- published: 14 Feb 2012
- views: 3094
- author: Owen Conlan
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British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-fifth of the world's population at the time, and covered more than 33,700,000 km2 (13,012,000 sq mi), almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was often said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous territories.
During the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires. Envious of the great wealth these empires generated, England, France and the Netherlands began to establish colonies and trade networks of their own in the Americas and Asia. A series of wars in the 17th and 18th centuries with the Netherlands and France left England (and then, following union between England and Scotland in 1707, Great Britain) the dominant colonial power in North America and India. The loss of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after a war of independence deprived Britain of some of its oldest and most populous colonies.
wn.com/British_Empire -
Japan
Japan
i/dʒəˈpæn/ (Japanese: 日本 Nihon or Nippon; formally 日本国 
Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, literally the State of Japan) is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku, together accounting for ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area. Japan has the world's tenth-largest population, with over 127 million people. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents.
Archaeological research indicates that people lived in Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other nations followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament called the Diet.
wn.com/Japan
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Charlemagne
Charlemagne (
/ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn/ or /ˈʃɑrləmeɪn/; French pronunciation: [ʃaʁ.lə.maɲ]; c. 742 – 28 January 814), also known as Charles the Great (Latin: Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus), was King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum) from 800 to his death in 814. He expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe. During his reign, he conquered Italy and was crowned Imperator Augustus by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800 in Rome.
His rule is also associated with the Carolingian Renaissance, a revival of art, religion, and culture through the medium of the Catholic Church. Through his foreign conquests and internal reforms, Charlemagne helped define both Western Europe and the European Middle Ages. He is numbered as Charles I in the regnal lists of Germany, the Holy Roman Empire, and France.
The son of King Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon, a Frankish queen, he succeeded his father in 768 and was initially co-ruler with his brother Carloman I. It has often been suggested that the relationship between Charlemagne and Carloman was not good, but it has also been argued that tensions were exaggerated by Carolingian chroniclers.
wn.com/Charlemagne -
Denis
Saint Denis (also called Dionysius, Dennis, or Denys) is a Christian martyr and saint. In the third century, he was Bishop of Paris. He was martyred in connection with the Decian persecution of Christians, shortly after A.D. 250. After his head was chopped off, Denis is said to have picked it up and walked ten kilometres (six miles), preaching a sermon the entire way, making him one of many cephalophores in hagiology. He is venerated in the Roman Catholic Church as patron of Paris, France and as one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers. The medieval and modern French name "Denis" derives from the ancient name Dionysius.
Gregory of Tours states that Denis was bishop of the Parisii and was martyred by being beheaded by a sword. The earliest document giving an account of his life and martyrdom, the "Passio SS. Dionysii Rustici et Eleutherii" dates from c. 600, is mistakenly attributed to the poet Venantius Fortunatus, and is legendary. Nevertheless, it appears from the Passio that Denis was sent from Italy to convert Gaul in the third century, forging a link with the "apostles to the Gauls" reputed to have been sent out under the direction of Pope Fabian. This was after the persecutions under Emperor Decius had all but dissolved the small Christian community at Lutetia. Denis, with his inseparable companions Rusticus and Eleutherius, who were martyred with him, settled on the Île de la Cité in the River Seine. Roman Paris lay on the higher ground of the Left Bank, away from the river.
wn.com/Denis -
Eginhard
Einhard (also Eginhard or Einhart; c. 775 – March 14, 840) was a Frankish scholar and courtier. Einhard was a dedicated servant of Charlemagne and his son Louis the Pious; his main work is a biography of Charlemagne, the Vita Karoli Magni, "one of the most precious literary bequests of the early Middle Ages."
Einhard was from the eastern German-speaking part of the Frank Kingdom. Born into a family of relatively low status, his parents sent him to be educated by the monks of Fulda - one of the most impressive centres of learning in the Frank lands - perhaps due to his small stature (Einhard referred to himself as a "tiny manlet") which restricted his riding and sword-fighting ability, Einhard concentrated his energies towards scholarship and especially to the mastering of Latin. Despite such humble origins, he was accepted into the hugely wealthy court of Charlemagne around 791 or 792. Charlemagne actively sought to amass scholarly men around him and established a royal school led by the Northumbrian scholar Alcuin. Einhard evidently was a talented builder and construction manager, because Charlemagne put him in charge of the completion of several palace complexes including Aachen and Ingelheim. Despite the fact that Einhard was on intimate terms with Charlemagne, he never achieved office in his reign. In 814, on Charlemagne's death his son Louis the Pious made Einhard his private secretary. Einhard retired from court during the time of the disputes between Louis and his sons in the spring of 830.
wn.com/Eginhard -
Germain of Paris
Saint Germain (also called Germanus) (c. 496 – 28 May 576) was a bishop of Paris, who was canonized in 754. He is known in his early vita as pater et pastor populi, rendered in modern times as the "Father of the Poor".
Born near Autun to noble Gallo-Roman parents, he studied at Avallon in Burgundy and also at Luzy under the guidance of his cousin Scapilion, a priest. At the age of 34 he was ordained by St. Agrippinus of Autun and became abbot of Saint-Symphorien near that town. He was hard-working and austere, and his alms-giving was so generous that his monks, fearing he would give away everything, rebelled. As he happened to be in Paris, in 555, when Eusebius, bishop of Paris, died, King Childebert detained him and he was consecrated bishop of Paris.
Under his influence Childebert is said to have led a reformed life. In his new state the bishop continued to practise the virtues and austerities of his monastic life and laboured hard to diminish the evils caused by the incessant wars and the licence of the nobles. He attended the Third and Fourth Councils of Paris (557, 573) and also the Second Council of Tours (566). He persuaded the king to stamp out the pagan practices still existing in Gaul and to forbid the excess that accompanied the celebration of most Christian festivals.
wn.com/Germain_of_Paris -
Harold Godwinson
Harold Godwinson, or Harold II; Old English: Harold Gōdwines sunu (c. 1022 – 14 October 1066) was the last Anglo-Saxon King of England. Harold reigned from 6 January 1066 until his death at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October of that same year, fighting the Norman invaders led by William the Conqueror during the Norman conquest of England. Harold is the first of only three kings of England to have died in warfare; the other two were Richard I and Richard III.
Harold was a son of Godwin, the powerful Earl of Wessex, and his wife Gytha Thorkelsdóttir, whose supposed brother Ulf Jarl was the son-in-law of Sweyn I and the father of Sweyn II of Denmark.
Godwin and Gytha had several children, notably sons Sweyn, Harold, Tostig, Gyrth and Leofwine and a daughter, Edith of Wessex (1029–1075), who became Queen consort of Edward the Confessor.
As a result of his sister's marriage to the king, Godwin's second son, Harold, became Earl of East Anglia in 1045. Harold accompanied his father into exile in 1051, but helped him to regain his position a year later. When Godwin died in 1053, Harold succeeded him as Earl of Wessex (a province at that time covering the southernmost third of England). This arguably made him the most powerful figure in England after the king.
wn.com/Harold_Godwinson -
Martin of Tours
Martin of Tours (Latin: Sanctus Martinus Turonensis; 316 – November 8, 397) was a Bishop of Tours whose shrine became a famous stopping-point for pilgrims on the road to Santiago de Compostela. Around his name much legendary material accrued, and he has become one of the most familiar and recognizable Christian saints. He is considered a spiritual bridge across Europe, given his association with both France and Hungary.
His life was recorded by a contemporary, the hagiographer Sulpicius Severus. Some of the accounts of his travels may have been interpolated into his vita to validate early sites of his cult. He is a patron saint of soldiers.
Martin was born in 316 AD in Savaria in the Diocese of Pannonia (now Szombathely, Hungary). His father was a senior officer (tribune) in the Imperial Horse Guard, a unit of the Roman army, and was later stationed at Ticinum (now Pavia), in northern Italy, where Martin grew up.
wn.com/Martin_of_Tours -
Merovingian
The Merovingians were a Salian Frankish dynasty that came to rule the Franks in a region known as Francia in Latin, largely corresponding to ancient Gaul, for 300 years from the middle of the 5th century.
The Merovingian dynasty was founded by Childeric I (c.457 – 481) the son of Merovech, leader of the Salian Franks, but it was his famous son Clovis I (481 – 511) who united all of Gaul under Merovingian rule.
After the death of Clovis there were frequent clashes between different branches of the family, but when threatened by its neighbours the Merovingians presented a strong united front.
During the final century of the Merovingian rule, the dynasty was increasingly pushed into a ceremonial role. The Merovingian rule ended in March 752 when Pope Zachary formally deposed Childeric III. Zachary's successor, Pope Stephen II, confirmed and annointed Pepin the Short, in 754 beginning the Carolingian monarchy.
The Merovingian ruling family were sometimes referred to as the "long-haired kings" (Latin reges criniti) by contemporaries, as their long hair distinguished them among the Franks, who commonly cut their hair short. The term "Merovingian" comes from medieval Latin Merovingi or Merohingi ("sons of Merovech"), an alteration of an unattested Old West Low Franconian form, akin to their dynasty's Old English name Merewīowing, with the final -ing being a typical patronymic suffix.
wn.com/Merovingian -
Mongol
Mongols (Mongolian: Монголчууд (help·info)), Mongolchuud) are a Central-East Asian ethnic group that lives mainly in the countries of Mongolia, China, and Russia. Owing to wars and migrations, Mongols are also found in some Central Asian states such as Kazakhstan. In China, ethnic Mongols can be found mainly in the central north region of China such as Inner Mongolia (a smaller number of Mongols can also be found in Xinjiang in northwest China). The Buryat branch of the Mongol ethnic group can be found in the autonomous republic of Buryatia, Russia. Ethnic Mongols are bound together by a common language and culture. They speak languages belonging to the Mongolic languages. The contiguous territories inhabited by ethnic Mongols is also known as Greater Mongolia[disambiguation needed 
]. There are approximately 10 million ethnic Mongols in total.
A definition includes the Mongols proper, who can be approximately divided into the eastern Mongols (the Khalkha Mongols, the Inner Mongolians, the Buryats), and the Oirats. In a wider sense, the Mongol people includes all people who speak a Mongolic language, such as the Kalmyks of eastern Europe.
wn.com/Mongol -
Norman Cantor
Norman Frank Cantor (19 November 1929 – 18 September 2004) was a historian who specialized in the medieval period. Known for his accessible writing and engaging narrative style, Cantor's books were among the most widely-read treatments of medieval history in English. His textbook The Civilization of the Middle Ages, first published in 1963, remains an all-time bestseller in the field.
Born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, Cantor received a Bachelor of Arts degree at the University of Manitoba in 1951. He moved to the United States to obtain an M.A. degree (1953) from Princeton University, then spent a year as a Rhodes Scholar at the University of Oxford. He returned to Princeton and received his Ph.D. in 1957 under the direction of eminent medievalist Joseph R. Strayer. He also began his teaching career at Princeton.
After teaching at Princeton, Cantor became a professor at Columbia University from 1960 to 1966. He was a Leff professor at Brandeis University until 1970 and then was at SUNY Binghamton until 1976, when he took a position at University of Illinois at Chicago for two years. He then went on to New York University, where he was professor of history, sociology and comparative literature. After a brief stint as Fulbright Professor at the Tel Aviv University History Department (1987–88), he devoted himself to working as a full-time writer.
wn.com/Norman_Cantor -
Pippin the Younger
Pepin (or Pippin) (died 24 September 768), called the Younger (Pippin der Jüngere), was the first King of the Franks (752–768) of the Carolingian dynasty. In 741 he and his brother Carloman succeeded their father, Charles Martel, as mayors of the palace and de facto rulers of the kingdom during an interregnum (737–743). After the retirement of Carloman (747), Pepin obtained the permission of Pope Zachary to depose the last of the Merovingian kings, Childeric III, and assume the throne (752).
He is sometimes called the Short or the Little (Pépin le Bref) or, rarely the Great (Pippin der Grosse), As he was named for his grandfather, Pepin of Heristal, in turn named for his grandfather, Pepin of Landen, both mayors of the palace, Pepin the Short has sometimes been numbered Pepin III.
Pepin's father Charles Martel died in 741. He divided the rule of the Frankish kingdom between Pepin and his elder brother, Carloman, his surviving sons by his first wife: Carloman became Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia, Pepin became Mayor of the Palace of Neustria. Grifo, Charles's son by his second wife, Swanahild (also known as Swanhilde), demanded a share in the inheritance, but he was imprisoned in a monastery by his two half-brothers.
wn.com/Pippin_the_Younger
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VASSAL Tutorial - Playing Warmachine/Hordes Online
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:55
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
VASSAL - Playing Warmachine-Hordes Online
http://wn.com/VASSAL_Tutorial_Playing_Warmachine_Hordes_Online
VASSAL - Playing Warmachine-Hordes Online
How to install ASL with Vassal.avi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 62:17
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
How to install and configure the ASL modual with the Vassal program including downloading and configuring map boards and extensions. Let me know what you think....
http://wn.com/How_to_install_ASL_with_Vassalavi
How to install and configure the ASL modual with the Vassal program including downloading and configuring map boards and extensions. Let me know what you think....
- published: 23 Apr 2012
- views: 919
- author: idjester
Vassal 40k How to
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 43:48
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
Get Win Rar to unzip files download.cnet.com It will work on 32 and 64 bit OS's
http://wn.com/Vassal_40k_How_to
Get Win Rar to unzip files download.cnet.com It will work on 32 and 64 bit OS's
- published: 13 Mar 2011
- views: 14803
- author: CranberryMuffinmanz
Ascension on Vassal (HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:10
- Updated: 04 May 2012
Ascension on Vassal
http://wn.com/Ascension_on_Vassal_HD
Ascension on Vassal
- published: 29 Oct 2010
- views: 3887
- author: Joel Eddy
Crash Course: Vassal for Space Empires 4x
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:14
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
-Learn how to play Space Empires 4x on Vassal in 14 minutes -Covers basic gameplay, live online games, and PBEM -Some features are subject to change with future versions of the Vassal module Vassal Module: www.vassalengine.org Board Game Geek Page: boardgamegeek.com GMT Order Page: www.gmtgames.com
http://wn.com/Crash_Course_Vassal_for_Space_Empires_4x
-Learn how to play Space Empires 4x on Vassal in 14 minutes -Covers basic gameplay, live online games, and PBEM -Some features are subject to change with future versions of the Vassal module Vassal Module: www.vassalengine.org Board Game Geek Page: boardgamegeek.com GMT Order Page: www.gmtgames.com
- published: 07 Oct 2011
- views: 2110
- author: chrono280
vassal d20 tutorial DM part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:40
- Updated: 24 Jun 2012
www.vassalengine.org www.mediafire.com this is a little project i did for an online game engine called vassal. it is for playing board and card games over the inet with friends. this is just a little tutorial vid i made for friends on using the 'd20 mod' which is a dnd 4th ed module for vassal. ive used it to play rpg games over the net with friends who now live too far away to come visit and play in person. ps. this has some pretty horrific editing to it. i just got a new video editing prog called trakAx and its sweet but i havent got the hang of it at all :) docs.google.com
http://wn.com/vassal_d20_tutorial_DM_part_1
www.vassalengine.org www.mediafire.com this is a little project i did for an online game engine called vassal. it is for playing board and card games over the inet with friends. this is just a little tutorial vid i made for friends on using the 'd20 mod' which is a dnd 4th ed module for vassal. ive used it to play rpg games over the net with friends who now live too far away to come visit and play in person. ps. this has some pretty horrific editing to it. i just got a new video editing prog called trakAx and its sweet but i havent got the hang of it at all :) docs.google.com
- published: 18 Dec 2010
- views: 1319
- author: mnkymnky27
How to start a game and take a turn using Vassal and Memoir 44
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:39
- Updated: 30 Aug 2012
http://wn.com/How_to_start_a_game_and_take_a_turn_using_Vassal_and_Memoir_44
- published: 21 May 2010
- views: 3119
- author: BoardGameTutorials
Vassal and the 40k Module
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:54
- Updated: 22 Sep 2012
Vassal and the 40k Module
http://wn.com/Vassal_and_the_40k_Module
Vassal and the 40k Module
- published: 24 Nov 2010
- views: 6836
- author: CranberryMuffinmanz
How to play Twilight Struggle using Vassal
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:30
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
How to play Twilight Struggle using Vassal
http://wn.com/How_to_play_Twilight_Struggle_using_Vassal
How to play Twilight Struggle using Vassal
- published: 12 Dec 2011
- views: 2224
- author: Charles Cab
How to Play 40k on Vassal - Part 1 - Joining and Starting Games
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:26
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
Part 1 of 3 Here be the links. www.vassalengine.org www.mediafire.com
http://wn.com/How_to_Play_40k_on_Vassal_Part_1_Joining_and_Starting_Games
Part 1 of 3 Here be the links. www.vassalengine.org www.mediafire.com
- published: 16 Jun 2010
- views: 9820
- author: Emperors Canaries
VASSALS' HASSLES
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:02
- Updated: 28 May 2012
Vassles' Hassles is a 3-minute stop-action animation, educational piece intended for schools and homes to teach an overview of feudalism and Magna Carta in the context of teaching about the American Constitution. School Library Journal says, "...the section on feudalism has a terrific Monty Pythonesque quality that will linger in the minds of students." This piece, which includes original song, is part of the award-winning educational DVD production "Bundle of Compromises" produced by Find The Fun Productions. This production covers events leading up including the American Constitution. Targets middle school curriculum. Please go to: www.findthefunproductions.com to download a free copy of the song's lyrics and purchase "Bundle of Compromises."
http://wn.com/VASSALS'_HASSLES
Vassles' Hassles is a 3-minute stop-action animation, educational piece intended for schools and homes to teach an overview of feudalism and Magna Carta in the context of teaching about the American Constitution. School Library Journal says, "...the section on feudalism has a terrific Monty Pythonesque quality that will linger in the minds of students." This piece, which includes original song, is part of the award-winning educational DVD production "Bundle of Compromises" produced by Find The Fun Productions. This production covers events leading up including the American Constitution. Targets middle school curriculum. Please go to: www.findthefunproductions.com to download a free copy of the song's lyrics and purchase "Bundle of Compromises."
- published: 07 Feb 2007
- views: 2615
- author: hebhbp
'From Assange to NATO, Sweden a voluntary vassal state of US'
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:48
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
Dr Brian Palmer, a social anthropologist from Uppsala University, believes that Julian Assange is safer in the UK than in Sweden. RT has asked him about why Sweden wants the WikiLeaks founder so badly and his fate if he were to be extradited. RT on Facebook: www.facebook.com RT on Twitter: twitter.com
http://wn.com/'From_Assange_to_NATO,_Sweden_a_voluntary_vassal_state_of_US'
Dr Brian Palmer, a social anthropologist from Uppsala University, believes that Julian Assange is safer in the UK than in Sweden. RT has asked him about why Sweden wants the WikiLeaks founder so badly and his fate if he were to be extradited. RT on Facebook: www.facebook.com RT on Twitter: twitter.com
- published: 13 Feb 2011
- views: 9603
- author: RussiaToday
VASSAL Gaming Basics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:38
- Updated: 28 Jun 2012
A quick guide to help understand and navigate the bare bones of the VASSAL 40k module gaming abilities and toolboxes. This tutorial covers movement of pieces, range finding, and the dice system built into the program. I made this tutorial for the growing VASSAL 40k community at gothicwars.org
http://wn.com/VASSAL_Gaming_Basics
A quick guide to help understand and navigate the bare bones of the VASSAL 40k module gaming abilities and toolboxes. This tutorial covers movement of pieces, range finding, and the dice system built into the program. I made this tutorial for the growing VASSAL 40k community at gothicwars.org
- published: 01 Apr 2012
- views: 307
- author: Gothic Wars
Theatre of Tragedy - A Hamlet for a Slothful Vassal
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:06
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
"Behold a jocund morn indeed! - Sun on high - birds in sky. Yonder the whist firth eathing, Fro where a gale erranteth." "Ye beholdest but the shadow. Mayhap a tithe of trothplight - I deep - e'er and anon!" "To and fro, save hither, Is thy love." "Not a loth! - But vying for my kinsmen!" "Beautiful tyrant! Fiend Angelica! Dove-feathered raven! Woluish-ravening lamb! A hamlet for a slothful vassal - Soothing ale for a parched sot. Hie to tell me What ye judgest as naught I behold the shadow!" "E'er thou sayest aye! Thief of a plot! Now go to thy tryst! Go, leave, totter! - Until ye dwindlest. A morsel, nay more, For thy journey Hither and thither!" "That is a lie! Lief I am not! My words are but a twist Fare well! - with jiy I came, With rue I leave. Even the orb cannot. Help me melt the ice?" "That is a lie! Lief I am not! My words are but a twist Tis a feigned lie through loathing, I say!" "A dotard gaffer, I daresay..." "...a sapling not!" "Wherefore call me such names; Nay imp am I! Thou art my aghast hart - Gazing in the glade."
http://wn.com/Theatre_of_Tragedy_A_Hamlet_for_a_Slothful_Vassal
"Behold a jocund morn indeed! - Sun on high - birds in sky. Yonder the whist firth eathing, Fro where a gale erranteth." "Ye beholdest but the shadow. Mayhap a tithe of trothplight - I deep - e'er and anon!" "To and fro, save hither, Is thy love." "Not a loth! - But vying for my kinsmen!" "Beautiful tyrant! Fiend Angelica! Dove-feathered raven! Woluish-ravening lamb! A hamlet for a slothful vassal - Soothing ale for a parched sot. Hie to tell me What ye judgest as naught I behold the shadow!" "E'er thou sayest aye! Thief of a plot! Now go to thy tryst! Go, leave, totter! - Until ye dwindlest. A morsel, nay more, For thy journey Hither and thither!" "That is a lie! Lief I am not! My words are but a twist Fare well! - with jiy I came, With rue I leave. Even the orb cannot. Help me melt the ice?" "That is a lie! Lief I am not! My words are but a twist Tis a feigned lie through loathing, I say!" "A dotard gaffer, I daresay..." "...a sapling not!" "Wherefore call me such names; Nay imp am I! Thou art my aghast hart - Gazing in the glade."
- published: 09 Jan 2009
- views: 53763
- author: Giorgio Armani
UCSD By Design: Jean-Philippe Vassal
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 49:03
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Jean-Philippe Vassal is an architect and principal of Lacaton and Vassal, whose practice is characterized by the environmentally sustainable integration and adaptive reuse of existing architecture. Series: "UCSD By Design" [3/2011] [Humanities] [Show ID: 19226]
http://wn.com/UCSD_By_Design_Jean-Philippe_Vassal
Jean-Philippe Vassal is an architect and principal of Lacaton and Vassal, whose practice is characterized by the environmentally sustainable integration and adaptive reuse of existing architecture. Series: "UCSD By Design" [3/2011] [Humanities] [Show ID: 19226]
- published: 10 Mar 2011
- views: 1183
- author: UCtelevision
Vassal Warmachine Module 4.2 Sneak Peek
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:27
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
www.steamforged.com take a quick look at the new Hordes module for Vassal - released 'soon'. -- Recorded live on www.twitch.tv/steamforged - j-tv.me
http://wn.com/Vassal_Warmachine_Module_42_Sneak_Peek
www.steamforged.com take a quick look at the new Hordes module for Vassal - released 'soon'. -- Recorded live on www.twitch.tv/steamforged - j-tv.me
- published: 13 Apr 2012
- views: 906
- author: Steamforged
Part 30: "The Unlikely Vassal"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:06
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
First battle is at 0:55 Honma decide to ask for peace, out of nowhere. I retort with a vassal demand WHICH THEY ACCEPT, DERP. Cosmic is attacked by rebel scum. I then besiege the Hatano force that stole Tsukushi from me, to prevent replenishment. I would rather not force an open battle at this point, as I have units that are in danger of disbanding from losses. I abandon Suo which is now at the mercy of 3 full bar armies, as a last stand to stem the tide would be better fought at Buzen. CosmicContrarian and I play a Co-op campaign on the infamous "Legendary" difficulty. I choose the "Shimazu" and Cosmic utilises the "Date". www.youtube.com Part 30 from the perspective of Cosmic www.youtube.com Cosmic's Channel ------------------------ be among the first to like my new facebook page. www.facebook.com and subscribe for more www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Part_30_The_Unlikely_Vassal
First battle is at 0:55 Honma decide to ask for peace, out of nowhere. I retort with a vassal demand WHICH THEY ACCEPT, DERP. Cosmic is attacked by rebel scum. I then besiege the Hatano force that stole Tsukushi from me, to prevent replenishment. I would rather not force an open battle at this point, as I have units that are in danger of disbanding from losses. I abandon Suo which is now at the mercy of 3 full bar armies, as a last stand to stem the tide would be better fought at Buzen. CosmicContrarian and I play a Co-op campaign on the infamous "Legendary" difficulty. I choose the "Shimazu" and Cosmic utilises the "Date". www.youtube.com Part 30 from the perspective of Cosmic www.youtube.com Cosmic's Channel ------------------------ be among the first to like my new facebook page. www.facebook.com and subscribe for more www.youtube.com
- published: 29 Jul 2012
- views: 313
- author: volound
Boris Prekop training chest/biceps in Vassal gym
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:22
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
Training for the upcomming Mr. Slovakia contest in our gym - Vassal gym, Bratislava, Slovakia
http://wn.com/Boris_Prekop_training_chest_biceps_in_Vassal_gym
Training for the upcomming Mr. Slovakia contest in our gym - Vassal gym, Bratislava, Slovakia
- published: 10 Dec 2009
- views: 25220
- author: valihorovadruzina
Trailer / Lacaton & Vassal Architectes / Palais de Tokyo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:01
- Updated: 24 Apr 2012
Full video at 0300tv.com Follow us on Facebook! www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Trailer_Lacaton_Vassal_Architectes_Palais_de_Tokyo
Full video at 0300tv.com Follow us on Facebook! www.facebook.com
- published: 01 Oct 2010
- views: 788
- author: 0300tv
Let's Play Stronghold Kingdoms Part #15 First Vassal
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:16
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
It's hard to find a vassal these days... www.sergiuhelldragoon.com http
http://wn.com/Let's_Play_Stronghold_Kingdoms_Part_15_First_Vassal
It's hard to find a vassal these days... www.sergiuhelldragoon.com http
- published: 04 Oct 2011
- views: 944
- author: SergiuHellDragoon
Kárpátia - Veterán (Tűzzel, vassal)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Updated: 29 Nov 2012
Kárpátia - Veterán (Tűzzel, vassal)
http://wn.com/Kárpátia_Veterán_Tűzzel,_vassal
Kárpátia - Veterán (Tűzzel, vassal)
- published: 07 Aug 2009
- views: 29869
- author: KisTamas28
Jane Krakowski or Elaine Vassal
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:14
- Updated: 04 Nov 2012
Jane Krakowski or Elaine Vassal www.shanagrant.com Jane Krakowski (born October 11, 1968) is an American actress and singer. She is most well known for playing Elaine Vassal on Ally McBeal and Jenna Maroney on 30 Rock, winning Screen Actors Guild Awards for both roles. She also regularly performs on the stage, winning a Tony Award for her performance in Nine, and an Olivier Award for "Guys and Dolls" in London's West End.
http://wn.com/Jane_Krakowski_or_Elaine_Vassal
Jane Krakowski or Elaine Vassal www.shanagrant.com Jane Krakowski (born October 11, 1968) is an American actress and singer. She is most well known for playing Elaine Vassal on Ally McBeal and Jenna Maroney on 30 Rock, winning Screen Actors Guild Awards for both roles. She also regularly performs on the stage, winning a Tony Award for her performance in Nine, and an Olivier Award for "Guys and Dolls" in London's West End.
- published: 10 Sep 2010
- views: 2892
- author: a442dea
Of Suzerains and Vassals
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:09
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
8-6 = part 47 of series Next: 8-7: www.youtube.com Playlist 4: www.youtube.com List of uploads within playlist: berties-teapot.blogspot.com Main channel: www.youtube.com The multi-author nature of the Bible is obvious at many levels. There appear to be three different, interwoven versions of the escape of the Israelites from Pharaoh. The Escape at Yam Suph eventually leads to yet another covenant between Yahweh and his troublesome "Chosen People". In exchange for salvation from slavery, the recently escaped Israelites are expected to follow Yahweh's rules. The suzerainty covenant (Mosaic Law) that is issued by Yahweh to Moses at Mt Sinai bears resemblances to Hittite and Assyrian suzerainty treaties. en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org The Bibles Buried Secrets website: www.pbs.org including: Moses and the Exodus www.pbs.org Writers of the Bible: www.pbs.org Archeological Evidence and Timeline: www.pbs.org Playlist: www.youtube.com List of uploads within playlist: berties-teapot.blogspot.com This is part of a series illustrating a Yale University course on the Hebrew Bible. The full course can be found here: oyc.yale.edu oyc.yale.edu Christine Hayes is Professor of Religious Studies in Classical Judaica. Before joining the Yale faculty in 1996, she was Assistant Professor of Hebrew Studies in the Department of Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University for three years. A specialist in talmudic-midrashic studies, Hayes offers undergraduate courses on the literature and ...
http://wn.com/Of_Suzerains_and_Vassals
8-6 = part 47 of series Next: 8-7: www.youtube.com Playlist 4: www.youtube.com List of uploads within playlist: berties-teapot.blogspot.com Main channel: www.youtube.com The multi-author nature of the Bible is obvious at many levels. There appear to be three different, interwoven versions of the escape of the Israelites from Pharaoh. The Escape at Yam Suph eventually leads to yet another covenant between Yahweh and his troublesome "Chosen People". In exchange for salvation from slavery, the recently escaped Israelites are expected to follow Yahweh's rules. The suzerainty covenant (Mosaic Law) that is issued by Yahweh to Moses at Mt Sinai bears resemblances to Hittite and Assyrian suzerainty treaties. en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org The Bibles Buried Secrets website: www.pbs.org including: Moses and the Exodus www.pbs.org Writers of the Bible: www.pbs.org Archeological Evidence and Timeline: www.pbs.org Playlist: www.youtube.com List of uploads within playlist: berties-teapot.blogspot.com This is part of a series illustrating a Yale University course on the Hebrew Bible. The full course can be found here: oyc.yale.edu oyc.yale.edu Christine Hayes is Professor of Religious Studies in Classical Judaica. Before joining the Yale faculty in 1996, she was Assistant Professor of Hebrew Studies in the Department of Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University for three years. A specialist in talmudic-midrashic studies, Hayes offers undergraduate courses on the literature and ...
- published: 16 Oct 2010
- views: 560
- author: heterodoxism3
photo: AP / Bullit Marquez
06 Dec 2012
NEW BATAAN, Philippines - A powerful typhoon that washed away emergency shelters, a military camp and possibly entire families in the southern Philippines has killed almost 350 people with nearly 400 missing, authorities said Thursday. More bodies were retrieved from hardest-hit Compostela Valley and Davao Oriental provinces and six others impacted by Tuesday's storm, the Office of Civil Defense reported ... "It was horrible ... --- ... Location....(size: 8.0Kb)
photo: AP / Vahid Salemi
07 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. The in- and out-fighting between present-day Saudi Arabia and Iran is a mirror image of what occurred to Prophet Muhammad's Islamic Movement right after his death ... Still, and due to prosperity and wealth, an influx of trade goods, religious toleration, an emphasis on learning, and increased food supplies, Islam was becoming a vast empire ... Recent U.S ... Dallas Darling (darling@wn.com)....(size: 7.5Kb)
photo: AP / Osama Faisal
08 Dec 2012
There has been a historic shift in the UN climate talks in Qatar, with the prospect of rich nations having to compensate poor nations for losses due to climate change. The US has fiercely opposed the measure - it says the cost could be unlimited. But after angry tussles throughout the night the principle of Loss and Damage is now in the final negotiating text ... The political stakes are high ... "I will block this ... "I will block this ... ....(size: 3.1Kb)
photo: AP / Hassan Ammar
06 Dec 2012
The Egyptian army has deployed tanks and armoured troop carriers outside the presidential palace in Cairo after clashes between supporters and opponents of President Mohammed Morsi left five dead and hundreds injured. But, despite their presence, there are reports of a fresh outbreak of stone-throwing between the two sides. Egypt is seeing growing unrest over a controversial draft constitution ... 'Loud and clear' ... ....(size: 4.0Kb)
The Star
08 Dec 2012
The plan was announced to take effect on short notice. on Jan 1 ... Rival claimants ... The Hainan decision empowering its border police to intercept foreign ships sailing in waters claimed by China as its territory, which also overlaps territories in the South China Sea, affronts other claimants because it is seen as condescending and treating them as vassal states of the suzerain province ... It is not clear how this rules apply ... ....(size: 5.1Kb)
Daily Yomiuri
07 Dec 2012
Defending Japan's sovereignty and the integrity of its land and seas while achieving a breakthrough on issues involving them. We urge every political party to seriously and responsibly discuss specific measures to deal with these challenges ... ===. Be on alert night and day ... Such calls are right and proper ... === ... What Noda likely had in mind is radical statements by Ishihara, such as "We hate becoming a vassal state of China." ... 7, 2012) (Dec ... ....(size: 4.3Kb)
Canberra Times
06 Dec 2012
Refugees from Sri Lanka arrive for processing at Christmas island in June. Photo. Sharon Tisdale ... Unfortunately Labor prime ministers Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard embraced the essence, and now the substance, of his policies ... Over the past few days, former members of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam have been returned ... They are in the process of turning Sri Lanka into a vassal state and lining pockets along the way to do so ... ....(size: 5.8Kb)
Business Insider
01 Dec 2012
Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon are at each other’s throats in all sorts of ways... The sequence of doorstop fantasy novels that George R.R ... But these days the escapism they offer may be tinged with an eldritch sense of recognition ... Rich beyond belief ... Take Google ... Microsoft, which in America is now number two in search after Google, has a willing (and desperate) vassal in Nokia, a phonemaker, and a new mobile operating system ... ....(size: 17.9Kb)
IMC
29 Nov 2012
Patrice Faubert, 29.11.2012 09.41. Si la gratuité est souvent révolutionnaire, la charité est toujours réactionnaire... " Prévoir plusieurs coups à l'avance? A quoi bon? Moi, je n'en prévois qu'un seul, mais le bon! ". José Raùl Capablanca ( 1888-1942 ) champion du monde des échecs, de 1921 à 1927. Et voici, que l'on oublie. Cette étrange épidémie. Un taux de suicide ... Mao, était le vassal de Staline ... Mao, Stalin was the vassal ... Not....(size: 12.6Kb)
Boston Herald
28 Nov 2012
You’re Felon Finneran, the disgraced ex-speaker of the House, and if you haven’t already been immunized to testify in the Probation Department scandal, then you probably soon will be ... Enough said ... You’re Felon Finneran, and you feel sorry for Jack O’Brien, your vassal, the bumkisser you installed to run the Probation Department as your own personal hackerama after you muscled in on the judges a decade ago ... Big ... ....(size: 3.4Kb)
Fox31 Denver
28 Nov 2012
THE FILM.. SENGOKU BASARA. THE LAST PARTY is the feature-length movie follow-up to the two-season, 26 episode anime SENGOKU BASARA ... Here is what I got as backstory ... THE LAST PARTY deals with the aftermath of that last battle with Hideyoshi’s faithful vassal Ishida Mitsunari picking up the bloody mantle of his former boss in hopes of uniting the splinted Japan under his rule and taking down Yukimura and Masamune ... THE DISC. ... THE EXTRAS. ... M ... ....(size: 4.0Kb)
Chicago Tribune
26 Nov 2012
Business Day
26 Nov 2012
In this article. Other organisations. European Union Topics. European debt crisis. INDEPENDENCE flags were fluttering from balconies as Catalans voted on Sunday in an election that could set the northeastern region on a path to divorce from Spain. Artur Mas, Cataloniaâs president, promises to hold a referendum on self-determination if he wins a mandate ... "We are not vassals of the Spanish state," Mr Mas said ... Sapa-AFP. ....(size: 3.9Kb)
The Daily Telegraph Australia
25 Nov 2012
WHIPPED up in a pro-independence fervour, millions of Catalans vote on Sunday in a snap election that could lead to a redrawing of the map of Spain. Artur Mas, president of the northeastern region, is promising a referendum on self-determination if the vote goes his way ... "We are not vassals of the Spanish state," the 56-year-old, bespectacled Catalan leader declared to delighted supporters ... Spain ... Picture. AP Source. AP ... ....(size: 3.7Kb)
The Star
25 Nov 2012
BARCELONA. Independence flags fluttering from balconies, Catalans voted Sunday in an election that could set the region on a path to divorce from Spain. Artur Mas, president of the northeastern region, is promising to hold a referendum on self-determination if he wins a mandate ... "We are not vassals of the Spanish state," the 56-year-old, bespectacled Catalan leader declared to delighted supporters ... -AFP. ....(size: 4.0Kb)
The Star
25 Nov 2012
BARCELONA. Whipped up in a pro-independence fervour, millions of Catalans vote Sunday in a snap election that could result in a redrawing of the map of Spain. Artur Mas, president of the northeastern region, is promising a referendum on self-determination if the vote goes his way ... "We are not vassals of the Spanish state," the 56-year-old, bespectacled Catalan leader declared to delighted supporters ... "I have never felt Spanish ... - AFP. ....(size: 4.6Kb)
Skiddle
24 Nov 2012
Bar Lenuccia, Southwark Sat 24th November 2012. Kizomba Lessons with one of the UK's top Kizomba teachers Syed Ali followed by club with a top Kizomba DJ keeping the party pumping until 2am. Date. Saturday 24th November 2012. Venue. Bar Lenuccia ». Location. London ». Doors ... Short url ... + £1.00 fees012345678 ... 1. Bar Lennucia is situated on the corner of Camberwell New Road and Vassall road ... Bus 35, 45 and 59 stopping at Vassall Road from Brixton ... ....(size: 3.7Kb)
 |
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.
|
For other uses, see Vassal (disambiguation).
 |
It has been suggested that vassal state be merged into this article or section. (Discuss) Proposed since October 2011. |
| English Feudalism |
|---|
Harold Sacramentum Fecit Willelmo Duci
(Harold makes an oath to Duke William) King Harold becomes the vassal of Duke William of Normandy (Bayeux Tapestry) |
| Fief |
| Overlord, Vassal |
| Enfeoffment |
| Subinfeudation |
| Feoffee |
| Feudal land tenure |
| Fealty, Homage |
| Feudalism in England |
| Feudalism |
A vassal or feudatory[1] is a person who has entered into a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe. The obligations often included military support and mutual protection, in exchange for certain privileges, usually including the grant of land held as a fiefdom.[2] The term can be applied to similar arrangements in other feudal societies. In contrast, a fidelity, or fidelitas, was a sworn loyalty, subject to the king.[3]
Contents |
Western vassalage[link]
In a fully developed vassalage, the lord and the vassal would undertake a commendation ceremony composed of two parts, the homage and the fealty, including the use of Christian sacraments to show its importance. According to Eginhard's brief description, the commendatio made to Pippin the Younger in 757 by Tassillo, Duke of Bavaria, involved the relics of Saints Denis, Rusticus, and Éleuthère, Saint Martin, and Saint Germain, which had apparently been assembled at Compiègne for the event.[4] Such refinements were not included from the outset, however.
Feudal society was increasingly based on the concept of "lordship" (French seigneur), which was one of the distinguishing features of the Early Middle Ages and had evolved out of Late Antiquity.[5]
In Charlemagne's time, the connection slowly developed between vassalage and the grant of land, the main form of capital at that time. Contemporaneous social developments included agricultural "manorialism" and the social and legal structures labelled "feudalism"—but only since the 18th century. These developments proceeded at different rates in various regions. In Merovingian times, only the greatest and most trusted vassals would be rewarded with lands. Even at the most extreme devolution of any remnants of central power, in 10th century France, the majority of vassals still had no fixed estates.[6]
The stratification of a fighting band of vassals into distinct groups might roughly be correlated with the new term "fief" that was superseding "benefice" in the 9th century. An "upper" group was composed of great territorial magnates, which were strong enough to ensure the inheritance of their benefice to the heirs of their family. The "lower" group consisted of landless knights attached to a count or duke. This social settling process also received impetus in fundamental changes in the conducting of warfare. As disorganised infantry were superseded by cavalry, armies became more expensive to maintain. A vassal needed economic resources to equip the cavalry he was bound to contribute to his lord to fight his frequent wars. Such resources, in the absence of a money economy, were only to be found in land and its associated assets, which included peasants, as well as wood and water.
Difference between "vassal" and "vassal state"[link]
 |
This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability. |
Many empires have created vassal states out of cities, kingdoms, and tribes that they wish to bring under their auspices without having to conquer or govern them. In these cases, vassalage (or suzerainty) just means forfeiting foreign policy independence in exchange for full autonomy and perhaps a formal tribute. A lesser state that might be called a "junior ally" would be called a "vassal" as a reference to a domestic "fiefholder" or "trustee", simply to apply a common domestic norm to diplomatic culture. This allows different cultures to understand formal hegemonic relationships in personal terms, even among states using non-personal forms of rule. Imperial states that have used this terminology include Ancient Rome, the Mongol Empire, and the British Empire.
See also[link]
- Vassal state
- Feudalism
- Freeborn
- Mandala (political model)
- Suzerainty
- Thegn
- Vavasour, a type of vassal
- Zamindar
Compare[link]
- Manrent, Scottish Clan treaties of offensive and defensive alliance
- Gokenin, vassals of the shogunate in Japan
- nöken (plural: nöker) was the Mongol term for a tribal leader acknowledging another as his liege
Notes[link]
- ^ Hughes, Michael (1992). Early Modern Germany, 1477-1806, MacMillan Press and University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, p. 18. ISBN 0-8122-1427-7.
- ^ F. L. Ganshof, "Benefice and Vassalage in the Age of Charlemagne" Cambridge Historical Journal 6.2 (1939:147-75).
- ^ Ganshof 151 note 23 and passim; the essential point was made again, and the documents on which the historian's view of vassalage are based were reviewed, with translation and commentary, by Elizabeth Magnou-Nortier, Foi et Fidélité. Recherches sur l'évolution des liens personnels chez les Francs du VIIe au IXe siècle (University of Toulouse Press) 1975.
- ^ "at". Noctes-gallicanae.org. http://www.noctes-gallicanae.org/Charlemagne/Annales/Pepin_le_Bref.htm. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
- ^ The Tours formulary, which a mutual contract of rural patronage, offered parallels; it was probably derived from Late Antique Gallo-Roman precedents, according to Magnou-Nortier 1975.
- ^ Ganshof, François Louis, Feudalism translated 1964
References[link]
- Cantor, Norman, The Civilization of the Middle Ages 1993
- Rouche, Michel, "Private life conquers state and society," in A History of Private Life vol I, Paul Veyne, editor, Harvard University Press 1987 ISBN 0-674-39974-9
http://wn.com/Vassal
Related pages:
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http://ru.wn.com/Вассалитет
http://nl.wn.com/Vazal
http://pt.wn.com/Vassalagem
http://pl.wn.com/Wasal
http://fr.wn.com/Vassalité
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2008) |
| Theater of Tragedy | |
|---|---|
| Origin | Stavanger, Norway |
| Genres | Death/doom, gothic metal (early) Industrial rock, electropop (mid) Gothic metal (late) |
| Years active | 1993–2010 |
| Labels | AFM / Candlelight (2006–10) Nuclear Blast (2000–05) Massacre/Century Media (1995–99) |
| Website | Official site |
| Members | |
| Raymond Rohonyi Nell Sigland Frank Claussen Vegard K. Thorsen Lorentz Aspen Hein Frode Hansen |
|
| Past members | |
| Liv Kristine Tommy Lindal Tommy Olsson Pål Bjåstad Geir Flikkeid Eirik T. Saltrø |
|
Theatre of Tragedy was a Norwegian band from Stavanger, active between 1993 and 2010. They are best known for their earlier albums, which influenced the gothic metal genre.
Contents |
Biography[link]
Theatre of Tragedy was founded on 2 October 1993. Drummer Hein Frode Hansen had recently quit his former band Phobia and started looking for a new musical project to play in. A friend of his told Hein that a band called Suffering Grief was looking for a new drummer, and after contacting them, he joined the band. At the time, Suffering Grief was composed of vocalist Raymond István Rohonyi and guitarists Pål Bjåstad and Tommy Lindal. No bassist had joined the band yet, but Eirik T. Saltrø had agreed to play with them in live concerts.
After finding a rehearsal place, the band decided to work upon a couple of piano arrangements composed by Lorentz Aspen. The vocals, at the time, were mostly entirely composed by raw death grunts.
After composing their first song, "Lament of the Perishing Roses", the band changed its name to La Reine Noir and then to Theatre of Tragedy. They subsequently invited singer Liv Kristine Espenæs to do female vocals for one song, but quickly invited her to join the band permanently.
In 1994, their first studio demo was recorded, and in 1995, the debut album Theatre of Tragedy was released, followed by Velvet Darkness They Fear in 1996 and the A Rose for the Dead EP in 1997, which contained unreleased material from Velvet Darkness They Fear. Arguably, the band reached the apogee of its career in 1998, with the release of the critically acclaimed album Aégis.
Released in 2000, Musique was a massive departure from the gothic metal sound that Theatre of Tragedy had developed over the previous three albums. The heavy guitars and Early Modern English lyrics were replaced by electropop and industrial-influenced metal. It was met with a very mixed reception, and while some older fans were understandably shocked by the new direction of the band, it did gain them a number of new fans.
With 2002's Assembly, the band continued along the same musical path as on their previous album. It was seen as a more refined and confident electropop record than its predecessor. It was also the first album to feature their long-time session guitarist, Vegard K. Thorsen, as a full member of the band.
In August 2003, the band declared in an official statement[1] on their website, that Liv Kristine was removed from the band's line-up due to "musical differences which could not be bridged".
Female singer Nell Sigland (from The Crest) joined Theatre of Tragedy on the following year. In winter 2004/2005 a short concert tour (together with Pain, Sirenia and Tiamat) with Sigland singing was performed.
The band released their sixth studio album Storm on March 24, 2006 and a European tour followed, with Gothminister as supporting act. The album's title song was released as a single on February 24, 2006. While still keeping on the industrial and electronic roots of the last two albums, the album showed a return to some of the sounds developed in their first albums.
On 2 October 2008, Theatre of Tragedy celebrated their 15th anniversary. In December 2008 the band posted a snippet of new track "Frozen," which was expected to be on the new album, on their MySpace music page:
-
- "Time for some updates. Things are slowly moving forward with the next album. As usual with the Theatre machinery there is many things to take into consideration when doing stuff and recently we were forced to change collaborators for the production of the album, and postpone the recordings. But fear not the heavy responsibility has been entrusted to Alexander Møklebust (Zeromancer, Seigmen, Gåte, Monomen, Delaware etc) and the ToT crew will enter Room 13 in May and June for recordings and general mayhem! Estimated release from AFM is end of September. Rumor has it that there will be a vinyl version for the diehard fans. We will keep you posted."
In June 2009 saw the band reveal Forever Is The World as the title of the new album. Their 7th album, it was released in Europe on 21 September 2009, with the band making a step towards their earlier sound of Aégis. A special Tour Edition of Forever Is The World was issued on March 12, 2010. The Tour Edition contained a bonus CD known as the "Addenda EP" which contains song reworkings and unreleased tracks.
Metal Mind Productions issued a press release in July stating that they were, with the co-operation of the band, re-releasing Musique and Assembly. Both albums have been remastered and will be backed with bonus tracks. New liner notes and artwork are said to be a part of the package. Each album is limited to 2000 numbered copies.[2]
On 1 March 2010, Theatre of Tragedy issued a statement informing fans of their decision to split on 2 October 2010. The statement cited personal desires to spend more time with family and an inability to juggle their everyday working lives with a "rock and roll" lifestyle.[3] On 12 March, Theatre of Tragedy kicked off their farewell tour, "Forever is the World Tour". The Norwegian symphonic goth metal band Where Angels Fall played support on the European part of the tour. In September, fans helped the band to secure funds to finish their first and last DVD by making donations when the label pulled out most of the funding for the production.[4]
Musical style[link]
The band made use of contrasting vocals – male bass vocals (making some use of death grunts) and female soprano singing (commonly referred to as "Beauty and the Beast" vocals) – and on their first three albums, presented lyrics written predominantly in Early Modern English. Starting from the album Musique, however, Theatre of Tragedy made drastic changes to its style, which became significantly inspired by the industrial rock genre, abandoning Early Modern English writing and death grunts in the process.
Members[link]
Final lineup[link]
- Nell Sigland – Vocals (2004–2010)
- Raymond István Rohonyi – Vocals, Programming, Electronics (1993–2010)
- Frank Claussen – Guitars (1997–2010)
- Vegard K. Thorsen – Guitars (1999–2010)
- Lorentz Aspen – Keyboards, Synthesizers (1993–2010)
- Hein Frode Hansen – Drums (1993–2010)
Former members[link]
- Pål Bjåstad – Guitars (1993–1995)
- Tommy Lindal – Guitars (1993–1997)
- Eirik T. Saltrø – Bass (1993–2000)
- Liv Kristine Espenæs Krull – Vocals (1993–2003)
- Geir Flikkeid – Guitars (1995–1997)
- Tommy Olsson – Guitars (1997–1999)
Touring members[link]
- Bjørnar Landa – Guitar (2006)
- Erik Torp – Bass (2010)
Discography[link]
Albums[link]
- Theatre of Tragedy (1995)
- Velvet Darkness They Fear (1996)
- Aégis (1998)
- Musique (2000)
- Assembly (2002)
- Storm (2006)
- Forever Is the World (2009)
Live Albums[link]
- closure:live (2001)
- Last Curtain Call (2011)
DVDs[link]
- Last Curtain Call (2011)
EPs[link]
- Theatre of Tragedy (demo, 1994)
- A Rose for the Dead (1997)
- Virago (1999)
- Inperspective (2000)
- Addenda (2010)
Singles[link]
- "Der Tanz Der Schatten" (1996)
- "Cassandra" (1998)
- "Image" (2000)
- "Machine" (2001)
- "Envision" (2002)
- "Let You Down" (2002)
- "Storm" (2006)
- "Deadland" (2009)
References[link]
External links[link]
- Official website
- Theatre of Tragedy on Myspace
- Theatre of Tragedy discography at Discogs
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Tragedy
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Jane Krakowski | |
|---|---|
 In the 2007 Red Dress Collection for The Heart Truth |
|
| Born | Jane Krajkowski[1] (1968-10-11) October 11, 1968 (age 43) Parsippany, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actress/Singer |
| Years active | 1983–present |
Jane Krakowski (pronounced /krəˈkovski/; born October 11, 1968) is an American actress and singer. She is best known for her performance as Elaine Vassal on Ally McBeal, for which she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award, and for her current role as Jenna Maroney on the NBC sitcom 30 Rock, for which she has received three Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series. She also regularly performs on the stage and won a Tony Award for her performance in the Broadway revival of Nine and an Olivier Award for her role as Miss Adelaide in the West End revival of Guys and Dolls.
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Early life[link]
Krakowski was born Jane Krajkowski in Parsippany, New Jersey. Her mother, Barbara (née Benoit), is a college theater instructor and producing artistic director for the Women's Theater Company, and her father, Ed Krajkowski, is a chemical engineer.[2][3][4] She has an older brother.[5] Krakowski's father's family is entirely Polish and comes from Kraków,[6] and although she only knows a few words in Polish, her father and grandparents are fluent.[7] Krakowski was a childhood classmate of astronaut Garrett Reisman.[8]
Krakowski grew up immersed in the local theater scene as a result of her parents' activities, saying in one interview, "Instead of hiring baby sitters, they brought me along with them."[2] She took ballet lessons from age four, but later stopped because she was the wrong body shape, instead moving more towards Broadway dancing.[5] She attended the Professional Children's School in New York City.[9][10]
She dropped the "j" from the family last name when she began working as an actress.[1]
Television[link]
In her first major television role, Krakowski joined the soap opera Search for Tomorrow in 1984, playing the role of Theresa Rebecca (T.R.) Kendall,[11] a role she played until the show ended in 1986. She was nominated for two consecutive Daytime Emmy Awards for the role in 1986 and 1987.[citation needed]
In 1996, she made an appearance on the television series Early Edition as Dr. Handleman (season 1, episode 3 "Baby").
In 1997, she played office assistant Elaine Vassal on the television series Ally McBeal for five seasons until 2002; her role earned her a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress in 1999.[12] In 2003, Krakowski guest-starred in the TV drama Everwood as psychologist Dr Gretchen Trott, a love interest for Treat Williams' Dr Andrew Brown. In 2003, she guest starred on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit as Emma Spevak, a serial killer of elderly women.[citation needed] In 2006, Krakowski was cast in the NBC sitcom 30 Rock, where she plays Jenna Maroney, a cast member of the fictional late night sketch show TGS with Tracy Jordan. In 2009, 2010 and 2011, she received Emmy nominations in the Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series category for her role in 30 Rock.[13][14]
Film[link]
Krakowski made her film debut in National Lampoon's Vacation;[12] she has also appeared in Fatal Attraction, The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas (where she played Betty Rubble), Marci X, Alfie, Go, Cirque du Freak: The Vampire's Assistant, Dance with Me, Stepping Out, Pretty Persuasion, Kit Kittredge: An American Girl, and Mom at Sixteen. Krakowski was originally cast in the horror film Sleepaway Camp, but dropped out just before filming began because she felt her character's death scene with a curling iron was too violent.[citation needed] She appeared in When Zachary Beaver Came to Town as a mother who wants to become a singer. In 2004, she starred in Alan Menken's TV movie version of A Christmas Carol, featured as The Ghost of Christmas Past.
Stage[link]
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This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (October 2011) |
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A trained singer, Krakowski has made numerous appearances on stage. At age 18 she originated the role of Dinah the Dining Car in the 1987 Broadway production of Starlight Express. She appeared in the 1989 Broadway musical Grand Hotel as the typist and would-be-film-star Flaemmchen, for which she was nominated for a Tony Award.[11] Her solo number "I Want to go to Hollywood" is included on the original cast recording. At the 2000 American Comedy Awards, Krakowski won rave reviews when she performed a sexually-charged musical tribute and love letter to Microsoft chairman, Bill Gates.[citation needed]
In 1995, she played the ditzy flight attendant April in The Roundabout Theatre Company's revival of Company. In 1996, she starred alongside Sarah Jessica Parker in the Broadway revival of Once Upon a Mattress.
In January 2002, Windham Hill Records released a Jim Brickman album titled Love Songs & Lullabies featuring Krakowski as a vocalist for the song "You",[12] which became a hit on adult contemporary radio stations.[citation needed] Brickman and Krakowski also recorded an alternate Christmas version of the song. She also appeared on the album Broadway Cares: Home For The Holidays, singing the song "Santa Baby".
In 2003, she starred in the Broadway revival of Nine playing Carla,[15] for which she won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical.[12] Krakowski is known for her famous anti-gravity stunt during the number "A Call From The Vatican". Krakowski and the director struggled finding a company that would let her do air stunts without a harness; Krakowski came up with the idea of using the method previously portrayed in Broadway Bares. Krakowski recalled that the material took a long time to arrive, and the second time she ever did it was on the first performance.[16]
In 2005, she starred as Miss Adelaide in Michael Grandage's West End revival of Guys and Dolls[17] at London's Piccadilly Theatre. She starred opposite Jenna Russell, Ewan MacGregor and Douglas Hodge. Krakowski received the 2006 Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical for her performance.[12]
In 2005, she performed a cabaret show called Better When It's Banned, which featured various songs deemed racy from the 1920s and '30s.[18]
Krakowski performed in a January 2007 workshop production and backers' audition for a Broadway musical adaption of the 1980 film, Xanadu, with music from the film's soundtrack and a book by Douglas Carter Beane.[19] Xanadu premiered on Broadway summer 2007, although Krakowski's role is played by Kerry Butler.
In 2008, Krakowski starred as Lola in New York City Center's production of Damn Yankees opposite Sean Hayes and Cheyenne Jackson.[20]
On July 30 and 31 of 2009, Krakowski played the title character in a reading of Mrs. Sharp, with music and lyrics by Ryan Scott Oliver and book by Kirsten A. Guenther, at Playwrights Horizons.
Other works[link]
- Krakowski played "Wanda" in the video for the Dixie Chicks' song "Goodbye Earl" in 2000, alongside Dennis Franz and Lauren Holly[21]
- Guest starred in an episode of Due South opposite Paul Gross.[citation needed]
Personal life[link]
In 2007, it was reported that Krakowski was in a relationship with English documentarian Marc Singer, whom she met at a screening for Children of Men in 2006.[11] Before that, she dated Julian Ovenden.[5]
She married Robert Godley in 2010. On April 13, 2011, their son, Bennett Robert Godley, was born in New York City, New York.[22]
Recordings[link]
Krakowski released her debut solo album on July 15, 2010 — an album of cover versions called Laziest Gal in Town — on DRG Records.[23]
Selected recordings include:
- 1992: Grand Hotel, Studio Cast Recording (Mostly Original Broadway Cast)
- 1995: Company, Broadway Revival Cast Recording
- 1997: Once Upon a Mattress, Broadway Revival Cast Recording
- 1997: Sondheim at the Movies (singing the Academy Award-winning song "Sooner or Later" from Dick Tracy)
- 1998: The Burt Bacharach Album
- 2002: A Broadway Valentine
- 2003: Nine, Broadway Revival Cast Recording
- 2004: A Christmas Carol, Television Cast Recording
- 2010: The Laziest Gal in Town, solo album
Filmography[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1983 | National Lampoon's Vacation | Cousin Vicki | |
| 1987 | Fatal Attraction | Babysitter | |
| 1991 | Stepping Out | Lynne | |
| 1996 | Mrs. Winterbourne | Christine | |
| 1998 | Dance With Me | Patricia | |
| 1999 | Go | Irene | |
| 2000 | Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas, TheThe Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas | Betty O'Shale | |
| 2002 | Ice Age | Female Sloth | Voice |
| 2003 | Marci X | Lauren Farb | |
| 2003 | When Zachary Beaver Came to Town | Heather | |
| 2004 | Alfie | Dorie | |
| 2004 | Christmas Carol, AA Christmas Carol | Ghost of Christmas Past | |
| 2005 | Pretty Persuasion | Emily Klein | |
| 2005 | Mom at Sixteen | Donna Cooper | |
| 2006 | Open Season | Giselle | Voice |
| 2007 | Surf's Up | Sheila Limberfin | Deleted scenes |
| 2008 | Rocker, TheThe Rocker | Rennett | |
| 2008 | Kit Kittredge: An American Girl | Miss May Dooley | |
| 2008 | Open Season 2 | Giselle | Direct-to-video Voice |
| 2009 | Bygone Days: An Ally McBeal Retrospective | Elaine | |
| 2009 | Cirque du Freak: The Vampire's Assistant | Corma Limbs |
Television work[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2006–Present | 30 Rock | Jenna Maroney | Series Regular |
| 2006 | Sex, Love, Power and Politics | Sloan | TV Movie |
| 2003 | Law and Order: Special Victims Unit | Emma Spevak | Episode: "Bound" |
| 1997–2002 | Ally McBeal | Elaine | Series Regular |
| October 5, 1996 | Early Edition | Dr. Handleman | Season 1, Episode 3: "Baby", Guest Starring |
Awards and nominations[link]
|
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This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (October 2011) |
| Year | Award | Title | Work | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1986 | Daytime Emmy Award | Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series | Search for Tomorrow | Nominated |
| 1987 | Daytime Emmy Award | Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series | Nominated | |
| 1990 | Drama Desk Award | Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical | Grand Hotel | Nominated |
| Tony Award | Best Featured Actress in a Musical | Nominated | ||
| 1998 | Screen Actors Guild Award | Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series | Ally McBeal | Nominated |
| 1999 | Golden Globe Award | Best Supporting Actress in a TV Series, Mini Series or TV Movie | Nominated | |
| Screen Actors Guild Award | Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series | Won | ||
| 2000 | Screen Actors Guild Award | Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series | Nominated | |
| 2001 | Satellite Award | Best Actress in a TV Series: Comedy or Musical | Nominated | |
| Screen Actors Guild Award | Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series | Nominated | ||
| 2003 | Drama Desk Award | Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical | Nine | Won |
| Outer Critics Circle Award | Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical | Won | ||
| Tony Award | Best Featured Actress in a Musical | Won | ||
| 2006 | Laurence Olivier Award | Best Leading Actress in a Musical | Guys and Dolls | Won |
| 2008 | Screen Actors Guild Award | Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series | 30 Rock | Nominated |
| 2009 | Primetime Emmy Award | Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series | Nominated | |
| Screen Actors Guild Award | Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series | Won | ||
| 2010 | Primetime Emmy Award | Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series | Nominated | |
| Screen Actors Guild Award | Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series | Nominated | ||
| 2011 | Primetime Emmy Award | Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series | Nominated | |
| Screen Actors Guild Award | Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series | Nominated | ||
| Critics Choice TV Award | Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series | Nominated | ||
| 2012 | Screen Actors Guild Award | Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series | Nominated |
References[link]
- ^ a b Peter Filichia (2008-10-17). "Jane Krakowski to appear at theater fund-raiser". The Star-Ledger. http://www.nj.com/entertainment/arts/index.ssf/2008/10/jane_krakowski_to_appear_at_th.html. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
- ^ a b Margo Nash (2006-03-19). "Jersey Footlights". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F01EFDE1F31F93AA25750C0A9609C8B63. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
- ^ Jane Krakowski Biography (1968–)
- ^ "Obituaries - Beulah U. Dudley Newsbank
- ^ a b c Rebecca Tyrrel (2009-09-05). "The secretary's star turn". London: The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2005/05/09/btjane09.xml&page=1. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
- ^ Pol. Cała rodzina po stronie mojego ojca jest polska (En All my family from my father's side is Polish) 5 January 2006, Mojawyspa
- ^ Jane Krakowski: Z Krakowa do "Ally McBeal" Pol. 5 January 2006, Mojayspa (...) mój tata rozmawiał po polsku. Moi dziadkowi rozmawiali na co dzień po angielsku, ale kłócili się tylko po polsku, żebyśmy ich nie zrozumieli! (En (...) my dad spoke Polish, and my grandparents spoke English at home, but they argued only in Polish, because they didn't want to be understood by us).
- ^ Duffy, Jamie (March 29, 2009). "Actress Jane Krakowski, astronaut Garrett Reisman bring star power to Morris Tomorrow gala". NJ.com (New Jersey On-Line LLC). http://www.nj.com/helpinghands/jamieduffy/index.ssf/2009/03/actress_jane_krakowski_and_ast.html.
- ^ "Taking a Bough". People. 1998-07-20. http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20125812,00.html. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
- ^ "Ask a Star: Jane Krakowski". broadway.com. circa 2001 (based on the reference to Mack & Mabel). http://www.broadway.com/Jane-Krakowski/broadway_interview/4525. Retrieved 2008-11-09. [dead link]
- ^ a b c Rachel Syme (2008-06-22). "Jane Krakowski is Poetry in Motion". New York Post. http://www.nypost.com/pagesixmag/issues/20080622/Jane+Krakowski+Poetry+Motion. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
- ^ a b c d e "30 Rock Cast Biographies: Jane Krakowski". NBC. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. http://web.archive.org/web/20080510215435/http://www.nbc.com/30_Rock/bios/jane.shtml. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
- ^ "Emmy nominee reactions rundown". The Hollywood Reporter. 2009-07-16. http://livefeed.hollywoodreporter.com/2009/07/emmy-nominee-reactions-rundown.html. Retrieved 2010-07-09.
- ^ "'Glee,' 'The Pacific' top Emmy noms". The Hollywood Reporter. 2010-07-09. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3ic639ed027f3e13c9db61ce101917e812?pn=2. Retrieved 2010-07-09. [dead link]
- ^ Ernio Hernandez (2003-05-20). "Nine Nominee Jane Krakowski "Calls" in a Showstopping Performance". Playbill. http://www.playbill.com/news/article/79628.html. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
- ^ "Jane Krakowski Takes Manhattan" June 24, 2003, Theater Mania
- ^ Guys and Dolls The Tour
- ^ Stephen Holden (2005-02-03). "Sorry, Santa, but Naughty Is More Fun Than Nice". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/03/arts/music/03krak.html?pagewanted=print&position=. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
- ^ "Krakowski takes off skates". Daily Variety. 2007-02-02. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-29971650_ITM. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
- ^ Andrew Gans (2008-07-27). "Diva Talk: Chatting with Damn Yankees' Jane Krakowski". Playbill. http://www.playbill.com/news/article/119012.html. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
- ^ "Dixie Chicks - Goodbye Earl" YouTube video
- ^ Derschowitz, Jessica (2011-04-22). "Jane Krakowski and Robert Godley welcome a son". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-31749_162-20056464-10391698.html.
- ^ "Jane Krakowski Releases 'The Laziest Gal in Town' Solo Album 7/15; Cover Art Revealed". broadwayworld.com. June 10, 2010. http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Jane_Krakowski_Releases_Laziest_Girl_in_Town_Solo_Album_715_Cover_Art_Revealed_20100610. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jane Krakowski |
- Jane Krakowski at the Internet Movie Database
- Jane Krakowski at the Internet Broadway Database
- Jane Krakowski at AllRovi
- Jane Krakowski at Yahoo! Movies
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Krakowski, Jane |
| Alternative names | Krajkowski, Jane |
| Short description | American actress |
| Date of birth | 1968-10-11 |
| Place of birth | Parsippany, New Jersey, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Jane_Krakowski
Related pages:
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http://fr.wn.com/Jane Krakowski
http://nl.wn.com/Jane Krakowski
http://pt.wn.com/Jane Krakowski
http://de.wn.com/Jane Krakowski
http://it.wn.com/Jane Krakowski
http://pl.wn.com/Jane Krakowski
http://es.wn.com/Jane Krakowski
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Krakowski
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
