Time Zone

Saturday, 20 October 2012

Time Zone

Latitude, Longitude, and Time Zones (clip)

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TIME ZONE PAYPA FT FRENCH MONTANA & C-RICO REMIX

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Afghanistan
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Afghanistan
Alaska
Alaska () is the largest state of the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. Approximately half of Alaska's 698,473 residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area. As of 2009, Alaska remains the least densely populated state of the U.S.
http://wn.com/Alaska
Albania
Albania ( , , Gheg Albanian: Shqipnia/Shqypnia), officially known as the Republic of Albania (, pronounced ), is a country in South Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, the Republic of Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south and southeast. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the west, and on the Ionian Sea to the southwest. It is less than from Italy, across the Strait of Otranto which links the Adriatic Sea to the Ionian Sea.
http://wn.com/Albania
Alberta
Alberta is the most populous of Canada's three prairie provinces. It covers nearly the same land area as the state of Texas, and had a population of 3.7 million in 2009. It became a province on September 1, 1905, on the same day as Saskatchewan.
http://wn.com/Alberta
Aleutian Islands
http://wn.com/Aleutian_Islands
Algeria
http://wn.com/Algeria
Angola
Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (, ; ), is a country in south-central Africa bordered by Namibia on the south, Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean with Luanda as its capital city. The exclave province of Cabinda has a border with the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
http://wn.com/Angola
Armenia
http://wn.com/Armenia
Atlanta
Atlanta (, ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia. Atlanta had an estimated population of about 540,900 people. Its metropolitan area is the ninth largest in the country, inhabited by more than 5.4 million people. The Atlanta Combined Statistical Area has a population approaching six million, making it the most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States. Like many areas in the Sun Belt, the Atlanta region has seen explosive growth since about 1976, and it added about 1.1 million residents between 2000 and 2008.
http://wn.com/Atlanta
Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
http://wn.com/Austria
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan ( ; ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (), is one of the six independent Turkic states in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south.
http://wn.com/Azerbaijan
Baja California
Baja California (, ) officially Estado Libre y Soberano de Baja California () is one of the 31 states which with the Federal District comprise the 32 federative entities of Mexico. Is both the northernmost and westernmost state of Mexico. Before becoming a state in 1953, the area was known as the North Territory of Baja California. It has an area of , or 3.57% of the land mass of Mexico and comprises the northern half of the Baja California peninsula, north of the 28th parallel. The state is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean, on the east by Sonora, the U.S. State of Arizona, and the Gulf of California (also known as the Sea of Cortez), and on the south by Baja California Sur. Its northern limit is the U.S. state of California.
http://wn.com/Baja_California
Bangladesh
http://wn.com/Bangladesh
Belarus
Belarus, ( ; , ), officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered clockwise by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Grodno (Hrodna), Gomel (Homiel), Mogilev (Mahilyow) and Vitebsk (Viciebsk). Forty percent of its is forested, and its strongest economic sectors are agriculture and manufacturing.
http://wn.com/Belarus
Belgium
Belgium (, ), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, as well as those of several other major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of , and it has a population of about 10.8 million people.
http://wn.com/Belgium
Berlin
Berlin (; ) is the capital city of Germany and one of sixteen states of Germany. With a population of 3.4 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the eighth most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany, it is the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Area, comprising 5 million people from over 190 nations. Geographically embedded in the European Plains, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one third of the city's territory is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes.
http://wn.com/Berlin
Bolivia
Bolivia (), officially known as the Plurinational State of Bolivia, (, ) is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, and Chile and Peru to the west.
http://wn.com/Bolivia
British Columbia
British Columbia (B.C.) (, C.-B.) is the westernmost of Canada's provinces and is known for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu ("Splendour without Diminishment"). Its name was chosen by Queen Victoria in 1858. In 1871, it became the sixth province of Canada.
http://wn.com/British_Columbia
Buffalo, New York
http://wn.com/Buffalo_New_York
Bulgaria
Bulgaria ( , Balgariya, ), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (, Republika Balgariya, ), is a country in Southern Europe. Bulgaria borders five other countries: Romania to the north (mostly along the Danube), Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia to the west, and Greece and Turkey to the south. The Black Sea defines the extent of the country to the east.
http://wn.com/Bulgaria
Burma
Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar, is the second largest country by geographical area in Southeast Asia. The country is bordered by People's Republic of China on the north-east, Laos on the east, Thailand on the south-east, Bangladesh on the west, India on the north-west and the Bay of Bengal to the south-west with the Andaman Sea defining its southern periphery. One-third of Burma's total perimeter, 1,930 kilometers (1,199 mi), forms an uninterrupted coastline.
http://wn.com/Burma
California
California (pronounced ) is the most populous state in the United States and the third-largest by land area, after Alaska and Texas. California is also the most populous sub-national entity in North America. It's on the U.S. West Coast, bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west and by the states of Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, Baja California, Mexico, to the south. Its 5 largest cities are Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Long Beach, with Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Jose each having at least 1 million residents. Like many populous states, California's capital, Sacramento is smaller than the state's largest city, Los Angeles. The state is home to the nation's 2nd- and 6th-largest census statistical areas and 8 of the nation's 50 most populous cities. California has a varied climate and geography and a multi-cultural population.
http://wn.com/California
Cameroon
http://wn.com/Cameroon
Canary Islands
http://wn.com/Canary_Islands
Cape Verde
The Republic of Cape Verde (; , ; ) is an island country, spanning an archipelago of 15 islands located in the central Atlantic Ocean, 570 kilometres off the coast of Western Africa. The islands, covering a combined area of slightly over , are of volcanic origin and while three of them (Sal, Boa Vista and Maio) are fairly flat, sandy and dry, the remaining ones are generally rockier and have more vegetation. Due to the infrequent occurrence of rainfall the overall landscape is not particularly green, as the country's name suggests (verde is Portuguese for "green"). The name of the country stems instead from the nearby Cap Vert, on the Senegalese coast.
http://wn.com/Cape_Verde
Chelyabinsk Oblast
Chelyabinsk Oblast (, Chelyabinskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Chelyabinsk. Population: 3,603,339 (2002 Census);
http://wn.com/Chelyabinsk_Oblast
Chicago
Chicago ( or ) is the largest city in the state of Illinois. With over 2.8 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous city in the country. Its metropolitan area, commonly named "Chicagoland," is the 26th most populous in the world, home to an estimated 9.7 million people spread across the U.S. states of Illinois, Wisconsin, and Indiana. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County.
http://wn.com/Chicago
Chihuahua (state)
http://wn.com/Chihuahua_(state)
Chile
http://wn.com/Chile
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China
Colombia
Colombia (), officially the Republic of Colombia (, ), is a constitutional republic in northwestern South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the northwest by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia also shares maritime borders with Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. With a population of over 45 million people, Colombia has the 29th largest population in the world and the second largest in South America, after Brazil. Colombia has the fourth largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico, the United States, and Spain.
http://wn.com/Colombia
Colorado
Colorado (pronounced or, chiefly by outsiders, ) is a U.S. state that encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Mountain States, and the Southwestern United States.
http://wn.com/Colorado
Costa Rica
:For the plant genus Costarica, see its synonym Sicyos.
http://wn.com/Costa_Rica
Croatia
Croatia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska ), is a country in Central Europe and Southeastern Europe at the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain, the Balkans, and the Adriatic Sea. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. Croatia borders Slovenia to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the southeast, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast.
http://wn.com/Croatia
Cuba
The Republic of Cuba (; , ) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos.
http://wn.com/Cuba
Cyprus
http://wn.com/Cyprus
Czech Republic
http://wn.com/Czech_Republic
Côte d'Ivoire
The Republic of (; ), commonly known in English as Ivory Coast, is a country in West Africa. It has an area of 322,462 km2, and borders the countries of Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana; its southern boundary is along the Gulf of Guinea. The country's population which was 15,366,672 in 1998, was estimated to be 20,617,068 in 2009.
http://wn.com/Côte_d'Ivoire
Denmark
http://wn.com/Denmark
Detroit
http://wn.com/Detroit
Djibouti
http://wn.com/Djibouti
Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic (; , ) is a nation on the island of Hispaniola, part of the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The western third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti, making Hispaniola one of two Caribbean islands that are shared by two countries. Both by area and population, the Dominican Republic is the second largest Caribbean nation (after Cuba), with and an estimated 10 million people.
http://wn.com/Dominican_Republic
East Timor
http://wn.com/East_Timor
Ecuador
http://wn.com/Ecuador
Egypt
http://wn.com/Egypt
El Salvador
El Salvador (; , literally meaning "Republic of The Savior") is the smallest and also the most densely populated country in Central America. It borders the Pacific Ocean between Guatemala and Honduras. It lies on the Gulf of Fonseca, as do Honduras and Nicaragua further south.
http://wn.com/El_Salvador
England
England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
http://wn.com/England
Eritrea
http://wn.com/Eritrea
Ethiopia
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Ethiopia
Faroe Islands
The Faroe Islands (, ) are an island group situated between the Norwegian Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, approximately halfway between Great Britain and Iceland. The Faroe Islands are a constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark, along with Denmark proper and Greenland.
http://wn.com/Faroe_Islands
Fiji
Fiji (; ), officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands (; ), is an island nation in Melanesia in the South Pacific Ocean about 2000 km northeast of New Zealand's North Island. Its more immediate neighbours are Vanuatu to the west, France's New Caledonia to the southwest, New Zealand's Kermadec to the southeast, Tonga to the east, the Samoas and France's Wallis and Futuna to the northeast and Tuvalu to the north. Fiji has had inhabitants since the second millennium B.C. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch and the British explored Fiji.Fiji was a British colony up until 1970; British occupation lasted almost a century. Because of the abundance of forest, mineral, and fish resources, Fiji is one of the most developed economies in the Pacific island realm. Today, the main sources of foreign exchange are its tourist industry and sugar exports. The country's currency is the Fijian dollar.
http://wn.com/Fiji
Finland
Finland (pronounced ), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden on the west, Norway on the north and Russia on the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
http://wn.com/Finland
Florida
Florida () is a state of the United States. It is located in the Southeastern United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the north. Much of the state's land mass is a large peninsula with the Gulf of Mexico to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Caribbean to the south. Florida was admitted as the 27th U.S. state in 1845, after a three hundred year period of European colonization.
http://wn.com/Florida
France
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/France
French Polynesia
French Polynesia (, ) is a French overseas collectivity in the southern Pacific Ocean. It is made up of several groups of Polynesian islands, the most famous island being Tahiti in the Society Islands group, which is also the most populous island and the seat of the capital of the territory (Papeete). Although not an integral part of its territory, Clipperton Island was administered from French Polynesia until 2007.
http://wn.com/French_Polynesia
Georgia (country)
http://wn.com/Georgia_(country)
Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia () is a state located in the southeastern United States. Georgia was established in 1732, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies. Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2, 1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 21, 1861, and was one of the original seven Confederate states. It was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15, 1870 and the only among the 13 that is explicitly named after a monarch; King George II of England.
http://wn.com/Georgia_(US_state)
Ghana
http://wn.com/Ghana
Great Britain
Great Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island. With a population of about 60.0 million people in mid-2009, it is the third most populated island on Earth. Great Britain is surrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets. The island of Ireland lies to its west. Politically, Great Britain may also refer to the island itself together with a number of surrounding islands which comprise the territory of England, Scotland and Wales.
http://wn.com/Great_Britain
Greece
http://wn.com/Greece
Greenland
Greenland ( meaning "Land of the Kalaallit people"; ) is an autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark, located between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Physiographically, it is a part of the continent of North America. The largest island in Greenland is also named Greenland, and makes up most of the country's land area.
http://wn.com/Greenland
Greenwich
Greenwich ( -itch, -idge by incomers and Americans, or -idge by locals) is a district of South East London, England, located in the London Borough of Greenwich.
http://wn.com/Greenwich
Guatemala
http://wn.com/Guatemala
Haiti
Haiti (; French , ; Haitian Creole: Ayiti, ), officially the Republic of Haiti ( ;
http://wn.com/Haiti
Hawaii
: For geographic details see Geography and environment or Hawaiian Islands.
http://wn.com/Hawaii
Honduras
Honduras (, , ) is a republic in Central America. It was formerly known as Spanish Honduras to differentiate it from British Honduras (now Belize). The country is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca, and to the north by the Gulf of Honduras, a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea.
http://wn.com/Honduras
Hong Kong
Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
http://wn.com/Hong_Kong
Hungary
http://wn.com/Hungary
Iceland
:
http://wn.com/Iceland
Illinois
Illinois ( {{respell|-i-), is the fifth-most populous state of the United States of America, and is often noted for being a microcosm of the entire country. It is the most populous state in the Midwest region, however with 65% of its residents concentrated in the Chicago metropolitan area, most of the state has either a rural or a small town character. With Chicago in the northeast, small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and western Illinois, and natural resources like coal, timber, and petroleum in the south, Illinois has a broad economic base. Illinois is an important transportation hub; the Port of Chicago connects the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River via the Illinois River. As the "most average state", Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics, though the latter has not really been true since the early 1970s.
http://wn.com/Illinois
India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
http://wn.com/India
Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
http://wn.com/Iran
Iraq
Iraq ( or , Arabic: ), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic:
http://wn.com/Iraq
Ireland
Ireland (,; , ; Ulster Scots: Airlann) is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the northwest of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islets. To the east of Ireland is Great Britain, separated from it by the Irish Sea. The island is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers just under five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.2 million people. Just under 4.5 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
http://wn.com/Ireland
Irkutsk Oblast
Irkutsk Oblast (, Irkutskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in south-eastern Siberia in the basins of Angara River, Lena, and Nizhnyaya Tunguska Rivers. The administrative center is Irkutsk.
http://wn.com/Irkutsk_Oblast
Israel
http://wn.com/Israel
Italy
http://wn.com/Italy
Jakarta
Jakarta (; Indonesian: ), officially the Special Capital Territory of Jakarta, is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Located on the northwest coast of Java, it has an area of and a 2010 census count population of 9,580,000. Jakarta is the country's economic, cultural and political centre. It is the most populous city in Indonesia and in Southeast Asia, and is the twelfth-largest city in the world. The metropolitan area, Jabodetabek, is the second largest in the world. Jakarta is listed as a global city in the 2008 Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) research. The city's name is derived from the Old Javanese word "Jayakarta" which translates as "victorious deed", "complete act", or "complete victory".
http://wn.com/Jakarta
Jamaica
http://wn.com/Jamaica
Japan
http://wn.com/Japan
Jordan
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/Jordan
Kaliningrad Oblast
Kaliningrad Oblast (, Kaliningradskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast) situated on the Baltic coast. It has a population of
http://wn.com/Kaliningrad_Oblast
Kamchatka Krai
Kamchatka Krai () is a federal subject of Russia. It is a krai formed July 1, 2007 as a result of the merger of Kamchatka Oblast and Koryak Autonomous Okrug, after a referendum held on the issue on October 23, 2005. The administrative centre is the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. The okrug retains the status of a special administrative division of the krai under the name of Koryak Okrug.
http://wn.com/Kamchatka_Krai
Kazakhstan
http://wn.com/Kazakhstan
Kenya
The Republic of Kenya (pronounced ) is a country in East Africa. Lying along the Indian Ocean to its southeast and at the equator, Kenya is bordered by Somalia to the northeast, Ethiopia to the north, Sudan to the northwest, Uganda to the west and Tanzania to the south. Lake Victoria is to the southwest and is shared between Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Kenya has numerous wildlife reserves, containing thousands of animal species. The capital city is Nairobi. Kenya's area is 580,000 km2 with a population of nearly 39 million which is diverse: more than 40 different ethnic groups are present. The country is named after Mount Kenya, a significant landmark and second among Africa's highest mountain peaks.
http://wn.com/Kenya
Kinshasa
http://wn.com/Kinshasa
Kiribati
Kiribati ( ; ), officially the Republic of Kiribati, is an island nation located in the central tropical Pacific Ocean. It is composed of 32 atolls and one raised coral island, dispersed over 3.5 million square kilometres, (1,351,000 square miles) straddling the equator, and bordering the International Date Line at its easternmost point.
http://wn.com/Kiribati
Kosovo
http://wn.com/Kosovo
Kotzebue, Alaska
Kotzebue is a city in Northwest Arctic Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. According to 2005 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the city was 3,237.
http://wn.com/Kotzebue_Alaska
Krasnoyarsk Krai
Krasnoyarsk Krai ( ) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai). It is the second largest federal subject after the Sakha Republic, and Russia's largest krai, occupying an area of , which is 13% of the country's total territory (about the size of Algeria). The administrative center of the krai is the city of Krasnoyarsk.
http://wn.com/Krasnoyarsk_Krai
Latvia
Latvia (; ), officially the Republic of Latvia () is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia (343 km), to the south by Lithuania (588 km), to the east by the Russian Federation (276 km), and to the southeast by Belarus (141 km). Across the Baltic Sea to the west lies Sweden. The territory of Latvia covers and it has a temperate seasonal climate.
http://wn.com/Latvia
Lebanon
Lebanon ( or ; ; ), officially the Republic of Lebanon (Arabic: ; French: ), is a country on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, and Israel to the south. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has dictated its rich history, and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity.
http://wn.com/Lebanon
Libya
http://wn.com/Libya
Line Islands
The Line Islands, or Equatorial Islands, is a chain of eleven atolls and low coral islands in the central Pacific Ocean, south of the Hawaiian Islands, that stretches for 2,350 km in a northwest-southeast direction, making it one of the longest islands chains of the world. Eight of the islands form part of Kiribati, while the remaining three are United States territories grouped with the United States Minor Outlying Islands.
http://wn.com/Line_Islands
Lithuania
Lithuania (, U.S. usually ; ), officially the Republic of Lithuania () is a country in Northern Europe, the southernmost of the three Baltic states. Situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, it shares borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the southeast, Poland, and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Lithuania
Lord Howe Island
Lord Howe Island (, or in Australian English phonology) is a small island in the Tasman Sea east of the Australian mainland. The Lord Howe Island Group, including nearby Balls Pyramid, is administered by the Lord Howe Island Board, and is part of the Mid-North Coast Statistical Division of New South Wales, Australia. It is not considered a Local Government Area and is therefore unincorporated (as is the Unincorporated Far West Region), but is self-governed by the Lord Howe Island Board. The Lord Howe Island group was inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 1982 in recognition of its unique beauty and biodiversity. The NSW Lord Howe Island Marine Park and Commonwealth Lord Howe Island Marine Park (commonwealth waters) protect the waters surrounding the island group.
http://wn.com/Lord_Howe_Island
Madagascar
Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic, French: ), is an island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa. The main island, also called Madagascar, is the fourth-largest island in the world.
http://wn.com/Madagascar
Malawi
The Republic of Malawi (; Chichewa ) is a landlocked country in southeast Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the northwest, Tanzania to the northeast, and Mozambique on the east, south and west. The country is separated from Tanzania and Mozambique by Lake Malawi. Its size is over with an estimated population of more than 13,900,000. Its capital is Lilongwe, the second largest city is Blantyre and the third large city is Mzuzu. The name Malawi comes from the Maravi, an old name of the Nyanja people that inhabit the area.
http://wn.com/Malawi
Malaysia
Malaysia (pronounced or ) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of . The country is separated by the South China Sea into two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo (also known as West and East Malaysia respectively). Malaysia shares land borders with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei and has maritime boundaries with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population as of 2009 stood at over 28 million.
http://wn.com/Malaysia
Maldives
http://wn.com/Maldives
Malta
Malta , officially the Republic of Malta (), is a southern European country and consists of an archipelago situated centrally in the Mediterranean, 93 km south of Sicily and 288 km east of Tunisia, with the Strait of Gibraltar 1,826 km to the west and Alexandria 1,510 km to the east.
http://wn.com/Malta
Manitoba
Manitoba is a Canadian prairie province with an area of . The province has over 110,000 lakes and has a largely continental climate because of its flat topography. Agriculture, mostly concentrated in the fertile southern and western parts of the province, is vital to the province's economy; other major industries are transportation, manufacturing, mining, forestry, energy, and tourism.
http://wn.com/Manitoba
Marquesas Islands
http://wn.com/Marquesas_Islands
Massachusetts
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts () is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. Most of its population of 6.6 million lives in the Boston metropolitan area. The eastern half of the state consists of urban, suburban, and rural areas, while Western Massachusetts is mostly rural. Massachusetts is the most populous of the six New England states and ranks third among U.S. states in GDP per capita.
http://wn.com/Massachusetts
Mauritius
http://wn.com/Mauritius
McMurdo Station
McMurdo Station is a U.S. Antarctic research center located on the southern tip of Ross Island, which is in the New Zealand-claimed Ross Dependency. on the shore of McMurdo Sound in Antarctica. It is operated by the United States through the United States Antarctic Program, a branch of the National Science Foundation. The station is the largest community in Antarctica, capable of supporting up to 1,258 residents, and serves as the United States Antarctic science facility. All personnel and cargo going to or coming from Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station first passes through McMurdo.
http://wn.com/McMurdo_Station
Michigan
Michigan () is a U.S. state located in the Great Lakes Region of the United States of America. The name Michigan is a French corruption of the Ojibwe word mishigama, meaning "large water" or "large lake".
http://wn.com/Michigan
Moldova
Moldova , officially the Republic of Moldova (Moldovan/) is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east and south. It declared itself an independent state with the same boundaries as the preceding Moldovan SSR in 1991, as part of the dissolution of the Soviet Union. A strip of Moldova's internationally recognized territory on the east bank of the river Dniester has been under the de facto control of the breakaway government of Transnistria since 1990.
http://wn.com/Moldova
Morocco
http://wn.com/Morocco
Mozambique
http://wn.com/Mozambique
Muxia
http://wn.com/Muxia
Namibia
Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia (, ), is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. It gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990 following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek. Namibia is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations.
http://wn.com/Namibia
Netherlands
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Netherlands
Nevada
Nevada is a state located in the western and southwestern region of the United States. Nevada is also part of the Mountain States. The capital is Carson City and the largest city is Las Vegas. The state's nickname is Silver State, due to the large number of silver deposits that were discovered and mined there. "Sagebrush State" and "Battle Born State" are its alternative nicknames. In 1864, Nevada became the 36th state to enter the union, and the phrase "Battle Born" on the state flag reflects the state's entry on the Union side during the American Civil War. Its first nonnative settlement was called Mormon Station.
http://wn.com/Nevada
New Caledonia
http://wn.com/New_Caledonia
New South Wales
New South Wales (abbreviated as NSW), Australia's most populous state, is located in the south-east of the country, north of Victoria, south of Queensland, east of South Australia and encompasses the whole of the Australian Capital Territory. The colony of New South Wales was founded in 1788 and originally comprised much of the Australian mainland, as well as Van Diemen's Land, Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island in addition to the area currently referred to as the state of New South Wales, which was formed during Federation in 1901.
http://wn.com/New_South_Wales
New York
New York (; locally or ) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the north and west, and Quebec to the north. New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
http://wn.com/New_York
New Zealand
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/New_Zealand
Nicaragua
Nicaragua ( ) officially the Republic of Nicaragua (, ), is a representative democratic republic. It is the largest country in Central America with an area of 130,373 km2. The country is bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The Pacific Ocean lies to the west of the country, the Caribbean Sea to the east. The country's Caribbean coast is part of the Western Caribbean Zone. Falling within the tropics, Nicaragua sits between 11 degrees and 14 degrees north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere. Nicaragua's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contribute to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot. The capital city of Nicaragua is Managua. Roughly one quarter of the nation's population lives in the Nicaraguan capital, making it the second largest city and metropolitan area in Central America (following Guatemala City).
http://wn.com/Nicaragua
Niger
Niger ( or ; ), officially named the Republic of Niger, is a landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. It borders Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the east. Niger covers a land area of almost 1,270,000 km2, over 80 percent of which is covered by the Sahara desert. The country's predominantly Islamic population of just above 15,000,000 is mostly clustered in the far south and west of the nation. The capital city is Niamey.
http://wn.com/Niger
Nigeria
Nigeria (), officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. In terms of religion Nigeria is roughly split half and half between Muslims and Christians with a very small minority who practice traditional religion.
http://wn.com/Nigeria
Niue
http://wn.com/Niue
Nome, Alaska
Nome is a city in the Nome Census Area in the Unorganized Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska, located on the southern Seward Peninsula coast on Norton Sound of the Bering Sea. According to a 2008 State of Alaska certification, the city population was 3,570. Nome was incorporated on April 9, 1901, and was once the most populous city in Alaska. Nome lies within the region of the Bering Straits Native Corporation (BSNC).
http://wn.com/Nome_Alaska
Norfolk Island
Norfolk Island (Norfuk: Norfuk Ailen ) is a small island in the Pacific Ocean located between Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia. The island is part of the Commonwealth of Australia, but it enjoys a large degree of self-governance. Together with two neighbouring islands, it forms one of Australia's external territories.
http://wn.com/Norfolk_Island
North Carolina
North Carolina () is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the Southern United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west and Virginia to the north. North Carolina contains 100 counties. Its capital is Raleigh, and its largest city is Charlotte. North Carolina is now ranked as one of the top 3 leading States for Green Technology, Bio-Chemical Engineering, Medical Sciences, and Computer Engineering through the long-range research and development programs of Research Triangle Park (RTP), UNC Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State .
http://wn.com/North_Carolina
North Korea
http://wn.com/North_Korea
Northern Territory
The Northern Territory is a federal territory of Australia, occupying much of the centre of the mainland continent, as well as the central northern regions. It shares borders with Western Australia to the west (129th meridian east), South Australia to the south (26th parallel south), and Queensland to the east (138th meridian east).
http://wn.com/Northern_Territory
Norway
http://wn.com/Norway
Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia (pronounced ; ) is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the most populous province in Atlantic Canada. The provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the second-smallest province in Canada with an area of . As of 2009, the population is 940,397, which makes Nova Scotia the second-most-densely populated province.
http://wn.com/Nova_Scotia
Novosibirsk Oblast
Novosibirsk Oblast (, Novosibirskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Novosibirsk.
http://wn.com/Novosibirsk_Oblast
Ohio
Ohio is a Midwestern state in the United States. The 34th largest state by area in the U.S.,
http://wn.com/Ohio
Oman
Oman (pronounced ; '), officially the Sultanate of Oman''' ( ), is an Arab country in southwest Asia on the southeast coast of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders the United Arab Emirates on the northwest, Saudi Arabia on the west and Yemen on the southwest. The coast is formed by the Arabian Sea on the southeast and the Gulf of Oman on the northeast. The country also contains Madha and Musandam, two exclaves on the Gulf of Oman, south of the Strait of Hormuz and surrounded by the United Arab Emirates on the land side.
http://wn.com/Oman
Ontario
Ontario is a Province of Canada located in the east-central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest, after Quebec, in total area, (Nunavut and the Northwest Territories are larger in area, but they are not provinces.) The province's largest metropolitan area and Canada's most populous city, Toronto, is the capital city of Ontario. The national capital of Canada, Ottawa, is located in Ontario as well.
http://wn.com/Ontario
Oregon
Oregon ( ) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located on the Pacific coast, with Washington to the north, California to the south, Nevada on the southeast and Idaho to the east. The Columbia and Snake rivers delineate much of Oregon's northern and eastern boundaries, respectively. The area was inhabited by many indigenous tribes before the arrival of traders, explorers, and settlers who formed an autonomous government in Oregon Country in 1843; the Oregon Territory was created in 1848, and Oregon became the 33rd state on February 14, 1859. Salem is the state's capital and third-most-populous city; Portland is the most populous. Portland is the 30th-largest U.S. city, with a population of 582,130 (2009 estimate) and a metro population of 2,241,841 (2009 estimate), the 23rd-largest U.S. metro area.
http://wn.com/Oregon
Pakistan
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Pakistan
Panama
Panama (), officially the Republic of Panama (; ), is the southernmost country of Central America. Situated on the isthmus connecting North and South America, it is bordered by Costa Rica to the northwest, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The capital is Panama City.
http://wn.com/Panama
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea ( , also or ; Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini) (PNG), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania, occupying the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands (the western portion of the island is a part of the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua). It is located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, in a region defined since the early 19th century as Melanesia. The capital is Port Moresby.
http://wn.com/Papua_New_Guinea
Paraguay
http://wn.com/Paraguay
Pennsylvania
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania () is a U.S. state and Commonwealth located in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. The state borders Delaware and Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, New York and Ontario, Canada, to the north, and New Jersey to the east. The state's four most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown and Erie. The state capital is Harrisburg.
http://wn.com/Pennsylvania
Philippines
The Philippines ( ), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (), is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
http://wn.com/Philippines
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh () is the second-largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Allegheny County. Regionally, it anchors the largest urban area of Appalachia and the Ohio River Valley, and nationally, it anchors the 22nd largest urban area in the United States. The estimated population of the city in 2009 was 311,647, while the seven-county metropolitan area was estimated at 2,354,957. Downtown Pittsburgh retains substantial economic influence, ranking at 25th in the nation for jobs within the urban core and 6th in job density. The characteristic shape of Pittsburgh's central business district is a triangular tract carved by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, where the Ohio River forms. The city features 151 high-rise buildings, 446 bridges, two inclined railways, and a pre-revolutionary fortification. Pittsburgh is known colloquially as "The City of Bridges" and "The Steel City" for its many bridges and former steel manufacturing base.
http://wn.com/Pittsburgh
Poland
Poland (), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous Slavic member.
http://wn.com/Poland
Puerto Rico
http://wn.com/Puerto_Rico
Quebec
Quebec or ( ) is a province in east-central Canada. It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level.
http://wn.com/Quebec
Queensland
Queensland is a state of Australia that occupies the north-eastern section of the mainland continent. It is bordered by the Northern Territory to the west, South Australia to the south-west and New South Wales to the south. To the east, Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean. The state is Australia's second largest by area, following Western Australia, and the country's third most populous after New South Wales and Victoria.
http://wn.com/Queensland
Republic of China
The Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, is a state in East Asia located off the east coast of mainland China. Subject to an ongoing dispute with the People's Republic of China (PRC) that has left it with limited formal diplomatic relations, the government of the Republic of China currently governs the islands of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor islands. Neighbouring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south.
http://wn.com/Republic_of_China
Romania
Romania ( ; dated: Rumania; ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, north of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova to the northeast, and Bulgaria to the south.
http://wn.com/Romania
Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
http://wn.com/Russia
Samoa
Samoa , officially the Independent State of Samoa, formerly known as Western Samoa and German Samoa, is a country governing the western part of the Samoan Islands in the South Pacific Ocean. It became independent from New Zealand in 1962. The two main islands of Samoa are Upolu and one of the biggest islands in Polynesia, Savai'i. The capital city Apia and Faleolo International Airport are situated on the island of Upolu.
http://wn.com/Samoa
Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of . Saskatchewan is bounded on the west by Alberta, on the north by the Northwest Territories, on the east by Manitoba, and on the south by the American states of Montana and North Dakota.
http://wn.com/Saskatchewan
Saudi Arabia
http://wn.com/Saudi_Arabia
Senegal
http://wn.com/Senegal
Serbia
Serbia (pronounced: ), officially the Republic of Serbia (), is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central- and Southeastern Europe, covering the southern lowlands of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans. Serbia borders Hungary to the north; Romania and Bulgaria to the east; the Republic of Macedonia to the south; and Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro to the west; its border with Albania is disputed. Serbia's capital city, Belgrade, is among the most populous in Southeastern Europe.
http://wn.com/Serbia
Seychelles
Seychelles ( ; French: ), officially the Republic of Seychelles (; Creole: Repiblik Sesel), is an island country spanning an archipelago of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean, some east of mainland Africa, northeast of the island of Madagascar.
http://wn.com/Seychelles
Singapore
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/Singapore
Slovakia
http://wn.com/Slovakia
Slovenia
Slovenia ( ), officially the Republic of Slovenia (, ), is a country in Central Europe touching the Alps and bordering the Mediterranean. Slovenia borders Italy on the west, the Adriatic Sea on the southwest, Croatia on the south and east, Hungary on the northeast, and Austria on the north. The capital and largest city of Slovenia is Ljubljana.
http://wn.com/Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands ) is a sovereign state in Oceania, east of Papua New Guinea, consisting of nearly one thousand islands. It covers a land mass of 28,400 square kilometres (10,965 sq mi). The capital, Honiara, is located on the island of Guadalcanal. The nation of the Solomon Islands is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.
http://wn.com/Solomon_Islands
Somalia
Somalia ( ; ; ), officially the Republic of Somalia (, ) and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic under communist rule, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, the Gulf of Aden with Yemen to the north, the Indian Ocean to the east, and Ethiopia to the west. With the longest coastline on the continent, its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands.
http://wn.com/Somalia
Sonora
Sonora () is a state in northwestern Mexico with an area of , making it around the size of Syria. It is surrounded by the states of Baja California and the Sea of Cortez to the west, Chihuahua to the east, Sinaloa to the south, and the US states of Arizona and New Mexico to the north.
http://wn.com/Sonora
South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa, with a coastline on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. To the north lie Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an independent country wholly surrounded by South African territory.
http://wn.com/South_Africa
South Australia
South Australia is a state of Australia in the southern central part of the country. It covers some of the most arid parts of the continent; with a total land area of , it is the fourth largest of Australia's six states and two territories.
http://wn.com/South_Australia
South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK, , ) and sometimes referred to simply as Korea, is a state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, and North Korea to the north. Its capital is Seoul. South Korea lies in a temperate climate region with a predominantly mountainous terrain. Its territory covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of .
http://wn.com/South_Korea
South Sudan
http://wn.com/South_Sudan
Southern Hemisphere
http://wn.com/Southern_Hemisphere
Spain
Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
http://wn.com/Spain
Sri Lanka
The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (commonly known as Sri Lanka (, , or ); ; , ) is a country and a sovereign state off souther coast of the Indian subcontinent. A island nation in South Asia, it was till 1972 known as Ceylon (, , or ). Sri Lanka is surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait.
http://wn.com/Sri_Lanka
Stockholm
http://wn.com/Stockholm
Sudan
Sudan (), officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in northeastern Africa. It is the largest country in Africa and the Arab world, and tenth largest in the world by area. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east,Kenya and Uganda to the southeast, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west and Libya to the northwest. The world's longest river, the Nile, divides the country between east and west sides.
http://wn.com/Sudan
Sverdlovsk Oblast
Sverdlovsk Oblast (, Sverdlovskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast) located in the Urals Federal District. Given that the bulk of the oblast lies on the Asian side of the Urals (only its south-western extremity is on the European side of the mountains) it could be recognized as the most populous oblast within Asian Russia.
http://wn.com/Sverdlovsk_Oblast
Swaziland
The Kingdom of Swaziland (Umbuso weSwatini), sometimes called Ngwane or Swatini, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa, bordered to the north, south and west by South Africa, and to the east by Mozambique. The nation, as well as its people, are named after the 19th century king Mswati II.
http://wn.com/Swaziland
Sweden
http://wn.com/Sweden
Switzerland
Switzerland (, , , ), officially the Swiss Confederation (Confoederatio Helvetica in Latin, hence its ISO country codes CH and CHE), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
http://wn.com/Switzerland
Syria
Syria ( ; ' or '), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Syria
São Paulo (state)
http://wn.com/São_Paulo_(state)
Tanzania
The United Republic of Tanzania (; phonetical: tan-zann-ei-a; or sometimes tan-zanneia; ) is a country in central East Africa bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, and Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique to the south. The country's eastern borders lie on the Indian Ocean.
http://wn.com/Tanzania
Texas
Texas () is the second-largest U.S. state by both area and population, and the largest state in the contiguous United States.
http://wn.com/Texas
Thailand
Thailand ( or ; Ratcha Anachak Thai, ), formerly Siam (, ), is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Thailand
Tokelau
Tokelau () is a territory of New Zealand that consists of three tropical coral atolls with a combined land area of 10 km2 and a population of approximately 1,400 in the South Pacific Ocean. The atolls lie north of the Samoan Islands, east of Tuvalu, south of the Phoenix Islands, southwest of the more distant Line Islands (both islands groups belonging to Kiribati) and northwest of the Cook Islands.
http://wn.com/Tokelau
Tonga
http://wn.com/Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago () is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying northeast of the South American country of Venezuela and south of Grenada in the Lesser Antilles. It shares maritime boundaries with other nations including Barbados to the northeast, Guyana to the southeast, and Venezuela to the south and west.
http://wn.com/Trinidad_and_Tobago
Tunisia
http://wn.com/Tunisia
Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
http://wn.com/Turkey
Uganda
The Republic of Uganda ( or ) is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by Sudan, on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the south by Tanzania. The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, which is also bordered by Kenya and Tanzania.
http://wn.com/Uganda
Ukraine
Ukraine ( ; , transliterated: , ), with its area of 603,628 km2, is the second largest country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast respectively.
http://wn.com/Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
http://wn.com/United_Arab_Emirates
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
http://wn.com/United_Kingdom
Uruguay
Uruguay (, ), officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay (sometimes rendered as the Eastern Republic of Uruguay in the English language; , ), is a country located in the southeastern part of South America. It is home to some 3.5 million people, of whom 1.4 million live in the capital Montevideo and its metropolitan area. An estimated 88% of the population are of European descent.
http://wn.com/Uruguay
Uzbekistan
http://wn.com/Uzbekistan
Venezuela
http://wn.com/Venezuela
Victoria (Australia)
Victoria is the second most populous state in Australia. Geographically the smallest mainland state, Victoria is bordered by New South Wales to the north, South Australia to the west, and Tasmania to the south, across Bass Strait. Victoria is the most densely populated state, and has a highly centralised population, with almost 75% of Victorians living in Melbourne, the state capital and largest city. Approximately 30,000 Indigenous Australians are estimated to have lived in the area, before European settlement in Victoria began in the 1830s. The discovery of gold in 1851 at Ballarat and Warrandyte transformed it into a leading industrial and commercial centre.
http://wn.com/Victoria_(Australia)
Vietnam
Vietnam ( ; , ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (, ), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by People's Republic of China (PRC) to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea, referred to as East Sea (), to the east. With a population of over 86 million, Vietnam is the 13th most populous country in the world.
http://wn.com/Vietnam
Washington (state)
http://wn.com/Washington_(state)
Washington D.C.
http://wn.com/Washington_DC
Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C. (), formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States, founded on July 16, 1790. Article One of the United States Constitution provides for a federal district, distinct from the states, to serve as the permanent national capital. The City of Washington was originally a separate municipality within the federal territory until an act of Congress in 1871 established a single, unified municipal government for the whole District. It is for this reason that the city, while legally named the District of Columbia, is known as Washington, D.C. The city shares its name with the U.S. state of Washington, which is located on the country's Pacific coast.
http://wn.com/Washington_DC
Wellington
Wellington () is the capital city and third most populous urban area of New Zealand.
http://wn.com/Wellington
Western Australia
Western Australia is a state of Australia, occupying the entire western third of the Australian continent. Australia's largest state and the second largest subnational entity in the world, it has 2.2 million inhabitants (10% of the national total), 85% of whom live in the south-west corner of the state.
http://wn.com/Western_Australia
Yemen
http://wn.com/Yemen
Zabaykalsky Krai
Zabaykalsky Krai (, lit. Transbaikal krai) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai) that was created on March 1, 2008 as a result of a merger of Chita Oblast and Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug, after a referendum held on the issue on March 11, 2007.
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Zambia
The Republic of Zambia () is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. The neighbouring countries are the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the north-east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia to the south, and Angola to the west. The capital city is Lusaka, located in the south-central part of the country. The population is concentrated mainly around the Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt to the northwest.
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Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe ( ; officially the Republic of Zimbabwe and formerly Southern Rhodesia, the Republic of Rhodesia, and Zimbabwe Rhodesia) is a landlocked country located in the southern part of the continent of Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia to the northwest and Mozambique to the east. Zimbabwe has three official languages: English, Shona (a Bantu language), and Ndebele (also a Bantu language).
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Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
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Charles F. Dowd
Charles F. Dowd (1825–1904) was a co-principal (with his wife Harriet M. Dowd) of the Temple Grove Ladies Seminary (now Skidmore College) in Saratoga Springs, New York. He was the first person to propose multiple time zones for any country, those for the railways of the United States. He did not propose their extension to the entire world.
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China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
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Hong Kong
Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
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Quirico Filopanti
Giuseppe Barilli, also known under his pseudonym Quirico Filopanti, was an Italian mathematician and politician.
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Sandford Fleming
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Time in China
The two political entities currently using "China" as part of their official name, the People's Republic of China (PRC) (including mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau) and the Republic of China (ROC) (commonly referred to as Taiwan) are in the same time zone which is eight hours ahead of the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC+8). Before the founding of PRC in 1949, when the whole Chinese region was governed by ROC, there were five time zones in China.
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World War I
World War I was a military conflict centered on Europe that began in the summer of 1914. The fighting ended in late 1918. This conflict involved all of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred around the Triple Entente) and the Central Powers. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, due largely to great technological advances in firepower without corresponding ones in mobility. It was the second deadliest conflict in history.
http://wn.com/World_War_I

TIME ZONE • PAYPA (FEAT. FRENCH MONTANA) | (2012)

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President Barack Obama speaks at a campaign event at Veteran's Memorial Park, Thursday, Oct. 18, 2012, in Manchester, N.H.

Obama cuts deal with Iran over nukes

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17 Oct 2012

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20 Oct 2012

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This article is about time zones in general. For a list of time zones by country, see List of time zones by country. For more time zone lists, see Lists of time zones.

Map of Global Local Times (including DST), as of February 2012

A time zone is a region on Earth that has a uniform standard time for legal, commercial, and social purposes. It is convenient for areas in close commercial or other communication to keep the same time, so time zones tend to follow the boundaries of countries and their subdivisions.

Most of the 40 time zones on land are offset from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) by a whole number of hours (UTC−12 to UTC+14), but a few are offset by 30 or 45 minutes. Some higher latitude countries use daylight saving time for part of the year, typically by changing clocks by an hour. Many land time zones are skewed toward the west of the corresponding nautical time zones. This also creates a permanent daylight saving time effect.

History [link]

[edit] Early timekeeping

Before the invention of clocks, people marked the time of day with apparent solar time (or "true" solar time) – for example, the time on a sundial – which was typically different for every settlement.

When well-regulated mechanical clocks became widespread in the early 19th century,^{[citation needed]} each city began to use some local mean solar time. Apparent and mean solar time can differ by up to around 15 minutes (as described by the equation of time) due to the non-circular shape of the Earth's orbit around the sun. Mean solar time has days of equal length, and the difference between the two averages to zero after a year.

Greenwich Mean Time(Also known as Greenwich Meridian time) (GMT) was established in 1675 when the Royal Observatory was built as an aid to (English) mariners to determine longitude at sea, providing a standard reference time when each city in England kept a different local time.

Railroad time [link]

Plaque commemorating the Railway General Time Convention of 1883 in North America

Local solar time became increasingly awkward as railways and telecommunications improved, because clocks differed between places by an amount corresponding to the difference in their geographical longitude, which varied by four minutes for every degree of longitude. The difference between New York and Boston is about two degrees or 8 minutes, the difference between Sydney and Melbourne, Australia, is about 7 degrees or 28 minutes and the difference between London and Edinburgh is about 3 degrees or 12 minutes.^[1] The use of time zones smooths out these differences.

The first time zone in the world was established on December 1, 1847, on the island of Great Britain by railway companies using GMT kept by portable chronometers. This quickly became known as Railway Time. About August 23, 1852, time signals were first transmitted by telegraph from the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. Even though 98% of Great Britain's public clocks were using GMT by 1855, it was not made Britain's legal time until August 2, 1880. Some old British clocks from this period have two minute hands—one for the local time, one for GMT.^[2]

The increase in worldwide communication had further increased the need for interacting parties to communicate mutually comprehensible time references to one another. The problem of differing local times could be solved across larger areas by synchronizing clocks worldwide, but in many places the local time would then differ markedly from the solar time to which people were accustomed. Time zones were a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to approximate the mean solar time.

On November 2, 1868, the then-British colony of New Zealand officially adopted a standard time to be observed throughout the colony, and was perhaps the first country to do so. It was based on the longitude 172°30′ East of Greenwich, that is 11 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT. This standard was known as New Zealand Mean Time.

Timekeeping on the American railroads in the mid-19th century was somewhat confused. Each railroad used its own standard time, usually based on the local time of its headquarters or most important terminus, and the railroad's train schedules were published using its own time. Some major railroad junctions served by several different railroads had a separate clock for each railroad, each showing a different time; the main station in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for example, kept six different times.

File:Time zone map of the United States 1913.tif

Time zone map of the United States, 1913, showing boundaries very different from today

Charles F. Dowd proposed a system of one-hour standard time zones for American railroads about 1863, although he published nothing on the matter at that time and did not consult railroad officials until 1869. In 1870, he proposed four ideal time zones (having north–south borders), the first centered on Washington, D.C., but by 1872 the first was centered 75°W of Greenwich, with geographic borders (for example, sections of the Appalachian Mountains). Dowd's system was never accepted by American railroads. Instead, U.S. and Canadian railroads implemented a version proposed by William F. Allen, the editor of the Traveler's Official Railway Guide.^[3] The borders of its time zones ran through railroad stations, often in major cities. For example, the border between its Eastern and Central time zones ran through Detroit, Buffalo, Pittsburgh, Atlanta, and Charleston. It was inaugurated on Sunday, November 18, 1883, also called "The Day of Two Noons",^[4] when each railroad station clock was reset as standard-time noon was reached within each time zone. The zones were named Intercolonial, Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific. Within one year, 85% of all cities with populations over 10,000, about 200 cities, were using standard time.^[5] A notable exception was Detroit (which is about half-way between the meridians of eastern time and central time), which kept local time until 1900, then tried Central Standard Time, local mean time, and Eastern Standard Time before a May 1915 ordinance settled on EST and was ratified by popular vote in August 1916. The confusion of times came to an end when Standard zone time was formally adopted by the U.S. Congress in the Standard Time Act of March 19, 1918.

U.S. Commissioner of Railroads William H. Armstrong gave the following account of the new railroad time system in his Report to the Secretary of the Interior for 1883.

The question of uniform time standards for railways of the United States has long attracted the attention of railway managers, but Mr. W. F. Allen, editor of the Traveler's Official Guide, and secretary of the time conventions, is entitled to the credit of having perfected the admirable system which was adopted by the general time convention of railway managers, held at Chicago, October 11, 1883, and ratified by the southern railway time convention, held at New York, October 17, 1883.

As this is a subject of great interest to the entire country, a brief synopsis of the general principles governing the proposed plan is deemed appropriate in this report.

Under the present system each railway is operated independently on the local time of some principal point or points on said road, but this plan was found to be highly objectionable, owing to the fact that some fifty standards, intersecting and interlacing each other, were in use throughout the country. By the plan which has been adopted this number will be reduced to four, the difference in time being one hour between each, viz, the 75th, 90th, 105th, and 120th degrees of longitude west from Greenwich. The adoption of these standards will not cause a difference of more than thirty minutes from the local time at any point which is now used as a standard. The new arrangement goes into effect November 18, 1883, and all changes of time are to occur at the termini of roads, or at the ends of divisions. The seventy-fifth meridian being almost precisely the central meridian for the system of roads now using standards based upon the time of the Eastern cities, and the ninetieth meridian being equally central for roads now running by the time of Western cities, the time of these meridians has been adopted for the territory which includes 90 per cent. of the whole railway system of the country. Nearly all of the larger cities have abolished local time and adopted that of the nearest standard meridian in use by the railways.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Worldwide time zones [link]

Although the first person to propose a worldwide system of time zones was the Italian mathematician Quirico Filopanti in his book Miranda! published in 1858, his idea was unknown outside the pages of his book until long after his death, so it did not influence the adoption of time zones during the 19th century. He proposed 24 hourly time zones, which he called "longitudinal days", the first centered on the meridian of Rome. He also proposed a universal time to be used in astronomy and telegraphy.^[9]^[10]

Canadian Sir Sandford Fleming proposed a worldwide system of time zones in 1879. He advocated his system at several international conferences, thus is widely credited with their invention. In 1876, his first proposal was for a global 24-hour clock, conceptually located at the center of the Earth and not linked to any surface meridian. In 1879 he specified that his universal day would begin at the anti-meridian of Greenwich (180th meridian), while conceding that hourly time zones might have some limited local use. He also proposed his system at the International Meridian Conference in October 1884, but it did not adopt his time zones because they were not within its purview. The conference did adopt a universal day of 24 hours beginning at Greenwich midnight, but specified that it "shall not interfere with the use of local or standard time where desirable".

By about 1900, almost all time on Earth was in the form of standard time zones, only some of which used an hourly offset from GMT. Many applied the time at a local astronomical observatory to an entire country, without any reference to GMT. It took many decades before all time on Earth was in the form of time zones referred to some "standard offset" from GMT/UTC. Most major countries had adopted hourly time zones by 1929. Nepal was the last country to adopt a standard offset, shifting slightly to UTC+5:45 in 1986.

Today, all nations use standard time zones for secular purposes, but they do not all apply the concept as originally conceived. Newfoundland, India, Iran, Afghanistan, Venezuela, Burma, the Marquesas, as well as parts of Australia use half-hour deviations from standard time, and some nations, such as Nepal, and some provinces, such as the Chatham Islands, use quarter-hour deviations. Some countries, most notably China and India, use a single time zone, even though the extent of their territory far exceeds 15° of longitude. Before 1949, China used five time zones (see Time in China).

Definition [link]

Before 1972, all time zones were specified as an offset from Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), which was the mean solar time at the meridian passing through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London. Since 1972 all official time services have broadcast radio time signals synchronized to UTC, a form of atomic time that includes leap seconds to keep it within 0.9 seconds of this former GMT, now called UT1. Many countries now legally define their standard time relative to UTC, although some still legally refer to GMT, including the United Kingdom itself. UTC, also called Zulu time, is used everywhere on Earth by astronomers and others who need to state the time of an event unambiguously.

Time zones are based on Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)^{[citation needed]}, the mean solar time at longitude 0° (the Prime Meridian). The definition of GMT was recently changed^{[citation needed]} – it was previously the same as UT1, a mean solar time calculated directly from the rotation of the Earth. As the rate of rotation of the Earth is not constant, the time derived from atomic clocks was adjusted to closely match UT1. In January 1972, however, the length of the second in both Greenwich Mean Time and atomic time was equalized. The readings of participating atomic clocks are averaged out to give a uniform time scale.

Because the length of the average day is a small fraction of a second more than 24 hours (slightly more than 86400 seconds), leap seconds are periodically inserted into Greenwich Mean Time to make it approximate to UT1. This new time system is also called Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Leap seconds are inserted to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of UT1. Because the Earth's rotation is gradually slowing, leap seconds will need to be added more frequently in future. However, from one year to the next the rotation rate is slightly irregular, so leap seconds are not added unless observations of Earth's rotation show that one is required. In this way, local times will continue to stay close to mean solar time and the effects of variations in Earth's rotation rate will be confined to simple step changes relative to the uniform time scale (International Atomic Time or TAI). All local times differ from TAI by an integral number of seconds. With the implementation of UTC, nations began to use it in the definition of their time zones. As of 2005, most nations had altered the definition of local time in this way.

In the United Kingdom, this involved redefining Greenwich Mean Time to make it the same as UTC.^[11] British Summer Time (BST) is still one hour in advance of Greenwich Mean Time and is therefore also one hour in advance of Coordinated Universal Time. Thus Greenwich Mean Time is the local time at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich between 0100 hours GMT on the last Sunday in October and 0100 hours GMT on the last Sunday in March. Similar circumstances apply in many other places.

Looking to the future, leap seconds are considered by many to be a nuisance, and ways to abolish them are being considered. This means letting the time difference accumulate. One suggestion is to insert a "leap-hour" in about 5,000 years. For more on this discussion read Proposal to abolish leap seconds.

Notation of time [link]

ISO 8601 [link]

Main article: ISO 8601

UTC [link]

If the time is in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), add a "Z" directly after the time without a space. "Z" is the zone designator for the zero UTC offset. "09:30 UTC" is therefore represented as "09:30Z" or "0930Z". "14:45:15 UTC" would be "14:45:15Z" or "144515Z".

UTC time is also known as "Zulu" time, since "Zulu" is the ICAO spelling alphabet code word for "Z".

Offsets from UTC [link]

Offsets from UTC are written in the format ±[hh]:[mm], ±[hh][mm], or ±[hh]. So if the time being described is one hour ahead of UTC (such as the time in Berlin during the winter), the zone designator would be "+01:00", "+0100", or simply "+01". This is appended to the time in the same way that 'Z' was above. The offset from UTC changes with daylight saving time, e.g. a time offset in Chicago, which is in the North American Central Time Zone, would be "−06:00" for the winter (Central Standard Time) and "−05:00" for the summer (Central Daylight Time).

Abbreviations [link]

Time zones are often represented by abbreviations such as "EST, WST, CST" but these are not part of the international time and date standard ISO 8601 and their use as sole designator for a time zone is not recommended. Such designations can be ambiguous. For example, "BST", which is British Summer Time, was renamed "British Standard Time" between 1968 and 1971 when Central European Time was in force because legislators objected to calling it Central European Time. The same legislation affirmed that the Standard Time within the United Kingdom was, and would continue to be, Greenwich Mean Time.

UTC offsets worldwide [link]

Main article: List of time zones by UTC offset

Time zones map (Last update: December 31, 2011)

UTC−12:00 ... UTC−07:00				UTC−06:00 ... UTC−01:00				UTC±00:00 ... UTC+05:45				UTC+06:00 ... UTC+11:30				UTC+12:00 ... UTC+14:00
Oceania / North America / Antarctica				North and South America / Antarctica				Europe / Africa / Asia / Antarctica				Asia / Antarctica				Asia / Oceania / Antarctica
No DST in summer		DST in summer		No DST in summer		DST in summer		No DST in summer		DST in summer		No DST in summer		DST in summer		No DST in summer		DST in summer
	−12:00		−12:00 /−11:00 N: US-		−06:00		−06:00 /−05:00 N: US-		±00:00 IS		±00:00 /+01:00 N: GB, PT		+06:00 RU-, KZ--		+06:00 /+07:00		+12:00 KI-, RU-		+12:00 /+13:00 S: NZ-
													+06:30 MM		+06:30 /+07:30
																	+12:45		+12:45 /+13:45 S: NZ
	−11:00		−11:00 /−10:00 N: US-		−05:00 BO, CO, PA, PE		−05:00 /−04:00 N: CA-, CU, US-		+01:00 TN, CG, CD-, DZ, NE, NG		+01:00 /+02:00 N: AT, BA, BE, CH, CZ, DE, ES-, FR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LU, MK, NL, NO, SE, SI, SK S: NA		+07:00 RU-, MN-, VN, LA, TH, KH, ID-		+07:00 /+08:00		+13:00 KI-
					−04:30 VE
	−10:00		−10:00 /−09:00		−04:00		−04:00 /−03:00 S: AQ-		+02:00 Europe: BY		+02:00 /+03:00 N: FI, EE, LV, LT, UA, BG, GR, MD, RO, TR		+08:00 CN, HK, ID, MN-, MY, RU, PH, SG, TW,		+08:00 /+09:00		+14:00 KI-
					−03:30		−03:30 /−02:30 S: CA-
	−09:00		−09:00 /−08:00		−03:00 AR		−03:00 /−02:00 S: BR-		+03:00 Europe: BY, RU-, Africa: KE, SD, SO, SS, ER, Asia: IQ, SA		+03:00 /+04:00		+09:00 RU-, JP, KP, KR, ID-		+09:00 /+10:00
									+03:30		+03:30 /+04:30 IR		+09:30		+09:30 /+10:30 AU-
	−08:00		−08:00 /−07:00 N: CA-, US-, MX-		−02:00		−02:00 /−01:00		+04:00 RU-, GE		+04:00 /+05:00		+10:00 RU-		+10:00 /+11:00
									+04:30 AF
	−07:00		−07:00 /−06:00 N: CA-, US-, MX-		−01:00		−01:00 /±00:00		+05:00 KZ-, PK		+05:00 /+06:00		+11:00 RU-		+11:00 /+12:00
									+05:30 IN				+11:30 NF
									+05:45 NP

XX = ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code, XX- = parts of the country, N = North, S = South, UTC = Universal Coordinated Time, DST = Daylight Saving Time

List of UTC offsets [link]

These examples give the local time at various locations around the world when daylight saving time is not in effect:

Time zone	Example time (ISO 8601 notation)	Example locations	Example locations that in summer use DST
UTC−12:00	2012-06-26T04:52:42-12:00	Baker Island, Howland Island (both uninhabited)
UTC−11:00	2012-06-26T05:52:42-11:00	American Samoa, Niue
UTC−10:00	2012-06-26T06:52:42-10:00	United States (Hawaii)	Most of French Polynesia, United States (Aleutian Islands)
UTC−09:30	2012-06-26T07:22:42-09:30	Marquesas Islands
UTC−09:00	2012-06-26T07:52:42-09:00	Gambier Islands	United States (most of Alaska)
UTC−08:00	2012-06-26T08:52:42-08:00		Canada (most of British Columbia), Mexico (Baja California), United States (California, most of Nevada, most of Oregon, Washington (state))
UTC−07:00	2012-06-26T09:52:42-07:00	Canada (northeastern British Columbia), Mexico (Sonora), United States (Arizona)	Canada (Alberta), Mexico (Chihuahua), United States (Colorado)
UTC−06:00	2012-06-26T10:52:42-06:00	Canada (almost all of Saskatchewan), Costa Rica, El Salvador, Ecuador (Galápagos Islands), Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (most), Nicaragua,	Canada (Manitoba), United States (Illinois, most of Texas)
UTC−05:00	2012-06-26T11:52:42-05:00	Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador (continental), Jamaica, Panama, Peru	Canada (most of Ontario, most of Quebec), Haiti, United States (most of Florida, Georgia, Massachusetts, most of Michigan, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Washington D.C.)
UTC−04:30	2012-06-26T12:22:42-04:30	Venezuela
UTC−04:00	2012-06-26T12:52:42-04:00	Bolivia, Brazil (Amazonas), Chile (continental), Dominican Republic, Canada (Nova Scotia), Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago	Falkland Islands
UTC−03:30	2012-06-26T13:22:42-03:30		Canada (island of Newfoundland and southern Labrador)
UTC−03:00	2012-06-26T13:52:42-03:00	Argentina, Paraguay	Brazil (Brasília, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo), most of Greenland, Uruguay
UTC−02:00	2012-06-26T14:52:42-02:00	Brazil (Fernando de Noronha), South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
UTC−01:00	2012-06-26T15:52:42-01:00	Portugal (Azores), Cape Verde
UTC±00:00	2012-06-26T16:52:42+00:00	Côte d'Ivoire, Faroe Islands, Ghana, Iceland, Senegal	Ireland, Portugal (continental and Madeira), Spain (Canary Islands), Morocco, United Kingdom
UTC+01:00	2012-06-26T17:52:42+01:00	Angola, Cameroon, Nigeria, Tunisia	Albania, Algeria, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Spain (continental), Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Malta, Kinshasa, Kosovo, Macedonia, France (metropolitan), the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland
UTC+02:00	2012-06-26T18:52:42+02:00	Libya, Egypt, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe	Bulgaria, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Israel, Jordan, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Moldova, Palestine, Romania, Syria, Turkey, Ukraine
UTC+03:00	2012-06-26T19:52:42+03:00	Belarus, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Iraq, Kenya, Madagascar, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast), Saudi Arabia, South Sudan, Sudan, Somalia, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen
UTC+03:30	2012-06-26T20:22:42+03:30		Iran
UTC+04:00	2012-06-26T20:52:42+04:00	Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Mauritius, Oman, Russia (European), Seychelles, United Arab Emirates
UTC+04:30	2012-06-26T21:22:42+04:30	Afghanistan
UTC+05:00	2012-06-26T21:52:42+05:00	Kazakhstan (West), Maldives, Pakistan, Uzbekistan
UTC+05:30	2012-06-26T22:22:42+05:30	India, Sri Lanka
UTC+05:45	2012-06-26T22:37:42+05:45	Nepal
UTC+06:00	2012-06-26T22:52:42+06:00	Kazakhstan (most), Bangladesh, Russia (Ural: Sverdlovsk Oblast, Chelyabinsk Oblast)
UTC+06:30	2012-06-26T23:22:42+06:30	Cocos Islands, Myanmar
UTC+07:00	2012-06-26T23:52:42+07:00	Jakarta, Russia (Novosibirsk Oblast), Thailand, Vietnam
UTC+08:00	2012-06-27T00:52:42+08:00	China, Hong Kong, Russia (Krasnoyarsk Krai), Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, most of Mongolia, Western Australia
UTC+09:00	2012-06-27T01:52:42+09:00	East Timor, Russia (Irkutsk Oblast), Japan, North Korea, South Korea
UTC+09:30	2012-06-27T02:22:42+09:30	Australia (Northern Territory)	Australia (South Australia)
UTC+10:00	2012-06-27T02:52:42+10:00	Russia (Zabaykalsky Krai), Papua New Guinea, Australia (Queensland)	Australia (New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria)
UTC+10:30	2012-06-27T03:22:42+10:30		Lord Howe Island
UTC+11:00	2012-06-27T03:52:42+11:00	New Caledonia, Russia (Primorsky Krai), Solomon Islands
UTC+11:30	2012-06-27T04:22:42+11:30	Norfolk Island
UTC+12:00	2012-06-27T04:52:42+12:00	Kiribati (Gilbert Islands), Fiji, Russia (Kamchatka Krai)	New Zealand
UTC+12:45	2012-06-27T05:37:42+12:45		Chatham Islands
UTC+13:00	2012-06-27T05:52:42+13:00	Kiribati (Phoenix Islands), Tonga	Samoa
UTC+14:00	2012-06-27T06:52:42+14:00	Kiribati (Line Islands), Tokelau

Where the adjustment for time zones results in a time at the other side of midnight from UTC, then the date at the location is one day later or earlier.

Some examples when UTC is 23:00 on Monday when or where daylight saving time is not in effect:

Cairo, Egypt: UTC+02; 01:00 on Tuesday
Wellington, New Zealand: UTC+12; 11:00 on Tuesday

Some examples when UTC is 02:00 on Tuesday when or where daylight saving time is not in effect:

Honolulu, Hawaii, United States: UTC−10; 16:00 on Monday
Toronto, Ontario, Canada: UTC−05; 21:00 on Monday

The time-zone adjustment for a specific location may vary because of daylight saving time. For example New Zealand, which is usually UTC+12, observes a one-hour daylight saving time adjustment during the Southern Hemisphere summer, resulting in a local time of UTC+13.

Time zone conversions [link]

Conversion between time zones obeys the relationship

"time in zone A" − "UTC offset for zone A" = "time in zone B" − "UTC offset for zone B",

in which each side of the equation is equivalent to UTC. (The more familiar term "UTC offset" is used here rather than the term "zone designator" used by the standard.)

The conversion equation can be rearranged to

"time in zone B" = "time in zone A" − "UTC offset for zone A" + "UTC offset for zone B".

For example, what time is it in Los Angeles (UTC offset= −08) when the New York Stock Exchange opens at 09:30 (−05)?

time in Los Angeles = 09:30 − (−05:00) + (−08:00) = 06:30

In Delhi (UTC offset= +5:30), the New York Stock Exchange opens at

time in Delhi = 09:30 − (−05:00) + (+5:30) = 20:00

These calculations become more complicated near a daylight saving boundary (because the UTC offset for zone X is a function of the UTC time).

Nautical time zones [link]

Main article: Nautical time

Since the 1920s a nautical standard time system has been in operation for ships on the high seas. Nautical time zones are an ideal form of the terrestrial time zone system. Under the system, a time change of one hour is required for each change of longitude by 15°. The 15° gore that is offset from GMT or UT1 (not UTC) by twelve hours is bisected by the nautical date line into two 7.5° gores that differ from GMT by ±12 hours. A nautical date line is implied but not explicitly drawn on time zone maps. It follows the 180th meridian except where it is interrupted by territorial waters adjacent to land, forming gaps: it is a pole-to-pole dashed line.^[12]^[13]^[14]

A ship within the territorial waters of any nation would use that nation's standard time, but would revert to nautical standard time upon leaving its territorial waters. The captain is permitted to change the ship's clocks at a time of the captain’s choice following the ship's entry into another time zone. The captain often chooses midnight. Ships going in shuttle traffic over a time zone border often keeps the same time zone all the time, to avoid confusion about work, meal and shop opening hours. Still the time table for port calls must follow the land time zone.

Skewing of zones [link]

Difference between sun time and clock time during daylight saving time:

	0h ± 30m
	1h ± 30m ahead
	2h ± 30m ahead
	3h ± 30m ahead

DST observed

DST no longer observed

DST never observed

Ideal time zones, such as nautical time zones, are based on the mean solar time of a particular meridian located in the middle of that zone with boundaries located 7.5 degrees east and west of the meridian. In practice, zone boundaries are often drawn much farther to the west with often irregular boundaries, and some locations base their time on meridians located far to the east.

For example, even though the Prime Meridian (0°) passes through Spain and France, they use the mean solar time of 15 degrees east (Central European Time) rather than 0 degrees (Greenwich Mean Time). France previously used GMT, but was switched to CET (Central European Time) during the German occupation of the country during World War II and did not switch back after the war.^[15] Similarly, prior to World War II, the Netherlands observed "Amsterdam Time", which was twenty minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time. They were obliged to follow German time during the war, and kept it thereafter. In the mid 1970s the Netherlands, as with other European states, began observing daylight saving (summer) time.

There is a tendency to draw time zone boundaries far to the west of their meridians. Many of these locations also use daylight saving time. As a result, in the summer, solar noon in the Spanish town of Muxia occurs at 2:37 pm by the clock. This area of Spain never experiences sunset before 6:00 pm local time even in midwinter, despite its lying more than 40 degrees north of the equator. Near the summer solstice, Muxia has sunset times similar to those of Stockholm, which is in the same time zone and 16 degrees further north.

A more extreme example is Nome, Alaska, which is at 165°24′W longitude—just west of center of the idealized Samoa Time Zone (165°W). Nevertheless, Nome observes Alaska Time (135°W) with DST so it is slightly more than two hours ahead of the sun in winter and over three in summer.^[16] Kotzebue, Alaska, also near the same meridian but north of the Arctic Circle, has an annual event on 9 August to celebrate two sunsets in the same 24-hour day, one shortly after midnight at the start of the day, and the other shortly before midnight at the end of the day.

Also, China extends as far west as 73°34′E, but all parts of it use UTC+08:00 (120°E), so solar "noon" can occur as late as 15:00.

Daylight saving time [link]

Main article: Daylight saving time

Many countries, and sometimes just certain regions of countries, adopt daylight saving time (also known as "Summer Time") during part of the year. This typically involves advancing clocks by an hour near the start of spring and adjusting back in autumn ("spring" forward, "fall" back). Modern DST was first proposed in 1907 and was in widespread use in 1916 as a wartime measure aimed at conserving coal. Despite controversy, many countries have used it off and on since then; details vary by location and change occasionally. Most countries around the equator do not observe daylight saving time, since the seasonal difference in sunlight is minimal.

Additional information [link]

France has twelve time zones including those of Metropolitan France, French Guiana and numerous islands, inhabited and uninhabited. Russia has nine time zones (and used to have 11 time zones before March 2010), eight contiguous zones plus Kaliningrad exclave on the Baltic Sea. The United States has ten time zones (nine official plus that for Wake Island and its Antarctic stations; no official time zone is specified for uninhabited Howland Island and Baker Island). Australia has nine time zones (one unofficial and three official on the mainland plus four for its territories and one more for an Antarctic station not included in other time zones). The United Kingdom has eight time zones for itself and its overseas territories. Canada has six official time zones. The Danish Realm has five time zones.
In terms of area, China is the largest country with only one time zone (UTC+08). China also has the widest spanning time zone. Before 1949, China was separated into five time zones.
Stations in Antarctica generally keep the time of their supply bases, thus both the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station (U.S.) and McMurdo Station (U.S.) use New Zealand time (UTC+12 southern winter, UTC+13 southern summer).
The 27°N latitude passes back and forth across time zones in South Asia. Pakistan: +05:00, India +05:30, Nepal +05:45, +05:30, Myanmar +06:30. This switching was more odd in 2002, when Pakistan enabled daylight saving time. Thus from west to east, time zones were: +06:00, +05:30, +05:45, +05:30, +08:00, +06:00, +05:30 and +06:30.
Because the earliest and latest time zones are 26 hours apart, any given calendar date exists at some point on the globe for 50 hours. For example, April 11 begins in time zone UTC+14 at 10:00 UTC April 10, and ends in time zone UTC−12 at 12:00 UTC April 12.
There are 22 places where three or more time zones meet, for instance at the tri-country border of Finland, Norway and Russia. 28 countries present such triple points, with China being the most present (in 13 of the 22 triple points). Then come India (7), Russia, India and Afghanistan (4).
There are 40 time zones. This is due to fractional hour offsets and zones with offsets larger than 12 hours near the International Date Line as well as one unofficial zone in Australia. See the list of time zones.
The largest time gap along a political border is the 3.5 hour gap along the border of China (UTC+08) and Afghanistan (UTC+04:30).
One of the most unusual time zones is the Australian Central Western Time zone (CWST), which is a small strip of Western Australia from the border of South Australia west to 125.5°E, just before Caiguna. It is 8¾ hours ahead of UTC (UTC+08:45) and covers an area of about 35,000 km², larger than Belgium, but has a population of about 200. Although unofficial, it is universally respected in the area—without it, the time gap in standard time at 129°E (the WA/SA border) would be 1.5 hours. See Time in Australia.

Computer systems and the Internet [link]

Computer operating systems include the necessary support for working with all (or almost all) possible local times based on the various time zones. Internally, operating systems typically use UTC as their basic time-keeping standard, while providing services for converting local times to and from UTC, and also the ability to automatically change local time conversions at the start and end of daylight saving time in the various time zones. (See the article on daylight saving time for more details on this aspect).

Web servers presenting web pages primarily for an audience in a single time zone or a limited range of time zones typically show times as a local time, perhaps with UTC time in brackets. More internationally-oriented websites may show times in UTC only or using an arbitrary time zone. For example the international English-language version of CNN includes GMT and Hong Kong Time,^[17] whilst the US version shows Eastern Time.^[18] US Eastern Time and Pacific Time are also used fairly commonly on many US-based English-language websites with global readership. The format is typically based in the W3C Note "datetime".

Email systems and other messaging systems (IRC chat, etc.)^[19] time-stamp messages using UTC, or else include the sender's time zone as part of the message, allowing the receiving program to display the message's date and time of sending in the recipient's local time.

Database records that include a time stamp typically use UTC, especially when the database is part of a system that spans multiple time zones. The use of local time for time-stamping records is not recommended for time zones that implement daylight saving time due to the fact that once a year there is a one hour period when local times are ambiguous.

Operating systems [link]

Unix [link]

Main article: Unix time

Most Unix-like systems, including Linux and Mac OS X, keep system time as UTC (Coordinated Universal Time). Rather than having a single time zone set for the whole computer, timezone offsets can vary for different processes. Standard library routines are used to calculate the local time based on the current timezone, normally supplied to processes through the TZ environment variable. This allows users in multiple timezones to use the same computer, with their respective local times displayed correctly to each user. Time zone information most commonly comes from the IANA time zone database. In fact, many systems, including anything using the GNU C Library, can make use of this database.

Microsoft Windows [link]

Windows-based computer systems prior to Windows 2000 used local time, but Win2k and later can use UTC as the basic system time.^[20] The system registry contains time zone information that includes the offset from UTC and rules that indicate the start and end dates for daylight saving in each zone. Interaction with the user normally uses local time, and application software is able to calculate the time in various zones. Terminal Servers allow remote computers to redirect their time zone settings to the Terminal Server so that users see the correct time for their time zone in their desktop/application sessions. Terminal Services uses the server base time on the Terminal Server and the client time zone information to calculate the time in the session.

Programming languages [link]

Java [link]

While most application software will use the underlying operating system for timezone information, the Java Platform, from version 1.3.1, has maintained its own timezone database. This database will need to be updated whenever timezone rules change. Sun provides an updater tool for this purpose.^[21]

As an alternative to the timezone information bundled with the Java Platform, programmers may choose to use the Joda-Time library.^[22] This library includes its own timezone data based on the IANA time zone database.^[23]

JavaScript [link]

There is very little in the way of timezone support for JavaScript. Essentially the programmer has to extract the UTC offset by instantiating a time object, getting a GMT time from it, and differencing the two. This does not provide a solution for daylight savings variations.

PHP [link]

The DateTime objects and related functions have been compiled into the PHP core since 5.2. This includes the ability to get and set the default script timezone, and DateTime is aware of its own timezone internally. PHP.net provides extensive documentation on this.^[24] As noted there, the most current timezone database can be implemented via the PECL timezonedb.

Python [link]

The standard module datetime stores and operates on the timezone information class tzinfo. The third party pytz module provides access to the full IANA time zone database.^[25] Negated time zone offset in seconds is stored time.timezone and time.altzone attributes.

Smalltalk [link]

Each Smalltalk dialect comes with its own built-in classes for dates, times and timestamps, only a few of which implement the DateAndTime and Duration classes as specified by the ANSI Smalltalk Standard. VisualWorks provides a TimeZone class that supports up to two annually recurring offset transitions, which are assumed to apply to all years (same behavior as Windows time zones). Squeak provides a Timezone class that does not support any offset transitions. Dolphin Smalltalk does not support time zones at all.

For full support of the tz database (zoneinfo) in a Smalltalk application (including support for any number of annually recurring offset transitions, and support for different intra-year offset transition rules in different years) the third-party, open-source, ANSI-Smalltalk-compliant Chronos Date/Time Library is available for use with any of the following Smalltalk dialects: VisualWorks, Squeak, Gemstone, or Dolphin.^[26]

Databases [link]

Some databases allow storage of a datetime type having time zone information. The SQL standard defines two standard time data types:

TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE
TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIME ZONE

However, the standard has a somewhat naive understanding of time zones. It generally assumes a time zone can be specified by a simple offset from GMT. This causes problems when trying to do arithmetic on dates which span daylight saving time transitions or which span political changes in time zone rules.

Oracle [link]

Oracle Database is configured with a database time zone, and connecting clients are configured with session time zones. Oracle Database uses two data types to store time zone information:

TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE: Stores date and time information with the offset from UTC
TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE: Stores date and time information with respect to the dbtimezone (which cannot be changed so long as there is a column in the db of this type), automatically adjusting the date and time from the stored time zone to the client's session time zone.

PostgreSQL [link]

PostgreSQL uses the standard SQL data types but tries to impose an interpretation which avoids the problems described above.

TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE: Stores date and time in UTC and converts to the client's local time zone (which could be different for each client) for display purposes.

TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIME ZONE: Stores date and time without any conversion on input or output.

Applications [link]

Microsoft Outlook [link]

This section may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (August 2011)

Microsoft Outlook has a much-criticized^{[citation needed]} behavior regarding time zone handling. Appointments stored in Outlook move when the computer changes time zone, since they are assumed to be fixed against UTC not against the hour number. As a consequence, someone who inserts an appointment requiring a travel into another timezone will not get a correct time for the appointment after travelling to the other time zone. For example, a New Yorker plans to meet someone in Los Angeles at 9:00 AM. He inserts an appointment at 9:00 AM in Outlook while his computer is on New York time. He travels to Los Angeles and adjusts his computer time zone, which causes the meeting to show up at 6:00 AM (9:00 New York time) in Outlook. One workaround is to adjust the clock but not the timezone of the computer when travelling. This will give sent e-mail wrong time stamp, and new meeting invitations will be wrong. Microsoft recommends^[27] to not change the clock at all and show a second time scale in the calendar. This will give reminder popups at the wrong time, since the clock does not match local time. The Outlook functionality will give correct time if the organizer invites the guest to a meeting using the "invite attendees" feature (the Los Angeles meeting will show up as 12:00 noon in the New Yorkers calender, before he adjusted the time zone), but only if the time zone is adjusted when travelling. The Outlook functionality will also give correct time for telephone meetings.

For Outlook 2010 a new feature has been added, the possibility to specify which time zone an event occurs in. This solves most of these problems if properly used. An appointment at 9:00 AM Los Angeles time will show up as 12 AM but at 9 AM on the secondary scale if used.

Time zones in outer space [link]

Orbiting spacecraft typically experience many sunrises and sunsets in a 24-hour period, or in the case of Apollo program astronauts travelling to the moon, none. Thus it is not possible to calibrate time zones with respect to the sun, and still respect a 24-hour sleep/wake cycle. A common practice for space exploration is to use the Earth-based time zone of the launch site or mission control. This keeps the sleeping cycles of the crew and controllers in sync. The International Space Station normally uses Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

Timekeeping on Mars can be more complex, since the planet has a solar day of approximately 24 hours and 39 minutes, known as a sol. Earth controllers for some Mars missions have synchronized their sleep/wake cycles with the Martian day, because solar-powered rover activity on the surface was tied to periods of light and dark. The difference in day length caused the sleep/wake cycles to slowly drift with respect to the day/night cycles on Earth, repeating approximately once every 36 days.

References [link]

^ Latitude and Longitude of World Cities http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001769.html
^ "Bristol Time". Wwp.greenwichmeantime.com. http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/info/bristol-time.htm. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
^ Economics of Time ZonesPDF (1.89 MB)
^ "Historymatters.gmu.edu". Historymatters.gmu.edu. http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5748. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
^ "Resolution concerning new standard time by Chicago". Sos.state.il.us. http://www.sos.state.il.us/departments/archives/from_the_ashes/doc24.html. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
^ Cooper, Bruce Clement (Consultant Editor) The Classic Western American Railroad Routes. New York: Chartwell Books/Worth Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-7858-2573-9; ISBN 0-7858-2573-8; BINC: 3099794. pp 31
^ Cooper, Bruce C. Railway & Travel Guides and the Pacific Railroad Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum 2005
^ Annual report of the Commissioner of Railroads made to the Secretary of the Interior for the year ending June 30, 1883, pp. 19–20. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1883.
^ Quirico Filopanti from scienzagiovane, Bologna University, Italy.
^ Gianluigi Parmeggiani (Osservatorio Astronomico di Bologna), The origin of time zones
^ The Astronomical Almanac 1983, U S Government Printing Office (Washington) and Her Majesty's Stationery Office (London), page B4.
^ Bowditch, Nathaniel. American Practical Navigator. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1925, 1939, 1975.
^ Hill, John C., Thomas F. Utegaard, Gerard Riordan. Dutton's Navigation and Piloting. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute, 1958.
^ Howse, Derek. Greenwich Time and the Discovery of the Longitude. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980. ISBN 0-19-215948-8.
^ Poulle, Yvonne (1999). "La France à l'heure allemande". Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes 157 (2): 493–502. http://www.persee.fr/articleAsPDF/bec_0373-6237_1999_num_157_2_450989/article_bec_0373-6237_1999_num_157_2_450989.pdf. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
^ Doug O'Hara (2007-03-11). "Alaska: daylight stealing time". Far North Science. http://www.farnorthscience.com/2007/03/11/news-from-alaska/alaska-daylight-stealing-time/. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
^ "International CNN". Edition.cnn.com. http://edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
^ "United States CNN". Cnn.com. http://www.cnn.com. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
^ "Guidelines for Ubuntu IRC Meetings". Canonical Ltd.. 2008-08-06. https://wiki.ubuntu.com/BuildingCommunity/BookingUbuntuMeetingChannel.
^ http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms724390(v=vs.85).aspx
^ "Timezone Updater Tool". Java.sun.com. http://java.sun.com/javase/tzupdater_README.html. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
^ "Joda-Time". Joda-time.sourceforge.net. http://joda-time.sourceforge.net/. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
^ "tz database". Twinsun.com. 2007-12-26. http://www.twinsun.com/tz/tz-link.htm. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
^ "DateTime". Php.net. http://www.php.net/manual/en/book.datetime.php. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
^ Author:. "pytz module". Pytz.sourceforge.net. http://pytz.sourceforge.net/. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
^ Chronos Date/Time Library
^ "Work with time zones in Outlook". Office.microsoft.com. http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/outlook-help/work-with-time-zones-in-outlook-HA001056530.aspx. Retrieved 2011-12-05.

External links [link]

ITU LEGAL TIME 2011
W3C Note Datetime
US Official Time Clock Java-enabled clock to graphically display night and day around the globe.

Time

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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone

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French Montana
Birth name	Karim Kharbouch^[1]
Born	(1984-11-09) November 9, 1984 (age 27) Rabat, Morocco^[1]
Origin	South Bronx, New York, USA
Genres	East Coast hip hop, Mafioso rap, Gangsta rap
Occupations	Rapper
Years active	2002-present
Labels	Bad Boy Records, Interscope Records, Maybach Music Group (2011-2012), EMI
Associated acts	Coke Boys, Max B, Rick Ross, Akon, Diddy, Meek Mill, Waka Flocka Flame, Three 6 Mafia, Wale, Omarion
Website	frenchmontana.com

French Montana (born November 9, 1984) is an American rapper and singer of Moroccan^[2]^[3] and Somali^[2]^[4] descent. He is the founder and CEO of Cocaine City Records, and in 2012, signed a joint venture recording deal with Maybach Music Group and Bad Boy Records. He is known for his frequent collaborations with Max B, and more recently with Rick Ross and with his group Coke Boys.

1 Early life
2 Music career
3 Personal life
- 3.1 Religion
4 Discography
- 4.1 Studio albums
- 4.2 Mixtapes
5 Album appearances
- 5.1 Singles
6 Videography
7 References
8 External links

Early life [link]

French Montana was born Karim Kharbouch in 1984 in Rabat, Morocco,^[1]^[4] where he lived for the first 13 years of his life. Growing up in Rabat, he was consumed by playing soccer and rapping, describing them as his two favorite childhood hobbies.^[5] In 1996, French emigrated with his parents and two younger brothers to the Bronx in New York City.^[6] His father left the family when French was 17, and so he began to provide for his mother and younger brothers.

Music career [link]

Cocaine City [link]

In 2002, along with his friend Camz he created a series of street-flavoured DVD documentaries called 'Cocaine City' after drawing inspiration from the 'Smack' DVD series. Under the name Young French he used the DVDs as a means of showcasing his talent as an underground artist. To gain a broader fan base, French incorporated interviews with major artists, as well as some up and comers. The first edition in the series included Pee Wee Kirkland and Remy Ma alongside French himself among others. What started out as simply a medium for developing an audience quickly grew into one of the top-selling "street DVDs".^[3]^[6]^[7] The series ran for 8 years between 2002 and 2010, with a total of 14 editions being released.^[8]

2009-2010 [link]

In 2009, French signed a deal with Akon's Konvict Muzik record label, but later left the label in 2011 due to album delays.^[9] Montana was subsequently reportedly close to signing a deal with Rick Ross's Maybach Music Group (MMG).^[10] There were also reports that he would join Kanye West's GOOD Music label.^[11]

Bad Boy Records/ Maybach Music Group [link]

In December 2011, Montana signed a record deal with P. Diddy's Bad Boy Records^[12] and Interscope Records.^[13] According to French, of the many major labels that were courting him, Maybach Music Group would have been his second choice had he not signed with Bad Boy.^[14] However on January 2, 2012 while in the studio with Rick Ross Montana announced that he had signed a joint venture deal with Bad Boy Records and Maybach Music Group with Rick Ross and Diddy set to executive produce his debut album.^[15] It was announced that his debut album Excuse My French would be released July 17, 2012. French was featured on XXL's Freshman Class of 2012 alongside Future, Kid Ink, Danny Brown, Macklemore, Don Trip, Hopsin, Iggy Azalea, Roscoe Dash and labelmate Machine Gun Kelly (rapper).^[16]^[17] However, he later revealed to Sway Calloway on RapFix Live that he almost turned down the cover opportunity, feeling he "deserved it two years ago" and that he had surpassed the current crop of rap rookies.^[18]^[7]

Influences [link]

According to French, the rappers Tupac Shakur, Snoop Dogg, The Notorious B.I.G. and Wu-Tang Clan were among the hip hop artists that he listened to while growing up. He also considers himself a general music lover.^[19]

Personal life [link]

Between 2003 and 2004, French was shot in the head as he was exiting a recording studio in New York. He was rushed to the hospital after the incident and survived. Describing the shooting as a possible assassination attempt, the artist was subsequently involved in a murder trial in which he was eventually found not guilty. Rumors began to swirl that he had received settlement money from the case, which he then used to start his rap career. However, French later dismissed these claims as false in an interview.^[20]

Religion [link]

French Montana is Sunni Muslim, having been raised in Morocco under the Maliki madhab, or school of thought. In an interview for Vlad TV which took place on the first day of the Islamic holy month Ramadan, French revealed that he participates in fasting during the month.^[21]

Discography [link]

Studio albums [link]

Excuse My French (July 17, 2012)

Mixtapes [link]

French Revolution Vol. 1 (Hosted by Cutmaster C) (2007)^[22]
Live From Africa (Hosted by Cocaine City) (2008)^[23]
Coke Wave (with Max B; Hosted by DJ Whoo Kid) (2008)^[24]
Coke Wave 2 (with Max B; Hosted by Evil Empire) (2009)^[25]
The Laundry Man (Hosted by Evil Empire & Big Mike) (2009)^[26]
Mac Wit Da Cheese (Hosted by Big Mike) (2009)^[27]
The Laundry Man 2 (Hosted by Evil Empire) (2009)^[28]
Cocaine Konvicts: Gangsta Grillz (Hosted by DJ Drama) (2009)^[29]
Mac & Cheese 2 (Hosted by Evil Empire, Self & Big Mike) (2010)^[30]
Coke Boys (with Coke Boys; Hosted by DJ Lust, DJ Drama & DJ Diggz) (2010)^[31]
Mister 16 (Casino Life) (Hosted by DJ Holiday) (2011)^[32]
Coke Boys 2 (with Coke Boys) (Hosted by Evil Empire) (2011)^[33]
Coke Boys Run NY (with Chinx Drugz; Hosted by ItsBizkit, Trapemasters Inc & Evil Empire) (2011)^[34]
Lock Out (with Waka Flocka Flame; Presented by DJ Drama & DJ Green Lantern) (2011)^[35]
Cocaine Mafia (with Juicy J and Project Pat; Hosted by Evil Empire) (2011)^[36]
Coke Boys 3 (2012)^[37]
Mac & Cheese 3 (Hosted by Evil Empire, Self & Big Mike) (TBA)

Other mixtapes

Cocaine & Caviar (2010)
Cocaine & Caviar 2 (2011)

Album appearances [link]

Year	Title	Artist	Album
2010	"TTG (Trained To Go)" (featuring French Montana, YG Hootie, Joe Moses, Suge Gotti & Baby Bomb)	Waka Flocka Flame	Flockaveli
2011	"Big Bank" (featuring French Montana)	MMG	Self Made Vol. 1
	"Body Work" (featuring French Montana, Juicy J, & Meek Mill)	Pusha T	Fear Of God II: Let Us Pray
	"Everything That Glitters (featuring French Montana & Pusha T)	DJ Drama	Third Power
2012	"Off The Boat" (featuring French Montana)	Rick Ross	Rich Forever
	"Stay Schemin" (featuring French Montana & Drake)	Rick Ross	Rich Forever
	"Ghettoy Boy" (featuring French Montana & Uncle Murda)	Young Buck	Bond Money
	"She Did It (featuring French Montana)	Fabolous	TBA
	"Hurt Somebody" (featuring French Montana)	Akon	The Koncrete Mixtape
	"Top Chef" (featuring French Montana & Gucci Mane)
	"Self Made" (featuring French Montana, Juicy J & Project Pat)
	"Got Damn (Remix)" (featuring French Montana, Torch, Gunplay, Busta Rhymes & 2 Chainz )	DJ Kay Slay	TBA
	"Mean Muggin" (featuring French Montana & 2 Chainz)	Game	California Republic^[38]
	"Paper Tags" (featuring French Montana, Wale & Styles P)	Jadakiss	Consignment^[39]
	"Back To The Money" (featuring French Montana, Waka Flocka Flame & Slim Dunkin)	Jadakiss	Consignment^[39]
	"Get Ya Money" (featuring French Montana)	Mak Mustard	Dead Solver (The Mixtape)
	"Racked Up Shawty" (featuring French Montana & Fabolous)	Meek Mill	Dreamchasers 2
	"All Birds" (featuring French Montana)	MMG	Self Made Vol. 2
	"Actin Up" (featuring French Montana)
	"I Be Puttin' On" (featuring French Montana, Wiz Khalifa & Roscoe Dash

Singles [link]

List of singles, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name
Title	Year	Peak chart positions			Album
Title	Year	US	US R&B	US Rap	Album
"Choppa Choppa Down"^[40] (featuring Waka Flocka Flame)	2011	—	—	—	Excuse My French
"Shot Caller" (featuring Charlie Rock)	2012	124	39	23
"Pop That" (featuring Rick Ross, Lil Wayne & Drake)	2012	—	—	—
"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

As featured performer

List of singles, with selected chart positions and certifications, showing year released and album name
Title	Year	Peak chart positions				Album
Title	Year	US	US R&B	US Rap	CAN	Album
"Stay Schemin''" (Rick Ross featuring Drake and French Montana)	2012	58	40	20	—	Rich Forever
"Hurt Somebody"^[41] (Akon featuring French Montana)	2012	—	—	—	94	The Konkrete Mixtape
"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

Videography [link]

2008

"Why So Serious"
"Do It Right"
"Smoking"
"We Run New York"
"Why So Serious"

2009

"Im So Special"
"New York Minute"
"Playing In The Wind"
"Henny & My 44"
"Lay Down"
"Stick up Boys"

2010

"Them Girls"
"Go Hard"
"Whatcha Know About It"
"Im On It"
"Heartache & Pain"

2011

"Tryna Breathe"
"Choppa Choppa Down"
"Choppa Choppa Down (Remix)"
"Shot Caller"
"We Mobb"
"Stay Schemin'"

2012

"Weed & Drinks"
"Everything's a Go"

References [link]

^ ^a ^b ^c French Montana is a “Shot Caller”
^ ^a ^b French Montana recruits Jadakiss for a “New York Minute”
^ ^a ^b Mendez, Marisa (April 7, 2009). "Reviews: Top 5 Dead or Alive: French Montana". http://allhiphop.com/stories/reviewsmusic/archive/2009/04/07/21329333.aspx. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
^ ^a ^b Three 6 Mafia, French Montana Record New Album in 3 Days
^ Stupid Dope interview with French Montana
^ ^a ^b Mendez, Marisa (August 11, 2009). "French Montana: Akon's Bullet". http://allhiphop.com/stories/features/archive/2009/08/11/21889445.aspx. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
^ ^a ^b French Montana Wasn't Gonna Do' XXL Freshman Cover
^ Higgins, Keenan (January 2, 2012). "Who Is French Montana?". http://www.complex.com/music/2012/01/who-is-french-montana2#6. Retrieved March 26, 2012.
^ [1]
^ French Montana to Maybach Music?
^ http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.17330/title.pusha-t-talks-good-music-compilation-french-montana-possibly-signing-to-good-music
^ French Montana Officially Announces Record Deal with Diddy’s Bad Boy Label
^ Interscope - French Montana
^ [2]
^ French Montana and Rick Ross Celebrate With Champagne From 1996
^ XXL Freshman Class of 2012
^ XXL Freshman Class Includes French Montana, Machine Gun Kelly
^ French Montana Almost Rejected the XXL Freshmen Cover!
^ French Montana: Talks Indie Grind, Diddy's Business Sense & Max B
^ French Montana Talks Record Deal, Ross & Akon
^ VladTV: French Montana Speaks on Joe Budden
^ "French Montana - French Revolution Vol. 1 (Hosted by Cutmaster C)". Mixbird. http://mixbird.com/mixtapes/listen/french_montana-french_revolution_vol_1. Retrieved 2007.
^ "French Montana - Live From Africa (Hosted by Cocaine City)". Datpiff. http://www.datpiff.com/French-Montana-Live-From-Africa-mixtape.14331.html. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
^ "Max B & French Montana - Coke Wave (Hosted by DJ Whoo Kid)". Datpiff. http://www.datpiff.com/Max-B-Coke-Wave-mixtape.33214.html. Retrieved 2008-02-06.
^ "Max B & French Montana - Coke Wave 2 (Hosted by Evil Empire)". Datpiff. http://www.datpiff.com/Max-B-French-Montana-Coke-Wave-2-mixtape.75590.html. Retrieved 2009.
^ "French Montana - The Laundry Man (Hosted by Evil Empire and Big Mike". LiveMixtapes. http://www.datpiff.com/French-Montana-The-Laundry-Man-mixtape.35513.html. Retrieved 2009-02-24.
^ "French Montana - Mac Wit Da Cheese (Hosted by Big Mike)". Datpiff. http://www.datpiff.com/French-Montana-Mac-Wit-Da-Cheese-mixtape.42556.html. Retrieved 2009-04-19.
^ "French Montana - The Laundry 2 (Hosted by Evil Empire)". Datpiff. http://www.datpiff.com/French-Montana-The-Laundry-Man-2-mixtape.53345.html. Retrieved 2009-06-30.
^ "French Montana - Cocaine Konvicts: Gangsta Grillz (Hosted by DJ Drama)". Datpiff. http://www.datpiff.com/French-Montana-Cocaine-Konvicts-Gangsta-Grillz-mixtape.68365.html. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
^ "French Montana - Mac & Cheese 2 (Hosted by Evil Empire, Self & Big Mike". Datpiff. http://www.datpiff.com/French-Montana-Mac-Cheese-2-mixtape.118129.html. Retrieved 2010-05-06.
^ "French Montana & Coke Boys - Coke Boys (Hosted by DJ Lust, DJ Drama & DJ Diggz)". Datpiff. http://www.livemixtapes.com/mixtapes/12312/french_montana_coke_boys.html. Retrieved 2010.
^ "French Montana - Mr. 16: Casino Life". ThisIs50. http://www.thisis50.com/forum/topics/new-mixtape-french-montana?xg_source=activity. Retrieved 2011-02-14.
^ "French Montana & Coke Boys - Coke Boys 2 (Hosted by Evil Empire)". Datpiff. http://www.datpiff.com/French-Montana-Coke-Boys-Coke-Boys-2-mixtape.260651.html. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
^ "French Montana & Chinx Drugz - Coke Boys Run NY (Hosted by ItsBizkit, Trapemasters Inc. & Evil Empire)". Datpiff. http://www.datpiff.com/French-Montana-Chinx-Drugz-Coke-Boys-Run-NY-mixtape.263357.html. Retrieved 2011-09-24.
^ "DJ Drama & DJ Green Lantern Presents Waka Flocka Flame & French Montana - Lock Out". Datpiff. http://www.datpiff.com/Waka-Flocka-French-Montana-Lock-Out-mixtape.290211.html. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
^ "French Montana, Juicy J & Project Pat - Cocaine Mafia (Hosted by Evil Empire)". Datpiff. http://www.datpiff.com/French-Montana-Cocaine-Mafia-mixtape.293498.html. Retrieved 2011-12-19.
^ http://www.facebook.com/FrenchMontanaOfficial/posts/10151122613040591
^ http://www.datpiff.com/Game-California-Republic-mixtape.333339.html
^ {|title= Consignment (mixtape) |publisher=Download A Mixtape (DAM) }}
^ "French Montana - Choppa Choppa Down". iTunes. http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/choppa-choppa-down-feat.-waka/id419985188. Retrieved Feb 11, 2011.
^ "FMQB: Radio Industry News, Music Industry Updates, Arbitron Ratings, Music News and more!". FMQB. Friday Morning Quarterback Album Report, Inc. Archived from the original on April 29, 2012. http://www.webcitation.org/67HyzY0rb. Retrieved April 29, 2012.

External links [link]

v t e Bad Boy Records

Founder	Sean "Diddy" Combs

Current artists	Aasim Boyz n da Hood Cassie Dawn Richard Diddy - Dirty Money French Montana Gorilla Zoe Janelle Monáe Jordan McCoy Kalenna Harper Liz Davis Mario Winans Mase MGK Red Café

Former artists	112 8Ball & MJG B5 Black Rob Carl Thomas Cheri Dennis Craig Mack Da Band Danity Kane Day26 Donnie Klang Dream Elephant Man Faith Evans Fuzzbubble G. Dep Lil' Cease Loon The Madd Rapper Mark Curry Nelson New Edition The Notorious B.I.G. Shyne The LOX Total Young Jeezy Yung Joc

Producers	Chucky Thompson D-Dot Daven "Prestige" Vanderpool The Hitmen Lil Jon Mario Winans Sean Combs Stevie J Younglord

Subsidiaries	Bad Boy South Bad Boy Latino

Persondata
Name	Montana, French
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	November 9, 1984
Place of birth	Rabat, Morocco
Date of death
Place of death

http://wn.com/French_Montana

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Montana

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Branches of Mathematics

Pure mathematics

Applied mathematics

Related Topics

Make changes yourself !

Make changes yourself !

Contents

[edit] Early timekeeping

Related pages:

Contents