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Allahabad
Allahabad ([ɪlɑhɑbɑd̪]; Hindi: इलाहाबाद; Urdu: الہ آباد), or Settled by God in Persian, is a major city of India and is one of the main holy cities of Hinduism. It was renamed by the Mughal emperor Akbar from the original (still unofficially used) native name of Prayaga, and is by some accounts the second-oldest city in India. It is located in the north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, lying some 205 kilometres (127 mi) south of the state capital, Lucknow. It is the administrative headquarters of the Allahabad District. Allahabad has been ranked the world's 130th fastest growing city (growth rate: 2.09 per cent (2011)).[citation needed] The ancient name of the city is Prayaga (Sanskrit for "place of sacrifice"), as it is believed to be the spot where Brahma offered his first sacrifice after creating the world. It is one of four sites of the mass Hindu pilgrimage Kumbh Mela, the others being Haridwar, Ujjain and Nashik. It has a position of importance in Hindu scriptures for it is situated at Triveni Sangam, the confluence of the holy rivers Ganges and Yamuna, and the ancient Sarasvati River.
wn.com/Allahabad -
Ambaji
Ambaji ( Gujarati: અંબાજી, Hindi: अम्बाजी, Ambājī) is a census town in Banaskantha district in the state of Gujarat, India. Ambaji is an important temple town with millions of devotees visiting the Ambaji temple every year. It is one of the 51 Shakti Peethas.
Ambaji mata temple is a major Shakti Peeth of India. It is situated at a distance of approximately 65 kilometres from Palanpur, 45 kilometres from Mount Abu and 20 kilometres from Abu Road,42 Kilometer from Shri Amirgadh, 50 kilometer from Kadiyadra near the Gujarat and Rajasthan border.
In the holy temple of "Arasuri Ambaji", there is no image or statue of goddess the holy "Shree Visa Yantra" is worshiped as the main deity. No one can see the Yantra with naked eye. the photography of the Yantra is prohibited.
The original seat of Ambaji mata is on gabbar hilltop in the town. A large number of devotees visit the temple every year specially on Purnima days. A large mela on Bhadarvi poornima (full moon day) is held. Every Year from all over the country people come here walking all over from their native place just to worship MAA AMBE in July. The whole Ambaji is lighted up as the whole nation lights up at the festive time of Diwali.
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Amsin
Amsin (Hindi: अमसिन, Urdu: امسن) also known as Amsin Bazar (Hindi: अमसिन बाज़ार, Urdu: امسن بازار) is a pargana and gram panchayat in Gosainganj constituency of Faizabad district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Amsin is one of the oldest market and largest gram panchayat in Faizabad district of Uttar Pradesh.
Amsin has been a Constituency once for Legislative Assembly and Acharya Narendra Dev was defeated in Vidhan Sabha election in Amsin Constituency of Faizabad.
Amsin is located at 26°34′24″N 82°26′09″E / 26.5733°N 82.4357°E / 26.5733; 82.4357. It has an average elevation of 315 ft.
Amsin is situated on the way of Akbarpur road and is well connected to other cities, towns and markets viz. • Goshainganj • Faizabad • Akbarpur • Bandanpur • Tanda • Mehbubganj • Katehri • Maya Bazar • Iltifatganj • Mijhaura etc.
Goshainganj Railway Station is the nearest railway station which is 5 km away. Faizabad Railway Station is situated about 35 km (22 mi) away and Akbarpur Railway Station is 15 km (9.3 mi) away from Amsin.
wn.com/Amsin -
Awadh
Awadh (Awadhi, Hindi: अवध, Urdu: اودھ
pronunciation (help·info)), established around 1722 AD with Faizabad as its capital and Sadat Ali Khan as its first Nawab and progenitor of Nawabs of Awadh. Avadh is also known in various British historical texts as Oudh or Oude derived from Ayodhya, is a region in the centre of the modern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, which was before independence known as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. The traditional capital of Awadh has been Faizabad and later Lucknow the capital of the modern day Uttar Pradesh. The modern definition of Awadh geographically includes the districts of Ambedkar Nagar, Bahraich, Balrampur, Barabanki, Faizabad, Gonda, Hardoi, Lakhimpur Kheri, Lucknow, Pratapgarh, Allahabad, Raebareli, Shravasti, Sitapur, Sultanpur, Unnao and Kanpur. A strip of the northern areas of the region, i.e. parts of Terai area (Inner Terai and Outer Terai), now lies within Nepal (Tulsipur Dang). The region is home to a distinct dialect, Awadhi, spoken by Awadhis.
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Ayodhya
Ayodhya pronunciation (help·info) (Sanskrit: अयोध्या, Urdu: ایودھیا, IAST Ayodhyā), also known as Saket (Sanskrit: साकेत, Urdu: ساکیت ) is an ancient city of India adjacent to Faizabad city in Faizabad district of Uttar Pradesh. As a result of rapid settlement and development Ayodhya has been merged to Faizabad city. Ayodhya is the birth place of the Hindu deities Rama and Swaminarayan. It used to be the capital of the ancient Kosala Kingdom. This Hindu holy city is described as early as in the Hindu Epics. Ayodhya has an average elevation of 93 metres (305 feet).
Ayodhya is located on the right bank of the river Saryu, as it is called within sacred precincts. Just 6 km from Faizabad, Ayodhya is a popular pilgrim centre. This town is closely associated with Lord Rama, the seventh incarnation of Lord Vishnu. The ancient city of Ayodhya, according to the Ramayana, was founded by Manu, the law-giver of the Hindus. For centuries, it was the capital of the descendants of the Surya dynasty of which Lord Rama was the most celebrated king. Ayodhya during ancient times was the capital of the Rama Empire and known as Kaushaldesa.
wn.com/Ayodhya -
Babri Mosque
The Babri Mosque (Hindi: बाबरी मस्जिद, Urdu: بابری مسجد, translation: Mosque of Babur), was a mosque in Ayodhya, a city in the Faizabad district of Uttar Pradesh, India, on Ramkot Hill ("Rama's fort"). It was destroyed in 1992 when a political rally developed into a riot involving 150,000 people, despite a commitment to the Indian Supreme Court by the rally organisers that the mosque would not be harmed. More than 2,000 people were killed in ensuing riots in many major cities in India including Mumbai and Delhi.
The mosque was constructed in 1527 by order of Babur, the first Mughal emperor of India and was named after him. Before the 1940s, the mosque was also called Masjid-i-Janmasthan (Hindi: मस्जिद ए जन्मस्थान, Urdu: مسجدِ جنمستھان, translation: "mosque of the birthplace"). The Babri Mosque was one of the largest mosques in Uttar Pradesh, a state in India with some 31 million Muslims. Although there were several older mosques in the surrounding district, including the Hazrat Bal Mosque constructed by the Shariqi kings, the Babri Mosque became the largest, due to the importance of the disputed site. Numerous petitions by Hindus to the courts resulted in Hindu worshippers of Rama gaining access to the site.
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Badrinath
Badrinath is a Hindu/Jain holy town and a nagar panchayat in Chamoli district in the state of Uttarakhand, India. It is the most important of the four sites in India's Char Dham pilgrimage. The town gets its name from the Holy temple of Badrinath. The deity of Badrinath worshiped as an avatar of Vishnu by Hindus is regarded as "Adinath / Rishabdev" [1st Trithankar] by Jains. This indicates best unity between Jains and Hindus.
Badrinath is located at 30°44′N 79°29′E / 30.73°N 79.48°E / 30.73; 79.48. It has an average elevation of 3,415 metres (11,204 feet). It is in the Garhwal hills, on the banks of the Alaknanda River. The town lies between the Nar and Narayana mountain ranges and in the shadow of Nilkantha peak (6,560m). Badrinath is located 301 km north of Rishikesh. From Gaurikund (near Kedarnath) to Badrinath by road is 233 km.
Badrinath was re-established as a major pilgrimage site by Adi Shankara in the ninth century. In recent years its popularity has increased significantly, with an estimated 600,000 pilgrims visiting during the 2006 season, compared to 90,676 in 1961. The temple in Badrinath is also a sacred pilgrimage site for Vaishnavites.
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Badrinath Temple
Badrinath temple (Hindi/Garhwali: बद्रीनाथ मंदिर, Tamil:பத்ரிநாத், Malayalam: ബദരിനാഥ്), sometimes called Badrinarayan temple, is situated along the Alaknanda river, in the hill town of Badrinath in Uttarakhand state in India. It is widely considered to be one of the holiest Hindu temples, and is dedicated to god Vishnu. The temple and town are one of the four Char Dham and Chota Char Dham pilgrimage sites. It is also one of the 108 Divya Desams, holy shrines for Vaishnavites. The temple is open only six months every year (between the end of April and the beginning of November), due to extreme weather conditions in the Himalayan region.
Several murtis are worshipped in the temple. The most important is a one meter tall statue of Vishnu as Lord Badrinarayan, made of black Saligram stone. The statue is considered by many Hindus to be one of eight swayam vyakta kshetras, or self-manifested statues of Vishnu. The murti depicts Vishnu sitting in meditative posture, rather than His far more typical reclining pose. In November each year, when the town of Badrinath is closed, the image is moved to nearby Jyotirmath.
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Ballaleshwar Pali
Ballaleshwar (lit.: "Ballal's Lord") temple is one of the eight temples of Lord Ganesha. Among Ganesha temples, Ballaleshwar is the only incarnation of Ganesha that is known by his devotee's name. It is located in the village of Pali which is at a distance of 30 km from Karjat in the Raigad district. It is situated between fort Sarasgad and the river Amba.
The original wooden temple was renovated in 1760 to make way for a new stone temple designed by Shri Fadnis. Built in the shape of the letter Shri, it was made by mixing lead with the cement during construction. The east-facing temple was carefully positioned so that, as the sun rises, sun rays fall directly on the murti during worship. The temple contains a bell that was brought back by Chimaji Appa after his defeat of the Portuguese in Vasai and Sasti.
The temple complex encircles two lakes and is tiled throughout. There are two sanctums in the temple, an inner and an outer sanctum. The inner canctum is 15 feet (4.6 m) high, while the outer sanctum is only 12 feet (3.7 m) high. The outer sanctum contains a murti in the shape of a rat, holding modak in its hands while facing Ganesha. The main hall of the temple is 40 feet (12 m) long and 20 feet (6.1 m) wide and contains eight pillars resembling cyprus trees.
wn.com/Ballaleshwar_Pali -
Bandanpur
Bandanpur (Hindi: बंदनपुर, Urdu: بندن پور) is a small village in Faizabad district of Uttar Pradesh, India. It has a local post office. Transportation is also easily available, and there is a small market called Padaua. In Bandanpur, the people are dependent on agriculture. Wheat, rice, sugar cane, mustard and mango are the main crops. The village has given people like Jayanti prasad Tiwari, who the founder of the School Janseva ashram. He worked very hard to spread education in Bandanpur. He, with Rustomji cama, the founder of the Cama Group, took Mahatma Gandhi's ashes among the people in Ahmedabad,Anantu Tiwari Died in war against pakistan. Bandanpur is situated five km from Gosaiganj. And a historical place like Sringirishi ashram is also situated 8 km from Bandanpur.
Near By Villages of this Village with distance are Aanapur Saraiya ( 1.9 km ) , Hardi ( 2.1 km ) , Khirauni ( 2.6 km ) , Khirauni ( 2.6 km ) , Amsin ( 3.6 km ) , Trilokpur ( 3.8 km ) , Samda ( 3.9 km ),Maya Bazar and Mehbubganj.
wn.com/Bandanpur -
Bhadarsa
Bhadarsa is a town and a nagar panchayat in Faizabad district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India.
As of 2001[update] India census, Bhadarsa had a population of 11,369. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Bhadarsa has an average literacy rate of 55%, lower than the national average of 59.5%; with 58% of the males and 42% of females literate. 18% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Bhadarsa is situated on Faizabad-Allahabad highway, which is one of the most revered towns of the region of erstwhile Awadh. Bhadarsa also known as a town where Zamidari (landlord ship) is still alive. Late Syed Nasir Hussain Naqvi has been very dominant personality of the town.
Coordinates: 26°39′37″N 82°07′27″E / 26.66028°N 82.12417°E / 26.66028; 82.12417
wn.com/Bhadarsa -
Bhadrachalam
Bhadrachalam (Telugu: భద్రాచలము), a town known for the Sri Rama Temple constructed in the year 1674 A.D., is a Municipality in Khammam district, in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is located 312 kilometres (194 mi) east of state capital, Hyderabad. The Bhadrachalam Temple, where the presiding deity is Lord Rama, is an important site of pilgrimage for Hindus. It is situated on the banks of the river Godavari. The town has a documented history of more than 450 years.
In 1959 Bhadrachalam Revenue Division consisting of Bhadrachalam and Nuguru Venkatapuram Taluks of East Godavari district, which were on the other side of the river Godavari were merged into Khammam on grounds of geographical contiguity and administrative viability.
The town is connected to other major towns by rail and by road. Bhadrachalam is about 130 kilometres (approx. 82miles) from district headquarters Khammam and 320 kilometres from Hyderabad. The nearest railway station to Bhadrachalam is at a distance of 40 kilometres, in a town called Kothagudem. The railway station at Kothagudem was named as Bhadrachalam road due to its proximity to the important pilgrimage center. However, the Kothagudem railway station does not provide access to many important destinations, and hence to travel to other cities such as Chennai, New Delhi, Mumbai, etc., the district headquarters, Khammam is the nearest Railway station. Bhadrachalam, as known is famous as temple town. Bhadrachalam town is the gateway of agency area (dhandakaranya). Bhadrachalam's name has been derived from "Bhadragiri" (Mountain of Bhadra - a boon child of Meru and Menaka).
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Bhimashankar Temple
Bhimashankar Temple is in the village of Shiradhon 50 km northwest of Khed, near Pune, in India. It is located 127 km from Shivaji Nagar (Pune) in the Ghat region of the Sahyadri hills. Bhimashankar is also the source of the river Bhima, which flows southeast and merges with the Krishna river near Raichur. The other Jyotirlinga shrines in Maharashtra are Trimbakeshwara near Nashik and Grishneshwar near Ellora around Aurangabad.
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Bikapur
Bikapur is a town and a nagar panchayat in Faizabad district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India.
Bikapur is located at 26°36′N 82°08′E / 26.6°N 82.13°E / 26.6; 82.13. It has an average elevation of 91 metres (298 feet).
As of 2001[update] India census, Bikapur had a population of 12,355. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Bikapur has an average literacy rate of 52%, lower than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 63% and female literacy of 39%. 17% of the population is under 6 years of age.Bikapur 15K.M Chaure Bazar Bordr Faizabad district. Chaure Bazar to 3K.M Village Khiddirpur(224209) a Big Village .
"Bharat Kund"
Access. Bikapur is well connected with Faizabad-Sultanpur-Allahabad.
Air.Nearest airports are that of Lucknow (120 km) .
Rail. The Indian Railways network connects Faizabad ,Chaure Bazar , Sultanpur, Allahabad.
Road. Bikapur has good road connectivity with Faizabad ,Chaure Bazar, Sultanpur , Allahabad.
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Chidambaram
Chidambaram (Tamil: சிதம்பரம்) is a fast growing industrial city in eastern part of Tamil Nadu and the taluk (tehsil) headquarters of the Cuddalore district. It is located in 58 km from Pondicherry, 60 km from Karaikal, and 240 km south of Chennai by rail. It has an average elevation of 3 metres (9 ft). The city is home to Annamalai University, Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram Temple, port Parangipettai, and many industries. The city is a major pilgrimage site for Shaivites and Vaishnavites.
As of 2011 India census, Chidambaram had a population of 82,458. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Chidambaram has an average literacy rate of 80%, significantly higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 84% and female literacy of 76%. 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.
The ancient Chidambaram Temple (Tamil: சிதம்பரம் கோயில் ) is dedicated to Lord Shiva in his form of the cosmic Dancer (Nataraja நடராசர்). It is one of the five dancing halls (Sabha) of Nataraja and the most famous one. Chidambaram is the Kanaka Sabha (Golden Hall). It is also one of the Panchabhoota Sthalams - representing five basic elements. This is the Akasa Sthalam representing 'Space' among the Pancha Bootha Sthalams. For Saivites all over the world this is the most important Siva Temple. The stand alone word "Kovil" would automatically mean Chidambaram Temple to Saivites. The others are - Tiruvannamalai (Thejo sthalam - Fire) Kanchipuram (Prithvi sthalam - Earth) Srikalahasti (Vayu sthalam - Air) Tiruvanaikaval (Trichy) (Appu sthalam - Water).
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Dakor
Dakor (Gujarati: ડાકોર) is a city and a Nagarpalika in Kheda district in the state of Gujarat, India. It is prominent for its grand temple of Shree Krishna-Shree Ranchhodraiji.
This story is as told by the people there in 1957. BODANA, a Krishna devotee used to walk all the way from Dakor to distant Dwaraka, on every full moon night. As BODANA aged, it became harder for him to go to Dwaraka. Lord Krishna then told him that he need not walk all the way to Dwaraka as he had decided to accompany him and stay with him in Dakor.[citation needed]
So, some devotees started moving the idol of Lord Krishna. The local people objected to this and fought with the devotees. God told the devotees to throw his idol into the water. The local people searched for the idol by poking sticks into the water, but they were not able to find it. When the devotees removed the idol of Lord Krishna, wounds were seen all over the idol. These wounds were attributed as due to the sticks.
The local people then asked the devotees for gold equal to the weight of the idol. The only gold that the devotee had was his wife's nose ring. However, when the nose ring and the idol were weighed, they were found to be equal in weight. It is believed that Lord Krishna tilted the scales in favour of the nose ring, so that the local people could get only a very small quantity of gold. This idol of Lord Krishna was then installed at Dakor. This shows how Lord Krishna changed his residence for the convenience of his devotees.
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Debagarh district
Debagarh District, also known as Deogarh District, is a district of Orissa state, India. It is located in the northern part of the state. Debagarh is the district headquarters. The district covers an area of 2781.66 km². The district has a population of 274,095 (2001 Census). As of 2011 it is the least populous district of Orissa (out of 30).
The district was created on 1 January 1994 by bifurcating the erstwhile Sambalpur district. It is currently a part of the Red Corridor.
In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Debagarh one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the 19 districts in Orissa currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).
There are a number of educational institutes are present out of which Raja Basu Dev High School(Oriya: ରାଜା ଵାସୁ ଦେବ ଉଚ୍ଚ ବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ) and Govt. collage at Debagarh town are some of them.
According to the 2011 census Debagarh district has a population of 312,164, roughly equal to the nation of Iceland. This gives it a ranking of 571st in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 106 inhabitants per square kilometre (270 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 13.88 %. Debagarh has a sex ratio of 976 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 73.07 %.
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Deoghar
Deoghar is the headquarters city of Deoghar District in the Santhal Parganas division of the state of Jharkhand, India. It is an important Hindu pilgrimage centre, having in Baidyanath Temple one of the twelve Shiva Jyothirlingams in India and also one of the 51 Shakti Peethas in India.
Deoghar is a Hindi word and the literal meaning of 'Deoghar' is abode ('ghar') of the Gods and Goddesses ('dev'). Deoghar is also known as "Baidyanath Dham", "Baba Dham", "B. Deoghar". The origin of Baidyanathdham is lost in antiquity. It has been referred as Haritakivan, Ketakivan, etc., in Sanskrit Texts. The name Deoghar seems to be of recent origin and probably dates from erection of the great temple of Lord Baidyanath. Although, the name of the builder of the temple is not traceable, certain parts of the front portion of the temple are said to have been built by Puran Mal, an ancestor of the Maharaja of Giddhour, in 1596.
Deoghar is located at 24°29′N 86°42′E / 24.48°N 86.7°E / 24.48; 86.7. It has an average elevation of 254 metres (833 feet).
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Dharmasthala
Dharmasthala(Tulu/Kannada:ಧರ್ಮಸ್ಥಳ) is a Indian temple village on the banks of the Nethravathi River in the Belthangadi taluk of the Dakshina Kannada district in Karnataka.
The village is known for its Dharmasthala Temple which houses the shrine of Shiva,Manjunatha, Ammanavaru, Chandranath and the Dharma Daivas (Guardian Spirits of Dharma) namely Kalarahu, Kalarkayi, Kumaraswamy and Kanyakumari.The temple is unusual in that it is run by a Jain administration and poojas are conducted by Hindu priests of Madhva order. Lakshadeepa- the festival of lights is the annual festival of Dharmasthala comes off in November–December. On an average the flow of pilgrims is about 10,000 people a day. A mechanised kitchen provides free food for all pilgrims and there are guest houses with modern amenities.
Dharmastala represents religious tolerance. A Jain Tirthankara is worshipped beside Daivas and Lord Manjunatha (Shiva). The priests are Vaishnavite Brahmins and the guardian of the temple a Heggade (Jain).
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Dwarakadheesh Temple
The Dwarakadheesh temple (Gujarati: દ્વારકાધીશ મંદિર) is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Krishna, who is worshipped here by the name Dwarkadhish, or 'King of Dwarka'. It is situated at Dwarka, Gujarat, which is believed to have been built after the historic Dvarka city, the Kingdom of Krishna himself which submerged in to the ocean after the Mahabharata war. The main shrine of the 5-storied building, supported by 72 pillars, is known as Jagat Mandir or Nija Mandir, and is believed to be 2500 years old. The Dwarkadhish Temple is Pushti Marg Temple hence it follows the guidelines and rituals created by Shree Vallabacharya and Shree Vitheleshnathji.
The present temple was built in 16th century CE, while the original temple was believed to have been built by Krishna's grandson, Vajranabha, over the hari-griha (Lord Krishna's residential place) and became part of the Char Dham pilgrimages considered most sacred by Hindus in India, after Adi Shankaracharya, the 8th century reformer and philosopher, visited the shrine and even today a memorial within the temple is dedicated to his visit. Dwarakadheesh is the 108th Divya Desam of Lord Vishnu on the subcontinent, glorified in the Divya Prabandha sacred texts.
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Dwarka
Dwarka (
) also spelled Dvarka, Dwaraka, and Dvaraka, is a city and a municipality of Jamnagar district in the Gujarat state in India. Dwarka (Dvaraka in Sanskrit - used in this article when referring to the city in a historical context), also known as Dwarawati in Sanskrit literature is rated as one of the seven most ancient cities in the country. The legendary city of Dvaraka was the dwelling place of Lord Krishna. It is believed that due to damage and destruction by the sea, Dvaraka has submerged six times and modern day Dwarka is therefore the seventh such city to be built in the area.[citation needed]
The modern city of Dwarka is located in the Jamnagar District of Gujarat. The city lies in the westernmost part of India.
Dwarka is located at the geographical coordinates of 22°14′N 68°58′E / 22.23°N 68.97°E / 22.23; 68.97. It is a relatively flat region at sea-level, having an average elevation of 0 metres (0 feet).
Moreover, Dwarka is one of seven most holy places for Hindus in India where Varanasi is considered as the holiest of the seven holy cities.
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Faizabad
City of Faizabad (Hindi: फ़ैज़ाबाद, Urdu: فیض آباد, Old British Colonial: Fyzabad), the old capital of Awadh, is the headquarters of Faizabad District and Faizabad division as well. Its a joint municipal board with Ayodhya in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India, situated on the banks of river Ghaghra (locally known as Saryu). It was the first capital of the Nawabs of Awadh and has monuments built by the Nawabs of Avadh, like the Tomb of Bahu Begum, Gulab Bari etc. The Legend of Avadh, Umrao Jaan 'Ada', was born in Faizabad (her childhood name was Ameeran). Another legend and Hindi writer Mr. Radhika Prasad Tripathi was from this city. Akhtaribai Faizabadi, also known as Begum Akhtar, was born in Faizabad. She was a classical singer who performed ghazals, dadras, thumris, etc. Among other notable people from Faizabad are Mir Babar Ali Anis, a nineteenth century writer of Marsiya (elegies in Urdu) and Brij Narayan Chakbast, another nineteenth-century Urdu poet. Chakbast is credited to have translated the Ramayana into Urdu for the first time.
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Faizabad District
See also: Faizabad (disambiguation)
Faizabad district (Hindi: फैजाबाद जिला) is one of the 71 districts of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India. Faizabad city is the administrative headquarters of this district. The district occupies an area of 2,764 km². The district had a population of 2,468,371 at the 2011 Census.
According to the 2011 census Faizabad district has a population of 2,468,371, roughly equal to the nation of Kuwait or the US state of Nevada. This gives it a ranking of 178th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 1,054 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,730 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 18.16 %. Faizabad has a sex ratio of 961 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 70.63 %.
In 1975, the Avadh University was established in Faizabad city, which was later renamed as Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University.
Faizabad has had a very very rich cultural and political history. The earlier name of it was Saket before the mughal empire. During the Mughal rule it was called Bangla
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Faizabad district
See also: Faizabad (disambiguation)
Faizabad district (Hindi: फैजाबाद जिला) is one of the 71 districts of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India. Faizabad city is the administrative headquarters of this district. The district occupies an area of 2,764 km². The district had a population of 2,468,371 at the 2011 Census.
According to the 2011 census Faizabad district has a population of 2,468,371, roughly equal to the nation of Kuwait or the US state of Nevada. This gives it a ranking of 178th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 1,054 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,730 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 18.16 %. Faizabad has a sex ratio of 961 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 70.63 %.
In 1975, the Avadh University was established in Faizabad city, which was later renamed as Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University.
Faizabad has had a very very rich cultural and political history. The earlier name of it was Saket before the mughal empire. During the Mughal rule it was called Bangla
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Gangotri
Gangotri (Hindi: गंगोत्री) is a town and a Nagar Panchayat (municipality) in Uttarkashi district in the state of Uttarakhand, India. It is a Hindu pilgrim town on the banks of the river Bhagirathi. It is on the Greater Himalayan Range, at a height of 3,100m.
Gangotri is located at 30°59′N 78°56′E / 30.98°N 78.93°E / 30.98; 78.93.
Gangotri, the origin of the River Ganges and seat of the goddess Ganga, is one of the four sites in the Char Dham pilgrimage circuit. The river is called Bhagirathi at the source and acquires the name Ganga (the Ganges) from Devprayag onwards where it meets the Alaknanda. The origin of the holy river is at Gaumukh, set in the Gangotri Glacier, and is a 19 km trek from Gangotri.
According to Hindu mythology, Goddess Ganga took the form of a river to absolve the sins of King Bhagiratha's predecessors, following his severe penance of several centuries.
According to this legend, King Sagar, after slaying the demons on earth decided to stage an Ashwamedha Yajna as a proclamation of his supremacy. The horse which was to be taken on an uninterrupted journey around the earth was to be accompanied by the King's 60,000 sons born to Queen Sumati and one son Asamanja born of the second queen Kesani. Indra, supreme ruler of the gods feared that he might be deprived of his celestial throne if the 'Yagya' (worship with fire) succeeded and then took away the horse and tied it to the ashram of Sage Kapil, who was then in deep meditation. The sons of the King Sagara searched for the horse and finally found it tied near the meditating sage. Sixty thousand angry sons of King Sagara stormed the ashram of sage Kapil. When he opened his eyes, the 60,000 sons had all perished, by the curse of sage Kapil. Bhagiratha, the grandson of King Sagar, is believed to have meditated to please the Goddess Ganga enough to cleanse the ashes of his ancestors, and liberate their souls, granting them salvation or Moksha.
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Gokul
Gokul is a town and a nagar panchayat in Mathura district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is located 15 km south-east of Mathura. It was the site of Krishnas childhood past-times.
Gokul is located at 27°27′N 77°43′E / 27.45°N 77.72°E / 27.45; 77.72. It has an average elevation of 163 metres (534 feet).
As of 2001[update] India census, Gokul had a population of 4041. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Gokul has an average literacy rate of 60%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 68%, and female literacy is 49%. In Gokul, 18% of the population is under 6 years of age.
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Gorakhpur
Gorakhpur (Hindi: गोरखपुर, Urdu: گورکھپور) is a city in the eastern part of the state of Uttar Pradesh in India, near the border with Nepal. It is the administrative headquarters of Gorakhpur District and Gorakhpur Division. The city is also home to many historic Buddhist sites, Imambara, an 18th century dargah, and the Gita Press, a publisher of Hindu religious texts.
The city and district of Gorakhpur are named after a renowned ascetic saint, Gorakshanath, the chief disciple of the yogi Matsyendranath. Together, Matsyendranath and Gorakshanath founded the Nath Sampradaya line of saints. Gorakhnath Temple is said to stand on the spot where Gorakshanath practiced Hatha Yoga to develop self-control.
The district of Gorakhpur lies between Lat. 26°13′N and 27°29′N and Long. 83°05′E and 83°56′E. The district occupies the north-eastern corner of the state along with the district of Deoria, and comprises a large stretch of country lying to the north of the river Rapti, the deep stream of which forms its southern boundary with the Azamgarh district. On the west, the boundary marches along Basti and on the east adjoins Deoria and the Chhoti Gandak Nadi and further south the Jharna Nala forms the dividing line. To the north lies Nepal.Gorakhpur has also a lake Ramgartal.It's vast and provides home to various types of fishes.
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Goshainganj
Goshainganj also known as Gosainganj (Hindi:गोशाँईगञ्ज, Urdu:گوشایںگنج) is a city and constituency in Faizabad district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Goshainganj is one of the oldest market in Faizabad district of Uttar Pradesh.
Goshainganj is located at 26°35′N 82°23′E / 26.58°N 82.38°E / 26.58; 82.38. It has an average elevation of 0
Goshainganj is situated along Nawab Yusuf Road (Faizabad to Jaunpur road) and is well connected to other towns and cities viz.
Goshainganj Railway Station goshainganj Bus Stop.
As of 2001[update] India census, Goshainganj had a population of 12,622. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Goshainganj has an average literacy rate of 66%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 72%, and female literacy is 59%. In Goshainganj, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.
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Grishneshwar
Grishneshwar, also known as Ghushmeshwar, is a famous Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva and is one of the twelve Jyotirlingas, the sacred abodes of Shiva. The temple is located eleven km from Daulatabad, near Aurangabad in Maharashtra India. The temple is located near the famous Ellora Caves.
As per Shiv Mahapuran, once Brahma (the Hindu God of creation) and Vishnu (the Hindu God of saving) had an argument in terms of supremacy of creation. To test them, Shiva pierced the three worlds as a huge endless pillar of light, the jyotirlinga. Vishnu and Brahma split their ways to downwards and upwards respectively to find the end of the light in either directions. Brahma lied that he found out the end, while Vishnu conceded his defeat. Shiva appeared as a second pillar of light and cursed Brahma that he would have no place in ceremonies while Vishnu would be worshipped till the end of eternity. The jyotirlinga is the supreme partless reality, out of which Shiva partly appears. The jyothirlinga shrines, thus are places where Shiva appeared as a fiery column of light. Originally there were believed to be 64 jyothirlingas while 12 of them are considered to be very auspicious and holy. Each of the twelve jyothirlinga sites take the name of the presiding deity - each considered different manifestation of Shiva. At all these sites, the primary image is lingam representing the beginningless and endless Stambha pillar, symbolizing the infinite nature of Shiva. The twelve jyothirlinga are Somnath in Gujarat, Mallikarjuna at Srisailam in Andra Pradesh, Mahakaleswar at Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh, Omkareshwar in Madhya Pradesh, Kedarnath in Himalayas, Bhimashankar in Maharastra, Viswanath at Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh, Triambakeshwar in Maharastra, Vaidyanath at Deogarh in Jharkand, Nageswar at Dwarka in Gujarat, Rameshwar at Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu and Grishneshwar at Aurangabad in Maharastra.
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Gulab Bari
Gulab Bari (Hindi: गुलाब बाड़ी, Urdu: گلاب باڈی) Literally meaning 'Garden of Roses', the Tomb of Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula, this place has a good collection of roses of various varieties set by the sides of water fountains. Gulab Bari is the maqbara (Mausoleum) of Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula, the third Nawab of Oudh (now Awadh) in the campus..
The Nawabs graced Faizabad with several beautiful buildings, notable among them are the Gulab Bari, Moti Mahal and the tomb of Bahu Begum. Gulab Bari is a beautiful building of fine architecture, standing in a garden surrounded by a wall, approachable through two large gateways. Shuja-ud-Daula's wife was the well known Bahu Begum, who married the Nawab in 1743 and continued to reside in Faizabad, her residence being the Moti-Mahal. Close by at Jawaharbagh lies her Maqbara, where she was buried after her death in 1816. It is considered to be one of the finest buildings of its kind in Avadh, which was built at the cost of three lakh rupees by her chief advisor Darab Ali Khan. A fine view of the city is obtainable from top of the begum's tomb. Bahu Begum was a woman of great distinction and rank, bearing dignity. Most of the Muslim buildings of Faizabad are attributed to her. From the date of Bahu Begum's death in 1815 till the annexation of Avadh, the city of Faizabad gradually fell into decay. The glory of Faizabad finally eclipsed with the shifting of capital from Faizabad to Lucknow by Nawab Asaf-ud-Daula.
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Guruvayur
Guruvayur (Malayalam: ഗുരുവായൂർ) (also written as Guruvayoor or Gurupavanapuri) is a municipal town in Thrissur District, of Kerala State in India. It houses the famous Guruvayur Sree Krishna Temple, the fourth biggest temple in India in terms of the number of devotees per day.
Guruvayur, according to the legends may be 5,000 years old as the Guruvayur temple idol is. There are no historical records to establish it. In the 14th century, Tamil literature 'Kokasandesam', references about a place called Kuruvayur is made. As early as 16th century, many references are seen about Kuruvayur. In ancient Dravidic, Kuruvai means sea, hence the village on the coast may be called Kuruvayur. According to eminent historian Professor K. V. Krishna Iyer, the Brahmins had begun to come and settle at Kodungallur during the period of Chandra Gupta Maurya (321-297 BC).
Guruvayur was a subordinate shrine of Trikkunavay Shiva temple before the latter was destroyed by the Dutch in 1755. Trikkunavay in the Guruvayur documents is the same as Thrikkanamathilakam or Mathilakam mentioned in the Dutch and British records. And this place was in between Guruvayur and Kodungallur. The story of Pandyan King building a shrine here may be a reference to the Azhavars, but they are all silent in their writing about Guruvayur. It was Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri's Narayaniyam through which the Guruvayur temple got famous all over India.
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Haridwar
Haridwar pronunciation (help·info) (also spelled Hardwar, Hindi: हरिद्वार) is an important pilgrimage city and municipality in the Haridwar district of Uttarakhand, India. The River Ganges, after flowing for 253 kilometres (157 mi) from its source at Gaumukh at the edge of the Gangotri Glacier, enters the Indo-Gangetic Plains of North India for the first time at Haridwar, which gave the city its ancient name, Gangadwára.
Haridwar is regarded as one of the seven holiest places to Hindus. According to the Samudra manthan, Haridwar along with Ujjain, Nasik and Allahabad is one of four sites where drops of Amrit, the elixir of immortality, accidentally spilled over from the pitcher while being carried by the celestial bird Garuda. This is manifested in the Kumbha Mela being celebrated every 3 years in one of the 4 places, and thus every 12 years in Haridwar. Amidst the Kumbha Mela, millions of pilgrims, devotees, and tourists congregate in Haridwar to perform ritualistic bathing on the banks of the river Ganges to wash away their sins to attain Moksha. Brahma Kund, the spot where the Amrit fell, is located at Har ki Pauri (literally, "footsteps of the Lord") and is considered to be the most sacred ghat of Haridwar.
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India
India (
i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Jageshwar
Jageshwar (Sanskrit: जागॆश्वर) is a Hindu pilgrimage town in Almora district, Uttarakhand, dedicated to Lord Shiva, located 36 km northeast of Almora, in Kumaun region. The temple city comprises a cluster of 124 large and small stone temples, dating 9th to 13th century AD, with many preserved by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), which include Dandeshwar Temple, Chandi-ka-Temple, Jageshwar Temple, Kuber Temple, Mritunjaya Temple, Nanda Devi or Nau Durga, Nava-grah temple, a Pyramidal shrine, and Surya Temple amongst which the oldest shrine is the 'Mrityunjaya Temple' and the biggest shrine is the ' Dandeshwar Temple'. Once the centre of Lakulish Shaivism, Jageshwar is located at an altitude of 1870 mts, in the Jataganga river valley near a Deodar forest (Cedrus deodara) starting from Artola village on Almora–Pithoragarh highway, where two streams Nandini and Surabhi flow down the hills in the narrow valley and meet near the sacred spot.
Jageshwar is believed to be the site of first of the twelve Jyotirlingas, Nageshvara Jyotirlinga. The 'Jageshwar Monsoon Festival', held between 15 July to 15 August takes place at Jageshwar during the Hindu calendar month of Shravan, and the annual 'Maha Shivratri Mela' (Shivratri festival), which takes place during spring has an important place in the calendar of the entire Kumaon region.
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Jaipur
Jaipur /ˈdʒaɪpʊər/ (Rajasthani: जैपर , Hindi: जयपुर Urdu: جئے پور [ˈdʒəjpʊɾ] (
listen)), also popularly known as the 'Pink City', is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Rajasthan. Founded on 18 November 1727 by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II, the ruler of Amber, the city today has a population of 3.1 million.
Jaipur is one of the finest planned cities of India, located in the semi-desert lands of Rajasthan. The city which once had been the capital of the royalty now is the capital city of Rajasthan. The very structure of Jaipur resembles the taste of the Rajputs and the Royal families. At present, Jaipur is a major business centre with all requisites of a metropolitan city.
Some of the famous areas in Jaipur include Mansarovar, the largest housing colony in Asia, Sanganer, famous for handmade paper industry and Sanganeri hand block-printing, Bapu Nagar, Malviya Nagar and Vaishali Nagar.
The city is remarkable among pre-modern Indian cities for the width and regularity of its streets which are laid out into six sectors separated by broad streets 34 m (111 ft) wide. The urban quarters are further divided by networks of gridded streets. Five quarters wrap around the east, south, and west sides of a central palace quarter, with a sixth quarter immediately to the east. The Palace quarter encloses a sprawling palace complex, (Hawa Mahal), formal gardens, and a small lake. Nahargarh Fort, which was the residence of the King Sawai Jai Singh II, crowns the hill in the northwest corner of the old city. The observatory, Jantar Mantar, is one of the World Heritage Sites. Included on the Golden Triangle tourist circuit, along with Delhi and Agra, Jaipur is an extremely popular tourist destination in Rajasthan and India.
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Janakpurdham
Janakpur, (Nepali: जनकपुर IPA: [dʒəŋɑkpʊr] ) also known as Janakpurdham, is one of the historical and religious cities of Nepal. Janakpur is the administrative headquarters of Dhanusa District of the Janakpur Zone and has a population of approximately 80,000. The city is located about 123 km south-east of Kathmandu, 20 km from the Indian border at 26° 42' 44" N, 085° 55' 18" E Janakpur has a substantial tourism industry due to its significance in the Hindu religion and is home to the only operational railway in Nepal, the Janakpur Railway.
Janakpur, historically called Mithilanchal, is the centre of the ancient Maithil culture, which has its own language and script.
The first millennium BC text Shatapatha Brahmana tells that the king Māthava Videgha, led by his priest Gotama Rahugana, first crossed the Sadānirā (Gandaka) river and founded the kingdom of Videha, whose capital city was Mithila. As Gotama Rahugana composed many hymns in the Rgveda, these events must date to the Rgvedic period.
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Jhansi
Jhansi pronunciation (help·info) is a historical city of India lying on the banks of Pahuj river. Jhansi is the administrative headquarters of Jhansi District and Jhansi Division. The original walled city grew up around its stone fort, which crowns a neighboring rock. This district is on the bank of river Betwa.
Jhansi city is situated between the rivers Pahunj and Betwa between North longitudes 24°11´ and 25°57´and East latitudes 78°10´and 79°25´.It has an average elevation of 284 metres (935 feet).The city has an irregular boundary, northern being contiguous with that of district of Jalaun. In addition, the city is well connected to all other major towns in Uttar Pradesh by road and railway networks. It is about 415 km from New Delhi and 292 km from Lucknow, and is called gateway to Bundelkhand .
The National Highway Development Project has sparked Jhansi's development. The North-South Corridor connecting Kashmir to Kanyakumari passes through Jhansi. The East-West corridor also goes through this city, so there has been a sudden rush to infrastructure and real estate development in the city. A greenfield airport is also on the Anvil.
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Kalighat
Kalighat (Bengali: কালীঘাট) is a locality of Kolkata, India. One of the oldest neighbourhoods in South Kolkata, Kalighat is also densely populated and vibrant—with a rich history of cultural intermingling with the various foreign incursions into the area over time.
A famous temple Kalighat Kali Temple dedicated to the goddess Kali is situated in Kalighat. This is one of the 51 Shakti Peethas. The right toe of Dakshayani is said to have fallen here. The Shakti here is known as Kalika, while the Bhairava is Nakulesh. It is a very famous place and a pilgrimage for Shakta (Shiva and Durga/Kali/Shakti worshippers) followers within the Hindu religion.
One Raja Basanta Roy, uncle of Pratapaditya and the King of Jessore, Bangladesh perhaps built what is now known as Old Temple. This temple was situated on the banks of river Adi Ganga. The natmandir, a hall attached to the sanctum sanctorum is in the southern side while Shiva's temple is situated in the north-east. There is also a temple dedicated to Radha Krishna built in 1843 by a zamindar of Baowali. The speciality of Kali of this temple is the long protruded tongue made of gold. This is a different appearance from the other visualisations of Kali.
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Kanchipuram
Kanchipuram or Kanchi, is a famous temple city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It served as the Capital city of the Pallava Kingdom. It is also known by its former names Kanchiampathi, Conjeevaram, and the nickname "The City of Thousand Temples". It is now the Administrative headquarters of Kanchipuram district. Kanchipuram is located 72 kilometers from Chennai, the capital city of the southern state of Tamil Nadu, India.
Kanchipuram is considered one of the seven holiest cities to the Hindus of India. In Hinduism, a kṣetra is a sacred ground, a field of active power, a place where moksha, final release can be obtained. The Garuda Purana enumerates seven cities as providers of moksha, namely Ayodhya, Mathura, Haridwar, Varanasi, Avantikā, Dvārakā and Kanchipuram.
Among the major Hindu temples in Kanchipuram are some of the most prominent Vishnu Temples and Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu like the Varadharaja Perumal Temple for Vishnu and the Ekambaranatha Temple which is the "earth abode" of Shiva. Kamakshi Amman Temple, Kumara Kottam, Kachapeshwarar Temple, and the Kailasanathar Temple are some of the other prominent temples.
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Kanpur
Kanpur /ˈkɑːnpʊər/ (Hindi: कानपुर, Urdu: کان پور pronunciation (help·info)), spelled Cawnpore before 1948, is the Industrial Capital of Uttar Pradesh and is the administrative headquarters of Kanpur Nagar district, Kanpur Dehat district and Kanpur division. It is the eleventh-most populous city in India and the major industrial hub with in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
It is one of the oldest industrial townships of North India. It has a metropolitan area of over 1,640 square kilometres (630 sq mi) and a city area of around 829 km2 with an approximate population of 3 million inhabitants in its area. It is administratively divided into 6 zones and 110 wards with an average ward population range of 19000 to 26000.
City Development Plan for Kanpur city is both a perspective and vision for the future development. Kanpur City Development Plan (CDP) is the culmination of a study which was commenced about three months ago[when?] by JPS Associates. This report is based on invaluable inputs the consultants received from the various stakeholders and the officers associated with the development of the city. This CDP, therefore, truly reflects the vision of the citizens, the poor and the slum dwellers and the officers who are determined to make Kanpur a futuristic city in the next few years.
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Karnataka
Karnataka /kɑrˈnɑːtəkə/ is a state in South West India. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act and this day is annually celebrated as Karnataka Rajyotsava (Formation Day). Originally known as the State of Mysore /maɪˈsɔər/, it was renamed Karnataka in 1973. It is the land of the Kannadigas, Tuluvas, Konkanis and Kodavas. The capital and largest city is Bangalore.
Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Goa to the northwest, Maharashtra to the north, Andhra Pradesh to the east, Tamil Nadu to the southeast, and Kerala to the southwest. The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres (74,122 sq mi), or 5.83% of the total geographical area of India. It is the eighth largest Indian state by area. With over 61 million inhabitants (2011), Karnataka is the ninth largest state by population, comprising 30 districts. Kannada is the most widely spoken and official language of the state.
The two main river systems of the state are Krishna and its tributaries (Bhima, Ghataprabha, Vedavati, Malaprabha, and Tungabhadra) in the north, and the Cauvery and its tributaries (Hemavati, Shimsha, Arkavathi, Lakshmana Thirtha and Kabini) in the south. Both these rivers flow eastward and fall into the Bay of Bengal.
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Kataragama
Kathirgamam Tamil: கதிர்காமம், Sinhala: කතරගම(Katirkāmam)) (also Katharagama, Katirkamam and Kathirgamam, is a pilgrimage town popular with Buddhist, Hindu, Muslim and indigenous Vedda communities of Sri Lanka and South India. The town has Ruhunu Maha Kataragama devalaya, a shrine dedicated to Skanda-Murukan also known as Kataragamadevio. Kataragama is situated in the Monaragala District of Uva province, Sri Lanka. It is situated 228 km ESE of Colombo, the capital of Sri Lanka. Although Kataragama was a small village in medieval times, today it is a fast developing township surrounded by jungle in the South Eastern region of Sri Lanka. It also houses the ancient Kiri Vehera Buddhist stupa. The town has a venerable history dating back to the last centuries of BCE. It also was the seat of government of many Sinhalese kings during the days of Rohana kingdom. Since the 1950s the city has undergone many improvements with successive governments investing in public transportation, medical facilities, and business development and hotel services. It adjoins the popular Yala national park.
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Kathmandu
Kathmandu (Nepali: काठमांडौ [kɑːʈʰmɑːɳɖuː]; Nepal Bhasa: येँ देय्) is the capital and, with more than one million inhabitants, the largest metropolitan city of Nepal. The city is the urban core of the Kathmandu Valley in the Himalayas, which contains two sister cities: Lalitpur (Patan), 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to its south and Bhaktapur or Bhadgaon, 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) to its east, and a number of smaller towns. It is also acronymed as 'KTM' and named 'tri-city'. In the last census (2001), the city of Kathmandu had 671,846 inhabitants. Population estimates for 2005 were 790,612 and for 2010 they stood at 989,273. The municipal area is (50.67 square kilometres (19.56 sq mi)) and the population density is 19,500 per km².
The city stands at an elevation of approximately 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) in the bowl-shaped valley in central Nepal surrounded by four major hills: Shivapuri, Phulchowki, Nagarjun and Chandragiri. Kathmandu valley is part of three districts, Kathmandu District, Lalitpur District and Bhaktapur District, with the highest population density in the country and accounting for about 1/15 of its population. These three disticts contain 2.5 million people, as of the 2011 census.
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Kedarnath
Kedarnath (Hindi: केदारनाथ) is a Hindu holy town located in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. It is a nagar panchayat in Rudraprayag district. The most remote of the four Char Dham sites, Kedarnath is located in the Himalayas, about 3584m above sea level near the head of river Mandakini, and is flanked by breathtaking snow-capped peaks. Kedarnath hosts one of the holiest Hindu temples, the Kedarnath Temple, and is a popular destination for Hindu pilgrims from all over the world, being one of the four major sites in India's Chota Char Dham pilgrimage.
Kedarnath is named in honor of King Kedar who ruled in the Satya Yuga. He had a daughter named Vrinda who was a partial incarnation of Goddess Lakshmi. She performed austerities for 60000 years. In honour of her, the land is named Vrindavan. However, Kedarnath and its temple exist from the Mahabharata Era when the Pandavas are supposed to have pleased Lord Shiva by doing penance there.
There are 2 ways to reach Kedarnath: 1) By foot for a steep 14 km trek through a paved path (horses or palanquins are available for rent) from Gaurikund, which is connected by road from Rishikesh, Haridwar, Dehradun and other known hill stations of Garhwal and Kumaon regions in Uttarakhand 2) Through helicopter service.
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Kedarnath Temple
Kedarnath Mandir (Tamil: திருக்கேதாரம், Thiruk Kedaram,Hindi: केदारनाथ मंदिर, Kēdārnāth Maṃdir ) is one of the holiest Hindu temples dedicated to Lord Shiva and is located atop the Garhwal Himalayan range near the Mandakini river in Kedarnath, Uttarakhand in India. Due to extreme weather conditions, the temple is open only between the end of April to Kartik Purnima (the autumn full moon). During the winters, the murtis (idols) from Kedarnath temple are brought to Ukhimath and worshipped there for six months. In this region Lord Shiva is worshipped as Kedarnath, the 'Lord of Kedar Khand', the historical name of the region. This temple is a Paadal Petra Sthalam (the 275 Holy Abodes of Shiva on the continent), praised by the Tamil Nayanars saints in the 6th-9th century CE.
The temple is not directly accessible by road and has to be reached by a 14 km uphill trek from Gaurikund . The temple is believed to have been built by Adi Sankaracharya and is one of the twelve Jyotirlingas, the holiest Hindu shrines of Shiva. The older temple existed from the times of Mahabharata, when the Pandavas are supposed to have pleased Shiva by doing penance in Kedarnath. The temple is also one of the four major sites in India's Chota Char Dham pilgrimage of Northern Himalayas.
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Khiddirpur
Coordinates: 26°36′N 82°08′E / 26.6°N 82.13°E / 26.6; 82.13 Khiddirpur(Hindi:खिद्दिरपुर) is a village and gram panchayat in Faizabad district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India.
Khiddirpur is located Faizabad–Sultanpur Highway Stop Chaure Bazar 3 K.M
As of 2001[update] India census, Khiddirpur had a population of 1100, with males constituting 51% of the population and females 49%. Khiddirpur has an average literacy rate of 60%, compared to the national average of 59.5%; with 58% of males and 42% of females literate. 18% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Khiddirpur is a prominent village situated in Faizabad District. It is located on Faizabad–Sultanpur Highway Chaure Bazar Stop 3K.M at a distance of 45 km from Faizabad. It lies 50 km south of Ayodhya, 16 km from Bikapur and 20 km east of Milkipur. The nearest bus depot and railway station are at Faizabad. Amausi Airport is the nearest airport.
Wheat, rice, sugar cane, mustard and mango are the main crops.
Many schools and colleges are situated in Chaure Bazar, including
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Kollur
Kolluru is a tiny hamlet situated about 37 kilometres (23 mi) from Kundapur Town, about 133 kilometres (83 mi) away from Mangalore City in Karnataka state in the southern part of India. This village lies at the foot of the Western Ghats and is famous for the Mookambika temple, a Hindu pilgrim center.
Kollur also called Kollapura, about 42 km north-east of Kundapur town and one of the important places of pilgrimage in Karnataka State has a temple dedicated to Mookambika.
The goddess is called Mookambika as she is said to have slain the demon Mookasura. The goddess is described as in the form of a jyotirlinga incorporating both Shiva and Shakti. The panchaloha image of the goddess on Shri Chakra is stated to have been consecrated by Shri Adi Shankaracharya. The Divine Mother is said to be a manifestation of trigunas or triple forms. The shikhara of the temple which is well gilded with gold is said to have been donated by Sankanna Savantha. Around the chief shrine of Mookambika, there are many other shrines.
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Lenyadri
Lenyadri (Marathi: लेण्याद्री, Leṇyādri) represents a series of about 30 rock-cut Buddhist caves, located near Junnar in Pune district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. Cave 7 is a famous Hindu temple dedicated to the god Ganesha. It is one of the Ashtavinayak shrines, a set of the eight prominent Ganesha shrines in Maharashtra.
Twenty-six of the caves are individually numbered. The caves face to the south and are numbered serially from east to west. Caves 6 and 14 are chaitya-grihas (chapels), while the rest are viharas (dwellings for monks). The latter are in the form of dwellings and cells. There are also several rock-cut water cisterns; two of them have inscriptions. The layout of the caves, in general, are similar in pattern and shape. They generally have one or two sides with two long benches for occupants' use.
The caves date from between the 1st and 3rd century AD; the Ganesha shrine situated in Cave 7 is dated to the 1st century AD, though the date of conversion to a Hindu shrine is unknown. All of the caves arise from Hinayana Buddhism.
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Lucknow
Lucknow /ˈlʌknaʊ/ (Hindi: लखनऊ, Urdu: لکھنؤ, Lakhnaū, IPA: [ˈləkʰnəu] ( listen)) is a city in India and capital of the state of Uttar Pradesh. Lucknow is the administrative headquarters of Lucknow District and Lucknow Division. Located in what was originally known as the Awadh (Oudh) region, Lucknow has always been known as a multicultural city, and flourished as a cultural and artistic capital of North India in the 18th and 19th centuries. Courtly manners, beautiful gardens, poetry, music, and fine cuisine patronised by the Shia Nawabs of Iranian origin, are well known amongst Indians and students of South Asian culture and history. Lucknow is popularly known as The City of Nawabs. It is also known as the "Golden City of the East," "Shiraz-i-Hind" and "The Constantinople of India."
The ancient history of Lucknow is mired in mystries and folk sayings. It is popularly believed that Lucknow (लखनऊ) derives its name from Lakshman (लक्ष्मण) (also known as Lakhan (लखन)), younger brother of Lord Rama, greatest hero of Suryawanshi kshatriya clan of India. Ram ordered Lakshman to establish a new town near Ayodhya, the capital of Rama. Lakshman came and built a strong fort. The present Lakshman Teela (लक्ष्मण टीला) in Lucknow is believed to be the site of ancient city of Lakhanpur built by Lakshman.
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Madurai
Madurai is the third largest city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu with a population of over 1 million (according to the 2001 census). Located on the banks of River Vaigai, Madurai has been a major settlement for two millennia. It is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. The city is the administrative headquarters of Madurai District. The capital of the Pandyan kingdom was initially Korkai, around 600 BCE, and was later moved to Koodal (now Madurai) during the reign of Nedunj Cheliyan I. Madurai is famous for its temples built by Pandyan and Madurai Nayak kings in the Dravidian style of architecture. It is also one of India's most prominent Hindu pilgrimage centres.
Madurai is also called as City of Junction (Koodal nagaram), City of Jasmine (Malligai maanagar), Temple city (Koil maanagar), City that never sleeps (Thoonga nagaram) and City of four junctions (Naanmada koodal).
Madurai's recorded history goes back to the 3rd century BC and the city is mentioned by Megasthenes, the Greek ambassador to India and Kautilya, the minister of the Mauryan Emperor Chandragupta Maurya. The city was the principal administrative and cultural centre of the Pandyan dynasty which ruled over the southern parts of Tamil Nadu and Kerala till the first half of the 14th century AD. In about 1311, the Pandyan dynasty was overthrown by the Delhi Sultanate which established the province of Ma'bar which later became independent as the Ma'bar Sultanate. When the Ma'bar Sultanate began to decline in the latter years of the 14th century, Madurai was absorbed into the Vijayanagar Empire. The viceroys of the Vijayanagar Empire established the Madurai Nayak kingdom and ruled as independent kings from 1559 to 1736. After a brief period of occupation by Chanda Sahib and the Carnatic kingdom, Madurai was annexed by the British East India Company in 1801.
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Mahad
Mahad pronunciation (help·info)(Marathi: महाड) is a city and a municipal council in Raigad district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It has total population over 50,000. It is situated about 175 km to the south of Mumbai (erstwhile Bombay). It has become the center of attraction because of its beautiful surroundings and pleasant climate. Mahad has a personality of its own due to its mythological, historical, social and cultural importance. The city, vibrant and active on the industrial, political, social and cultural fronts, has influenced the lives of some great personalities.
Mahad is considered as Land of Freedom Fighters and many revolutionary freedom moments of India are occurred here. It is famous for the Drinking Water Satyagraha of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar for Dalits at Chavdar Tale,which played as turning point in indian sociopolitical history.
Apart from this, it had a glorious history during the rule of the great Maratha King Shivaji.The capital of hindavi Swarajya & samadhi of Shivaji Maharaj is at Raigad fort which is around 30Kms from city. It was part of Birwadi Subha (Tehsil) and was ruled by Birwadi Subhedar's Kadams (Mahamunkars). The samadhi of Shivaji's mother Jijabai is at Pachad situated at foothills of raigad fort.The famous Hirkani was from Raigadwadi village. Shivaji's guru Samarth Ramdas lived at Shivthar Ghal near Varandha Ghat about 30kms from city. The village Umarath of Tanaji Malusare & Kinjaloli of Murarbaji are also in vicinity of Mahad.
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Mathura
Mathura ( pronunciation (help·info)) is a city in the North Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is located approximately 50 km north of Agra, and 145 km south-east of Delhi; about 11 kilometers from the town of Vrindavan and 22 kilometers from Govardhan. It is the administrative centre of Mathura District of Uttar Pradesh. During the ancient period, Mathura was an economic hub, located at the junction of important caravan routes. Today, it is a fast expanding city with over 2.5 million residents.
Mathura is the birthplace of Lord Krishna at the centre of Braj or Brij-bhoomi, called Shri Krishna Janma-Bhoomi, literally: 'Lord Krishna's birth place'. The Keshav Dev Temple was built in ancient times on the site of Krishna's legendary birthplace (an underground prison). According to the Mahabharata and Bhagavata Purana epics, Mathura was the capital of the Surasena Kingdom, ruled by Kansa the maternal uncle of Shri Krishna.
Mathura has an ancient history. According to the Archeological Survey of India plaque at the Mathura Museum, the city is mentioned in the oldest Indian epic, the Ramayana. In the epic, the Ikshwaku prince Shatrughna slays a demon called Lavanasura and claims the land. Afterwards, the place came to be known as Madhuvan as it was thickly wooded, then Madhupura and later Mathura. The demon that Shatrughan killed in Ramayana, Lavanasura was the progeny of a devout king Madhu who gets Lord Shiva's Trident in a boon in the Puranas. The Puranas ascribe the founding of the city to Ayu, the son of Pururavas and the celestial nymph Urvashi. The city might also have got its name from a famous Yadav king Madhu who reigned around 1,600 BCE.[citation needed]
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Maya Bazar
Maya Bazar also known as Maya is a Block and city in Faizabad district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Maya Bazar is a small and one of the oldest market in Faizabad district of Uttar Pradesh. The main occupation is agriculture.
Maya Bazar is located at 26°35′N 82°23′E / 26.58°N 82.38°E / 26.58; 82.38. It has an average elevation of 0
Goshainganj is situated on the Faizabad to Akbarpur road and is well connected to other towns and cities viz.
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Mehbubganj
Mehbubganj (Hindi:महबूबगंज, Urdu:محبوپ گنج) is a town in Faizabad district in the indian state of Uttar pradesh.
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Milkipur
Milkipur (Hindi: मिल्कीपुर) is a town, tehsil and a constituency in Faizabad district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology is situated in Kumarganj Milkipur Faizabad. Tehsil headquarters and Police station of Milkipur tehsil are situated at Inayatnagar, 5 kilometers North-East from Milkipur center.
The town Milkipur and its name originated from the people of Milki Cast who once lived here. The Milki are a Muslim community found in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India. They are also known as Malik, and found entirely in the Awadh region. A small number of Milki are also found in Karachi in Pakistan.
The Milki get their name from the fact that their ancestors were a class to whom revenue free grants (milk in Persian) of land were made during the period of the Delhi Sultanate. They were given these grants of land as an incentive to settle the land. In Unnao District, they were substantial landowners, and played an important role in the history of that district.
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Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire, Shahan-e-Gurkhani, Shahan-e-Mughal, Sultanate-e-Mughliya, Daulat-e-Mughliya (Persian: شاهان گورکانی Shāhān-e Gūrkānī; Urdu: مغلیہ سلطنت; self-designation: گوركانى Gūrkānī ), or Mogul (also Moghul) Empire in traditional English usage, was an imperial power from the Indian Subcontinent. The Mughal emperors were direct descendants of Genghis Khan through Chagatai Khan and Timur. The Mughal Empire began in 1526; at the height of their power in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, they controlled most of the Indian Subcontinent—extending from Bengal in the east to Balochistan in the west, Kashmir in the north to the Kaveri basin in the south. According to "Babur-Nama", Kazakh tribal aristocracy along with number of other Turkic soldiers participated actively in the campaign of Babur, which made great influence over the development of Mughal Empire. Its population at that time has been estimated as between 110 and 150 million, over a territory of more than 3.2 million square kilometres (1.2 million square miles).
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Nashik
Nashik or Nasik (Marathi: नाशिक ) ( pronunciation (help·info)) is a city in Maharashtra, India. Nashik is located in the northwest of Maharashtra, 180 km from Mumbai and 202 km from Pune. Nashik is the administrative headquarters of Nashik district and Nashik Division. Nashik, which has been referred to as the "Wine Capital of India", or as India’s Napa Valley, is located in the Western Ghats, on the western edge of the Deccan peninsula on the banks of the Godavari. In addition to supplying the name to the famed Nassak Diamond, the city is known for its picturesque surroundings and pleasant climate. The Godavari River flows through Nashik from its source, which lies to the southwest of the city, in Trimbakeshwar . Nashik Urban Agglomeration (Nashik UA) has a (projected year 2008) population of 1,620,000 and a total area of 264.23 km² which makes it the fourth largest urban area in Maharashtra in terms of population. Nashik is the third most industrialized city in Maharashtra after Mumbai and Pune .
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Nathdwara
Nathdwara is a town in Rajasthan state of western India. It is located in the Aravalli hills, on the banks of the Banas River in Rajsamand District, 48 kilometers north-east of Udaipur. This town is famous for its temple of Krishna which houses the idol of Shrinathji, a 14th century, 7-year old "infant" incarnation of Krishna. The idol was originally worshipped at Mathura and was shifted in the 1672 from Govardhan hill, near Mathura along holy river Yamuna after being retained at Agra for almost six months, in order to protect it from anti-Hindu fanatic iconoclastic Islamic policies of Mughal ruler Aurangzeb’s. Literally, Nathdwara means ‘Gateway to Shrinathji’. Nathdwara is a significant Vaishnavite shrine pertaining to the Pushti Marg or the Vallabh Sampradaya or the Shuddha Advaita founded by Vallabha Acharya, revered mainly by people of Gujarat and Rajasthan, among others. Vitthal Nathji, son of Vallabhacharya institutionalised the worship of Shrinathji at Nathdwara. Nathdwara town itself is popularly referred to as ‘Shrinathji’, after the presiding deity.
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Nepal
Nepal (नेपाल) (i/nɛˈpɔːl/ ne-PAWLNepali: नेपाल [neˈpal] ( listen)), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked sovereign state located in South Asia. It is located in the Himalayas and bordered to the north by the People's Republic of China, and to the south, east, and west by the Republic of India. Specifically, the Indian states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, and Sikkim border Nepal, while across the Himalayas lies the Tibetan Autonomous Region. With an area of 147,181 square kilometres (56,827 sq mi) and a population of approximately 27 million (and 2 million absentee workers living abroad), Nepal is the world's 93rd largest country by land mass and the 41st most populous country. Kathmandu is the nation's capital and the country's largest metropolis. Kathmandu Valley itself has estimated population of 5 million.
Nepal has a rich geography. The mountainous north has eight of the world's ten tallest mountains, including the highest point on Earth, Mount Everest, called Sagarmatha in Nepali. It contains more than 240 peaks over 20,000 ft (6,096 m) above sea level. The fertile and humid south is heavily urbanized.
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Omkareshwar
See Omkareshwar, East Nimar for town of the same name
Omkareshwar (Hindi: ओंकारेश्वर) is a Hindu temple dedicated to God Shiva. It is one of the 12 revered Jyotirlinga shrines of Shiva. It is on an island called Mandhata or Shivapuri in the Narmada river; the shape of the island is said to be like the Hindu ॐ symbol. There are two temples here, one to Omkareshwar (whose name means "Lord of Omkaara or the Lord of the Om Sound") and one to Amareshwar (whose name means "Immortal lord" or "lord of the Immortals or Devas"). But as per the sloka on dwadash jyotirligam, Mamleshwar is the jyotirling, which is on other side of Narmada river.
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Puri
Puri pronunciation (help·info) (Oriya: ପୁରୀ ) is a city and the district headquarters of puri district, situated on the Bay of Bengal 60 kilometres (37 mi) south of the state capital Bhubaneswar in the Indian state of Orissa. It is also known as Jagannath Puri after the 11th century Jagannath Temple located in the city. Puri is a holy city of the Hindus as a part of the Char Dham pilgrimages. According to Hindu teachings, a pilgrimage of the temples of India is not considered complete without a journey to Puri.
Puri is endowed with one of the best beaches for swimming in India and is therefore also a popular beach resort, especially as it is positioned geographically so that both sunset and sunrise can be viewed from the beach.
Puri, the holy land of Lord Jagannath, has many names. It is mentioned in Puranas as Srikshetra, Shankhakshetra, Neelāchala, Neelādri, Purusottama Dhāma, Purusottama Kshetra, Purusottama Puri and Jagannath Puri. The word "Puri" in Sanskrit means 'town', or 'city' and is cognate with polis in Greek. It is possible that Puri is a shortened name for Jagannath Puri or Purusottama Puri. In some records pertaining to the British rule, the word 'Jagannath' was used for Puri. It is the only shrine in India, where Radha, along with Lakshmi, Durga, Sati, Parvati, and Shakti abodes with Krishna, also known as Jagannath.[citation needed]
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Pushkar
Pushkar (Hindi: पुष्कर) is a town in the Ajmer district in the Indian state of Rajasthan. It is situated 14 km (8.7 mi) northwest of Ajmer at an average elevation of 510 m (1,670 ft) and is one of the five sacred dhams (pilgrimage site) for devout Hindus. According to Hindu mythology, the pond at the Katas Raj temple in Chakwal has a mythical association with Lord Shiva; it was formed by the tears of Lord Shiva which he is believed to have shed after the death of his wife, Satti. The story goes that when Satti died, Lord Shiva cried so much and for so long, that his tears created two holy ponds -- one at Pushkara in Ajmer in India and the other at Ketaksha, which literally means raining eyes, in Sanskrit. It is from this name that the word Katas is derived. It is often called "Tirth Raj" - the king of pilgrimage sites - and has in recent years become a popular destination for foreign tourists.
Pushkar is one of the oldest existing cities of India. It lies on the shore of Pushkar Lake. The date of its actual origin is not known, but legend associates Lord Brahma with its creation.
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Rajasthan
Rājasthān /ˈrɑːdʒəstæn/ (Hindustani pronunciation: [raːdʒəsˈt̪ʰaːn] ( listen)) the land of Rajasthanis, ("the land of kings"), is the largest state of the Republic of India by area. It is located in the northwest of India. It encompasses most of the area of the large, inhospitable Great Indian Desert (Thar Desert), which has an edge paralleling the Sutlej-Indus river valley along its border with Pakistan. The state is bordered by Pakistan to the west, Gujarat to the southwest, Madhya Pradesh to the southeast, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana to the northeast and Punjab to the north. Rajasthan covers 10.4% of India, an area of 342,269 square kilometres (132,151 sq mi).
Jaipur is the capital and the largest city of the state. Geographical features include the Thar Desert along north-western Rajasthan and the termination of the Ghaggar River near the archaeological ruins at Kalibanga of the Indus Valley Civilization, which are the oldest in the Indian subcontinent discovered so far.
One of the world's oldest mountain ranges, the Aravalli Range, cradles the only hill station of Rajasthan, Mount Abu, famous for Dilwara Temples, a sacred pilgrimage for Jains. Eastern Rajasthan has the world famous Keoladeo National Park near Bharatpur, a World Heritage Site known for its bird life. It also has two national tiger reserves, Ranthambore and Sariska Tiger Reserve, and a famous temple in Khatu, Sikar district, dedicated to Khatu Shyam Ji. Rajasthan was formed on 30 March 1949, when the region known until then as Rajputana, consisting of erstwhile princely states ruled mainly by Rajputs.
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Ram Janmabhoomi
Ram Janmabhoomi (Hindi/Devanagiri: राम जन्मभूमि) is the birthplace of Lord Rama. "Lord Rama" is referred as the god and described as an Avatar (incarnation) of Lord Vishnu according to the Hindu theology and tradition. The exact location of Lord Rama's birth as stated in holy Ramayana is on the banks of Sarayu river in the city of Ayodhya in Uttar Pardesh. In 1528, after destroying the ancient Ram temple located at this site, Babur built a mosque. From 1528 to 1853 (the year of the first riot regarding the birthplace), the Babri Mosque became a place of worship for Muslims. From 1853 to 1949, separate areas were earmarked for both Hindus and Muslims to worship and in 1949, Idols were placed inside the disputed structure. The site of the Babri Mosque which was surrounded on all sides by Mata Sita Rasoi (Lord Rama's wife Sita Devi's Kitchen - actually a Temple and other Temples of Hanuman) and the disputed structure sharing walls with Sita and Hanuman Mandir was destroyed when a political rally developed into a riot involving 150,000 people. This happened due to the movement that was launched in 1984 by the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP party) to reclaim the site for Hindus who want to erect a temple dedicated to the infant Rama (Ramlalla), at this spot.
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Rameswaram
Rameswaram (Tamil: இராமேஸ்வரம், is a town in Ramanathapuram district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is located on Pamban Island separated from mainland India by the Pamban channel and is about 50 kilometres from Mannar Island, Sri Lanka. Pamban Island, also known as Rameswaram Island, is connected to mainland India by the Pamban Bridge. Rameswaram is the terminus of the railway line from Chennai and Madurai. Together with Kashi, it is considered to be one of the holiest places in India to Hindus, and part of the Char Dham pilgrimages. Hence, it is a bustling pilgrim centre.
It is situated in the Gulf of Mannar at the very tip of the Indian peninsula. According to legend, this is the place from where Lord Rama built a bridge [[Ram Setu] across the sea to Lanka to rescue his consort Sita from her abductor Ravana. Both the Vaishnavites and Shaivites visit this pilgrimage centre which is known as the Varanasi of the south.
Ex-president of India, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, hails from a fishing hamlet called Dhanushkodi situated on this island.
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Ranjangaon
Ranjangaon is a village located at a distance of about 50 km from Pune, en route to Shirur in Maharashtra, and it houses a Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC) Industrial area and a shrine to Mahaganapati.
The MIDC in Ranjangoan is an industrial area, in which several manufacturing companies including LG, Whirlpool, Carraro, etc are based.
The Mahaganapati is considered to be one of the Ashtavinayaka shrines of Maharashtra, celebrating eight instances of legends related to Ganesha.
Mahaganapati at Ranjangaon is believed to have come to the aid of Shiva in destroying the citadels of the demon Tripurasura. According to history, the temple was built between 9th & 10th century. Madhavrao Peshwa made a room in the basement of the temple to keep the idol of the lord Ganesh.
Coordinates: 18°45′N 74°14′E / 18.75°N 74.233°E / 18.75; 74.233
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Ranjangaon Ganpati
Ranjangaon Ganpati is one among the Ashtavinayak, celebrating eight instances of legends related to Ganesha.
According to the history the temple was built in between 9th and 10th century. Madhavrao Peshwa made a room in the basement of the temple to keep the idol of the lord Ganesh. Later on Sardar Kibe of Indore renovated it. Nagarkhana is situated above the entrance gate. Main temple looks like temple from Peshwa's period. Temple facing east has huge & beautiful entrance gate.
You will be surprised to know that the idol of these lord Ganesh is also named as 'Mahotkat', and it is said that the idol has 10 trunks and 20 hands.
While going from the Pune - Nagar high way the route is Pune - Koregaon - then via Shikrapur Rajangaon is 21 km before Shirur. From Pune it is 50 km.
Coordinates: 18°45′N 74°14′E / 18.75°N 74.233°E / 18.75; 74.233
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Rishikesh
Rishikesh (Hindi: ऋषिकेश), also spelled Hrishikesh, Rushikesh or Hrushikesh, is a city and a municipal board in Dehradun district in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. Located in the foothills of the Himalayas in northern India, it is known as The Gateway to the Himalayas. Rishikesh is surrounded by three other districts namely Tehri Garhwal, Pauri Garhwal and Haridwar. It is located around 25 km north of holy city, Haridwar. Rishikesh has a permanent population of around 75,000.
"Hṛṣīkeśa" (Sanskrit: हृषीकेश) is a name of Vishnu that means 'lord of the senses'. The root words Hrishik and ish join together to make Hrishikesh. Hrishik means Senses and ish means master or Lord. Hence the word means Lord of Senses or Lord Vishnu. The place gets its name after Lord Vishnu who appeared to 'Raibhya Rishi', as a result of his tapasya (austerities), as Lord Hrishikesh. In Skanda Purana, this area is known as 'Kubjamrak' as Lord Vishnu appeared, under a mango tree.
The name Rishikesh is loosely applied to an association of five distinct sections encompassing not only the town but also hamlets and settlements on both sides of the river Ganges. These include Rishikesh itself, the commercial and communication hub; the sprawling suburb Muni-ki-Reti or the "sands of the sages"; Shivananda Nagar the home of Sivananda Ashram and the Divine Life Society founded by Swami Sivananda, north of Rishikesh; the temple section of Lakshman Jhula, a little further north; and the assorted Ashrams around Swarg Ashram on the east bank. One can reach the famous Neelakanta Maha Deva Temple from here. The Ganga Aarti performed at dusk at the Triveni Ghat is popular with visitors. 'Neelkanth Mahadev Temple', situated 28 km from Rishikesh, amidst forest is also a popular local pilgrimage, along with 'Vasishtha Guha', (Cave of sage Vasishtha), 21 km up from the town by the Ganges.
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Rudauli
Rudauli (Hindi: रुदौली, Urdu: رُدولی), popularly known as Rudauli Shareef (Hindi: रुदौली शरीफ़, Urdu: رُدولی شریف), is a city and a municipal board in Faizabad district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.
Rudauli is located at 26°45′N 81°45′E / 26.75°N 81.75°E / 26.75; 81.75. It has an average elevation of 105 metres (344 feet).
Rudauli is well connected by road and railway line, however no government or private buses are available to transport the passenger from Rudauli to the state capital or other cities. Almost all the trains going towards Lucknow or Delhi or going towards Bihar and Howrah stop here. Railway Minister of India Miss Mamta Banerji declared Rudauli Railway Station as a Model Station. The large high-tech highway project going on Lucknow-Ahyodhya highway will make it much easier to connect it with the state capital Lucknow and other cities of the Country in future.
The distance from Lucknow is 90 km; about 2 hours by railway and 3 hours by state transport. One has to step down at Bhelsar (भेलसर بھیلسر) to reach Rudauli by a 3 km internal road from Bhelsar.
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Sabarimala
Sabarimala is a Hindu pilgrimage center located in the Western Ghat mountain ranges of Pathanamthitta District in Kerala. It is the largest annual pilgrimage in world with an estimated 45–50 million devotees visiting every year. Sabarimala is believed to be the place where the Hindu God Ayyappan meditated after killing the powerful demoness, Mahishi. Ayyappan's temple is situated here amidst 18 hills. The temple is situated on a hilltop at an altitude of 468 m (1535 ft) above mean sea level, and is surrounded by mountains and dense forests. Temples exist in each of the hills surrounding Sabarimala. While functional and intact temples exist at many places in the surrounding areas like Nilackal, Kalaketi, and Karimala, remnants of old temples survive to this day on remaining hills.
Sabarimala is linked to Hindu pilgrimage, predominantly for men of all ages. Women between the ages of 10 and 50 are not allowed to enter the temple, since the story attributed to Ayyappa prohibits the entry of the women in the menstrual age group. This is because Ayyappan is a Bramachari (Celibate). The temple is open for worship only during the days of Mandalapooja (approximately November 15 to December 26), Makaravilakku (January 14- "Makara Sankranti") and Vishu (April 14), and the first six days of each Malayalam month.
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Shikharji
Shikharji or Śrī Śikharjī (श्री शिखरजी), also known as the Parasnath Hill, located in Giridih district in Jharkhand, India, is a major Jain pilgrimage destination and is the most sacred place for Jains in the world. According to Jain belief, twenty of the twenty-four Tirthankaras (teachers of the Jains) attained Moksha (Nirvana) from this place. Parasnath Hill with a height of 1,350 metres (4,430 ft)) make up the highest mountain in the state of Jharkhand.
Śrī Śikharjī is surrounded by a deep forest called Madhuvan, and it was hundreds of miles from populated areas until a few centuries ago. Now it is accessible from nearby towns and cities through arterial roads. Motor cars or passenger buses travel along the route from Dumri to Giridih and stop at Madhuban village. The nearest railway station is at Parasnath Station on the Grand Chord. The Jains have provided rest houses and temples at the foot of the hill at Madhuban.
The village Post Office is called Parasnath. On the walls of the Jain Temple at the village of Madhuban, there is a mural painting depicting all the temples on Parasnath Hill. The actual ascent starts from Madhuban. 2 ½ miles from Madhuban, there are two streams, Gandharva Nala and Shital Nala. The Jains hold the portion from Gandharva Nala up to the summit as very sacred. It is easier to reach the hill from its northern side.
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Shringeri
Sringeri (Kannada: ಶೃಂಗೇರಿ), also written as Sringeri, Śŗngeri and Śŗngagiri is a hill town and taluk headquarters located in Chikmagalur district in the Indian state of Karnataka, is the site of the first maţha established by Adi Shankaracharya, Hindu theologian and exponent of the Advaita Vedanta philosophy, in the 8th century C.E. It is located on the banks of the river Tungā.
The name Sringeri is derived from Rishyashringa-giri, a nearby hill that is believed to have contained the hermitage of Rishi Vibhandaka and his son Rishyashringa. Rishyashringa appears in an episode in the Bala-Kanda of the Ramayana where a story, narrated by Vasishtha, relates how he brought rains to the drought-stricken kingdom of Romapada.
According to legend, Adi Shankaracharya is said to have selected the site as the place to stay and teach his disciples, because when he was walking by the Tunga river, he saw a cobra with a raised hood, providing shelter from the hot sun, to a frog about to spawn. Impressed with the place where natural enemies had gone beyond their instincts, he stayed here for twelve years. Adi Shankaracharya also established mathas in the northern (at Jyotirmath, near Badrinath), eastern (at Puri) and western (at Dwaraka) quarters of India.
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Somnath
The Somnath Temple (Gujarati: સોમનાથ મંદિર Sanskrit: सोमनाथ मन्दिर) located in the Prabhas Kshetra near Veraval in Saurashtra, on the western coast of Gujarat, India, is one of the twelve Jyotirlinga shrines of the God Shiva. Somnath means "The Protector of (the) Moon God". The Somnath Temple is known as "the Shrine Eternal", having been destroyed six times and rebuilt six times. Most recently it was rebuilt in November 1947, when Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel visited the area for the integration of Junagadh and mooted a plan for restoration. After Patel's death, the rebuilding continued under K. M. Munshi, another minister of the Government of India.
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Sravasti
Śrāvastī or Sāvatthī (Sanskrit: श्रावस्ती), a city of ancient India, was one of the six largest cities in India during Gautama Buddha's lifetime. The city was located in the fertile Gangetic plains in the present day Gonda District of Uttar Pradesh near Balrampur some 120 km north of Lucknow. Jetavana monastery was a famous monastery close to Savatthi.
According to the Mahabharata, the origin of Sravasti lies with the legendary king Shravasta. According to Buddhist tradition, the city was called Savatthi because the sage Savattha lived there. Another tradition says there was a caravanserai there, and people meeting there asked each other what they had ("Kim bhandam atthi?"), then replied "Sabbam atthi" (meaning "we have all things", as in everything).
Savatthi was located on the banks of the river Aciravati (now called the Rapti river). It was the capital city of the kingdom of Kosala, and its king was called Pasenadi, who was a disciple of Buddha. It is a beautiful city with vast amounts of agriculture and diversity. Buddhaghosa says that, in the Buddha's day, there were fifty seven thousand families in Savatthi, and that it was the chief city in the country of Kasi Kosala, which was three hundred leagues in extent and had eighty thousand villages. He stated the population of Sávatthi to have been 180 million. The road from Rajagaha to Savatthi passed through Vesali, and the Parayanavagga gives as the resting places between the two cities: Setavya, Kapilavatthu, Kusinara, Pava and Bhoganagara. Further on, there was a road running southwards from Savatthi through Saketa to Kosambi. Between Saketa and Savatthi was located Toranavatthu.
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Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (i/ʃriː ˈlɑːŋkə/, /sriːˈlɑːŋkə/, or /sriːˈlæŋkə/;Sinhala: ශ්රී ලංකාව, Tamil: இலங்கை), is a country off the southern coast of the Indian subcontinent in South Asia. Known until 1972 as Ceylon ( /sɨˈlɒn/, /seɪˈlɒn/, or /siːˈlɒn/), Sri Lanka is an island surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar, the Palk Strait, and lies in the vicinity of India and the Maldives.
As a result of its location in the path of major sea routes, Sri Lanka is a strategic naval link between West Asia and South East Asia. It was an important stop on the ancient Silk Road. Sri Lanka has also been a center of the Buddhist religion and culture from ancient times, being the nation where the Buddhist teachings were first written down as well as the oldest continually Buddhist country. Sri Lanka boasts a diverse range of cultures, languages and religions. The Sinhalese people form the majority of the population; Tamils, who are concentrated in the north and east of the island, form the largest ethnic minority. Other communities include Moors, Burghers, Kaffirs, Malays and the aboriginal Vedda people.
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Srirangam
Srirangam (Tamil: ஸ்ரீரங்கம்), Old name is Vellithirumutha gramam and Tamil name is Thiruvarangam (Tamil: திருவரங்கம்), is an island and a part of the city of Tiruchirapalli (also known as Trichy or Tiruchi), in South India.
Srirangam is bounded by the Kaveri River (also known as Cauvery river) on one side, and the Kaveri distributary Kollidam (Coleroon) on the other side. Srirangam is home to a significant population of Srivaishnavites (followers of Lord Vishnu, one of the triumvirate of Hindu Gods the other two being Lord Siva, the Destroyer and Lord Brahma, the Creator).
Srirangam is a native of a notable personality of Tamil Nadu, Jayalalitha Jayaram, where she had contested and won in State Assembly elections, 2011.
Srirangam is famous for its Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, a major pilgrimage destination for Hindus (especially Srivaishnavites) and the largest temple complex in India.
According to the temple's website, Srirangam can be considered the biggest functioning Hindu temple in the world as it covers an area of about 631,000 square metres (6,790,000 sq ft) with a perimeter of 4 km (10,710 ft). Srirangam claims to be the biggest functioning temple, because Angkor Wat is the biggest but non-functioning Hindu temple in the world.
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Srisailam
Srisailam (Telugu: శ్రీశైలం) is a holy town and mandal, situated in Nallamala Hills of Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh, India. It is on the banks of River Krishna, about 232 km south of Hyderabad.
Bhramaramba Mallikarjunaswamy Temple dedicated to Lord Mallikarjuna Swamy (a form of Shiva) and Devi Bhramaramba (a form of Parvathi) is located here and it is one of the 12 Jyotirlinga temples dedicated to Lord Shiva. Srisailam Dam, located about 245 km from Hyderabad and 132 km from Nandyal, is a multipurpose dam built across River Krishna and caters to the irrigation and power needs of the state.
Srisailam is located at 16°04′26″N 78°52′05″E / 16.074°N 78.868°E / 16.074; 78.868. It has an average elevation of 409 meters (1345 ft).
The Bhramaramba Mallikarjuna Temple located in Srisailam is one of the 12 Jyotirlinga temples dedicated to Lord Shiva.
The origins of this temple have been lost in antiquity. The Skanda Purana has a chapter called Srisaila Kandam dedicated to it, which points to the ancient origin. This is confirmed by the fact that saints of the past millennia have sung its praises. It is said that Adi Sankara visited this temple and at that time he composed his Sivananda Lahiri.
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Thailand
Thailand (
/ˈtaɪlænd/ TY-land or /ˈtaɪlənd/;Thai: ประเทศไทย, RTGS: Prathet Thai), officially the Kingdom of Thailand (Thai: ราชอาณาจักรไทย, RTGS: Ratcha Anachak Thai; IPA: [râːt.tɕʰā ʔāːnāːtɕàk tʰāj] (
listen)), formerly known as Siam (Thai: สยาม; RTGS: Sayam), is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
The country is a constitutional monarchy, headed by King Rama IX, the ninth king of the House of Chakri, who, having reigned since 1946, is the world's longest-serving head of state and the longest-reigning monarch in Thai history. The king of Thailand is titled Head of State, Head of the Armed Forces, the Upholder of the Buddhist religion, and the Defender of all Faiths.
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Thrippunithura
Thrippunithura or Tripunithura (Malayalam: തൃപ്പൂണിത്തുറ) is a region in the city of Kochi in the state of Kerala, India and an integral part of the Kochi metropolitan area. In local administration it is a municipality. In the state administrative structure, Thrippunithura is part of the Ernakulam District in the state of Kerala.
Thrippunithura was the capital of the erstwhile Kingdom of Cochin. The descendants of the Cochin royal family still live here. The Hill Palace situated near Thripunithura was the palace of Maharaja of Cochin, the ruler of Kingdom of Cochin.
There are many stories that describe the origin of the word Thripunithura. Some latter day Sanskrit enthusiasts ascribe the origin of the name to "Poorna Veda Puri" - the town of Vedas in its entirety. Another possible origin to name comes from the meaning "the land on the shores of Poorna river".
Other stories play on the pun of "Pooni" or "Pooneeram" which means quiver. One of them relates that Arjuna - one of Pandavas - who once visited Lord Vishnu was given an idol and Arjuna carried it in his "pooni" (quiver). While searching for a place to install it, he met Lord Ganapati and sought help. Ganapati found this place and the idol was installed. Another story of the same variety is as follows. At the end of Dwaparayuga, the period of Lord Krishna, the Lord himself presented an idol to Arjuna, one of the Pandavas, and asked him to install it in a proper place. He kept the idol in a bag used to keep arrows, which was called Pooneeram in local language. When he reached the place, he shouted Pooneeram Thura means 'open the bag' in local language. Thus the name Poonithura has come, according to this story.
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Udupi
Udupi (Tulu:ಉಡುಪಿ, Konkani:उडुपी and Kannada:ಉಡುಪಿ) is a town in the south-west Indian State of Karnataka. It is the headquarters of Udupi District. Udupi is notable for the Krishna Temple, and lends its name to the popular Udupi cuisine. Udupi, also known as Rajata Peetha and Shivalli (Shivabelli), a centre of pilgrimage, is situated about 58 km north of Mangalore and about 422 km north-west of Bangalore.
It is widely believed that the name of Udupi was derived from its Tulu name Odipu. The Tulu name in turn is associated with a temple at Malpe, devoted to Vadabhandeshwara. Another story is that the name Udupi came from the combination of the Sanskrit words Udu and Pa, which mean "stars" and "lord." According to legend, the moon's light was once reduced due to a curse by King Daksha, whose 27 daughters (the 27 stars, according to Hindu astrology) were married to the moon. The moon prayed to Lord Shiva to get back its original shine. Lord Shiva was pleased with the moon's prayer and restored its shine. Legend says that the moon and his wives made their prayer at the Chandramouleeshwara temple at Udupi, creating a linga that can be seen even today. According to this story, therefore, Udupi means the land of the "lord of the stars," the moon.
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Ujjain
Ujjain pronunciation (help·info) (also known as Ujain, Ujjayini, Avanti, Avantikapuri), is an ancient city of Malwa region in central India, on the eastern bank of the Kshipra River (Hindi: क्षिप्रा), today part of the state of Madhya Pradesh. It is the administrative centre of Ujjain District and Ujjain Division.
In ancient times the city was called Ujjayini. As mentioned in the Mahabharata epic, Ujjayini was the capital of the Avanti Kingdom, and has been the Prime Meridian for Hindu geographers since the 4th century BCE. Ujjain is one of the seven sacred cities (Sapta Puri) of the Hindus, and the Kumbh Mela religious festival is held there every 12 years. It is also home to Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga, one of the twelve Jyotirlinga shrines to the god Shiva and is also the place where Lord Krishna got education with Balarama and Sudama from Maharshi Sandipani.
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Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh /ˌʌtər prəˈdɛʃ/, abbreviation U.P. ("Northern Province"; formerly: United Provinces), is a state located in the north western part of India. With a population of over 200 million people, it is India's most populous state, as well as the world's most populous sub-national entity. Were it a nation in its own right, Uttar Pradesh would be the world's fifth most populous country, ahead of Brazil (a country thirty-five times larger in territorial area than Uttar Pradesh). On 9 November 2000, the Himalayan portion of the state, comprising the Garhwal and Kumaon divisions and Haridwar district, was formed into a new state 'Uttaranchal', now called Uttarakhand, meaning the 'Northern Segment' state.
Uttar Pradesh is the second largest state-economy in India, with a GDP of $103.5 billion in 2009. The annual per capita GDP of the state was $1586 in 2009, on purchasing power parity basis. It contributed 8.34% to India's total GDP in the financial year 2010. Agriculture is a significant part of UP's economy. The state was India's sixth largest producer of fruits, and became the largest producer of vegetables in 2010. With an area of 93,933 sq mi (243,290 km2), Uttar Pradesh covers a large part of the highly fertile and densely populated upper Gangetic plain. It shares an international border with Nepal to the north. Other states along Uttar Pradesh's border include Uttarakhand, Haryana and Delhi to the north and northwest; Rajasthan on the west; Madhya Pradesh on the south; Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand on the south east; and Bihar on the east.
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Varanasi
Varanasi Hindustani pronunciation: [ʋaːˈraːɳəsi] ( listen)), also commonly known as Banaras or Benaras (Banāras [bəˈnaːrəs] ( listen)) and Kashi, Kāśī [ˈkaːʃi] ( listen)), is a city situated on the banks of the River Ganges in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, 320 kilometres (199 mi) southeast of state capital Lucknow. It is regarded as a holy city by Hindus, Buddhists and Jains. It is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world and the oldest in India.
The Kashi Naresh (Maharaja of Kashi) is the chief cultural patron of Varanasi and an essential part of all religious celebrations. The culture of Varanasi is closely associated with the River Ganges and the river's religious importance. The city has been a cultural and religious centre in North India for several thousand years. The Benares Gharana form of the Indian classical music developed in Varanasi, and many prominent Indian philosophers, poets, writers, and musicians resided or reside in Varanasi. Gautama Buddha gave his first sermon at Sarnath located near Varanasi (Kashi).
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Vrindavan
Vrindavan (Hindi: वृन्दावन)( pronunciation (help·info)) (alternatively spelled Vrindaban, Brindavan, Brindavana, or Brundavan) also known as Vraj (as it lies in the Braj region) is a town in the Mathura district of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is the site of an ancient forest which is the region where according to the Mahabharata, a grand Epic of Sanskrit literature dating back to the 3000BC, the deity Krishna spent his childhood days.
The town is about 10 km away from Mathura, the city of Lord Krishna's birthplace, near the Agra-Delhi highway. The town hosts hundreds of temples dedicated to the worship of Radha and Krishna and is considered sacred by a number of religious traditions such as Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Vaishnavism, and Hinduism in general.
The ancient name of the city, Brindavana, comes from its groves of 'Brinda' Ocimum tenuiflorum (Holy Basil or tulsi) with vana (Sanskrit: वन) meaning a grove or a forest. Two small groves still exist at Nidhivan and Seva Kunj
Vrindavan has an ancient past, associated with Hindu history, and is an important Hindu pilgrimage site. One of its oldest surviving temples is the Govinda Deo temple, built in 1590, with the town founded earlier in the same century.
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Yogyakarta
Yogyakarta (English: /ˌjɒɡjəˈkɑrtə/ or /ˌjoʊɡjəˈkɑrtə/,Malay: [jɔɡjaˈkarta]; also Jogja, Jogjakarta) is a city in the Yogyakarta Special Region on Java in Indonesia. It is renowned as a centre of classical Javanese fine art and culture such as batik, ballet, drama, music, poetry, and puppet shows. Yogyakarta was the Indonesian capital during the Indonesian National Revolution from 1945 to 1949. One of the districts in Yogyakarta, Kotagede, was the capital of Mataram Sultanate between 1575-1640.
Although missing from the historical record since the migration of the capital of Medang kingdom in the 10th century to the eastern Java, the valley area in the south of Mount Merapi since the 15th century still inhabited by many people and perhaps become part of the region called "Pengging".
Kotagede was the capital of Mataram Sultanate now part of districts in Yogyakarta. The palace of the founder of Mataram Sultanate, Panembahan Senopati established in scene of part of Alas Mentaok. After a two times move it Capital, (Palace of Pleret and Place of Kerta, both located in Bantul Regency), The capital of Mataram Sultanate moved to Kartasura.
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Ahilyabai Holkar
Shrimant Akhand Soubhagyavati Devi Shri Ahilya Bai Sahib Holkar (31 May 1725 – 13 August 1795) (ruled 11 December 1767 – 13 August 1795), was the Holkar Maharani of the Malwa kingdom, India. She is often compared with Catherine II of Russia, Elizabeth I of England, Margaret I of Denmark. Ahilyabai was born in the village of Chondi(चोंडी) in Jamkhed, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra. She moved the capital to Maheshwar south of Indore on the Narmada River.
Ahilyabai's husband Khanderao Holkar was killed in the battle of Kumbher in 1754. Twelve years later, her father-in-law, Malhar Rao Holkar, died. She tried to protect her kingdom from Thugs, the plunderers. She personally led armies into battle. She appointed Tukojirao Holkar as the Chief of Army. She is also famous for her sense of justice. One day, she found her only son, putting poisonous scorpions into the shoes of her subjects resulting in their deaths. She ordered his execution under the elephant feet.
Rani Ahilyabai was a great builder and patron of many Hindu temples which embellished Maheshwar and Indore. She also built temples and Dharmshala (free lodging) at sacred sites outside her kingdom, at prominent religious places like Dwarka in Gujarat east to the Kashi Vishwanath Temple at Varanasi on the Ganges, Ujjain, Nasik and Parali Baijnath in Maharashtra. Seeing the destroyed and desecrated temple in Somanath, Rani Ahilyabai built a temple where Lord Shiva is still worshipped by Hindus.
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Ajitnath
Ajitnatha was the second Jain Tirthankar of the present age (Avasarpini). According to Jain beliefs, he became a siddha, a liberated soul which has destroyed all of its karma. The soul that became Bhagavan Ajitnath, in its earlier incarnation, was the great king Vimalvahan of Susima city in Mahavideh area. He led a pious life in spite of the available princely grandeur. At an appropriate time, he became an ascetic under Arindam Suri.
Ajitnatha was born to King Jitashatru Raja and Queen Vijaya at Ayodhya in the Ikshvaku clan.
Queen Vijaya Devi saw fourteen auspicious dreams. Vaijayanti, the wife of king Jitshatru’s younger brother, Sumitra, also saw the same fourteen dreams. This was a queer coincidence. When the augurs were consulted they advised that Vijaya Devi would give birth to a Tirthankar and Vaijayanti to a Chakravarti (Emperor).
During the queen’s pregnancy, the influence of king Jitshatru was enhanced to such an extant that even the enemy kingdoms sought and negotiated friendly treaties with him. It became a common practice to say, "King Jitshatru is invincible (Ajit)."
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Anantnath
Anantnath was the fourteenth Jain Tirthankar of the present age (Avasarpini). According to Jain beliefs, he became a siddha, a liberated soul which has destroyed all of its karma. Anantnath was born to King Raja Sinhsen and Queen Suyasha Rani at Ayodhya in the Ikshvaku clan. His birth date was the 13th day of the Vaishakh Krishna month of the Indian calendar.
Queen Suyasha Devi, wife of king Simhasen of Ayodhya, gave birth to an illustrious son on the thirteenth day of the dark half of the month of Vaishakh. During her pregnancy the queen dreamt of a very long strand of beads whose ends were not visible. The power and the glory of the king also increased manifold during this period. Accordingly, the new born was named Anant (endless) Kumar. After leading a normal life, first as a prince and then as the king he became an ascetic along with one thousand other persons. He became an omniscient on the fourteenth day of the dark half of the month of Vaishakh under an Ashok tree. In his first discourse he elaborated the subject of the fundamentals-matter and life. He had fifty chief disciples including the senior most named Yash. Purushottam Vasudev and Suprabh Baldev reigned during his period of influence. Bhagavan Anantnath got Nirvana at Sammetshikhar on the fifth day of the bright half of the month of Chaitra.
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Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Atal Bihari Vajpayee (Hindi: अटलबिहारी वाजपेयी, Birth: 25 December 1924 in Gwalior) is a veteran Indian statesman who served as a non congress Prime Minister of India three times, viz. 13 days in 1996, 13 months from 1998 to 1999, and lastly a five year's term from 19 March 1998 until 19 May 2004. A parliamentarian for over four decades, Vajpayee was elected to the Lok Sabha a record nine times, and twice to the Rajya Sabha. He also served as the Member of Parliament for Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, until 2009, when he retired from active politics due to health concerns. Vajpayee was one amongst the founder members of erstwhile Jana Sangh and had been its president also. He was also the Minister of External Affairs in the cabinet of Morarji Desai. When Janata government collapsed Vajpayee merged his entire party into a fresh party and named it as Bharatiya Janata Party in the interest of nation. A poet-politician Vajpayee has been the liberal face of BJP.
Atal Bihari Vajpayee was born to Krishna Devi and Krishna Bihari Vajpayee on 25th December, 1924 in a respected middle class Brahmin family. His birthplace was Shinde Ki Chhavani, a small town in Gwalior district of Madhya Pradesh (then known as Central Province). His grandfather, Pandit Shyam Lal Vajpayee, had migrated to Gwalior from his ancestral village of Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh and his father, Krishna Bihari Vajpayee, was a poet and a schoolmaster in his hometown. Vajpayee attended Gwalior's Victoria College (now Laxmi Bai College), and graduated with distinctions in Hindi, English and Sanskrit. He completed his Post Graduation with a (M.A.) degree in Political Science from DAV College, Kanpur, securing first-class. Later he became a full time worker of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and served the Rashtradharma, Veer Arjun and Panchjanya newspapers as a journalist. Like other full time workers of the Sangh, Vajpayee never married and decided to dedicate his entire life for the service of the nation.
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Babur
Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur (February 14, 1483 – December 26, 1530; sometimes also spelt Baber or Babar) was a conqueror from Central Asia who, following a series of setbacks, finally succeeded in laying the basis for the Mughal dynasty in the Indian Subcontinent and became the first Mughal emperor. He was a direct descendant of Timur through his father, and a descendant also of Genghis Khan through his mother. Babur identified his lineage as Timurid and Chaghatay-Turkic. He was greatly influenced by Persian culture and this affected both his own actions and those of his successors, giving rise to a significant expansion of the Persianate ethos in the Indian subcontinent.
Ẓahīr ad-Dīn Muḥammad (Persian: ﻇﻬﻴﺮﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ محمد, also known by his royal titles as al-ṣultānu 'l-ʿazam wa 'l-ḫāqān al-mukkarram bādshāh-e ġāzī), is more commonly known by his nickname, Bābur (بابر).
According to Stephen Frederic Dale, the name Babur is derived from the Persian word babr, meaning "tiger", a word that repeatedly appears in Firdawsī's Shāhnāma and had also been borrowed by the Turkic languages of Central Asia. This thesis is supported by the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, explaining that the Turko-Mongol name Timur underwent a similar evolution, from the Sanskrit word cimara ("iron") via a modified version *čimr to the final Turkicized version timür, with -ür replacing -r due to the Turkish vowel harmony (hence babr → babür).[citation needed]
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Brahmin
Brahmin (also called Brahman; from Sanskrit brāhmaṇa ब्राह्मण) is a name used to designate a member of one of the four varnas (castes) in the traditional Hindu societys of Nepal and India.
Brahman, Brahmin and Brahma have different meanings. Brahman refers to the Supreme Self. Brahmin or Brahmana refers to an individual, while the word Brahma refers to the creative aspect of the universal consciousness. The English word brahmin is an anglicised form of the Sanskrit word Brāhmana. In the Smriti view there are four "varnas", or classes: the Brahmins, the Kshatriyas, the Vaishyas, and Shudras. The Atreya smriti 141-142 enjoins that
One is a Shudra by birth
samskarad dvija ucyate
By observing Sanskara one becomes a Dvija
vedapathi bhaved viprah
By studying the Vedas one becomes a Vipra
brahma janati brahmanah
Traditionally Brahmin was the name given to persons who had attained the highest spiritual knowledge (brahmavidya) and who adhered to different branches (shakhas) of Vedas. This was described to be a difficult path of discipline of body, mind, and intellect. Irrespective of their birth or class,[citation needed] people who were dedicated to such an austere life were recognized as Brahmins.[citation needed] An example of this definition of Brahmin, that a person becomes a Brahmin, rather than being born as one, is the story of the sage Vishwamitra, who was a warrior, who became a Brahmin after attaining brahmavidya, and composed the Gayatri mantra. [defunct example from period before dharmashastras So,[citation needed] The belief that people born into the Brahmin caste, automatically become Brahmins, is a concept that emerged later in ancient India.[citation needed]
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Dwijdeo Mishra
Dwijdeo Mishra was the first king of the Mishra dynasty of the Ayodhya, the last royal rulers of Ram rajya.
Saadat Ali Khan, Nawab of Awadh, bestowed the riyasat of Ayodhya on his loyal Brahmin soldier Dwijdeo Mishra of the Kasyapa gotra, for quelling revenue rebels in Mehendauna in Eastern UP. The Hanumangarhi temple was built by the Nawab of Awadh.
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Faxian
Faxian (traditional Chinese: 法顯; simplified Chinese: 法显; pinyin: Fǎxiǎn; also romanized as Fa-Hien, Fa-hsien, Fa Xian, et al.) (337 – c. 422 CE) was a Chinese Buddhist monk who traveled to India, Sri Lanka and Kapilavastu in today's Nepal between 399 and 412 to acquire Buddhist scriptures. His journey is described in his important travelogue, A Record of Buddhist Kingdoms, Being an Account by the Chinese Monk Fa-Xian of his Travels in India and Ceylon in Search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline.
He is most known for his pilgrimage to Lumbini, the birthplace of Gautama Buddha. Faxian is a Chinese pilgrim and scholar who visited India during the reign of Chandragupta II. Faxian claimed that demons and dragons were the original inhabitants of Ceylon (Sri Lanka).
On Faxian's return to China, after a two-year stay in Ceylon, a violent storm drove his ship onto an island that was probably Java. Faxian landed at Laoshan in what is now Shandong province, 30 km east of the city of Qingdao, and went to Shandong's then-capital, Qingzhou, where he remained for a year translating and editing the scriptures he had collected.
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Gautama Buddha
Gautama Buddha or Siddhārtha Gautama Buddha (Sanskrit: सिद्धार्थ गौतम बुद्ध; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual teacher from the Indian subcontinent, on whose teachings Buddhism was founded. The word Buddha is a title for the first awakened being in an era. In most Buddhist traditions, Siddhartha Gautama is regarded as the Supreme Buddha (P. sammāsambuddha, S. samyaksaṃbuddha) of our age, "Buddha" meaning "awakened one" or "the enlightened one." Gautama Buddha may also be referred to as Śākyamuni (Sanskrit: शाक्यमुनि "Sage of the Śākyas"). The Buddha found a Middle Way that ameliorated the extreme asceticism found in the Sramana religions.
The time of Gautama's birth and death are uncertain: most early 20th-century historians dated his lifetime as c. 563 BCE to 483 BCE, but more recent opinion dates his death to between 486 and 483 BCE or, according to some, between 411 and 400 BCE. UNESCO lists Lumbini, Nepal, as a world heritage site and birthplace of Gautama Buddha. There are also claims about birth place of Gautama Buddha to be Kapileswara, Orissa or Kapilavastu at Piprahwa, Uttar Pradesh He later taught throughout regions of eastern India such as Magadha and Kośala.
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Harishchandra
Harishchandra, in Hindu religious texts is the 36th king of the Solar Dynasty, Surya Maharishi Gothram (See: Vivasvan). His legend is very popular and often told as a benchmark for an ideal life. He was renowned for his piety and justice. His name is Sanskrit for "having golden splendour". Harishchandra had two unique qualities. The first being, he kept his word and never went back on what he uttered as a promise. The other being, he never uttered a lie in his life. These twin qualities were tested heavily in his life by various circumstances that led him to penury and separation from his family. But he stood to his principles in the face of all ordeals and persevered to become a symbol of courage.
It is said that the great sage Vishwamitra, once approached Harishchandra and informed him of a promise made by the king during the sage's dream to donate his entire kingdom. (Accounts differ on how the sage had got the promise from the king. Some other legends say, it was by way of pacification when the king had once disturbed the sage's penance to his consternation.) Harishchandra was so virtuous, that he immediately made good his word and donated his entire kingdom to the sage and walked away with his wife and son.
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Indrajit
Indrajit (Sanskrit: इन्द्रजित् Indrajit, Burmese: Indazita, Lao: Inthachi, Yuan: Indhajik, Tamil: Intiracittu, Thai: Inthorochit, Malay: Inderajati) or 'Meghanaad meaning Thunderous''' (Sanskrit: मेघनाद), a warrior mentioned in the Indian epic Ramayana, was the son of the Lankan king Ravana. The word 'Indrajit' literally means the 'conqueror of Indra (the Hindu king of gods)'. He also known as Meghnad or Meghanad.
Indrajit played an active role in the great war between Rama and Ravana. He was said to be invincible in battle because of a Yajna he used to perform before every battle. He twice defeated Lakshmana and even Rama once, but on the third occasion Lakshmana disrupted the Yajna with the help of Vibhishana and fought with him for three days and three nights and finally killed him.
Indrajit was born to Ravana and his wife Mandodari, the daughter of Mayasura. He was named "Meghanada" because his birth cry sounded like thunder. He defeated Indra, the king of the Devas, after which he came to be known as 'Indrajit' ("the conqueror of Indra").
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Kabandha
In Hindu mythology, Kabandha (कबन्ध, Kabandha, lit. "headless torso") is a Rakshasa (demon) who is killed and freed from a curse by the god Rama – an Avatar of Vishnu – and his brother Lakshmana. Kabandha's legend appears in the Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharata, as well as in later Ramayana adaptations.
Kabandha was a gandharva (celestial musician) named Vishvavasu or Danu, who was cursed and made into an ugly, carnivorous demon by Indra, the king of the gods, and/or a sage. In an encounter with Rama and Lakshmana, the brothers sever his arms and proceed to cremate his corpse. Upon his death, Kabandha resumes his gandharva form and directs Rama to the Rsyamukha mountain, where the exiled monkey-chief Sugriva is hiding. Kabandha advises Rama to form an alliance with Sugriva, who would be of assistance in the search for Rama's wife Sita, who had been kidnapped by Ravana, the demon-king of Lanka. Following Kabandha's instructions, Rama befriends Sugriva and rescues Sita with his help.
The most detailed account of Kabandha appears in the third book, Aranya kanda, of the 4th century BCE epic Ramayana, Sargas (cantos) 69-73. However, Kabandha first appears in canto one of the first book Bala kanda of the Ramayana, in which the entire story is summarized.
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Kalyan Singh
Kalyan Singh (born 5 January 1932) is an Indian politician from the state of Uttar Pradesh. He has served three times as the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh.
He first became the chief minister of Uttar Pradesh in June 1991.
According to the chargesheet filed by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) in the Babri Masjid demolition case, just after becoming chief minister, he, with his colleagues, "visited ayodha and took a vow to construct Ram temple there itself." In October 1991, his government acquired 2.77 acres (11,200 m2) of land around the "Babri Masjid Complex" under a government notification for the purpose of "promoting tourism". In July 1992, the Sangh Parivar laid the foundation for the proposed Ram temple by digging around the Babri Masjid and filling the area with 10-foot (3.0 m)-thick layer of reinforced cement concrete. Kalyan Singh's government called it a "platform" for performing bhajans while the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) declared it as the foundation for Ram temple.
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Kanishka
Kanishka (Kanishka the Great), (Sanskrit: कनिष्क, Bactrian language: Κανηϸκι, Middle Chinese: 迦腻色伽 (Jianisejia)) was an emperor of the Kushan Empire, ruling an empire extending from Bactria to large parts of northern India in the 2nd century of the common era, and famous for his military, political, and spiritual achievements. His main capital was at Purushpura (Peshawar in present day northwestern Pakistan) with regional capitals at the location of the modern city of Taxila in Pakistan, Begram in Afghanistan and Mathura in India.
Kanishka was a Kushan of probable Yuezhi ethnicity. He used an Eastern Iranian, Indo-European language known as Bactrian (called "αρια," i. e. "Aryan" in the Rabatak inscription), which appears in Greek script in his inscriptions, though it is not certain what language the Kushans originally spoke; possibly some form of Tocharian - a "centum" Indo-European language. The "Aryan" language of the inscription was a "satem" Middle Iranian language, possibly the one spoken in "Arya" or "Ariana" (the region around modern Herat) and was, therefore, quite possibly unrelated to the original language of the Kushans (or the Yuezhi), but adopted by them to facilitate communication with local people.
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Koenraad Elst
Koenraad Elst (born 7 August 1959) is a Belgian writer and orientalist (without institutional affiliation). He was an editor of the New Right Flemish nationalist journal Teksten, Kommentaren en Studies from 1992 to 1995, focusing on criticism of Islam, various other conservative and Flemish separatist publications such as Nucleus, 't Pallieterke, Secessie and The Brussels Journal. Having authored fifteen English language books on topics related to Indian politics and communalismhis writings are frequently featured in right-wing publications.
Elst was born in Leuven, Belgium into a Flemish Catholic family. Some of his family members were Christian missionaries or priests. He graduated in Indology, Sinology and Philosophy at the Catholic University of Leuven. He then obtained a Ph.D. from the same university. The main portion of his Ph.D. dissertation on Hindu revivalism and Hindu reform movements eventually became his book Decolonizing the Hindu Mind. Other parts of his Ph.D. thesis were published in Who is a Hindu and The Saffron Swastika. He also studied at the Banaras Hindu University in India. Several of his books on communalism and Indian politics are published by the Voice of India publishing house.
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Mahavira
Mahāvīra (Sanskrit: महावीर "Great Hero", Kannada: ಮಹಾವೀರ Mahāvīra, Malayalam: മഹാവീരൻ Mahāvīran and Tamil: அருகன் Arukaṉ) is the name most commonly used to refer to the Indian sage Vardhamāna (Sanskrit: वर्धमान; traditionally 599–527 BCE) who established what are today considered to be the central tenets of Jainism. According to Jain tradition, he was the 24th and the last Tirthankara. In Tamil, he is referred to as Arukaṉ or Arukadevan. He is also known in texts as Vira or Viraprabhu, Sanmati, Ativira,and Gnatputra. In the Buddhist Pali Canon, he is referred to as Nigantha Nātaputta and Gyatra Putta.
In a place called Kundalagrama (Vaishali district) situated close to Besadha Patti, 27 miles from Patna in modern day Bihar, India, Mahavira was born in a royal family to King Siddartha and Queen Trishala on the 13th day under the rising moon of Chaitra (12 April according to the Gregorian calendar). While still in his mother's womb it is believed he brought wealth and prosperity to the entire kingdom, which is why he was named Vardhaman. An increase of all good things, like the abundant bloom of beautiful flowers, was noticed in the kingdom after his conception. Trishala had a number of auspicious dreams before giving birth to Vardhaman (14 according to the Svetambaras and 16 according to the Digambaras), signs foretelling the advent of a great soul.He found "Nirvana" at the age of 72 in 527 BC near Rajgir, Bihar .Vardhaman's birthday is celebrated as Mahavir Jayanti, the most important religious holiday of Jains around the world.
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Murli Manohar Joshi
Murli Manohar Joshi (born 1934) was the Union Human Resources Development minister of India in the NDA government. Joshi is a leading member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He is best known for his views on Indian socio-politics and for his affiliation with the RSS.
He was born in Nainital on 5 January 1934, hailing from the Kumaon Hills region of Nainital northern India which today form a part of the state of Uttarakhand. Joshi had his early education in Chandpur, District Bijnore and Almora (currently part of Uttarakhand). He completed his B.Sc. from Meerut College and M.Sc. from Allahabad University. Here one of his teachers was Professor Rajendra Singh, who later became RSS Sarsanghchalaks. He did his doctorate from Allahabad University. The subject of his doctoral thesis was Spectroscopy. He was the first scientist to submit his thesis in Hindi.
After completing his PhD, Joshi started teaching Physics at Allahabad University. He came in contact with the RSS in Delhi at a young age and took part in the Cow Protection Movement in 1953–54, in the Kumbh Kisan Andolan of UP in 1955, demanding halving of land revenue assessment. During the Emergency period (1975–1977) in India, Joshi was in jail from 26 June 1975 until the Lok Sabha elections in 1977. He was elected Member of Parliament from Almora. When the Janata Party (which then included his party) came to power forming the first non-Congress government in Indian history, Joshi was elected General Secretary of the Janata Parliamentary Party. After the fall of the government, his party came out of Janata Party in 1980, and formed the Bharatiya Janata Party or the BJP. Joshi first looked after the Central Office as a General Secretary and later became Party Treasurer. As General Secretary of BJP, he was directly in charge of Bihar, Bengal and North-Eastern States. Later, when BJP formed a government in India under Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Joshi served as the Human Resource Development Minister in the cabinet.
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Nawab of Awadh
The Nawab of Awadh is the title of rulers who governed the state of Awadh in India in the 18th and 19th century. The Nawabs of Awadh originated from Persia.
As the Moghul power declined and the emperors lost their paramountcy and they became first the puppets and then the prisoners of their feudatories, so Awadh grew stronger and more independent. Its capital city was Faizabad.
Of all the Muslim states and dependencies of the Mughal empire, Awadh had the newest royal family. They were descended from a Persian adventurer called Sa'adat Khan, originally from the city of Nishapur. There were many Khurasanis in the service of the Mughals, mostly soldiers, and if successful, they could hope for rich rewards. Burhan ul Mulk Sa'adat Khan proved to be amongst the most successful of this group. In 1732, he was made governor of the province of Awadh. His original title was Nazim, which means Governor, but soon he was made Nawab. In 1740, the Nawab was called Wazir or vizier, which means Chief Minister, and thereafter he was known as the Nawab Wazir. In practice, from Sa'adat Khan onwards, the titles had been hereditary, though in theory they were in the gift of the Mughal emperor, to whom allegiance was paid. A nazar, or token tribute, was sent each year to Delhi, and members of the imperial family were treated with great deference; two of them actually lived in Lucknow after 1819, and were treated with great courtesy.
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Ramananda
Ramananda (1400–1476 CE), also referred to as Sant Ramanand or Swami Ramanand, was a Vaishnava sant. He is considered to be the reviver of the Ramanandi sect. Ramananda for the most part of his life lived in the holy city of Varanasi, and was a pioneer of the Bhakti movement, as well as a social reformer in Northern India. He was known for communicating in vernacular Hindi, and accepting disciples of all castes. His 12 disciples are very famous-Anantananda, Bhavananda, Dhanna Bhagat, Kabir, Nabha, Naraharyanda, Pipa, Ravidas (also known as Guru Ravidas), Bhagat Sain, Sukhanada, Ranka and Tulsidas (not the author of the Ramcharitmanas).
Saint Ramananda is generally considered to have been born around AD 1400, some say that he was born in 1366 CE. Although there is disagreement on the exact date and place of birth, due to the few texts regarding his early life. The birthplace has been suggested to be Triveni Sangam Allahabad, Prayaga. He was born to an upper-caste Brahmin family, and his parents were probably named Sushila and Punyasadan Sharma. He was spiritually inclined right from his childhood. Acharya Raghavanand who is also known as Dakshinayat Rishi (as he lived in Jagannath Puri which is always considered a southern city in Hindu scriptures) included him in the Ramavat sect. Ramananda spent most of his life in Kashi (Banaras / Varanasi), where, as a mark of respect, people built a memorial that stands there to this day.
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Rishyasringa
Rishyasringa (Sanskrit:ऋष्यशृंग, Kannada:ಋಷ್ಯಶೃಂಗ, IAST: Ṛṣyaśṛṅga meaning 'deer-horned'; Pali: Isisiṅga; Thai: Kalaikot; Tamil: Kalaikottu-muni) or Ekaśṛṅga (Chinese: 獨角仙人; pinyin: Dújiǎo Xiānrén) was a boy born with the horns of a deer in Hindu-Buddhist mythology, who became a seer and was seduced by a King's daughter, which had various results according to the variations in the story.
Rishyasringa (Sanskrit:ऋष्यशृंग was a boy born with the horns of a deer in Hindu-Buddhist mythology. His father was the rishi Vibhandaka, and his mother was a celestial paramour 'Urvasi'. According to another legend, he was believed to have been born of a doe and from the slight protrusion of his forehead. According to legend, his father was seduced by the celestial danseuse 'Urvasi' by order of 'Indra'- the king of gods, who feared the yogic powers gained out of penance by the rishi could prove fatal to the very existence of heavenly world. The father was seduced and out of his relation with the danseuse was born Rishyasringa. However immediately after the child was born 'Urvasi', after completing the duty she was sent for left the infant child and her lover and made her way to the heavens. The incident left the father with extreme hatred towards women folk, and he raised the boy in a forest, isolated from society. He never saw any girls or women, and was not told of their existence. The tradition states that he was endowed with magical and miraculous powers.
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Saadat Ali Khan II
Saadat Ali Khan (Hindi: सआदत अली खान, Urdu: سعادت علی خان) (b. bf. 1752 – d. c. 11 July 1814) was the fifthnawab wazir of Oudh from 21 January 1798 to 11 July 1814, and the son of Muhammad Nasir.
He was the second son of Nawab Shuja-ud-daula. Saadat Ali Khan succeeded his half-nephew, Mirza Wazir `Ali Khan, to the throne of Oudh in 1798 after .
Saadat Ali Khan was crowned on 21 January 1798 at Bibiyapur Palace in Lucknow, by Sir John Shore after the assurance from Sadat Ali Khan for acquiescence to the company and to carry out its orders.
He was to sign another treaty by which the annual amount to be paid to the Company was increased by 20 lakhs to 76 lakhs. Fort of Allahabad and Fatehgarh along with 12 lakhs were given to Company for putting him on the throne. Governor asked him to reduce the force of Oudh (Which was 80,000 at the time of Asaf-ud-daula). His powers got reduced very much within three years of his reign. He became unable to pay the duesto the Company. On Nov 10, 1801 AD Company has taken half of the Oudh after his signature. Company got the area of Rohilkhand, Farukhabad, Mainpuri, Etawah, Kanpur, Fatehgarh, Allahabad, Azamgarh, Basti and Gorakhpur, from where Oudh was getting an income of Rs. 3 crores. after the assurance from Sadat Ali Khan for acquiescence to the company and to carry out its orders.
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Sita
Sita (also spelled Seeta or Seetha Hindustani pronunciation: [Sītā], listen (help·info) meaning "furrow") is the principle female character in the epic Ramayana. She is the consort of the Hindu god Rama (avatar of Vishnu) and is an avatar of Lakshmi, goddess of wealth and wife of Vishnu. She is esteemed as a standard-setter for wifely and womanly virtues for all Hindu women. Sita is known for her dedication, self-sacrifice, courage and purity.
Sita is described as the daughter of the earth goddess Bhūmi and the adopted daughter of King Janaka of Mithila. In her youth, she marries Rama, the prince of Ayodhya. Soon after her marriage, she is forced into exile with her husband and brother-in-law Lakshmana. While in exile, the trio settle in the Dandaka forest, from where she is kidnapped by the Ravana, Rakshasa King of Lanka. She is imprisoned in the Ashoka Vatika of Lanka by Ravana. Sita is finally rescued by Rama in the climatic war where Rama slays Ravana. Sita proves her chastity by undergoing a trial by fire. Thereafter, Rama and Sita return to Ayodhya, where they are crowned as king and queen. However, Rama abandons a pregnant Sita, when one of his subjects casts doubt over her chastity. Sita gives birth to twins Lava and Kusha, in the refuge of Sage Valmiki's hermitage. After her sons grow up and unite with their father, Sita returns to her mother, the Earth's womb.
wn.com/Sita -
Swaminarayan
Swaminarayan (Gujarati: સ્વામિનારાયણ, Devanagari: स्वामीनारायण, IAST: Svāmīnārāyaṇa) (3 April 1781 – 1 June 1830), also known as Sahajanand Swami, is the central figure in a modern sect of Hinduism known as the Swaminarayan Faith, a form of Vaishnavism. Within the faith, Swaminarayan is equated with the Supreme Being, Purushottama, or is venerated as an incarnation of Narayana from the Nara-Narayana deity pair.
Swaminarayan was born Ghanshyam Pande in Chhapaiya, Uttar Pradesh, India in 1781. In 1792, he began a seven year pilgrimage across India, adopting the name Nilkanth Varni. He settled in the state of Gujarat around 1799. In 1800, he was initiated into the Uddhav Sampraday by his guru, Ramanand Swami, and was given the name Sahajanand Swami. In 1802, his guru handed over the leadership of the Uddhav Sampraday to him before his death. Sahajanand Swami held a gathering and taught the Swaminarayan mantra. From this point onwards, he was known as Swaminarayan and regarded as an incarnation of God by his followers. The Uddhav Sampraday became known as the Swaminarayan Sampraday.
wn.com/Swaminarayan -
Tulsidas
Tulsidas (Devanagari: तुलसीदास, Hindi pronunciation: [t̪uls̪iːd̪ɑːs̪], also known as Goswami Tulsidas), (1497/1532–1623) was a Hindu poet-saint, reformer and philosopher renowned for his devotion for the god Rama. A composer of several popular works, he is best known for being the author of the epic Ramcharitmanas, a retelling of the Sanskrit Ramayana in the vernacular Awadhi. Tulsidas was acclaimed in his lifetime to be a reincarnation of Valmiki, the composer of the original Ramayana in Sanskrit. He is also considered to be the composer of the Hanuman Chalisa, a popular devotional hymn dedicated to Hanuman, the divine monkey helper and devotee of Rama. Tulsidas lived permanently and died in the city of Varanasi. The Tulsi Ghat in Varnasi is named after him. He founded the Sankatmochan Temple dedicated to Hanuman in Varanasi, believed to stand at the place where he had the sight of Hanuman. Tulsidas started the Ramlila plays, a folk-theatre adaption of the Ramayana. He has been acclaimed as one of the greatest poets in Hindi, Indian, and world literature. The impact of Tulsidas and his works on the art, culture and society in India is widespread and is seen to date in vernacular language, Ramlila plays, Hindustani classical music, popular music, and television series.
wn.com/Tulsidas -
Valmiki
Valmiki (Sanskrit: वाल्मीकि, vālmīki) (during Lord Rama's time) is celebrated as the poet harbinger in Sanskrit literature. He is the author of the epic Ramayana, based on the attribution in the text of the epic itself. He is revered as the Adi Kavi, which means First Poet, for he discovered the first śloka i.e. first verse, which set the base and defined the form to Sanskrit poetry.
At least by the 1st century AD, Valmiki's reputation as the father of Sanskrit classical poetry seems to have been legendary. Ashvagosha writes in the Buddhacarita:
This particular verse has been speculated to indicate a familial relationship between Valmiki and Chyavana, as implied by the previous and subsequent verses.
Valmiki was the son of Sumali. Maharishi Valmiki was born in a shudra family. His birth name was Ratnakara. But the trust factor of the sources is questionable.When everyone left to travel south Sumali took his son and wife and moved near the bank of Vipasa River (Northern India). The Uttara Khanda tells the story of Valmiki's early life, as an unnamed highway robber who used to rob people before killing them. Other versions name him Valya Meet. Robbing people who passed by was the only source of money for him.
wn.com/Valmiki -
Xuanzang
Xuanzang (Chinese: 玄奘; pinyin: Xuánzàng; Wade–Giles: Hsüan-tsang Sanskrit: ह्वेनसांग) (c. 602 – 664) was a famous Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveler, and translator who described the interaction between China and India in the early Tang period. Born in Henan province of China in 602 or 603, from boyhood he took to reading sacred books, including the Chinese Classics and the writings of the ancient sages.
While residing in the city of Luoyang, Xuanzang entered Buddhist monkhood at the age of thirteen. Due to the political and social unrest caused by the fall of the Sui dynasty, he went to Chengdu in Sichuan (Szechuan), where he was ordained at the age of twenty. He later traveled throughout China in search of sacred books of Buddhism. At length, he came to Chang'an, then under the peaceful rule of Emperor Taizong of Tang. Here Xuanzang developed the desire to visit India. He knew about Faxian's visit to India and, like him, was concerned about the incomplete and misinterpreted nature of the Buddhist scriptures that had reached China.
wn.com/Xuanzang -
Yuezhi
The Yuezhi, or Rouzhi (Chinese: 月氏; pinyin: Yuèzhī or Ròuzhī; Old Chinese: Tokwar), were an ancient Central Asian people. They are believed by most scholars to have been an Indo-European people and may have been the same as or closely related to the Tocharians (Τοχάριοι) of Classical sources. They were originally settled in the arid grasslands of the eastern Tarim Basin area, in what is today Xinjiang and western Gansu, in China, before they migrated to Transoxiana, Bactria and then northern South Asia, where they may have had a part in forming the Kushan Empire.
Since the character yuè (月) can stand for the character ròu (肉) in pictograms, it may not mean "moon" here. The character seems to have derived originally from ròu, "meat", as a character component. However, if the form Yuezhi (月氏) is accepted, the name translates literally as "moon clan", from yuè (月), "moon" and shì (氏), "clan" or "race". According to the Kangxi Dictionary, the name came from that of a country beyond China's borders.
wn.com/Yuezhi
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Sampooran Ayodhya Yatra Hindi Ram Ji Yatra Sonotek
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 70:47
- Updated: 27 Jan 2013
Voice Over - Om Parkash Rathore Camera - Billu Chaudhary,Omveer Sehrawat Director - Hansraj Video Editor - Mukesh Nandal
http://wn.com/Sampooran_Ayodhya_Yatra_Hindi_Ram_Ji_Yatra_Sonotek
Voice Over - Om Parkash Rathore Camera - Billu Chaudhary,Omveer Sehrawat Director - Hansraj Video Editor - Mukesh Nandal
Subramanian Swamy talks about Ayodhya Rama Temple and Babri mosque Issue
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:57
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
Subramanian Swamy talks about Ayodhya Rama Temple and Babri mosque Issue Video Link: www.youtube.com Join us on Facebook Group: www.facebook.com Join Dr Swamy on Twitter: twitter.com Check Dr Swamy Blog: swamy39.blogspot.com Facebook Fan page: www.facebook.com Facebook Video Page: www.facebook.com Official Website: www.janataparty.org Wikipedia: en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org Subscribe to Dr Swamy YouTube Channel: www.youtube.com www.youtube.com (Hindi) www.youtube.com News Category: Subramanian Swamy PMO 2G Spectrum Scam Sonia Rahul Gandhi Bofors Congress Corruption Hindu Ram Setu EVM Kapil Sibal Salman Khurshid Chidambaram Manmohan Singh India "P. Chidambaram" Pakistan
http://wn.com/Subramanian_Swamy_talks_about_Ayodhya_Rama_Temple_and_Babri_mosque_Issue
Subramanian Swamy talks about Ayodhya Rama Temple and Babri mosque Issue Video Link: www.youtube.com Join us on Facebook Group: www.facebook.com Join Dr Swamy on Twitter: twitter.com Check Dr Swamy Blog: swamy39.blogspot.com Facebook Fan page: www.facebook.com Facebook Video Page: www.facebook.com Official Website: www.janataparty.org Wikipedia: en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org Subscribe to Dr Swamy YouTube Channel: www.youtube.com www.youtube.com (Hindi) www.youtube.com News Category: Subramanian Swamy PMO 2G Spectrum Scam Sonia Rahul Gandhi Bofors Congress Corruption Hindu Ram Setu EVM Kapil Sibal Salman Khurshid Chidambaram Manmohan Singh India "P. Chidambaram" Pakistan
- published: 02 Feb 2012
- views: 10500
- author: DrSubramanianSwamy
Documentary on Shri Ram Janam Bhoomi in Ayodhya
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 40:43
- Updated: 23 Jan 2013
World famous documentary about one of Hindu's seven holiest cities, Ayodhya. Ayodhya is the Hindu Holy land where God Shri Ram was born as also proven in Prayagraj High Court, Uttar Pradesh judgement which is posted at rjbm.nic.in There stood a grand Hindu Mandir (temple) that was demolished & destroyed by Babar who built a Babri Dhancha (building) on top of it. Evidence of Mandir have been found in excavation as shown in this popular documentary.
http://wn.com/Documentary_on_Shri_Ram_Janam_Bhoomi_in_Ayodhya
World famous documentary about one of Hindu's seven holiest cities, Ayodhya. Ayodhya is the Hindu Holy land where God Shri Ram was born as also proven in Prayagraj High Court, Uttar Pradesh judgement which is posted at rjbm.nic.in There stood a grand Hindu Mandir (temple) that was demolished & destroyed by Babar who built a Babri Dhancha (building) on top of it. Evidence of Mandir have been found in excavation as shown in this popular documentary.
- published: 06 May 2011
- views: 32491
- author: hearthorbeguy
Subramanian Swamy on the Ayodhya Verdict 30 Sep '10
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 41:40
- Updated: 26 Jan 2013
newindianexpress.com newindianexpress.com Fundamentals of the battle for Shri Ram Temple: @Swamy39 organiser.org MD Nalapat - It is the mind space not geographical space that Ram conquered organiser.org India's colonised mind and its myths organiser.org The meaning of Ramjanmabhoomi agitation: @Kalyan97 organiser.org Ayodhya, the foundation of Bharat: Dr Gautam Sen organiser.org Sri Ramjanmabhoomi movement at a glance organiser.org
http://wn.com/Subramanian_Swamy_on_the_Ayodhya_Verdict_30_Sep_'10
newindianexpress.com newindianexpress.com Fundamentals of the battle for Shri Ram Temple: @Swamy39 organiser.org MD Nalapat - It is the mind space not geographical space that Ram conquered organiser.org India's colonised mind and its myths organiser.org The meaning of Ramjanmabhoomi agitation: @Kalyan97 organiser.org Ayodhya, the foundation of Bharat: Dr Gautam Sen organiser.org Sri Ramjanmabhoomi movement at a glance organiser.org
- published: 22 Aug 2012
- views: 2108
- author: PM Swamy
Ayodhya Darshan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 42:46
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
Ayodhya Darshan (Subscribe: www.youtube.com Voice: Shammi Narang Director: Punit Mahajan Label: T-Series If You like the video don't forget to share with others & also share your views. Subscribe: www.youtube.com Bhakti Sagar: www.facebook.com To set popular Bhakti Dhun as your HelloTune, Airtel subscribers Dial 57878881 (toll free) For Spiritual Voice Alerts, Airtel subscribers Dial 589991 (toll free) ------ ''Chaupaiyaan'' ''Ramayan '' ''Ram Choupai'' ''Ram Ratan'' ''Jai Shri Ram'' ''Ramji'' ''Rama'' ''Shree Ram'' ''Ram Charit Manas Chaupai'' ''Ram Charitmanas'' ''Bhajan Sandhya'' ''Bhakti Abhilasha'' ''Spiritual Synergy'' ''Spritual Synergy'' "T Series Bhakti Geet" ''Bhajan'' ''Divotional'' ''Spiritual'' Ramcharitmanas Ramayana Ramayan Meditation Yoga Karma Religion Temple Ramnavmi "Shri Ram" "Jai Ram"
http://wn.com/Ayodhya_Darshan
Ayodhya Darshan (Subscribe: www.youtube.com Voice: Shammi Narang Director: Punit Mahajan Label: T-Series If You like the video don't forget to share with others & also share your views. Subscribe: www.youtube.com Bhakti Sagar: www.facebook.com To set popular Bhakti Dhun as your HelloTune, Airtel subscribers Dial 57878881 (toll free) For Spiritual Voice Alerts, Airtel subscribers Dial 589991 (toll free) ------ ''Chaupaiyaan'' ''Ramayan '' ''Ram Choupai'' ''Ram Ratan'' ''Jai Shri Ram'' ''Ramji'' ''Rama'' ''Shree Ram'' ''Ram Charit Manas Chaupai'' ''Ram Charitmanas'' ''Bhajan Sandhya'' ''Bhakti Abhilasha'' ''Spiritual Synergy'' ''Spritual Synergy'' "T Series Bhakti Geet" ''Bhajan'' ''Divotional'' ''Spiritual'' Ramcharitmanas Ramayana Ramayan Meditation Yoga Karma Religion Temple Ramnavmi "Shri Ram" "Jai Ram"
- published: 30 Mar 2012
- views: 21434
- author: tseriesbhakti
Ayodhya
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 144:38
- Updated: 31 Dec 2012
Justice Ram Prasad (Krishna) takes care of the kids of his deceased elder brother. Rajesh (Naveen) is a hot-blooded youngster. He comes to know that he has an elder sister born out of illegitimate relationship of his father. His father mentions it in his will, which is safe guarded by Ram Prasad now. Jyothy (Prema) is the one Rajesh and Ram Prasad looking out for. The story of the film is all about how Jyothy lets the Ram Prasad's family know that she is the one and how Rajesh and Ram Prasad together put an end to the atrocities of the JK (Mandadi Krishna Reddy) gang.
http://wn.com/Ayodhya
Justice Ram Prasad (Krishna) takes care of the kids of his deceased elder brother. Rajesh (Naveen) is a hot-blooded youngster. He comes to know that he has an elder sister born out of illegitimate relationship of his father. His father mentions it in his will, which is safe guarded by Ram Prasad now. Jyothy (Prema) is the one Rajesh and Ram Prasad looking out for. The story of the film is all about how Jyothy lets the Ram Prasad's family know that she is the one and how Rajesh and Ram Prasad together put an end to the atrocities of the JK (Mandadi Krishna Reddy) gang.
- published: 01 Aug 2011
- views: 27452
- author: teluguone
Hyderabad next Ayodhya anti Islamic Praveen Togadia warn brutal Muslim Massacre riots violence
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:58
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
Hyderabad next Ayodhya anti Islamic Praveen Togadia warn brutal Muslim Massacre riots and communal violence There is no one to ask any question to such nonsecular and violent statements to these leaders who make the people fight and kill each other. I bet, if there is any violence or massacre - I want these leaders to be in the front and fight but they don't come to fight instead they send some killers to kill the innocent people. Why the government and all my Indian brothers and sisters don't understand these things. Extracted from the news relayed on NTV for showing it to the rest of the world and all credits for this video goes to NTV thankfully.
http://wn.com/Hyderabad_next_Ayodhya_anti_Islamic_Praveen_Togadia_warn_brutal_Muslim_Massacre_riots_violence
Hyderabad next Ayodhya anti Islamic Praveen Togadia warn brutal Muslim Massacre riots and communal violence There is no one to ask any question to such nonsecular and violent statements to these leaders who make the people fight and kill each other. I bet, if there is any violence or massacre - I want these leaders to be in the front and fight but they don't come to fight instead they send some killers to kill the innocent people. Why the government and all my Indian brothers and sisters don't understand these things. Extracted from the news relayed on NTV for showing it to the rest of the world and all credits for this video goes to NTV thankfully.
- published: 08 Jan 2013
- views: 26806
- author: afzalrazaavi
Ayodhya - Ram Janma Bhumi Movement
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:13
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
Jo Swapna Dekhate Babar ke, Armaan Mitakar Manenge....Saugandh Raam ki Khaate hain, Hum Mandir Wahin Banayenge.....
http://wn.com/Ayodhya_Ram_Janma_Bhumi_Movement
Jo Swapna Dekhate Babar ke, Armaan Mitakar Manenge....Saugandh Raam ki Khaate hain, Hum Mandir Wahin Banayenge.....
- published: 06 Dec 2011
- views: 4965
- author: hindutvainus
AYODHYA - Tamil Cinema
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 146:27
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
No HINDU, No MUSLIM, likes violence. Only the rats in the society try to spread this epidemic !!!!. Wish you a Peacefull and happy 2013. Rajhanandh.
http://wn.com/AYODHYA_Tamil_Cinema
No HINDU, No MUSLIM, likes violence. Only the rats in the society try to spread this epidemic !!!!. Wish you a Peacefull and happy 2013. Rajhanandh.
- published: 06 Jan 2013
- views: 5734
- author: Rajhanandh
Difference between a Temple and a Mosque - Dr Subramanian Swamy on Ayodhya Issue
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:06
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
Link to original complete video: www.youtube.com Just 700 years ago, Kashmir was 100% HINDU. Hindus gave refuge to Muslims in Kashmir, since that day - to this day, Population of Muslims in Kashmir have grown from 0% to 100%. So, what did they do with Hindus. Sikh guru Teg Bahadur Singh Ji, also had given his head while protecting Kashmiri Hindus from Muslims. The answer is: Hindus were given 3 options 1. Convert to Muslims. 2. Be Slaughtered or Killed. 3. Exile. This is the history and not a Joke. To save Humanity, Muslims must be stopped, it has blood of all native religions on its Hands. Hindus of Bharat must WAKE-UP. ------------------------------------------------------ Watch: How Congress is BREAKING INDIA : a Documentary www.youtube.com ------------------------------------------------------ Twitter: twitter.com Blog: swamy39.blogspot.com Facebook Fan page: www.facebook.com www.facebook.com www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Difference_between_a_Temple_and_a_Mosque_Dr_Subramanian_Swamy_on_Ayodhya_Issue
Link to original complete video: www.youtube.com Just 700 years ago, Kashmir was 100% HINDU. Hindus gave refuge to Muslims in Kashmir, since that day - to this day, Population of Muslims in Kashmir have grown from 0% to 100%. So, what did they do with Hindus. Sikh guru Teg Bahadur Singh Ji, also had given his head while protecting Kashmiri Hindus from Muslims. The answer is: Hindus were given 3 options 1. Convert to Muslims. 2. Be Slaughtered or Killed. 3. Exile. This is the history and not a Joke. To save Humanity, Muslims must be stopped, it has blood of all native religions on its Hands. Hindus of Bharat must WAKE-UP. ------------------------------------------------------ Watch: How Congress is BREAKING INDIA : a Documentary www.youtube.com ------------------------------------------------------ Twitter: twitter.com Blog: swamy39.blogspot.com Facebook Fan page: www.facebook.com www.facebook.com www.facebook.com
- published: 22 Dec 2012
- views: 1106
- author: Āryāvrata Bhārata
Ayodhya Nagari Na Raja - Ayodhya Na Raja
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:08
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
Watch the Devotional music video Song Ayodhya Nagari Na Raja from the album Ayodhya Na Raja
http://wn.com/Ayodhya_Nagari_Na_Raja_Ayodhya_Na_Raja
Watch the Devotional music video Song Ayodhya Nagari Na Raja from the album Ayodhya Na Raja
- published: 30 Jan 2013
- author: Divine Blessings
Sadhuna Veshma Ravan - Ayodhya Na Raja
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:43
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
Watch the Devotional music video Song Sadhuna Veshma Ravan from the album Ayodhya Na Raja
http://wn.com/Sadhuna_Veshma_Ravan_Ayodhya_Na_Raja
Watch the Devotional music video Song Sadhuna Veshma Ravan from the album Ayodhya Na Raja
- published: 30 Jan 2013
- author: Divine Blessings
Manha Ramna Mandir - Ayodhya Na Raja
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:38
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
Watch the Devotional music video Song Manha Ramna Mandir from the album Ayodhya Na Raja
http://wn.com/Manha_Ramna_Mandir_Ayodhya_Na_Raja
Watch the Devotional music video Song Manha Ramna Mandir from the album Ayodhya Na Raja
- published: 30 Jan 2013
- author: Divine Blessings
Bappa Morya Re - Ayodhya Na Raja
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:01
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
Watch the Devotional music video Song Bappa Morya Re from the album Ayodhya Na Raja
http://wn.com/Bappa_Morya_Re_Ayodhya_Na_Raja
Watch the Devotional music video Song Bappa Morya Re from the album Ayodhya Na Raja
- published: 30 Jan 2013
- author: Divine Blessings
Sai Ram Sai Ram - Ayodhya Na Raja
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:58
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
Watch the Devotional music video Song Sai Ram Sai Ram from the album Ayodhya Na Raja
http://wn.com/Sai_Ram_Sai_Ram_Ayodhya_Na_Raja
Watch the Devotional music video Song Sai Ram Sai Ram from the album Ayodhya Na Raja
- published: 30 Jan 2013
- author: Divine Blessings
Shree Ram Shree Ram Jai Shree Ram - Ayodhya Na Raja
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:58
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
Watch the Devotional music video Song Shree Ram Shree Ram Jai Shree Ram from the album Ayodhya Na Raja
http://wn.com/Shree_Ram_Shree_Ram_Jai_Shree_Ram_Ayodhya_Na_Raja
Watch the Devotional music video Song Shree Ram Shree Ram Jai Shree Ram from the album Ayodhya Na Raja
- published: 30 Jan 2013
- author: Divine Blessings
Ayodha Una Ye Ram - Ayodhya Na Raja
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:45
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
Watch the Devotional music video Song Ayodha Una Ye Ram from the album Ayodhya Na Raja
http://wn.com/Ayodha_Una_Ye_Ram_Ayodhya_Na_Raja
Watch the Devotional music video Song Ayodha Una Ye Ram from the album Ayodhya Na Raja
- published: 30 Jan 2013
- author: Divine Blessings
Bhadra Maa Darbar Ye - Ayodhya Na Raja
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:39
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
Watch the Devotional music video Song Bhadra Maa Darbar Ye from the album Ayodhya Na Raja
http://wn.com/Bhadra_Maa_Darbar_Ye_Ayodhya_Na_Raja
Watch the Devotional music video Song Bhadra Maa Darbar Ye from the album Ayodhya Na Raja
- published: 30 Jan 2013
- author: Divine Blessings
Ayodhya Na Raja Title
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:33
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
Watch the Devotional music video Song from the album Ayodhya Na Raja
http://wn.com/Ayodhya_Na_Raja_Title
Watch the Devotional music video Song from the album Ayodhya Na Raja
- published: 30 Jan 2013
- author: Divine Blessings
Jai Shree Ram Bola - Ayodhya Na Raja
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:18
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
Watch the Devotional music video Song Jai Shree Ram Bola from the album Ayodhya Na Raja
http://wn.com/Jai_Shree_Ram_Bola_Ayodhya_Na_Raja
Watch the Devotional music video Song Jai Shree Ram Bola from the album Ayodhya Na Raja
- published: 30 Jan 2013
- author: Divine Blessings
Man Man Man Manha Ye Ram - Ayodhya Na Raja
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:06
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
Watch the Devotional music video Song Man Man Man Manha Ye Ram from the album Ayodhya Na Raja
http://wn.com/Man_Man_Man_Manha_Ye_Ram_Ayodhya_Na_Raja
Watch the Devotional music video Song Man Man Man Manha Ye Ram from the album Ayodhya Na Raja
- published: 30 Jan 2013
- author: Divine Blessings
Full Ramayan by Mukesh Ayodhya Kanda part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 44:38
- Updated: 27 Jan 2013
This is the first part of the Ayodhya Kanda by Mukesh. Enjoy!
http://wn.com/Full_Ramayan_by_Mukesh_Ayodhya_Kanda_part_1
This is the first part of the Ayodhya Kanda by Mukesh. Enjoy!
- published: 01 Feb 2012
- views: 7717
- author: SanatanDharmi
Full Ramayan by Mukesh Ayodhya Kanda part 3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 28:06
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
This is the last part of the Ayodhya Kanda, part 3. Enjoy listening!
http://wn.com/Full_Ramayan_by_Mukesh_Ayodhya_Kanda_part_3
This is the last part of the Ayodhya Kanda, part 3. Enjoy listening!
- published: 07 Feb 2012
- views: 2224
- author: SanatanDharmi
photo: AP / Aleppo Revolution Against Assad Regime
29 Jan 2013
By Alexander Dziadosz and Oliver Holmes. BEIRUT, Jan 29 (Reuters) - At least 65 people were found shot dead with their hands bound in the northern Syrian city of Aleppo on Tuesday in a "new massacre" in the near two-year revolt against President Bashar al-Assad, activists said. Opposition campaigners blamed the government but it was impossible to confirm who was responsible ... The U.N ... State media did not mention the incident ... STALEMATE ... ....(size: 9.0Kb)
photo: AP / Korea Aerospace Research Institute
30 Jan 2013
Launch of 140-tonne rocket likely to anger North Korea, which incurred tougher UN sanctions after December launch. The rocket takes off from its launchpad at Naro, south of Seoul. South Korea has twice before failed to put a satellite into space. Photograph. Kari/AFP/Getty Images ... Relief greeted the Naro rocket's flawless liftoff from a space centre on the south coast at 4pm local time ... ....(size: 3.1Kb)
photo: AP / David Guttenfelder
30 Jan 2013
SEOUL - Until Tuesday, North Korea appeared on Google Maps as a near-total white space -- no roads, no train lines, no parks and no restaurants. The only thing labeled was the capital city, Pyongyang. This all changed when Google, on Tuesday, rolled out a detailed map of one of the world's most secretive states ... Similar processes were used in other once-unmapped countries like Afghanistan and Myanmar ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)
photo: AP / Patrick Semansky
30 Jan 2013
LAS VEGAS -- Seizing an opening to rewrite the nation's immigration laws, President Barack Obama challenged Congress on Tuesday to act swiftly to put 11 million illegal immigrants living in the United States on a clear path to citizenship ... The response suggests that reaching consensus on immigration law changes remained difficult despite a new bipartisan push since the November elections ... Mr ... Sen ... He continued ... Although Mr ... Mr ... Mr ... ....(size: 5.5Kb)
photo: AP / Khalil Hamra
28 Jan 2013
Egyptian President Mohamed Morsy on Sunday declared a state of emergency and a nightime curfew for one month in three restive cities after days of deadly violence. Mr. Morsy, facing his worst crisis since taking office in June, said the measures would take effect on Sunday night in the cities of Port Said, Suez and Ismailia ... Keywords....(size: 1.7Kb)
GroundReport
30 Jan 2013
Ghiyas -ud- Din Balban period was 1246 to 1247 AD. Ghiyas -ud- Din Balban was a slave of Turkish origin. He took all the major administrative decisions as the the representative of the Sultan Nasir- un -din ... Balban suppressed the dacoits and looters who infested the Ganga -Jamuna doab and the Avadh (Ayodhya) region ... ....(size: 1.6Kb)
The Hindu
30 Jan 2013
The C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation (CPRAF) celebrates The Ramayana with The Ramayana Festival. On February 1, the books Valmiki Ramayana, The Setu And Rameshwaram and Sourashtra Sangeeta Ramayanam (five volumes) will be released ... At 6 p.m ... Apart from this, there will be a map of India with Rama’s route from Ayodhya to Lanka, and all the events that happened along the way, depicted through clay dolls....(size: 1.9Kb)
The New York Times
30 Jan 2013
By HARVEY MORRIS. LONDON — Scholars are urgently trying to determine the fate of a treasure store of ancient manuscripts in the city of Timbuktu ... “Certainly it evoked the religious triumphalism that plagues a broad swath of the world, from China to the Balkans,” she wrote, “the destruction of centuries-old mosques by Hindus at Ayodhya or by Serbs in Bosnia, or the assaults on heritage that defy peace itself in Jerusalem.” ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)
Deccan Chronicle
29 Jan 2013
Lucknow. Uttar Pradesh minister Mohammed Azam Khan has landed in yet another controversy ... “If people had decided to demolish the Taj Mahal instead of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya, I would have willingly led them,” he said ... ....(size: 1.2Kb)
Headlines India
29 Jan 2013
... Uttar Pradesh urban development minister Sunday said he would have led the frenzied crowds had they decided to bring down the Taj Mahal instead of the 16th century Babri mosque in Ayodhya in 1992."Had people decided to demolish the Taj Mahal instead of the Babri mosque, I would have led them," Khan said in Muzaffarnagar, 510 km from Lucknow....(size: 2.5Kb)
DNA India
29 Jan 2013
Agra is fuming over Uttar Pradesh minister Mohammad Azam Khan's statement that he would have led the mob that razed the Babri Masjid if it had chosen to bring down the Taj Mahal instead ... The Uttar Pradesh urban development minister on Sunday said he would have led the frenzied crowds had they decided to bring down the Taj Mahal instead of the 16th century Babri mosque in Ayodhya in 1992 ... "I am shocked ... Tweet. ....(size: 2.9Kb)
Newstrack India
29 Jan 2013
Tweet. Agra, Jan 29 (IANS) Agra is fuming over Uttar Pradesh minister Mohammad Azam Khan's statement that he would have led the mob that razed the Babri Masjid if it had chosen to bring down the Taj Mahal instead ... K.C ... The Uttar Pradesh urban development minister Sunday said he would have led the frenzied crowds had they decided to bring down the Taj Mahal instead of the 16th century Babri mosque in Ayodhya in 1992 ... Mughal historian R ... ....(size: 3.9Kb)
Deccan Chronicle
28 Jan 2013
The Supreme Court today made it clear that status quo ordered on 67 acre land adjacent to the disputed site in Ayodhya should not be disturbed while carrying out excavation activity in the vicinity ... The apex court had admitted several petitions challenging the Allahabad High Court verdict of three-way division of the disputed Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid site in Ayodhya....(size: 2.5Kb)
Zeenews
28 Jan 2013
The Supreme Court on Monday made it clear that status quo ordered on 67 acre land adjacent to the disputed site in Ayodhya should not be disturbed while carrying out excavation activity in the vicinity ... Court since 2003 to visit the place fortnightly for keeping it updated about the situation there in Ayodhya....(size: 1.6Kb)
Indian Express
28 Jan 2013
The Supreme Court today made it clear that status quo ordered on 67 acre land adjacent to the disputed site in Ayodhya should not be disturbed while carrying out excavation activity in the vicinity ... High Court since 2003 to visit the place fortnightly for keeping it updated about the situation there in Ayodhya....(size: 1.6Kb)
The Times of India
28 Jan 2013
BHOPAL. Police on Sunday claimed to have busted rackets of flesh trade and selling of minor girls in Piplani area of BHEL township a day earlier ... In the second, the accused Lata Verma, Priya, Manjeet Kaur, Sangeeta Patel, Puja and Vitthal Ghote were arrested from two houses in Ayodhya and Rajeev Nagar for running flesh trade ... ....(size: 1.6Kb)
The Times of India
28 Jan 2013
LUCKNOW. Senior Samajwadi Party (SP) leader and minister in Akhilesh cabinet Mohammed Azam Khan has once again created a flutter saying had the mob that razed the BabriMasjid in Ayodhya targeted the TajMahal instead, he would have led them to demolish the monument ... The CM had candidly said that people across the world may not know where Uttar Pradesh is, but they know where Taj Mahal is ... "His statements are not worth reacting to ... Step 1....(size: 3.5Kb)
The Times of India
26 Jan 2013
HUBLI. At a time when not many spare a minute for others' problems, Nimbanna S Nimbannavar of Hubli is refreshingly different ... Nimbanna has donated portraits of scientists to the Government High School of Vishweshwar nagar, P G Chopra High School of Bailappanavar and donated portraits of Jnanpith awardees to Government Urdu School of Ayodhya Nagar and Government Primary School of Hosur ... Speaking to TOI, Nimbanna said ... Quote ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
This article is about the city in India. For the city, province and ancient kingdom in Thailand, see Ayutthaya (city). For the current dispute over the temple, see Ayodhya debate.
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This article is written like a personal reflection or essay rather than an encyclopedic description of the subject. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (January 2012) |
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This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. Specific concerns may be found on the talk page. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (January 2012) |
| Ayodhya | |
|---|---|
| — city — | |
 Ayodhya
|
|
| Coordinates: 26°48′N 82°12′E / 26.80°N 82.20°E / 26.80; 82.20Coordinates: 26°48′N 82°12′E / 26.80°N 82.20°E / 26.80; 82.20 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Uttar Pradesh |
| District | Faizabad |
| Area | |
| • Total | 10.24 km2 (3.95 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 93 m (305 ft) |
| Population (2001) | |
| • Total | 49,650 |
| • Density | 4,800/km2 (13,000/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| • Official | Hindi |
| Time zone | IST (UTC+5:30) |
| PIN | 224123 |
| Telephone code | 05278 |
| Vehicle registration | UP-42 |
Ayodhya pronunciation (help·info) (Sanskrit: अयोध्या, Urdu: ایودھیا, IAST Ayodhyā), also known as Saket (Sanskrit: साकेत, Urdu: ساکیت ) is an ancient city of India adjacent to Faizabad city in Faizabad district of Uttar Pradesh. As a result of rapid settlement and development Ayodhya has been merged to Faizabad city. Ayodhya is the birth place of the Hindu deities Rama and Swaminarayan. It used to be the capital of the ancient Kosala Kingdom. This Hindu holy city is described as early as in the Hindu Epics. Ayodhya has an average elevation of 93 metres (305 feet).
Contents |
Background[link]
Ayodhya is located on the right bank of the river Saryu, as it is called within sacred precincts. Just 6 km from Faizabad, Ayodhya is a popular pilgrim centre. This town is closely associated with Lord Rama, the seventh incarnation of Lord Vishnu. The ancient city of Ayodhya, according to the Ramayana, was founded by Manu, the law-giver of the Hindus. For centuries, it was the capital of the descendants of the Surya dynasty of which Lord Rama was the most celebrated king. Ayodhya during ancient times was the capital of the Rama Empire and known as Kaushaldesa.
Skanda and some other Puranas mention Ayodhya as one of the seven most sacred cities of India. It was the venue of many events in Hindu mythology. Today pre-eminently a temple town, Ayodhya is famous for its close association with the epic Ramayana. It is a city of immense antiquity full of historical significance and sacred temples. The Atharvaveda described Ayodhya as "a city built by Gods and being prosperous as paradise itself."
The first ruling dynasty of this region were the Ikshvakus of the solar clan (Suryavansa). According to tradition, Ikshvaku was the eldest son of Vaivasvata Manu, who established himself at Ayodhya. The word for earth `Prithivi’ found in many Indian languages is supposed to have been derived from Prithu, the sixth king of the line. A few generations later came Mandhatri, in whose line the 31st king was Harischandra, known widely for his truthfulness(Sathya-sandhata) which he accepted as his life-style. He is also famous for his other good acts as king which were followed by the other kings of the Surya Vamsa also. Raja Sagar of the same clan performed the Asvamedha Yajna and his great grandson Bhagiratha is reputed to have brought the river Ganges on to the earth by virtue of his penance. Later in the time came the great Raghu, after whom the family came to be called as Raghuvamsa. His grandson was Raja Dasaratha, the father of Rama with whom the glory of the Kausala dynasty reached its highest point. The story of this epic has been immortalized by Valmiki in the Ramayana.
Ayodhya is a city of many places of worship. Several religions have grown and prospered simultaneously and at different periods. Remnants of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Islam can still be found in Ayodhya. According to Jainism, five Tirthankaras were born at Ayodhya, including Adinath (first Tirthankar),[1] Ajitnath (second Tirthankar),[2] Abhinandanath (fourth Tirthankar),[3] Sumatinath (fifth Tirthankar)[4] and Anantnath (fourteenth Tirthankar).[5] According to Jain Agams, it is the 2nd eternal city after Shikharji, which never vanishes or disappears during change of eras.
Etymology[link]
The city is considered to be named after its founder, King Ayudh mentioned in the ancient Hindu scriptures as one of the forefathers of Lord Rama. The name comes from the Sanskrit root yudh, meaning "fight" or "wage war," and it translates to either "not to be fought" or, less literally, "unconquerable." During the time of Gautama Buddha the city was called Ayojjhā in Pali and Ayodhyā in Sanskrit.
In the first few centuries of the Common Era it was called Saketa. Śāketa or 沙奇 (Pinyin: Shāqí) was conquered by the Kushan/Yuezhi Emperor Kanishka c. 127 CE, who made it the administrative centre of his eastern territories.[6][7] The name occurs again in Faxian as 沙祗 (Pinyin: Shāzhī) in the early 5th century. It is not clear when the name changed, but by the time of the visit of the Chinese pilgrim monk, Xuanzang, c. 636 CE, it was known as Ayodhya.
Under Mughal rule, it was the seat of the governor of Awadh. During the British Raj the city was known as Ajodhya or Ajodhia and was part of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh; it was also the seat of a small 'talukdari' state.[8][9]
The cities of Ayutthaya, Thailand, and Yogyakarta, Indonesia, are named after Ayodhya.
Festivals[link]
Festivals observed in Ayodhya include Shravan Jhoola Mela (July–August), Parikrama Mela (October–November), Ram Navmi (March–April), Rathyatra (June–July), Saryu Snan (October–November), Ram Vivah (November), Ramayan Mela and vijay dashmi .
Geography and Climate[link]
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Ayodhya has a warm humid subtropical climate, typical of the Indian heartland. Summers are long, dry and extremely hot, lasting from late March to mid June, with average daily temperatures near 32 °C (90 °F) . They are followed by the monsoon season which lasts till early October, with a total precipitation of about 1067 mm (42 inches) and average temperatures around 28 °C (84 °F). Winter starts in early November and lasts till the end of January, followed by a short spring in February and early March. Average temperatures are mild, near 16 °C (60 °F), but nights can be chilly to cold.
Legacy and importance[link]
Further information: Archaeology of Ayodhya
History of Ayodhya[link]
Ayodhya is said to be one of the most ancient, magnificent and holy of Hindu cities. According to the ancient Hindu Scriptures, it is said to have covered an area of 250 km2 (97 sq mi)[citation needed], and was the capital of the powerful Hindu kingdom of Kosala (Kaushal). It is on the banks of the Ghaghara River, bathing in which is supposed to destroy even the deadliest of sins. It stands on the right bank of the river Ghagra (or Saryu, as it is called within sacred precincts). The illustrious Ikshvaku of the solar clan (suryavansha) was the ruling dynasty of this region.[citation needed] This city was the court of the great Dasharatha, the 63rd monarch of the Solar line. King Dasaratha's son Rama, born in Ayodhya, was believed to be the incarnation of Vishnu. In the Atharvaveda, this place was described as a city made by gods and as prosperous as Heaven itself.[citation needed]
Valmiki is said to have begun the writing of his famous devotional poem Valmiki Ramayana, also called the Ramayana in Ayodhya. The opening chapters recount the magnificence of the city, the glories of the monarch and the virtues, wealth and loyalty of his people. Other sages like Kamban and Tulsidas also wrote versions of the Ramayana praising of Rama and the magnificent city of Ayodhya. Tulsidas' Ramayana is popularly known as Ramacharitamanasa and is one of the most revered scriptures of Hinduism. Several Tamil Alvars mention the city of Ayodhya. Ayodhya is also said to be the birthplace of Jadabharata (the first Chakravartin), Bahubali, Brahmi, Sundari, Padaliptasurisvarji, Harishchandra and Achalbharata.
Ayodhya has a historical significance for the Jain community too. This is the birth place of two important tirthankaras who were born in the early centuries CE. The Jain agamas also stand testimony to the visit of Mahavira, Jainism's last tirthankara, to this city. Ayodhya is also the birth place of five Tirthankaras, including the first, Rishabha as well as that of Mahavira's ninth Ganadhara.
The city is also important in the history and heritage of Buddhism in India, with several Buddhist temples, monuments and centers of learning having been established here during the age of the Mauryan Empire and the Gupta Dynasty. Ayodhya reached its glorious peak as known to history during the reign of the Guptas over India.[citation needed]
This city was also a significant trade centre in 600 BCE.[citation needed] Historians have identified this place as Saketa, a key Buddhist centre during the 5th century BCE (it is a widely held belief[citation needed] that Buddha visited Ayodhya on several occasions) which it remained till the 5th century CE. In fact, Faxian, the Chinese monk, recorded several Buddhist monasteries that he saw here.[citation needed]
Swaminarayan, founder of the Swaminarayan sect of Hinduism lived here during his childhood years. It was from Ayodhya that Swaminarayan started his seven year journey across India as a 'Neelkanth'.
Amongst the 'Mokshdayani Puris' of the world meaning "the lands of spiritual bliss and liberation from the karma-bandhan," Ayodhya city holds a leading place, along with cities such as Varanasi, Dwarka and others. Ramcharitmanas and other respected Hindu scriptures like the Vishnu Purana, Shrimad Bhagvat Mahapuran and others emphasize the importance of living and visiting such religious places. According to them, these spiritually charged cities increase the Punya (or 'fruits of virtuous and righteous actions') and Paap ('fruits of a person's wrong doings') of an individual many times over. Therefore people visiting and living in such holy cities are found doing noble and virtuous deeds.[citation needed]
Today people from various religious faiths of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam and Jainism live together united, making it a place of enormous sacred importance.
Among Seven Holy Cities of India[link]
Moreover, Ayodhya is one of seven most holy places for Hindus in India where Varanasi is considered as Holiest of holy cities.
| “ | Ayodhyā Mathurā Māyā Kāsi Kāñchī Avantikā I
Purī Dvārāvatī chaiva saptaitā moksadāyikāh II – Garuḍa Purāṇa I XVI .14 |
” |
A Kṣetra is a sacred ground, a field of active power, a place where Moksha, final release can be obtained. The Garuda Purana enumerates seven cities as giver of Moksha, They are Ayodhya, Mathura, Māyā (Haridwar), Kāsi (Varanasi), Kāñchī, Avantikā (Ujjain), and Dvārāvatī (Dvārakā).[10]
Historical Events[link]
The Atharva Veda called Ayodhya "a city built by gods and being as prosperous as paradise itself".
According to an 11th century Korean chronicle the Samguk Yusa, the wife of King Suro of the ancient Korean kingdom of Geumgwan Gaya was a princess who travelled by boat from a faraway land called Ayuta to Korea in 48 CE. It is commonly thought that Ayodhya is the foreign land referred to in the Korean chronicles, but some scholars believe that the foreign land may have been Ayutthaya of Thailand. However, the local government of Ayodhya and the South Korean government validated and acknowledged the legitimacy of the connection and held a ceremony between the two governments to raise a statue of the princess on the banks of the Saryu River. The princess's adopted Korean name is Heo Hwang-ok, who was the first queen of Geumgwan Gaya Dynasty and is the ancestor of the Korean Kim family of Kimhae and the Heo surname lineages. 2,000 years ago, a princess of Ayodhya had been shipped off as a bride to Suro. They had ten children, of whom nine became Buddhist monks. His descendants now form the 10 million-strong Kim Kimhae clan and Heo Gimhae clan.[11][12][13][14]
In the 7th century CE, Xuanzang (Hiuen Tsang), the Chinese monk, recorded spotting many Hindu temples in Ayodhya. In the epic Ramayana, the city of Ayodhya is cited as the birthplace of Lord Sri Rama, a Hindu deity who was worshipped as Lord Vishnu's seventh incarnation. Ayodhya became a famous pilgrimage destination in the 15th century when Ramananda, the Hindu mystic, established a devotional sect of Sri Rama.
The Thai kingdom and city of Ayutthaya, and the Indonesian sultanate of Yogyakarta, were named after Ayodhya, reflecting the common Southeast Asian practice of adopting place names from Hindu kingdoms.[citation needed]
Ayodhya, like other Indian cities, came under Mughal rule. The cultural fabric was enriched with the coming of the Mughals. With Muslim rulers established around the city under Mohammed of Ghor, it lost its strategic and economic importance to Lucknow and Kanpur.
The 16th century witnessed a shift in power with Ayodhya coming under the rule of the Mughal Empire.
Saadat Ali Khan, Nawab of Awadh, bestowed the riyasat of Ayodhya on his loyal Brahmin soldier Dwijdeo Mishra of the Kasyapa gotra, for quelling revenue rebels in Mehendauna in Eastern UP. The Hanumangarhi temple was built by the Nawab of Awadh.[11]
Ayodhya was annexed in 1856 by the British rulers. Between 1857 and 1859, this place was one of the main centers where the sparks of the first war of Indian Independence originated. These sparks later led to a nationwide revolt of the Indian soldiers in opposition to the British East India Company that began in Calcutta.[15]
Culture[link]
Ayodhya is example of Ganga-Jamuni culture where the Hanumangarhi temple was built by the Nawab of Awadh. And Sundar Bhavan, the famous Ramji temple, had a devoted caretaker, Munne Mian, who looked after it for fifty years until his death in 2004.[11]
Demographics[link]
As of the 2001[update] India census,[16] Ayodhya had a population of 49,593. Males constitute 59% of the population and females 41%. Ayodhya has an average literacy rate of 65%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 66% of the males and 34% of females literate. 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Ayodhya debate[link]
Main article: Ayodhya debate
The centre of the Ayodhya debate concerns the Babri Mosque, which was alleged to have been built on the foundations of a Ram Janmabhoomi temple. Babar, the founder of the Mughal dynasty, was the namesake for the mosque. This temple was believed to be the actual birthplace of Lord SriRama. The mosque was destroyed when a right wing Hindu nationalist rally developed into a riot involving a mob of over 150,000 people in 1992. A title suit on the disputed site was heard on the 30th of September 2010, in which it was established that the disputed land was indeed the birthplace of Lord Ram on basis of popular belief of Hindus. It was also decided to divide the disputed land into three separate pieces: one each for Hindus, Muslims and the Nirmohi Akhara. The status quo would be maintained for three months as per the judgement.
Before 2003, it was not proven that the original Hindu temple was demolished or dramatically modified on the orders of the Mughal Emperor Babur and the mosque was built in its place. A movement was launched in 1984 by the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP party to reclaim the site for Hindus who wanted to erect a temple dedicated to the infant SriRama (Ramlala), at this spot. Many Muslim organizations have continued to express outrage at the destruction of the disputed structure.[17] There were several later mosques constructed in Faizabad district in which pilgrim city of Ayodhya falls. Due to long isolation, Ayodhya has almost negligible[18] Muslim population though there are substantial Muslims 7 km away at District Headquarters – Faizabad. The Babri Mosque at Ayodhya became famous due to the importance of the disputed site where Hindus have been offering Pujas to Lord Ramlala from even before 1947 independence. Since, 1948 Indian Government order, no one is permitted to be near the site for at least 200 yards and the main gate has been locked in this effect. However Hindu pilgrims have been entering through a side door to offer Puja. In 1989 Allahabad High Court order opened the locks of the main gate and restored the site for use. However, when Hindus wanted modifications of the dilapidated Islamic style structure built by General Mir Banki and did Shilanyas (inauguration) of a proposed new grand Temple with Government permissions, there were unrests in many parts of India regarding the disputed structure and Government moved court. Since, then the matter is sub-judiced and this political, historical and socio-religious debate over the history and location of the Babri Mosque, is known as the Ayodhya Debate. In 2003, on court orders Archeological Survey of India dug the spot and found a previous ancient temple that was demolished or modified to create the later Mosque under Babur.[19]
References such as the 1986 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica reported that "SriRama’s birthplace is marked by a mosque, erected by the Mughal emperor Babar in 1528 on the site of an earlier temple".[20] According to the Hindu view, the ancient temple could have been destroyed on the orders of Mughal emperor Babur. This view has been supported by findings of Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), which carried out an excavation in Ayodhya.[21]
The latest archeological evidence comes from examination of the site after the destruction of the Babri Mosque. The Archaeological Survey of India under BB Lal, although initially published as finding no significant structures as these reports were based on inconclusive facts and were mere a media leak, subsequently put forward evidence of a pre-existing temple predating the mosque by hundreds of years as its final report.
Claims have been made that worship took place on a platform called the "Ram Chabutara" prior to Independence. According to British sources, Hindus and Muslims used to worship together in the Disputed Structure in the 19th century until about 1855. P. Carnegy wrote in 1870:
- "It is said that up to that time, the Hindus and Mohamedans alike used to worship in the mosque-temple. Since the British rule a railing has been put up to prevent dispute, within which, in the mosque the Mohamedans pray, while outside the fence the Hindus have raised a platform on which they make their offerings."[22]
This platform was outside the disputed structure but within its precincts. Hindu protagonists say that they have been demanding the return of the site for centuries, and cite accounts from several western travellers to India during the Mughal rule in India.
At present, there is a makeshift Ram mandir (temple) at Ram Janmabhoomi with a Ram Lalla deity. The deity was gifted by Chandresh Pandey of Jaipur Pandey Idol Museum, depicting SriRama as a child with a benign smile is in a sitting posture over a blooming lotus. The 27-inch-high (690 mm) deity is carved in white marble from the mines of Makrana in Rajasthan, is laced with gold. The palanquin is made of seasoned Rosewood brought from forest in Karnataka.[23]
Findings[link]
The excavation carried out by Archeological Survey of India from 12 March 2003 to 7 August 2003 uncovered a variety of different structures and objects, including a 12-foot (3.7 m) statue of Lord Hanuman and coins dating to early historic times and other historic objects.[24][25] Jonathan Walters remarks: "The impact of the 2003 discovery of Buddhist ruins underlying both Hindu and Muslim layers at Ayodhya remains to be seen."[26]
Attack[link]
On 5 July 2005, five terrorists attacked the site of the makeshift Ramlalla temple in Ayodhya. All five were killed in the ensuing gunfight with the security forces guarding the area, and one civilian died in the bomb blast triggered while they attempted to breach the cordon wall.
Allahabad High Court verdict, September 2010[link]
On 30 September 2010, the Lucknow bench of the Allahabad High Court pronounced its verdict on the Ayodhya title suit. The three-judge bench ruled in a majority judgement (2 to 1) that one-third of the disputed land should be given to the Sunni Central Board of Waqfs (U.P.), one-third to the Nirmohi Akhara and one-third to the party for 'Ram Lalla'. The court further ruled that the area where the idols of Ram are present shall be given to the Hindus in the final decree, and the rest of the land shall be divided equally by metes and bounds among the three parties.[27][28]
Place of Interest[link]
The Hanuman Garhi
Situated in the centre of the town, this temple is approachable by a flight of 76 steps. Legend has it that Hanuman lived here in a cave and guarded the Janambhoomi or Ramkot. The main temple contains the statue of Maa Anjani, with Bal Hanuman seated on her lap. The faithful believe that all their wishes are granted with a visit to this holy shrine.
A massive structure in the shape of a four sided fort with circular bastions at each corner houses a temple of Hanuman and is the most popular shrine in Ayodhya.
Kanak Bhawan
This is famous temple of Ayodhya. As per mythology it is gifted to Sita by mother Kaikai after marriege. This is private palace of lord SitaRam, here all statue of SitaRam.
Ramkot
The chief place of worship in Ayodhya is the site of the ancient citadel of Ramkot which stands on an elevated ground in the western part of the city. Although visited by pilgrims throughout the year, this sacred place attracts devotees from all over India and abroad, on `Ram Navami’, the day of Lord’s birth, which is celebrated with great pomp and show, in the Hindu month of Chaitra (March–April).
Swarg Dwar
According to mythology, Lord Rama is said to have been cremated here.
Mani Parbat and Sugriv Parbat
The first of these ancient earth mounds is identified with a stupa built by the Emperor Ashoka, while the second is believed to be an ancient monastery.
Treta ke Thakur
This temple stands at the place where Rama is said to have performed the Ashvamedha Yajnya. About 300 years ago the Raja of kulu built a new temple here, which was improved by Ahilyabai Holkar of Indore during 1784, at the same time the adjoining Ghats were also built. The initial idols in black sandstone were recovered from Saryu and placed in the new temple, famous as Kaleram-ka-Mandir.
Nageshwarnath Temple
The temple of Nageshwarnath is said to have been established by Kush the son of Rama. Legend has it that Kush lost his armlet, while bathing in the Saryu, which was picked up by a Nag-Kanya, who fell in love with him. As she was a devotee of Shiva, Kush erected this temple for her. It is said that this has been the only temple to have survived till the time of Vikramaditya, the rest of city had fallen into ruins and was covered by dense forests. It was by means of this temple that Vikramaditya was able to locate Ayodhya and the sites of different shrines here. The festival of Shivratri is celebrated here with great pomp and splendour.
Chhoti Devkali Mandir
This is the temple of goddess Ishani (Durga). As per mythalogy she is Kuldevi of Sita.
Other places of interest
Angad Tila, Shri Rama Janaki Birla Temple, Tulsi Smarak Bhawan, Ram ki Paidi, Kaleramji ka Mandir, Datuvan Kund,Janki Mahal, Gurudwara Brahma Kund,Rishabhadeo Jain Temple, Brahma Kund, Amawan Temple, Tulsi Chaura, Laxman Quila, Ram Katha Museum, Valmiki Ramayan Bhawan, Mandir Sunder Sadan (in front of controversial site) are among other places of interest in Ayodhya.
Accessbilty[link]
Air
For Ayodhya the nearest airports are Faizabad Airport (5 km), Amausi Airport (Lucknow-134 km), Allahabad Airport (Allahabad – 166 km)
Rail
Ayodhya is situated on the broad gauge Northern Railway line on Mughal Sarai – Lucknow main route. Ayodhya junction and Faizabad Railway Station are connected to various parts of the country.
Road
Connected by road to several major cities and towns. Some of the major road distances are: Lucknow (134 km), Gorakhpur (132 km), Jhansi (441 km), Allahabad (166 km), Sravasti (109 km), Varanasi (209 km) and Gonda (51 km).
See also[link]
- Archaeology of Ayodhya
- Ramayana
- Ramacharitamanas
- Bhagwan Swaminarayan
- Hou Hanshu
- Ram Janmabhoomi
- Hanumangarhi
- Yogyakarta (city)
- Faizabad Railway Station
- Faizabad Airport
- Gulab Bari
- Bahu Begum ka Maqbara
- Faizabad Sports Complex
Footnotes[link]
- ^ "Birth of Adinath in Ayodhya". http://beta.jainpedia.org/themes/people/jina/rsabha.html. Retrieved 03/04/2012.
- ^ "Birth of Ajitnath in Ayodhya". http://beta.jainpedia.org/themes/people/jina/ajita.html. Retrieved 03/04/2012.
- ^ "Birth of Abhinandanath in Ayodhya". http://beta.jainpedia.org/themes/people/jina/abhinandana.html. Retrieved 03/04/2012.
- ^ "Birth of Sumatinath in Ayodhya". http://beta.jainpedia.org/themes/people/jina/sumati.html. Retrieved 03/04/2012.
- ^ "Birth of Anantnath in Ayodhya". http://beta.jainpedia.org/themes/people/jina/ananta.html. Retrieved 03/04/2012.
- ^ Hill (2009), pp. 33, 368–371.
- ^ Hill, John E. 2004. The Peoples of the West from the Weilüe 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE. Draft annotated English translation.[1]
- ^ Ajodhya State The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909, v. 5, p. 174.
- ^ Ajodhya Town The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909, v. 5, p. 175.
- ^ Stella Kramrisch, Raymond Burnier (1946). The Hindu temple, Volume 1. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.. p. 3. ISBN 9788120802230. http://books.google.com/books?id=NNcXrBlI9S0C&pg=PA3.
- ^ a b c Plaint Of Ayodhya, The Financial Express, Sunday, Aug 22, 2004 at 0000 hrs IST
- ^ Korean relative of Kings of Ayodhya goes on evidence hunting, Tarannum Manjul, The Indian Express, Thu Jan 21 2010, 04:25 hrs
- ^ South Korea's Ayodhya connection, V N Arora, TNN, Sep 12, 2004, 12.30am IST
- ^ Festivities organized to honor Indian princess, San Whan Ahn, India Abroad, May 12, 2000
- ^ International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania By Trudy Ring, Robert M. Salkin, Sharon La Boda
- ^ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 2004-06-16. http://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999. Retrieved 2008-11-01.
- ^ PTI, Nov 22, 2007, 06.53pm IST (2007-11-22). "Ram Janambhumi trust chief threatened – The Times of India". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Ram_Janambhumi_trust_chief_threatened/articleshow/2562582.cms. Retrieved 2010-09-30.
- ^ "Census of India, Govt. of India – Ministry of Home Affairs, Official web-site | We also count people in India". Censusindia.net. http://www.censusindia.net/. Retrieved 2010-09-30.
- ^ "Proof of temple found at Ayodhya: ASI report". Rediff.com. 2003-08-25. http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/aug/25ayo1.htm. Retrieved 2010-09-30.
- ^ 15th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, 1986, entry "Ayodhya", Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.
- ^ "Evidence of temple found: ASI". 25 August 2003. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030826/main6.htm.
- ^ P. Carnegy: A Historical Sketch of Tehsil Fyzabad, Lucknow 1870, cited by Harsh Narain The Ayodhya Temple Mosque Dispute: Focus on Muslim Sources, 1993, New Delhi, Penman Publications. ISBN 81-85504-16-4 p.8-9, and by Peter Van der Veer Religious Nationalism, p.153
- ^ "The Hindu : Ram Lalla deity to be taken to Ayodhya". Hinduonnet.com. 2002-01-19. http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/01/19/stories/2002011901441000.htm. Retrieved 2010-09-30.
- ^ "Archaeological evidence of Ayodhya". Ayodhya.com. 1992-07-18. http://www.ayodhya.com/ayotemplet.jsp?sno=15. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
- ^ "Summary of archeological findings at Ayodhya". Hvk.org. http://www.hvk.org/specialarts/safa/safa.html. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
- ^ Padma, Sree. Barber, Anthony W. Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra. 2008. pp. 207
- ^ "Ayodhya verdict: Allahabad High Court says divide land in 3 ways". Ndtv.com. http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/ayodhya-verdict-allahabad-high-court-says-divide-land-in-3-ways-56063. Retrieved 2010-09-30.
- ^ "ram janmbhoomi babri masjid judgement". Rjbm.nic.in. http://rjbm.nic.in/. Retrieved 2010-09-30.
References[link]
- Hill, John E. (2009). Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. ISBN 978-1-4392-2134-1.
Further reading[link]
- Ayodhyā: The History of Ayodhya from the 7th Century BC to the Middle of the 18th Century: Its Development in to a Sacred Centre..., by Hans Bakker. Published by E. Forsten, 1986. ISBN 90-6980-007-1.
- Archeological Findings of Ayodhya Ruins
- Ayodhya and the Research on the Temple of Lord Ram
- Legge, James (1886): A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms: Being an account by the Chinese Monk Fa-Hien of his travels in India and Ceylon (A.D. 399–414) in search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline. Oxford, Clarendon Press. Reprint: New York, Paragon Book Reprint Corp. 1965.
- Thomas, F. W. (1944): “Sandanes, Nahapāna, Caṣṭana and Kaniṣka : Tung-li P’an-ch’i and Chinese Turkestan.” New Indian Antiquary VII. 1944, p. 90.
- Watters, Thomas (1904–1905): On Yuan Chwang’s Travels in India. Thomas Watters. London. Royal Asiatic Society. Reprint: Delhi. Mushiram Manoharlal. 1973.
- Ajodhya State The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909, v. 5, p. 174.
External links[link]
 |
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Ajodhya. |
- Ayodhya travel guide from Wikitravel
- Ayodhya the spiritual abode. Complete details of Ayodhya, proofs and documents.
- Sri Ramar Temple, Ayodhya
- Ayodhya at Jainheritagecentres.com.
- Ayojjhaa in the Buddhist Dictionary of Pali Proper Names.
- Pilgrim Centers Of India
- Ayodhya map
- CNN Article on Ayodhya Conflict, Dec 6 2002
- Decision of Hon'ble Special Full Bench hearing Ayodhya Matters (Allahabad High Court Judgment/Order on Ayodhya Dispute (Ram Janmabhoomi Babri Masjid dispute)
- Ayodhya Shodh Sansthan
- Ayodhya Research Institute
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Subramanian Swamy | |
|---|---|
| File:Subramanian Swamy.jpg | |
| President, Janata Party | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 1989 |
|
| Minister of Commerce and Industry | |
| In office 1990–1991 |
|
| Prime Minister | Chandra Shekhar Singh |
| Minister of Law and Justice (Additional Charge) |
|
| In office 1990–1991 |
|
| Prime Minister | Chandra Shekhar Singh |
| Member of the Rajya Sabha | |
| In office 1988–1994 |
|
| In office 1974–1976 |
|
| Member of the Lok Sabha | |
| In office 1998–1999 |
|
| In office 1977–1979 |
|
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1939-09-15) 15 September 1939 (age 72) Mylapore, Madras Presidency, British India |
| Political party | Janata Party |
| Spouse(s) | Dr. Roxna Swamy |
| Alma mater | Hindu College, University of Delhi (B.S.) Indian Statistical Institute (M.S.) Harvard University (Ph.D.) |
| Profession | Economist Professor Author Politician |
| Religion | Hindu |
| Website | Official Website |
Subramanian Swamy (born 15 September 1939 in Chennai, India sometimes spelt Subramaniam Swamy) is an Indian politician, academician and an economist.[1] He is the President of the Janata Party of India. He also presently serves as chairman[2] of the SCMS Board of Governors of the SCMS Group of Educational Institutions in Kerala.
Swamy has previously served as member of the Planning Commission of India and Cabinet Minister of India. He has written extensively on foreign affairs dealing largely with India-China, India-Pakistan and Indo-Israel relation and is also a published author.
In November 1978, Swamy was member of the Group of Eminent persons called to Geneva to prepare a report of the United Nations (UNCTAD) on Economic Co-operation between Developing countries (ECDC).Swamy simplified trade procedures and formulated a new export strategy which became the forerunner of trade reform adopted subsequently. In 1994, Swamy was appointed as Chairman of the Commission on Labour Standards and International Trade by then Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao. This was perhaps for the first time that an Opposition Party member was given a Cabinet rank post by the ruling party.
He is also known for his anti corruption activism.
Contents
|
Early life and education[link]
Subramanian Swamy was born in Mylapore, Chennai, India. His father Sitaram Subramanian[3] is from Madurai, Tamil Nadu who was an Indian Statistical Service officer[4] and retired as Director of the Central Statistical Institute.[5][6] His mother Padmavati Subramanian[4] belongs to Kerala Iyer family from Trichur, Kerala.
He attended Hindu College, University of Delhi, from where he earned his Bachelor Honours degree in Mathematics.[5] He studied for his Masters degree in Statistics at the Indian Statistical Institute.[5] He then went to study at Harvard University on a full Rockefeller scholarship.[5] He received a Ph.D. in Economics in 1965. His thesis adviser was Nobel Laureate Simon Kuznets.[7]
For some time, while completing his dissertation in 1963, he worked at the United Nations Secretariat in New York as an Assistant Economics Affairs Officer. He subsequently worked as a resident tutor at Lowell House at Harvard university.
Academic career[link]
Professorships[link]
In 1964, Swamy joined the faculty of economics at Harvard and since then has taught in the Department of Economics.[8] He began as an assistant professor in July 1966[5][9] and in 1969 became an associate professor.[10] When he was Associate Professor at Harvard University, he was invited by Noble Laureate Amartya Sen[3] for reader’s chair on Chinese studies at Delhi School of Economics.[4] He accepted the offer and came back. However, when he arrived for the position at DSE, his appointment was cancelled due to his views on the nuclear capabilities for India and market friendly attitude.[3] Thereafter, he moved to the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi and alongside to his teaching duties, he took special interest in talking to the hostel students. From 1969 to 1991, he was a Professor[9] of mathematical economics at the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi.[11] He was removed from the position by its board of Governors in the early 1970s but was legally reinstated in the late 1990s by the Supreme Court of India. He continued in the position until 1991 when he resigned to become a cabinet minister. He served on the Board of Governors of the IIT, Delhi (1977–80), and on the Council of IITs (1980–82).
He taught economics courses in summer session at Harvard [12] until 2011. In December 2011, the Faculty Council of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences removed his course from the Harvard Summer School course offerings in response to a controversial article he wrote, effectively ceasing his employment at Harvard.[13]
Political career[link]
Early politics[link]
Swamy's career started with his involvement in Jayaprakash Narayan's Sarvodaya movement, which was an apolitical movement but which formed the foundation of the creation of Janta Party later.[14]. The real turn in his political career came after his sacking from IIT. Liberal economic policies put forward by him didn't go well with the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi who discredited him as 'Santa Claus with unrealistic ideas'. As a result he was expelled from Indian Institute of Technology. This marked the beginning of his active political career. Staunch opponent of Indira Gandhi and right wing political party Jansangh sent him to Rajya Sabha - the upper house of Indian Parliament.[3]
He was elected Member of Parliament 5 times between 1974 and 1999. He has twice represented the city of Mumbai North East during 1977 and 1980, Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu in the Parliament.[3]
During the period of emergency, he fled to America, seeking save haven with a Indian businessman in Michigan who had become the spokesperson of opposition in the US. In 1976 when emergency was still in force and an arrest warrant issued in his name, he came to parliament to attend the session and managed to escape India after attending the session. This act made him a hero in the eyes of opposition parties.
He was one of the founding members of the Janata Party and has been its president since 1990.[3]
Minister of Commerce and Law of India[link]
Economic Reforms in India[link]
During 1990 and 1991 Swamy was a member of the Planning Commission of India and Cabinet Minister of Commerce and Law of India. During this period he created the blueprint[15][16] for economic reforms in India under Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar which was later carried out in 1991 by Manmohan Singh[5], then Finance Minister under leadership of Prime Minister Narasimha Rao.[16] The current Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh recently stated that Dr. Swamy was the first to envisage and articulate the need for reforms in India.[2][17]
Between 1994 and 1996, he held the position of "Chairman of the Commission on Labour Standards and International Trade" (equivalent to the rank of a cabinet minister) under the P. V. Narasimha Rao government.[3] Dr. Swamy has been subject to several defamation cases. He is known to argue these cases himself without the agency of lawyers. In October 2004, he along with other members of the erstwhile Janata Party established the Rashtriya Swabhiman Manch to oppose the policies of the ruling UPA.
Issues held and contributions[link]
Foreign policy and affairs[link]
China and India[link]
He is known for his efforts in normalizing relations between China and India. In 1981, Indira Gandhi sought his help and upon which he persuaded Deng Xiaoping[18] to open the Kailash Mansarovar in Tibet to the Hindu pilgrims from India.[19] He became the first Indian on the reopening to visit Kailash and Mansarovar in 1981. In 1990–1991, he was a minister in the Chandra Shekhar cabinet and was in charge of the Ministry of Commerce and Ministry of Law and Justice.
Israel[link]
In his speeches and articles, Dr Swamy has expressed his admiration for Israel, and has credited its retaliatory capacity for its ability to survive in a hostile Arab environment. He made pioneering efforts at establishing diplomatic relations with Israel. In 1982, Dr. Swamy became the first Indian political leader to make publicized trip to Israel, where he met with some important Israeli leaders such as Yitzhak Rabin and then Prime Minister Menachem Begin. His efforts at normalizing relations with Israel have borne fruit now with India's decision in 1992 to open Embassies in the respective countries.[20]
Revealing 2G spectrum scam[link]
In November 2008, Subramanian Swamy wrote the first of five letters to PM Manmohan Singh seeking permission to prosecute A. Raja in regards to the 2G spectrum scam.[21] However, Singh took no action[22], leading Swamy to file a case on his own in the Supreme Court of India regarding the matter, which then asked the Central Bureau of Investigation to produce a detailed report on the matter.[23] He further called on the Indian government to re-auction the 2G spectrum without the involvement of Communications Minister Kapil Sibal.[24]
Swamy has raised allegations that Sonia Gandhi's two sisters Anushka and Nadia have received sixty percent of the kickbacks in the 2G spectrum scam, amounting to Rs.18,000 crores each.[25] On 15 April 2011, he filed a 206-page long petition with PM Singh seeking permission to prosecute Gandhi. In the petition, he claimed to have strong evidence of corrupt acts committed by Gandhi as early as 1972; he also raised doubts regarding her acquisition of Indian citizenship.[26] At a lecture on corruption given on 29 May 2011, he again repeated his allegation against Sonia Gandhi, saying she has Rs.1 lakh crore stashed abroad.[27] Most of Swamy's letters to the prime minister regarding this matter are backed up with full proof, which makes him defensive about his allegations.[28]
Swamy filed various documents in the court to prosecute Minister of Home Affairs P.Chidambaram by including a January 15, 2008 letter written by Chidambaram to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. Swamy also placed on record the certified copy of the minutes of a meeting between Chidambaram, Raja and the Prime Minister during the tenure of Raja as the MOC&IT. [29]After supreme court verdict cancelling all 122 licences awarded during A Raja tenure, Cho Ramaswamy described Subramanian swamy as not only man of the match but man of the series.[30]
Supreme court petition in 2G scam[link]
On January 31, 2012, the Supreme Court of India accepted Swamy's petition against the Prime Minister's Office in the 2G case, saying that all public authorities should give a sanction within 3 months against any public official if a request is made for prosecution. The Supreme Court said that Subramanian Swamy had the locus to seek sanction from the Prime Minister for the prosecution of A Raja in the 2G scam. Sanction by a competent authority for the prosecution of a public servant has to be granted within a time frame, the apex court said. Justice A K Ganguly said that the sanction would be deemed to be granted if competent authority failed to take a decision within four months. Swamy's arguments were that he wrote to the PMO on November 29, 2008 but it was only on March 19, 2010 the PMO replied that the plea made by Swamy was "premature" as investigation was being carried out by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI). Raja was arrested by the CBI in the case and got bail on 15th May 2012 after spending nearly 15 months in the Tihar Central Jail.[31]
Views on Kashmir[link]
In September 2008, Dr. Swamy stridently retorted against the contentions of some Indian columnists who voiced their opinions in favour of "peacefully" surrendering Kashmir to Pakistan. He said,
- "I would say that the silent suffering majority of India wants none of this. The ‘Kashmir issue,’ in fact, can no more be solved by dialogue either with the Pakistanis or the Hurriyat, leave alone the constitutional impossibility of allowing it to secede. [...]Kashmir, in fact, is now our defining identity. It is a touchstone for our resolve to preserve our national integrity. The population of that State may be majority Muslim but the land and its history is predominantly Hindu. For our commitment to the survival of the ancient civilisation of India and the composite culture that secularists talk of, we have not only to win that coming inevitable war but also resolve never to part with Kashmir. [...]
- I will not blame the jihadis for the coming war. They are, after all, programmed that way by their understanding of Islamist theology. I will blame ourselves for not understanding their understanding of the fundamentals of Islam. [...]
- Pakistanis often cite the United Nations resolutions on Kashmir to argue for a plebiscite. This obfuscates the fact of accession of the State to India. The legality of the Instrument of Accession signed in favour of India by the then Maharaja of J&K, Hari Singh, on October 26, 1947 has to prevail anyway. "[32]
Controversial Article and Its Impacts[link]
Article about 2011 Mumbai bombings[link]
In response to the 2011 Mumbai bombings, he wrote an editorial in Daily News and Analysis (DNA) Some of Swamy’s Controversial suggestions in the article.
- The Hindu is the target and that Muslims of India are being programmed by a slow reactive process to become radical and thus slide into suicide against Hindus.
- Remove Article 370, and re-settle ex-servicemen in the Valley. Create Panun Kashmir for Hindu Pandit community. Look or create opportunity to take over PoK. If Pakistan continues to back terrorists, assist the Baluchis and Sindhis to struggle for independence.
- Remove the masjid in Kashi Vishwanath temple complex, and 300 others in other sites as a tit-for-tat.
- Make Sanskrit learning compulsory and singing of Vande Mataram mandatory, and declare India as Hindu Rashtra in which only those non-Hindus can vote if they proudly acknowledge that their ancestors are Hindus. Rename India as Hindustan as a nation of Hindus and those whose ancestors are Hindus.
- Enact a national law prohibiting conversion from Hindu religion to any other religion.
Propagate the development of a Hindu mindset [33][34]. Swamy had written a similar column in The New Indian Express after the 2008 Mumbai attacks.
Negative reactions[link]
His column provoked a variety of reactions. His house was attacked by people alleged to be Congress party workers.[35] Minorities Council of Maharashtra Vice Chairman Abraham Mathai and National Commission for Minorities chairman Wajahat Habibullah accused him of violating Indian Penal Code Section 153A.[36][37] New Delhi law student Shehzad Poonawala attempted to lodge an FIR against him at Defence Colony police station, but was disallowed by the officer on duty.[37] DNA published two hostile response columns by Rakesh Sharma and Parsa Venkateshwar Rao Jr. calling him a "Hindu Taliban", "maverick", and "Zionist" in response to his views.[38][39]
Controversy at Harvard[link]
Some students at his alma mater Harvard University, where he also teaches economics in the summer school, accused him of stoking communalism and circulated a petition calling on the university to fire him and publicly repudiate his remarks. Two PhD students, Umang Kumar and Sanjay Pinto, started an online petition asking for the removal of courses taught by Dr Swamy, which received more than 450 signatures from students and faculty.[40][41] Adam Kissel, on behalf of the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, wrote in a letter to Harvard that a disciplinary investigation against him would be inappropriate for an academic institution dedicated to intellectual freedom, represented a threat to free speech, and could lead to self-censorship by other faculty members.[42]
In response to the petition, Donald H. Pfister, dean of Harvard Summer School, stated that the school would "give this matter our serious attention", and decided to stand by its instructor.[35] On Tuesday, 6 December 2011, the Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences voted to exclude Subramanian Swamy's summer school courses from its catalog.[43][44][45] The Op-Ed was considered more to be a case of hate speech rather than free speech. 'I was persuaded... that the views expressed in Dr Swamy's op-ed piece amounted to incitement of violence instead of protected political speech,' Philosophy Department Chair Sean D Kelly wrote in an e-mail to the Crimson.[46] Comparative Religion Professor Diana Eck said, "Swamy's op-ed [piece] clearly crosses the line by demonising an entire religious community and calling for violence against their sacred places".[47] Swamy described the move as "nothing serious", saying "non-economists at Harvard don't like my views on how to protect India".[48]
Views on Tamil Nadu Politics[link]
He is well known for his critical views against the Government of Tamil Nadu and against the "Aryan versus Dravidian" brand of divisive politics of Periyar E. V. Ramasamy.
He was staunch opponent of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.[49][50]
He obtained Supreme Court Stay against the implementation of Sethu Samuthiram Shipping Channel project (SSSCP). He believes that it would hurt the sentiments of people who believe that this shallow land connecting between Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka was built by Lord Rama. He strongly opposes the implementation of SSSCP citing that implementing this scheme may affect the sentiments of Hinduism. He wrote letters to Prime Minister of India in June 2009 asking him to stop the project.[51]. He has also strongly urged the Supreme Court of India to declare this Rama-Sethu as a National heritage & historical monument.
Family and Personal life[link]
Dr.Swamy married Dr. Roxna Swamy (a Parsi) in June 1966 whom he met at Harvard. Then she had obtained Ph.D in Maths [52] who is presently an advocate at the Supreme Court of India. They have two daughters, Dr. Gitanjali Swamy who is married to Sanjay Sarma, a professor at MIT and Suhasini Haider, a senior editor at CNN-IBN is married to Nadeem Haidar who is a son of Salman Haider, former foreign secretary and external affairs minister.[53] His brother-in-law is Jewish, his son-in-law Muslim, his sister-in-law Christian, and his wife Parsi.[40]
Honours, awards and international recognition[link]
| Year | Name | Awarding organization | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2012 | Indrayani Award. | Indrayani Cooperative bank. | [54] |
Books, Research Papers and Journals[link]
Subramanian Swamy is a published author of several books, research papers and journals. A complete list of papers, books and journals is included below to which he is the author.
Books[link]
- Economic Growth in China and India, 1952–70 (Publisher: University of Chicago Press; ISBN 978-0-226-78315-4)
- Indian economic planning;: An alternative approach (Publisher: Barnes & Noble; ISBN 978-0-389-04202-0)
- Building a New India: An Agenda for National Renaissance (Publisher: South Asia Books; ISBN 978-81-85674-21-6)
- India's Labour Standards and the WTO Framework (Publisher: Konark Publishers; ISBN 978-81-220-0585-1)
- India's economic performance and reforms: A perspective for the new millennium (Publisher: Konark Publishers; ISBN 978-81-220-0594-3)
- Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi: Unanswered Questions and Unasked Queries (Publisher: Konark Publishers; ISBN 978-81-220-0591-2)
- India's China perspective (Publisher: Konark Publishers; ISBN 978-81-220-0606-3)
- Financial Architecture and Economic Development in China and India (Publisher: Konark Publishers; ISBN 978-81-220-0718-3)
- Trade and Industry in Japan: A Guide to Indian Entrepreneurs and Businessmen (Publisher: Prentice-Hall of India; ISBN 978-81-203-0785-8)
- Sri Lanka in Crisis: India's Options (Publisher: Har Anand Publications; ISBN 978-81-241-1260-1)
- Kailas and Manasarovar after 22 years in Shiva's domain (Publisher: Allied Publishers)
- Hindus Under Siege (Publisher: Har Anand Publications; ISBN 978-81-241-1207-6)
- Rama Setu: Symbol of National Unity (Publisher: Har Anand Publications; ISBN 978-81-241-1418-6)
- Terrorism in India: A Strategy of Deterrence for India's National Security (Publisher: Har Anand Publications; ISBN 978-81-241-1344-8)
- Corruption and Corporate Governance in India: Satyam, Spectrum & Sundaram (Publisher: Har Anand Publications; ISBN 978-81-241-1486-5)
- 2G Spectrum Scam (Publisher: Har Anand Publications; ISBN 978-81-241-1638-8)
- Electronic voting machines: unconstitutional and tamperable (Publisher: Vision Books; ISBN 978-81-7094-798-1)
Article, Research Papers and Journals[link]
Article[link]
- Can India make it? India's path to sustained growth (Publisher: Harvard Asia Pacific review, Volumes 6-8 by Harvard University. Dept. of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, 2002)
- The response to economic challenge: A comparative economic history of China and India, 1870-1952 (Publisher: The Quarterly journal of economics, Volume 93 by Harvard University by the MIT Press, 1979)
Research Papers[link]
- Economic growth and income distribution in a developing nation (Publisher: Harvard University, 1965)
- Nuclear policy for India (Publisher: Bharatiya Jana Sangh Publication, 1968)
- Plan for full employment (Publisher: Bharatiya Jana Sangh, 1970)
- Theoretical aspects of index numbers (Publisher: Harvard Institute of Economic Research, 1985)
- Land reforms: an economist's approach (Publisher: Deendayal Research Institute)
References[link]
- ^ "Swamy to teach at Harvard". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 2011-02-15. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1455140.ece. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
- ^ a b "Board of Management of the SCMS Group of Educational Institutions: Chairman Dr. Subramanian Swamy". http://scmsgroup.org/php/showContent.php?linkid=295&partid=2.
- ^ a b c d e f g "The Beastly Beatitudes: The rise, fall and resurrection of Subramanian Swamy". http://www.tehelka.com/story_main51.asp?filename=Ne311211Coverstory.asp.
- ^ a b c "The Jury Is Out, Subramanian Swamy: is the man a solution or a riddle?". Outlook (magazine). http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?279890. Retrieved 2012-01-03.
- ^ a b c d e f "The Outlier: The inscrutable politics of Subramanian Swamy". The Caravan. http://caravanmagazine.in/Story.aspx?Storyid=1389&StoryStyle=FullStory. Retrieved May 05, 2012.
- ^ "Subramanian Swamy: Queries and Answers, Interview". http://www.rediff.com/news/report/why-should-i-dislike-chidambaram-subramanian-swamy/20120102.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-03.
- ^ "An Indian tribute: Paul Samuelson, Guru". http://business.rediff.com/special/2009/dec/17/subramanian-swamy-pays-tribute-to-paul-samuelson.htm. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
- ^ "People: Subramanian Swamy". FirstPost. http://www.firstpost.com/topics/subramanian-swamy-56549.html. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
- ^ a b "High Court of Delhi : Swamy's plea for recovery of dues from IIT". Zee News. http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/hc-swamy-s-plea-for-recovery-of-dues-from-iit_760640.html. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
- ^ "Harvard removes Subramanian Swamy's courses over controversial column". Indiaeducationreview. http://www.indiaeducationreview.com/news/harvard-removes-subramanian-swamys-courses-over-controversial-column.
- ^ "The Rediff Special: The Man People Love to Hate". Rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/mar/17sswamy.htm.
- ^ Swamy to teach at Harvard The Hindu – February 15, 2011
- ^ "So Long Swamy: There is no room for hateful rhetoric at Harvard". The Harvard Crimson. http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2011/12/12/swamy-racism-dismissal/.
- ^ My Experiences with Jayaprakash Narayan - Subramanian Swamy
- ^ "Whither economic reforms? India". Chennai, India: Frontline, The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1719/17190780.htm. Retrieved 2012-1-07.
- ^ a b "Assessing India's economic reforms: Swamy". Frontline, The Hindu. http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1902/19020610.htm. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
- ^ Financial Architecture and Economic Development in China and India. Konark Publishers Pvt Ltd. ISBN 978-81-220-0718-3.
- ^ Myth and reality in India-China relations: Swamy The Hindu – September 17, 2009
- ^ Pilgrims' route The Tribune – September 26, 1998
- ^ "His Role in Foreign Affairs:The President". http://janataparty.org/president.html.
- ^ Sheela Bhatt (2011-02-11), 'I will implicate Sonia Gandhi in the 2G case', http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-subramanian-swamy-speaks/20110211.htm, retrieved 2011-08-01
- ^ "2G Spectrum Shadiness". The Caravan. http://www.caravanmagazine.in/Story/615/Spectrum-Shadiness.html. Retrieved May 05, 2012.
- ^ Jiby Kattakayam (2011-02-06), "CBI asked to file detailed report on 2G scam", The Hindu (Chennai, India), http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/06/stories/2011020659910600.htm, retrieved 2011-08-01
- ^ "Re-auction 2G spectrum, restrain Sibal: Subramanian Swamy", Indo-Asian News Service, 2011-01-11, http://in.news.yahoo.com/auction-2g-spectrum-restrain-sibal-subramanian-swamy-20110110-034015-410.html, retrieved 2011-08-01
- ^ Subramanian Swamy (2010-12-09), "Sonia Gandhi's sisters received Rs18,000 crores : 2G Scam secrets", Currentweek, http://www.currentweek.net/2010/12/sonia-gandhis-sisters-received-rs18000.html, retrieved 2011-08-01
- ^ "Permit me to prosecute Sonia: Swamy", Expressbuzz, 2011-04-19, http://expressbuzz.com/states/tamilnadu/permit-me-to-prosecute-sonia-swamy/266804.html, retrieved 2011-08-01
- ^ "Sonia Gandhi has 1 Lakh crore black money stashed abroad – Subramanian Swamy", India Hills Today, 2011-05-29, http://www.indiahillstoday.com/2011/05/29/sonia-gandhi-has-1-lakh-crore-black-money-stashed-abroad-subramanian-swamy/, retrieved 2011-08-01
- ^ Vandita Mishra (2011-05-17), "Yours faithfully, (Subramanian Swamy)", Indian Express, http://www.indianexpress.com/news/yours-faithfully-subramanian-swamy/791675/0, retrieved 2011-08-01
- ^ "2G case: Subramanian Swamy submits documents against Chidambaram, arguments on January 21", Economic Times, 2012-01-7, http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/2g-case-subramanian-swamy-submits-documents-against-chidambaram-arguments-on-january-21/articleshow/11399259.cms, retrieved 2012-01-07
- ^ "2G Scam: Advani asks if Raja is sole 'villain', blames Sonia for mess". PTI. Feb 08, 2012. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-02-08/news/31037611_1_cash-for-vote-scam-2g-scam-cases. Retrieved May 06, 2012.
- ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3421102.ece
- ^ "Kashmir defines Indian identity". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 2008-09-25. http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/25/stories/2008092551321100.htm.
- ^ Subramanian Swamy (2011-07-16), "Analysis: How to wipe out Islamic terror", Daily News and Analysis, http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/analysis_how-to-wipe-out-islamic-terror_1566203-all, retrieved 2011-07-27
- ^ Subramanian Swamy (31 May 2010 01:10:30 AM IST), How to wipe out Islamic terror, Janata Party, http://janataparty.org/articledetail.asp?rowid=28
- ^ a b Harvard Stands by Instructor Who Wrote Inflammatory Op-ed – National. The Atlantic Wire (2011-08-08). Retrieved on 2011-10-16.
- ^ Smitha Nair (2011-07-29), "Subramanian Swamy's 'hate' article invites criticism", IBN Live, http://ibnlive.in.com/news/subramanian-swamys-article-invites-criticism/171395-3.html, retrieved 2011-07-31
- ^ a b "Subramanian Swamy courts trouble over hate article", Hindustan Times, 2011-07-18, http://www.hindustantimes.com/Swamy-courts-trouble-over-hate-article/H1-Article1-722734.aspx, retrieved 2011-07-28
- ^ Rakesh Sharma (2011-07-17), "Politics of hate will never define India", Daily News and Analysis, http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/comment_politics-of-hate-will-never-define-india-part-i_1566502, retrieved 2011-07-27
- ^ Parsa Venkateshwar Rao Jr. (2011-07-19), "The paradox called Subramanian Swamy", Daily News and Analysis, http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column_the-paradox-called-subramanian-swamy_1567157, retrieved 2011-07-27
- ^ a b Beckett, Paul (2011-07-27), "Swamy Op-Ed Stokes Furor at Harvard", Wall Street Journal, http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/07/27/swamy-op-ed-stokes-furor-at-harvard/, retrieved 2011-07-27
- ^ Leanna B. Ehrlich (2011-07-27), "Petition Calls Op-Ed by Harvard Summer School Instructor Offensive to Muslims", The Harvard Crimson, http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2011/7/27/swamy-harvard-india-petition/, retrieved 2011-07-27
- ^ "US civil liberties group cautions Harvard on action against Subramanian Swamy", The Times of India, 2011-07-30, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/US-civil-liberties-group-cautions-Harvard-on-action-against-Subramanian-Swamy/articleshow/9418949.cms, retrieved 2011-07-30
- ^ Harvard Faculty Faculty Talks Occupy, Free Speech, and Holiday Brownies, The Harvard Crimson, 2011-12-07, http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2011/12/7/faculty-newsletter-last-meeting/, retrieved 2011-12-07
- ^ Harvard Faculty Cancel Controversial Summer School Instructor's Courses of Subramanian Swamy, The Harvard Crimson, 2011-12-07, http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2011/12/7/faculty-final-meeting/, retrieved 2011-12-07
- ^ Harvard University snubs Subramanian Swamy, drops courses taught by him, Rediff News, 2011-12-07, http://www.rediff.com/news/report/harvard-snubs-subramanian-swamy/20111208.htm, retrieved 2011-12-07
- ^ http://www.rediff.com/news/report/harvard-snubs-subramanian-swamy/20111208.htm
- ^ "Harvard drops Indian MP Subramanian Swamy's courses". BBC News. 2011-12-08. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-16081751.
- ^ http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2011/12/08/harvard-kills-courses-controversial-summer-school-instructor
- ^ Subramanian Swamy appears before tribunal examining LTTE ban The Times of India – Oct 28, 2010
- ^ LTTE part of the problem: Swamy The Hindu – Nov 13, 2008
- ^ Hold Sethu project implementation, says Swamy , சேது.. 'ஹோல்ட் ஆன்': சாமி – Oneindia Tamil. Thatstamil.oneindia.in (2009-06-18). Retrieved on 2011-10-16.
- ^ "The well-regarded Supreme Court advocate on her husband : SUNIT ARORA INTERVIEWS ROXNA SWAMY". Outlook (magazine). http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?279891. Retrieved 2012-01-03.
- ^ Sunday Celebrity: Dr. Subramanian Swamy, his presence a must in Indian politics. Asian Tribune. Retrieved on 2011-10-16.
- ^ "Will pursue 2G scam case till the end, says Swamy". The Times of India. 2012-03-13. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Will-pursue-2G-scam-case-till-the-end-says-Swamy/articleshow/12240886.cms. Retrieved January 3, 2012 (2012-13-03).
External links[link]
- Official Twitter Account @Swamy39
- Bio-Data at Janata Party website
- Official Biographical Sketch of Member of 12th Lok Sabha: Swamy
Others[link]
- Subramanian Swamy collected laws and court judgements at Indian Kanoon
- Subramanian Swamy collected news and commentary at India Today
- Subramanian Swamy collected news and commentary at The Times of India
- Subramanian Swamy collected news and commentary at Tehelka
- Subramanian Swamy collected news and commentary at The Hindu
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Subramanian, Swamy |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | September 15, 1939 |
| Place of birth | Mylapore, Chennai, India |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Subramanian_Swamy
Related pages:
http://hi.wn.com/सुब्रह्मण्यम स्वामी
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subramanian_Swamy
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Praveen Togadia (born in 1957) is the International Working President of the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP), Hindu religious organization. He is a distinguished cancer surgeon.
The king Togadia has asserted in interviews that he does not mandate violence in the Hindutva Movement, and stressed that he was not against minorities. He claims that VHP is an international organization which speaks for Hindus. He also claims that the majority of the work concerning the emancipation of the lower castes is not done by Christian Missionaries but by Hindu organizations.[1]
References[link]
- ^ 'Nobody has the right to convert anybody in India', Praveenbhai Togadia Chat
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Togadia, Praveen jai |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1957 |
| Place of birth | mumbai |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Praveen_Togadia
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Тогадия, Правин
http://hi.wn.com/प्रवीण तोगड़िया
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praveen_Togadia
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
