms for the Goths when peace was made with Gratian and Theodosius I in 382.
Socrates Scholasticus, Sozomen, and Zosimus refer to conflicts between Fritigern and Athanaric.Ammianus Marcellinus and Philostorgius do not record such conflicts.
According to Socrates, Fritigern and Athanaric were rival leaders of the (Therving) Goths. As this rivalry grew into warfare, Athanaric gained the advantage, and Fritigern asked for Roman aid. The Emperor Valens and the Thracian field army intervened, Valens and Fritigern defeated Athanaric, and Fritigern converted to Christianity, following the same teachings as Valens followed. Sozomen follows Socrates' account.
According to Zosimus, Athanaric (Athomaricus) was the king of the Goths (Scythians). Sometime after their victory at Adrianople, and after the accession of Theodosius, Fritigern, Alatheus, and Saphrax moved north of the Danube and defeated Athanaric, before returning south of the Danube.
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Gallienus
Gallienus (Latin: Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus Augustus; c. 218 – 268) was Roman Emperor with his father Valerian from 253 to 260, and alone from 260 to 268. He took control of the Empire at a time when it was undergoing great crisis. His record in dealing with those crises is mixed, as he won a number of military victories but was unable to keep much of his realm from seceding.
Based on the testimony of John Malalas and the Epitome de Caesaribus that Gallienus was about 50 years old at the time of his death, it is generally considered he was born around 218, son of Valerian and Mariniana, a woman possibly of senatorial rank and possibly a daughter of Egnatius Victor Marinianus, and brother of Valerianus Minor. Inscriptions on coins connect him with Falerii in Etruria and this may well have been his birthplace; it has yielded many inscriptions relating to his mother's family, the Egnatii.
He married to Cornelia Salonina about ten years before his accession to the throne. She was the mother of three princes, Valerian II (who died in 258), Saloninus (who, after becoming co-emperor, died in 260 by the hand of his general Postumus), and Marinianus (killed in 268, shortly after his father was assassinated).
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Geats
Geats (Old English geatas, [ˈjæɑ̯tɑs]; Old Norse gautar [ˈɡɑu̯tɑr]; Swedish götar, [ˈjøːtar]), and sometimes Goths) were a North Germanic tribe inhabiting what is now Götaland ("land of the Geats") in modern Sweden. The name of the Geats also lives on in the Swedish provinces of Västergötland and Östergötland, the Western and Eastern lands of the Geats, and in many other toponyms.
The earliest mention of the Geats may appear in Ptolemy (2nd century A.D.), where they are referred to as Goutai. In the 6th century, they were referred to as Gautigoths and Ostrogoths (the Ostrogoths of Scandza) by Jordanes and as Gautoi by Procopius. In the Norse Sagas they are referred to as Gautar, and in Beowulf and Widsith as Gēatas. Geats should not be confused with the Thracian Getae, a connection long made by some, such as the authors of the medieval Swedish Chronicle or early-modern Swedish historian Carolus Lundius.
The tribal name Geat (from the Proto-Germanic *Gautaz, plural *Gautōz) is related, although not identical, to the etymology of the name tribal Goth (*Gutaniz) and they are both derived (specifically they are two ablaut grades) from the Proto-Germanic word *geutan, meaning "to pour". This means according to the mainly accepted etymology "men", a heiti of the men in the tribe, see further in Goths (etymology). It could also allude to watercourses in the land where they were living.
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Gepids
The Gepids (Latin: Gepidae; Old English: Gifð; possibly Proto-Germanic: *Gibiðaz, "giver" or gepanta) were an East Germanic tribe who were closely related to the Goths. The Gepids were recorded in the area along the southern Baltic coast in the 1st century AD, having migrated there from southern Sweden some years earlier. Subsequently, the Gepids migrated further south during the 2nd century and were reported in the mountains north of Transylvania by the end of the 3rd century. In the 4th century, they were incorporated into the Hunnic State.
Under their leader Ardaric, the Gepids united with other Germanic tribes and defeated the Huns at Battle of Nedao in 454. The Gepids then founded a kingdom centered in Sirmium, commonly known as Gepidia or Kingdom of the Gepids.
In the 3rd century (around 260 AD), the Gepids participated with the Goths in an invasion of Dacia. Their early origins are reported in Jordanes' Origins and Deeds of the Goths, where he claims that their name derives from their later and slower migration from Scandinavia:
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Germanic peoples
The Germanic peoples (also called Teutonic or Gothic in older literature) are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group of Northern European origin, identified by their use of the Germanic languages which diversified out of Proto-Germanic during the Pre-Roman Iron Age.
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Germanic Wars
The Germanic Wars is a name given to a series of wars between the Romans and various Germanic tribes between 113 BCE and 596 CE. The nature of these wars varied through time between Roman conquest, Germanic uprisings and later Germanic invasions in the Roman Empire that started in the late 2nd century. The series of conflicts which began in the 5th century, under the Western Roman Emperor Honorius, led (along with internal strife) to the ultimate downfall of the Western Roman Empire.
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Goths
The Goths (Gothic: *Gut-þiuda, *Gutans; Old Norse: Gutar/Gotar; German: Goten; Latin: Gothi; Greek: Γότθοι, Gótthoi) were an East Germanic tribe of Scandinavian origin whose two branches, the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, played an important role in the fall of the Roman Empire and the emergence of Medieval Europe.
The most important source is Jordanes' 6th-century, semi-fictional Getica which describes a migration from southern Scandza (Scandinavia), to Gothiscandza, believed to be the lower Vistula region in modern Pomerania, and from there to the coast of the Black Sea. The Pomeranian Wielbark culture and the Chernyakhov culture northeast of the lower Danube are archaeological traces of this migration. In the 3rd century, either through crossing the lower Danube, or travelling by sea, the Goths ravaged the Balkan Peninsula and Anatolia as far as Cyprus, sacking Athens, Byzantium, Sparta. By the fourth century, the Goths conquered Dacia, and were divided into at least two distinct groups separated by the Dniester River, the Thervingi, led by the Balti dynasty, and the Greuthungi, led by the Amali dynasty. Centered around their capital at the Dnieper, the Goths ruled a vast area which at its peak under the Kings Ermanaric and Athanaric stretched from the Danube to the Volga river, and from the Black to the Baltic Sea.
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Gotlander
The Gutes or the Gotlanders (in Swedish gutar) are the population of the island of Gotland. The ethnonym is identical to Goths (Gutans), and both names were originally Proto-Germanic *Gutaniz. Their language is called Gutnish (gutniska).
The oldest history of the Gutes is retold in the Gutasaga. According to legend they descended from a man named Þjelvar who was the first to discover Gotland. Þjelvar had a son named Hafþi who wedded a fair maiden named Hvitastjerna. These two were the first to settle on Gotland. Hafþi and Hvitastjerna later had three children, Guti, Graipr and Gunfjaun. After the death of their parents, the brothers divided Gotland into three parts and each took one, but Guti remained the highest chieftain and gave his name to the land and its people.
In Modern Swedish language, there are two words for the inhabitants on Gotland: gotlänning (Gotlander) and gute. All inhabitants of Gotland, regardless of their ethnicity, are gotlänning (pl. gotlänningar -Gotlandians) but one is called gute (pl. gutar - Gutes) if one is of native descent.
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Gregory of Nyssa
Gregory of Nyssa (c. 335 – c. 395) (also known as Gregory Nyssen) was bishop of Nyssa from 372 to 376, and from 378 until his death. He is venerated as a saint in Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, Lutheranism and Anglicanism. Gregory, his brother Basil of Caesarea and Gregory of Nazianzus are collectively known as the Cappadocian Fathers
Gregory lacked the administrative ability of his brother Basil, or the contemporary influence of Gregory of Nazianzus, but was an erudite theologian who made significant contributions to the doctrine of the Trinity and the Nicene creed. Gregory's philosophical writings were influenced by Origen, and he is generally considered to have believed in universal salvation. Since the mid-twentieth century, there has been a significant increase in interest in Gregory's works from the academic community, which has resulted in challenges to many traditional interpretations of his theology.
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Gregory Thaumaturgus
Gregory Thaumaturgus, also known as Gregory of Neocaesarea or Gregory the Wonderworker, (ca. 213 – ca. 270) was a Christian bishop of the 3rd century.
Gregory was born at Neo-Caesarea (the capital of Pontus in Asia Minor) around 213 A.D. Among those who built up the Christian Church, extended its influence, and strengthened its institutions, the bishops of Asia Minor occupy a high position; among them Gregory of Neocaesarea holds a very prominent place. Little is known of his pastoral work, and his surviving theological writings are in an incomplete state. This lack of knowledge partially obscures his personality, despite his historical importance, and his immemorial title Thaumaturgus, "the wonder-worker" in Latinized Greek, casts an air of legend about him. Nevertheless, the lives of few bishops of the third century are so well authenticated; the historical references to him permit a fairly detailed reconstruction of his work.
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Greuthungi
The Greuthungs, Greuthungi, or Greutungi were a Gothic people of the Black Sea steppes in the third and fourth centuries. They had close contacts with the Thervingi, another Gothic people from west of the river Dnestr. They may be the same people as the later Ostrogoths.
"Greuthungi" may mean "steppe dwellers" or "people of the pebbly coasts". The root greut- is probably related to the Old English greot, meaning "gravel, grit, earth". This is supported by evidence that geographic descriptors were commonly used to distinguish people living north of the Black Sea both before and after Gothic settlement there and by the lack of evidence for an earlier date for the name pair Tervingi-Greuthungi than the late third century. It is also possible that the name "Greuthungi" has pre-Pontic Scandinavian origins. It may mean "rock people", to distinguish the Ostrogoths from the Gauts (in what is today Sweden). Jordanes does refer to an Evagreotingi (Greuthung island) in Scandza, but this may be legend. It has also been suggested that it may be related to certain place names in Poland, but this has met with little support.
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Hadrian
Hadrian (Latin: Publius Aelius Traianus Hadrianus Augustus 24 January 76 – 10 July 138), was a Roman Emperor from 117 to 138. He is best known for building Hadrian's Wall, which marked the northern limit of Roman Britain. In Rome, he re-built the Pantheon and constructed the Temple of Venus and Roma. In addition to being emperor, Hadrian was a humanist and was philhellene in all his tastes. He was the third of the so-called Five Good Emperors.
Hadrian was born Publius Aelius Hadrianus to an ethnically Italian family in Italica near Seville. His predecessor Trajan was a maternal cousin of Hadrian's father. Trajan never officially designated an heir, but according to his wife Pompeia Plotina, Trajan named Hadrian emperor immediately before his death. Trajan's wife and his friend Licinius Sura were well-disposed towards Hadrian, and he may well have owed his succession to them.
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Hermann Dessau
Hermann Dessau (April 6, 1856, Frankfurt am Main - April 12, 1931, Berlin) was a German ancient historian and epigrapher. He is noted for a key work of textual criticism published in 1889 on the Historia Augusta, which uncovered reasons to believe that this surviving text of ancient Roman imperial history had been written under circumstances very different from those previously believed.
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Heruli
The Heruli (spelled variously in Latin and Greek) were an East Germanic tribe who migrated from Scandinavia to the Black sea in the third century. They were part of the series of raids and incursions carried out by Gothic groups in the Balkans and Greece from the 250s.
In 267, together with the Goths they sacked Byzantium, Sparta and Athens. They were defeated by the Romans in 269 at near Naissus (modern Niš in present-day Serbia. In the 4th century, they were subjugated by the Ostrogoths and later the Huns. Breaking free from the Huns after the Battle of Nedao in 454, they established their own kingdom and joined Odoacer, the commander of the Imperial foederati troops who deposed the last Western Roman Emperor Romulus Augustus in 476 AD. In 508 they were defeated by the Lombards and are reported to have migrated back to Scandinavia. Their name is related to earl (see erilaz) and was probably an honorific military title.
The 6th century chronicler Jordanes reports a tradition that they had been driven out of their homeland by the North Germanic Dani, which places their origins in the Danish isles or southernmost Sweden. According to Procopius, they maintained close links with their kinsmen in Thule (Scandinavia). He relates that the Heruls killed their own king during their stay in the Balkans (cf. Domalde), and that they sent an emissary to Thule requesting a new king. Their request was granted, and a new king arrived with 200 young men.
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Huns
The Huns were a group of nomadic people who, appearing from east of the Volga River, migrated into Europe c. AD 370 and established the vast Hunnic Empire there. Since de Guignes linked them with the Xiongnu, who had been northern neighbours of China 300 years prior to the emergence of the Huns, considerable scholarly effort has been devoted to investigating such a connection. However, there is no scholarly consensus on a direct connection between the dominant element of the Xiongnu and that of the Huns.Priscus mentions that the Huns had a language of their own; little of it has survived and its relationships have been the subject of debate for centuries. Most authorities suppose that it may have been a member of the Oghuric branch of the Turkic language family, with the languages Bulgar, Khazar, Turkic Avar and Chuvash. Numerous other languages were spoken within the Hun pax including East Germanic, which was widely used as a lingua franca in the Hunnic territories. Their main military technique was mounted archery.
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Ingaevones
The Ingaevones or, as Pliny has it, apparently more accurately, Ingvaeones ("people of Yngvi"), as described in Tacitus's Germania, written c. 98 AD, were a West Germanic cultural group living along the North Sea coast in the areas of Jutland, Holstein, Frisia and the Danish islands, where they had by the 1st century BCE become further differentiated to a foreigner's eye into the Frisii, Saxons, Jutes and Angles. The postulated common group of closely related dialects of the Ingvaeones is called Ingvaeonic or North Sea Germanic.
Tacitus' source categorized the Ingaevones near the ocean as one of the three tribal groups descended from the three sons of Mannus, son of Tuisto, progenitor of all the Germanic peoples, the other two being the Irminones and the Istaevones. According to Rafael von Uslar, this threefold subdivision of the West Germanic tribes corresponds to archeological evidence from Late Antiquity.
Pliny ca 80 CE in his Natural History (IV.99) lists the Ingvaeones as one of the five Germanic confederations, the others being the Vandili, the Istvaeones, the Hermiones and another group he does not name. According to him, the Ingvaeones were made up of Cimbri, Teutons, and Chauci. Stripped of its Latin ending, the Ingvaeon are the Ingwine, "friends of Ing" familiar from Beowulf, where Hrothgar is "Lord of the Ingwine"—whether one of them or lord over them being ambiguous.
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Irminones
The Irminones, also referred to as Herminones or Hermiones, were a group of early Germanic tribes settling in the Elbe watershed and by the 1st century AD expanding into Bavaria, Swabia and Bohemia. Irminonic or Elbe Germanic is a conventional term grouping early West Germanic dialects ancestral to High German.
The name Irminones comes from Tacitus’s Germania (98 AD) who categorized them as one of the tribes of Mannus. Other West Germanic proto-tribes were the Ingvaeones and Istvaeones, all of them living in the "Central region" of Germania, as well as the Suebi, which include the Semnones, the Quadi and the Marcomanni.
Pomponius Mela writes in his Description of the World (III.3.31) in reference to the Kattegat and the waters surrounding the Danish isles (see the Codanus sinus):
Mela then begins to speak of the Scythians.
Pliny's Natural History (4.100) claims that the Irminones include the Suebi, Hermunduri, Chatti, and Cherusci.
In Nennius the name Mannus (see Mannaz) and his three sons appear in corrupted form, the ancestor of the Irminones appearing as Armenon. His sons here are Gothus, Valagothus/Balagothus, Cibidus, Burgundus, and Longobardus, whence come the Goths (and Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Crimean Goths), Valagoths/Balagoths, Cibidi, Burgundians and Lombards (Langobards).
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Istvaeones
The Istvaeones, also called Istaevones, Istriaones, Istriones, Sthraones, Thracones, Rhine Germans and Weser-Rhine Germans (Istwäonen, Weser-Rhein-Germanen in German), were a West Germanic cultural group or proto-tribe. Their name was recorded in Germania by Tacitus, a 1st century Roman historian, who categorized them as one of the tribes of the sons of Mannus and labelled them as those tribes who were neither Ingvaeones nor Irminones. The Istvaeones were the tribe of Istaev, son of Mannus. They dwelt around the Atlantic coast (modern day Netherlands, Belgium and northern France) as well as the Rhine and Weser river systems from perhaps 500 BCE, until the differentiation of localized Teutonic tribes (Chatti, Hessians, Franks) in that region circa 250 CE; Istvaeonic, or Low Franconian, is the grouping that includes Dutch and related languages in Friedrich Maurer's classification. There is also evidence some of them merged with the North Sea Germans (Ingvaeones).
Jacob Grimm in the book Deutsche Mythologie urged that Iscaevones was the correct form, partly because it would connect the name to an ancestor figure in Norse mythology named Ask, and partly because in Nennius where the name Mannus is corrupted as Alanus, the ancestor of the Istaevones appears as Escio or Hisicion. There the sons of this figure are, fantastically, from Frankish tradition, Francus, Romanus, Alamanus, and Bruttus, the supposed ancestors of the Franks, Latins, Germans and Britons. This seems to reflect Frankish desire to connect the Franks with the people they ruled.
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Jerome
Saint Jerome (c. 347 – 30 September 420; (also Hierom or Jerom) (Latin: Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus; Ancient Greek: Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος) was a Roman Christian priest, confessor, theologian and historian, and who became a Doctor of the Church. He was the son of Eusebius, of the city of Stridon, which was on the border of Dalmatia and Pannonia. He is best known for his translation of the Bible into Latin (the Vulgate), and his list of writings is extensive.
He is recognised by the Catholic Church as a saint and Doctor of the Church, and the Vulgate is still an important text in Catholicism. He is also recognized as a saint by the Eastern Orthodox Church, where he is known as St. Jerome of Stridonium or Blessed Jerome.
Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus was born at Stridon around 347. He was not baptized until about 360 or 366, when he had gone to Rome with his friend Bonosus (who may or may not have been the same Bonosus whom Jerome identifies as his friend who went to live as a hermit on an island in the Adriatic) to pursue rhetorical and philosophical studies. He studied under the grammarian Aelius Donatus. There Jerome learned Latin and at least some Greek, though probably not the familiarity with Greek literature he would later claim to have acquired as a schoolboy.
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Jordanes
Jordanes, also written Jordanis or, uncommonly, Jornandes, was a 6th century Roman bureaucrat, who turned his hand to history later in life.
While he also wrote Romana about the history of Rome, his best-known work is his Getica, written in Constantinople about AD 551. It is the only extant classical work dealing with the early history of the Goths.
Jordanes was asked by a friend to write this book as a summary of a multi-volume history of the Goths (now lost) by the statesman Cassiodorus. He was selected for his known interest in history (he was working on Rome's), his ability to write succinctly, and because of his own Gothic background. He had been a high-level notarius, or secretary, of a small client state on the Roman frontier in Moesia, modern northern Bulgaria.
Other writers, e.g. Procopius, wrote works still extant on the later history of the Goths. As the only surviving work on Gothic origins, the Getica has been the object of much critical review. Jordanes wrote in Late Latin rather than the classical Ciceronian Latin. According to his own introduction, he only had three days to review what Cassiodorus had written, meaning that he must also have relied on his own knowledge. Some of his statements are laconic.
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Julian the Apostate
Julian (Latin: Flavius Claudius Julianus Augustus, Greek: Φλάβιος Κλαύδιος Ἰουλιανός Αὔγουστος; 331/332 – 26 June 363), commonly known as Julian the Apostate, or also Julian the Philosopher, was Roman Emperor from 361 to 363 and a noted philosopher and Greek writer.
A member of the Constantinian dynasty, he was made Caesar over the western provinces, by Constantius II in 355, where he campaigned successfully against the Alamanni and Franks. Most notable was his crushing victory over the Alamanni in 357 at the Battle of Argentoratum - despite being outnumbered. In 360 he was acclaimed Augustus by his soldiers, sparking a civil war between Julian and Constantius. However, Constantius died before the two could face each other in battle, naming Julian as his rightful successor. In 363, Julian embarked on an ambitious campaign against the Sassanid Empire. Though initially successful, Julian was mortally wounded in battle and died shortly after.
Julian was a man of unusually complex character: he was "the military commander, the theosophist, the social reformer, and the man of letters". He was the last non-Christian ruler of the Roman Empire and it was his desire to bring the Empire back to its ancient Roman values in order to save it from dissolution. He purged the top-heavy state bureaucracy and attempted to revive traditional Roman religious practices at the cost of Christianity. His rejection of Christianity in favour of Neoplatonic paganism caused him to be called Julian the Apostate (Ἀποστάτης or Παραβάτης "Transgressor") by the church. He was the last emperor of the Constantinian dynasty, the empire's first Christian dynasty.
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Julius Pokorny
Julius Pokorny (June 12, 1887 – April 8, 1970) was an Austrian linguist and scholar of the Celtic languages, particularly Irish, and a supporter of Irish nationalism. He held academic posts in Austrian and German universities.
He was born in Prague, Austria–Hungary, and educated at the Piarist School in Prague and the Benedictine Abbey school in Kremsmünster, Austria. From 1905 until 1911 he studied at the University of Vienna, graduating in law and philology, and he taught there from 1913 to 1920. Roger Casement was in correspondence with Pokorny in Austria from Berlin in March 1916. He also served as a reservist in the Austrian Army during World War I.
In 1920 he succeeded Kuno Meyer as Chair of Celtic philology at Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin. Although baptised Catholic at birth and being sympathetic to German nationalism, he was suspended in 1933 under the Nazi Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, because of his Jewish ancestry. He was reinstated later that year under the exemption for those who had worn the uniform of Germany or its allies in World War I, which had been insisted on by President Paul von Hindenburg before he signed the bill into law. In 1935 he was dismissed under the provisions of the racist Nuremberg Laws. He continued to live more or less openly in Berlin until at least 1939, but lived a shadowy existence there from around 1940. He escaped to Switzerland in 1943, where he taught for a few years at the University of Berne and at the University of Zürich until his retirement in 1959.
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Jutes
The Jutes, Iuti, or Iutæ (pronounced /dʒuːts/) were a Germanic people who, according to Bede, were one of the three most powerful Germanic peoples of their time, the other two being the Saxons and the Angles. They are believed to have originated from Jutland peninsula (called Iutum in Latin) in modern Denmark,Southern Schleswig (Southern Jutland) and part of the East Frisian coast in northern Germany.
Bede places the homeland of the Jutes on the other side of the Angles relative to the Saxons, which would mean the northern part of the Jutland Peninsula. Tacitus portrays a people called the Eudoses living in the north of Jutland and these may have been the later Iutae. The Jutes have also been identified with the Eotenas (ēotenas) involved in the Frisian conflict with the Danes as described in the Finnesburg episode in the poem Beowulf (lines 1068–1159). Others have interpreted the ēotenas as jotuns ("ettins" in English), meaning giants, or as a kenning for "enemies."
Disagreeing with Bede, some historians identify the Jutes with people called the Eucii (or Saxones Eucii) who were evidently associated with the Saxons and dependents of the Franks in 536. The Eucii may have been identical with an obscure tribe called the Euthiones and probably associated with the Saxons. The Euthiones are mentioned in a poem by Venantius Fortunatus (583) as being under the suzerainty of Chilperic I of the Franks. This identification would agree well with the later location of the Jutes in Kent, since the area just opposite of Kent on the European mainland (present-day Flanders) was part of Francia. Even if Jutes were present to the south of the Saxons in the Rhineland or near the Frisians, this does not contradict the possibility that they were migrants from Jutland.
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Lactantius
Lucius Caecilius Firmianus Lactantius was an early Christian author (ca. 240 – ca. 320) who became an advisor to the first Christian Roman emperor, Constantine I, guiding his religious policy as it developed, and tutor to his son.
Lactantius, a Latin-speaking native of North Africa, was a pupil of Arnobius and taught rhetoric in various cities of the Eastern Roman Empire, ending in Constantinople. He wrote apologetic works explaining Christianity in terms that would be palatable to educated people who still practiced the traditional religions of the Empire, while defending Christian beliefs against the criticisms of Hellene philosophers. His Divinae Institutiones ("Divine Institutes") is an early example of a systematic presentation of Christian thought. He was considered somewhat heretical after his death, but Renaissance humanists took a renewed interest in him, more for his elaborately rhetorical Latin style than for his theology.
A translator of the Divine Institutes starts his introduction as follows:
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Lemovii
The Lemovii (German: Lemovier) were a Germanic tribe, only once named by Tacitus in the late 1st century. He noted that they lived near the Rugii and Goths and that they had short swords and round shields.
The Oxhöft culture is associated with parts of the Rugii and Lemovii. Also, the Plöwen group (German: Plöwener Gruppe) of the Uecker-Randow region is associated with the Lemovii.
The archaeological Dębczyn group might comprise the remnants of the Lemovii, probably identical with Widsith's Glommas, who are believed to have been the neighbors of the Rugii, a tribe dwelling at the Baltic Sea coast in today's Pomerania region before the migration period. Both "Lemovii" and "Glommas" translate "the barking". Germanic sagas report a battle on the isle of Hiddensee between king Hetel (Hethin, Heodin of the Glommas) and Rugian king Hagen, following the abduction of Hagen's daughter Hilde by Hetel. Yet, there are also other hypotheses about the location of the Lemovii, and that their identification as Glommas, though probable, is not certain.
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Lombards
The Lombards or Langobards (Latin: Langobardī), were a Germanic tribe who from 568 to 774 ruled a Kingdom in Italy.
The Lombard historian Paul the Deacon wrote in the Historia Langobardorum that the Lombards descended from a small tribe called the Winnili, dwelling in southern Scandinavia (Scadanan), who had migrated southward to seek new lands. In the 1st century AD they formed part of the Suebi, in northwestern Germany. By the end of the 5th century they had moved into the area roughly coinciding with modern Austria north of the Danube river, where they subdued the Heruls and later fought frequent wars with the Gepids. The Lombard king Audoin defeated the Gepid leader Thurisind in 551 or 552; his successor Alboin eventually destroyed the Gepids at the Battle of Asfeld in 567.
Following this victory, Alboin decided to lead his people to Italy, which had become severely depopulated after the long Gothic War (535–554) between the Byzantine Empire and the Ostrogothic Kingdom there. The Lombards were joined by numerous Saxons, Heruls, Gepids, Bulgars, Thuringians, and Ostrogoths, and their invasion of Italy was almost unopposed. By late 569 they had conquered all the principal cities north of the Po River except Pavia, which fell in 572. At the same time, they occupied areas in central Italy and southern Italy. They established a Lombard Kingdom in Italy, later named Regnum Italicum ("Kingdom of Italy"), which reached its zenith under the eighth-century ruler Liutprand. In 774, the Kingdom was conquered by the Frankish King Charlemagne, and integrated into his Empire. However, Lombard nobles continued to rule parts of the Italian peninsula well into the 11th century, when they were conquered by the Normans, and added to their Kingdom of Sicily. Their legacy is apparent in the regional appellation, Lombardy.
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Magnus III of Sweden
Magnus III Ladulås of Sweden, Swedish: Magnus Birgersson or Magnus Ladulås (1240 – December 18, 1290) was King of Sweden from 1275 until his death in 1290.
He was the first Magnus to rule Sweden for any length of time, not generally regarded as a usurper or a pretender (but third Magnus to have been proclaimed Sweden's king and ruled there). Later historians ascribe his epithet "Ladulås" – Barnlock – to a decree of 1279 or 1280 freeing the yeomanry from the duty to provide sustenance for travelling nobles and bishops ("Peasants! Lock your barns!"); another theory is that it's a corruption of Ladislaus, which could possibly have been his second name, considering his Slavic heritage.
Referring to Magnus Ladulås as Magnus I is an invention not recognized by any Swedish historians today. The Swedish kings Eric XIV (1560–68) and Carl IX (1604–1611) took their numbers after studying a partially fictitious History of Sweden designed as propaganda during their father's reign, but that has no bearing on the enumeration of Magnus III.
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Marcomanni
The Marcomanni were a Germanic tribe, probably related to the Buri, Suebi or Suevi.
Scholars believe their name derives possibly from Proto-Germanic forms of "march" ("frontier, border") and "men".
The Marcomanni settled in the Main River valley soon after 100 BC. To escape Roman aggression in 9 BC they migrated east to Bohemia, where their king Maroboduus established a powerful kingdom that Augustus perceived as a threat to Rome. Before he could act, however, the war in Illyria intervened. Eventually Maroboduus was deposed and exiled by Catualda (AD 19).
Tacitus, in the late 1st century mentions (Germania I.42) the Marcommani as being under kings appointed by Rome. [1]
In the 2nd century AD, the Marcomanni entered into a confederation with other peoples including the Quadi, Vandals, and Sarmatians, against the Roman Empire. This was probably driven by movements of larger tribes, like the Goths. According to the historian Eutropius, the forces of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius battled against the Marcomannic confederation for three years at the fortress of Carnuntum in Pannonia. Eutropius compared the war, and Marcus Aurelius' success against the Marcomanni and their allies, to the Punic Wars. The comparison was apt in that this war marked a turning point and had significant Roman defeats; it caused the death of two Praetorian Guard commanders. The war began in 166, when the Marcomanni overwhelmed the defences between Vindobona and Carnuntum, penetrated along the border between the provinces of Pannonia and Noricum, laid waste to Flavia Solva, and could be stopped only shortly before reaching Aquileia on the Adriatic sea. The war lasted until Marcus Aurelius' death in 180. It would prove to be only a limited success for Rome; the Danube river remained as the frontier of the Empire until the final fall of the West.
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Moors
The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Berber, Black African and Arab descent from Northern Africa, who came to conquer, occupy and rule the Iberian Peninsula for nearly 800 years.[citation needed] At that time they were Muslim, although earlier the people had followed other religions. They called the territory Al Andalus, comprising most of what is now Spain and Portugal.
" Moors" are not a distinct or self-defined people. Medieval and early modern Europeans applied the name primarily to Berbers, but also at various times to Arabs, Muslim Iberians and West Africans from Mali and Niger who had been absorbed into the Almoravid dynasty. Mainstream scholars observed in 1911 that "The term 'Moors' has no real ethnological value."
The Andalusian Moors of the late Medieval era inhabited the Iberian Peninsula after the Moorish conquests of the Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates, and the final Umayyad conquest of Hispania.[citation needed] The Moors' rule stretched at times as far as modern-day Mauritania, West African countries, and the Senegal River. Earlier, the Classical Romans interacted with (and later conquered) parts of Mauretania, a state that covered northern portions of modern Morocco and much of north western and central Algeria during the classical period. The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as the Mauri.
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Nicolaus Ragvaldi
Nicolaus Ragvaldi (Latinized form of Swedish Nils Ragvaldsson) (born in the early 1380s and died on February 17, 1448) was bishop of Växjö and from 1438-1448 archbishop of Uppsala, Sweden. He is known as an early representative of the Gothicist tradition.
On November 12, 1434, he held a speech at the council of Basel, where he argued that the Swedish monarch, Eric of Pomerania, was a successor to the Gothic kings, and that the Swedish delegation deserved senior rank. The Spanish delegation responded with a claim of seniority because of the Visigoths. Notes of these speeches were written down and preserved, and included by Johannes Magnus when he wrote the influential History of the Nordic People about 150 years later. His research results resulted in Gustav Vasa's son styling himself as Eric XIV, although his father disapproved.
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Nordic Bronze Age
The Nordic Bronze Age (also Northern Bronze Age) is the name given by Oscar Montelius to a period and a Bronze Age culture in Scandinavian pre-history, c. 1700-500 BC, with sites that reached as far east as Estonia. Succeeding the Late Neolithic culture, its ethnic and linguistic affinities are unknown in the absence of written sources. It is followed by the Pre-Roman Iron Age.
Even though Scandinavians joined the European Bronze Age cultures fairly late through trade, Scandinavian sites present rich and well-preserved objects made of wool, wood and imported Central European bronze and gold.
Many rock carvings depict ships, and the large stone burial monuments known as stone ships suggest that shipping played an important role. Thousands of rock carvings depict ships, most probably representing sewn plank built canoes for warfare, fishing and trade. These may have a history as far back as the neolithic period and continue in to the Pre-Roman Iron Age, as shown by the Hjortspring boat.
There are many mounds and rock carving sites from the period. Numerous artifacts of bronze and gold are found. No written language existed in the Nordic countries during the Bronze Age. The rock carvings have been dated through comparison with depicted artifacts, for example bronze axes and swords. (There are also numerous Nordic Stone Age rock carvings in the north of Scandinavia, mostly portraying elk.)
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Ostrogothic kingdom
The Kingdom established by the Ostrogoths in Italy and neighbouring areas lasted from 493 to 553. In Italy the Ostrogoths replaced Odoacer, the de facto ruler of Italy who had deposed the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire in 476. The Gothic kingdom reached its zenith under the rule of its first king, Theodoric the Great. Most of the social institutions in the late Western Roman Empire were preserved during his rule. Starting in 535, the Byzantine Empire invaded Italy. The Ostrogothic ruler at that time, Witiges, could not defend successfully and was finally captured when the capital Ravenna fell. The Ostrogoths rallied around a new leader, Totila, and largely managed to reverse the conquest, but were eventually defeated. The last king of the Ostrogothic Kingdom was Teia. At its greatest extent the kingdom stretched from contemporary France in the west into modern Serbia in the southeast.
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Ostrogothic Kingdom
The Kingdom established by the Ostrogoths in Italy and neighbouring areas lasted from 493 to 553. In Italy the Ostrogoths replaced Odoacer, the de facto ruler of Italy who had deposed the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire in 476. The Gothic kingdom reached its zenith under the rule of its first king, Theodoric the Great. Most of the social institutions in the late Western Roman Empire were preserved during his rule. Starting in 535, the Byzantine Empire invaded Italy. The Ostrogothic ruler at that time, Witiges, could not defend successfully and was finally captured when the capital Ravenna fell. The Ostrogoths rallied around a new leader, Totila, and largely managed to reverse the conquest, but were eventually defeated. The last king of the Ostrogothic Kingdom was Teia. At its greatest extent the kingdom stretched from contemporary France in the west into modern Serbia in the southeast.
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Ostrogoths
The Ostrogoths (Latin: Ostrogothi or Austrogothi) were a branch of the Goths (the other branch being the Visigoths), a Germanic tribe who developed a vast empire north of the Black Sea in the 3rd century AD and, in the late 5th century, under Theodoric the Great, established a Kingdom in Italy.
Invading southward from the Baltic Sea, the Ostrogoths, at the time known as the Greuthungi, built up a huge empire stretching from the Dniester to the Volga river and from the Black Sea to the Baltic shores. The Ostrogoths were probably literate in the 3rd century, and their trade with the Romans was highly developed. Their Danubian kingdom reached its zenith under King Ermanaric, who is said to have committed suicide at an old age when the Huns attacked his people and subjugated them about 370.
After their subjugation by the Huns, little is heard of the Ostrogoths for about 80 years, after which they reappear in Pannonia on the middle Danube River as federates of the Romans. However, a pocket remained behind in the Crimea when the bulk of them moved to central Europe, and these Crimean Ostrogoths existed until at least the 16th century. After the collapse of the Hun empire after the Battle of Nedao (453), the Ostrogoths under Theodoric the Great first moved to Moesia (c. 475–488) and later conquered the Italian Kingdom of the German warrior Odoacer. Theodoric became King of the Ostrogothic Kingdom in 493 and died in 526. A period of instability then ensued, tempting the Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian to declare war on the Ostrogoths in 535 in an effort to restore the former western provinces of the Roman Empire. Initially, the Byzantines were successful, but under the leadership of Totila, the Goths reconquered most of the lost territory until Totila's death at the Battle of Taginae. The war lasted for almost 20 years and caused enormous damage and depopulation of Italy. The remaining Ostrogoths were absorbed into the Lombards who established a Kingdom in Italy in 567 AD.
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Pelagius of Asturias
Pelagius (Spanish: Pelayo; c. 685 – 737) was a Visigothic nobleman who founded the Kingdom of Asturias, ruling it from 718 until his death. Through his victory at the Battle of Covadonga, he is credited with beginning the Reconquista, the Christian reconquest of the Iberian peninsula from the Moors. He established an independent Christian state in opposition to Moorish hegemony, but there is no strong evidence that he intended to resuscitate the old Visigothic Kingdom, or was motivated by any religious desire.
The chief sources for Pelagius's life and career are two Latin chronicles produced in the late ninth century in the kingdom he founded. The first is the Chronica Albeldensia, written at Albelda towards 881, and preserved in the Codex Vigilanus with a continuation to 976. The later is the Chronicle of Alfonso III, which was revised in the early tenth century and preserved in two textual traditions, called the Chronica Rotensis and the Chronica ad Sebastianum, which diverge in several key passages. The only likely earlier sources from which these chroniclers could derive information are regnal lists.
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Philostorgius
Philostorgius (Greek: Φιλοστόργιος; 368 – ca. 439) was an Anomoean Church historian of the 4th and 5th centuries. Anomoeanism questioned the Trinitarian account of the relationship between God the Father and Christ and was considered a heresy by the Orthodox Church, which adopted the term "homoousia" in the Nicene Creed. Very little information about his life is available. He was born in Borissus, Cappadocia to Eulampia and Carterius, and later lived in Constantinople.
He wrote a history of the Arian controversy titled History of the Church, of which only an epitome by Photius survives, as well as a treatise against Porphyry, which is lost.
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Pliny the Elder
Gaius Plinius Secundus (23 AD – August 25, 79 AD), better known as Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist, and natural philosopher, as well as naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and personal friend of the emperor Vespasian. Spending most of his spare time studying, writing or investigating natural and geographic phenomena in the field, he wrote an encyclopedic work, Naturalis Historia, which became a model for all such works written subsequently. Pliny the Younger, his nephew, wrote of him in a letter to the historian Tacitus:
Pliny is referring to the fact that Tacitus relied on his uncle's now missing work on the History of the German Wars. Pliny the Elder died on August 25, 79 AD, while attempting the rescue by ship of a friend and his family from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius that had just destroyed the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. The prevailing wind would not allow his ship to leave the shore. His companions attributed his collapse and death to toxic fumes; but they were unaffected by the fumes, suggesting natural causes.
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Procopius
Procopius of Caesarea (Latin: Procopius Caesarensis, Ancient Greek: Προκόπιος ὁ Καισαρεύς; c. AD 500 – c. AD 565) was a prominent Byzantine scholar from Palestine. Accompanying the general Belisarius in the wars of the Emperor Justinian I, he became the principal historian of the 6th century, writing the Wars of Justinian, the Buildings of Justinian and the celebrated Secret History. He is commonly held to be the last major historian of the ancient world.
Apart from his own writings, the main source for Procopius' life is an entry in the Suda, a 10th century Byzantine encyclopedia that tells nothing about his early life. He was a native of Caesarea in Palaestina Prima (modern Israel). He would have received a conventional élite education in the Greek classics and then rhetoric, perhaps at the famous School of Gaza, may have attended law school, possibly at Berytus (modern Beirut) or Constantinople, and became a rhetor (barrister or advocate). He evidently knew Latin, as was natural for a man with legal training. In 527, the first year of Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I's reign, he became the adsessor (legal adviser) for Belisarius, Justinian's chief military commander who was then beginning a brilliant career.
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Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy ( /ˈtɒləmi/; Greek: Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος, Klaudios Ptolemaios; Latin: Claudius Ptolemaeus; c. AD 90 – c. AD 168), was a Greek-Roman citizen of Egypt who wrote in Greek. He was a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. He lived in Egypt under Roman rule, and is believed to have been born in the town of Ptolemais Hermiou in the Thebaid. This theory, proposed by Theodore Meliteniotes, could be correct, but it is late (ca. 1360) and unsupported. There is no reason to suppose that he ever lived anywhere else than Alexandria, where he died around AD 168.
Ptolemy was the author of several scientific treatises, at least three of which were of continuing importance to later Islamic and European science. The first is the astronomical treatise now known as the Almagest (in Greek, Ἡ Μεγάλη Σύνταξις, "The Great Treatise", originally Μαθηματικὴ Σύνταξις, "Mathematical Treatise"). The second is the Geography, which is a thorough discussion of the geographic knowledge of the Greco-Roman world. The third is the astrological treatise known sometimes in Greek as the Apotelesmatika (Ἀποτελεσματικά), more commonly in Greek as the Tetrabiblos (Τετράβιβλος "Four books"), and in Latin as the Quadripartitum (or four books) in which he attempted to adapt horoscopic astrology to the Aristotelian natural philosophy of his day.
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Pytheas
Pytheas of Massalia or (using the Latin form) Massilia (Ancient Greek Πυθέας ὁ Μασσαλιώτης) (4th century BC), was a Greek geographer and explorer from the Greek colony, Massalia (modern day Marseilles). He made a voyage of exploration to northwestern Europe at about 325 BC. He travelled around and visited a considerable part of Great Britain. Pytheas is the first person on record to describe the Midnight Sun,polar ice, Germanic and possibly Finnic tribes. He is the one who introduced the idea of distant Thule to the geographic imagination. His account of the tides is the earliest to state they are caused by the moon.
Pliny says that Timaeus (born about 350 BC) believed Pytheas' story of the discovery of amber. Strabo says that Dicaearchus (died about 285 BC) did not trust the stories of Pytheas. That is all the information that survives concerning the date of Pytheas' voyage. Presuming that Timaeus would not have written until after he was 20 years old at about 330 BC and Dicaearchus would have needed time to write his most mature work, after 300 BC, there is no reason not to accept Tozer's window of 330 BC – 300 BC for the voyage. Some would give Timaeus an extra 5 years, bringing the voyage down to 325 BC at earliest. There is no further evidence.
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Roderic
Ruderic (also spelled Roderic, Roderik, Roderich, or Roderick; Spanish and Portuguese: Rodrigo, Arabic: Ludharīq, لذريق; died 711 or 712) was the Visigothic King of Hispania for a brief period between 710 and 712. He is famous in legend as "the last king of the Goths". In history he actually is an extremely obscure figure about whom little can be said with certainty but that he ruled part of Iberia with opponents ruling the rest and was defeated and killed by invading Muslims who soon conquered most of the peninsula. His widow Egilona is believed to have married Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa, who was later assassinated.
The above circumstances have caused the name "Roderic" and its various variants to remain in use up to the present, unlike many other Germanic names of the time which had faded into obscurity.
According to the late Chronicle of Alfonso III, Roderic was a son of Theodefred, himself a son of king Chindaswinth, and of a lady named Riccilo. Roderic's exact date of birth is unknown but probably was after 687, estimated from his father's marriage having taken place after his exile to Córdoba following the succession of King Egica in that year.
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Rugii
"Rugi" redirects here. For the Romanian villages by this name, see Păltiniş, Caraş-Severin and Turcineşti.
The Rugii, also Rugians, Rygir, Ulmerugi, or Holmrygir (Norwegian: Rugiere, German: Rugier) were an East Germanic tribe who migrated from southwest Norway to Pomerania around 100 AD, and from there to the Danube River valley. They were allies of Attila until his death in 453, and settled in what is now Austria after the defeat of the Huns at Nedao in 453.
The Rugians helped Odoacer establish the Kingdom of Italy, and converted to Arianism by 482. In 487 they suffered a crushing defeat in Vienna at the hands of Odoacer and his Herulian and Scirian followers. They then joined with the Ostrogothic army of Theodoric in its campaign to take over Italy in 488–493. Within the Ostrogothic Kingdom, they kept their own administrators and avoided intermarriage with the Goths. They disappeared after Totila's defeat in the Gothic war.
The tribal name "Rugii" or "Rygir" is a derivate of the Old Norse term for rye, rugr, and is thus translated "rye eaters" or "rye farmers".Holmrygir and Ulmerugi are both translated as "island Rugii".
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Sabbas the Goth
Sabbas (Sava,Savo, Saba, or Savva) the Goth is a martyr and Christian saint.
He was born in 334 to Christian parents in a village in the Buzău river valley and lived in what is now the Wallachia region in Romania.[citation needed] His Act of Martyrdom states that he was a Goth by race and may have been a cantor or a reader to the religious community there.
He was martyred during the reign of Valentinian and Valens. In the year 371, a Gothic nobleman began the suppression of Christianity in Sabbas' area. When his agents came to the village where Sabbas lived they forced the villagers to eat pagan sacrificial meat. According to the tale, non-Christian villagers wanting to help their Christian neighbours tricked the authorities by exchanging the sacrificial meat for meat that had not been sacrificed. However, Sabbas made a conspicuous show of rejecting the defiled meat altogether. His fellow villagers exiled him but after a while he was allowed to return. When the Gothic noble returned and asked if there were any Christians in the village, Sabbas stepped forward and proclaimed, “'Let no-one swear an oath on my behalf. I am a Christian.” Sabbas' neighbours then said that he was a poor man of no account. The leader dismissed him, saying, “This one can do us neither good nor harm.”
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Sarmatians
The Iron Age Sarmatians (Latin Sarmatæ or Sauromatæ, Sanskrit Sakas Greek Σαρμάται, Σαυρομάται) were an Iranian people in Classical Antiquity, flourishing from about the 5th century BC to the 4th century AD.
Their territory was known as Sarmatia to Greco-Roman ethnographers, corresponding to the western part of greater Scythia (modern Southern Russia, Ukraine, and the eastern Balkans). At their greatest reported extent, around 100 BC, these tribes ranged from the Vistula River to the mouth of the Danube and eastward to the Volga, bordering the shores of the Black and Caspian seas as well as the Caucasus to the south.
The Sarmatians declined in the 4th century with the incursions connected to the Migration period (Huns, Goths). The descendants of the Sarmatians became known as the Alans during the Early Middle Ages, and ultimately gave rise to the modern Ossetic ethnic group.
Sarmatae is in origin probably just one of several tribal names of the Sarmatians which came to be applied to the entire group as an exonym in Greco-Roman ethnography. Strabo in the 1st century names as the main tribes of the Sarmatians the Iazyges, the Roxolani, the Aorsi and the Siraces.
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Saxons
The Saxons (Latin: Saxones, Old English: Seaxe, Old Saxon: Sahson, Low German: Sassen) were a confederation of Germanic tribes on the North German plain, who during the Middle Ages migrated to the British Isles and formed part of the Anglo-Saxons.
The Saxons were originally Ingvaeonic tribes, whose earliest known area of settlement is Northern Albingia, an area approximately that of modern Holstein. This area overlapped the area of the Angles, a tribe with which they were frequently closely linked. Saxons participated in the Germanic settlement of Britain during and after the fifth century. It is unknown how many migrated from the continent to Britain, though estimates for the total number of Anglo-Saxon settlers are around two hundred thousand. During the Middle ages, because of international Hanseatic trading routes and contingent migration during the Middle Ages, Saxons mixed with and had strong influences upon the languages and cultures of the North Germanic and Baltic and Finnic peoples, and also upon the Polabian Slavs and Pomeranian West Slavic people.
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Scandza
Scandza was the name given to a "great island" by the Roman historian Jordanes in his work Getica, written while in Constantinople around AD 551. This island was located in the arctic regions of the sea that surrounded the world. He described the area to set the stage for his treatment of the Goths' migration the island in front of the river Vistula to Gothiscandza. Composed of information from several sources, his account contains several accurate descriptions of the mouth of the Vistula river. The common interpretation is that Jordanes is describing Scandinavia.[citation needed] Prominent Swedish archaeologist Göran Burenhult, regards Jordanes us a unique glimpse into the tribes of Scandinavia in the 6th century.
Jordanes referred to Ptolemy's description of Scandia "as a great island shaped like a juniper leaf" (i.e. long and not round) "having bulging sides and which tapered down in the south at a long end".
He also referred to Pomponius Mela's description of Codanonia (called Scatinavia by Pliny the Elder) which was located in the Codanian Gulf (probably Kattegat). "This island was in front of the Vistula and that there was a great lake" "from which sprang the river Vagus". "On the western and northern side it was surrounded by an enormous sea", "but in the east there was a land bridge which cut off the sea in the east forming the German Sea". "There were also many small islands" (the Swedish and Finnish archipelagos) "where wolves could pass when the sea was frozen. In winter the country was not only cruel to people but also to wild beasts. Due to the extreme cold there were no swarms of honey-making bees."
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Sippe
Sippe is German for "clan, kindred, extended family". It continues a Proto-Germanic term *sibbja, which referred to a band or confederation bound by a treaty or oath, not primarily restricted to blood relations. The original character of sibb as a peace treaty is visible in Old English, e.g. in Beowulf (v. 1858):
The Sippe came to be a cognatic, extended family unit, exactly analogous to the Scottish/Irish sept.
Most of the information left about the nature and role of the Sippe is found in records left by the Lombards, Alamanni, and Bavarians. One of the functions of the Sippe was regulating use of forests. The average Sippe likely contained no more than 50 families. The Sippe seems to have been absorbed into the monogamous family later on; P.D. King asserts that this was already the case among the Visigoths during the time of the Visigothic Kingdom.
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Sozomen
Salminius Hermias Sozomenus (Σωζομενός) (c. 400 – c. 450) was a historian of the Christian church.
He was born around 400 in Bethelia, a small town near Gaza, into a wealthy Christian family of Palestine.
What he has to tell us of the history of Southern Palestine was derived from oral tradition. He appears familiar with the region around Gaza, and mentions having seen Bishop Zeno of Majuma, the seaport of Gaza.
Sozomen wrote that his grandfather lived at Bethelia, near Gaza, and became a Christian together with his household, probably under Constantius II. A neighbor named Alaphrion was miraculously healed by Saint Hilarion who cast out a demon from Alaphrion, and, as eyewitnesses to the miracle, his family converted, along with Alaphrion's. The conversion marked a turning-point in the Christianization of southern Palestine, according to his account.
The grandfather became within his own circle a highly esteemed interpreter of Scripture. The descendants of the wealthy Alaphrion founded churches and convents in the district, and were particularly active in promoting monasticism. Sozomen himself had conversed with one of these, a very old man. He tells us that he was brought up under monkish influences and his history bears him out.
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Spanish nobility
Spanish nobles are persons who possess the legal status of hereditary nobility according to the laws and traditions of the Spanish monarchy. A system of titles and honours of Spain and of the former kingdoms that constitute it comprise the Spanish nobility. Some nobles possess various titles that may be inherited, but the creation and recognition of titles is legally a prerogative of the King of Spain.
Some noble titles and families still exist which have transmitted that status since time immemorial. Some aristocratic families use the nobiliary particle de before their family name. During the rule of General Francisco Franco, some new hereditary titles were conceded to individuals, and the titles granted by the Carlist pretenders were officially recognized.
Despite accession to Spain's throne of Juan Carlos I in 1975, the court of nobles holding positions and offices attached to the royal household was not restored. Noble titleholders are subjected to taxation, whereas under Spain's ancien régime they were exempt. King Juan Carlos has granted new titles to recognize the merits of politicians and artists (see below).
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Suebi
The Suebi or Suevi (from Proto-Germanic *swēbaz based on the Proto-Germanic root *swē- meaning "one's own" people, from an Indo-European root *swe-, the third person reflexive pronoun) were a group of Germanic peoples who were first mentioned by Julius Caesar in connection with Ariovistus' campaign, c. 58 BC;
Some Suebi remained a periodic threat against the Romans on the Rhine, until, toward the end of the empire, the Alamanni, including elements of Suebi, brushed aside Roman defenses and occupied Alsace, and from there Bavaria and Switzerland. A pocket remained in Swabia (an area in southwest Germany whose modern name derives from the ancient name), whereas migrants to Gallaecia (modern Galicia, in Spain, and Northern Portugal) established a kingdom there which lasted for 170 years until its integration into the Visigothic Kingdom.
In the classical sources, the ethnonym Suebi is used with two different meanings: the specific tribe of Caesar's campaign, "dwelling on the Main", and "broadly, to cover a large number of tribes in central Germany." The broad view is expressed in Tacitus's Germania, a basic written source for the Suebic peoples that states:
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Synesius
Synesius (Greek: Συνέσιος; c. 373 – c. 414), a Greek bishop of Ptolemais in the Libyan Pentapolis after 410, was born of wealthy parents, who claimed descent from Spartan kings, at Balagrae (Bayda now) near Cyrene between 370 and 375.
While still a youth (393) he went with his brother Euoptius to Alexandria, where he became an enthusiastic Neoplatonist and disciple of Hypatia. Between 395 and 399 he spent some time in Athens.
In 398 he was chosen as an envoy to the imperial court in Constantinople by Cyrene and the whole Pentapolis. He went to the capital in occasion of the delivery of the aurum coronarium and his task was to obtain tax remissions for his country. In Constantinople he obtained the patronage of the powerful praetorian prefect Aurelianus. Synesius composed and addressed to Emperor Arcadius a speech entitled De regno, full of topical advice as to the studies of a wise ruler, but also containing a bold statement that the emperor's first priority must be a war on corruption and a war on interpenetration of barbarians in Byzantine army.
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Tacitus
Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (AD 56 – AD 117) was a senator and a historian of the Roman Empire. The surviving portions of his two major works—the Annals and the Histories—examine the reigns of the Roman Emperors Tiberius, Claudius, Nero and those who reigned in the Year of the Four Emperors. These two works span the history of the Roman Empire from the death of Augustus in AD 14 to (presumably) the death of emperor Domitian in AD 96. There are substantial lacunae in the surviving texts, including one four books long in the Annals.
Other writings by him discuss oratory (in dialogue format, see Dialogus de oratoribus), Germania (in De origine et situ Germanorum), and the life of his father-in-law Agricola, mainly focusing on his campaign in Britannia (see De vita et moribus Iulii Agricolae).
Tacitus is considered to be one of the greatest Roman historians. He lived in what has been called the Silver Age of Latin literature, and as well as the brevity and compactness of his Latin prose, he is known for his penetrating insights into the psychology of power politics.
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Teia
Teia (d. 552 or 553), also known as Teja, Theia, Thila, Thela, Teias, was the last Ostrogothic king in Italy.
Apparently a military officer serving under Totila, Teia was chosen as successor and raised over a shield after Totila was slain in the Battle of Taginae (also known as the Battle of Busta Gallorum) in July 552. On his way fleeing to southern Italy, he gathered support from prominent figures within Totila's armies including Scipuar, Gundulf (Indulf), Gibal and Ragnaris to make his last stand against the Byzantine eunuch general Narses at the Battle of Mons Lactarius, south of present-day Naples, near Nuceria Alfaterna, in October 552 or early 553. The Ostrogothic army was defeated once again. Teia was slain, his brother Aligern surrendered. Scipuar and Gibal were likely also killed. Gundulf and Ragnaris escaped from the field; the latter was mortally wounded after a failed assassination by an agent of Narses.
With that defeat, organized Ostrogothic resistance ended. Although the last attested Gothic noble Widin revolted in northern Italy in 550s and was captured in 561 or 562, the Ostrogoths would fade into obscurity.
wn.com/Teia -
Themistius
Themistius (Ancient Greek: Θεμίστιος, Themistios; 317, Paphlagonia — c. 390 CE, Constantinople), named εὐφραδής (eloquent), was a statesman, rhetorician, and philosopher. He flourished in the reigns of Constantius II, Julian, Jovian, Valens, Gratian, and Theodosius I; and he enjoyed the favour of all those emperors, notwithstanding their many differences, and the fact that he himself was not a Christian. He was admitted to the senate by Constantius in 355, and he was prefect of Constantinople in 384 on the nomination of Theodosius. Of his many works, thirty-three orations of his have come down to us, as well as various commentaries and epitomes of the works of Aristotle.
wn.com/Themistius -
Theodemir
Theodemir was king of the Ostrogoths of the Amal Dynasty, and father of Theodoric the Great. He had two "brothers" actually brothers-in-law named Valamir and Videmir. Theodemir was Arian, while his wife Erelieva was Catholic. He took over the three Pannonian Goth empires after the death of Widimir, ruled jointly with his brothers-in-law as a vassal of Attila the Hun. The reason is probably that this relatively long reign of the Ostrogoths in Pannonia, while his elder brother Thiudimir only for four years on the throne, followed by Theodoric, and firstly inherited, the heirless, Walamir's part of the kingdom. He was married to Erelieva, with whom he had two children: Theodoric (454–526) and Amalafrida. When Theodemir died in 475, Theodoric succeeded him as king.
wn.com/Theodemir -
Theodoric the Great
Theoderic the Great (Gothic: Þiudareiks; Latin: Flāvius Theodericus; Greek: Θευδέριχος, Theuderikhos; Old English: Þēodrīc; Old Norse: Þjōðrēkr, Þīðrēkr; 454 – August 30, 526) was king of the Ostrogoths (471–526), ruler of Italy (493–526), regent of the Visigoths (511–526), and a viceroy of the Eastern Roman Empire. His Gothic name Þiudareiks translates into "people-king" or "ruler of the people".
A son of King Theodemir, an Amali nobleman, Theoderic was born in Pannonia, after his people had defeated the Huns at the Battle of Nedao. Growing up as a hostage in Constantinople, Theoderic received a privileged education, and succeeded his father as leader of the Pannonian Ostrogoths in 471 AD. Settling his people in lower Moesia, Theoderic came in conflict with Thracian Ostrogoths led by Theoderic Strabo, whom he eventually supplanted, uniting the peoples in 484.
Subsequently, Byzantine Emperor Zeno gave him the title of Patrician and the office of Magister militum (master of the soldiers), and even appointed him as Roman Consul. Trying to achieve further aims, Theoderic frequently ravaged the provinces of the Eastern Roman Empire, eventually threatening Constantinople itself. In 488, Emperor Zeno ordered Theoderic to overthrow the German usurper Odoacer, who had established himself as King of Italy. After a victorious three-year long war, Theoderic killed Odoacer with his own hands, settled his 100,000 to 200,000 people in Italy, and founded a Kingdom based in Ravenna. Although promoting separation between the Arian Ostrogoths and the Roman population, Theoderic stressed the importance of racial harmony. Seeking to restore the glory of Ancient Rome, he ruled Italy in its most peaceful and prosperous period since Valentinian, until his death in 526. Memories of his reign made him a hero of Germanic legend as Dietrich von Bern.
wn.com/Theodoric_the_Great -
Thervingi
The Thervingi, Tervingi, or Teruingi (sometimes pluralised "Tervings" or "Thervings") were a Gothic people of the Danubian plains west of the Dnestr River in the 3rd and 4th Centuries CE. They had close contacts with the Greuthungi, another Gothic people from east of the Dnestr River, as well as the Late Roman Empire (or early Byzantine Empire). They may have been the same people as the later Visigoths.
The name "Thervingi" may mean "forest people". This is supported by evidence that geographic descriptors were commonly used to distinguish people living north of the Black Sea both before and after Gothic settlement there, by evidence of forest-related names among the Thervingi, and by the lack of evidence for an earlier date for the name pair Thervingi-Greuthungi than the late third century. The name "Thervingi" may have pre-Pontic, Scandinavian, origins.
The Thervingi first appeared in history as a distinct people in the year 268 when they invaded the Roman Empire. This invasion overran the Roman provinces of Pannonia and Illyricum and even threatened Italia itself. However, the Thervingi were defeated in battle that summer near the modern Italian-Slovenian border and then routed in the Battle of Naissus that September. Over the next three years they were driven back over the Danube River in a series of campaigns by the emperors Claudius II Gothicus and Aurelian. However, they maintained their hold on the Roman province of Dacia, which Aurelian evacuated in 271.
wn.com/Thervingi -
Totila
Totila, original name Baduila (died July 1, 552) was King of the Ostrogoths from 541 to 552 AD. A skilled military and political leader, Totila reversed the tide of Gothic War, recovering by 543 almost all the territories in Italy that the Eastern Roman Empire had captured from his Kingdom in 540.
A relative of Theudis, sword-bearer of Theodoric the Great and king of the Visigoths, Totila was elected king by Ostrogothic nobles in the autumn of 541 after King Witigis had been carried off prisoner to Constantinople. Totila proved himself both as a military and political leader, winning the support of the lower classes by liberating slaves and distributing land to the peasants. After a successful defence at Verona, Totila pursued and defeated a numerically superior army at the Battle of Faventia in 542 AD. Building on his victories, Totila followed these victories by defeating the Romans outside Florence and capturing Naples. By 543, fighting on land and sea, he had reconqured the bulk of the lost territory. Rome held out, and Totila appealed unsuccesully to the Senate in a letter reminding them of the loyalty of the Romans to his predecessor Theodoric the Great. In the spring of 544 the Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I sent his general Belisarius to Italy to counterattack, but Totila, captured Rome in 546 from Belisarius and depopulated the city after a yearlong siege. When Totila left to fight the Byzantines in Lucania, south of Naples, Belisarius retook Rome and rebuilt its fortifications.
wn.com/Totila -
Tumulus
A tumulus (plural tumuli) is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. Tumuli are also known as barrows, burial mounds, Hügelgrab or kurgans, and can be found throughout much of the world. A cairn (a mound of stones built for various purposes), might also be originally a tumulus. A long barrow is a long tumulus, usually for numbers of burials.
The method of inhumation may involve a dolmen, a cist, a mortuary enclosure, a mortuary house or a chamber tomb. Examples of barrows include Duggleby Howe and Maeshowe.
The word tumulus is Latin for 'mound' or 'small hill', from the PIE root *teuh2- with extended zero grade *tum-, 'to bulge, swell' also found in tumor, thumb, thigh and thousand.
The funeral of Patroclus is described in book 23 of the Iliad. Patroclus is burned on a pyre, and his bones are collected into a golden urn in two layers of fat. The barrow is built on the location of the pyre. Achilles then sponsors funeral games, consisting of a chariot race, boxing, wrestling, running, a duel between two champions to the first blood, discus throwing, archery and spear throwing.
wn.com/Tumulus -
Ulfilas
Ulfilas, or Gothic Wulfila: little wolf or belonging to Wolf (also Ulphilas. Orphila) (ca. 310 – 383;), bishop, missionary, and Bible translator, was a Goth or half-Goth and half-Greek from Cappadocia who had spent time inside the Roman Empire at the peak of the Arian controversy. Ulfilas was ordained a bishop by Eusebius of Nicomedia and returned to his people to work as a missionary. In 348, to escape religious persecution by a Gothic chief, probably Athanaric he obtained permission from Constantius II to migrate with his flock of converts to Moesia and settle near Nicopolis ad Istrum in modern northern Bulgaria. There, Ulfilas translated the Bible from Greek into the Gothic language. For this he devised the Gothic alphabet. Fragments of his translation have survived, notably the Codex Argenteus held since 1648 in the University Library of Uppsala in Sweden. A parchment page of this Bible was found in 1971 in the Speyer Cathedral.
His parents were of non-Gothic Anatolian origin but had been enslaved by Goths on horseback. Ulfilas converted many among the Goths, preaching an Arian Christianity, which, when they reached the western Mediterranean, set them apart from their Orthodox neighbors and subjects.
wn.com/Ulfilas -
Vagoth
The Vagoths were a Germanic tribe mentioned by Jordanes. He located them in Scandza. Speculations about their exact identity have identified them with the Geats of Vikbolandet and with the Gotlanders.
According to Lithuanian linguist Kazimieras Būga, the name of Germans, Germany in Lithuanian and Latvian languages (“Germany”: Lith. Vokia, Vokietija, Latv. Vācija, “German (person)”: Lith. vokietis, Latv. vācietis ) is derived from the name of Vagoths (*Vāk(ia)-goth). From Baltic languages originate Finnish roots Vuoja, Vuojo and Estonian Oju, Oja in their name for Gotland: Vuojola, Vuojonmaa, Vuojanmaa, Ojumaa, Ojamaa (“maa” - land).
The Valagoths were a tribe mentioned by Nennius.
wn.com/Vagoth -
Valamir
Valamir (c. 420 – c. 465) was an Ostrogothic king in the ancient country of Pannonia from AD 447 until his death. During his reign, he fought alongside the Huns against the Roman Empire and then, after Attila the Hun's death, fought against the Huns to consolidate his independent control over a large group of Goths.
Valamir was the son of Vandalarius and cousin to king Thorismund. An important and trusted vassal of Attila the Hun, Valamir participated in Attila's raids of the provinces of the Danube (447), and commanded an Ostrogothic contingent of Attila's force at the Battle of Chalons. After Attila's death (453), Valamir by force and diplomacy became the leader of the large grouping of Goths who were settled by Marcian in Pannonia. In the subsequent fight for independence from the Huns from 456 to 457, he defeated the sons of Attila.
In 459 Valamir's Ostrogoths did not receive their accustomed annual tribute from the Romans and felt that Theoderic Strabo was getting more honour than they were. Valamir and his brothers therefore attacked Illyricum from 459 to 462, when the emperor Leo I agreed to pay the Goths 300 pounds of gold yearly. During a Scirian raid, Valamir was thrown from his horse and killed.
wn.com/Valamir -
Valens
Valens ([pronunciation?]; Latin: Flavius Julius Valens Augustus; 328 – 9 August 378) was the Eastern Roman Emperor from 364 to 378. He was given the eastern half of the empire by his brother Valentinian I after the latter's accession to the throne. Valens, sometimes known as the Last True Roman, was defeated and killed in the Battle of Adrianople, which marked the beginning of the collapse of the decaying Western Roman Empire.
Valens and his brother Valentinian were both born in Cibalae (in present-day Croatia) into an Illyrian family in 328 and 321 respectively. They had grown up on estates purchased by their father Gratian the Elder in Africa and Britain. While Valentinian had enjoyed a successful military career prior to his appointment as emperor, Valens apparently had not. He had spent much of his youth on the family's estate and only joined the army in the 360s, participating with his brother in the Persian campaign of Emperor Julian.
In February 364, reigning Emperor Jovian, while hastening to Constantinople to secure his claim to the throne, was asphyxiated during a stop at Dadastana, 100 miles east of Ankara. Among Jovian's agents was Valentinian, a tribunus scutariorum. He was proclaimed Augustus on 26 February, 364. Valentinian felt that he needed help to govern the large and troublesome empire, and, on 28 March of the same year, appointed his brother Valens as co-emperor in the palace of Hebdomon. The two Augusti travelled together through Adrianople and Naissus to Sirmium, where they divided their personnel, and Valentinian went on to the West.
wn.com/Valens -
Vandals
The Vandals were an East Germanic tribe who in 429 under king Genseric entered Africa and by 439 established a kingdom which included the Roman Africa province, besides the islands of Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, Malta and the Balearics. In 455, they sacked the city of Rome. Their kingdom collapsed in the Vandalic War of 533–4, in which Justinian I managed to reconquer the Africa province for the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire.
Renaissance and Early Modern writers characterized the Vandals as barbarians, "sacking and looting" Rome. This led to the use of the term "vandalism", to describe any senseless destruction, particularly the "barbarian" defacing of artworks. However, modern historians tend to regard the Vandals during the transitional period (from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages) as perpetuators, not destroyers, of Roman culture.
The name of the Vandals has often been connected to that of Vendel,[citation needed] the name of a province in Uppland, Sweden, which is also eponymous of the Vendel period of Swedish prehistory, corresponding to the late Germanic Iron Age leading up to the Viking Age. The connection would be that Vendel is the original homeland of the Vandals prior to the Migration Period, and retains their tribal name as a toponym.
wn.com/Vandals -
Varangians
The Varangians or Varyags (Old Norse: Væringjar; Swedish: Väringar; Greek: Βάραγγοι, Βαριάγοι, Varangoi, Variagoi; Russian and Ukrainian: Варяги, Varyagi / Varyahy; Belarusian: Варагі, Varahi) was the name given by Greeks and East Slavs to Vikings, who between the 9th and the 11th centuries ruled the medieval state of Rus', and formed the Byzantine Varangian Guard.
According to the 12th century Kievan Primary Chronicle, a group of Varangians known as the Rus' settled in Novgorod in 864, under the leadership of Rurik. Before Rurik, the Rus' might have ruled an earlier hypothetical polity. Rurik's relative Oleg conquered Kiev in 882, and established the state of Kievan Rus', which was later ruled by Ruriks descendants. The name of the Rus' is the origin of the name Russia.
wn.com/Varangians -
Veleda
Veleda was a völva (priestess and prophet) of the Germanic tribe of the Bructeri who achieved some prominence during the Batavian rebellion of AD 69–70, headed by the Romanized Batavian chieftain Gaius Julius Civilis, when she correctly predicted the initial successes of the rebels against Roman legions.
The name may be a generic title for a prophetess (cf. Old Norse vala). The ancient Germanic peoples discerned a divinity of prophecy in women and regarded prophetesses as true and living goddesses. In the latter half of the 1st century AD Veleda was regarded as a deity by most of the tribes in central Germany and enjoyed wide influence. She lived in a tower near the Lippe River, a tributary of the Rhine. The inhabitants of the Roman settlement of Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium (now Cologne) accepted her arbitration in a conflict with the Tencteri, an unfederated tribe of Germany (i.e., one outside the boundary of the Roman Empire). In her role as arbitrator, the envoys were not admitted to her presence; an interpreter conveyed their messages to her and reported her pronouncements.
wn.com/Veleda -
Visigothic Kingdom
The Visigothic Kingdom was a kingdom which occupied what is now southwestern France and the Iberian Peninsula from the 5th to 8th century AD. One of the Germanic successor states to the Western Roman Empire, it was originally created by the settlement of the Visigoths under King Wallia in the province of Aquitaine in south-west France by the Roman government and then extended by conquest over all of the Iberian peninsula. The Kingdom maintained independence from the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire, the attempts of which to re-establish Roman authority in Iberia were only partially successful and short-lived. By the early 6th century, the Kingdom's territory in Gaul had been lost to the Franks, save the narrow coastal strip of Septimania, but the Visigoth control of Iberia was secured by the end of that century with the submission of the Suebi and the Basques. The ethnic distinction between the indigenous Hispano-Roman population and the Visigoths had largely disappeared by this time (the Gothic language lost its last and probably already declining function as a church language when the Visigoths converted to Catholicism in 589).Liber Iudiciorum (completed in 654) abolished the old tradition of having different laws for Romans and for Visigoths. Most of the Visigothic Kingdom was conquered by Islamic troops from Morocco in 711 AD, only the northern reaches of Spain remaining in Christian hands. These gave birth to the medieval Kingdom of Asturias when a local landlord called Pelayo, most likely of Gothic origin, was elected Princeps by the Astures.
wn.com/Visigothic_Kingdom -
Visigoths
The Visigoths (Latin: Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi) were one of two main branches of the later Goths, the Ostrogoths being the other. These tribes were among the Germanic peoples who spread through the late Roman Empire during Late Antiquity or the Migration Period. The Visigoths emerged out of the Gothic groups who entered the Roman Empire in and after 376 and defeated the Romans at the Battle of Adrianople in 378. The Visigoths invaded Italy under Alaric I and famously sacked Rome in 410 AD, eventually settling in Spain and Portugal, where they founded a powerful Kingdom.
After numerous years of migration, which led the Visigoths to compare themselves to the Biblical Hebrew people wandering for 40 years in the Sinai Desert, the Visigoths settled in southern Gaul as foederati of the Romans in 418. For unknown reasons, they soon fell out with their hosts and established their own kingdom with its capital at Toulouse. Extending their authority into Hispania at the expense of the Vandals, their rule in Gaul was ended by the Franks under Clovis I at the Battle of Vouillé in 507. Thereafter the only territory north of the Pyrenees that the Visigoths held was Septimania, such that their kingdom became limited to Hispania. The province came to be dominated by the Visigothic small governing elite at the expense of the Byzantine province of Spania and the Suebic Kingdom of Galicia.
wn.com/Visigoths -
West Germanic tribes
The West Germanic tribes were Germanic peoples who spoke the branch of Germanic languages known as West Germanic languages.
They appear to be derived from the Jastorf culture, a Pre-Roman Iron Age offshoot of the Nordic Bronze Age culture.
The West Germanic tribes expanded southwards to the Rhine and later down to the Alps and west into Great Britain.
wn.com/West_Germanic_tribes -
Zosimus
Zosimus (Greek: Ζώσιμος; fl. 490s–510s) was a Byzantine historian, who lived in Constantinople during the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Anastasius I (491–518). According to Photius, he was a comes, and held the office of "advocate" of the imperial treasury.
Zosimus' Historia Nova, "New History", is written in Greek in six books. For the period from 238 to 270, he apparently uses Dexippus; for the period from 270 to 404, Eunapius; and after 407, Olympiodorus. His slavish dependence upon his sources is made clear by the change in tone and style between the Eunapian and Olympiodoran sections, and by the muddled gap left in between them. In the Eunapian section, for example, he is pessimistic, vague, and critical of Stilicho; in the Olympiodoran section, he offers precise figures and transliterations from the Latin, and favors Stilicho.
The first book sketches briefly the history of the early Roman emperors from Augustus to Diocletian (305); the second, third and fourth deal more fully with the period from the accession of Constantius Chlorus and Galerius to the death of Theodosius I; the fifth and sixth, the most useful for historians, cover the period between 395 and 410, when Priscus Attalus was deposed; for this period, he is the most important surviving non-ecclesiastical source. The work, which breaks off abruptly in the summer of 410 at the beginning of the sixth book, is believed to have been written in 498–518.
wn.com/Zosimus
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Goths - 1/4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:53
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
Mackenzie Crook aka Gareth from The Office in BBC's "Goths" from the series Spine Chillers
http://wn.com/Goths_1_4
Mackenzie Crook aka Gareth from The Office in BBC's "Goths" from the series Spine Chillers
Whitby Goths on The Culture Show
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:52
- Updated: 27 Jan 2013
From October 2006 Whitby Gothic Weekend, Whitby, UK en.wikipedia.org
http://wn.com/Whitby_Goths_on_The_Culture_Show
From October 2006 Whitby Gothic Weekend, Whitby, UK en.wikipedia.org
- published: 11 Nov 2006
- views: 74886
- author: skinfitz
Goths Make Better Lovers (2003)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:57
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
"A short film about the love too miserable to speak its name. Goths Make Better Lovers asks why do Goths always have boyfriends? Goths, so often the victims of wry asides, mild pity or open scorn have much to teach their more colourful bretheren when it comes to affairs of the heart. Because Goths always appear to be in a relationship - and obtusely, these relationships appear to be happier than the non-Goth kind." Hilarious premise, I know. Originally aired in 2003.
http://wn.com/Goths_Make_Better_Lovers_2003
"A short film about the love too miserable to speak its name. Goths Make Better Lovers asks why do Goths always have boyfriends? Goths, so often the victims of wry asides, mild pity or open scorn have much to teach their more colourful bretheren when it comes to affairs of the heart. Because Goths always appear to be in a relationship - and obtusely, these relationships appear to be happier than the non-Goth kind." Hilarious premise, I know. Originally aired in 2003.
- published: 25 Jun 2009
- views: 132628
- author: Squiggles1334
Barbarians - The Goths
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 43:25
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
For More Great Documentaries please visit www.DocumentaryList.NET and support the site They were the dreaded forces on the fringes of civilization, the bloodthirsty warriors who defied the Roman legions and terrorized the people of Europe. They were THE BARBARIANS, and their names still evoke images of cruelty and chaos. But what do we really know of these legendary warriors? From the frigid North Sea to the Russian steppes, this ambitious series tells the fascinating stories of four of the most fabled groups of fighters in history, tracing 1000 years of conquest and adventure through inspired scholarship and some of the most extensive reenactments ever filmed. Vikings sails with the Norsemen from Arabia to the New World, stopping off for a bit of pillaging along the way. Goths reveals why this once-fearsome people subjected themselves to Roman rule, only to rise up again at the battle of Adrianople. Mongols rides with Genghis Khan and his descendants as they sweep from Asia to the heart of modern Germany in a frenzy of expansion. Huns probes the truth behind the mysterious warriors who were led by man whose name remains synonymous with bloodshed and destruction--Attila.
http://wn.com/Barbarians_The_Goths
For More Great Documentaries please visit www.DocumentaryList.NET and support the site They were the dreaded forces on the fringes of civilization, the bloodthirsty warriors who defied the Roman legions and terrorized the people of Europe. They were THE BARBARIANS, and their names still evoke images of cruelty and chaos. But what do we really know of these legendary warriors? From the frigid North Sea to the Russian steppes, this ambitious series tells the fascinating stories of four of the most fabled groups of fighters in history, tracing 1000 years of conquest and adventure through inspired scholarship and some of the most extensive reenactments ever filmed. Vikings sails with the Norsemen from Arabia to the New World, stopping off for a bit of pillaging along the way. Goths reveals why this once-fearsome people subjected themselves to Roman rule, only to rise up again at the battle of Adrianople. Mongols rides with Genghis Khan and his descendants as they sweep from Asia to the heart of modern Germany in a frenzy of expansion. Huns probes the truth behind the mysterious warriors who were led by man whose name remains synonymous with bloodshed and destruction--Attila.
- published: 14 Jun 2011
- views: 68687
- author: popperslist
How To: Gothic Decorating Tips and Ideas
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:59
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
Official LeahMouse pages: Scented Candles: www.facebook.com (also on Etsy): www.etsy.com FAQ: leahmousefaq.tumblr.com Vlog Channel www.youtube.com Facebook Page: www.facebook.com Tumblr: leahmouse.tumblr.com Twitter www.twitter.com Personal Facebook: www.facebook.com VampireFreaks: www.vampirefreaks.com Send me love and happiness: PO Box 10955 Springfield, MO 65808
http://wn.com/How_To_Gothic_Decorating_Tips_and_Ideas
Official LeahMouse pages: Scented Candles: www.facebook.com (also on Etsy): www.etsy.com FAQ: leahmousefaq.tumblr.com Vlog Channel www.youtube.com Facebook Page: www.facebook.com Tumblr: leahmouse.tumblr.com Twitter www.twitter.com Personal Facebook: www.facebook.com VampireFreaks: www.vampirefreaks.com Send me love and happiness: PO Box 10955 Springfield, MO 65808
- published: 15 Mar 2012
- views: 16194
- author: LeahMouse
GANGNAM STYLE PARODY Whitby Gothic Style
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:10
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
Whitby Gothic Weekend - Parody of GANGNAM STYLE Original Concept, Psy-a-like, Editing: Graeme. Editing, hangovers: Tim Sinister - www.theblogginggoth.tumblr.com Sound Engineering: Wolfgang Wellington Winchester. Cameras: Tim Sinister, Pyromancer - www.revival.stormshadow.com AND MANY GOTHS...
http://wn.com/GANGNAM_STYLE_PARODY_Whitby_Gothic_Style
Whitby Gothic Weekend - Parody of GANGNAM STYLE Original Concept, Psy-a-like, Editing: Graeme. Editing, hangovers: Tim Sinister - www.theblogginggoth.tumblr.com Sound Engineering: Wolfgang Wellington Winchester. Cameras: Tim Sinister, Pyromancer - www.revival.stormshadow.com AND MANY GOTHS...
- published: 27 Nov 2012
- views: 259165
- author: WhitbyGothicStyle
Goth Talk: Things Goths should NEVER do!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:58
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
Above all else, be kind, be kind, be kind. Check out Jillian Venter's website! www.gothiccharmschool.com Where to find me! www.facebook.com/concertoine www.kill-natalie.deviantart.com www.kill-natalie.tumblr.com www.formspring.me/xkillnatalie
http://wn.com/Goth_Talk_Things_Goths_should_NEVER_do!
Above all else, be kind, be kind, be kind. Check out Jillian Venter's website! www.gothiccharmschool.com Where to find me! www.facebook.com/concertoine www.kill-natalie.deviantart.com www.kill-natalie.tumblr.com www.formspring.me/xkillnatalie
- published: 05 Sep 2011
- views: 90475
- author: Kill Natalie
QI XL - What is Gothic about the Goths?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:17
- Updated: 26 Jan 2013
This time longer than before with more jokes. Enjoy! :) The title says it all, I don't know what else there is to say. (the clip is taken from the "Gothic" episode on the G series / Series G. I do not own the rights to the clip. BBC© 2009
http://wn.com/QI_XL_What_is_Gothic_about_the_Goths?
This time longer than before with more jokes. Enjoy! :) The title says it all, I don't know what else there is to say. (the clip is taken from the "Gothic" episode on the G series / Series G. I do not own the rights to the clip. BBC© 2009
- published: 16 Jun 2011
- views: 102117
- author: Akfilm92
THE HEIGHT OF GOTH: 1984: A Night at the Xclusiv Nightclub: Batley, West Yorkshire UK
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 129:52
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
A blast from the past. Please note: this film has been rescued from an old mildewed-and-damaged VHS cassette tape so the quality in the first few minutes is pretty poor, but it settles down fine just in time for the action inside the club itself The original video was commissioned by the couple who ran the club (Annie and Pete Swallow) and was distributed amongst family, friends and people who frequented it. I can't remember if there was a charge for it at the time [thanks to the commenter who told us it was £2], probably was. This is the complete full length video as originally presented EDIT: Big thank you to everyone who has been helping date it - we're confident now it is 1984, and most likely September/October time. I know it's a massive long shot but if anyone knows the actual date that would be brilliant, for posterity and all that And yes, I do have a personal reason for putting this online, it's because I'm in it :-) Enjoy
http://wn.com/THE_HEIGHT_OF_GOTH_1984_A_Night_at_the_Xclusiv_Nightclub_Batley,_West_Yorkshire_UK
A blast from the past. Please note: this film has been rescued from an old mildewed-and-damaged VHS cassette tape so the quality in the first few minutes is pretty poor, but it settles down fine just in time for the action inside the club itself The original video was commissioned by the couple who ran the club (Annie and Pete Swallow) and was distributed amongst family, friends and people who frequented it. I can't remember if there was a charge for it at the time [thanks to the commenter who told us it was £2], probably was. This is the complete full length video as originally presented EDIT: Big thank you to everyone who has been helping date it - we're confident now it is 1984, and most likely September/October time. I know it's a massive long shot but if anyone knows the actual date that would be brilliant, for posterity and all that And yes, I do have a personal reason for putting this online, it's because I'm in it :-) Enjoy
- published: 23 Oct 2011
- views: 75140
- author: ILEGALTEAM
Gothic: Languages of the World: Introductory Overviews
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:15
- Updated: 26 Jan 2013
Alexander Arguelles presents a series of videos to provide introductory overviews of the languages of the world. Working diachronically through various language families in turn, he demonstrates how to identify each language, translates a text sample to show how it works, and discusses its genetic affiliation and cultural context. For further information about the series, please refer to www.foreignlanguageexpertise.com
http://wn.com/Gothic_Languages_of_the_World_Introductory_Overviews
Alexander Arguelles presents a series of videos to provide introductory overviews of the languages of the world. Working diachronically through various language families in turn, he demonstrates how to identify each language, translates a text sample to show how it works, and discusses its genetic affiliation and cultural context. For further information about the series, please refer to www.foreignlanguageexpertise.com
- published: 02 Jun 2008
- views: 62383
- author: ProfASAr
Gothic Charm School Ep.2: The Gothic Lifestyle
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:10
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
The Lady of the Manners explores some of the questions and assumptions about Goths and their gothy lifestyle. Some of the subjects tackled are; we don't think we're vampires, no, we're not wearing a costume, and yes, there are Goths in every type of career out there. Remember to check Gothic-Charm-School.com for further reading on these and many other subjects related to the Gothic lifestyle.
http://wn.com/Gothic_Charm_School_Ep2_The_Gothic_Lifestyle
The Lady of the Manners explores some of the questions and assumptions about Goths and their gothy lifestyle. Some of the subjects tackled are; we don't think we're vampires, no, we're not wearing a costume, and yes, there are Goths in every type of career out there. Remember to check Gothic-Charm-School.com for further reading on these and many other subjects related to the Gothic lifestyle.
- published: 08 Jun 2009
- views: 90291
- author: GothicCharmSchool
Barbarians - The Goths 1/3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:00
- Updated: 01 Sep 2012
Barbarians - The Goths
http://wn.com/Barbarians_The_Goths_1_3
Toxic Glow Goth
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:01
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
Check out Mandy's version!:D www.youtube.com To see how this look would look on YOUR eye colour check out my blog post: www.klairedelys.com To follow my blog with Bloglovin': www.bloglovin.com -------------------------------------------------------------- Music by Jandy Andrey: www.youtube.com -------------------------------------------------------------- Where else to find me: Website/Blog: www.klairedelys.com Twitter twitter.com Facebook Page: www.facebook.com My Art Channel: www.youtube.com Deviant Art Account: klairedelys.deviantart.com Google+ : plus.google.com Tumblr: klairedelys.tumblr.com -------------------------------------------------------------- What I used: -Shadow Worx Primer (*): www.coastalscents.com -Blush Professional Brush Kit (*) (**): www.blushprofessional.com -KIKO Stick Eyeshadow in Anthracite: www.kikocosmetics.com -Bold Black Eyeliner: www.barrym.com -Barry M Glitter Dust in Blue Iridescent: www.barrym.com -Barry M Dazzle Dust in Petrol Black: www.barrym.com -Barry M Fine Glitter Dus in Opal t: www.barrym.com -Lash Glue: www.amazon.co.uk -Fero Lashes: www.ferobeauty.com -Rhinestones: www.ebay.co.uk -Royal Lash Glue: www.amazon.co.uk -For my skin I used Skin 79 BB Cream :) (bought on ebay) -elf Studio Lip gloss in Houston: www.eyeslipsface.co.uk Disclaimer: Items marked with a (*) were either given to me at events or sent to me to review. I am not paid to use any of the products mentioned, if I use it it's ...
http://wn.com/Toxic_Glow_Goth
Check out Mandy's version!:D www.youtube.com To see how this look would look on YOUR eye colour check out my blog post: www.klairedelys.com To follow my blog with Bloglovin': www.bloglovin.com -------------------------------------------------------------- Music by Jandy Andrey: www.youtube.com -------------------------------------------------------------- Where else to find me: Website/Blog: www.klairedelys.com Twitter twitter.com Facebook Page: www.facebook.com My Art Channel: www.youtube.com Deviant Art Account: klairedelys.deviantart.com Google+ : plus.google.com Tumblr: klairedelys.tumblr.com -------------------------------------------------------------- What I used: -Shadow Worx Primer (*): www.coastalscents.com -Blush Professional Brush Kit (*) (**): www.blushprofessional.com -KIKO Stick Eyeshadow in Anthracite: www.kikocosmetics.com -Bold Black Eyeliner: www.barrym.com -Barry M Glitter Dust in Blue Iridescent: www.barrym.com -Barry M Dazzle Dust in Petrol Black: www.barrym.com -Barry M Fine Glitter Dus in Opal t: www.barrym.com -Lash Glue: www.amazon.co.uk -Fero Lashes: www.ferobeauty.com -Rhinestones: www.ebay.co.uk -Royal Lash Glue: www.amazon.co.uk -For my skin I used Skin 79 BB Cream :) (bought on ebay) -elf Studio Lip gloss in Houston: www.eyeslipsface.co.uk Disclaimer: Items marked with a (*) were either given to me at events or sent to me to review. I am not paid to use any of the products mentioned, if I use it it's ...
- published: 08 Feb 2012
- views: 197878
- author: KlairedelysArt
Wavves - Summer Goth
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:02
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
Great Song, Great Album, Great Band
http://wn.com/Wavves_Summer_Goth
Southparks Goth Song
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:54
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
THe background music that plays when the goths are shown in southpark
http://wn.com/Southparks_Goth_Song
THe background music that plays when the goths are shown in southpark
- published: 26 Nov 2007
- views: 355076
- author: ToKeNhI
Goth Retard
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:56
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
Retarded just seems like the best word to describe this musical goth boy. He clearly isn't as quick as the other goths (slow), nor does he have the normal class/wit of his brethren/sisterhood within the gothic ministry of darkness. Thank you dictionary, I concur. The Onision site: onision.com
http://wn.com/Goth_Retard
Retarded just seems like the best word to describe this musical goth boy. He clearly isn't as quick as the other goths (slow), nor does he have the normal class/wit of his brethren/sisterhood within the gothic ministry of darkness. Thank you dictionary, I concur. The Onision site: onision.com
- published: 25 Jan 2010
- views: 191506
- author: Onision
Kaleth the Adelaide Gothic
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:04
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
Once when I was a bat, I flew to my friends house and tapped on his window. The next day he told me that he saw a bat outside his window and I told him that it was me but he didn't believe me.
http://wn.com/Kaleth_the_Adelaide_Gothic
Once when I was a bat, I flew to my friends house and tapped on his window. The next day he told me that he saw a bat outside his window and I told him that it was me but he didn't believe me.
- published: 04 Apr 2010
- views: 260842
- author: David Thorne
Goth
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 85:36
- Updated: 27 Jan 2013
viewster.com - watch MORE free movies on http Chrissy and her boyfriend Boone are two Gothic teenagers living in LA who have seen and done it all. As the sun goes down, they get ready for a hardcore concert at the local club. The night takes a gruesome turn when they run into a savage, darkly beautiful woman with a taste for pain and sexual deviance. She represents the darkest, most depraved end of this subculture; for her, it is not just superficial costumes and makeup but a way of life that thrives on murder and madness.
http://wn.com/Goth
viewster.com - watch MORE free movies on http Chrissy and her boyfriend Boone are two Gothic teenagers living in LA who have seen and done it all. As the sun goes down, they get ready for a hardcore concert at the local club. The night takes a gruesome turn when they run into a savage, darkly beautiful woman with a taste for pain and sexual deviance. She represents the darkest, most depraved end of this subculture; for her, it is not just superficial costumes and makeup but a way of life that thrives on murder and madness.
- published: 05 Jul 2011
- views: 42127
- author: ViewsterTV
Goths - 2/4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:39
- Updated: 21 Jan 2013
Mackenzie Crook aka Gareth from The Office in BBC's "Goths" from the series Spine Chillers
http://wn.com/Goths_2_4
Mackenzie Crook aka Gareth from The Office in BBC's "Goths" from the series Spine Chillers
- published: 26 Jul 2007
- views: 62688
- author: gambelputty
Irn-Bru Goth Holiday
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:40
- Updated: 23 Jan 2013
New irn-bru advert. Goths drink irn-bru and go wild in Blackpool.
http://wn.com/Irn-Bru_Goth_Holiday
New irn-bru advert. Goths drink irn-bru and go wild in Blackpool.
- published: 25 May 2007
- views: 364157
- author: mcmaradona
Disney Villain Goth's
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:11
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
If you hadn't noticed, there are many villains who are total goth's, namely Frollo, Jafar, and Maleficent. This is a tribute to them!! Oh yea! And I just had to give a special thanks to Clopin for his guest role as "The Cure" haha In case you want them, here's the lyrics... I'd be thinner I'd be taller Go clubbing in my collar With skin pale as a moth Dressed in black, I'd go creepin' While the normal folk are sleepin' If I only were a Goth With my hair up I'd look fancy Like Siouxsie and the Banshees With silk or velvet cloth Dressed in boots, never sandals And the room would be lit with candles If I only were a Goth Yes I'd wanna die From the bottom of my heart impure Would I like another clove? Well, sure And after that, we'll go listen to The Cure I'd pretend to be a vampire Like in stories 'round the campfire I'd suck your bloody froth Yes the thing I'd be best at Is impersonating Lestat If I only were a Goth In my casket purse I'm toutin' Einsturzende Neubauten And pagan hymns to Thoth Yes the world would be depressing Over death I'd be obsessing And this corpse that I'm undressing Would be sexier, I'm guessing With my diet I'd get scurvy And I'd worship Peter Murphy If I only were a Goth All clips belong to Disney. The song is If I Only Were A Goth by ThouShaltNot.
http://wn.com/Disney_Villain_Goth's
If you hadn't noticed, there are many villains who are total goth's, namely Frollo, Jafar, and Maleficent. This is a tribute to them!! Oh yea! And I just had to give a special thanks to Clopin for his guest role as "The Cure" haha In case you want them, here's the lyrics... I'd be thinner I'd be taller Go clubbing in my collar With skin pale as a moth Dressed in black, I'd go creepin' While the normal folk are sleepin' If I only were a Goth With my hair up I'd look fancy Like Siouxsie and the Banshees With silk or velvet cloth Dressed in boots, never sandals And the room would be lit with candles If I only were a Goth Yes I'd wanna die From the bottom of my heart impure Would I like another clove? Well, sure And after that, we'll go listen to The Cure I'd pretend to be a vampire Like in stories 'round the campfire I'd suck your bloody froth Yes the thing I'd be best at Is impersonating Lestat If I only were a Goth In my casket purse I'm toutin' Einsturzende Neubauten And pagan hymns to Thoth Yes the world would be depressing Over death I'd be obsessing And this corpse that I'm undressing Would be sexier, I'm guessing With my diet I'd get scurvy And I'd worship Peter Murphy If I only were a Goth All clips belong to Disney. The song is If I Only Were A Goth by ThouShaltNot.
- published: 09 Apr 2007
- views: 95324
- author: fingolfin897
Dancing Goths (1984)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:33
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
British goths dancing how it should be! Taken from a dusty VHS tape from 1984. Original upload: A Night at the Xclusiv Nightclub: Batley, West Yorkshire UK www.youtube.com (ilegalteam) More 80s goths at following blog: nowthisisgothic . tumblr .com
http://wn.com/Dancing_Goths_1984
British goths dancing how it should be! Taken from a dusty VHS tape from 1984. Original upload: A Night at the Xclusiv Nightclub: Batley, West Yorkshire UK www.youtube.com (ilegalteam) More 80s goths at following blog: nowthisisgothic . tumblr .com
- published: 25 Oct 2011
- views: 33852
- author: Villemorien
Gothic Charm School Ep.4: Dark Arts & Crafts
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:57
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
DIY, eclectic artists, and independent designers are an important part of the Goth subculture. Join the Lady of the Manners as she explores the world of Dark Arts and Crafts. Filmed at Gargoyles Statuary and the Mourning Market in Seattle, WA.
http://wn.com/Gothic_Charm_School_Ep4_Dark_Arts_Crafts
DIY, eclectic artists, and independent designers are an important part of the Goth subculture. Join the Lady of the Manners as she explores the world of Dark Arts and Crafts. Filmed at Gargoyles Statuary and the Mourning Market in Seattle, WA.
- published: 12 Nov 2009
- views: 61119
- author: GothicCharmSchool
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Full FOX News Voltaire Interview on 'Goth Murder Madness'
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:47
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
**New Note**!! YouTube seems to of fixed the video problem, but it's also been requested that I upload the video to a fileserver anyways, so here the link for a direct download of the clip. www.mediafire.com This is the full segment on FOX News about the 'Goth Murder Madness', which featured an interview with the musician Voltaire (voltaire.net). Voltaire comes in about half way through this segment. Clip is from Oct. 22nd, 2005. And I actually had the pleasure of seeing him play a free instore at OzoneUK in Portland right before he was whisked away to do this interview, so his 'pre-interview' talk was pretty funny too. He actually said they'd call him 'Satanic Goth' or something like that, which as you watch, they got kind of close to his prediction. I know someone else has already posted just the interview part, but I think the two minutes before the interview gives the interview some more context. Mostly because the woman says 'gothic stuff' and 'killed so desperately', which...I'm not even sure what that means...
http://wn.com/Full_FOX_News_Voltaire_Interview_on_'Goth_Murder_Madness'
**New Note**!! YouTube seems to of fixed the video problem, but it's also been requested that I upload the video to a fileserver anyways, so here the link for a direct download of the clip. www.mediafire.com This is the full segment on FOX News about the 'Goth Murder Madness', which featured an interview with the musician Voltaire (voltaire.net). Voltaire comes in about half way through this segment. Clip is from Oct. 22nd, 2005. And I actually had the pleasure of seeing him play a free instore at OzoneUK in Portland right before he was whisked away to do this interview, so his 'pre-interview' talk was pretty funny too. He actually said they'd call him 'Satanic Goth' or something like that, which as you watch, they got kind of close to his prediction. I know someone else has already posted just the interview part, but I think the two minutes before the interview gives the interview some more context. Mostly because the woman says 'gothic stuff' and 'killed so desperately', which...I'm not even sure what that means...
- published: 26 Mar 2006
- views: 226043
- author: xand0r
Dragon*Con 2009: Interview - What is Goth?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:39
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
Geeks of Doom Dragon*Con 2009 Coverage: We learned all there is to know about Goth, sub-species of Goth and scabies.
http://wn.com/Dragon*Con_2009_Interview_What_is_Goth?
Geeks of Doom Dragon*Con 2009 Coverage: We learned all there is to know about Goth, sub-species of Goth and scabies.
- published: 06 Sep 2009
- views: 7207
- author: geeksofdoom
The interview with Southpark's famous Goth Kids.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:59
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
I have interviewed those kids And I'm telling these kids are high. Hehe, Just kidding. Just playing with south park and you know interviewing people -Lol- Hope you Like it. Don't forget to Comment.
http://wn.com/The_interview_with_Southpark's_famous_Goth_Kids
I have interviewed those kids And I'm telling these kids are high. Hehe, Just kidding. Just playing with south park and you know interviewing people -Lol- Hope you Like it. Don't forget to Comment.
- published: 11 Feb 2009
- views: 150216
- author: TheDiabolicalFag
Radio Werewolf Interview on Rock Renaissance
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:29
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
www.nikolasschreck.eu www.zeena.eu A short interview segment with Radio Werewolf on Rock Renaissance.
http://wn.com/Radio_Werewolf_Interview_on_Rock_Renaissance
www.nikolasschreck.eu www.zeena.eu A short interview segment with Radio Werewolf on Rock Renaissance.
- published: 31 Dec 2010
- views: 6100
- author: Styxhexenhammer666
interview with a psychic counselor adela lavine
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:36
- Updated: 13 Jul 2012
10 minute interview with someone i find very interesting, psychic counselor, adela lavine. www.adelalavine.com
http://wn.com/interview_with_a_psychic_counselor_adela_lavine
10 minute interview with someone i find very interesting, psychic counselor, adela lavine. www.adelalavine.com
- published: 04 Mar 2008
- views: 1768
- author: Queenie PocketFullofPosiez
Goth-Trad (Deep Medi / Japan) Interview: Dubspot Workshop @ Together Festival, Boston
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:08
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
More info - bit.ly Japanese electronic music producer and Deep Medi Musik artist Takeaki Maruyama aka Goth-Trad headlined Dubspot's series of workshops and panels on electronic music production and performance at the Together Festival, Boston 2011. Goth talked about his early influences, from Kraftwerk and techno to Warp Records and trip-hop. He also talked about designing his own metallic musical instruments, performing live with the Boss RE-201, the underground dubstep scene in Japan, and much more. Other presenters included experimental electronic music artist Richard Devine and Dubspot Instructors Steve Nalepa and Pat Cupo.
http://wn.com/Goth-Trad_Deep_Medi_Japan_Interview_Dubspot_Workshop_@_Together_Festival,_Boston
More info - bit.ly Japanese electronic music producer and Deep Medi Musik artist Takeaki Maruyama aka Goth-Trad headlined Dubspot's series of workshops and panels on electronic music production and performance at the Together Festival, Boston 2011. Goth talked about his early influences, from Kraftwerk and techno to Warp Records and trip-hop. He also talked about designing his own metallic musical instruments, performing live with the Boss RE-201, the underground dubstep scene in Japan, and much more. Other presenters included experimental electronic music artist Richard Devine and Dubspot Instructors Steve Nalepa and Pat Cupo.
- published: 13 Sep 2011
- views: 9087
- author: DubSpot
Lifestyle of goth-loli girls & Mana Sama interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:17
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
lifestyle of goth-loli girls in Tokyo and Mana Sama interview
http://wn.com/Lifestyle_of_goth-loli_girls_Mana_Sama_interview
lifestyle of goth-loli girls in Tokyo and Mana Sama interview
- published: 26 Oct 2010
- views: 133120
- author: Yhmar21hEiro
Interview with a Vampyre
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:04
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
Daywalkers, on a damp day in London, March 2007. Film short by London based artist partnership Wyllie O Hagan.
http://wn.com/Interview_with_a_Vampyre
Daywalkers, on a damp day in London, March 2007. Film short by London based artist partnership Wyllie O Hagan.
- published: 17 Mar 2007
- views: 71654
- author: wyllieohagan
Working FOX News Voltaire Interview on 'Goth Murder Madness'
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:49
- Updated: 09 Sep 2012
found it again on internet sence otherone on utube isnt working
http://wn.com/Working_FOX_News_Voltaire_Interview_on_'Goth_Murder_Madness'
found it again on internet sence otherone on utube isnt working
- published: 06 Aug 2007
- views: 36714
- author: medwardl
HATCHA TV Episode 7 - Goth-Trad Interview (HTV Exclusive)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:40
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
Hailing all the way from Japan, Goth-Trad gave us a small but friendly interview during his last visit to the UK. During his time here, he played a massive set at the Leeds dubstep platform night which is Exodus/DMZ/SubDub held at the West Indian Center, and he also managed to get in on KIss 100 FM with DJ Hatcha & Crazy D. To listen back to the show, go to www.hatchatv.co.uk and download it for FREE!! Goth-Trad will be back in the UK during the autumn, so be sure to catch one of his sets around the UK.
http://wn.com/HATCHA_TV_Episode_7_Goth-Trad_Interview_HTV_Exclusive
Hailing all the way from Japan, Goth-Trad gave us a small but friendly interview during his last visit to the UK. During his time here, he played a massive set at the Leeds dubstep platform night which is Exodus/DMZ/SubDub held at the West Indian Center, and he also managed to get in on KIss 100 FM with DJ Hatcha & Crazy D. To listen back to the show, go to www.hatchatv.co.uk and download it for FREE!! Goth-Trad will be back in the UK during the autumn, so be sure to catch one of his sets around the UK.
- published: 28 May 2010
- views: 5447
- author: hatchatv
Bookends: Episode 12 - Goth Culture
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:38
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Bookends is a vibrant and dynamic conversation about contemporary books and the world of literary genre. Justine Lewkowicz interviews authors, bookstore owners, and in- the- know literary geeks to find out what's happening in the literary world. Episode 12 looks at Goth Culture. Justine chats with Liisa Ladouceur about her new book, Encyclopedia Gothica. She also gives other recommendations.
http://wn.com/Bookends_Episode_12_Goth_Culture
Bookends is a vibrant and dynamic conversation about contemporary books and the world of literary genre. Justine Lewkowicz interviews authors, bookstore owners, and in- the- know literary geeks to find out what's happening in the literary world. Episode 12 looks at Goth Culture. Justine chats with Liisa Ladouceur about her new book, Encyclopedia Gothica. She also gives other recommendations.
- published: 27 Dec 2011
- views: 2197
- author: Bookends TV
GOTH:insideOUT - Edward Ka-Spel, musician - The Legendary Pink Dots, interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:55
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
Edward Ka-Spel from The Legendary Pink Dots interviewed for the documentary film and Web project GOTH:insideOUT at www.gothinsideout.com
http://wn.com/GOTHinsideOUT_Edward_Ka-Spel,_musician_The_Legendary_Pink_Dots,_interview
Edward Ka-Spel from The Legendary Pink Dots interviewed for the documentary film and Web project GOTH:insideOUT at www.gothinsideout.com
- published: 30 Jul 2011
- views: 2220
- author: RockinFilms
What Do You Think of When You Think of Goth? - Noisey Meets Chelsea Wolfe
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:51
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
We sat down with Goth-inspired singer/songwriter/badass Chelsea Wolfe in LA to talk about the perils of public transportation and the intimacy of recording alone. Featuring the song "Appalachia" from her new album, 'Unknown Rooms: A Collection of Acoustic Songs.' Buy it here: www.sargenthouse.com Thanks! twitter.com www.facebook.com ** Subscribe to Noisey on YouTube to stay updated on our daily releases: www.youtube.com Videos, daily editorial and more: www.noisey.com Like Noisey on Facebook fb.com Follow Noisey on Twitter: twitter.com Read our tumblr: noiseymusic.tumblr.com
http://wn.com/What_Do_You_Think_of_When_You_Think_of_Goth?_Noisey_Meets_Chelsea_Wolfe
We sat down with Goth-inspired singer/songwriter/badass Chelsea Wolfe in LA to talk about the perils of public transportation and the intimacy of recording alone. Featuring the song "Appalachia" from her new album, 'Unknown Rooms: A Collection of Acoustic Songs.' Buy it here: www.sargenthouse.com Thanks! twitter.com www.facebook.com ** Subscribe to Noisey on YouTube to stay updated on our daily releases: www.youtube.com Videos, daily editorial and more: www.noisey.com Like Noisey on Facebook fb.com Follow Noisey on Twitter: twitter.com Read our tumblr: noiseymusic.tumblr.com
- published: 15 Nov 2012
- views: 9096
- author: noisey
Specimen Interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:23
- Updated: 30 Dec 2012
An interview with Ollie wisdon and Jon also apear Jhonny Slut and the rest of the band! and scenes of a "lunch wich film later will me using for several uses such as proyecting on the bar, commercial, propaganda and also lately into the end of the new version of Kiss kiss Bang Bang
http://wn.com/Specimen_Interview
An interview with Ollie wisdon and Jon also apear Jhonny Slut and the rest of the band! and scenes of a "lunch wich film later will me using for several uses such as proyecting on the bar, commercial, propaganda and also lately into the end of the new version of Kiss kiss Bang Bang
- published: 03 Apr 2008
- views: 3793
- author: JhonnySlut
HENRY ROLLINS - Goths (2/13)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:38
- Updated: 25 Dec 2012
Henry talks about the Columbine tragedy and the media seeking for scapegoats, the goth scene and Marilyn Manson. Palais Theatre - Melbourne, Australia. Fri 21 May 1999. An evening of spoken word with Henry Rollins.
http://wn.com/HENRY_ROLLINS_Goths_2_13
Henry talks about the Columbine tragedy and the media seeking for scapegoats, the goth scene and Marilyn Manson. Palais Theatre - Melbourne, Australia. Fri 21 May 1999. An evening of spoken word with Henry Rollins.
- published: 09 Oct 2010
- views: 45910
- author: chuckfarlieAUS
Kaleth the Adelaide Gothic
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:04
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Once when I was a bat, I flew to my friends house and tapped on his window. The next day he told me that he saw a bat outside his window and I told him that it was me but he didn't believe me.
http://wn.com/Kaleth_the_Adelaide_Gothic
Once when I was a bat, I flew to my friends house and tapped on his window. The next day he told me that he saw a bat outside his window and I told him that it was me but he didn't believe me.
- published: 04 Apr 2010
- views: 259212
- author: David Thorne
Aural Vampire, Birthday Massacre, Dommin live Seattle concert. Interview, Andy Six Black Veil Brides
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:56
- Updated: 30 Dec 2012
Goth and Japan bands in Seattle! La Carmina - www.lacarmina.com - interviews Dommin about the songwriting process, finding the right band members and covering Cutting Crew at Studio Seven on November 20th, 2010. Andy Six of Black Veil Brides also tells her what he thinks of Aural Vampire. Includes EXCLUSIVE live footage from Aural Vampire, Birthday Massacre and Dommin's concert! (COPYRIGHT NOTICE - the bands' management gave us full permission to film videos at the concert.) ** That same night, La Carmina interviewed Andy Six about whether he's inspired by Visual Kei and Jrock music. The video, which includes BVB performance footage, is here: www.youtube.com ** SEE MORE PHOTOS of Aural Vampire, Black Veil Brides Andy Six , Dommin and Birthday Massacre guitarist Rainbow on www.lacarmina.com ---- LA CARMINA is a professional Japan Goth music / fashion / subcultures blogger, travel TV host & arranger, coolhunter, author of 3 books (Penguin USA and Random House), designer and CNNGo.com journalist. Her popular blog has been featured in major publications (TheNew Yorker, Washington Post, WWD, Village Voice, Time Out New York, LA Times). She contributes articles about Asia travel, pop culture and Goth fashion for CNN and Lip Service. Her books include Cute Yummy Time (about decorating food to look adorable) and Crazy, Wacky Theme Restaurants: Tokyo (maid cafes, cat cafes, vampire and ninja restaurants). La Carmina is a graduate of Columbia University and Yale Law School. La ...
http://wn.com/Aural_Vampire,_Birthday_Massacre,_Dommin_live_Seattle_concert_Interview,_Andy_Six_Black_Veil_Brides
Goth and Japan bands in Seattle! La Carmina - www.lacarmina.com - interviews Dommin about the songwriting process, finding the right band members and covering Cutting Crew at Studio Seven on November 20th, 2010. Andy Six of Black Veil Brides also tells her what he thinks of Aural Vampire. Includes EXCLUSIVE live footage from Aural Vampire, Birthday Massacre and Dommin's concert! (COPYRIGHT NOTICE - the bands' management gave us full permission to film videos at the concert.) ** That same night, La Carmina interviewed Andy Six about whether he's inspired by Visual Kei and Jrock music. The video, which includes BVB performance footage, is here: www.youtube.com ** SEE MORE PHOTOS of Aural Vampire, Black Veil Brides Andy Six , Dommin and Birthday Massacre guitarist Rainbow on www.lacarmina.com ---- LA CARMINA is a professional Japan Goth music / fashion / subcultures blogger, travel TV host & arranger, coolhunter, author of 3 books (Penguin USA and Random House), designer and CNNGo.com journalist. Her popular blog has been featured in major publications (TheNew Yorker, Washington Post, WWD, Village Voice, Time Out New York, LA Times). She contributes articles about Asia travel, pop culture and Goth fashion for CNN and Lip Service. Her books include Cute Yummy Time (about decorating food to look adorable) and Crazy, Wacky Theme Restaurants: Tokyo (maid cafes, cat cafes, vampire and ninja restaurants). La Carmina is a graduate of Columbia University and Yale Law School. La ...
- published: 05 Dec 2010
- views: 10610
- author: lacarmina
Demona Mortiss Interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:42
- Updated: 24 Aug 2012
iTunes LINK: itunes.apple.com OFFICIAL: www.DemonaMortiss.com JOIN OUR FACEBOOK www.Facebook.com MORE MUSIC ONLINE: www.ReverbNation.com TWITTER: www.Twitter.com ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Video Credits: RAM Photography, Robert Ball, Christopher Sanders..& others.
http://wn.com/Demona_Mortiss_Interview
iTunes LINK: itunes.apple.com OFFICIAL: www.DemonaMortiss.com JOIN OUR FACEBOOK www.Facebook.com MORE MUSIC ONLINE: www.ReverbNation.com TWITTER: www.Twitter.com ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Video Credits: RAM Photography, Robert Ball, Christopher Sanders..& others.
- published: 20 May 2011
- views: 19266
- author: Demona Mortiss
A Video for the Parents of Goths.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:14
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
I interview my mother to answers questions from hypothetical parents who have goth offspring.
http://wn.com/A_Video_for_the_Parents_of_Goths
I interview my mother to answers questions from hypothetical parents who have goth offspring.
- published: 28 Jun 2012
- views: 2710
- author: SarahDarleen
THE HEIGHT OF GOTH: 1984: A Night at the Xclusiv Nightclub: Batley, West Yorkshire UK
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 129:52
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
A blast from the past. Please note: this film has been rescued from an old mildewed-and-damaged VHS cassette tape so the quality in the first few minutes is pretty poor, but it settles down fine just in time for the action inside the club itself The original video was commissioned by the couple who ran the club (Annie and Pete Swallow) and was distributed amongst family, friends and people who frequented it. I can't remember if there was a charge for it at the time [thanks to the commenter who told us it was £2], probably was. This is the complete full length video as originally presented EDIT: Big thank you to everyone who has been helping date it - we're confident now it is 1984, and most likely September/October time. I know it's a massive long shot but if anyone knows the actual date that would be brilliant, for posterity and all that And yes, I do have a personal reason for putting this online, it's because I'm in it :-) Enjoy
http://wn.com/THE_HEIGHT_OF_GOTH_1984_A_Night_at_the_Xclusiv_Nightclub_Batley,_West_Yorkshire_UK
A blast from the past. Please note: this film has been rescued from an old mildewed-and-damaged VHS cassette tape so the quality in the first few minutes is pretty poor, but it settles down fine just in time for the action inside the club itself The original video was commissioned by the couple who ran the club (Annie and Pete Swallow) and was distributed amongst family, friends and people who frequented it. I can't remember if there was a charge for it at the time [thanks to the commenter who told us it was £2], probably was. This is the complete full length video as originally presented EDIT: Big thank you to everyone who has been helping date it - we're confident now it is 1984, and most likely September/October time. I know it's a massive long shot but if anyone knows the actual date that would be brilliant, for posterity and all that And yes, I do have a personal reason for putting this online, it's because I'm in it :-) Enjoy
- published: 23 Oct 2011
- views: 71728
- author: ILEGALTEAM
Cradle of Filth - Interview in Milan 2003 (FULL INTERVIEW)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:57
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
Fuckin Hilarious!! By far the funniest Interview the Filth ever did!
http://wn.com/Cradle_of_Filth_Interview_in_Milan_2003_FULL_INTERVIEW
Fuckin Hilarious!! By far the funniest Interview the Filth ever did!
- published: 17 Mar 2009
- views: 19287
- author: satanhell2000
Front 242 in Budapest - Interview with Richard 23 - Short version (official)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:25
- Updated: 31 Dec 2012
Facebook page: LilianGothArtProd.: www.facebook.com LILIAN DARK MUSIC HALL: www.facebook.com We had the pleasure to have an in-depth talk with Richard about Front 242, the evolution of EBM, and many other subjects. An extended version of this interview is featured on the DVD 'Moments in Budapest' (Alfa Matrix / Black Head Agency Ltd. - 2010), which you can order here: black-head.hu
http://wn.com/Front_242_in_Budapest_Interview_with_Richard_23_Short_version_official
Facebook page: LilianGothArtProd.: www.facebook.com LILIAN DARK MUSIC HALL: www.facebook.com We had the pleasure to have an in-depth talk with Richard about Front 242, the evolution of EBM, and many other subjects. An extended version of this interview is featured on the DVD 'Moments in Budapest' (Alfa Matrix / Black Head Agency Ltd. - 2010), which you can order here: black-head.hu
- published: 18 Mar 2009
- views: 9047
- author: LilianGothArtGroup
Ross TALKY Blog - The Amazing Race 20 Unfinished Business Kent & Vyxsin - Rosie's R Family Cruise!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:45
- Updated: 02 Feb 2012
nbc.com/rossblog Ross Mathews interviews Amazing Racers & Hot Topic models Kynt & Vyxsin. This Talky Blog was filmed aboard Rosie O'Donell's R Family Cruise from NYC to New England & Canada - July 2008! Ross discusses the R Family Cruise experience, as well as Kynt & Vyxsin's upcoming move to Califonia. Kynt & Vyxsin even surprise Ross with his very own Skelanimals Kit Kat Backpack! *^_^* Kent and Vyxsin are from Amazing Race 12 and 18. (Kent Kaliber aka Kynt)
http://wn.com/Ross_TALKY_Blog_The_Amazing_Race_20_Unfinished_Business_Kent_Vyxsin_Rosie's_R_Family_Cruise!
nbc.com/rossblog Ross Mathews interviews Amazing Racers & Hot Topic models Kynt & Vyxsin. This Talky Blog was filmed aboard Rosie O'Donell's R Family Cruise from NYC to New England & Canada - July 2008! Ross discusses the R Family Cruise experience, as well as Kynt & Vyxsin's upcoming move to Califonia. Kynt & Vyxsin even surprise Ross with his very own Skelanimals Kit Kat Backpack! *^_^* Kent and Vyxsin are from Amazing Race 12 and 18. (Kent Kaliber aka Kynt)
- published: 23 Jul 2008
- views: 6533
- author: kyntandvyxsin
4:47
Full FOX News Voltaire Interview on 'Goth Murder Madness'
**New Note**!! YouTube seems to of fixed the video problem, but it's also been requested t...
published: 26 Mar 2006
author: xand0r
Full FOX News Voltaire Interview on 'Goth Murder Madness'
**New Note**!! YouTube seems to of fixed the video problem, but it's also been requested that I upload the video to a fileserver anyways, so here the link for a direct download of the clip. www.mediafire.com This is the full segment on FOX News about the 'Goth Murder Madness', which featured an interview with the musician Voltaire (voltaire.net). Voltaire comes in about half way through this segment. Clip is from Oct. 22nd, 2005. And I actually had the pleasure of seeing him play a free instore at OzoneUK in Portland right before he was whisked away to do this interview, so his 'pre-interview' talk was pretty funny too. He actually said they'd call him 'Satanic Goth' or something like that, which as you watch, they got kind of close to his prediction. I know someone else has already posted just the interview part, but I think the two minutes before the interview gives the interview some more context. Mostly because the woman says 'gothic stuff' and 'killed so desperately', which...I'm not even sure what that means...
- published: 26 Mar 2006
- views: 226043
- author: xand0r
7:39
Dragon*Con 2009: Interview - What is Goth?
Geeks of Doom Dragon*Con 2009 Coverage: We learned all there is to know about Goth, sub-sp...
published: 06 Sep 2009
author: geeksofdoom
Dragon*Con 2009: Interview - What is Goth?
Geeks of Doom Dragon*Con 2009 Coverage: We learned all there is to know about Goth, sub-species of Goth and scabies.
- published: 06 Sep 2009
- views: 7207
- author: geeksofdoom
1:59
The interview with Southpark's famous Goth Kids.
I have interviewed those kids And I'm telling these kids are high. Hehe, Just kidding. Jus...
published: 11 Feb 2009
author: TheDiabolicalFag
The interview with Southpark's famous Goth Kids.
I have interviewed those kids And I'm telling these kids are high. Hehe, Just kidding. Just playing with south park and you know interviewing people -Lol- Hope you Like it. Don't forget to Comment.
- published: 11 Feb 2009
- views: 150216
- author: TheDiabolicalFag
5:29
Radio Werewolf Interview on Rock Renaissance
www.nikolasschreck.eu www.zeena.eu A short interview segment with Radio Werewolf on Rock R...
published: 31 Dec 2010
author: Styxhexenhammer666
Radio Werewolf Interview on Rock Renaissance
www.nikolasschreck.eu www.zeena.eu A short interview segment with Radio Werewolf on Rock Renaissance.
- published: 31 Dec 2010
- views: 6100
- author: Styxhexenhammer666
10:36
interview with a psychic counselor adela lavine
10 minute interview with someone i find very interesting, psychic counselor, adela lavine....
published: 04 Mar 2008
author: Queenie PocketFullofPosiez
interview with a psychic counselor adela lavine
10 minute interview with someone i find very interesting, psychic counselor, adela lavine. www.adelalavine.com
- published: 04 Mar 2008
- views: 1768
- author: Queenie PocketFullofPosiez
7:08
Goth-Trad (Deep Medi / Japan) Interview: Dubspot Workshop @ Together Festival, Boston
More info - bit.ly Japanese electronic music producer and Deep Medi Musik artist Takeaki M...
published: 13 Sep 2011
author: DubSpot
Goth-Trad (Deep Medi / Japan) Interview: Dubspot Workshop @ Together Festival, Boston
More info - bit.ly Japanese electronic music producer and Deep Medi Musik artist Takeaki Maruyama aka Goth-Trad headlined Dubspot's series of workshops and panels on electronic music production and performance at the Together Festival, Boston 2011. Goth talked about his early influences, from Kraftwerk and techno to Warp Records and trip-hop. He also talked about designing his own metallic musical instruments, performing live with the Boss RE-201, the underground dubstep scene in Japan, and much more. Other presenters included experimental electronic music artist Richard Devine and Dubspot Instructors Steve Nalepa and Pat Cupo.
- published: 13 Sep 2011
- views: 9087
- author: DubSpot
13:17
Lifestyle of goth-loli girls & Mana Sama interview
lifestyle of goth-loli girls in Tokyo and Mana Sama interview...
published: 26 Oct 2010
author: Yhmar21hEiro
Lifestyle of goth-loli girls & Mana Sama interview
lifestyle of goth-loli girls in Tokyo and Mana Sama interview
- published: 26 Oct 2010
- views: 133120
- author: Yhmar21hEiro
1:04
Interview with a Vampyre
Daywalkers, on a damp day in London, March 2007. Film short by London based artist partner...
published: 17 Mar 2007
author: wyllieohagan
Interview with a Vampyre
Daywalkers, on a damp day in London, March 2007. Film short by London based artist partnership Wyllie O Hagan.
- published: 17 Mar 2007
- views: 71654
- author: wyllieohagan
2:49
Working FOX News Voltaire Interview on 'Goth Murder Madness'
found it again on internet sence otherone on utube isnt working...
published: 06 Aug 2007
author: medwardl
Working FOX News Voltaire Interview on 'Goth Murder Madness'
found it again on internet sence otherone on utube isnt working
- published: 06 Aug 2007
- views: 36714
- author: medwardl
3:40
HATCHA TV Episode 7 - Goth-Trad Interview (HTV Exclusive)
Hailing all the way from Japan, Goth-Trad gave us a small but friendly interview during hi...
published: 28 May 2010
author: hatchatv
HATCHA TV Episode 7 - Goth-Trad Interview (HTV Exclusive)
Hailing all the way from Japan, Goth-Trad gave us a small but friendly interview during his last visit to the UK. During his time here, he played a massive set at the Leeds dubstep platform night which is Exodus/DMZ/SubDub held at the West Indian Center, and he also managed to get in on KIss 100 FM with DJ Hatcha & Crazy D. To listen back to the show, go to www.hatchatv.co.uk and download it for FREE!! Goth-Trad will be back in the UK during the autumn, so be sure to catch one of his sets around the UK.
- published: 28 May 2010
- views: 5447
- author: hatchatv
15:38
Bookends: Episode 12 - Goth Culture
Bookends is a vibrant and dynamic conversation about contemporary books and the world of l...
published: 27 Dec 2011
author: Bookends TV
Bookends: Episode 12 - Goth Culture
Bookends is a vibrant and dynamic conversation about contemporary books and the world of literary genre. Justine Lewkowicz interviews authors, bookstore owners, and in- the- know literary geeks to find out what's happening in the literary world. Episode 12 looks at Goth Culture. Justine chats with Liisa Ladouceur about her new book, Encyclopedia Gothica. She also gives other recommendations.
- published: 27 Dec 2011
- views: 2197
- author: Bookends TV
6:55
GOTH:insideOUT - Edward Ka-Spel, musician - The Legendary Pink Dots, interview
Edward Ka-Spel from The Legendary Pink Dots interviewed for the documentary film and Web p...
published: 30 Jul 2011
author: RockinFilms
GOTH:insideOUT - Edward Ka-Spel, musician - The Legendary Pink Dots, interview
Edward Ka-Spel from The Legendary Pink Dots interviewed for the documentary film and Web project GOTH:insideOUT at www.gothinsideout.com
- published: 30 Jul 2011
- views: 2220
- author: RockinFilms
2:51
What Do You Think of When You Think of Goth? - Noisey Meets Chelsea Wolfe
We sat down with Goth-inspired singer/songwriter/badass Chelsea Wolfe in LA to talk about ...
published: 15 Nov 2012
author: noisey
What Do You Think of When You Think of Goth? - Noisey Meets Chelsea Wolfe
We sat down with Goth-inspired singer/songwriter/badass Chelsea Wolfe in LA to talk about the perils of public transportation and the intimacy of recording alone. Featuring the song "Appalachia" from her new album, 'Unknown Rooms: A Collection of Acoustic Songs.' Buy it here: www.sargenthouse.com Thanks! twitter.com www.facebook.com ** Subscribe to Noisey on YouTube to stay updated on our daily releases: www.youtube.com Videos, daily editorial and more: www.noisey.com Like Noisey on Facebook fb.com Follow Noisey on Twitter: twitter.com Read our tumblr: noiseymusic.tumblr.com
- published: 15 Nov 2012
- views: 9096
- author: noisey
5:23
Specimen Interview
An interview with Ollie wisdon and Jon also apear Jhonny Slut and the rest of the band! an...
published: 03 Apr 2008
author: JhonnySlut
Specimen Interview
An interview with Ollie wisdon and Jon also apear Jhonny Slut and the rest of the band! and scenes of a "lunch wich film later will me using for several uses such as proyecting on the bar, commercial, propaganda and also lately into the end of the new version of Kiss kiss Bang Bang
- published: 03 Apr 2008
- views: 3793
- author: JhonnySlut
Vimeo results:
2:10
Spain
Taken in the central highlands of Spain, the autonomous regions Castilla-La-Mancha and Cas...
published: 07 Apr 2011
author: Ben
Spain
Taken in the central highlands of Spain, the autonomous regions Castilla-La-Mancha and Castilla-y-Léon. A region full of history and culture: The Goths, Romans and Moors have left their marks here. Don Quijote has fighted against the windmills here. This was the place of residence of El Greco, Diego de Velazquez and Francisco de Goya.
The first time I've taken my dolly with traveling. It did a really good job. But see for yourself.
http://www.pocketslider.de/en.html
_______________________________________________________________________________
Music: John OO Fleming, The Dewberry Tree
Nikon D90, Sigma 10-20, DIY Dolly:
Dolly: http://vimeo.com/25452283
http://www.pocketslider.de/en.html
4:30
Matthew Dear - "Slowdance" by Charles Bergquist
Almost a full year after the release of Matthew Dear's monochromatic opus, Black City, the...
published: 15 Jul 2011
author: Ghostly International
Matthew Dear - "Slowdance" by Charles Bergquist
Almost a full year after the release of Matthew Dear's monochromatic opus, Black City, the album's swansong single, "Slowdance," gets a video.
San Diego filmaker Charles Bergquist was tasked with transforming the undulating piece of goth romanticism into a video. He received, basically, creative autonomy, and set about trying to decipher a track that is, in his words, "about the disruption of memory, at it’s visual core." The result is a fluid, heady, almost voyeuristic collage of urban landscapes, visual effects, and unsubtle shots of a certain ingenue. "In the song’s build and layering of memories of her," he says, "She, the environment shared, and the unknown becomes blended, fractured and infinitely heaped together." It does look like thinking backwards feels—uncertain, romantic, bizarre."
"The lyrics drove the photography and the sound drove the texture and slices," Bergquist says. "For most of the edit and post-production work, I let the track dictate the visuals."
That means slightly regimented cuts—timed to beats sometimes, but not always—a complete lack of color, aqueous imagery, and a microscopic attention to detail. And with that, the final piece of the Black City puzzle has fallen into place.
Director : Charles Bergquist
Produced : Charles Bergquist
_________
Director Of Photograhy : Charles Bergquist & Mark Shonka
Starring : Nicole Lively
_________
Hair and Make Up : Chantall Northrop
Stylist / Wardrobe : Katrina Adair
Production Assistants :
Andrew Martin
Tommy McAdams
_________
http://matthewdear.com/
http://ghostly.com/releases/slowdance-ep
http://ghostly.com/releases/black-city
4:39
How to Dance Goth
News: "How to Dance Goth" has been accepted into the Long Day Short Film Festival in Alame...
published: 23 Mar 2012
author: APBS
How to Dance Goth
News: "How to Dance Goth" has been accepted into the Long Day Short Film Festival in Alameda, CA! Find out more here: http://ldsf.tumblr.com/
A Hubba Educational Film Dance Instruction Volume 1. Shown at the Hubba Hubba Revue Goth Show, March 22nd 2012.
Please visit www.hubbahubbarevue.com for more info on the show that inspired this video.
For behind-the-scenes photos, check out Odessa Lil's photostream: http://www.flickr.com/photos/99806556@N00/6875400634/
26:36
MURNAU THE VAMPIRE (2007) Oscar Alvarado´s
OSCAR ALVARADOS´S free animated short film.
Created only with Blender (www.blender.org)
Th...
published: 13 Nov 2008
author: Oscar Alvarado
MURNAU THE VAMPIRE (2007) Oscar Alvarado´s
OSCAR ALVARADOS´S free animated short film.
Created only with Blender (www.blender.org)
This short film is a free adaptation from the original film "Nosferatu" directed by Frederick Murnau in 1922.
MURNAU THE VAMPIRE was presented for first time in the BLENDER CONFERENCE in Amsterdam en 2007.
In 8 months Oscar Alvarado works in the production of MURNAU THE VAMPIRE, and the entire short (27 minutes) was made only by Oscar.
The soundtrack and the musical theme was composed by the italian goth band, "Theatres des Vampires".
Youtube results:
7:38
HENRY ROLLINS - Goths (2/13)
Henry talks about the Columbine tragedy and the media seeking for scapegoats, the goth sce...
published: 09 Oct 2010
author: chuckfarlieAUS
HENRY ROLLINS - Goths (2/13)
Henry talks about the Columbine tragedy and the media seeking for scapegoats, the goth scene and Marilyn Manson. Palais Theatre - Melbourne, Australia. Fri 21 May 1999. An evening of spoken word with Henry Rollins.
- published: 09 Oct 2010
- views: 45910
- author: chuckfarlieAUS
2:04
Kaleth the Adelaide Gothic
Once when I was a bat, I flew to my friends house and tapped on his window. The next day h...
published: 04 Apr 2010
author: David Thorne
Kaleth the Adelaide Gothic
Once when I was a bat, I flew to my friends house and tapped on his window. The next day he told me that he saw a bat outside his window and I told him that it was me but he didn't believe me.
- published: 04 Apr 2010
- views: 259212
- author: David Thorne
9:56
Aural Vampire, Birthday Massacre, Dommin live Seattle concert. Interview, Andy Six Black Veil Brides
Goth and Japan bands in Seattle! La Carmina - www.lacarmina.com - interviews Dommin about ...
published: 05 Dec 2010
author: lacarmina
Aural Vampire, Birthday Massacre, Dommin live Seattle concert. Interview, Andy Six Black Veil Brides
Goth and Japan bands in Seattle! La Carmina - www.lacarmina.com - interviews Dommin about the songwriting process, finding the right band members and covering Cutting Crew at Studio Seven on November 20th, 2010. Andy Six of Black Veil Brides also tells her what he thinks of Aural Vampire. Includes EXCLUSIVE live footage from Aural Vampire, Birthday Massacre and Dommin's concert! (COPYRIGHT NOTICE - the bands' management gave us full permission to film videos at the concert.) ** That same night, La Carmina interviewed Andy Six about whether he's inspired by Visual Kei and Jrock music. The video, which includes BVB performance footage, is here: www.youtube.com ** SEE MORE PHOTOS of Aural Vampire, Black Veil Brides Andy Six , Dommin and Birthday Massacre guitarist Rainbow on www.lacarmina.com ---- LA CARMINA is a professional Japan Goth music / fashion / subcultures blogger, travel TV host & arranger, coolhunter, author of 3 books (Penguin USA and Random House), designer and CNNGo.com journalist. Her popular blog has been featured in major publications (TheNew Yorker, Washington Post, WWD, Village Voice, Time Out New York, LA Times). She contributes articles about Asia travel, pop culture and Goth fashion for CNN and Lip Service. Her books include Cute Yummy Time (about decorating food to look adorable) and Crazy, Wacky Theme Restaurants: Tokyo (maid cafes, cat cafes, vampire and ninja restaurants). La Carmina is a graduate of Columbia University and Yale Law School. La ...
- published: 05 Dec 2010
- views: 10610
- author: lacarmina
4:42
Demona Mortiss Interview
iTunes LINK: itunes.apple.com OFFICIAL: www.DemonaMortiss.com JOIN OUR FACEBOOK www.Facebo...
published: 20 May 2011
author: Demona Mortiss
Demona Mortiss Interview
iTunes LINK: itunes.apple.com OFFICIAL: www.DemonaMortiss.com JOIN OUR FACEBOOK www.Facebook.com MORE MUSIC ONLINE: www.ReverbNation.com TWITTER: www.Twitter.com ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Video Credits: RAM Photography, Robert Ball, Christopher Sanders..& others.
- published: 20 May 2011
- views: 19266
- author: Demona Mortiss
photo: AP / Aleppo Revolution Against Assad Regime
29 Jan 2013
By Alexander Dziadosz and Oliver Holmes. BEIRUT, Jan 29 (Reuters) - At least 65 people were found shot dead with their hands bound in the northern Syrian city of Aleppo on Tuesday in a "new massacre" in the near two-year revolt against President Bashar al-Assad, activists said. Opposition campaigners blamed the government but it was impossible to confirm who was responsible ... The U.N ... State media did not mention the incident ... STALEMATE ... ....(size: 9.0Kb)
photo: US DoD / U.S. Army Staff Sgt Sun L. Vega, Joint Staff
27 Jan 2013
TEL AVIV – Now that he has secured his second term, President Barack Obama has already secretly pledged to the Palestinians he will press Israel into a new round of so-called land-for-peace negotiations, a top Palestinian Authority negotiator told WND. The negotiator said top members of the Obama administration told the Palestinians the U.S....(size: 2.2Kb)
photo: AP / Ronald Mendes-Agencia RBS
27 Jan 2013
Tweet. Police say at least 232 people have died in a fire that swept through a crowded nightclub in southern Brazil. Around 117 others were injured after the blaze broke out while a band was performing at the Kiss club in the southern city of Santa Maria at about 2am (local time). Police earlier said more than 245 people had died in the fire. It is thought pyrotechnics being used for the concert may have caused the blaze ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
photo: AP / Khalil Hamra
29 Jan 2013
Cairo • An unpredictable new element has entered Egypt’s wave of political unrest. a mysterious group of masked young men called the Black Bloc who present themselves as the defenders of protesters opposed to the Islamist president’s rule. They boast that they’re willing to use force to fight back against Islamists who have attacked protesters in the past — or against police who crack down on demonstrations ... Photos. Join the Discussion ... ....(size: 8.0Kb)
photo: AP / Khalil Hamra
28 Jan 2013
Egyptian President Mohamed Morsy on Sunday declared a state of emergency and a nightime curfew for one month in three restive cities after days of deadly violence. Mr. Morsy, facing his worst crisis since taking office in June, said the measures would take effect on Sunday night in the cities of Port Said, Suez and Ismailia ... Keywords....(size: 1.7Kb)
The Examiner
30 Jan 2013
Rating for "Mama" (2013). 3. For the past 3 weeks, the horror flick “Mama” has been dominating the box office ... So, if you are a fan of the “Texas Chainsaw Massacre” franchise you may be a little disappointed ... The girls' uncle (their father’s brother) and his Goth girlfriend have been looking for his nieces and when they are found, the couple fights for custody and eventually the girls go and live with them ... Photo credit. ... ....(size: 9.2Kb)
The Daily Mail
29 Jan 2013
The Daily Telegraph
29 Jan 2013
Goering was so incensed by the depiction of him slumped in a chair with narrowed pupils and a vacant stare that artist Imre Goth had to flee Germany to England in fear of his life ... Goering was so incensed by the depiction of him slumped in a chair with narrowed pupils and a vacant stare that artist Imre Goth had to flee Germany to England in fear of his life ... "Goth said he could only paint what he saw and left immediately."....(size: 12.6Kb)
IMDb
29 Jan 2013
He was perhaps best known for playing Chancellor Goth opposite Tom Baker in 1976's The Deadly Assassin ... ....(size: 0.6Kb)
China Daily
29 Jan 2013
According to reports, unknown miscreants riding on motorcycles opened fire at a police station in the Sohrab Goth area of Karachi, Pakistan's business ......(size: 0.8Kb)
Seattle Post
29 Jan 2013
Hope everyone is staying warm this winter. Here are a few more releases for your listening pleasure. First up we have another Deep Purple live release, Live in Paris 1975 [Remastered]. This is from the David Coverdale/Glenn Hughes version of the band (Mark III) and they are at the height of their abilities here ... They are worth checking out, that is for sure ... There is a touch of goth about it as well but it is a bit heavier than most....(size: 2.5Kb)
Huffington Post
29 Jan 2013
Following in the grand tradition of adventurous black late night talk show outfits -- even Ann Romney's taken part -- Catherine Zeta-Jones brought her lacy A-game to the "Tonight Show" on Monday night. On hand to chat up Jay Leno about her new flick "Broken City," the 43-year-old actress opted for a sexy black dress, a tried and true look for her ... goth flapper? ... QED? ... PHOTOS.. Loading Slideshow ... -- ... Like ... ....(size: 4.9Kb)
Huffington Post
29 Jan 2013
Following in the grand tradition of adventurous black late night talk show outfits -- even Ann Romney's taken part -- Catherine Zeta-Jones brought her lacy A-game to the "Tonight Show" on Monday night. On hand to chat up Jay Leno about her new flick "Broken City," the 43-year-old actress opted for a sexy black dress, a tried and true look for her ... goth flapper? ... QED? ... PHOTOS.. Loading Slideshow ... -- ... Like ... ....(size: 4.9Kb)
North Jersey
29 Jan 2013
. GARY, Ind. (AP) — When medical students have finished their study and practice on cadavers, they often hold a respectful memorial service to honor these bodies donated to science.. But the ceremonies at one medical school have a surreal twist ... The mixture of grace and goth at the Indiana University School of Medicine-Northwest campus might sound like a scene straight out filmmaker Tim Burton's quirky imagination ... ....(size: 11.4Kb)
Indianapolis Star
29 Jan 2013
GARY, Ind. -- When medical students have finished their study and practice on cadavers, they often hold a respectful memorial service to honor these bodies donated to science. But the ceremonies at one medical school have a surreal twist ... The mixture of grace and goth at the Indiana University School of Medicine-Northwest campus might sound like a scene straight out filmmaker Tim Burton's quirky imagination ... "This is ... like a closure ... ....(size: 4.6Kb)
The Daily Telegraph Australia
29 Jan 2013
WHEN medical students practice on cadavers, they often hold a respectful memorial service to honour these bodies donated to science. But the ceremonies at one medical school have a surreal twist ... The mixture of grace and goth at the Indiana University School of Medicine-Northwest campus might sound like a scene straight out filmmaker Tim Burton's quirky imagination ... Family members are often squeamish about entering that room ... ....(size: 4.8Kb)
Sacramento Bee
29 Jan 2013
GARY, Ind. -- When medical students have finished their study and practice on cadavers, they often hold a respectful memorial service to honor these bodies donated to science. But the ceremonies at one medical school have a surreal twist ... The mixture of grace and goth at the Indiana University School of Medicine-Northwest campus might sound like a scene straight out filmmaker Tim Burton's quirky imagination ... "This is ... like a closure....(size: 4.7Kb)
Seattle Post
29 Jan 2013
GARY, Ind. (AP) — When medical students have finished their study and practice on cadavers, they often hold a respectful memorial service to honor these bodies donated to science. But the ceremonies at one medical school have a surreal twist ... The mixture of grace and goth at the Indiana University School of Medicine-Northwest campus might sound like a scene straight out filmmaker Tim Burton's quirky imagination ... "This is ... ___. Online.....(size: 4.8Kb)
For other uses, see Gothic and Goth (disambiguation).
The Goths (Gothic: *Gut-þiuda,[1] *Gutans[2]; Old Norse: Gutar/Gotar; German: Goten; Latin: Gothi; Greek: Γότθοι, Gótthoi) were an East Germanic tribe of Scandinavian origin whose two branches, the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, played an important role in the fall of the Roman Empire and the emergence of Medieval Europe.
The most important source is Jordanes' 6th-century, semi-fictional Getica which describes a migration from southern Scandza (Scandinavia), to Gothiscandza, believed to be the lower Vistula region in modern Pomerania, and from there to the coast of the Black Sea. The Pomeranian Wielbark culture and the Chernyakhov culture northeast of the lower Danube are archaeological traces of this migration. In the 3rd century, either through crossing the lower Danube, or travelling by sea, the Goths ravaged the Balkan Peninsula and Anatolia as far as Cyprus, sacking Athens, Byzantium, Sparta.[3] By the fourth century, the Goths conquered Dacia, and were divided into at least two distinct groups separated by the Dniester River, the Thervingi, led by the Balti dynasty, and the Greuthungi, led by the Amali dynasty. Centered around their capital at the Dnieper, the Goths ruled a vast area which at its peak under the Kings Ermanaric and Athanaric stretched from the Danube to the Volga river, and from the Black to the Baltic Sea.[4][5]
In the late fourth century, the Huns invaded the Gothic region from the east. While many Goths were subdued and joined the ranks of the Huns, a group of Goths led by Fritigern fled across the Danube and revolted against the Roman Empire, winning a decisive victory at the Battle of Adrianople. Meanwhile, the Goths were converted from paganism to Arian Christianity by the Gothic missionary Wulfila, who devised the Gothic alphabet to translate the Bible. In the fifth and sixth centuries, the Goths separated into two tribes, the Visigoths, who became federates of the Romans, and the Ostrogoths, who joined the Huns.
After the Ostrogoths successfully revolted against the Huns at the Battle of Nedao in 454, their leader Theodoric the Great settled his people in Italy, founding a Kingdom which eventually gained control of the whole peninsula. Shortly after Theodoric's death in 526, the country was captured by the Eastern Roman Empire, in a war which caused enormous damage and depopulation to Italy.[6] After their able leader Totila was killed at the Battle of Taginae, effective Ostrogothic resistance ended, and the remaining Goths were assimilated by the Lombards, another Germanic tribe, who invaded Italy and founded a Kingdom in the northern parts of the country in 567 AD.
The Visigoths under Alaric I sacked Rome in 410, defeated Attila at the Battle of the Catalunian Plains in 451, and founded a Kingdom in Aquitaine which was pushed to Hispania by the Franks in 507, converted to Catholicism by the late sixth century, and in the early eighth century conquered by the Muslim Moors. Subsequently, the Visigothic nobleman Pelagius began the Reconquista with his victory at the Battle of Covadonga, and founded the Kingdom of Asturias, which eventually evolved in to modern Spain.[7]
While its influence continued to be felt in small ways in some west European states, the Gothic language and culture largely disappeared during the Middle Ages. In the 16th century a small remnant of a Gothic dialect known as Crimean Gothic was described as surviving in the Crimea.[8]
Contents |
Etymology[link]
Further information: Gaut
The Goths have had many names, possibly due to their population being composed of many separate ethnic groups. People known by similar names were key elements of Proto-Indo-European and later Germanic migrations. Nevertheless, they believed (as does the mainstream of scholarship)[9] that the names derived from a single prehistoric ethnonym owned by a uniform culture in the middle 1st millennium BC, the original "Goths".
Etymologically, the ethnonym of the Goths derives from the stem Guton-",[10] which gave Proto-Germanic *Gutaniz (also surviving in Gutes (Swedish Gutar), the self-designation of the inhabitans of Gotland in Sweden). Related, but not identical, is the Scandinavian tribal name Geat (the inhabitants of Swedish Götaland/Geatland), from the Proto-Germanic *Gautoz (plural *Gautaz). Both *Gautoz and *Gutaniz are derived (specifically they are two ablaut grades) from the Proto-Germanic word *geutan, meaning "to pour".[11] The Indo-European root of the "pour" derivation would be *gheu-d-[12] as it is listed in the American Heritage Dictionary (AHD). *gheu-d- is a centum form. The AHD relies on Julius Pokorny for the same root.[13] The ethnonym has been connected with the name of a river flowing through Västergötland in Sweden, the Göta älv, which drains Lake Vänern into the Kattegat.[14]
Interestingly Old Norse records do not distinguish between the Goths and the Gutes (Gotlanders) and both are called Gotar in Old West Norse. The Old East Norse term for both Goths and Gotlanders seems to have been Gutar (for instance, in the Gutasaga and in the runic inscription of the Rökstone). However, the Geats are clearly differentiated from the Goths, or Gutes, in both Old Norse and Old English literature.
At some time in European prehistory, consonant changes according to Grimm's Law created a *g from the *gh and a *t from the *d. This same law more or less rules out *ghedh-,[15] The *dh in that case would become a *d instead of a *t.
According to the rules of Indo-European ablaut, the full grade (containing an *e), *gheud-, might be replaced with the zero-grade (the *e disappears), *ghud-, or the o-grade (the *e changes to an *o), *ghoud-, accounting for the various forms of the name. The zero-grade is preserved in modern times in the Lithuanian ethnonym for Belarusians, Gudai (earlier Baltic Prussian territory before Slavic conquests by about 1200 CE), and in certain Prussian towns in the territory around the Vistula River in Gothiscandza, today Poland (Gdynia, Gdansk). The use of all three grades suggests that the name derives from an Indo-European stage; otherwise, it would be from a line descending from one grade. However, when and where the ancestors of the Goths assigned this name to themselves and whether they used it in Indo-European or proto-Germanic times remain unsolved questions of historical linguistics and prehistoric archaeology.
A compound name, Gut-þiuda, at root the "Gothic people", appears in the Gothic Calendar (aikklesjons fullaizos ana gutþiudai gabrannidai). Parallel occurrences indicate that it may mean "country of the Goths": Old Icelandic Sui-þjòd, "Sweden"; Old English Angel-þēod, "Anglia"; Old Irish Cruithen-tuath, “country of the Picts”.[10] Evidently, this way of forming a country or people name is not unique to Germanic.
History[link]
Origins[link]
Main article: Wielbark Culture
Further information: Early history of Pomerania
According to Jordanes’ Getica, written in the mid-6th century, the earliest migrating Goths sailed from Scandza (Scandinavia) under King Berig[16] in three ships[17] and named the place at which they landed after themselves. "Today [says Jordanes] it is called Gothiscandza" ("Scandza of the Goths").[18] From there they entered the land of the "Ulmerugi" (Rugii) who were spread along the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, expelled them,[19] and also subdued the neighboring Vandals. Regarding the location of Gothiscandza, Jordanes states[20] that one shipload "dwelled in the province of Spesis on an island surrounded by the shallow waters of the Vistula."
Tacitus described the Goths as well as the neighboring Rugii and Lemovii as carrying round shields and short swords, and obeying their regular authority.[19][21][22]
Pliny[23] refers to the voyager Pytheas, who visited Northern Europe in the 4th century BC. In this passage, Pytheas states that the "Gutones, a people of Germany," inhabit the shores of an estuary of at least 6,000 stadia (the Baltic Sea) called Mentonomon, where amber is cast up by the waves. Lehmann (mentioned above under Etymology) accepted this view but a manuscript variant states Guiones rather than Gutones.[24] In Pliny's only other mention of the Gutones,[25] he states that the Vandals are one of the five races of Germany, and that the Vandals include the Burgodiones, the Varinnae, the Charini and the Gutones. The location of those Vandals is not stated, but there is a match with his contemporary Ptolemy's east German tribes.[26] As those Gutones are put forward as Pliny's interpretation, not Pytheas’, the early date is unconfirmed, but not necessarily invalid.
The earliest material culture associated with the Goths on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea is the Wielbark Culture,[27] centered around the modern region of Pomerania in northern Poland. This culture replaced the local Oksywie or Oxhöft culture in the 1st century, when a Scandinavian settlement was established in a buffer zone between the Oksywie culture and the Przeworsk culture.[28]
This area was influenced by southern Scandinavian culture from as early as the late Nordic Bronze Age and early Pre-Roman Iron Age (ca. 1300 – ca. 300 BC).[29] In fact, the Scandinavian influence on Pomerania and today's northern Poland from ca. 1300 BC (period III) and onwards was so considerable that this region is sometimes included in the Nordic Bronze Age culture.[30]
The Goths are believed to have crossed the Baltic Sea sometime between the end of this period (ca 300 BC) and AD 100. Early archaeological evidence in the traditional Swedish province of Östergötland suggests a general depopulation during this period.[31] However, this is not confirmed in more recent publications.[32] The settlement in today's Poland may correspond to the introduction of Scandinavian burial traditions, such as the stone circles and the stelae especially common on the island of Gotland and other parts of southern Sweden.
Migration to the Black Sea[link]
Main article: Chernyakhov culture
The arrival of Germanic-speaking invaders along the coast of the Black Sea is generally explained as a gradual migration of the Goths from what is now Poland to Ukraine, reflecting the tradition of Jordanes and old songs.[33]
Beginning in the middle 2nd century, the Wielbark culture shifted to the southeast, towards the Black Sea. The part of the Wielbark culture that moved was the oldest portion, located west of the Vistula and still practicing Scandinavian burial traditions.[34] In Ukraine, they installed themselves as the rulers of the local Zarubintsy culture, forming the new Chernyakhov Culture (ca. 200 – ca. 400).
The first Greek references to the Goths call them Scythians,[examples needed] since this area along the Black Sea historically had been occupied by an unrelated people of that name. The term as applied to the Goths appears to be geographical rather than ethnological in reference.[35]
According to Jordanes's Getica, the Goths entered Oium, part of Scythia,[36] under their 5th king, Filimer, where they subdued the Spali (Sarmatians), conqured the Kingdom of the Bosporus and captured several cities on the Euxinean coast, including Olbia and Tyras.[37] There they became divided into the Visigoths ruled by the Balthi family and the Ostrogoths ruled by the Amali family.[38] Jordanes parses Ostrogoths as "eastern Goths", and Visigoths as "Goths of the western country."[39]
One theory claims that the Goths maintained contact with southern Sweden during their migration.[40] Chernyakhov settlements tend to cluster in open ground in river valleys. The houses include sunken-floored dwellings, surface dwellings, and stall-houses. The largest known settlement (Budesty-Budești) is 35 hectares.[41] Most settlements are open and unfortified, although some forts have also been discovered.[citation needed] Chernyakhov cemeteries feature both cremation and inhumation burials; among the latter the head is to the north. Some graves were left empty. Grave goods often include pottery, bone combs, and iron tools, but hardly ever weapons.[42]
On the Roman borders[link]
Further information: Gothic and Vandal warfare
In the first attested incursion in Thrace the Goths were mentioned as Boranoi by Zosimus, and then as Boradoi by Gregory Thaumaturgus.[43] The first incursion of the Roman Empire that can be attributed to Goths is the sack of Histria in 238. Several such raids followed in subsequent decades,[44] in particular the Battle of Abrittus in 251, led by Cniva, in which the Roman Emperor Decius was killed. At the time, there were at least two groups of Goths: the Thervingi and the Greuthungi. Goths were subsequently heavily recruited into the Roman Army to fight in the Roman-Persian Wars, notably participating at the Battle of Misiche in 242.
The first seaborne raids took place in three subsequent years, probably 255-257. An unsuccessful attack on Pityus was followed in the second year by another which sacked by Pityus and Trapezus and ravaged large area in the Pontus. In the third year a much larger force devastated large areas of Bithynia and the Propontis, including the cities of Chalcedon, Nicomedia, Nicaea, Apamea, Cius and Prusa[disambiguation needed 
].
After a 10 year gap, the Goths, along with the Heruli, another Germanic tribe from Scandinavia, raiding on 500 ships,[45] sacked Heraclea Pontica, Cyzicus and Byzantium. They were defeated by the Roman navy but managed to escape into Aegean Sea, where they ravaged the islands of Lemnos and Scyros, broke through Thermopylae and sacked several cities of the southern Greece (province of Achaea) including Athens, Corinth, Argos, Olympia and Sparta. Then an Athenian militia, led by the historian Dexippus, pushed the invaders to the north where they were intercepted by the Roman army under Gallienus.[46] He won an important victory near the Nessos (Nestos) river, on the boundary between Macedonia and Thrace, with the aid of the Dalmatian cavalry. Reported barbarian casualties were 3,000 men.[47] Subsequently, the Heruli leader Naulobatus came to terms with the Romans.[45]
After Gallienus was assassinated outside Milan in the summer of 268 in a plot led by high officers in his army, Claudius was proclaimed emperor and headed to Rome to establish his rule. Claudius' immediate concerns were with the Alamanni, who had invaded Raetia and Italy. After he defeated them in the Battle of Lake Benacus, he was finally able to take care of the invasions in the Balkan provinces.[48]
In the meantime, the second and larger sea-borne invasion had started. An enormous coalition consisting of Goths (Greuthungi and Thervingi), Gepids and Peucini, led again by the Heruli, assembled at the mouth of river Tyras (Dniester).[49] The Augustan History and Zosimus claim a total number of 2,000–6,000 ships and 325,000 men.[50] This is probably a gross exaggeration but remains indicative of the scale of the invasion. After failing to storm some towns on the coasts of the western Black Sea and the Danube (Tomi, Marcianopolis), the invaders attacked Byzantium and Chrysopolis. Part of their fleet was wrecked, either because of the Gothic inexperience in sailing through the violent currents of the Propontis[51] or because it was defeated by the Roman navy. Then they entered Aegean Sea and a detachment ravaged the Aegean islands as far as Crete, Rhodes and Cyrpus. The fleet probably also sacked Troy and Ephesus, destroying the Temple of Artemis, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. While their main force had constructed siege works and was close to taking the cities of Thessalonica and Cassandreia, it retreated to the Balkan interior at the news that the emperor was advancing. On their way, they plundered Doberus (Paionia ?) and Pelagonia.[52]
Learning of the approach of Claudius, the Goths first attempt to directly invade Italy. They are engaged near Naissus by a Roman army led by Claudius advancing from the north. The battle most likely took place in 269, and was fiercely contested. Large numbers on both sides were killed but, at the critical point, the Romans tricked the Goths into an ambush by pretended flight. Some 50,000 Goths were allegedly killed or taken captive and their base at Thessalonika destroyed.[47] It seems that Aurelian who was in charge of all Roman cavalry during Claudius' reign, led the decisive attack in the battle. Some survivors were resettled within the empire, while others were incorporated into the Roman army. The battle ensured the survival of the Roman Empire for another two centuries. In 270, after the death of Claudius, Goths under the leadership of Cannabaudes again launch an invasion on the Roman Empire, but were defeated by Aurelian, who however surrendered Dacia beyond the Danube.
Within the Roman Empire[link]
Main article: Gothic and Vandal warfare
Major sources for Gothic history include Ammianus Marcellinus' Res gestae, which mentions Gothic involvement in the civil war between emperors Procopius and Valens of 365 and recounts the Gothic refugee crisis and revolt of 376–82, and Procopius' de bello gothico, which describes the Gothic war of 535–52.
In 332 Constantine helped the Sarmatians to settle on the north banks of the Danube to defend against the Goths' attacks and thereby enforce the Roman Empire's border. Around 100,000 Goths were reportedly killed in battle, and Ariaricus, son of the King of the Goths, was captured. In 334, Constantine evacuated approximately 300,000 Sarmatians from the north bank of the Danube after a revolt of the Sarmatians' slaves. From 335 to 336, Constantine, continuing his Danube campaign, defeated many Gothic tribes.[53][54][55] Both the Greuthungi and Thervingi became heavily Romanized during the 4th century. This came about through trade with the Byzantines, as well as through Gothic membership of a military covenant, which was based in Byzantium and involved pledges of military assistance. Reportedly, 40,000 Goths were brought by Constantine to defend Constantinople in his later reign, and the Palace Guard was mostly composed of Germans, as the quality of the native Romans troops kept declining[56]. The Goths were converted Arianism by Ulfila during this time.
Invasion of the Roman Empire[link]
Hunnic domination of the Gothic kingdom in Scythia began in the 370s according to Ammianus.[57] and confirmed by the Eunapius and the later Zosimus. Under pressure of the Huns, the chieftain Fritigern approached the Eastern Roman Emperor Valens in 376 with a portion of the Thervingi and asked to be allowed to settle with his people on the south bank of the Danube. Valens permitted this, and even assisted the Goths in their crossing of the river[58] (probably at the fortress of Durostorum). Following a famine, however, the Gothic War of 376–82 ensued, and the Goths and the local Thracians rebelled. The Roman Emperor Valens was killed at the Battle of Adrianople in 378.
The Goths remained divided — as Visigoths and Ostrogoths — during the fifth century. These two tribes were among the Germanic peoples who clashed with the late Roman Empire during the Migration Period. A Visigothic force led by Alaric I sacked Rome in 410. Honorius granted the Visigoths Aquitania, where they defeated the Vandals and conquered most of the Iberian Peninsula by 475.
In the meantime, under Theodemir, the Ostrogoths broke away from Hunnic rule following the Battle of Nedao in 454, and decisively defeated the Huns again under Valamir at Bassianae in 468. At the request of emperor Zeno, Theodoric the Great conquered all of Italy beginning in 488. The Goths were briefly reunited under one crown in the early sixth century under Theodoric the Great, who became regent of the Visigothic kingdom following the death of Alaric II at the Battle of Vouillé in 507. Procopius interpreted the name Visigoth as "western Goths" and the name Ostrogoth as "eastern Goth", reflecting the geographic distribution of the Gothic realms at that time.
The Ostrogothic kingdom persisted until 553 under Teia, when Italy returned briefly to Byzantine control. This restoration of imperial rule was reversed by the conquest of the Lombards in 568. The Visigothic kingdom lasted until 711 under Roderic, when it fell to the Muslim Umayyad invasion of the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus). However, the Visigothic nobles under the leadership of Pelagius of Asturias managed to defeat the Moors at the Battle of Covadonga, and subsequently established the Kingdom of Asturias. The Gothic victory at Covadonga is regarded as the initiation of the Reconquista, and it was from the Asturian kingdom that modern Spain evolved.
In the late 6th century Goths settled as foederati in parts of Asia Minor. Their descendants, who formed the elite Optimatoi regiment, still lived there in the early 8th century. While they were largely assimilated, their Gothic origin was still well-known: the chronicler Theophanes the Confessor calls them Gothograeci.
Culture[link]
Art[link]
Before the invasion of the Huns the Gothic Chernyakhov culture produced jewelry, vessels, and decorative objects in a style much influenced by Greek and Roman craftsmen. They developed a polychrome style of gold work, using wrought cells or setting to encrust Gems into their gold objects. This style was influential in western Germanic areas well into the Middle Ages.
Language[link]
Main articles: Gothic language and Gothic alphabet
The Gothic language is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths. It is known primarily from the Codex Argenteus, a 6th-century copy of a 4th-century Bible translation, and is the only East Germanic language with a sizable corpus. All others, including Burgundian and Vandalic, are known, if at all, only from proper names that survived in historical accounts, and from loan-words in other languages like Spanish and French.
As a Germanic language, Gothic is a part of the Indo-European language family. It is the Germanic language with the earliest attestation but has no modern descendants. The oldest documents in Gothic date back to the 4th century. The language was in decline by the mid-6th century, due in part to the military defeat of the Goths at the hands of the Franks, the elimination of the Goths in Italy, and geographic isolation (in Spain the Gothic language lost its last and probably already declining function as a church language when the Visigoths converted to Catholicism in 589).[59] The language survived as a domestic language in the Iberian peninsula (modern Spain and Portugal) as late as the 8th century, and Frankish author Walafrid Strabo wrote that it was still spoken in the lower Danube area and in isolated mountain regions in Crimea in the early 9th century (see Crimean Gothic). Gothic-seeming terms found in later (post-9th century) manuscripts may not belong to the same language.
The existence of such early attested corpora makes it a language of considerable interest in comparative linguistics.
Religion[link]
Further information: Gothic Christianity
Initially pagan, the Goths were in the 4th century converted to Arian Christianity by the Gothic missionary Wulfila, who devised an alphabet to translate the Bible. The Visigothic Kingdom in Hispania was converted to Catholicism in the 7th century.
Legacy[link]
Further information: Gothicismus
The Gutes (Gotlanders) themselves had oral traditions of a mass migration towards southern Europe, recorded in the Gutasaga. If the facts are related, this would be a unique case of a tradition that endured for more than a thousand years and that actually pre-dates most of the major splits in the Germanic language family.
The Goths' relationship with Sweden became an important part of Swedish nationalism, and until the 19th century the Swedes were commonly considered to be the direct descendants of the Goths. Today, Swedish scholars identify this as a cultural movement called Gothicismus, which included an enthusiasm for things Old Norse.
Beginning in 1278, when Magnus III of Sweden ascended to the throne, a reference to Gothic origins was included in the title of the King of Sweden:
We N.N. by the Grace of God King of the Swedes, the Goths and the Vends.
In 1973, with the death of King Gustaf VI Adolf, the title was changed to simply "King of Sweden."
In Medieval and Modern Spain, the Visigoths were believed to be the origin of the Spanish nobility (compare Gobineau for a similar French idea). By the early 7th century, the ethnic distinction between Visigoths and Hispano-Romans had all but disappeared, but recognition of a Gothic origin, e.g. on gravestones, still survived among the nobility. The 7th-century Visigothic aristocracy saw itself as bearers of a particular Gothic consciousness and as guardians of old traditions such as Germanic namegiving; probably these traditions were on the whole restricted to the family sphere (Hispano-Roman nobles did service for Visigothic nobles already in the 5th century and the two branches of Spanish aristocracy had fully adopted similar customs two centuries later).[60]
In Spain, a man acting with arrogance would be said to be "haciéndose los godos" ("making himself to act like the Goths"). Thus, in Chile, Argentina and the Canary Islands, godo was an ethnic slur used against European Spaniards, who in the early colony period often felt superior to the people born locally (criollos). In Colombia the members of the Conservative Party were referred to as godos.
The Spanish and Swedish claims of Gothic origins led to a clash at the Council of Basel in 1434. Before the assembled cardinals and delegations could engage in theological discussion, they had to decide how to sit during the proceedings. The delegations from the more prominent nations argued that they should sit closest to the Pope, and there were also disputes over who was to have the finest chairs and who was to have their chairs on mats. In some cases, they compromised so that some would have half a chair leg on the rim of a mat. In this conflict, Nicolaus Ragvaldi, bishop of Växjö, claimed that the Swedes were the descendants of the great Goths, and that the people of Västergötland (Westrogothia in Latin) were the Visigoths and the people of Östergötland (Ostrogothia in Latin) were the Ostrogoths. The Spanish delegation retorted that it was only the lazy and unenterprising Goths who had remained in Sweden, whereas the heroic Goths had left Sweden, invaded the Roman empire and settled in Spain.[61][62]
Written sources about the Goths[link]
- Ambrose: The prologue of De Spiritu Sancto (On the Holy Ghost) makes passing reference to Athanaric's royal titles before 376.[63] Comment on Saint Luke:„Chuni in Halanos, Halani in Gothos, Gothi in Taifalos et Sarmatas insurexerunt"
- Ammianus Marcellinus: Res Gestae Libri XXXI.[64]
- Aurelius Victor: The Caesars, a history from Augustus to Constantius II
- Basil of Caesarea: Letters
- Cassiodorus: A lost history of the Goths used by Jordanes
- Claudian: Poems
- Dexippus: Scythica which was used by Zosimus for his New hystory
- Epitome de Caesaribus
- Eunapius of Sardis: Live of the Sophists
- Eutropius: Breviary
- Gregory Thaumaturgus: Canonical letter
- Gregory of Nyssa
- Historia Augusta: A history from Hadrian to Carus. However, large portions are known to be fraudulent and the factual accuracy of the remainder is disputed.[65]
- Jerome: Chronicle
- Jordanes
- Julian the Apostate
- Lactantius: On the death of the Persecutors
- Olympiodorus of Thebes
- Orosius: History against pagans
- Panegyrici latini
- Paulinus: Life of bishop Ambrose of Milan
- Philostorgius: Greek church history
- Sozomen
- Synesius: De regno and De providentia
- Tacitus: Germania, chapters 17, 44
- Themistius: Speeches
- Theoderet of Cyrrhus
- Theodosian Code
- Zosimus
See also[link]
Descendants and related peoples:
Other:
Sources[link]
References[link]
- ^ Most commonly translated as "Gothic people". Only attested as dat. sg. Gut-þiudai. See W. Ph. Lehmann, A Gothic etymological dictionary (1986), 163-164 (s.v. Gut-þiuda).
- ^ Inferred from gen. pl.(?) gutani in Pietroassa inscription. See Lehmann 1986, 163-164; W. Braune & F. Heidermanns, Gotische Grammatik. Mit Lesestücken und Wörterverzeichnis (revised edition, 2004), 3.
- ^ Gibbon, Edward (1930). The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Plain Label Books. ISBN 978-1-60303-405-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=gRE0q38Nb70C&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+decline+and+fall+of+the+roman+empire&hl=no&ei=blL6TYnOIsvcsgb8muEH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=twenty%20thousand%20barbarians&f=false.
- ^ Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European peoples, Volum 1. Infobase Publishing. p. 575. ISBN 978-0-8160-4964-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC&pg=PA575&dq=ostrogoths+encyclopedia+of+european+peopel&hl=no&ei=NcpGTqveM83usgbLm62hBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22baltic%20sea%20and%20east%20to%20the%20volga%20river%22&f=false.
- ^ Ostrogoth (people) Britannica Online Encyclopedia
- ^ London, Jack (2007). The Human Drift. 1st World Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-4218-3371-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=Sc6k5YCymvwC&pg=PA11&dq=gothic+war+million+casualties&hl=no&ei=YYn6TfKAAZHIswba-ZEN&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=15%2C000%2C000&f=false.
- ^ Spain - The Christian states, 711-1035 Britannica Online Encyclopedia
- ^ Bennett, William H (1980), An Introduction to the Gothic Language, p. 27 .
- ^ Wolfram (1988), pp. 19–35 .
- ^ a b Lehmann, Winfred P.; Helen-Jo J. Hewitt (1986), A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, Leiden: E.J. Brill, pp. 164, ISBN 90-04-08176-3, 9789004081765 ; apparent in the name of the Gutones mentioned in a quotation of Pytheas cited by Pliny.
- ^ Compare the modern Swedish gjuta, modern Dutch gieten, modern German gießen, Gothic giutan, old Scandinavian giota, old English geotan all cognate with Latin fondere "to pour" and old Greek cheo "I pour".
- ^ Roots, Bartleby, p. 165, http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE165.html .
- ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, p. 447 .
- ^ Wolfram (1988), p. 21 .
- ^ Roots, Bartleby, p. 155, http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE155.html .
- ^ Jordanes, p. 25 .
- ^ Jordanes, p. 94 .
- ^ Jordanes, p. 26 .
- ^ a b Hoops, Herbert; Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (2004) (in German), Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde (2nd ed.), Walter de Gruyter, pp. 452ff, ISBN 3-11-017733-1 .
- ^ Jordanes, p. 96 .
- ^ The Works of Tacitus: the Oxford Translation, Revised, with Notes, BiblioBazaar, 2008, p. 836, 0559473354 .
- ^ Rives, JB (1999), On Tacitus, Germania, Oxford University Press, p. 311, ISBN 0-19-815050-4 .
- ^ the Elder, Pliny, "11", 37 .
- ^ Tacitus, Cornelius; JB Rives, translator and commentator (1999), Germania, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 113, ISBN 0-19-924000-0, 9780199240005 . As Pytheas did mention the Teutones in the same passage, it securely dates them to 300 BC.
- ^ the Elder, Pliny, "13", 4 .
- ^ Ptolomy, "10", II .
- ^ The Goths in Greater Poland, Poznan, http://www.muzarp.poznan.pl/archweb/gazociag/title5.htm .
- ^ Kokowski, Andrzej (1999) (in :This article incorporates information from the German Wikipedia.), "Archäologie der Goten", ISBN 83-907341-8-4 .
- ^ Gothic Connections, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia - Uppsala universitet, http://www.arkeologi.uu.se/publications/opia/gothicabstract.htm .
- ^ Dabrowski (1989), p. 73 .
- ^ Oxenstierna (1945) .
- ^ Kaliff (2001) .
- ^ Wolfram, p. 42 .
- ^ Jewellery of the Goths, Poznan: Muzarp, http://www.muzarp.poznan.pl/muzeum/muz_eng/wyst_czas/Goci_katalog/index_kat.html .
- ^ Kulikowski (2007), p. 19. Quote: "And so the Goths, when they first appear in our written sources, are Scythians – they lived where the Scythians had once lived, they were the barbarian mirror image of the civilised Greek world as the Scythians had been, and so they were themselves Scythians."
- ^ Jordanes, p. 27 .
- ^ Jordanes, p. 28 .
- ^ Jordanes, p. 42 .
- ^ Jordanes, p. 82 .
- ^ Arhenius, B, Connections between Scandinavia and the East Roman Empire in the Migration Period, pp. 119, 134 , in Alcock, Leslie (1990), From the Baltic to the Black Sea: Studies in Medieval Archaeology, London: Unwin Hyman, pp. 118–37 .
- ^ Heather, Peter; Matthews, John (1991), The Goths in the Fourth Century, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, pp. 52–4 .
- ^ Heather, Peter; Matthews, John (1991), Goths in the Fourth Century, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, pp. 54–6 .
- ^ Kulikowski (2007), p. 15
- ^ Kulikowski (2007), p. 18
- ^ a b G. Syncellus, p.717
- ^ Scriptores Historiae Augustae, Vita Gallienii, 13.8
- ^ a b Zosimus, 1.43
- ^ John Bray, p.290
- ^ The Historia Augusta mentions Scythians, Greuthungi, Tervingi, Gepids, Peucini, Celts and Heruli. Zosimus names Scythians, Heruli, Peucini and Goths.
- ^ Scriptores Historiae Augustae, Vita Divi Claudii, 6.4
- ^ Zosimus, 1.42
- ^ Contractus, Hermannus , quoting of Caesarea, Eusebius, p. 263 : "Macedonia, Graecia, Pontus, Asia et aliae provinciae depopulantur per Gothos".
- ^ "6.32", Origo Constantini , mentions the actions.
- ^ Eusebius, "IV.6", Vita Constantini
- ^ Odahl, Charles Manson, "X", Constantine and the Christian Empire .
- ^ "Ancient Rome". http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/507905/ancient-Rome/26700/The-reign-of-Constantine. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
- ^ "However, the seed and origin of all the ruin and various disasters that the wrath of Mars aroused… we have found to be (the invasions of the Huns)", Marcellinus, Ammianus; tr. John Rolfe (1922), "2", XXXI, Loeb edition .
- ^ Kulikowski, Michael, Rome’s Gothic Wars, p. 130 .
- ^ Pohl, Walter, Strategies of Distinction: Construction of Ethnic Communities, 300–800 (Transformation of the Roman World, pp. 119–21, ISBN 90-04-10846-7 .
- ^ Pohl, Walter, Strategies of Distinction: Construction of Ethnic Communities, 300–800 (Transformation of the Roman World), pp. 124–6, ISBN 90-04-10846-7 .
- ^ Ergo 12-1996.
- ^ Söderberg, Werner. (1896). "Nicolaus Ragvaldis tal i Basel 1434", in Samlaren, pp. 187–95.
- ^ Ambrose, On the Holy Ghost, book I, preface, paragraph 15
- ^ Edward Gibbon judged Ammianus "an accurate and faithful guide, who composed the history of his own times without indulging the prejudices and passions which usually affect the mind of a contemporary." (Gibbon, Edward, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Chapter 26.5). But he also condemned Ammianus for lack of literary flair: "The coarse and undistinguishing pencil of Ammianus has delineated his bloody figures with tedious and disgusting accuracy." (Gibbon, Chapter 25.) Ernst Stein praised Ammianus as "the greatest literary genius that the world produced between Tacitus and Dante" (E. Stein, Geschichte des spätrömischen Reiches, Vienna 1928).
- ^ Craig H. Caldwelli: Contesting late Roman Illyricum. Invasions and transformations in the Danubian-Balkan provinces. A dissertation presented to the Pricenton University in candidacy for the degree of doctor in philosophy. Quote: "The Life Of Probus like much of the rest of Historia Augusta is a more trustworthy source for the for its four-century audience then for its third-century subject"; Robert J. Edgeworthl (1992): More Fiction in the "Epitome". Steiner. Quote: "For a century it has been establish to general if not universal satisfaction, that biographies in Historia Augusta, especially after Caracalla, are a tissue of fiction and fabrication layered onto a thin thread of historical fact" - this view originate with Hermann Dessau.
Bibliography[link]
- Andersson, Thorsten (1996), "Göter, goter, gutar" (in Swedish), Namn och Bygd (Uppsala) 84: 5–21.
- Bell-Fialkoff, Andrew, Editor (2000), The Role of Migration in the History of the Eurasian Steppe: Sedentary Civilization vs. "Barbarian" and Nomad, New York: St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-21207-0
- Bradley, Henry (1888), The Goths: from the Earliest Times to the End of the Gothic Dominion in Spain, London: T. Fisher Unwin, ISBN 1-4179-7084-7 Downloadable Google Books.
- Dabrowski, J. (1989) Nordische Kreis un Kulturen Polnischer Gebiete. Die Bronzezeit im Ostseegebiet. Ein Rapport der Kgl. Schwedischen Akademie der Literatur Geschichte und Alter unt Altertumsforschung über das Julita-Symposium 1986. Ed Ambrosiani, B. Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien. Konferenser 22. Stockholm.
- Oxenstierna, Graf E.C.: Die Urheimat der Goten. Leipzig, Mannus-Buecherei 73, 1945 (reprinted in 1948).
- Heather, Peter: The Goths (Blackwell, 1996)
- Hermodsson, Lars: Goterna — ett krigafolk och dess bibel, Stockholm, Atlantis, 1993.
- Jacobsen, Torsten Cumberland, The Gothic War: Rome's final conflict in the West. Yardley: Westholme, 2009. x, 371 p.
- Kaliff, Anders (2001), Gothic Connections. Contacts between eastern Scandinavia and the southern Baltic coast 1000 BC – 500 AD, Occasional Papers in Archaeology (OPIA), 26, Uppsala
- Jūratė Statkutė de Rosales Balts and Goths : the missing link in European history, translation by Danutė Rosales ; supervised and corrected by Ed Tarvyd. Lemont, Ill. : Vydūnas Youth Fund, 2004.
- Kulikowski, Michael (2007), Rome's Gothic Wars. From the third century to Alaric, Key conflicts of classical antiquity, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-84633-1
- Mastrelli, Carlo Alberto in Volker Bierbauer et al., I Goti, Milan: Electa Lombardia, Elemond Editori Associati, 1994.
- Nordgren, I.: Goterkällan — om goterna i Norden och på kontinenten, Skara: Vaestergoetlands museums skriftserie nr 30, 2000.
- Nordgren, I.: The Well Spring of the Goths: About the Gothic peoples in the Nordic Countries and on the Continent (2004).
- Rodin, L.; Lindblom, V; Klang, K.: Gudaträd och västgötska skottkungar - Sveriges bysantiska arv, Göteborg: Tre böcker, 1994.
- Schaetze der Ostgoten, Stuttgart: Theiss, 1995. Studia Gotica — Die eisenzeitlichen Verbindungen zwischen Schweden und Suedosteuropa — Vortraege beim Gotensymposion im Statens Historiska Museum, Stockholm 1970.
- Tacitus: Germania (with introduction and commentary by J.B. Rives), Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999.
- Wenskus, Reinhard: Stammesbildung und Verfassung. Das Werden der Frühmittelalterlichen Gentes (Köln 1961).
- Wolfram, Herwig; Thomas J. Dunlap, Translator (1988), History of the Goths: New and completely revised from the second German edition, Los Angeles: University of California Press, LC number D137.W6213 1987 940.1
External links[link]
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Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier's Encyclopedia article Goth. |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Goths |
- Jordanes; Charles C. Mierow, Translator (1997), The Origins and Deeds of the Goths, Calgary: J. Vanderspoel, Department of Greek, Latin and Ancient History, University of Calgary, http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/jordgeti.html, retrieved 2008-09-05
- Makiewicz, Tadeusz. "The Goths in Greater Poland". The Council of Europe, EuRoPol Gaz S.A.. http://www.muzarp.poznan.pl/archweb/gazociag/title5.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
- Skorupka, Tomasz; Rafal Witkowski, Translator (1997). "Jewellery of the Goths". Poznan Archaeological Museum. http://www.muzarp.poznan.pl/muzeum/muz_eng/wyst_czas/Goci_katalog/index_kat.html. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
- Hooker, Richard (1996). "The Germans". World Civilizations. Washington State University. http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/MA/GERMANS.HTM. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
- Kaliff, Anders (2001). "Gothic Connections:Abstract". Uppsala Universitet. http://www.arkeologi.uu.se/publications/opia/gothicabstract.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-19. [dead link]
- "The Savage Goths", Terry Jones’ Barbarians, June 2006, http://video.google.ca/videoplay?docid=801730674011842168&q=terry+jones+barbarians&total=17&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=9 .
- Forest People: the Goths in Transyvania, Hungary: NIIF, http://mek.niif.hu/03400/03407/html/26.html .
- (PDF) The origin of the Goths, Neðerlands: Kortland, http://www.kortlandt.nl/publications/art198e.pdf .
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