Kipchak–Cuman confederation Desht-i Qipchaq
Khaganate
←   ← 900–1220 →
Kipchak–Cuman confederation in Eurasia on the eve of the Mongol invasions
Capital	Not specified
Political structure	Khaganate
History
- Established	900
- Disestablished	1220

Kipchaks (also spelled as Kypchaks, Kipczaks, Qipchaqs, Qypchaqs, Kıpçaklar) (Turkic: Kıpçak, Georgian: ყივჩაყი, ყიფჩაღი), Crimean Tatar: Qıpçaq, Karachay-Balkar: Къыпчакъ, Uzbek: Qipchoq, Қипчоқ, Kazakh: Қыпшақ, Kumyk: Къыпчакъ, Kyrgyz: Кыпчак, Nogai: Кыпчак, Chinese: 欽察/钦察, Qīnchá, were a Turkic tribal confederation. Originating in the Kimek Khanate, they conquered large parts of the Eurasian steppe during the Turkic expansion of the 11th to 12th centuries together with the Cumans, and were in turn conquered by the Mongol invasions of the early 13th century.^[1][2] Many researchers also believe that Kipchaks were blond and blue-eyed, descended from the Dingling, who lived in the steppes of Southern Siberia in the end of the 1st millennium BC, and who were, according to the Chinese chroniclers, blonds.^[3]

Under Mongol rule, the Kipchak Khanate (Golden Horde) ruled much of Eastern Europe for another 150 years before disintegrating due to internal quarrels, its last remnants as the Tatar Crimean Khanate surviving into the 18th century before being absorbed into the Russian Empire.

History[link]

Kipchak portrait, 12th c., Lugansk

History of Kazakhstan
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Ancient History
Xiongnu Empire 209 BCE–216 CE
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Xianbei Khaganate 160-380
Rouran Khaganate 330–555
Hunnic Empire 370-558
Kyrgyz Khaganate 550-1293
Göktürk Khaganate 552–744
Western Turkic Khaganate 593–659
Eastern Turkic Khaganate 593–744
Medieval History
Xueyantuo Khaganate 631-646
Kangar union 659–750
Karluk Yabgu State 665-744
Uyghur Kaganate 742–848
Kimek Khaganate 743–1220
Oghuz Yabgu State 750–1055
Kara-Khanid Khaganate 840–1212
Khwarezmid Empire 1077–1231
Kara-Khitan Khanate 1124–1218
Mongol Empire 1206–1368
Chagatai Khanate 1225–1687
Kipchak Khanate 1240–1502
White Horde 1396–1446
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Kazakh Khanate 1456–1847
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Zunghar Khanate 1678–1756
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The Kipchaks (known in Russian and Ukrainian as Polovtsy) were a tribal confederation which originally settled at the River Irtysh, possibly connected to the Kimäks. They were joined by Cumans, who had originated east of the Yellow River,^[4] and in the course of the Turkic expansion they migrated into western Siberia and further into the Trans-Volga region,^[5] enventually occupying a vast territory in the Eurasian steppe, stretching from north of the Aral Sea westward to the region north of the Black Sea, establishing a state known as Desht-i Qipchaq.^{[citation needed]} The Cumans expanded further westward, by the 11th century reaching Moldavia, Wallachia, and part of Transylvania.

In the late 11th and early 12th centuries, the Cumans and Kipchaks became involved in various conflicts with the Byzantines, Kievan Rus, the Hungarians (Cuman involvement only), and the Pechenegs (Cuman involvement only), allying themselves with one or the other side at different times. In 1089, they were defeated by Ladislaus I of Hungary, again by Knyaz Vladimir Monomakh of the Rus in the 12th century. They sacked Kiev in 1203.