A week is a time unit equal to seven days. The English word week continues an Old English wice, ultimately from a Common Germanic *wikōn-, from a root *wik- "turn, move, change". The Germanic word probably had a wider meaning prior to the adoption of the Roman calendar, perhaps "succession series", as suggested by Gothic wikō translating taxis "order" in Luke 1:8. The term "week" is sometimes expanded to refer to other time units comprising a few days. Such "weeks" of between four and ten days have been used historically in various places.^[1] Intervals longer than 10 days are not usually termed "weeks" as they are closer in length to the fortnight or the month than to the seven-day week.

Seven-day week[link]

Evidence of continuous use of a seven-day week appears with the Jews during the Babylonian Captivity of the 6th century BC.^[2] Both Judaism (based on the Creation narrative in the Bible) and ancient Babylonian religions used a seven-day week.^[3] Other cultures adopted the seven-day week at different times. Between the 1st and 3rd centuries the Roman Empire gradually replaced the eight-day Roman nundinal cycle with the seven-day week. Hindus may have adopted a seven-day week earlier than 11th century BC.^{[citation needed]} See Rig Veda. There is evidence of some Chinese groups using a seven-day week as early as 4th century.

Systems derived from the seven-day week[link]

Soviet Union[link]

Soviet calendar
12 December 1937
(Below 12:)
"Sixth day of the six-day week"
—————————
"Election day for the Supreme Soviet of the USSR"

Between 1929 and 1931 the USSR changed from the seven-day week to a five-day week. There were 72 weeks and an additional five national holidays inserted within three of them totaling a year of 365 days.^{[citation needed]}

In 1931, after its brief experiment with a five-day week, the Soviet Union changed to a six-day week. Every sixth day (6th, 12th, 18th, 24th and 30th) of the Gregorian Calendar was a state rest day. The five additional national holidays in the earlier five-day week remained and did not fall on the state rest day. But as January, March, May, July, August, October and December have 31 days, the week after the state rest day of the 30th was seven days long (31st–7th). This extra day was a working day for most or an extra holiday for others. Also as February is only 28 or 29 days depending on whether it is a leap year or not, the first of March was also made a state rest day, although not every enterprise conformed to this. To clarify, the week after the state rest day, 24/25 February to 1 March, was only five or six days long, depending on whether it was a leap year or not. The week after that, 2 to 6 March, was only five days long.^{[citation needed]}

The calendar was abandoned 26 June 1940 and the seven-day week reintroduced the next day.^{[citation needed]}

Decimal calendar[link]

A 10-day week, called décade, was used in France for nine and a half years from October 1793 to April 1802; furthermore, the Paris Commune adopted the Revolutionary Calendar for 18 days in 1871.

Christian "eighth day"[link]

For early Christians, Sunday, as well as being the first day of the week, was also the spiritual eighth day, as it symbolised the new world created after Christ's resurrection. The concept of the eighth day was symbolic only and had no effect on the use of the seven-day week for calendar purposes. Justin Martyr wrote: "the first day after the Sabbath, remaining the first of all the days, is called, however, the eighth, according to the number of all the days of the cycle, and [yet] remains the first".^[4] This does not set up an eight-day week, since the eighth day is also considered to be the first day of the next cycle (i.e., not the following day).

A period of eight days, starting and ending on a Sunday or starting on a major feast day and finishing on the same day of the week a (seven-day) week later, is called an octave. For centuries these were a major feature of the liturgical calendar, particularly of the Catholic Church, and some are still observed, though the number of such octaves has now been radically reduced. Some modern Church uses also preserve the idea of an eight-day period, starting and finishing on the same day of the week, and retain the name "octave" for them; for example, many churches observe an annual "Octave of Prayer for Christian Unity" on 18–25 January or in the week that begins with Pentecost Sunday. Organizations such as 8th Day Center for Justice, based out of Chicago, Illinois, use the concept in terms of social justice as well.

Hermetic lunar week[link]

The Hermetic Lunar Week Calendar is one of many proposed reforms to the Gregorian Calendar. The lunation is divided into the four moon phases and has six, seven, eight, or nine days depending on the actual time difference between the full moon, first quarter, new moon and last quarter.^[5]

"Weeks" in other calendars[link]

Periods termed "weeks" in calendars unrelated to the Judeo-Christian tradition.

Three-day[link]

The names of the days of the week (aste) in Guipuscoan Basque point to an earlier three-day week.^[6]

1. astelehena ("week-first", Monday)
2. asteartea ("week-between", Tuesday)
3. asteazkena ("week-last", Wednesday)

Four-day[link]

The Igbo of Nigeria have a traditional calendar with a four-day week. This "market week" features prominently in the fiction of Chinua Achebe.

Five-day[link]

The Javanese people of Indonesia have a five-day week known as the Pasaran cycle. This is still in use today and superimposed with seven-day week of the Gregorian calendar and Islamic calendar to become what is known as the 35-day Wetonan Cycle.

Six-day[link]

The Akan people of West Africa have a 42-day cycle known as Adaduanan. The Adaduanan cycle appears to be based on an older six-day week, still extant in some northern Guan communities such as the Nchumuru, on which is superimposed a seven-day week which may have been brought south with itinerant traders from the Savannah.^[7] The six-day week is referred to as Nanson (literally seven-days), reflecting an inclusive numbering system.

Eight-day[link]

Nundinal cycle[link]

The ancient Etruscans developed an eight-day market week known as the nundinal cycle around the 8th or 7th century BC. This was passed on to the Romans no later than the 6th century BC. As Rome expanded, it encountered the seven-day week and for a time attempted to include both. The popularity of the seven-day rhythm won and the eight-day week disappeared forever.

The cycle of seven days, named after the sun, the moon, and the five planets visible to the naked eye, was already customary in the time of Justin Martyr, who wrote of the Christians meeting on the Day of the Sun (Sunday).^[8]

Emperor Constantine eventually established the seven-day week in the Roman calendar in AD 321.^[9]

Celts[link]

It is believed the ancient Celts of the British Isles used a nine-night week. The moon was used to measure one day from another so nights were more significant. The nine nights divided nicely into a sidereal month of 27 nights. Each week of nine nights had eight days.^[10]

Marathi[link]

The Marathi language describes a week as Athavada, which means group of eight days and nine nights, though nowadays a seven day week is accepted and used according the roman calendar. In Marathi calendars the lunar tithis (lunar dates) are printed alongside the date and day of the seven day week used nowadays.The days are: Sunday means Ravivar named after the sun, Monday means somwar named after the moon, Tuesday is mangalwar named after planet Mars, Wednesday is budhwar named after the planet Mercury, Thursday is Guruvar named after the planet Jupiter, Friday is Shukrawar named after the planet Venus, Saturday is Shanivar named after the planet Saturn and back to Sunday (ravivar).

Nine-day[link]

The Gediminas Sceptre, a medieval Lithuanian calendar. Showing 12 months and 9 days in a week

Baltic calendars[link]

In the 14th century, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania used a solar-lunar calendar. The structure of this calendar was understood with the help of the so-called Gediminas Sceptre discovered in 1680.^[11]

Historical records^{[citation needed]}give evidence that the week of the ancient Balts was nine days long. Thus, the sidereal month must have been divided into three parts.^[12]

Ten-day[link]

China[link]

The Chinese ten-day week went as far back as the Shang Dynasty (1200-1045 BC).^[13] The law in the Han Dynasty (206 BC – AD 220) required officials of the empire to rest every five days, called mu (沐), while it was changed into 10 days in the Tang Dynasty (AD 618 – 907), called huan or xún (旬). Months were almost three weeks long (alternating 29 and 30 days to keep in line with the lunation). The weeks were labelled shàng xún (上旬), zhōng xún (中旬), and xià xún (下旬) which mean roughly "upper", "middle" and "lower" week.

Egypt[link]

Ancient Egypt had a ten-day week, three weeks per month with five extra days at the end of the year.

Revolutionary France[link]

The French Republican Calendar consisted of three ten-day weeks in a month called décades

Other calendar intervals[link]

Aztecs[link]

Restored Aztec sun stone showing the 20 Days

The Aztecs divided a ritual cycle of 260 days, known as Tonalpohualli, into 20 weeks of 13 days known as Trecena.

The Aztecs divided a solar year of 365 days, Xiuhpohualli, into 18 periods of 20 days and five nameless days known as Nemontemi. Although some call this 20-day division or grouping a month, it has no relation to a lunation and therefore the word "week" is more appropriate.^{[citation needed]}

Maya[link]

The Maya divided a 260-day ritual cycle known Tzolk'in into 20 weeks of 13 days known as Trecena.

The Maya also divided the year, Haab', into 18 periods of 20 days, Uinal, and five nameless days known as Wayeb'.

Bali, Indonesia[link]

The Pawukon is a 210-day calendar consisting of 10 different concurrent weeks of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 days.

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Colson, Francis Henry (1926). The Week: An Essay on the Origin and Development of the Seven-day Cycle. Cambridge University Press. OCLC 59110177. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Week

• Englisc Rímbóc: The Anglo-Saxon Calendar
•  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "week". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

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Cyrus Broacha
Born	(1971-08-07) August 7, 1971 (age 40) Mumbai
Residence	Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Spouse	Ayesha

Cyrus Broacha is a TV anchor, theatre personality, political satirist, columnist and author. He is also a stand-up comedian and prankster, best known for his show Bakra on MTV and his show The Week That Wasn't on CNN-IBN.

Early years[link]

Cyrus was born on August 7, 1971 to a Parsi father and Catholic mother. He studied at Cathedral and John Connon School, Mumbai and graduated from St. Xavier's College, Mumbai. He was also a student of the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute (New York).

He started acting at the age of five with a school play The Emperor's New Clothes. Every year he performed and wrote for the school magazine, winning prizes for English and drama.

Career[link]

Cyrus Brocha, when only 12, acted in his first Hindi film Jalwa with Pankaj Parashar and starred alongside Naseeruddin Shah. The next year, he did his first professional play Brighton Beach Memoirs under the baton of Pearl Padamsee. The press hailed him as a child prodigy, and his career in acting took off. He continued acting in several plays, as theatre became his passion. He also came into the limelight during his college's Malhar festival. When he was in college, FM radio took off in India, and he gained a reputation as a radio jockey.

After graduation, Cyrus went to the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute in New York where he studied acting for theatre. After returning to India, he acted in many commercials, television serials and plays. He also hosted shows and corporate events, while pursuing his passion of theatre with over 20 commercial theater productions.

MTV[link]

His popularity had MTV seeking him. As anchor with them, his reputation grew as he became MTV's main face. He has, till date, interviewed almost everyone in the Hindi film industry from Amitabh Bachchan to Shah Rukh Khan. His candid-camera show is MTV Bakra.

Host[link]

Cyrus has hosted many cricket shows including the popular Chevrolet Cricket Show on Ten Sports, and interviewed nearly every cricketer from every generation. Broacha anchors a news satire and comedy show, The Week That Wasn't on CNN-IBN, co-written and directed by friend Kunal Vijaykar. He presents the show Faking News on IBN 7, directed by friend Vijayakar. He led India's "Rock the Vote" campaign and represented MTV at the UNAIDS conference in Hanover, Germany. He moderated the Indian segment of "Be Heard - A Global Discussion With Colin Powell" in February 2002.^[1]

He appeared on Sony Entertainment Television's hit show Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa, India's Dancing with the Stars, and Fear Factor – Khatron Ke Khiladi Level 3 on Colors TV. He is also a columnist who writes for two leading national papers and two magazines. He hosts an annual show called Greenathon on NDTV.

Actor[link]

Cyrus Broacha has acted in the following Hindi movies:

• 99
• Little Zizou
• Fruit and Nut
• Mumbai Chakachak

Author[link]

In January 2010, he released his book Karl, Aaj aur Kal, a semi-autobiographical comedy about celebrities, Bollywood and politics. It traces the lives of two young best friends, Karl and Kunal, giving a humorous, tongue-in-cheek and witty account of how they make it big in Tinseltown. In 2011 he released another book, The Average Indian Male, which is a riotous account of the Indian male commonly referred to as the "aam aadmi".^[2]

Personal life[link]

Cyrus Broacha is married to Ayesha,^[3] a photographer. The couple have a son Mikhaail and a daughter Maya.^[4]

References[link]

External links[link]

• IMDB entry
• StarWeLove.com

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Cyrus Broacha

Mark Suster is an American entrepreneur, angel investor and investment partner at GRP Partners.^[1] He is a prominent blogger in the startup venture capital world^[2] and mentor at Techstars (a mentorship-driven seed stage investment fund).^[3] Suster is married and has two sons, Jacob and Andy.^[4]

Education and entrepreneur career[link]

Suster grew up in Northern California and is a dual citizen of both the United Kingdom and the United States. He graduated from University of California, San Diego with a Bachelor of Arts in Economics. He started his career as a programmer at Accenture, which later paid for a postgraduate Master of Business Administration from the University of Chicago.^[5]

In 1999, with Ireland-based property entrepreneur Brian Moran, he founded his first company, a construction collaboration technology business called BuildOnline, where he was also chief executive officer. BuildOnline merged with US-based rival Citadon in December 2006 and the combined business, CTSpace, was acquired by the French Sword Group corporation a year later in December 2007. By this stage, Suster had already left the business, having founded a second company, a content collaboration software business, Koral. In April 2007, Koral was acquired by Salesforce.com where Suster took the role of Vice President, Product Management. He joined GRP Partners, an investment firm, later in 2007.^[6][7]

Investing[link]

Suster focuses on early-stage technology companies. They include: Affordit, EagleCrest Energy, EcoMom, ExpenseCloud, Gendai Games, and LaughStub.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Profile on his weblog
• This Week in Venture Capital - Video Podcast
• Mark Suster's Quora Profile

David Heinemeier Hansson
Hansson at the 2006 O'Reilly Emerging Technology Conference
Born	(1979-10-15) 15 October 1979 (age 32)[1] Copenhagen, Denmark
Residence	Chicago, IL
Occupation	Programmer[2]
Employer	37signals[3]
Known for	Ruby On Rails
Website
heinemeierhansson.com

David Heinemeier Hansson (known to the Ruby community as DHH) is a Danish programmer and the creator of the popular Ruby on Rails web development framework and the Instiki wiki. He is also a partner at the web-based software development firm 37signals.

Hansson co-wrote Agile Web Development with Rails with Dave Thomas in 2005 as part of The Facets of Ruby Series. He also co-wrote and Getting Real and Rework with Jason Fried.

Programming[link]

In 1999 Hansson founded and built a Danish online gaming news website and community called Daily Rush, which he ran until 2001.^[4].

After attracting the attention of Jason Fried by offering him help with PHP coding, Hansson was hired by Fried to build a web-based project management tool, which ultimately became 37signals' Basecamp Software as a Service product.

To aid the development process, Hansson used the then-obscure Ruby programming language to develop a custom web framework. The web framework he created was later released separately from the project management tool as the open source project Ruby On Rails. In 2005 he was recognized by Google and O'Reilly with the Hacker of the Year award for his creation of Ruby on Rails.^[5]

After graduating from the Copenhagen Business School and receiving his bachelor's degree in Computer Science and Business Administration, he moved from Denmark to Chicago, Illinois, U.S. in November 2005.

Opinions[link]

Hansson appeared on the cover of the July 2006 issue of Linux Journal which included an interview with him in the feature story 'Opinions on Opinionated Software'. In the same month, the now defunct Business 2.0 web magazine ranked him 34th among "50 people who matter now".^[6]

Hansson is an outspoken character known for the crude and brutal way he expresses his opinions, both online and in real life. Hansson and his company have been accused of arrogance,^[7][8][9], which he does not deny.^[10]

Hansson is critical of enterprise software saying it is "not about technology or best practices".^[11] He created the web-development framework Ruby on Rails to free programmers from what he saw as repetitive coding inherent in platforms such as Java. ^[12]

Hansson has expressed the view that women's low participation is not a result of what he called the "testosterone-powered alpha nature" of the programming world.^[13] The debate stemmed from a presentation made by a speaker at GoGaRuCo (the Golden Gate Ruby Conference) that included sexually suggestive slides. Hansson has received criticism for his endorsement of behavior seen as radical and crude.^[14]

Personal Life[link]

David Heinemeier Hansson lists photography and race car driving amongst his hobbies.^[15] He will take part in the 2012 24 Hours of Le Mans driving for OAK Racing.^[16] He will also drive a Morgan-Nissan P2 car for Conquest Racing in the American Le Mans Series. In July 2010 it was revealed that Heinemeier Hansson was the person that had commissioned the one-off Pagani Zonda HH.^[17]

Recognition[link]

• 2005: Won Best Hacker of the Year 2005 at OSCON from Google and O'Reilly for the work on Rails.^[18]
• 2006: Accepted the Jolt award of product excellence for Rails 1.0.^[19]

See also[link]

• 37signals

References[link]

External links[link]

• Loud Thinking - Hansson's weblog
• 37signals
• Ruby on Rails
• Video of David Heinemeier Hansson presentation at Startup School
• David Heinemeier Hansson interview on the Inside the Net Podcast
• Martin Fowler and David Heinemeier Hansson interview on Hanselminutes Podcast
• David Heinemeier Hansson interview in Danish on Builder.dk Podcast
• Podcast interview with David Heinemeier Hansson on the Web 2.0 Show
• Ruby on Rails video David Heinemeier Hansson explains Ruby on Rails at the university of Roskilde, in 2004
• Keynote 2007 - RailsConf Europe 2007 - Berlin
• RailsConf Keynote on REST. July 9, 2006
• The Great Surplus - Keynote at RailsConf 2008 - Portland
• Living with legacy software - Keynote at RailsConf Europe 2008 - Berlin
• FLOSS Weekly podcast 79
• Podcast interview with David Heinemeier Hansson on This Developer's Life

Mike D
Background information
Birth name	Michael Diamond
Also known as	Mike D, Country Mike, The King of Lunch, Meshach
Born	(1965-11-20) November 20, 1965 (age 46)
Origin	New York City, United States
Genres	Hip hop, rap rock, hardcore punk, alternative hip hop
Occupations	Rapper, musician, songwriter, drummer
Instruments	Rapping, vocals, drums, percussion, keyboards
Years active	1979–present
Labels	Def Jam Records Grand Royal Records Capitol Records
Associated acts	Beastie Boys The Latch Brothers
Website	www.beastieboys.com

Michael Diamond, better known as Mike D (born November 20, 1965^[1]), is a founding member of New York City hip hop group the Beastie Boys. Mike D raps, sings, and plays drums alongside fellow members MCA, Ad-Rock and Mix Master Mike.^[2]

Early life[link]

Mike D was born in New York City. Mike was raised in an upper-middle-class Jewish household.^[2] He attended Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York for six months.^[3]

Career[link]

In 1979, Diamond co-founded the band The Young Aborigines. In 1981, Adam Yauch, aka MCA, a friend and follower of the band became their bass player, and from the suggestion of their then-guitar player, John Berry, the band changed their name to the Beastie Boys.^[4] By 1983, Adam Horovitz (Ad-Rock) joined to form the lasting Beastie Boys trio, and their sound began to shift away from punk to hip-hop.^[5] In 1992, Mike D founded the Beastie Boys' now-defunct record label Grand Royal Records.

Personal life[link]

In 1993, Mike married film, television and music video director Tamra Davis. They have two boys, Skyler and Davis.^[6] He has two brothers, Stephen and David.

References[link]