Yevgeny Zamyatin
Yevgeny Zamyatin by Boris Kustodiev (1923).
Born	Yevgeny Ivanovich Zamyatin (1884-02-20)20 February 1884 Lebedyan, Russia
Died	10 March 1937(1937-03-10) (aged 53) Paris, France
Occupation	Novelist, Journalist
Nationality	Russian
Genres	Science fiction, Satire
Notable work(s)	We
Influences H. G. Wells
Influenced George Orwell, Aldous Huxley, Ray Bradbury

Yevgeny Ivanovich Zamyatin^[1] (Russian: Евге́ний Ива́нович Замя́тин, Russian pronunciation: [jɪvˈɡʲenʲɪj ɪˈvanəvʲɪtɕ zɐˈmʲætʲɪn]) (February 20, 1884 – March 10, 1937) was a Russian author of science fiction and political satire. Despite having been a prominent Old Bolshevik, Zamyatin was deeply disturbed by the policies pursued by the CPSU following the October Revolution. He is most famous for his 1921 novel We, a story set in a dystopian future police state. In 1921, We became the first work banned by the Soviet censorship board. Ultimately, Zamyatin arranged for We to be smuggled to the West for publication. The subsequent outrage this sparked within the Party and the Union of Soviet Writers led directly to Zamyatin's successful request for exile from his homeland. Due to his use of literature to criticize Soviet society, Zamyatin has been referred to as one of the first Soviet dissidents.

Early life[link]

Zamyatin was born in Lebedyan, 300 km south of Moscow. His father was a Russian Orthodox priest and schoolmaster, and his mother a musician. He may have had synesthesia as he gave letters and sounds qualities. For example, he saw the letter "L" as having pale, cold and light blue qualities.^[2]

He studied naval engineering in Saint Petersburg from 1902 until 1908, during which time he joined the Bolsheviks. He was arrested during the Russian Revolution of 1905 and sent into internal exile in Siberia. However, he escaped and returned to Saint Petersburg where he lived illegally before moving to the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1906 to finish his studies.

After returning to Russia, he began to write fiction as a hobby. He was arrested and exiled a second time in 1911, but amnestied in 1913. His Uyezdnoye (A Provincial Tale) in 1913, which satirized life in a small Russian town, brought him a degree of fame. The next year he was tried for maligning the Imperial Russian Military in his story Na Kulichkakh (At the world's end). He continued to contribute articles to various Marxist newspapers.

After graduating as an engineer for the Imperial Russian Navy, Zamyatin worked professionally at home and abroad. In 1916 he was sent to the United Kingdom to supervise the construction of icebreakers at the shipyards in Walker and Wallsend while living in Newcastle upon Tyne.

Literary career[link]

Zamyatin wrote The Islanders, satirizing English life, and its pendant A Fisher of Men, both published after his return to Russia in late 1917. After the Russian Revolution of 1917 he edited several journals, lectured on writing, and edited Russian translations of works by Jack London, O. Henry, H. G. Wells, and others. Zamyatin originally supported the October Revolution, but opposed the increasing use of censorship which followed.

His works became increasingly satirical and critical toward the CPSU. This attitude made his position increasingly difficult as the 1920s wore on. In 1923, Zamyatin arranged for the manuscript of his novel We to be smuggled to E.P. Dutton and Company in New York City. After being translated into English by Gregory Zilboorg, the novel was published in 1924.

Then, in 1927, Zamyatin went much further. He smuggled the original Russian text to Marc Slonim, then editor of a Russian émigré journal and publishing house based in Prague. To the fury of the State, copies of the Slonim edition began being smuggled back to the USSR and secretly passed from hand to hand. Zamyatin's dealing with Western publishers triggered a mass offensive by the Soviet State against him. As a result, he was blacklisted from publishing anything in his homeland.

We has often been discussed as a political satire aimed at the police state which Zamyatin perceived in the Soviet Union. There are many other dimensions, however. It may variously be examined as (1) a polemic against the optimistic scientific socialism of H. G. Wells whose works Zamyatin had previously published and with the heroic verses of the (Russian) Proletarian Poets, (2) as an example of Expressionist theory and (3) as an illustration of the archetype theories of Carl Jung as applied to literature. George Orwell believed that Aldous Huxley's Brave New World (1932) must be partly derived from We.^[3] However, in a 1962 letter to Christopher Collins, Huxley says that he wrote Brave New World as a reaction to H.G. Wells' utopias long before he had heard of We.^[4][5] Kurt Vonnegut said that in writing Player Piano (1952) he "cheerfully ripped off the plot of Brave New World, whose plot had been cheerfully ripped off from Yevgeny Zamyatin's We."^[6] In 1994, We received a Prometheus Award in the "Hall of Fame" category.^[7]

In addition to We, Zamyatin also wrote a number of short stories, in fairy tale form, that constituted satirical criticism of Communist ideology. In one story, the mayor of a city decides that to make everyone happy he must make everyone equal. The mayors then forces everyone, himself included, to live in a big barrack, then to shave their heads to be equal to the bald, and then to become mentally disabled to equate intelligence downward. This plot is very similar to that of The New Utopia (1891) by Jerome K. Jerome whose collected works were published three times in Russia before 1917.^[8] In its turn, Kurt Vonnegut's short story "Harrison Bergeron" (1961) bears distinct resemblances to Zamyatin's tale.

Max Eastman, an American communist who had similarly broken with his former beliefs, described the Politburo's campaign against Zamyatin in his book Artists in Uniform.^[9]

Escape and death[link]

In 1931, Zamyatin appealed directly to Joseph Stalin, requesting permission to leave the Soviet Union. In his letter, Zamyatin wrote, "True literature can only exist when it is created, not by diligent and reliable officials, but by madmen, hermits, heretics, dreamers, rebels and skeptics". With the encouragement of Maxim Gorky, Stalin decided to grant Zamyatin's request.

Zamyatin settled with his wife in Paris, where he collaborated with French film director Jean Renoir. Renoir's 1936 adaptation of Gorky's The Lower Depths was co-written by Zamyatin.

Yevgeny Zamyatin died in poverty of a heart attack in 1937. Only a small group of friends were present for his burial. However, one of the mourners was his Russian language publisher Marc Slonim, who had befriended the Zamyatins. Zamyatin's grave lies in Thiais, France, at a secular cemetery on Rue de Stalingrad.

Tomb of Yevgeny Zamyatin at the "Cimetière Parisien de Thiais", Division 21, Line 5, Grave 36.

Legacy[link]

Through We, Yevgeny Zamyatin has directly inspired George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four.^[10] Ayn Rand's Anthem,^[11] Ursula K. Le Guin's The Dispossessed,^[12] Aldous Huxley's Brave New World^[13] and Kurt Vonnegut's Player Piano.^[14]

Major writings[link]

• Uezdnoe, 1913 - 'A Provincial Tale' (tr. Mirra Ginsburg, in The Dragon: Fifteen Stories, 1966)
• Na kulichkakh, 1914 - A Godforsaken Hole (tr. Walker Foard, 1988)
• Ostrovitiane, 1918 - 'The Islanders' (tr. T.S. Berczynski, 1978) / 'Islanders' (tr. Sophie Fuller and Julian Sacchi, in Islanders and the Fisher of Men, 1984)
• Mamai, 1921 - 'Mamai' (tr. Neil Cornwell, in Stand, 4. 1976)
• Lovets cheloveka, 1921 - 'The Fisher of Men' (tr. Sophie Fuller and Julian Sacchi, in Islanders and the Fisher of Men, 1984)
• Peshchere, 1922 - 'The Cave' (tr. Mirra Ginsburg, Fantasy and Science Fiction, 1969) - Dom v sugrobakh / House in the Snow Drifts, film adaptation in 1927, prod. Sovkino, dir. Friedrich *Ermler, starring Fyodor Nikitin, Tatyana Okova, Valeri Solovtsov, A. Bastunova
• Ogni sviatogo Dominika, 1922 (play)
• Bol'shim detiam skazki, 1922
• Robert Maier, 1922
• Gerbert Uells, 1922 [H.G. Wells]
• On Literature, Revolution, and Entropy, 1924
• Rasskaz o samo glavnom, 1924 - 'A Story about the Most Important Thing' (tr. Mirra Ginsburg, in *The Dragon: Fifteen Stories, 1966)
• Blokha, 1926 (play, based on Leskov's folk-story 'Levsha, translated as 'The Left-Handed Craftsman')
• Obshchestvo pochotnykh zvonarei, 1926 (play)
• Attila, 1925–27
• My: Roman, (We: A Novel) 1927 (translations: Gregory Zilboorg, 1924; Bernard Guilbert Guerney, 1970, Mirra Ginsburg, 1972; Alex Miller, 1991; Clarence Brown, 1993; Natasha Randall, 2006; first Russian-language book publication 1952, U.S.) - Wir, TV film in 1981, dir. Vojtech Jasny, teleplay Claus Hubalek, starring Dieter Laser, Sabine von Maydell, Susanne nAltschul, Giovanni Früh, Gert Haucke
• Nechestivye rasskazy, 1927
• Severnaia liubov', 1928
• Sobranie sochinenii, 1929 (4 vols.)
• Zhitie blokhi ot dnie chudesnogo ee rozhdeniia, 1929
• 'Navodnenie', 1929 - The Flood (tr. Mirra Ginsburg, in The Dragon: Fifteen Stories, 1966) - Film adaptation in 1994, dir. Igor Minayev, starring Isabelle Huppert, Boris Nevzorov, Svetlana Kryuchkova, Mariya Lipkina
• Sensatsiia, 1930 (from the play The Front Page, by Ben Hecht and Charles Mac Arthur)
• Nos: opera v 3-kh aktakh po N.V. Gogoliu, 1930 (libretto, with others) - The Nose: Based on a Tale by Gogol (music by Dmitri Shostakovitch; tr. Merle and Deena Puffer, 1965)
• Les Bas-Fonds / The Lower Depths, 1936 (screenplay based on Gorky's play) - Film produced by Films Albatros, screenplay Yevgeni Zamyatin (as E. Zamiatine), Jacques Companéez, Jean Renoir, Charles Spaak, dir. Jean Renoir, starring Jean Gabin, Junie Astor, Suzy Prim, Louis Jouvet
• Bich Bozhii, 1937
• Litsa, 1955 - A Soviet Heretic: Essays (tr. Mirra Ginsburg, 1970)
• The Dragon: Fifteen Stories, 1966 (tr. Mirra Ginsburg, reprinted as The Dragon and Other Stories)
• Povesti i rasskazy, 1969 (introd. by D.J. Richards)
• Sochineniia, 1970-88 (4 vols.)
• Islanders and the Fisher of Men, 1984 (tr. Sophie Fuller and Julian Sacchi)
• Povesti. Rasskazy, 1986
• Sochineniia, 1988 (ed. T.V. Gromov)
• My: Romany, povesti, rasskazy, skazki, 1989
• Izbrannye proizvedeniia: povesti, rasskazy, skazki, roman, pesy, 1989 (ed. A.Iu. Galushkin)
• Izbrannye proizvedeniia, 1990 (ed. E. Skorosnelova)
• Izbrannye proizvedeniia, 1990 (2 vols., ed. O. Mikhailov)
• Ia boius': literaturnaia kritika, publitsistika, vospominaniia, 1999 (ed. A.Iu. Galushkin)
• Sobranie sochinenii, 2003-04 (3 vols., ed. St. Nikonenko and A. Tiurina)

Notes[link]

1. ^ His last name is often transliterated as Zamiatin or Zamjatin. His first name is sometimes translated as Eugene.
2. ^ Introduction to Randall's translation of We.
3. ^ Orwell (1946).
4. ^ Russell, p. 13.
5. ^ "Leonard Lopate Show". WNYC. August 18, 2006. http://www.wnyc.org/shows/lopate/episodes/2006/08/18.  (radio interview with We translator Natasha Randall)
6. ^ Playboy interview with Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., July 1973.
7. ^ "Libertarian Futurist Society: Prometheus Awards". http://www.lfs.org/awards.htm. Retrieved 22 March 2011. 
8. ^ The New Utopia
9. ^ Max Eastman, Artists in Uniform: A Study of Literature and Bureaucratism, (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1934) pp. 82-93
10. ^ Bowker, Gordon (2003). Inside George Orwell: A Biography. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 340. ISBN 0-312-23841-X. 
11. ^ Mayhew R, Milgram S. 2005. Essays on Ayn Rand's Anthem: Anthem in the Context of Related Literary Works. Lexington Books, p.134
12. ^ Le Guin UK. 1989. The Language of the Night. Harper Perennial, p.218
13. ^ Blair E. 2007. Literary St. Petersburg: a guide to the city and its writers. Little Bookroom, p.75
14. ^ http://www.playboy.com/articles/kurt-vonnegut-jr-interview/index.html

References[link]

• Fischer, Peter A. (Autumn 1971). "Review of The Life and Works of Evgenij Zamjatin by Alex M. Shane". Slavic and East European Journal 15 (3): 388–390. DOI:10.2307/306850. 
• Myers, Alan (1993). "Zamiatin in Newcastle: The Green Wall and The Pink Ticket". The Slavonic and East European review 71 (3): 417–427. http://www.seaham.i12.com/myers/zamyatin.html. 
• Shane, Alex M. (1968). The life and works of Evgenij Zamjatin. University of California Press. 
• Zamiatin, Evgenii Ivanovich (1988). Selections. sostaviteli T.V. Gromova, M.O. Chudakova, avtor stati M.O. Chudakova, kommentarii Evg. Barabanova. Moskva: Kniga. ISBN 5-212-00084-X.  (Russian) (bibrec) (bibrec (Russian))

We was first published in the USSR in this collection of Zamyatin's works.

• Zamyatin, Yevgeny (1994). A Soviet heretic : essays. Mirra Ginsburg (editor and translator). Quartet Books Ltd. 
• Zamyatin, Yevgeny (2006). We. Natasha Randall (trans.). Modern Library. ISBN 0-8129-7462-X. 
• ZAMYATIN’S WE: A Collection of Critical Essays, Ardis Press, 1988. (Essays by various scholars, edited, translated and intro­duced by Gary Kern). ISBN 0-88233-804-8.
• Zamyatin, Yevgeny. We. List of translations.
• Zamyatin, Yevgeny. Collected works (Russian) including his Autobiography (1929) and Letter to Stalin (1931)
• Collins, Christopher. Evgenij Zamjatin: An Intrepretive Study. The Hague and Paris, Mouton & Co. 1973. Examines his work as a whole and includes articles earlier published elsewhere by the author: We as Myth, Zamyatin, Wells and the Utopian Literary Tradition, and Islanders.
• Kern, Gary, "Evgenii Ivanovich Zamiatin (1884-1937)," Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 272: Russian Prose Writers Between the World Wars, Thomson-Gale, 2003, 454-474.

External links[link]

• Biography of Yevgeny Zamyatin
• Biography from a website on George Orwell.
• Encyclopedia of Soviet Writers biography of Yevgeny Zamyatin
• Yevgeny Zamyatin at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
• We complete text of the novel by Zamyatin. (1924)
• The Lion complete text of the short story by Zamyatin. (1935)
• Zamyatin in Newcastle updates articles by Alan Myers published in Slavonic and East European Review.
• The "twists and turns" of Yevgeny Zamiatin's Life brief, illustrated biography by Tatyana Kukushkina
• Yevgeny Zamyatin Spartacus Educational website by John Simkin

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