- published: 11 Apr 2011
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770 Eastern Parkway
770 Eastern Parkway is the street address of the central headquarters of the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic movement, located on Eastern Parkway in the Crown Heights section of Brooklyn, New York, in the United States of America. The building has been the center of the conflict between the Lubavitchers who believe in publicizing that the last Chabad leader, Menachem Mendel Schneerson, is the Messiah and those who do not.
The building originally served as a medical center. After it was used to perform illegal abortions it was closed down by officials. In 1940 it was purchased by Agudas Chasidei Chabad and adapted for the needs of Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn. Rabbi Schneersohn was paralyzed and required a wheelchair when he arrived in the United States in 1940. A building with an elevator needed to be purchased for his use as both a home and as a synagogue. After 770 was purchased, the synagogue was given the name "Congregation Lubavitch". The Crown Heights neighborhood was chosen as the air was felt to be better for the Rebbe's ailing health.
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Brooklyn
Coordinates: 40°41′34″N 73°59′25″W / 40.69278°N 73.99028°W / 40.69278; -73.99028
Brooklyn is the most populous of New York City's five boroughs, with approximately 2.5 million residents, and the second-largest in area. Since 1896, Brooklyn has had the same boundaries as Kings County, which is now the most populous county in New York State and the second-most densely populated county in the United States, after New York County (Manhattan). It is also the westernmost county on Long Island.
Brooklyn was an independent city until it was annexed by New York City in 1898. It continues to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves where particular ethnic groups and cultures predominate.
Brooklyn's official motto is Eendraght Maeckt Maght. Written in the (early modern spelling of the) Dutch language, it is inspired by the motto of the United Dutch Provinces and translated "Unity makes strength". The motto is displayed on the borough seal and flag, which also feature a young robed woman bearing fasces, a traditional emblem of republicanism. Brooklyn's official colors are blue and gold.
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Brooklyn College
Coordinates: 40°37′52″N 73°57′9″W / 40.63111°N 73.9525°W / 40.63111; -73.9525
Brooklyn College is a senior college of the City University of New York, located in Brooklyn, New York, United States.
Established in 1930 by the New York City Board of Higher Education, the College had its beginnings as the Downtown Brooklyn branches of Hunter College (then a women's college) and the City College of New York (then a men's college). With the merger of these branches, Brooklyn College became the first public coeducational liberal arts college in New York City. The 26-acre (110,000 m2) campus is known for its great beauty, and is often regarded as "the poor man's Harvard" because of its low tuition and reputation for academic excellence (former President, Robert Hess, responded to the moniker by saying "I like to think of Harvard as the rich man's Brooklyn College").
The 2003 edition of The Best 345 Colleges, published by The Princeton Review, ranked Brooklyn College #1 for Most Beautiful Campus and in the Top Ten for Best Academic Value, Diversity, and Location. The College ranked in the top 2 nationally for the second consecutive year in Princeton Review’s 2006 guidebook, America’s Best Value Colleges. Brooklyn College was ranked as one of America’s Top Fifty Best Value Public Colleges for 2009 by The Princeton Review in its annual survey.
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Crown Heights riot
The Crown Heights Riot was a three-day riot that occurred August 19–21, 1991 in the Crown Heights section of Brooklyn, New York. At the time of the riot, Crown Heights was and remains predominantly an African-American and Jewish neighborhood. It is the home of the Lubavitch sect of Orthodox Jewish Hasidim. The riots began on August 19, 1991, after the child of Guyanese immigrants was accidentally struck and killed by an automobile in the motorcade of Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the Lubavitcher Rebbe.
The riot unleashed simmering tensions of the Crown Heights' black community against the Jewish community. In its wake, several Jews were seriously injured; one Jew, Yankel Rosenbaum, was killed; and a non-Jewish man, allegedly mistaken by rioters for a Jew, was killed by a group of African-American men. Lemrick Nelson was ultimately convicted in federal court for civil rights violations related to Rosenbaum's death. A second defendant, Charles Price, was also charged with conspiring to violate Rosenbaum's civil rights; he pleaded guilty. Nelson and Price were the only two Crown Heights rioters tried for their actions.
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Crown Heights Riot
The Crown Heights Riot was a three-day riot that occurred August 19–21, 1991 in the Crown Heights section of Brooklyn, New York. At the time of the riot, Crown Heights was and remains predominantly an African-American and Jewish neighborhood. It is the home of the Lubavitch sect of Orthodox Jewish Hasidim. The riots began on August 19, 1991, after the child of Guyanese immigrants was accidentally struck and killed by an automobile in the motorcade of Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the Lubavitcher Rebbe.
The riot unleashed simmering tensions of the Crown Heights' black community against the Jewish community. In its wake, several Jews were seriously injured; one Jew, Yankel Rosenbaum, was killed; and a non-Jewish man, allegedly mistaken by rioters for a Jew, was killed by a group of African-American men. Lemrick Nelson was ultimately convicted in federal court for civil rights violations related to Rosenbaum's death. A second defendant, Charles Price, was also charged with conspiring to violate Rosenbaum's civil rights; he pleaded guilty. Nelson and Price were the only two Crown Heights rioters tried for their actions.
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Guinea
Guinea
i/ˈɡɪni/, officially the Republic of Guinea (French: République de Guinée), is a country in West Africa. Formerly known as French Guinea (Guinée française), it is today sometimes called Guinea-Conakry to distinguish it from its neighbour Guinea-Bissau and the Republic of Equatorial Guinea. Guinea has almost 246,000 square kilometres (94,981 sq mi) and a population of 10,057,975. It forms a crescent by curving from its western border on the Atlantic Ocean toward the east and the south. Its northern border is shared with Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, and Mali, the southern one with Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Côte d'Ivoire. The Niger River's source is in the Guinea Highlands in southeastern Guinea.
Guinea is geographically divided into eight administrative regions and subdivided into thirty-three prefectures. Conakry is the capital, largest city and economic centre. The other major cities in the country include Kankan, Nzérékoré, Kindia, Labe, Guéckédou, Mamou and Boke.
Guinea's 10 million people belong to twenty-four ethnic groups. The largest and most prominent groups are the Fula 40%, Mandingo 30%, and Susu 20%.
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Guyana
Coordinates: 5°00′N 58°45′W / 5°N 58.75°W / 5; -58.75
Guyana (
i/ɡaɪˈænə/ gy-AN-ə), officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, previously the colony of British Guiana, is a sovereign state on the northern coast of South America that is culturally part of the Anglophone Caribbean. Guyana was a former colony of the Dutch and (for over 200 years) the British. It is the only state of the Commonwealth of Nations on mainland South America, and the only one on that continent where English is an official language.It is one of the few Caribbean countries that is not an island. It is also a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), which has its secretariat headquarters in Guyana's capital, Georgetown. Guyana achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 26 May 1966, and became a republic on 23 February 1970. In 2008 the country joined the Union of South American Nations as a founding member.
Historically, the region known as "Guiana" or "Guyana" comprised the large shield landmass north of the Amazon River and east of the Orinoco River known as the "Land of many waters". Historical Guyana is made up of three Dutch colonies: Essequibo, Demerara, and Berbice. Modern Guyana is bordered to the east by Suriname, to the south and southwest by Brazil, to the west by Venezuela, and on the north by the Atlantic Ocean.
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Haiti
Haitii/ˈheɪti/ (French: Haïti [aiti]; Haitian Creole Ayiti [ajiti]), officially the Republic of Haiti (République d'Haïti; Repiblik Ayiti), is a Caribbean country. It occupies the western, smaller portion of the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antillean archipelago, which it shares with the Dominican Republic. Ayiti (land of high mountains) was the indigenous Taíno or Amerindian name for the island. The country's highest point is Pic la Selle, at 2,680 metres (8,793 ft). The total area of Haiti is 27,750 square kilometres (10,714 sq mi) and its capital is Port-au-Prince. Haitian Creole and French are the official languages.
Haiti's regional, historical, and ethno-linguistic position is unique for several reasons. It was the first independent nation of Latin America and the Caribbean, the first black-led republic in the world, and the second republic in the Americas when it gained independence in 1804 as part of a successful slave revolution lasting nearly a decade. In 2012, Haiti announced its intention to seek associate membership status in the African Union. Haiti is the only predominantly Francophone independent nation in the Americas. It is one of only two independent nations in the Americas (along with Canada) to designate French as an official language; the other French-speaking areas are all overseas départements, or collectivités, of France.
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Harlem
Harlem is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, which since the 1920s has been a major African-American residential, cultural and business center. Originally a Dutch village, formally organized in 1658, it is named after the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands. Harlem was annexed to New York City in 1873.
Harlem has been defined by a series of boom-and-bust cycles, with significant ethnic shifts accompanying each cycle. Black residents began to arrive en masse in 1904, with numbers fed by the Great Migration. In the 1920s and 1930s, the neighborhood was the focus of the "Harlem Renaissance", an outpouring of artistic and professional works without precedent in the American black community. However, with job losses in the time of the Great Depression and the deindustrialization of New York City after World War II, rates of crime and poverty increased significantly.
New York's revival in the late 20th century has led to renewal in Harlem as well. By 1995, Harlem was experiencing social and economic gentrification. Though the percentage of residents who are black peaked in 1950, the area remains predominantly black.
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Manhattan
Manhattan (/mænˈhætən/) is the most densely populated and the oldest of the five boroughs of New York City. Located primarily on the island of Manhattan at the mouth of the Hudson River, the boundaries of the borough are identical to those of New York County, an original county of the U.S. state of New York. The borough and county consist of Manhattan Island and several small adjacent islands: Roosevelt Island, Randall's Island, Wards Island, Governors Island, Liberty Island, part of Ellis Island,Mill Rock, and U Thant Island; as well as Marble Hill, a very small area on the mainland bordering the Bronx. The original city of New York began at the southern end of Manhattan, expanded northward, and then between 1874 and 1898, annexed land from surrounding counties.
The New York County is the most densely populated county in the United States, and one of the most densely populated areas in the world, with a 2010 population of 1,585,873 living in a land area of 22.96 square miles (59.5 km2), or 69,464 residents per square mile (26,924/km²), more dense than any individual American city. It is also one of the wealthiest counties in the United States, with a 2005 per capita income above $100,000. Manhattan is the third-largest of New York's five boroughs in population, and its smallest borough in land area.
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New York
New York (/njuː ˈjɔrk/; locally IPA: [nɪu ˈjɔək] or [nuː ˈjɔɹk] (
listen)) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. New York is the 27th most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 7th most densely populated of the 50 United States. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the west and north, and Quebec to the north. The state of New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
New York City, with a population of over 8.1 million, is the most populous city in the United States. Alone, it makes up over 40 percent of the population of New York state. It is known for its status as a center for finance and culture and for its status as the largest gateway for immigration to the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, New York City is also a destination of choice for many foreign visitors. Both the state and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York, James Stuart, future James II and VII of England and Scotland.
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New York City
New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. The city is referred to as New York City or The City of New York to distinguish it from the State of New York, of which it is a part. As a global power city, New York exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment. The home of the United Nations Headquarters, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural capital of the world.
Located on one of the world's largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, each of which comprises a state county. The five boroughs—The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island—were consolidated into a single city in 1898. With a Census-estimated 2011 population of 8,244,910 distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles (790 km2), New York is the most densely populated major city in the United States. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. The New York City Metropolitan Area's population is the United States' largest, with 18.9 million people distributed over 6,720 square miles (17,400 km2), and is also part of the most populous combined statistical area in the United States, containing 22.1 million people as of the 2010 Census.
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Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico (/ˌpɔrtə ˈriːkoʊ/ or /ˌpwɛərtə ˈriːkoʊ/), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (Spanish: Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, [esˈtaðo ˈlibɾe asoˈsjaðo ðe ˈpweɾto ˈriko]—literally, "Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"), is an unincorporated territory of the United States, located in the northeastern Caribbean, east of the Dominican Republic and west of both the United States Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands.
Puerto Rico (Spanish for "rich port") comprises an archipelago that includes the main island of Puerto Rico and a number of smaller islands, the largest of which are Vieques, Culebra, and Mona. The main island of Puerto Rico is the smallest by land area of the Greater Antilles. However, it ranks third in population amongst that group of four islands, which also include Cuba, Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), and Jamaica. Due to its location, Puerto Rico enjoys a tropical climate and also experiences the Atlantic hurricane season.
Originally populated for centuries by indigenous aboriginal peoples known as Taínos, the island was claimed by Christopher Columbus for Spain during his second voyage to the Americas on November 19, 1493. Under Spanish rule, the island was colonized and the indigenous population was forced into slavery and nearly wiped out due to, among other things, European infectious diseases. The remaining population was emancipated by King Charles I in 1520. Spain possessed Puerto Rico for over 400 years, despite attempts at capture of the island by the French, Dutch, and British. The Spanish Crown, in an attempt to keep Puerto Rico from gaining its independence, revived the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815. The decree was printed in three languages — Spanish, English and French — and it fostered the immigration of hundreds of non-Spanish European families.
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Queens
Queens is the easternmost of the five boroughs of New York City and the largest in area and the second-largest in population. Since 1899, Queens has had the same boundaries as Queens County, which is now the second most populous county in New York State and the fourth-most densely populated county in the United States. Queens, as well as neighboring borough Brooklyn, sits on the west end of geographic Long Island. Queens is the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world with a population of over 2.2 million, 46% of whom are foreign-born, representing over 100 different nations and speaking over 138 different languages.
Were each New York City borough an independent city, Queens would be the nation's fourth largest city, after Los Angeles, Chicago, and Brooklyn. Queens has the second-largest and most diversified economy of all the five boroughs of New York City.Long Island City, on the Queens waterfront across from Manhattan on the East River, is the site of the Citicorp Building, the tallest skyscraper in New York City outside of Manhattan and the tallest building on geographic Long Island.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Utah
Utah (/ˈjuːtɔː/ ori/ˈjuːtɑː/) (Arapaho: Wo'tééneihí' ) is a state in the Western United States. It became the 45th state admitted to the Union on January 4, 1896. Utah is the 13th-most extensive, the 34th-most populous, and the 10th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States. Approximately 80% of Utah's 2,817,222 people live along the Wasatch Front, centering on Salt Lake City. This leaves vast expanses of the state nearly uninhabited, making the population the sixth most urbanized in the U.S. The name "Utah" is derived from the name of the Ute tribe and means "people of the mountains" in the Ute language. Utah is bordered by Arizona on the south, Colorado on the east, Wyoming on the northeast, Idaho on the north and Nevada on the west. It also touches a corner of New Mexico.
Utah is the most religiously homogeneous state in the Union. It is home to the Salt Lake Temple, and approximately 60% of Utahns are reported to be members of LDS Church which greatly influences Utah culture and daily life.
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Walt Brown
Walter Frederick "Walt" Brown (born July 28, 1926) is an American politician and was the presidential candidate of the Socialist Party USA in the 2004 elections. Brown became a socialist in 1948. He served as Democratic member of the Oregon State Senate from 1975 to 1987. Brown also served as a Socialist Party of Oregon candidate for the U.S. Congress (3rd Congressional District) in 1998, 2000, 2002 and 2004 and has been the Pacific Green Party candidate for two statewide offices.
Brown was born in Los Angeles, California, to Walter Andrew Brown (August 11, 1897 - November 10, 1978), an auto mechanic and truck driver (and, later, a lawyer), and his wife Emily Anna (née Weber; October 30, 1897 - February 25, 1978), an elementary school teacher. His ancestry includes German and Swiss. Brown has one brother and two sisters.
Brown married Barbara May Porter Stahmann (September 16, 1922 - January 12, 1999) on August 7, 1950. They had three sons, Jeff, Kendall, and David. Barbara died of an incurable brain tumor (glioblastoma multiforme) in 1999. Brown married Beverly Lois Isbell on August 16, 2007, and the two care for a foster child and work in animal rescue.[citation needed]
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Aaron Russo
Aaron Russo (February 14, 1943 - August 24, 2007) was an American entertainment businessman, film producer and director, and political activist. He was best known for producing such movies as Trading Places, Wise Guys, and The Rose. Later in life, he created various Libertarian-leaning political documentaries including Mad as Hell and America: Freedom to Fascism. After a six-year battle with bladder cancer, Russo died on August 24, 2007.
Aaron Russo was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1943. Growing up on Long Island, Russo worked for his family's undergarment business.
In April 1968, Russo opened the nightclub Kinetic Playground in Chicago, Illinois, originally naming it the Electric Theater. He booked numerous prominent rock groups and musicians at the club such as The Grateful Dead, Iron Butterfly, Jefferson Airplane, Janis Joplin, Led Zeppelin, Rotary Connection, and The Who.
In addition to owning his own nightclub, Russo managed several musical acts throughout the 1970s including The Manhattan Transfer and Bette Midler.
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Al Sharpton
Alfred Charles "Al" Sharpton, Jr. (born October 3, 1954) is an American Baptist minister, civil rights activist, and television/radio talk show host. In 2004, he was a candidate for the Democratic nomination for the U.S. presidential election. He hosts his own radio talk show, Keepin' It Real, and he makes regular guest appearances on Fox News (such as The O'Reilly Factor)CNN, and MSNBC. In 2011, he was named the host of MSNBC's PoliticsNation, a nightly talk show.
Sharpton's supporters praise "his ability and willingness to defy the power structure that is seen as the cause of their suffering" and consider him "a man who is willing to tell it like it is". Former New York Mayor Ed Koch, a one-time foe, said that Sharpton deserves the respect he enjoys among African Americans: "He is willing to go to jail for them, and he is there when they need him."
His critics describe him as "a political radical who is to blame, in part, for the deterioration of race relations". Sociologist Orlando Patterson has referred to him as a racial arsonist, while liberal columnist Derrick Z. Jackson has called him the black equivalent of Richard Nixon and Pat Robertson. Sharpton sees much of the criticism as a sign of his effectiveness. "In many ways, what they consider criticism is complimenting my job," he said. "An activist's job is to make public civil rights issues until there can be a climate for change."
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Alex Wagner
Alex Wagner is a journalist based in the United States. She is currently a political analyst and anchor of the daytime program Now with Alex Wagner on MSNBC.
Wagner grew up in Washington, DC and attended Brown University.
Wagner has worked as the cultural correspondent for the Center for American Progress. From 2003 to 2007, she was editor-in-chief of The Fader magazine, covering cultural movements around the world. She also served as executive director of Not On Our Watch, an advocacy organization focused on mass atrocities and human rights violations.
Wagner then became the White House correspondent for Politics Daily, a political news magazine under AOL News. She moved to The Huffington Post after it was acquired by AOL.
As an analyst on MSNBC, Wagner has appeared on Countdown with Keith Olbermann and The Last Word with Lawrence O'Donnell.
Wagner currently hosts Now with Alex Wagner weekdays on MSNBC.
Wagner favors abolishing the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution, which protects the right to keep and bear arms. She said, "I just think in the grand scheme of the rights that we have; the right of assembly, free speech, I mean, owning a gun does not, it does not tally on the same level as those other Constitutional rights."
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Alex Witt
Alex Witt (born April 9, 1961 in Los Angeles, California) is an anchor for MSNBC. She joined the network in January 1999.
Alex Witt serves as anchor for Weekends with Alex Witt and contributing anchor for msnbc Live. Before joining MSNBC, Witt was a reporter at KCBA from 1990–1992 and WNYW-TV from 1996–1998. Before getting her first on-air job at KCBA, she was a producer for the Today Show in Burbank, California. She has also been with KCBS-TV, KNBC-TV, KABC-TV, each of which in communities adjacent to Los Angeles, California.
On November 11, 2008, Witt joined former congressman (and actor) Fred Grandy as co-host of the series Daily Cafe on Retirement Living TV.
She is a member of the band Mrs. Robinson, which performed on Imus in the Morning on November 16, 2006.
She is a mother of two and the daughter of Dr. Charles B. Witt, M.D., a noted thoracic surgeon in Los Angeles, California.
Witt has noted on-air that she is related to George Washington. She is a second cousin, seven generations removed to George Washington through Bailey Washington, a cousin and contemporary of President Washington. Witt is a member of the National Society of Washington Family Descendants.
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Andrea Mitchell
Andrea Mitchell (born October 30, 1946) is an American television journalist, anchor, reporter, and commentator for NBC News based in Washington, D.C.. She is the NBC News Chief Foreign Affairs Correspondent, and has recently reported on the 2008 Race for the White House for NBC News broadcasts, including NBC Nightly News with Brian Williams, Today, and MSNBC. She anchors Andrea Mitchell Reports airing at 1pm–2pm ET weekdays on MSNBC, has appeared on and guest hosted Meet the Press, and is often a guest on Hardball with Chris Matthews and The Rachel Maddow Show.
Mitchell graduated with a B.A. in English literature from the University of Pennsylvania in 1967, where she served as news director of student radio station WXPN. She stayed in Philadelphia after graduation, hired as a reporter at KYW radio. Mitchell rose to prominence as the station's City Hall correspondent, and also reported for sister station KYW-TV. She moved to CBS affiliate WTOP in Washington, D.C., in 1976. Two years later, Mitchell moved to NBC's network news operation, where she served as a general correspondent. In 1979, she was named the NBC News energy correspondent and reported on the late 1970s energy crisis and the Three Mile Island nuclear accident. Mitchell also covered the White House from 1981 until becoming chief congressional correspondent in 1988.
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Arrin Hawkins
Arrin Hawkins is an American activist and political candidate. Hawkins ran as the vice presidential nominee of the Socialist Workers Party in the 2004 U.S. presidential election.
Because at the time of the election she was younger than 35 years of age (she was 28), she was constitutionally ineligible to serve as vice president. Therefore, some states did not allow Hawkin's name to be listed on the ballot. In those states, Margaret Trowe, the Socialist Workers' vice-presidential candidate from the 2000 ticket, stood in for her on the ballot. Calero also required an alternate in some states, because he was born in Nicaragua; the original candidate Martin Koppel would also have been ineligible. The ticket with Calero at the head won 5,150 votes and that with James Harris won 2,424.
As the running mate of Martin Koppel, she was the SWP candidate for Lieutenant Governor of New York in 2002. She ran for Manhattan Borough president in 2005, winning 2,375 votes (1%), losing by a wide margin to Scott Stringer.
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Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (i/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. In January 2005, Obama was sworn in as a U.S. Senator in the state of Illinois. He would hold this office until November 2008, when he resigned following his victory in the 2008 presidential election.
Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He served three terms representing the 13th District in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004.
Following an unsuccessful bid against the Democratic incumbent for a seat in the United States House of Representatives in 2000, Obama ran for the United States Senate in 2004. Several events brought him to national attention during the campaign, including his victory in the March 2004 Illinois Democratic primary for the Senate election and his keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004. He won election to the U.S. Senate in Illinois in November 2004. His presidential campaign began in February 2007, and after a close campaign in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries against Hillary Rodham Clinton, he won his party's nomination. In the 2008 presidential election, he defeated Republican nominee John McCain, and was inaugurated as president on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. In April 2011, he announced that he would be running for re-election in 2012.
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Barry McCaffrey
Barry Richard McCaffrey (born November 17, 1942) is a retired United States Army general, news commentator, and business consultant.
He is currently an Adjunct Professor at the United States Military Academy, where he was the Bradley Professor of International Security Studies from 2001 to 2005. He is also an NBC and MSNBC military analyst as well as president of his own consulting firm, BR McCaffrey Associates. [1]
McCaffrey attended Phillips Academy, Andover. He is a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy (Class of 1964), and earned an M.A. in Civil Government from the American University in 1970. He also attended the National Security and Executive Education programs at Harvard University. His postgraduate military education includes the National Defense University, the United States Army War College, the Command and General Staff College, and the Defense Language Institute's program in Vietnamese.
Following his graduation from West Point in 1964, McCaffrey was commissioned into the infantry.
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Bernhard Goetz
Bernhard Hugo Goetz (born November 7, 1947) is an American man best known for shooting four alleged muggers on a New York City Subway train, resulting in his conviction for illegal possession of a firearm. He came to symbolize New Yorkers' frustrations with the high crime rates of the early 1980s. The incident occurred on a No. 2 train in Manhattan on December 22, 1984. It sparked a nationwide debate on race and crime in major cities, and the legal limits of self-defense.
Goetz fired an unlicensed revolver five times, seriously wounding all four. He was dubbed the "Subway Vigilante" by the New York press, and was both praised and vilified in the media and in public opinion.
He surrendered to police nine days later and was eventually charged with attempted murder, assault, reckless endangerment, and several firearms offenses. A jury found him not guilty of all charges except an illegal firearms possession count, for which he served two-thirds of a one-year sentence. The incident has been cited as a contributing factor to the groundswell movement against urban crime and disorder, and successful National Rifle Association campaigns to loosen restrictions on the concealed carrying of firearms.
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Bill Karins
William J. "Bill" Karins (born April 14, 1974) is an American meteorologist. He reports weekdays for NBC's Early Today, MSNBC's First Look, Morning Joe, Jansing and Company and CNBC. Prior to being named NBC Meteorologist Karins was one of the original meteorologists for the now shuttered NBC Weather Plus. He is MSNBC and NBC News Chief Meteorologist. Since 2009, Karins has been the meteorologist on Weekend Today on Saturdays.
Karins was born in Albany, New York. Prior to working at NBC, he was a meteorologist at KSNT in Topeka, Kansas and at WTCI in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Additionally, he also worked with former Maine State Representative Chris Greeley in Bangor for WABI-TV.
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Bill Van Auken
Bill Van Auken (born 1950) is a politician and activist for the Socialist Equality Party and was a presidential candidate in the U.S. election of 2004, announcing his candidacy on January 27, 2004. His running mate was Jim Lawrence. He came in 15th for the popular vote, receiving 1,857 votes. [1] In November 2006, Van Auken ran for the United States Senate seat held by Hillary Clinton[2]. He finished in fifth place, with 11,071 votes [3]
Van Auken is a full time reporter for the World Socialist Web Site, and resides in New York City.
In the U.S. presidential election, 2008 he was the vice presidential nominee of the same party.
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Bob Graham
Daniel Robert "Bob" Graham (born November 9, 1936) is an American politician and author. He was the 38th Governor of Florida from 1979 to 1987 and a United States Senator from that state from 1987 to 2005. Graham was considered a possible running mate for both Al Gore and John Kerry.
Graham tried unsuccessfully to run for the 2004 Democratic presidential nomination, but dropped out of the race on October 6, 2003. He announced his retirement from the Senate on November 3 of that year.
Graham is now concentrating his efforts on the newly established Bob Graham Center for Public Service at his undergraduate alma mater, the University of Florida. He also serves as Chairman of the Commission on the Prevention of WMD proliferation and terrorism and advocates for the recommendations in the Commission report, World at Risk.
In 2011 Graham published his first novel, the thriller The Keys to the Kingdom.
Graham was born in Coral Gables, Florida, the son of Hilda Elizabeth (née Simmons), a schoolteacher, and Ernest R. Graham, a Florida state senator, mining engineer, and dairy/cattleman. He is the youngest of four children. His siblings are the late Philip Graham, former publisher of the Washington Post; the late William Graham of Miami Lakes, Florida; and the late Mary Crow. He married Adele Khoury Graham, of Miami Shores, in 1959. They have four daughters: Gwen Graham, Cissy Graham McCullough, Suzanne Graham Gibson and Kendall Graham Elias. The Grahams also have 11 grandchildren.
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Brian Stelter
Brian Stelter (born September 3, 1985 in Damascus, Maryland) is a media reporter for the New York Times and the former editor of the news-related blog TVNewser.com. Stelter is featured prominently in the 2011 documentary Page One: Inside the New York Times.
Stelter graduated from Towson University in May 2007 and joined The New York Times as a media reporter in July. TVNewser.com hired a new editor.
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Carol Moseley Braun
Carol Elizabeth Moseley Braun (born August 16, 1947) is an American feminist politician and lawyer who represented Illinois in the United States Senate from 1993 to 1999. She was the first and to date only African-American woman elected to the United States Senate, the first woman to defeat an incumbent senator in an election, and the first and to date only female Senator from Illinois. From 1999 until 2001, she was the United States Ambassador to New Zealand. She was a candidate for the Democratic nomination during the 2004 U.S. presidential election. Following the public announcement by Richard M. Daley that he would not seek re-election, in November 2010, Braun began her campaign for Mayor of Chicago. The former Senator placed fourth in a field of six candidates, losing the February 22, 2011 election to Rahm Emanuel.
Carol Elizabeth Moseley was born in Chicago, Illinois. She attended public and parochial schools. She attended Ruggles School for elementary school, and she attended Parker High School (now the site of Paul Robeson High School) in Chicago. Her father, Joseph Moseley, was a Chicago police officer and jail guard and her mother, Edna, was a medical technician in a hospital. Both her parents were Catholic. The family lived in a segregated middle class neighborhood in the South Side of Chicago. Her parents divorced when she was in her teens, and she lived with her grandmother. She began her college studies at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, but dropped out after four months. She then majored in political science at the University of Illinois at Chicago, graduating in 1969 and earned a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Chicago Law School in 1972.
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Caroline Killeen
Caroline Pettinato Killeen (born 1926) is an American activist, perennial political candidate, self-proclaimed nature lobbyist, and former nun. She ran as a United States presidential candidate and officially qualified for the ballot in the New Hampshire primary in 2008 as a Democrat; she previously ran in 2004, 1996, 1992 and 1976. She ran on a pro-marijuana platform and is an advocate for energy conservation. Killeen has also run for various offices in Arizona. She ran for Mayor of Tucson in 1983, receiving 11 votes.
Killeen has biked across the U.S. several times to raise awareness of environmental and anti-nuclear issues. She has also advocated drug legalization.
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Charles Jay
Charles Jay (born 1960) was the Presidential nominee of the United States Boston Tea Party in the 2008 United States presidential election. He was the presidential nominee of the Personal Choice Party in the 2004 election, achieving ballot status in Utah, and received 946 votes in the general election, coming in third from last.
Jay has a B.A. in business from the University of Miami, and has worked in the sport of boxing as a manager and spokesman, among other positions.
A former member of the U.S. Libertarian Party, he stepped down from the race for the Vice Presidential nomination to the 2004 ballot to run as for President under the Personal Choice Party banner. His vice presidential candidate was Marilyn Chambers, a porn star famous from the 1970s. The Jay/Chambers ticket received 946 votes in the general election.
On Monday, June 16, 2008, Jay won the Boston Tea Party's presidential nomination at its nomination convention that was held on the national party's website online and will again be the candidate of the Personal Choice Party. His running mate was blogger and online magazine editor Thomas L. Knapp.
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Chris Jansing
Christine 'Chris' Jansing (born Christine Kapostasy, January 30, 1957) is an American television news correspondent. She currently works for NBC News as host of Jansing and Company on MSNBC.
Jansing was born in Fairport Harbor, Ohio and is the youngest of twelve children of Joseph and Tilly Kapostasy, of Hungarian and Slovakian descent.
Chris Jansing first was exposed to journalism while doing college radio in Ohio. Originally a political science major, Jansing became hooked on journalism and switched majors to broadcast journalism and graduated from Otterbein College in Ohio in 1978. Jansing was a general assignment and an anchor reporter for WNYT in Albany, New York for 17 years. While there, she a New York Emmy Award in 1997 for her coverage of the Olympic Park bombing in Atlanta ("Kapostasy, DiNicola Earn New York Emmys," Albany NY Times-Union, April 29, 1997, p. C8).
In 1982, she married Robert Jansing, a chemist, who ran an analytical chemistry laboratory, and in 1998, upon her move to NBC, she began using her married name. She explained it was easier for viewers to pronounce ("Kapostasy Changing On-Air Name," Albany NY Times-Union, June 20, 1998, p. D6). She and her husband subsequently divorced, but she has continued to use the name "Chris Jansing" professionally.
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Chris Matthews
Christopher John "Chris" Matthews (born December 17, 1945) is an American news anchor and political commentator known for his nightly hour-long talk show, Hardball with Chris Matthews, which is televised on the American cable television channel MSNBC. On weekends he hosts the syndicated NBC News–produced panel discussion program The Chris Matthews Show. Matthews makes frequent appearances on many other NBC and MSNBC programs. On March 22, 2009, Matthews renewed the contract for Hardball with Chris Matthews through 2012.
Matthews was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Irish American parents and is a Roman Catholic. He attended La Salle College High School. He is a 1967 graduate of the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts, and did graduate work in economics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Matthews served in the United States Peace Corps in Swaziland from 1968 to 1970 as a trade development adviser.
When Matthews first arrived in Washington, D.C., he worked as a police officer with the United States Capitol Police. Subsequently, he served on the staffs of four Democratic members of Congress, including Senators Frank Moss and Edmund Muskie. In 1974, he mounted an unsuccessful campaign for Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in which he received about 24% of the vote in the primary. Matthews was a presidential speechwriter during the Carter administration and later worked for six years as a top aide to longtime Speaker of the House of Representatives Tip O'Neill, playing a direct role in many key political battles with the Reagan administration.
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Christopher Hitchens
Christopher Eric Hitchens (13 April 1949 – 15 December 2011) was an English American author and journalist whose career spanned more than four decades. Hitchens, often referred to colloquially as "Hitch", was a columnist and literary critic for New Statesman, The Atlantic, The Nation, The Daily Mirror, The Times Literary Supplement and Vanity Fair. He was an author of twelve books and five collections of essays. As a staple of talk shows and lecture circuits, he was a prominent public intellectual, and his confrontational style of debate made him both a lauded and controversial figure.
Hitchens was known for his admiration of George Orwell, Thomas Paine and Thomas Jefferson, as well as for his excoriating critiques of various public figures including Mother Teresa, Bill Clinton, Henry Kissinger and Diana, Princess of Wales. Although he supported the Falklands War, his key split from the established political left began in 1989 after what he called the "tepid reaction" of the Western left to the Rushdie Affair. The September 11 attacks strengthened his internationalist embrace of an interventionist foreign policy, and his vociferous criticism of what he called "fascism with an Islamic face." His numerous editorials in support of the Iraq War caused some to label him a neoconservative, although Hitchens insisted he was not "a conservative of any kind", and his friend Ian McEwan describes him as representing the anti-totalitarian left.
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Chuck Baldwin
Charles Obadiah "Chuck" Baldwin (born May 3, 1952) is an American politician and founder-pastor of Crossroad Baptist Church in Pensacola, Florida. He was the presidential nominee of the Constitution Party for the 2008 U.S. presidential election and had previously been its nominee for U.S. vice president in 2004. He hosts a daily one-hour radio program, Chuck Baldwin Live, and writes a daily editorial column carried on its website, on News with Views, and on VDare.
As a Republican Party member, Baldwin was state chairman of the Florida Moral Majority in the 1980s. However, during the 2000 campaign of Republican George W. Bush for U.S. President, Baldwin left the party and began a long period of criticism of Bush. Baldwin endorsed U.S. Representative Ron Paul for the 2008 Republican nomination for president, and Paul in turn endorsed Baldwin for the presidency in the 2008 general election.
Baldwin supports ending U.S. involvement in the United Nations, reducing U.S. income taxes, and repeal of the Patriot Act. He would withdraw troops from Iraq and seek to end illegal immigration by enforcing immigration laws. He supports the gold standard, the right to keep and bear arms, homeschooling, and the proposed Sanctity of Life Act, which would define "human life" and legal personhood as beginning at conception, and prevent federal courts from hearing cases on abortion-related legislation.
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Chuck Todd
Charles David “Chuck” Todd (born April 8, 1972) is an American journalist, Chief White House Correspondent and political director for NBC News, and contributing editor to Meet the Press. He is an occasional contributor to other news outlets, including The Atlantic.
Before coming to the world of political reporting and analysis, Todd earned practical political experience on initiative campaigns in Florida and various national campaigns based in Washington, D.C. While in college, Todd worked for the 1992 presidential campaign of Senator Tom Harkin (D-Iowa) and later started part time at The Hotline.
From 1992 until March 12, 2007, Todd worked for National Journal's The Hotline, where he was editor-in-chief for six years. As part of his position, Todd also co-hosted, with John Mercurio, the webcast series Hotline TV, consisting of a daily show lasting between three and seven minutes and a weekly show ranging between 20 and 30 minutes. He became a frequent guest on political discussion shows, such as Hardball with Chris Matthews and Inside Politics with Judy Woodruff.
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Clarence Thomas
Clarence Thomas (born June 23, 1948) is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Succeeding Thurgood Marshall, Thomas is the second African American to serve on the Court.
Thomas grew up in Savannah, Georgia and was educated at the College of the Holy Cross and at Yale Law School. In 1974, he was appointed an Assistant Attorney General in Missouri and subsequently practiced law there in the private sector. In 1979, he became a legislative assistant to Missouri United States Senator John Danforth and in 1981 was appointed Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights at the U.S. Department of Education. In 1982, President Ronald Reagan appointed Thomas Chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC); he served in that position until 1990, when President George H. W. Bush nominated him for a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
On July 1, 1991, after 16 months of service as a judge, Thomas was nominated by Bush to fill Marshall's seat on the United States Supreme Court. Thomas's confirmation hearings were bitter and intensely fought, centering on an accusation that he had made unwelcome sexual comments to attorney Anita Hill, a subordinate at the Department of Education and subsequently at the EEOC. The U.S. Senate ultimately confirmed Thomas by a vote of 52–48.
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Courtney Hazlett
Courtney Brooke Hazlett is a columnist and Celebrity Correspondent for todayshow.com, the official site for NBC's The Today Show. She is the author of "The Scoop" blog and column, featured on the todayshow.com, msnbc.com, and Newsvine websites. Hazlett also provides on-air commentary for The Today Show and MSNBC programs.
Hazlett, a native of Murrysville, Pennsylvania, is a 1995 graduate of Franklin Regional High School. She received a bachelor's degree in philosophy in 1999 from Tulane University, and earned a M.S. in journalism from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism in 2005.
After graduating from Tulane, Hazlett held editorial positions at Boating magazine and Yachting magazine, where she rose to the position of senior editor. After enrolling in Columbia's graduate journalism program, she was employed as a reporter at TheSmokingGun.com, People Magazine, and OK! Magazine. She was also employed by Golf World magazine at one point. While at OK! Magazine, she began appearing as a guest correspondent on CNN and MSNBC, where she became a mainstay on the Joe Scarborough-hosted programs Scarborough Country and Morning Joe.
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Craig Melvin
Craig Delano Melvin (born May 20, 1979, age 32 in Columbia, South Carolina) is an American journalist, who works for MSNBC currently as an anchor, and was formerly with WRC-TV (NBC affiliate) in Washington DC.
Melvin is from Columbia, South Carolina and is a graduate of Wofford College, where he graduated from in 2001 with a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Government. His parents are Lawrence and Betty Melvin . He has a younger brother, Ryan Melvin and an older brother Lawrence. He is a member of Kappa Sigma Fraternity.
He is married to ESPN Sports Anchor and former WRC-TV Sports Reporter Lindsay Czarniak as of October 15, 2011.
Melvin got his first job in 2001 as a journalist in the position of a reporter and anchor for WIS in South Carolina that he won an Emmy Award while at the station. Melvin joined WRC-TV in 2008 and worked for them until his departure in 2011, which he anchored the Weekend 6PM and 11PM newscasts. Upon leaving WRC-TV, Melvin took a job as a correspondent/anchor at NBC News and MSNBC.
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David Cobb
David Keith Cobb (born December 24, 1962) is an American activist and was the 2004 presidential candidate of the Green Party of the United States (GPUS).
Cobb was born in San Leon, Texas. After working as a crewman on a Gulf Coast shrimp boat, a construction worker and a waiter, Cobb graduated from the University of Houston Law School in 1993 and for several years maintained a successful private practice as an attorney in Houston, Texas. During the 1980s, Cobb had campaigned for the Democratic presidential candidacies of Jesse Jackson and Jerry Brown. As a result of his experiences, however, Cobb became disenchanted with the Democratic Party and declined to campaign for them any further. Instead, he turned his activism to the issues of democracy and corporations, appearing at lectures, seminars, and workshops throughout the U.S. with various citizens' groups to promote his view that corporations have become unelected governing institutions and that a nonviolent democratic revolution is needed in response.
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David Dinkins
David Norman Dinkins (born July 10, 1927) is a former politician and Mayor of New York City from 1990 to 1993. He was the first and is, to date, the only African American to hold that office.
Dinkins was born in Trenton, New Jersey, and raised by his father, his parents having separated when he was six years old. He moved to Harlem as a child but returned to Trenton and attended Trenton Central High School, where he graduated in 1945 in the top 10 percent of his class. After graduation, he attempted to enlist in the United States Marine Corps, but was told that a racial quota had been filled. He served in the Marine Corps from 1945 through 1946.
Dinkins graduated magna cum laude from Howard University with a degree in mathematics. He later graduated from Brooklyn Law School.
Dinkins rose through the Democratic Party organization in Harlem and became part of an influential group of African-American politicians that included Denny Farrell, Percy Sutton, Basil Paterson, and Charles Rangel; the latter three together with Dinkins were known as the "Gang of Four". As an investor, Dinkins was one of fifty African American investors who helped Percy Sutton found Inner City Broadcasting Corporation in 1971. He served briefly in the New York State Legislature.
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David Weigel
David "Dave" Weigel (born September 26, 1981), is an American journalist, currently working for Slate magazine and MSNBC. Weigel began appearing on MSNBC in 2009, accepting a position as a paid contributor in June 2010. From April through June 2010 he wrote a weblog for The Washington Post website focusing on the conservative and tea party movements and the Republican Party's preparations for the 2010 midterm elections. Weigel resigned from the Post following the leak of several emails he had written on JournoList, a private "independent to left-leaning" listserv, that were critical of prominent conservative figures and the conservative movement.
He is a contributing editor of the libertarian Reason magazine and was one of their staff political writers from 2006 to 2008. Weigel also served as an assistant at USA Today 's editorial page and as a reporter for Campaigns & Elections. In 2006 and 2010, Weigel guest blogged at Andrew Sullivan's The Daily Dish for The Atlantic. He wrote for The Washington Independent from November 2008 until early 2010. His work has appeared in numerous publications including Slate, Time.com, The Guardian, The American Prospect, The American Conservative, The American Spectator, The Washington Monthly, Politico, and The Nation.
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Dennis Kucinich
Dennis John Kucinich (
/kuːˈsɪnɪtʃ/; born October 8, 1946) is the U.S. Representative for Ohio's 10th congressional district, serving since 1997. He was furthermore a candidate for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States in the 2004 and 2008 presidential elections.
The district includes most of western Cleveland as well as suburbs such as Parma and Lakewood. He is a member of the House Committee on Education and the Workforce.
From 1977 to 1979, Kucinich served as the 53rd mayor of Cleveland, Ohio, a tumultuous term in which he survived a recall election and was successful in a battle against selling the municipal electric utility before being defeated for reelection by George Voinovich.
Through his various governmental positions and campaigns, Kucinich has attracted attention for consistently delivering "the strongest liberal" perspective. This perspective has been shown by his actions, such as bringing articles of impeachment against President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney, and being the only Democratic candidate in the 2008 election to have voted against invading Iraq, although eventual nominee Barack Obama had also opposed the Iraq War at the time it was started, even though he had not been in Congress at the time.
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Dick Cheney
Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30, 1941) served as the 46th Vice President of the United States (2001–2009), under George W. Bush.
Born in Lincoln, Nebraska, Cheney was primarily raised in Sumner, Nebraska, and Casper, Wyoming. He began his political career as an intern for Congressman William A. Steiger, eventually working his way into the White House during the Nixon and Ford administrations, where he served the latter as White House Chief of Staff. In 1978, Cheney was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Wyoming; he was reelected five times, eventually becoming House Minority Whip. Cheney was selected to be the Secretary of Defense during the presidency of George H. W. Bush, holding the position for the majority of Bush's term. During this time, Cheney oversaw the 1991 Operation Desert Storm, among other actions.
Out of office during the Clinton presidency, Cheney was chairman and CEO of Halliburton Company from 1995 to 2000.
Cheney was born in Lincoln, Nebraska, the son of Marjorie Lorraine (née Dickey) and Richard Herbert Cheney. He is of predominantly English, as well as Welsh, Irish, and French Huguenot, ancestry; Cheney's 8th great-grandfather, William Cheney, immigrated from England to Massachusetts in the 17th century. Although not a direct descendant, he is collaterally related to Benjamin Pierce Cheney (1815–1895), the early American expressman. Cheney is a very distant cousin of both Harry S. Truman and Barack Obama; the three share a common ancestor in Mareen Duvall, a Huguenot who fled from France to England in the 17th century and later settled in Maryland. His father was a soil conservation agent for the U.S. Department of Agriculture and his mother was a softball star in the 1930s; Cheney was one of three children.
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Dick Gephardt
Richard Andrew "Dick" Gephardt (/ˈɡɛp.hɑrt/; born January 31, 1941) is a lobbyist and former prominent American politician of the Democratic Party. Gephardt served as a U.S. Representative from Missouri from January 3, 1977, until January 3, 2005, serving as House Majority Leader from 1989 to 1995, and as Minority Leader from 1995 to 2003. He also ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States in 1988 and 2004. Gephardt was mentioned as a possible vice presidential nominee in 1988, 1992, 2000, 2004, and 2008.
Since his retirement from politics, he founded a Washington-based public affairs firm, Gephardt Government Affairs, and an Atlanta-based labor consultancy, the Gephardt Group.
Gephardt was born into a family in St. Louis, Missouri, the son of Loreen Estelle (née Cassell) and Louis Andrew Gephardt, a Teamster milkman; part of his ancestry is German. He graduated from the former Southwest High School in 1958. Gephardt is an Eagle Scout and recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America. He earned his B.S. at Northwestern University in 1962 where he was president of Beta Theta Pi, the student senate, and his freshman class. He earned his J.D. at the University of Michigan Law School in 1965.
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Don Imus
John Donald "Don" Imus, Jr. (born July 23, 1940) is an American radio host, humorist, philanthropist and writer. His nationally syndicated talk show, Imus in the Morning, is broadcast throughout the United States by Citadel Media and relayed on television by the Fox Business Network.
Imus was born in Riverside, California, the son of Frances E. (née Moore) and John Donald Imus, Sr., older brother of Fred Imus. He was raised on a sprawling cattle ranch called The Willows near Kingman, Arizona. He served in the Marine Corps as a bugler from 1957 to 1960.
Imus battled alcoholism during his early career in New York, but in 1987 finally pursued effective treatment. (As of 2008, he has remained sober for 20 years). In 1988, with his cocaine and alcohol addictions now legendary in show business, Imus reshaped his show from strictly comedy into a forum for political issues, charitable causes and news-based parodies.
In 1979, he divorced his first wife, Harriet. He married his second wife, Deirdre Coleman on December 17, 1994. He has two stepdaughters that he adopted from his first marriage, two daughters from that marriage, and one son, Frederick Wyatt (nicknamed Wyatt, born July 3, 1998), from his current marriage. Both Don and Deirdre Imus are vegetarians.[citation needed]
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Dylan Ratigan
Dylan Jason Ratigan (born (1972-04-19)April 19, 1972) is a New York Times Best-Selling author and host of MSNBC's The Dylan Ratigan Show, the highest-rated, non-prime time show on the network, aimed at critiquing what Ratigan sees as an unholy alliance between big business and government. He is also a frequent contributor to The Huffington Post.
The former Global Managing Editor for Corporate Finance at Bloomberg L.P., Ratigan has developed and launched more than half a dozen broadcast and new media properties. They include CNBC’s Fast Money and Closing Bell, as well as DylanRatigan.com, which is home to his podcast, “Greedy Bastards Antidote.”
His first book, Greedy Bastards, was released on January 10, 2012 and spent five consecutive weeks on the New York Times Best-Sellers List.
Ratigan was born in the village of Saranac Lake in upstate New York. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in political economics from Union College in Schenectady, where he was a member of the crew team.
Ratigan served as the Global Managing Editor for Corporate Finance at Bloomberg News Service, and before that had covered Mergers and Acquisitions, the U.S. Stock Market and IPOs. At Bloomberg, he co-created and hosted Morning Call for Bloomberg's cable network and the USA Network. He has served as a contributor to ABC News and his articles have appeared in The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Miami Herald and Chicago Tribune.
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Earl Dodge
Earl Farwell Dodge, Jr. (December 24, 1932 – November 7, 2007) was a long-time temperance movement leader and a politician of the Prohibition Party, from the U.S. state of Colorado.
Dodge was born in Revere, Massachusetts on December 24, 1932., and joined the Prohibition Party at age 19. He was appointed Chairman of the Prohibition Party in 1979 while the party was operating under the name of the National Statesmen Party; the party name was re-instated following the 1980 election.
In addition to his work with the Prohibition Party, Dodge was active in various other temperance organizations, as well as the Right to Life movement, and in several political memorabilia collecting organizations. In his later years, Dodge began to make a living producing political items.
The following is a list of his candidacies:
Dodge was waiting to board a flight en route from Denver International Airport to Pennsylvania, when he suddenly collapsed. Doctors confirmed it was cardiac arrhythmia. He died on November 7, 2007.
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Ed Koch
Edward Irving "Ed" Koch ( /ˈkɒtʃ/; born December 12, 1924) is an American lawyer, politician, and political commentator. He served in the United States House of Representatives from 1969 to 1977 and three terms as mayor of New York City from 1978 to 1989. He also became known as a "judge" on the television judge show The People's Court from 1997 to 1999.
Koch was born in The Bronx, New York City, to a Conservative Jewish family residing in Newark, New Jersey, where his father worked at a theater. As a child he worked as a hatcheck boy in a Newark dance hall. He graduated from South Side High School in Newark in 1941. He was drafted into the United States Army in 1943 where he served as an infantryman with the 104th Infantry Division, landing in Cherbourg, France in September 1944. He earned two Battle Stars as a Combat Infantryman. He was honorably discharged with the rank of Sergeant in 1946. Koch returned to New York City to attend City College of New York and New York University School of Law and received his law degree in 1948.
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Ed Rendell
Edward Gene "Ed" Rendell (/rɛnˈdɛl/; born January 5, 1944) is an American politician who served as the 45th Governor of Pennsylvania, from 2003 to 2011. Rendell, a member of the Democratic Party, was elected Governor of Pennsylvania in 2002, and his term of office began January 21, 2003. He was recently a member of the Democratic Governors Association Executive Committee and served as General Chairman of the Democratic National Committee during the 2000 presidential election. Rendell is also a football analyst on Comcast SportsNet's Eagles Postgame Live, hosted by Michael Barkann.
From 2008 to 2009, Governor Rendell was the Chairman of the National Governors Association. He was married to Marjorie Rendell, a federal judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit until they amicably separated in 2011. Rendell is also a faculty member of the Fels Institute of Government at the University of Pennsylvania, and chair of Team Pennsylvania Foundation.
Rendell was born in New York City, the son of Emma (née Sloat) and Jesse T. Rendell. His parents were Jewish and all four of his grandparents were immigrants from Russia. He attended Riverdale Country School before the University of Pennsylvania, where he joined the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity in 1962 and earned a B.A. degree, 1965, and Villanova University School of Law, Juris Doctor, 1968. He served as a 2nd Lieutenant in the U.S. Army Reserve from 1968 to 1974.
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Ed Schultz
Edward Andrew "Ed" Schultz (born January 27, 1954) Is an American television and radio host, a liberal political commentator, and a former sports broadcaster. He is the host of The Ed Show, a daily news talk program on MSNBC, and The Ed Schultz Show, a talk radio show, nationally syndicated by Dial Global, promising "straight talk".
Schultz was born in Norfolk, Virginia, and grew up in the Larchmont area near Old Dominion University, the son of George (an engineer) and Mary (an English teacher). He graduated in 1972 from Maury High School in Norfolk. He moved to Minnesota to play football on a scholarship from Minnesota State University Moorhead. He made All-American and became the NAIA passing leader in 1977 and signed as a free agent with the Oakland Raiders. In 1979, Schultz tried out for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, a Canadian Football League team.
After his football career ended, he worked as a sportscaster in Fargo, North Dakota for two local stations, first KTHI-TV (now KVLY-TV) then from 1988 WDAY-TV. Schultz anchored nightly sports broadcasts at WDAY and starting in 1982 did radio play-by-play of North Dakota State University (NDSU) football games. Management asked Schultz to take some time off after an incident in which Schultz exited the broadcast booth to look for a North Dakota State fan who threw a beer bottle towards the booth.
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Elizabeth Holtzman
Elizabeth Holtzman (born August 11, 1941) is an American politician and former member of the United States House of Representatives. She is the youngest woman to have been elected to the United States Congress, and the first woman to hold office as the New York City Comptroller, and the District Attorney of Kings County, New York. A Democrat, she represented New York's 16th congressional district for four terms.
In 1974, she drew national media attention as a member of the House Judiciary Committee, which recommended three articles of impeachment against Richard Nixon during the Watergate scandal. After Nixon resigned as president and was given a presidential pardon by his successor, Gerald Ford the judiciary committee held hearings on the pardon. Holtzman asked Ford whether his action had been a quid pro quo.
She was born in Brooklyn, New York City, the daughter of attorney Sidney Holtzman and Filia Holtzman (a college professor). She is a graduate of Brooklyn's Abraham Lincoln High School (1958),Radcliffe College (magna cum laude 1962), and Harvard Law School (1965). She was admitted to the bar in New York State (1966).
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Eric Chester
Eric Thomas Chester (born 6 August 1943) is an American author, socialist political activist, and former economics professor.
Born in New York City, he is the son of Harry (a UAW economist) and Alice (a psychiatrist née Fried) Chester. Both parents were active socialists from Vienna, opposing the rise of fascism and nazism.
Chester was a member of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) while at the University of Michigan in the 1960s, when he opposed the war in Vietnam. In the spring of 1965 he was among those answering the call of the southern civil rights movement, going to Alabama to demonstrate against the federal government's support of Alabama's segregationist policies. Later that summer he once again answered the call, going to Jackson, Mississippi in support of people struggling against the segregationist policies of Mississippi and the federal government. He spent 10 days in the Hinds County, Mssissippi jail. In October, 1965 he was arrested in Ann Arbor, Michigan as part of one of the first acts of civil disobedience against the American government's warfare against the people of Viet Nam. He was a member of New American Movement in the 1970s, and has been a member of the Socialist Party USA since 1980. He helped organize the faculty union while teaching at the University of Massachusetts Boston. He is currently a member of the National Writers Union (UAW), an active member in the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), the Socialist Party of Massachusetts, and the Socialist Party USA, and was the Socialist Party USA’s candidate for Vice President in 1996. The 1996 Socialist Party USA presidential ticket of Mary Cal Hollis and Chester received 4,765 votes. He campaigned for the SP's Presidential nomination for the 2000, 2004 and 2008 elections, but lost to David McReynolds, Walt Brown and Brian Moore, respectively. He twice ran for Congress from Massachusetts's First Congressional District, in 2002 and 2006.
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Ezra Klein
Ezra Klein (born May 9, 1984) is a liberal American blogger and columnist for The Washington Post, a columnist for Bloomberg, and a contributor to MSNBC. He was formerly an associate editor of The American Prospect political magazine and a political blogger at the same publication.
Klein was born and raised in Irvine, California, and went to school at University High School. He attended the University of California, Santa Cruz but later transferred to the University of California, Los Angeles, from which he graduated in 2005 with a B.A. in political science. While at UCLA, he applied to write for the Daily Bruin but was rejected.
Klein is a middle child, raised in a Jewish family. Religiously, he now identifies as an agnostic. His father is a math professor, his mother an artist.
Klein started his first blog in February 2003. He soon joined with Matt Singer, and the name was changed to "Klein/Singer: Political Consulting on the Cheap". In June 2003, he moved to the blog "Not Geniuses" along with Matt Singer, Ryan J. Davis, and Joe Rospars. Following "Not Geniuses," Klein partnered with Jesse Taylor at Pandagon. This partnership helped Klein gain even more visibility, leading to his eventual founding of his blog "Ezra Klein".
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Fernando Ferrer
Fernando James "Freddy" Ferrer (born April 30, 1950) was the Borough President of The Bronx from 1987 to 2001, and was a candidate for Mayor of New York in 2001 and the Democratic Party nominee for Mayor in 2005.
Ferrer grew up on Fox Street in the Longwood section of the South Bronx and was raised by his mother and by his grandmother, who worked in the kitchen of the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. Ferrer graduated from Catholic schools in the Bronx: St. Anselm Elementary School and Cardinal Spellman High School. As a high school student, he was a member of Aspira of New York, where he was elected to the post of Vice President of the citywide Aspira Clubs Federation (ACF), which included other future Puerto Rican leaders like Ninfa Segarra and Angelo Falcón. In 1968, as an Aspirante, he was part of a major student protest at the NYC Board of Education that resulted in such reforms as bilingual report cards and the recognition by the public schools of Puerto Rican Discovery Day (November 19).
He attended New York University before he got involved in community service as a student. Ferrer entered politics, and was elected to the New York City Council at the age of 32. Remembering how he had to translate for his grandmother when she was hospitalized, he authored legislation requiring interpreters in city emergency rooms. Ferrer went on to chair the Health Committee, fight for anti-discrimination laws on behalf of gays and lesbians, and lead the fight for a Civilian Complaint Review Board for the NYPD.
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Gene Amondson
Gene Amondson, (October 15, 1943– July 20, 2009) was a landscape painter, woodcarver, Christian minister and prohibition activist who was the 2004 US presidential candidate for one faction of the Prohibition Party (Concerns of People Party) and the nominee of the unified party in 2008.
Amondson was known for his anti-Alcohol activism and reenactments of sermons by preacher Billy Sunday. He was an active member in the community of Vashon Island, Washington, and was described as a "colorful" character. During press inquiries, he often repeated such prohibition slogans as: "Prohibition was America's greatest 13 years" and "drinking responsibly is like teaching a pig to eat with a spoon. Can't happen." He died in 2009 after suffering a stroke.
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Howard Dean
Howard Brush Dean III (born November 17, 1948) is an American politician and physician from Vermont. He served six terms as the 79th Governor of Vermont and ran unsuccessfully for the 2004 Democratic presidential nomination. He was chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 2005 to 2009. Although his U.S. Presidential campaign was unsuccessful, Dean is regarded as a pioneer in raising the profile of Internet-based fundraising and grassroots organizing.
Before entering politics, Dean earned his medical degree from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in 1978. Dean was elected to the Vermont House of Representatives as a Democrat in 1982 and was elected lieutenant governor in 1986. Both were part-time positions that enabled him to continue practicing medicine. In 1991, Dean became governor of Vermont when Richard A. Snelling died in office. Dean was subsequently elected to five two-year terms, serving from 1991 to 2003, making him the second longest-serving governor in Vermont history, after Thomas Chittenden (1778–1789 and 1790–1797). Dean served as chairman of the National Governors Association from 1994 to 1995; during his term, Vermont paid off much of its public debt and had a balanced budget 11 times, lowering income taxes twice. Dean also oversaw the expansion of the "Dr. Dynasaur" program, which ensures universal health care for children and pregnant women in the state. He is a noted staunch supporter of universal health care.
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Howard Fineman
Howard Fineman is an American journalist who is editorial director of the AOL Huffington Post Media Group. Prior to his move to Huffington Post in October 2010, he was Newsweek’s Chief Political Correspondent, Senior Editor and Deputy Washington Bureau Chief. An award-winning writer, Fineman also is an NBC News analyst, contributing reports to the network and its cable affiliate MSNBC. He appears frequently on “Hardball with Chris Matthews,” “The Last Word with Lawrence O'Donnell” and “The Rachel Maddow Show.” The author of scores of Newsweek cover stories, Fineman’s work has also appeared in The New York Times, The Washington Post, and The New Republic. His “Living Politics” column was posted weekly on Newsweek.com. Fineman authored his first book in 2008, The Thirteen American Arguments: Enduring Debates That Define and Inspire Our Country.
Fineman holds an A.B., from Colgate (where he was a member of Beta Theta Pi), an M.S. in journalism from Columbia, and a J.D. from the University of Louisville. His legal education included a year at the Georgetown University Law Center. He received Watson and Pulitzer Traveling Fellowships for study in Europe, Russia and the Middle East.
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Imogen Lloyd Webber
Imogen Anne Lloyd Webber is a British political commentator and author. She is the daughter of composer Andrew Lloyd Webber and his first wife, Sarah Hugill. Her mother remarried in 1985 in Kensington and Chelsea, London.
Lloyd Webber was educated at Queen's College, London and Girton College, Cambridge, where she studied Modern Political History, specialising in the role of worldwide intelligence agencies and their impact on our times. She formed ILW Productions, a theatre production company, to discover new commercial theatre work by up and coming playwrights. Its debut show, Touched... For The Very First Time, written by Zoe Lewis, directed by Douglas Rintoul and starring Sadie Frost ran at the Trafalgar Studios in London's West End in 2009.
Her non-fiction book, The Single Girl's Guide, was published by Summersdale in the United Kingdom in April 2007, and as The Single Girl's Survival Guide by Skyhorse Publishing in the US in October 2007 and again in February 2011. Lloyd Webber is currently adapting it into a screenplay for Lloyd Levin and is writing a new book.
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Jack Newfield
Jack Newfield (February 18, 1938 - December 20, 2004) was a muckraking journalist, employed by The Village Voice, the Daily News and the New York Post. He covered the emergence of the New Left and the civil rights movement, and was a close friend of Robert F. Kennedy.
Born in Brooklyn, New York, Newfield attended Boys High School and graduated from Hunter College with a degree in journalism in 1961. He was involved with SDS (Students for a Democratic Society) at the time it was founded in 1962, and was active supporter of anti-war, New Left politics in the sixties. He went to work for The Village Voice in 1964. His book, A Prophetic Minority, published in 1966, provides an account of early sixties sit-ins and de-segregation movement, creation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), involvement of white students in SNCC and voter registration drives in Mississippi, and rise of SDS. Newfield continued writing for The Village Voice until 1988, penning some 700 articles for the newspaper during his 24 years on its staff as columnist, reporter and senior editor. He was a columnist at the Daily News from 1988 to 1990 and at the New York Post from 1991 to 2001.
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James Brown
James Joseph Brown (May 3, 1933 – December 25, 2006) was an American singer, songwriter, musician, and recording artist. He is the originator of funk music and is a major figure of 20th century popular music and dance.
In a career that spanned decades, Brown profoundly influenced the development of many different musical genres. Brown moved on a continuum of blues and gospel-based forms and styles to a profoundly "Africanized" approach to music making. Brown performed in concerts, first making his rounds across the Chitlin' Circuit, and then across the country and later around the world, along with appearing in shows on television and in movies. Although he contributed much to the music world through his hitmaking, Brown holds the record as the artist who charted the most singles on the Billboard Hot 100 without ever hitting number one on that chart.
For many years, Brown's touring show was one of the most extravagant productions in American popular music. At the time of Brown's death, his band included three guitarists, two bass guitar players, two drummers, three horns and a percussionist. The bands that he maintained during the late 1960s and 1970s were of comparable size, and the bands also included a three-piece amplified string section that played during ballads. Brown employed between 40 and 50 people for the James Brown Revue, and members of the revue traveled with him in a bus to cities and towns all over the country, performing upwards of 330 shows a year with almost all of the shows as one-nighters. In 1986, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and in 1990 into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.
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Jesse Jackson
Jesse Louis Jackson, Sr. (born October 8, 1941) is an African-American civil rights activist and Baptist minister. He was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1984 and 1988 and served as shadow senator for the District of Columbia from 1991 to 1997. He was the founder of both entities that merged to form Rainbow/PUSH. Representative Jesse Jackson, Jr. is his eldest son. In an AP-AOL "Black Voices" poll in February 2006, Jackson was voted "the most important black leader".
Jackson was born Jesse Louis Burns in Greenville, South Carolina, to Helen Burns, a 16-year-old single mother. His biological father, Noah Louis Robinson, a former professional boxer and a prominent figure in the community, was married to another woman when Jesse was born. He was not involved in his son's life, and died January 28, 1997 in Greenville, S.C. In 1943, two years after Jesse's birth, his mother married Charles Henry Jackson, who would adopt Jesse 14 years later. Jesse went on to take the surname of his stepfather.
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Joe Lieberman
Joseph Isadore "Joe" Lieberman (born February 24, 1942) is the senior United States Senator from Connecticut. A former member of the Democratic Party, he was the party's nominee for Vice President in the 2000 election. Currently an independent, he remains closely affiliated with the party.
Born in Stamford, Connecticut, Lieberman is a graduate of Yale University and Yale Law School. He was elected as a "reform Democrat" in 1970 to the Connecticut Senate, where he served three terms as Majority Leader. After an unsuccessful bid for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1980, he served as state Attorney General from 1983 to 1989. Lieberman defeated moderate Republican Lowell Weicker in 1988 to win election to the United States Senate and was re-elected in 1994 and 2000. In the 2000 United States presidential election, Lieberman was the Democratic nominee for Vice President, running with presidential nominee Al Gore, becoming the first Jewish candidate on a major American political party presidential ticket. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in the 2004 presidential election.
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Joe Scarborough
Charles Joseph "Joe" Scarborough ( /ˈskɑrbɔroʊ/; born April 9, 1963) is an American cable news and talk radio host, lawyer, author, and former politician. He is currently the host of Morning Joe on MSNBC, and previously hosted Scarborough Country on the same channel. Scarborough served in the United States House of Representatives from 1995 to 2001 as a Republican from the 1st district of Florida. He has been named to the TIME 100 as one of the most influential people in the world.
Born in Atlanta, Georgia, he was born to George F. Scarborough, a businessman, with two other siblings. When his father died in May 2011, his life story appeared in the Congressional Record and in Politico's Playbook. Scarborough even wrote an eulogy op-ed online.
Joe Scarborough graduated from Pensacola Catholic High School in Pensacola, Florida (although he is not a Catholic). He received a B.A. from the University of Alabama in 1985 and a J.D. from the University of Florida College of Law in 1990. During this time he wrote and produced CDs with his band, Dixon Mills, and taught high school. He was admitted to the The Florida Bar in 1991, and practiced law in Pensacola.
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John Edwards
Johnny Reid "John" Edwards (born June 10, 1953) is an American politician, who served as a U.S. Senator from North Carolina. He was the Democratic nominee for Vice President in 2004, and was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2004 and 2008.
He defeated incumbent Republican Lauch Faircloth in North Carolina's 1998 Senate election. Towards the end of his single six-year term, he sought the Democratic Party's nomination in the 2004 presidential election. He eventually became the 2004 Democratic candidate for vice-president, the running mate of presidential nominee Senator John Kerry of Massachusetts.
Following Kerry's loss to incumbent President George W. Bush, Edwards began working full-time at the One America Committee, a political action committee he established in 2001, and was appointed director of the Center on Poverty, Work and Opportunity at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Law. He was also a consultant for Fortress Investment Group LLC. Edwards launched a second bid for the Democratic nomination during the 2008 presidential campaign.
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John Harwood
John Harwood (born 1956) is an American journalist who is the Chief Washington Correspondent for CNBC and a writer for The New York Times. He writes a weekly column entitled "The Caucus" that appears on Monday about Washington politics and policy. Before joining the Times, he wrote for The Wall Street Journal.
A 1978 magna cum laude graduate of Duke University, Harwood has also served as a Nieman Fellow at Harvard University. He frequently appears on Washington Week, a public affairs program on PBS hosted by Gwen Ifill, as well as NBC's Meet the Press, and MSNBC's Morning Joe. He went to Bethesda Chevy Chase High School where he was the commencement speaker of the graduating class of 2010.
Harwood's father, Richard Harwood, was a reporter and writer for The Louisville Times and The Washington Post. According to John Harwood's article in The Washington Post (April 30, 2000, page B4), Harwood's mother was an active campaigner for the presidential campaign of Robert F. Kennedy in 1968 and Harwood, at age 11, appeared in a TV ad for Robert F. Kennedy's 1968 campaign.
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John Kerry
John Forbes Kerry (born December 11, 1943) is the senior United States Senator from Massachusetts, the 10th most senior United States Senator and chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He was the presidential nominee of the Democratic Party in the 2004 presidential election, but lost to then President George W. Bush.
The son of an Army Air Corps serviceman, Kerry was born in Aurora, Colorado. He attended boarding school in Massachusetts and New Hampshire and went on to graduate from Yale University class of 1966, where he majored in political science. He enlisted in the Naval Reserve in 1966 and, during 1968-1969, served a four-month tour of duty in South Vietnam as officer-in-charge (OIC) of a Swift Boat. For that service he was awarded several combat medals that include the Silver Star, Bronze Star, and three Purple Hearts. After returning to the United States, Kerry joined the Vietnam Veterans Against the War in which he served as a nationally recognized spokesperson and as an outspoken opponent of the Vietnam war. During that period, he appeared before the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs where he deemed United States war policy in Vietnam to be the cause of "war crimes".
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Jonathan Alter
Jonathan Alter (born October 6, 1957) is an American journalist and author who was a columnist and senior editor for Newsweek magazine from 1983 until 2011. He is currently a lead columnist for Bloomberg View, a new commentary website. He is also a contributing correspondent to NBC News, where since 1996 he has appeared on NBC, MSNBC, and CNBC. When the shows were on the air, he could often be heard on Imus in the Morning and The Al Franken Show on Air America Radio. He is the author of The Defining Moment: FDR's Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope, a national bestseller published by Simon & Schuster in 2006, and Between the Lines: A View Inside American Politics, People and Culture, a collection of twenty years' worth of his columns published by Borders Books. His 2010 book is The Promise: President Obama, Year One, published by Simon & Schuster, a behind-the-scenes look at Obama's eventful debut. The Promise was a New York Times Best Seller reaching #3 on the list at its peak.
Alter is a Chicago native. He graduated from Phillips Academy in 1975 and Harvard University in 1979.
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Jonathan Capehart
Jonathan Capehart is an American journalist and television personality. He writes for the The Washington Post's PostPartisan blog and is a contributor for MSNBC.
Capehart grew up in New Jersey, and attended Saint Benedict's Preparatory School. He is a graduate of Carleton College.
Prior to his work with the Washington Post and MSNBC, Capehart was a researcher for NBC's The Today Show. Subsequently, he worked for the New York Daily News (NYDN), serving as a member of its editorial board from 1993 to 2000. At the time of his hiring, Capehart was youngest-ever member of that newspaper's editorial board. In 2000, he left the NYDN to work at Bloomberg News and afterward, he advised and wrote speeches for Michael Bloomberg during Bloomberg's 2001 run for the mayoralty of New York City. In 2002, he returned to the NYDN, serving as deputy editor of the editorial page until 2004. In December 2004, Capehart joined the global public relations company Hill & Knowlton as a Senior Vice President and senior counselor of public affairs.
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Jonathan Turley
Jonathan Turley (born May 6, 1961) is an American lawyer, legal scholar, writer, commentator, and legal analyst in broadcast and print journalism. He is currently a professor of law at The George Washington University Law School.
Turley received his bachelor's degree from the University of Chicago in 1983 and his Juris Doctor degree from Northwestern University School of Law in 1987.
He served as a House leadership page in 1977 and 1978 under the sponsorship of Illinois Democrat Sidney Yates.
In 2008, he was awarded a Doctorate of Law (Hon.) from John Marshall Law School in recognition of his career as an advocate of civil liberties and constitutional rights.
Turley currently lives in Washington, D.C. with his wife Leslie.
Currently Turley holds the Shapiro Chair for Public Interest Law at The George Washington University Law School where he teaches torts, criminal procedure, and environmental law. He runs the Project for Older Prisoners (POPS), the Environmental Law Clinic, and the Environmental Legislation Project. In the classroom, he is known for his self-deprecating humor and for his engaging teaching style, in which he uses entertaining stories drawn from his real-world experiences.
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Kent Mesplay
Kent Mesplay (born July 19, 1962) is the California delegate to the Green National Committee and unsuccessfully sought the 2004 Green Party Presidential nomination which he lost again in 2008.
Mesplay was born and raised in Papua New Guinea to Lutheran Missionary parents. He graduated Valedictorian from Mira Mesa High School in 1980. In college, he studied Western and non-Western medicine, earning a Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering from Northwestern University and he obtained an undergrad degree in Engineering from Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California. After graduate school, Mesplay suffered through a long period of unemployment as he worked to develop a funded position for himself at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, in Long Beach, California, before moving to La Mesa and teaching mathematics in the Grossmont Union High School District. He currently works as an Air Quality Inspector at the Air Pollution Control District, in San Diego.
Mesplay became a Green Party of California delegate to the Green National Committee in 2004 [1]. Previously, he was elected Treasurer of the Green Party County Council, San Diego, which he served as from 1996-1997. During the same period, he was the co-chair of the Communications Committee, Green Party County Council, San Diego.
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Krystal Ball
Krystal Marie Ball (born November 24, 1981) is a businesswoman, certified public accountant, and political commentator. She was the Democratic Party nominee for United States Congress in Virginia's 1st congressional district in the 2010 election, losing to Republican Rob Wittman.
Ball's father, Edward Ball, was born in West Virginia and has a Ph.D. in physics. Her mother, Rose Marie Ball, is an educator in King George County, Virginia. The name Krystal came from her father, a physicist who did his dissertation on crystals.
Ball has a bachelor's degree in economics from the University of Virginia. She is a business owner and certified public accountant. Ball and her husband, Jonathan Dariyanani, have a daughter, Ella, born in 2008.
Ball had worked for the federal contractor CGI Group. She traveled to Louisiana to assist in the court's efforts to recover after Hurricane Katrina. While working full-time with the courts, she took night classes to earn her CPA.
In 2010 Ball ran to represent Virginia's 1st congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives and was defeated by Republican incumbent Rob Wittman. Early in the race, Ball was endorsed by WUFPAC (Women Under Forty Political Action Committee). Despite being defeated by a margin of 63.90% to 34.76%, the former candidate was named by Forbes Magazine as number 21 on the magazine’s "The Top 25 Most Powerful Women Of The Midterm Elections".
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Leonard Peltier
Leonard Peltier (born September 12, 1944) is a Native American activist and member of the American Indian Movement (AIM). In 1977 he was convicted and sentenced to two consecutive terms of life imprisonment for first degree murder in the shooting of two Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents during a 1975 conflict on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation.
Peltier's indictment and conviction is the subject of the 1992 documentary Incident at Oglala, a film directed by Michael Apted. Peltier has been identified as a political prisoner by certain activist groups. Amnesty International placed his case under the "Unfair Trials" category of its Annual Report: USA 2010 , citing concerns with the fairness of the proceedings. His murder conviction has survived appeals in various courts[citation needed] over the years.
In 2002 and 2003, Paul DeMain, editor of News From Indian Country, wrote that sources had told him that Peltier had said he killed the FBI agents; DeMain withdrew his support for clemency. At the trials in 2004 and 2010 of two men indicted for the murder of Anna Mae Aquash in December 1975 at the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, prosecution witnesses testified that Peltier had told them and a small group of fugitive activists, including Aquash, that he had shot the two FBI agents. Peltier issued a statement in 2004 accusing one witness of perjury for her testimony and being a sellout. The two men charged in the murder of Aquash were convicted.
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Lorna Salzman
Lorna Salzman has been an American environmental activist, writer, lecturer and organizer since the mid-1960s and was a candidate for the 2004 presidential nomination of the Green Party (GPUS).
She is a member of the New York Academy of Sciences, and in 2000 she received the international Earth Day Award from the Earth Society Foundation for her committed environmental work. Salzman is a graduate of Cornell University.
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Luke Russert
Luke Russert (born August 22, 1985) is an American television and radio personality. He has followed in the footsteps of his father, Tim Russert, who was prominent in the television news industry. His mother is Maureen Orth, special correspondent for Vanity Fair. He has co-hosted a sports talk program on XM radio with James Carville called 60/20 Sports. While in college, he worked for the ESPN program Pardon the Interruption.
Russert graduated from St. Albans School in Washington, D.C. in 2004. In 2008, following his graduation from Boston College and the subsequent death of his father, NBC News hired Russert as a correspondent covering youth issues in the 2008 presidential election. He was assigned to the Democratic and Republican conventions. Since May 2009, Russert has worked for NBC News on Capitol Hill as a congressional correspondent covering the House of Representatives. Russert also reported for NBC during Hurricane Irene in 2011.
Luke has embraced charitable causes championed by his late father, serving as emcee of the Boys and Girls Club of Greater Washington's 25th Annual Tim Russert Congressional Dinner on April 20, 2010. The event honored Senator Susan Collins and House Majority Leader Steny Hoyer for their prolonged commitment to the Boys and Girls Clubs of America.
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Lyndon LaRouche
Lyndon Hermyle LaRouche, Jr. (born September 8, 1922), also known as Lyn Marcus, is an American political activist and founder of the LaRouche movement. He has written on economic, scientific, and political topics, as well as on history, philosophy, and psychoanalysis. Journalists and government officials in China, Italy and Russia have credited LaRouche with forecasting that unrestricted financial speculation would cause the late-2000s financial crisis.
LaRouche was a presidential candidate eight times between 1976 to 2004, running once for his own U.S. Labor Party and campaigning seven times for the Democratic Party nomination. He was sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment in 1988 for conspiracy to commit mail fraud and tax code violations, and was released in 1994 on parole. Ramsey Clark, his chief appellate attorney and a former U.S. Attorney General, said that LaRouche was denied a fair trial. The Court of Appeals unanimously rejected the appeal.
Supporters of LaRouche call him a political leader in the tradition of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Commentators for The Washington Post and The New York Times have described him as a conspiracy theorist and a political extremist. Some have called him fascist or antisemitic, and a 1979 editorial in the New York Times characterized his movement as a 'cult'.Norman Bailey, formerly with the National Security Council, described LaRouche's staff in 1984 as one of the best private intelligence services in the world, while the Heritage Foundation, a think tank, wrote that he leads "what may well be one of the strangest political groups in American history."
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Mahalia Jackson
Mahalia Jackson ( /məˈheɪljə/ mə-HAYL-yə; October 26, 1911 – January 27, 1972) was an American gospel singer. Possessing a powerful contralto voice, she was referred to as "The Queen of Gospel". Jackson became one of the most influential gospel singers in the world and was heralded internationally as a singer and civil rights activist. She was described by entertainer Harry Belafonte as "the single most powerful black woman in the United States". She recorded about 30 albums (mostly for Columbia Records) during her career, and her 45 rpm records included a dozen "golds"—million-sellers.
Born as Mahala Jackson and nicknamed "Halie", Jackson grew up in the Black Pearl section of the Carrollton neighborhood of Uptown New Orleans, Louisiana. The three-room dwelling on Pitt Street housed thirteen people and a dog. This included Little Mahala (named after her aunt, Mahala Clark-Paul whom the family called Aunt Duke), her brother Roosevelt Hunter, whom they called Peter, and her mother Charity Clark, who worked as both a maid and a laundress. Several aunts and cousins lived in the house as well. Aunt Mahala was given the nickname "Duke" after proving herself the undisputed "boss" of the family. The extended family (the Clarks) consisted of her mother's siblings – Isabell, Mahala, Boston, Porterfield, Hannah, Alice, Rhoda, Bessie, their children, grandchildren and patriarch Rev. Paul Clark, a former slave. Mahalia's father, John A. Jackson, Sr. was a stevedore (dockworker) and a barber who later became a Baptist minister. He fathered four other children besides Mahalia – Wilmon (older) and then Yvonne, Pearl and Johnny, Jr. (by his marriage shortly after Halie's birth). Her father's sister, Jeanette Jackson-Burnett, and husband, Josie, were vaudeville entertainers.
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Marilyn Chambers
Marilyn Chambers (April 22, 1952 – April 12, 2009) was an American pornographic actress, exotic dancer, model, actress and vice-presidential candidate. She was best known for her 1972 hardcore film debut Behind the Green Door and her 1980 pornographic film Insatiable. She was voted #6 on the list of Top 50 Porn Stars of All Time by AVN, and ranked as one of Playboy's Top 100 Sex Stars of the Century in 1999. Although she was primarily known for her adult film work, she made a successful transition to mainstream projects. She has been called "porn's most famous crossover."
Born Marilyn Ann Briggs in Providence, Rhode Island, and raised in Westport, Connecticut in a middle-class household. It is often reported that she was born in Westport, however in a 2007 interview Chambers confirmed she was born in Providence but grew up in Westport. Her father was in advertising and her mother was a nurse. She was the youngest of three children, including a brother, Martin Briggs (keyboardist for 1960s Boston Band, The Remains), and a sister, Jann Smith. Chambers attended Burr Farms Elementary School, Hillspoint Elementary School, Long Lots Junior High School, and Staples High School. Her father tried to discourage her from pursuing a modeling career, citing brutal competition. "Ever since I was little kid, I've always wanted to be an actress," Chambers said in 1997. "I was always a performer, a junior Olympic diver, a junior Olympic gymnast. My mother always told me I was a show-off."
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Mario Cuomo
Mario Matthew Cuomo (/ˈkwoʊmoʊ/; born June 15, 1932) served as the 52nd Governor of New York from 1983 to 1994, and is the father of Andrew Cuomo, the current governor of New York.
He was born in the New York City borough of Queens to a family of Italian-American origin. His father, Andrea Cuomo, was from Nocera Superiore, Italy, and his mother Immacolata was from Tramonti. The family owned a store in South Jamaica, Queens in New York City. Cuomo attended P.S. 50 and later earned his bachelor's degree in 1953 and law degree in 1956 from St. John's University, graduating first in his class. When he and the salutatorian (the late St. John's Law Dean Patrick Rohan) were summoned to the dean's office (Reverend Joseph T. Tinnelly) at the end of the year, he was asked what field he plans on going into after graduation.[citation needed] Cuomo responded that he would like to be a trial lawyer. Consequently, he was sent to clerk for the Honorable Judge Adrian P. Burke of the New York Court of Appeals. Additionally, he was signed and played baseball in the Pittsburgh Pirates minor league system until he was injured when a ball hit his head, and subsequently became a scout for the team.
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Mark Halperin
Mark Evan Halperin (born January 11, 1965) is the senior political analyst for Time magazine, Time.com, and MSNBC and serves as a board member on the New Hampshire Institute of Politics at Saint Anselm College. He is the co-author (with John Heilemann) of Game Change.
Mark Halperin is the son of Morton Halperin and Ina Young. He has two brothers, David and Gary. He was born in Bethesda, Maryland, or Cambridge, Massachusetts, and raised in Bethesda, where he attended Walt Whitman High School. Halperin received his college degree from Harvard University in 1987.
In 1988 Halperin started out as a desk assistant for ABC News and a researcher for World News Tonight. He then worked in the investigative unit of World News Tonight and as a general assignment reporter in Washington. In 1992 he worked full time as an off-air producer covering Bill Clinton. In 1994 Halperin became a producer with ABC's special events unit in New York and later an editorial producer.
In 1997 he was named the political director for ABC News. As director, Halperin appeared frequently as a correspondent and political analyst for ABC News television and radio programs. He also founded and edited The Note, which appears daily on ABCNews.com. In October 2006, Halperin, along with John F. Harris, released their book, The Way to Win: Clinton, Bush, Rove, and How to Take the White House in 2008 (ISBN 1-4000-6447-3).
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Martin Bashir
Martin Bashir (born 19 January 1963) is a British journalist, currently with NBC News as a contributor for its Dateline program, and an afternoon anchor for MSNBC, hosting Martin Bashir. He was previously an anchor for ABC's Nightline and is known for his interviews with Diana, Princess of Wales and controversy surrounding his interview and conflicting statements in his reports on singer Michael Jackson.
Bashir was born in Wandsworth, South London to parents of Pakistani Christian origin and grew up in Wandsworth. He was educated at the state comprehensive Wandsworth School for Boys and King Alfred's College of Higher Education, Winchester (since 2004 the University of Winchester), studying English and History from 1982–1985, and at King's College London. He is fluent in English, Urdu and Hindi. He identifies as a committed Christian.
He started work as a journalist in 1986. He worked for the BBC until 1999 on programmes including Songs of Praise, Public Eye and Panorama and then he joined ITV, working on special documentary programmes and features for Tonight with Trevor McDonald.
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Mary Alice Herbert
Mary Alice "Mal" Herbert (born February 28, 1935) ran for Vice President as the candidate for the Socialist Party USA in 2004. She and her running-mate, Walt Brown, pulled in 10,837 votes, the highest total for the Socialist Party since 1952.
She is a retired teacher. She was married to her husband Fred Herbert until his death in October 2002.
Originally a Republican, she became a socialist by the 1960s. Herbert was a frequent candidate for state office in the 1980s and 1990s under the banner of the Liberty Union Party, a nonviolent socialist party active only in the state of Vermont.[1] In 1996 she was the Liberty Union nominee for Governor of Vermont.
She originally entered the 2004 race as the running mate of Eric Chester, one of Brown's leftist rivals for the Presidential nomination. Chester lost the nomination to Brown, but Herbert won the VP nomination at the SP national convention. She ran on a platform on democratic socialism and socialist feminism. A recall effort within the party attempted to have Herbert become the SP's Presidential candidate, after a major rift arose over Brown's position on abortion. Despite all of the challenges surrounding the campaign, the Brown-Herbert ticket went on to earn more votes than any Socialist Party presidential ticket since 1952.
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Megan Smolenyak
Megan Smolenyak, born October 9th, is a genealogist, author, and speaker. Formerly Chief Family Historian for Ancestry.com, she founded Unclaimed Persons. Since 1999, she has also been a consultant with the U.S. Army's repatriation efforts and has located relatives of soldiers still unaccounted for from past conflicts. As a genealogist, she is best known for tracing Michelle Obama's roots, uncovering the story of Annie Moore, the first immigrant through Ellis Island, tracing Barack Obama's roots to Moneygall, County Offaly, Ireland, discovering that Al Sharpton’s great-grandfather had been owned by relatives of Strom Thurmond, and championing the use of DNA testing to learn about one’s roots.
Smolenyak holds a BSFS in Foreign Service from Georgetown University, an MBA in International Business from George Washington University and an MAS in Information Technology from Johns Hopkins University.
Smolenyak has authored six books. She was the winner of a 2009 gold Folio Eddie award, as well as five writing awards from the International Society of Family History Writers and Editors. She has written articles for Ancestry, Family Chronicle, Family Tree Magazine, Genealogical Computing, Heritage Quest, NGS NewsMagazine, Everton's Family History Magazine, and APG Quarterly. Smolenyak is also a Huffington Post contributor.
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Michael Badnarik
Michael J. Badnarik (born August 1, 1954) is an American software engineer, political figure, and former radio talk show host. He was the Libertarian Party nominee for President of the United States in the 2004 elections, and placed fourth in the race, behind independent candidate Ralph Nader. Two years later he ran as a Libertarian Party candidate in the 2006 congressional elections for Texas's 10th congressional district seat near Austin. In a three candidate field, Badnarik came in third, receiving 7,603 votes for 4.3% of the vote.
Badnarik's political philosophy emphasizes individual liberty, personal responsibility, and strict adherence to an originalist interpretation of the U.S. Constitution. All of his positions arise from this foundation. In economics, Badnarik believes in laissez-faire capitalism, a system in which the only function of the government is the protection of individual rights from the initiation of force and fraud. He therefore opposes institutions such as welfare and business regulation.
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Michael Baisden
Michael Baisden is a radio personality and host of The Michael Baisden Show. The show is syndicated by Cumulus Media and is heard in over 78 media markets nationwide with over 8 million listeners daily. His media career began when he left his job driving trains in Chicago to self-publish Never Satisfied, and began touring the country selling books out of the trunk of his car.
Baisden has hosted two national television shows, and has produced three films.
Baisden has produced: two national stage plays (based on Baisden's novels); Love Lust & Lies, an award winning documentary dealing with relationships and sexuality based on the perspectives of people of color; two seminar tapes, Relationship Seminar and Men Have Issues Too; and a web-based community portal. In 2011 Baisden produced, wrote, and directed the documentary Do Women Know What They Want?.
Baisden has toured the US as a motivational speaker with his Love, Lust & Lies Relationship Seminar Series. As well as numerous national Baisden Live Tours, he has also produced international Island Jam events in Jamaica.
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Michael Eric Dyson
Michael Eric Dyson (born October 23, 1958) is an American academic, author, and radio host. He is a professor of sociology at Georgetown University. Described by Michael A. Fletcher as "a Princeton Ph.D. and a child of the streets who takes pains never to separate the two", Dyson has so far authored and edited 18 books dealing with subjects such as Malcolm X, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Marvin Gaye, Nas’s debut album Illmatic, Bill Cosby, and Hurricane Katrina.
Dyson was born to African-American parents, Everett and Addie Dyson. He attended Cranbrook School in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan on academic scholarship but left and completed his education at Northwestern High School. He became an ordained Baptist minister at 19 years of age. Having worked in factories in Detroit to support his family, he entered Knoxville College as a freshman at age 21. Dyson received his Bachelor's from Carson–Newman College (magna cum laude) in 1985, and his Master's and Doctorate in religion, from Princeton University. Dr. Dyson serves on the board of directors of the Common Ground Foundation, a project dedicated to empowering urban youth in the United States. Dr. Dyson and his wife, writer and ordained minister Marcia L. Dyson, are regular guests and speakers at the Aspen Institute Conferences and Ideas Festival. Together, they lecture on many on the nation's college campuses.
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Michael Peroutka
Michael Anthony Peroutka (born 1952) is a Maryland lawyer, the founder of the Institute on the Constitution. He once held a position in the United States Department of Health and Human Services and was the Constitution Party candidate for president in 2004. He is co-host of The American View radio program.
Peroutka was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He is a graduate of Loyola College in Maryland and the University of Baltimore School of Law. He was the Chairman of the Constitution Party of Maryland and a member of the Executive Committee of the Constitution Party National Committee.
In the United States presidential election, 2004, he was the Constitution Party candidate. His campaign theme was "God, Family, Republic" and he emphasized the Bible, the traditional family, and the need for constitutionally limited government. His running mate was independent Baptist minister Chuck Baldwin. He gained support from many paleoconservatives, and was also endorsed by the America First Party and Alaskan Independence Party. Peroutka was also endorsed by the League of the South and supported by a group called "Southerners for Peroutka". Peroutka accepted the endorsement from the League at their 2004 national convention. Radio host Alex Jones stated he would be voting for Peroutka.
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Michael Riccardi
Michael Riccardi (born 1963) is an Italian American New Yorker who attempted to kill Reverend Al Sharpton on January 12, 1991. While Sharpton was leading a march in the Italian neighborhood of Bensonhurst, Brooklyn protesting the death of Yusuf Hawkins, who was shot and killed by Joseph Fama in the neighborhood 2 years earlier, Riccardi stabbed Sharpton in the chest with a five-inch knife. Riccardi, whose criminal past included convictions for assaulting a police officer and weapons possession, was apprehended by Sharpton's security detail and was turned over to the NYPD officers that were in the area monitoring the march. Sharpton sued the city for failing to protect him.
In 1992, he was convicted of first-degree assault. Sharpton asked the judge for leniency when sentencing Riccardi.
The judge sentenced Riccardi to five to 15 years in jail, and he served ten years in prison being released on parole on January 8, 2001. Sharpton visited Riccardi in prison, and Riccardi apologized to him in an emotional jailhouse meeting, and also asked forgiveness from Sharpton's family.[citation needed]
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Michael Smerconish
Michael A. Smerconish is an American radio and television personality, newspaper columnist, author and MSNBC political analyst. His talk radio show is based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania at The Big Talker 1210 AM WPHT. He began his full time radio career in 2002. Since January 2009,[citation needed] Smerconish's two daily nationally syndicated radio programs have been heard on 70 stations in the United States, including WOR News Talk Radio 710 in New York City and KFWB News Talk 980 in Los Angeles. Smerconish canceled the morning show in November 2010.
On August 20, 2009, Smerconish became the first talk radio host to broadcast live from the Obama White House, a show which included an interview with the President himself. The interview was held in the Diplomatic Reception Room, where President Franklin D. Roosevelt's fireside chats were held. The President took questions from Smerconish and his listeners on a variety of subjects including the recent debates on the pending Healthcare Reform Bill.
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Michael Steele
Michael Stephen Steele (born October 19, 1958) is an American politician who served as the first African-American chairman of the Republican National Committee from January 2009 until January 2011. From 2003 to 2007, he was the seventh Lieutenant Governor of Maryland, the first African American elected to statewide office in Maryland. During his time as Lieutenant Governor, he chaired the Minority Business Enterprise taskforce, actively promoting an expansion of affirmative action in the corporate world.
In 2006, Steele made an unsuccessful run for the U.S. Senate, losing to Democrat Ben Cardin. He then served as chairman of GOPAC, the political training organization of the Republican party, was a political commentator for Fox News and a partner at the law firm of LeBoeuf, Lamb, Greene & MacRae LLP before making his bid for RNC Chairman. He co-founded the Republican Leadership Council, a "fiscally conservative and socially inclusive" political action committee, in 1993. On December 13, 2010, he announced his intentions to seek a second term as Republican National Committee Chair. On January 14, 2011, after four rounds of voting, Steele dropped out of the race and endorsed Maria Cino. Reince Priebus went on to win the election to succeed Steele. He commenced as a columnist for online magazine The Root in May 2011.
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Michelle Bernard
Michelle D. Bernard (born July 30, 1963, Washington, D.C.) is an American journalist, political analyst, author, and President and CEO of the conservative Bernard Center. She was formerly President and CEO of Independent Women's Forum and Independent Women's Voice.
Bernard graduated from Howard University with a B.A. in Political Science and Philosophy. She has a J.D. degree from the Georgetown University Law Center, and was a partner at the lobbyist and law firm Patton Boggs. In 2000, she was a member of the Bush-Cheney Presidential Inaugural Committee. She was the chair for the District of Columbia's Redevelopment Land Agency.
Bernard is a political and legal analyst for MSNBC, and is frequently a panelist on the The McLaughlin Group. In 2007, Bernard authored Women’s Progress: How Women Are Wealthier, Healthier, and More Independent Than Ever Before. She is also a Sunday columnist for The Washington Examiner.
Her family heritage is Jamaican American, saying in an interview with Bill Steigerwald, "My parents are American citizens, but they come from Jamaica. I was raised with very American and Jamaican values. In our culture, we have a very strong sense of pride and of family honor and of self-reliance."
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Mika Brzezinski
Mika Emilie Leonia Brzezinski ( /ˈmiːkə brəˈʒɪnski/; born May 2, 1967) is an American television host and journalist. Brzezinski is co-host of MSNBC's weekday morning program Morning Joe, where she provides regular commentary and reads the news headlines for the program. Brzezinski was previously a CBS News anchor and correspondent.
On December 8, 2008, Brzezinski and Morning Joe co-host Joe Scarborough began hosting a two-hour late-morning radio show on WABC (770 AM) in New York City. As of April 26, 2010, the radio show was replaced by Mark Simone.
Brzezinski was born in New York City, the daughter of foreign policy expert and former National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski and sculptor Emilie Anna Benešová, a grandniece of Czechoslovakia's former president Edvard Beneš. Her father was then teaching at Columbia University, but the family moved to McLean, Virginia, near Washington, D.C., in late 1976, when Zbigniew was named National Security Advisor by newly elected President Jimmy Carter.
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Mike Barnicle
Michael "Mike" Barnicle (born October 15, 1943) is an award-winning American print and broadcast journalist as well as a social and political commentator. After a long career at the Boston Globe that ended with his dismissal for lying and plagiarizing, he is now a frequent contributor and occasional guest host on MSNBC's Morning Joe and Hardball with Chris Matthews and is frequently seen on NBC's Today Show with news/feature segments. He has been a regular contributor to the country's longest-running, award-winning local television news magazine, "Chronicle" on WCVB-TV, since 1986. Barnicle has also appeared on the PBS NewsHour, CBS's 60 Minutes, ESPN, and HBO sports programming.
The Massachusetts native has written more than 4,000 columns collectively for the New York Daily News (1999–2005), Boston Herald (2004–2005 and occasionally contributing from 2006–2010) and The Boston Globe, where he rose to prominence with his biting, satirical, and at times heart-wrenching columns that closely followed the triumphs, travails, and ambitions of Boston's working and middle classes. He also has written articles and commentary for Time magazine, Newsweek, The Huffington Post, The Daily Beast, ESPN Magazine, and Esquire, among others.
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Milissa Rehberger
Milissa Rehberger joined the 24-hour cable news television channel MSNBC in December 2003 as a freelance anchor and reporter. In July 2004 she was named anchor of its primetime news updates. Most recently Rehberger spent some time anchoring NBC's Early Today and MSNBC's First Look. Currently, Rehberger hosts prime time news breaks during MSNBC weeknight and weekend programming. In addition, she fills-in as anchor on MSNBC Live.
Rehberger is a 1993 graduate of Hobart and William Smith Colleges, and previously served as co-anchor for WOFL-TV in Orlando, Florida. Further, she was the morning and noon anchor of KOCO-TV in Oklahoma City. Before that, she worked at CBS affiliates WSPA-TV in Spartanburg, South Carolina and WDEF-TV in Chattanooga, Tennessee. She currently lives in New York City.
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Mitt Romney
Willard Mitt Romney (born March 12, 1947) is an American businessman and the presumptive nominee of the Republican Party for President of the United States in the 2012 election. He was the 70th Governor of Massachusetts (2003–07).
The son of Lenore and George W. Romney (Governor of Michigan, 1963–69), he was raised in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. In 1966, after one year at Stanford University, he left the United States to spend thirty months in France as a Mormon missionary. In 1969, he married Ann Davies, and the couple had five children together. In 1971, he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in English from Brigham Young University and, in 1975, a joint Juris Doctor and Master of Business Administration from Harvard University as a Baker Scholar. He entered the management consulting industry, which in 1977, led to a position at Bain & Company. Later serving as Chief Executive Officer, he helped bring the company out of financial crisis. In 1984, he co-founded the spin-off Bain Capital, a private equity investment firm that became highly profitable and one of the largest such firms in the nation. His net worth is estimated at $190–250 million, wealth that has helped fund his political campaigns. Active in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, he served as Ward Bishop and later Stake President in his area near Boston. He ran as the Republican candidate in the 1994 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts, losing to long-time incumbent Ted Kennedy. In 1999, he was hired as President and CEO of the Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the 2002 Winter Olympics and Paralympics; and he helped turn the fiscally troubled games into a success.
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Montgomery Meigs
Montgomery Cunningham Meigs (b. January 11, 1945 in Annapolis, Maryland) is a retired United States Army General. He is the great-great-great grandnephew of Montgomery C. Meigs
He graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York in 1967. He served as a cavalry troop commander in the Vietnam War. After study at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and a year at the Army's Command and General Staff College, he taught in the History Department at West Point and spent the 1981–82 academic year at Massachusetts Institute of Technology as an International Affairs Fellow of the Council on Foreign Relations.
He received his PhD in history from Wisconsin in 1982 before reporting to 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment as its executive officer. In 1984, General Meigs commanded the 1st Squadron, 1st Armored Cavalry Regiment. Following a stint at the National War College as an Army Fellow, he worked as a strategic planner on the Joint Staff in Washington, D.C. for three years. Returning to Germany, he assumed command of the 2nd Brigade, 1st Armored Division on September 26, 1990 and commanded it through Desert Storm. He subsequently commanded the 7th Army Training Command in Grafenwoehr and served as Chief of Staff of V Corps and Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations of the U.S. Army, Europe, and 7th Army. General Meigs commanded the 3rd Infantry Division from July 1995 until its reflagging as the 1st Infantry Division in February 1996. In October 1996, he deployed with the 1st Infantry Division to Bosnia, serving nine months in command of NATO's Multi-National Division (North) in Operations Joint Endeavor and Joint Guard.
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Nancy Snyderman
Nancy L. Snyderman, MD (born 1952) is an American physician and broadcast journalist. Since 2006, she has been the chief medical editor for NBC News, and frequently appears on NBC's Today and MSNBC to discuss medicine-related issues. Snyderman is also on the staff of the otolaryngology-head and neck surgery department at the University of Pennsylvania, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
She is certified by the American Board of Otolaryngology in head and neck surgery, and specializes in head and neck cancer.
Snyderman's medical work has been widely published in peer reviewed journals, and she has been the recipient of numerous research grants from the American Cancer Society, the Kellogg Foundation, and the American Academy of Otolaryngology. Snyderman is the author of four books, Dr. Nancy Snyderman’s Guide to Good Health for Women Over Forty, Necessary Journeys, Girl in the Mirror: Mothers and Daughters in the Years of Adolescence, and Diet Myths That Keep Us Fat – And the 101 Truths That Will Save Your Waistline – And Maybe Even Your Life. She also writes a monthly column for Good Housekeeping magazine.
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Nigger
Nigger is a noun in the English language, most notable for its usage in a pejorative context to refer to black people (generally people of Sub-Saharan African descent), and also as an informal slang term, among other contexts. It is a common ethnic slur, and suggests that its target is extremely unsophisticated. The word originated as a term used in a neutral context to refer to black people, as a variation of the Spanish/Portuguese noun negro, a descendant of the Latin adjective niger (“color black”).
The variants neger and negar, derive from the Spanish and Portuguese word negro (black), and from the now-pejorative French nègre (nigger). Etymologically, negro, noir, nègre, and nigger ultimately derive from nigrum, the stem of the Latin niger (black) (pronounced [ˈniɡer] which, in every other grammatical case, grammatical gender, and grammatical number besides nominative masculine singular, is nigr-, the r is trilled).
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Orlando Patterson
Orlando Patterson (born 5 June 1940) is a Jamaican-born American historical and cultural sociologist known for his work regarding issues of race in the United States, as well as the sociology of development. His book Freedom, Volume One, or Freedom in the Making of Western Culture (1991), won the U.S. National Book Award for Nonfiction.
Horace Orlando Patterson was born in Westmoreland, Jamaica, and grew up in Clarendon Parish in the small town of Maypen. He had his primary school there, then moved to Kingston to attend Kingston College. He went on to earn a BSc in Economics from the University of the West Indies at Mona in 1962, and his Ph.D. in Sociology at the London School of Economics in 1965.
Earlier in his career, Patterson was concerned with the economic and political development of his home country, Jamaica. He served as special advisor to Michael Manley, Prime Minister of Jamaica, from 1972 to 1979.
Patterson has appeared on PBS and has been a guest columnist in The New York Times.
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Ousmane Zongo
Ousmane Zongo (died May 22, 2003) was a Burkinabè arts trader living in New York City. He was accidentally shot and killed by New York City Police Department officers while unarmed in a chance run-in[clarification needed] with police during a warehouse raid on May 22, 2003.
Police had targeted the Manhattan storage facility while investigating a CD and DVD pirating operation. Zongo repaired art and musical instruments at the same location but was never linked to the pirating scheme. The shooter, officer Bryan Conroy, was disguised as a postal worker. He was guarding a bin of CDs when Zongo appeared to turn on a light. For some reason a chase ensued that ended when Zongo ran into a dead end. Conroy shot Zongo four times, twice in the back. The NYPD later admitted Zongo had nothing to do with counterfeiters. Prosecutors contended that Zongo ran from Conroy because he was frightened and confused when Conroy, who was not in police uniform, drew his weapon.
The case drew parallels to that of Amadou Diallo, an unarmed immigrant from Guinea who was shot and killed by New York City Police Department officers in the Bronx in 1999. Al Sharpton led protests against alleged police brutality and racial profiling and was involved in getting Zongo's family from Burkina Faso to attend court proceedings.
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Pat LaMarche
Patricia Helen "Pat" LaMarche (born 26 November 1960) is an American political figure and activist with the Green Party; she was the party's vice-presidential candidate in the 2004 U.S. presidential election, with David Cobb as its presidential candidate, and was one of seven co-chairs of the party's national committee, the Green Party of the United States, elected to that position on July 24, 2005.
LaMarche was born in Providence, Rhode Island, the fourth of five children. Her maternal grandparents were immigrants from Southern Ireland. Her father, Paul Henri LaMarche, is a doctor, and her mother, Genevieve (née Judge), was at that time a housewife but later became an auditor employed by the state of Maine. When the family moved to Bangor, Maine, in the 1970s, LaMarche enrolled at John Bapst Memorial High School where she graduated near the top of her class. She pursued her education with four years at Boston College.
LaMarche returned to Maine in 1982, and the following year, she married Michael Russell. She had two children: Rebecca in 1985 and John in 1987. Patricia and Michael divorced in 1990. In the late eighties, she moved into the broadcasting field and was employed at various television and radio stations in the Bangor area. LaMarche has taught Public Relations at Husson College's school of Communications and headed the Bangor chapter of the Children's Miracle Network, which she saw go from one of the worst in the nation to the most successful.
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Pat Robertson
Marion Gordon "Pat" Robertson (born March 22, 1930) is a media mogul, television evangelist, ex-Baptist minister and businessman who politically aligns himself with the Christian Right in the United States.
He is the founder of numerous organizations and corporations, including the American Center for Law & Justice (ACLJ), the Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN), the Christian Coalition, Flying Hospital, International Family Entertainment Inc., Operation Blessing International Relief and Development Corporation, CBN Asia and Regent University. He is the host of The 700 Club, a Christian TV program airing on channels throughout the United States and on CBN network affiliates worldwide.
The son of U.S. Senator A. Willis Robertson, Robertson is a Southern Baptist and was active as an ordained minister with that denomination for many years, but holds to a charismatic theology not traditionally common among Southern Baptists. He unsuccessfully campaigned to become the Republican Party's nominee in the 1988 presidential election. As a result of his seeking political office, he no longer serves in an official role for any church. His media and financial resources make him a recognized, influential, and controversial public voice for conservative Christianity in the United States.
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Paul Glover
Paul Glover (born July 18, 1947) is a community organizer currently based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He is the founder of the Ithaca Hours local currency system, Philadelphia Orchard Project, and several other organizations. He is author of several books.
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Peter Camejo
Peter Miguel Camejo (December 31, 1939 – September 13, 2008) was an American author, activist and politician. In the 2004 United States presidential election, he was selected by independent candidate Ralph Nader as his vice-presidential running mate on a ticket which had the endorsement of the Reform Party.
Camejo was a three-time Green Party gubernatorial candidate most recently in 2006, when he received 2.3 percent of the vote. Camejo also ran in the 2003 California recall election finishing fourth in a field of 135 candidates (2.8%), and in 2002, finishing third with 5.3%. In the 1976 presidential election he was running for the Socialist Workers Party.
Camejo was a first-generation American of Venezuelan descent. At the time of his birth, his mother was residing in the Queens borough of New York City. Although a "natural born citizen" of the United States (constitutionally eligible for the U.S. Presidency later in life) Camejo spent most of his early childhood in Venezuela.
His parents, Elvia (née Guanche) and Dr. Daniel Camejo Octavio, divorced when their son was seven. Camejo then resided with his mother in the United States and returned to Venezuela during summer holidays to visit family. In later youth Camejo showed talent as a yachtsman, competing in 1960 for Venezuela at the Rome Olympics.[citation needed]
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Rachel Maddow
Rachel Anne Maddow (pronounced /ˈmædoʊ/; born April 1, 1973) is an American television host, political commentator, and author. Maddow hosts a nightly television show, The Rachel Maddow Show, on MSNBC. Her syndicated talk radio program of the same name aired on Air America Radio. Maddow is the first openly gay anchor of a prime-time news program in the United States.
Asked about her political views by the Valley Advocate, Maddow replied, "I'm undoubtedly a liberal, which means that I'm in almost total agreement with the Eisenhower-era Republican party platform."
Maddow was born in Castro Valley, California. Her father, Robert B. "Bob" Maddow, is a former United States Air Force captain who resigned his commission the year before her birth and found civilian work as a lawyer for the East Bay Municipal Utility District. Her mother, Elaine Maddow (née Gosse), is a school program administrator from Newfoundland, Canada. She has one older brother, David. Her father is of Russian and Dutch descent and her mother is of English and Irish ancestry. Maddow's mother was raised a strict Roman Catholic, and Maddow herself grew up in a community that her mother has described as "very conservative." Maddow was a competitive athlete and played three sports in high school. Referencing John Hughes films, she describes herself in high school as "a cross between the jock and the antisocial girl."
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Ralph Nader
Ralph Nader (
/ˈneɪdər/; born February 27, 1934) is an American political activist, as well as an author, lecturer, and attorney. Areas of particular concern to Nader include consumer protection, humanitarianism, environmentalism, and democratic government.
Nader came to prominence in 1965 with the publication of his book Unsafe at Any Speed, a critique of the safety record of American automobile manufacturers in general, and most famously the Chevrolet Corvair. In 1999, an NYU panel of journalists ranked Unsafe at Any Speed 38th among the top 100 pieces of journalism of the 20th century.
Nader is a six-time candidate for President of the United States, having run as a write-in candidate in the 1992 New Hampshire Democratic primary, as the Green Party nominee in 1996 and 2000, and as an independent candidate in 2004 and 2008. Some people claim that Nader acted as a spoiler in the 2000 U.S. presidential election, while others, including Nader, dispute this claim.
Nader was born in Winsted, Connecticut. His parents, Nathra and Rose (née Bouziane) Nader, were immigrants from Lebanon and members of the Maronite Church. His family's native language is Arabic, and he has spoken it along with English since childhood. His sister, Laura Nader, is an anthropologist. His father worked in a textile mill and later owned a bakery and restaurant where he talked politics with his customers.
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Rich Lowry
Richard A. "Rich" Lowry (born 22 August 1968) is the editor of National Review, a conservative American news magazine, and a syndicated columnist.
Lowry was born in Arlington, Virginia and graduated from the University of Virginia in 1990 and won second place in National Review's Young Writer's Contest. He joined William F. Buckley's National Review in 1992 and has been the magazine's editor since 1997. He regularly appears on the Fox News Channel. He has guest-hosted on Hannity and Colmes and Fox & Friends, and is a guest panelist on PBS's The McLaughlin Group, Fox News Watch, and NBC's Meet the Press.
Lowry refused to fight Al Franken when challenged in jest in 2000.
In 2002, Muslim organizations called for Lowry to apologize, after he posted a message on National Review Online's blog, "The Corner", discussing the "nuking" of Mecca, as retaliation for a terrorist attack.
His book, Legacy: Paying the Price for the Clinton Years is a polemic about President Bill Clinton, whom he deprecates as "Navel-Gazer-in-Chief." He also has a syndicated column with King Features. He once served as a guest on The Colbert Report.
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Richard Campagna
Richard V. Campagna of Iowa City, Iowa was the vice-presidential nominee of Michael Badnarik of the Libertarian Party in the 2004 U.S. presidential election.
Campagna was born in New York City.
Campagna has degrees from Brown University (B.A.), New York University (M.A.), St. John's University (J.D.), and Columbia University (M.A.), and a PhD from the American College of Metaphysical Theology. After graduation from Saint John's, he worked as lead counsel for the Motion Picture Association under movie mogul Jack Valenti. In addition to working as a lawyer, Campagna has been a psychologist, interpreter, college professor, and briefly owned and operated a specialty travel agency. He now works as a businessman, consultant, and attorney,
In 2002, Campagna ran on the Libertarian Party ticket for lieutenant governor of Iowa with gubernatorial candidate Clyde Cleveland. Together they placed fourth, receiving 13,098 votes, 1.3% of the total votes cast.
In mid-2003, Campagna became the first candidate to enter the race for the Libertarian Party's vice-presidential nomination (the Libertarian party chooses its presidential and vice-presidential nominees in convention on separate ballots). He defeated his closest competitor, Missouri libertarian Tamara Millay, on the first ballot at the May 2004 Libertarian National Convention, which selected Michael Badnarik as the Libertarian Party presidential nominee. The ticket of Badnarik and Campagna placed fourth in the 2004 presidential election, receiving just under 400,000 votes nationwide and no electoral votes.
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Richard Engel
Richard Engel (born September 16, 1973) is a television journalist and author best known as NBC News's chief foreign correspondent. He was assigned to that position on April 18, 2008 from being the network's Middle East correspondent and Beirut Bureau chief. Engel was the first broadcast journalist recipient of the Medill Medal for Courage in Journalism for his report "War Zone Diary."
Prior to joining NBC News in May 2003, he covered the start of the 2003 war in Iraq from Baghdad for ABC News as a freelance journalist. He speaks and reads Arabic fluently and is also fluent in Italian and Spanish. Engel wrote the book A Fist in the Hornet's Nest, published in 2004, about his experience covering the Iraq War from Baghdad. His newest book, War Journal: My Five Years in Iraq, published in June 2008, picks up where his last book left off.
Engel grew up on the Upper East Side of New York City. He has an older brother who is a cardiologist. His father, a former Goldman Sachs financier, and mother Nina, who ran an antiques store, feared for their son's future prospects because of his dyslexia. Engel attended the Riverdale Country School and Stanford University, graduating in 1996 with a B.A. in International Relations.
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Richard Lui
Richard Lui is an American journalist and dayside news anchor for MSNBC. Lui is also a rotating news anchor for NBC's weekend Today show and contributes reports for NBC News Investigations Unit and NBC Weekend Nightly News. He's based at NBC's offices at 30 Rockefeller Center.
Before joining MSNBC, Lui was a news anchor for five years at CNN Worldwide. He also solo-anchored the 10am edition of Morning Express. And led morning political reporting during the 2008 Presidential election as a show member of Morning Express with Robin Meade. When Lui joined CNN Headline News in 2007 he became the first Asian American male to anchor a daily, national cable news show in the U.S. Mediaite has ranked Lui #101 in News Buzz on its Power Grid Influence Index of TV Anchors / Hosts.
Before journalism, Lui spent 15 years in business with Fortune 500 and technology companies. This included work at Oliver Wyman, and patenting and launching the first bank-centric payment system in a Citibank carve-out he founded with fellow University of Michigan MBA alumni.
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Richard Nixon
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. The only president to resign the office, Nixon had previously served as a US representative and senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.
Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California. After completing his undergraduate work at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937, and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife, Pat Nixon, moved to Washington to work for the federal government in 1942. He subsequently served in the United States Navy during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950. His pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president. He waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California in 1962. In 1968, he ran again for the presidency and was elected.
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Richard Wolffe
Richard L. Wolffe (born 17 September 1968) is a journalist, MSNBC commentator, and author of the Barack Obama books Renegade: The Making of a President (Crown, June 2009) and Revival: The Struggle for Survival Inside the Obama White House (Crown, November 2010).
Born to an English father and a Moroccan mother in Birmingham, England, Wolffe is a 1992 graduate of Oxford University, first-class honours, in English and French literature, having attended the fee-paying independent school, King Edward VI School in Birmingham.
Took the Westminster Press diploma in journalism, starting with the pre-entry course at Hastings in autumn 1992 while a trainee reporter with the Brighton Argus. Moved to the Financial Times and thereafter Newsweek.
Wolffe covered the entire length of Barack Obama’s presidential campaign for Newsweek magazine, traveling with the candidate and his inner circle from his announcement through election day, 21 months later.
He is a political analyst on MSNBC, having appeared frequently on Countdown with Keith Olbermann and Hardball with Chris Matthews. On NBC, he was featured as a political commentator on Meet The Press and TODAY. He features prominently in the forthcoming HBO documentary on the Obama campaign, and played a leading role in the HBO documentary of the 2000 Bush campaign, Journeys With George. He has also appeared on CNN and Fox News, as well as international media including British, Canadian and Australian television.
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Rick Francona
Lieutenant Colonel Rick Francona is an author, commentator and media military analyst. He is a retired United States Air Force intelligence officer with extensive operational experience in the Middle East, including tours of duty with the National Security Agency, the Defense Intelligence Agency and the Central Intelligence Agency. He was under contract to NBC News and appeared regularly on NBC, MSNBC and CNBC, as well as Radio Canada and other worldwide media.
Rick Francona served for over 27 years in the U.S. Air Force, most of it in the Middle East. Fluent in Arabic, he served in the region with the National Security Agency, the Defense Intelligence Agency and the Central Intelligence Agency. The colonel has a bachelor's degree from Chapman College (now Chapman University) in Government and the Arabic language, and a master's degree from Troy State University in International Relations with a concentration in Middle East studies. He is a cousin of former Boston Red Sox manager Terry Francona.
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Ron Reagan
Ronald Prescott "Ron" Reagan (born May 20, 1958) sometimes known as Ronald Reagan Jr., is a former talk radio host and political analyst for KIRO radio and later, Air America Radio. His Ron Reagan Show was a daily three-hour show broadcast from 6–9 PM (ET). He is notable for his liberal or progressive views, despite being the son of a conservative icon, President Ronald Reagan.
Reagan was born in Los Angeles, California, and grew up on the road in Los Angeles, and then Sacramento, while his father was governor of California from 1967 to 1975. He has a sister, Patti Davis, five and a half years his senior, and a brother, Michael Reagan, who was adopted as an infant by Ronald Reagan and his first wife, Jane Wyman. He also had two half-sisters who were born to Ronald Reagan and Jane Wyman who are deceased: Maureen Reagan and Christine Reagan, who was born prematurely June 26, 1947 and died later the same day. Ron Reagan is the son of Nancy Davis Reagan.
Reagan undertook a different philosophical and political path from his famous father at an early age. At 12, he became an atheist and told his parents that he wouldn't be going to church any more.
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Róger Calero
Róger Calero (born 1969 in Nicaragua) is a Nicaraguan American journalist and one of the leaders of the Socialist Workers Party. He was SWP candidate for President of the United States in 2004 and 2008, and for the United States Senate in New York in 2006.
Calero was born in Nicaragua in 1969. He and his family fled via Los Angeles, California in 1985. Calero has been a lawful permanent resident of the United States (holding a green card) since 1990. While in Los Angeles, Calero joined a socialist movement and helped mobilize support against Proposition 187 in the early 90s.
Calero, a former meat packer, has been associate editor of Perspectiva Mundial (official Spanish language newspaper of the SWP) and a staff writer for The Militant (official English language newspaper of the SWP).
He now lives in Newark, New Jersey.
Calero was convicted of felony sale of marijuana in 1988. In December 2002, immigration police arrested Calero upon his return to the United States at the George Bush Intercontinental Airport from reporting assignments at a conference held in Havana, Cuba, protesting the Free Trade Area of the Americas. He was threatened with deportation in 2002 as a result of his previous conviction in 1988.
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Sheila Bilyeu
Sheila Bilyeu (born February 13, 1944) is a former American politician. She is running for the U.S. Senate in Arizona(2012);sheilaforsenate.com
She is a graduate of Oklahoma State University and got her Masters from Northern Arizona University: M.A.ED.-Guidance and Counseling. Her views are much like Bernie Sanders and Dennis Kucinich. She has worked on numerous campaigns to try and get people who care about Peace and Justice elected. She went to several states trying to help get Ralph Nader on the ballot. She also tried to get newspapers in several states to endorse President Obama.
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Steven Pagones
Steven Pagones is a former Assistant District Attorney in Dutchess County, New York who was accused in 1987 by Tawana Brawley of raping her. A grand jury investigation concluded that Brawley had not been the victim of an attack and may have simulated the appearance of an attack herself.
Pagones subsequently filed a civil suit against Al Sharpton and lawyers C. Vernon Mason and Alton H. Maddox, seeking $395 million in damages for 22 alleged defamatory statements. On July 13, 1998, after an eight-month trial, a jury found Sharpton liable for defamation for seven of the statements, Mason for one, and Maddox for two. On July 29, 1998, the jury awarded Pagones a total of $345,000 in damages. Sharpton was found liable for $65,000 of the amount, Maddox for $95,000, and Mason for $185,000.
Pagones went on to become an Assistant State Attorney General.
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Strom Thurmond
James Strom Thurmond (December 5, 1902 – June 26, 2003) was an American politician who served for 48 years as a United States Senator. He also ran for the Presidency of the United States in 1948 as the segregationist States Rights Democratic Party (Dixiecrat) candidate, receiving 2.4% of the popular vote and 39 electoral votes. Thurmond later represented South Carolina in the United States Senate from 1954 until 2003, at first as a Democrat and after 1964 as a Republican. He switched out of support for the conservatism of Republican presidential candidate and Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater, who shared his opposition to the 1964 Civil Rights Act. He left office as the only senator to reach the age of 100 while still in office and as the oldest-serving and longest-serving senator in U.S. history (although he was later surpassed in the latter by Robert Byrd). Thurmond holds the record for the longest-serving Dean of the United States Senate in U.S. history at 14 years.
He conducted the longest filibuster ever by a lone senator, in opposition to the Civil Rights Act of 1957, at 24 hours and 18 minutes in length, nonstop. In the 1960s, he continued to fight against civil rights legislation. He always insisted he had never been a racist, but was merely opposed to excessive federal authority. However, he infamously said that "all the laws of Washington and all the bayonets of the Army cannot force the Negro into our homes, into our schools, our churches and our places of recreation and amusement", while attributing the movement for integration to Communism. Starting in the 1970s, he moderated his position on race, but continued to defend his early segregationist campaigns on the basis of states' rights in the context of Southern society at the time, never fully renouncing his earlier viewpoints.
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Susan Filan
Susan F. Filan (born August 24, 1959) is Senior Legal Analyst for MSNBC, former prosecutor for the State of Connecticut, and a trial lawyer.
In 1991, she began her career as a criminal defense attorney for a legal aid clinic, in New Haven, CT, representing indigent defendants charged with crimes. She then went into private practice where she specialized in criminal defense and matrimonial law at both the trial and appellate level in state and federal court. In 1998, Filan was hired by the State Attorney's office for The Division of Criminal Justice which consists of the Office of the Chief State's Attorney and the State's Attorneys for each of the 13 Judicial Districts in Connecticut. They, along with Assistant State's Attorneys, are Connecticut's prosecutors—the public officials known in many other states, and in TV lore, as District Attorneys, or the "D.A." Filan was one of the more than 500 prosecutors, inspectors and administrative and support staff who are responsible for the investigation and prosecution of crime in Connecticut. She was assigned to the Gang and Continuing Crime Unit. In 2003, Filan transferred to the Judicial District of Fairfield at Bridgeport as an Assistant State's Attorney (prosecutor).
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Tamron Hall
Tamron Hall (born September 16, 1970 in Luling, Texas) is a day-side anchor for MSNBC and host of the program NewsNation with Tamron Hall.
Hall received her Bachelor of Arts in Broadcast Journalism from Temple University. Her first reporter position was as a general assignment reporter at KTVT in Dallas, Texas. From 1997 to 2007, she worked for WFLD-TV in Chicago. As a former Chicago resident, she frequently reported on issues related to Chicago politics.
At MSNBC, Hall served as a general reporter and fill-in anchor, first achieving prominence as a substitute anchor for Keith Olbermann on Countdown with Keith Olbermann. Hall then joined David Shuster as co-host of a new two-hour program, The Big Picture, which premiered June 1, 2009 and ended January 29, 2010.
Hall is currently the host of NewsNation with Tamron Hall. She is also a rotating news anchor and substitute anchor on Weekend Today and a fill-in news anchor/3rd-hour co-host on the weekday Today Show,
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Teresa Gutierrez
Teresa Gutiérrez (born January 6, 1951) was a third-party candidate for Vice President of the United States in the United States presidential election, 2004, representing the Workers World Party (WWP) as the running mate of John Parker. The Parker/Gutierrez ticket was also endorsed by the Liberty Union Party of Vermont.
Gutiérrez is a co-coordinator of the International Action Center and a member of the governing body of the WWP. She is deputy secretary general of the International Migrant Alliance, an active member of the Chican@ movement and activist for immigrant rights, and a "proud lesbian."
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Thomas Harens
Thomas J. Harens (born 1954) was a third-party candidate (Christian Freedom Party) for President of the United States in the 2004 presidential election in which he was only on the ballot in Minnesota. His running mate was Jennifer A. Ryan. He had created the Christian Freedom Party in June 2004, and filed his "affidavit of candidacy" with the Minnesota Secretary of State in August.
Some claimed Harens was a stalking horse for the John Kerry campaign, "a device for luring away Republican votes from George W. Bush in a tight election," an accusation he denied. He did, however, express a desire to have a spoiler effect on the election, hoping to win more votes than the margin between the major party candidates. The margin between Bush and Kerry in Minnesota was almost 100,000 votes, while Harens won only 2,387. The total for his new party was larger than the combined total in Minnesota of three of the established third parties, the Socialist Equality Party, Socialist Party and Socialist Workers Party.
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Tom Laughlin
Thomas Robert "Tom" Laughlin (born August 10, 1931) is an American actor, director, screenwriter, author, educator and political activist. Laughlin is best known for his series of Billy Jack films. He has been married to Delores Taylor since 1954. Taylor has also co-produced and acted in all four of the Billy Jack films. His unique promotion of The Trial of Billy Jack was a major influence on the way films are marketed.
In the early 1960s, Laughlin temporarily left his film career behind to start a Montessori preschool in Santa Monica, California; it became the largest school of its kind in the United States.
In recent years he has become increasingly involved in politics, running for President of the United States three times (1992, 2004 and 2008). He also has been involved in psychology and domestic abuse counseling, writing several books on Jungian psychology and developing theories on the causes of cancer.
Laughlin was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and grew up in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he attended Washington High School. While in high school, he was involved in an athletic controversy that made headlines throughout the city. The controversy involved Laughlin being forced to attend another school for a brief period, making him ineligible to play football at his previous school upon his return. Laughlin first attended college at the University of Wisconsin and later at Marquette University playing football for both schools. While at Marquette he played both safety and halfback.
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Touré
Touré (born Touré Neblett, March 20, 1971) is an American novelist, essayist, music journalist, cultural critic, and television personality based in New York City. He is the host of Fuse's Hiphop Shop and On the Record. He is also a contributor to MSNBC's The Dylan Ratigan Show and serves on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Nominating Committee.
While a student at Emory University, Touré founded the black student newspaper, The Fire This Time. He dropped out of college in 1992 and became an intern at Rolling Stone magazine but was fired after a few months. Weeks later he was asked to write record reviews and then feature stories. His first feature was about Run-DMC. Since 1997, he has been a contributing editor at Rolling Stone, writing primarily about hip hop. In April 2011 he wrote the Rolling Stone cover story about Adele.[volume & issue needed]
Touré has written four books: The Portable Promised Land (2003), a collection of short stories, Soul City (2004), a magical realist novel about life in an African-American Utopia, and Never Drank the Kool-Aid (2006), a collection of his published writing between 1994 and 2005. In September 2011 Free Press published Who's Afraid of Post-Blackness?, a look at modern Black identity that includes a forward by Michael Eric Dyson and excerpts from over 100 interviews with notable people like Jesse Jackson.
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Walt Brown
Walter Frederick "Walt" Brown (born July 28, 1926) is an American politician and was the presidential candidate of the Socialist Party USA in the 2004 elections. Brown became a socialist in 1948. He served as Democratic member of the Oregon State Senate from 1975 to 1987. Brown also served as a Socialist Party of Oregon candidate for the U.S. Congress (3rd Congressional District) in 1998, 2000, 2002 and 2004 and has been the Pacific Green Party candidate for two statewide offices.
Brown was born in Los Angeles, California, to Walter Andrew Brown (August 11, 1897 - November 10, 1978), an auto mechanic and truck driver (and, later, a lawyer), and his wife Emily Anna (née Weber; October 30, 1897 - February 25, 1978), an elementary school teacher. His ancestry includes German and Swiss. Brown has one brother and two sisters.
Brown married Barbara May Porter Stahmann (September 16, 1922 - January 12, 1999) on August 7, 1950. They had three sons, Jeff, Kendall, and David. Barbara died of an incurable brain tumor (glioblastoma multiforme) in 1999. Brown married Beverly Lois Isbell on August 16, 2007, and the two care for a foster child and work in animal rescue.[citation needed]
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Wayne Barrett
Wayne Barrett is an American journalist. He was an investigative reporter and senior editor for the Village Voice for over 20 years. He is currently a fellow with the Nation Institute and contributor to Newsweek.
He is the author of many articles and books about politicians, especially New York City figures such as Ed Koch, Donald Trump, and Rudy Giuliani. He is a major interviewee in Kevin Keating's 2006 documentary Giuliani Time. He is also on the adjunct faculty of the Columbia Journalism School.
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Wesley Clark
Wesley Kanne Clark, Sr. (born December 23, 1944) is a retired general of the United States Army. Graduating as valedictorian of the class of 1966 at West Point, he was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship to the University of Oxford where he obtained a degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics, and later graduated from the Command and General Staff College with a master's degree in military science. He spent 34 years in the Army and the Department of Defense, receiving many military decorations, several honorary knighthoods, and a Presidential Medal of Freedom.
Clark commanded Operation Allied Force in the Kosovo War during his term as the Supreme Allied Commander Europe of NATO from 1997 to 2000.
Clark joined the 2004 race for the Democratic Party presidential nomination as a candidate on September 17, 2003, but withdrew from the primary race on February 11, 2004, after winning the Oklahoma state primary, endorsing and campaigning for the eventual Democratic nominee, John Kerry. Clark currently leads a political action committee—"WesPAC"—which was formed after the 2004 primaries, and used it to support numerous Democratic Party candidates in the 2006 midterm elections. Clark was considered a potential candidate for the Democratic nomination in 2008, but, on September 15, 2007, endorsed Senator Hillary Clinton. After Clinton dropped out of the Presidential race, Clark endorsed the then-presumptive Democratic nominee, Barack Obama. Clark currently serves as the co-chairman of Growth Energy, an ethanol lobbying group and on the board of directors of BNK Petroleum.
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Wikipedia Persondata
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Willie Geist
William "Willie" Geist (born May 3, 1975) is host of MSNBC's Way Too Early with Willie Geist, a co-host of MSNBC’s Morning Joe and contributor to several NBC News programs. Geist also hosts a satirical video blog on MSNBC.com called Zeitgeist. Geist also is a frequent fill in for Matt Lauer on the Today Show.
Geist is the author of the New York Times bestselling book American Freak Show, released on October 12, 2010, and of Loaded! Become a Millionaire Overnight and Lose 20 Pounds in 2 Weeks or Your Money Back!, a satire of the popular self-help genre, released on May 10, 2011.
Geist was born in Evanston, Illinois, to author, columnist, and current CBS News correspondent Bill Geist and social worker Jody Geist.
He attended Ridgewood High School in Ridgewood, New Jersey, where he was captain of the football and basketball teams. He later went on to graduate from Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. While at Vanderbilt, he was an editor of the university’s official student newspaper, The Vanderbilt Hustler.
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Sharpton, Al Filmography
- BET Awards 2012 (2012)
- Celebration of Gospel (2012)
- The After Party: The Last Party 3 (2012)
- The Scroll: Evidence of Life Unseen (2012)
- Évocateur: The Morton Downey Jr. Movie (2012)
- BAD25: The Short Films of Michael Jackson (2012)
- BET Awards 2011 (2011)
- 19th Annual Trumpet Awards (2011)
- Queen of Media (2011)
- God Bless You Barack Obama? (2010)
- On the Shoulders of Giants: The Story of the Greatest Team You Never Heard Of (2010)
- Obama in NC: The Path to History (2010)
- Race (2010)
- No Justice, No Peace: A Sharp Talk Special (2010)
- Michael Jackson Memorial (2009)
- Abraham Obama (2009)
- Beyond the Bricks (2009)
- Streisand: Live in Concert (2009)
- 'Hick' Town (2009)
- Shooting Star(s): The Rise of Hip Hop Photographer Johnny Nunez (2009)
- Glenn & Linus Michael Attend the Million Man March (2009)
- Good Hair (2009)
- Obama: The First 100 Days (2009)
- If I Die Tonight (2009)
- Madea Goes to Jail (2009)
- Moonwalking: The True Story of Michael Jackson - Uncensored (2009)
- Don't Go to Strangers (2008)
- 9th Annual State of the Black Union: Building Blocks for America (2008)
- New Orleans Story (2008)
- The Black List: Volume One (2008)
- The Night James Brown Saved Boston (2008)
- 9th Annual State of the Black Union: Breaking New Ground (2008)
- James Brown: The Man, the Music, & the Message (2008)
- 4Chosen: The Documentary (2008)
- Dean and Me: Roadshow of an American Primary (2008)
- What's at Stake? (2008)
- 9th Annual State of the Black Union: Memorable Moments (2008)
- Disappearing Voices: The Decline of Black Radio (2008)
- State of the Black Union: Jamestown - Memorable Moments (2007)
- Ali's 65 (2007)
- Shake the Devil Off (2007)
- State of the Black Union: Jamestown - The First 400 Years (2007)
- Ali Rap (2006)
- CityCollege9.com: 9 Dead, One Story (2006)
- Bring That Year Back 2006: Laugh Now, Cry Later (2006)
- Out from Ali's Shadow: The Larry Holmes Story (2006)
- Black and Blue: Legends of the Hip-Hop Cop (2006)
- Lockdown, USA (2006)
- Dear Mister President (2006)
- When the Levees Broke: A Requiem in Four Acts (2006)
- The 59th Annual Tony Awards (2005)
- Pursuit of Equality (2005)
- Street Fight (2005)
- The History Makers (2005)
- The Untold Story of Emmett Louis Till (2005)
- White Men Can't Rap (2005)
- Celsius 41.11: The Temperature at Which the Brain... Begins to Die (2004)
- Diary of a Political Tourist (2004)
- Apollo at 70: A Hot Night in Harlem (2004)
- Hip-Hop Honors (2004)
- Tupac: Resurrection (2003)
- Beyond the Spin (2003)
- Holla (2002)
- Smallpox 2002: Silent Weapon (2002)
- Mr. Deeds (2002)
- Say It Loud: A Celebration of Black Music in America (2001)
- Bamboozled (2000)
- Cold Feet (1999)
- Run for Cover (1995)
- The Last Party (1993)
- Fallen Champ: The Untold Story of Mike Tyson (1993)
- Malcolm X (1992)
karaoke
I know you're sound asleep right now
and you can't hear but I'm gonna explain everything.
and turn this into every dream
your pretty little head could ever come up with.
I am drunk with the thought of sharing these blankets right now.
I think were old enough to know.
I think were old enough that we would know better if we should know better.
I pretend that I'm already someone, and all my problems faded away.
Whoa oh oh oh whoa oh oh oh.
I pretend that I'm already someone, and all my problems faded away.
I pretend that I'm already someone. I pretend that I'm already someone.
I should be sound asleep right now
but I'm not so I'm gonna explain everything
and hope that you can hear me
so your pretty little head goes undisrupted.
I'm drunk with the thought of sharing these blankets right now.
I think were old enough to know.
I think were old enough that we would know better if we should know better.
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AL SHARPTON AND CORNEL WEST GO AT IT OVER OBAMA!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:50
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/AL_SHARPTON_AND_CORNEL_WEST_GO_AT_IT_OVER_OBAMA!
REV AL SHARPTON "A MUST SEE VIDEO"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:29
- Updated: 09 Jan 2013
THANKS REV. AL SHARPTON FOR THE MESSAGE ON 2-5-12 THIS A MUST SEE DVD TO GET FULL SERMON CONTACT THE LIGHTHOUSE CHURCH AT WWW.THE-LIGHTHOUSE-CHURCH.ORG.
http://wn.com/REV_AL_SHARPTON_A_MUST_SEE_VIDEO
THANKS REV. AL SHARPTON FOR THE MESSAGE ON 2-5-12 THIS A MUST SEE DVD TO GET FULL SERMON CONTACT THE LIGHTHOUSE CHURCH AT WWW.THE-LIGHTHOUSE-CHURCH.ORG.
- published: 02 Mar 2012
- views: 6916
- author: KDH525
Reverend Al Sharpton eulogises James Brown at Harlem's Apollo Theatre
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:36
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
December 28, 2006
http://wn.com/Reverend_Al_Sharpton_eulogises_James_Brown_at_Harlem's_Apollo_Theatre
Rev. Al Sharpton speaks about missing men
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:27
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
The Rev. Al Sharpton speaks at a press conference at Collier County's South Regional Library in East Naples about the unsolved disappearances of Terrance Williams and Felipe Santos. Cell phone video by Jacob Carpenter
http://wn.com/Rev_Al_Sharpton_speaks_about_missing_men
The Rev. Al Sharpton speaks at a press conference at Collier County's South Regional Library in East Naples about the unsolved disappearances of Terrance Williams and Felipe Santos. Cell phone video by Jacob Carpenter
- published: 10 Jan 2013
- views: 88
- author: NaplesDailyNews
Michael Jackson Memorial Service - Rev. Al Sharpton
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:12
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
Reverend Al Sharpton eulogizes Michael Jackson. At one point, he tells his family, "There was nothing strange about your daddy. It was strange what your daddy had to deal with, but he dealt with it."
http://wn.com/Michael_Jackson_Memorial_Service_Rev_Al_Sharpton
Reverend Al Sharpton eulogizes Michael Jackson. At one point, he tells his family, "There was nothing strange about your daddy. It was strange what your daddy had to deal with, but he dealt with it."
- published: 07 Jul 2009
- views: 631649
- author: PoliticsNewsPolitics
Al Sharpton: KNIFE CONTROL Comes Next After Guns
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:58
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
REV AL SHARPTON (28 Dec 2012): In any civilized society you do not see massacres continue to happen, from Tucson to Aurora to Columbine to Virginia Tech to where we are now in Newtown to Chicago and you keep the same laws when clearly they're not working. ROSCOE IN MARYLAND: What happens when the criminal goes to knives Al? REV AL SHARPTON: Then you deal with knives. ROSCOE IN MARYLAND: Oh I see. REV AL SHARPTON: The same thing as if you have a head cold and the same thing you do if you have a head cold and the cold is gone and you have a headache. Then you take headache medicine. The job of society is to deal with whatever problem confronts it.
http://wn.com/Al_Sharpton_KNIFE_CONTROL_Comes_Next_After_Guns
REV AL SHARPTON (28 Dec 2012): In any civilized society you do not see massacres continue to happen, from Tucson to Aurora to Columbine to Virginia Tech to where we are now in Newtown to Chicago and you keep the same laws when clearly they're not working. ROSCOE IN MARYLAND: What happens when the criminal goes to knives Al? REV AL SHARPTON: Then you deal with knives. ROSCOE IN MARYLAND: Oh I see. REV AL SHARPTON: The same thing as if you have a head cold and the same thing you do if you have a head cold and the cold is gone and you have a headache. Then you take headache medicine. The job of society is to deal with whatever problem confronts it.
- published: 31 Dec 2012
- views: 32107
- author: radioequalizer
Al "Nappy Head Hoe" Sharpton
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:05
- Updated: 08 Jan 2013
Hon. James David Manning, PhD speaks about Al Sharpton. Recorded on 19 March 2010. Follow us on twitter at www.twitter.com Click here for information on the CIA Columbia Obama Treason Trial: atlah.org Click here to print the CIA Columbia Obama Treason Trial Flyer: atlah.org Distributed by Tubemogul. ATLAH: THAT'S WHAT GOD SAID." Anointed to establish families, churches and businesses, unlike any the world hath seen. Indeed the final product of the land, ATLAH, will boast of being the seat of the world's banking, business, and education centers. Love us or hate us? Please Support Us bit.ly atlah.org The Manning Report
http://wn.com/Al_Nappy_Head_Hoe_Sharpton
Hon. James David Manning, PhD speaks about Al Sharpton. Recorded on 19 March 2010. Follow us on twitter at www.twitter.com Click here for information on the CIA Columbia Obama Treason Trial: atlah.org Click here to print the CIA Columbia Obama Treason Trial Flyer: atlah.org Distributed by Tubemogul. ATLAH: THAT'S WHAT GOD SAID." Anointed to establish families, churches and businesses, unlike any the world hath seen. Indeed the final product of the land, ATLAH, will boast of being the seat of the world's banking, business, and education centers. Love us or hate us? Please Support Us bit.ly atlah.org The Manning Report
- published: 23 Mar 2010
- views: 103001
- author: ATLAHWorldwide
Sharpton / Hitchens Debate - Can Morality Exist Without God?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:40
- Updated: 09 Jan 2013
Complete video at: fora.tv Author Christopher Hitchens debates the Reverend Al Sharpton on the question of whether morality can exist in the absence of God. ----- A Debate: God Is Not Great with Al Sharpton and Christopher Hitchens. Taking on possibly the greatest issue of our time - the malignant force of religion in the world - Christopher Hitchens makes the ultimate case against religion through a close and learned reading of the major religious texts, citing numerous historical instances in which sexual repression and outrageous acts of violence have been committed in the name of God. He argues for a more secular life based on science and reason, in which hell is replaced by the Hubble telescope's awesome view of the universe, and Moses and the burning bush give way to the beauty and symmetry of the double helix. -- NYPL Christopher Hitchens is an author, journalist and literary critic. Now living in Washington, DC, he has been a columnist at Vanity Fair, The Nation and Slate; additionally, he is an occasional contributor to many other publications. Al Sharpton Jr. is a Pentecostal minister, a political activist, civil rights activist and film actor. In recent years, Sharpton has also become a perennial candidate in his quest for the Democratic Party's nomination for President of the United States. Author of "Go and Tell Pharaoh: The Autobiography of the Reverend Al Sharpton."
http://wn.com/Sharpton_Hitchens_Debate_Can_Morality_Exist_Without_God?
Complete video at: fora.tv Author Christopher Hitchens debates the Reverend Al Sharpton on the question of whether morality can exist in the absence of God. ----- A Debate: God Is Not Great with Al Sharpton and Christopher Hitchens. Taking on possibly the greatest issue of our time - the malignant force of religion in the world - Christopher Hitchens makes the ultimate case against religion through a close and learned reading of the major religious texts, citing numerous historical instances in which sexual repression and outrageous acts of violence have been committed in the name of God. He argues for a more secular life based on science and reason, in which hell is replaced by the Hubble telescope's awesome view of the universe, and Moses and the burning bush give way to the beauty and symmetry of the double helix. -- NYPL Christopher Hitchens is an author, journalist and literary critic. Now living in Washington, DC, he has been a columnist at Vanity Fair, The Nation and Slate; additionally, he is an occasional contributor to many other publications. Al Sharpton Jr. is a Pentecostal minister, a political activist, civil rights activist and film actor. In recent years, Sharpton has also become a perennial candidate in his quest for the Democratic Party's nomination for President of the United States. Author of "Go and Tell Pharaoh: The Autobiography of the Reverend Al Sharpton."
- published: 16 May 2007
- views: 345919
- author: ForaTv
Political Insanity (Al Sharpton vs Sarah Palin)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:38
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
This is an all new series on TheDarmirraShow. "Political Insanity" explores the crazy world of politics. Watch this hilarious episode hosted by Al Sharpton, featuring Sarah Palin.
http://wn.com/Political_Insanity_Al_Sharpton_vs_Sarah_Palin
This is an all new series on TheDarmirraShow. "Political Insanity" explores the crazy world of politics. Watch this hilarious episode hosted by Al Sharpton, featuring Sarah Palin.
- published: 26 Oct 2012
- views: 12306
- author: TheDarmirraShow
Howard Stern: Al Sharpton interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 31:52
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
So the so called "Reverend" Al Sharpton comes in to the show to promote his book. Although a controversial figure and not a likeable guy he seemed to have had a good time on the show which was quite surprising and entertaining.
http://wn.com/Howard_Stern_Al_Sharpton_interview
So the so called "Reverend" Al Sharpton comes in to the show to promote his book. Although a controversial figure and not a likeable guy he seemed to have had a good time on the show which was quite surprising and entertaining.
- published: 05 Sep 2012
- views: 9510
- author: mendex187
MSNBC Calls Election For Obama: 'History Will Show' President 'Ran A Flawless Campaign'
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:55
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
After calling Ohio for President Obama and with no relevant battleground states left to call, Rachel Maddow and MSNBC called the presidential election for President Barack Obama. "This is a big night for wage-earners in this country," said Ed Schultz. "I think the history books will show that President Obama and his team ran a flawless campaign." Schultz praised the Obama camping's successful effort to define Mitt Romney negatively for voters. "In the face of obstruction, this president is going to go down as one of the great ones," Schultz said. "I think it's a big night for the country," said Al Sharpton. He said that Obama prevailed in the face of the "venom" of Republicans questioning the present's birth. "He brought us back from the ugliness that politics have become." The other networks followed suit shortly thereafter.
http://wn.com/MSNBC_Calls_Election_For_Obama_'History_Will_Show'_President_'Ran_A_Flawless_Campaign'
After calling Ohio for President Obama and with no relevant battleground states left to call, Rachel Maddow and MSNBC called the presidential election for President Barack Obama. "This is a big night for wage-earners in this country," said Ed Schultz. "I think the history books will show that President Obama and his team ran a flawless campaign." Schultz praised the Obama camping's successful effort to define Mitt Romney negatively for voters. "In the face of obstruction, this president is going to go down as one of the great ones," Schultz said. "I think it's a big night for the country," said Al Sharpton. He said that Obama prevailed in the face of the "venom" of Republicans questioning the present's birth. "He brought us back from the ugliness that politics have become." The other networks followed suit shortly thereafter.
- published: 07 Nov 2012
- views: 58051
- author: Buzz Sourse
Al Sharpton's teleprompter flub on live TV
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:25
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
Al Sharpton's teleprompter flub on live TV
http://wn.com/Al_Sharpton's_teleprompter_flub_on_live_TV
Eat More Papaya! Plus, MSNBC Accuses Paul Ryan of Being a Family Man, and an Intellectual
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:14
- Updated: 22 Dec 2012
Reverend Al Sharpton accuses vice presidential candidate Paul Ryan of being a family man and an intellectual. Chris Matthews even accused Paul Ryan of being an Eagleton, even though Eagleton was a Democrat. Even Matt Lauer jumped in on the fun, and started mimicking DNC talking points. See the footage. Is Soledad O'Brien biased? Find out. Papaya and more on this Kruiser Control. See more at www.pjtv.com
http://wn.com/Eat_More_Papaya!_Plus,_MSNBC_Accuses_Paul_Ryan_of_Being_a_Family_Man,_and_an_Intellectual
Reverend Al Sharpton accuses vice presidential candidate Paul Ryan of being a family man and an intellectual. Chris Matthews even accused Paul Ryan of being an Eagleton, even though Eagleton was a Democrat. Even Matt Lauer jumped in on the fun, and started mimicking DNC talking points. See the footage. Is Soledad O'Brien biased? Find out. Papaya and more on this Kruiser Control. See more at www.pjtv.com
- published: 17 Aug 2012
- views: 3660
- author: Pajamasmedia
Al Sharpton interviews Newt Gingrich on MSNBC
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 27:39
- Updated: 01 Nov 2012
Al Sharpton on his politics nation program interviewed Newt Gingrich for quite a length of time so many political subjects are covered.
http://wn.com/Al_Sharpton_interviews_Newt_Gingrich_on_MSNBC
Al Sharpton on his politics nation program interviewed Newt Gingrich for quite a length of time so many political subjects are covered.
- published: 13 Jun 2012
- views: 1915
- author: DailyWorldwideNews
Al Sharpton GO HOME...
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:14
- Updated: 30 Dec 2012
the media are the REAL CRIMINALS in the Trayvon Martin case.
http://wn.com/Al_Sharpton_GO_HOME
the media are the REAL CRIMINALS in the Trayvon Martin case.
- published: 02 Apr 2012
- views: 21714
- author: drinkingwithbob
Don Cornelius, James Brown, Al Sharpton interview (1974).
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:20
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
Don Cornelius, James Brown, Al Sharpton interview (1974). Watch more videos like this at soultrain.com
http://wn.com/Don_Cornelius,_James_Brown,_Al_Sharpton_interview_1974
Don Cornelius, James Brown, Al Sharpton interview (1974). Watch more videos like this at soultrain.com
- published: 29 Mar 2011
- views: 71782
- author: soultrain
March for Jobs and Justice Al Sharpton Speech - Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 31:54
- Updated: 05 Jun 2012
March for Jobs and Justice with Al Sharpton Speech - Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial - WWW.JTMP.ORG
http://wn.com/March_for_Jobs_and_Justice_Al_Sharpton_Speech_Martin_Luther_King,_Jr_Memorial
March for Jobs and Justice with Al Sharpton Speech - Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial - WWW.JTMP.ORG
- published: 16 Oct 2011
- views: 1858
- author: JTMPAdmin
Al Sharpton and Newt Gingrich Battle Over Food Stamps and Obama
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
Al Sharpton and Newt Gingrich had a fiery conversation on Sharpton's MSNBC show. Sharpton pointedly confronted Gingrich about some racially tinged statements he made during his presidential run.
http://wn.com/Al_Sharpton_and_Newt_Gingrich_Battle_Over_Food_Stamps_and_Obama
Al Sharpton and Newt Gingrich had a fiery conversation on Sharpton's MSNBC show. Sharpton pointedly confronted Gingrich about some racially tinged statements he made during his presidential run.
- published: 13 Jun 2012
- views: 5430
- author: NewsPoliticsInfo
Man Overboard - Al Sharpton
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:37
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
Al Sharpton by Man Overboard from the CD/LP/Digital "Real Talk" To get this record, merch and more visitwww.runforcoverrecords.com Buy this record on ITunes: itunes.apple.com
http://wn.com/Man_Overboard_Al_Sharpton
Al Sharpton by Man Overboard from the CD/LP/Digital "Real Talk" To get this record, merch and more visitwww.runforcoverrecords.com Buy this record on ITunes: itunes.apple.com
- published: 20 Oct 2011
- views: 19257
- author: runforcovertube
Al Sharpton's Remarks at Rosa Parks' Funeral
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:57
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
Al Sharpton's Remarks at Rosa Parks' Funeral.
http://wn.com/Al_Sharpton's_Remarks_at_Rosa_Parks'_Funeral
Al Sharpton's Remarks at Rosa Parks' Funeral.
- published: 14 Jan 2007
- views: 126521
- author: June Wilson
I'm an Idiot in Front of Celebrities
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:15
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
Dan Black makes an awkward impression on KoRn, Al Sharpton and Eliot Spitzer. Director: Todd Bieber Producer: Julie Gomez Executive Producers Josh Wolk Carter Edwards Starring: Dan Black Animator: Maelle Doliveux Camera Operator Denis Cardineau Sound Craig Staufenberg Crew Brennan Mulligan Editors: Craig Staufenberg Zach Goldbaum Denis Cardineau Sound Design Craig Staufenberg Zach Goldbaum
http://wn.com/I'm_an_Idiot_in_Front_of_Celebrities
Dan Black makes an awkward impression on KoRn, Al Sharpton and Eliot Spitzer. Director: Todd Bieber Producer: Julie Gomez Executive Producers Josh Wolk Carter Edwards Starring: Dan Black Animator: Maelle Doliveux Camera Operator Denis Cardineau Sound Craig Staufenberg Crew Brennan Mulligan Editors: Craig Staufenberg Zach Goldbaum Denis Cardineau Sound Design Craig Staufenberg Zach Goldbaum
- published: 28 Nov 2012
- views: 1299
- author: UCBComedy
Al Sharpton, Christopher Hitchens, and Ted Haggard on religion
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:13
- Updated: 26 Sep 2012
Al Sharpton, Christopher Hitchens, and Ted Haggard on Christianity.
http://wn.com/Al_Sharpton,_Christopher_Hitchens,_and_Ted_Haggard_on_religion
Al Sharpton, Christopher Hitchens, and Ted Haggard on Christianity.
- published: 29 May 2012
- views: 1589
- author: Thraxfan54
Roy Innis VS. Al Sharpton on the Morton Downey Jr. Show
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:17
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
On The Morton Downey Jr. Show.
http://wn.com/Roy_Innis_VS_Al_Sharpton_on_the_Morton_Downey_Jr_Show
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Howard Stern: Al Sharpton interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 31:52
- Updated: 27 Dec 2012
So the so called "Revered" Al Sharpton comes in to the show to promote his book. Although a controversial figure and not a likeable guy he seemed to have had a good time on the show which was quite surprising and entertaining.
http://wn.com/Howard_Stern_Al_Sharpton_interview
So the so called "Revered" Al Sharpton comes in to the show to promote his book. Although a controversial figure and not a likeable guy he seemed to have had a good time on the show which was quite surprising and entertaining.
- published: 05 Sep 2012
- views: 9132
- author: mendex187
March for Jobs and Justice Al Sharpton Speech - Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 31:54
- Updated: 05 Jun 2012
March for Jobs and Justice with Al Sharpton Speech - Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial - WWW.JTMP.ORG
http://wn.com/March_for_Jobs_and_Justice_Al_Sharpton_Speech_Martin_Luther_King,_Jr_Memorial
March for Jobs and Justice with Al Sharpton Speech - Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial - WWW.JTMP.ORG
- published: 16 Oct 2011
- views: 1849
- author: JTMPAdmin
Rev. Al Sharpton Keynote Speaker Grove Church Portsmouth Virginia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 35:54
- Updated: 23 Dec 2012
Rev. Al Sharpton keynote speaker for "Act Rally" presented by The Urban League Of Hampton Roads. Held At Grove Church. Senior Pastor Dr. Melvin O. Marriner.
http://wn.com/Rev_Al_Sharpton_Keynote_Speaker_Grove_Church_Portsmouth_Virginia
Rev. Al Sharpton keynote speaker for "Act Rally" presented by The Urban League Of Hampton Roads. Held At Grove Church. Senior Pastor Dr. Melvin O. Marriner.
- published: 22 Jul 2012
- views: 433
- author: ImageEntertainmentVA
Al Sharpton interviews Newt Gingrich on MSNBC
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 27:39
- Updated: 01 Nov 2012
Al Sharpton on his politics nation program interviewed Newt Gingrich for quite a length of time so many political subjects are covered.
http://wn.com/Al_Sharpton_interviews_Newt_Gingrich_on_MSNBC
Al Sharpton on his politics nation program interviewed Newt Gingrich for quite a length of time so many political subjects are covered.
- published: 13 Jun 2012
- views: 1880
- author: DailyWorldwideNews
![Christopher Hitchens vs Al Sharpton - Is god great? [2007]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130112084332im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/0WXSGmW8LHY/default.jpg "Christopher Hitchens vs Al Sharpton - Is god great? [2007]")
Christopher Hitchens vs Al Sharpton - Is god great? [2007]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 89:09
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
Christopher Hitchens debated Al Sharpton at the New York Public Library in May 2007 on the topic 'Is god great?'.
http://wn.com/Christopher_Hitchens_vs_Al_Sharpton_Is_god_great?_2007_
Christopher Hitchens debated Al Sharpton at the New York Public Library in May 2007 on the topic 'Is god great?'.
- published: 20 Jul 2012
- views: 559
- author: Christopher Hitchens
Still Fighting Rev. Al Sharpton.mov
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 23:56
- Updated: 12 Nov 2012
Rev. Al Sharpton is featured in this African American Excellence series as he continues to dedicate his life to serve those without voices. Produced by Terrell A. Taylor for Belak Entertainment.
http://wn.com/Still_Fighting_Rev_Al_Sharptonmov
Rev. Al Sharpton is featured in this African American Excellence series as he continues to dedicate his life to serve those without voices. Produced by Terrell A. Taylor for Belak Entertainment.
- published: 26 Mar 2012
- views: 410
- author: shoot2films
Al Sharpton at FSU 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 50:34
- Updated: 30 Sep 2012
http://wn.com/Al_Sharpton_at_FSU_2012
Christopher Hitchens Debates Al Sharpton - New York Public
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 89:09
- Updated: 27 Dec 2012
Christopher Hitchens Debates Al Sharpton - New York Public
http://wn.com/Christopher_Hitchens_Debates_Al_Sharpton_New_York_Public
Christopher Hitchens Debates Al Sharpton - New York Public
- published: 06 Dec 2011
- views: 133779
- author: ChristopherHitchslap
Rev Dr Al Sharpton Sat Morning Rally Sept 2, 2012 20120902 175724 446
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 58:32
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
http://wn.com/Rev_Dr_Al_Sharpton_Sat_Morning_Rally_Sept_2,_2012_20120902_175724_446
Tim Alexander & Al Sharpton Interview #2 In New York City
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 86:13
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
DID YOU KNOW.... I WAS INTERVIEWED BY REV. AL SHARPTON 3 TIMES? Listen to this entertaining and enlightening 90 minute interview from 2006! Rev. Sharpton said I was his most popular guest ever! The first time he interviewed me Aretha Franklin called in and talked to me to give me her mind on it. This was the second interview, and my favorite, and it was so hot, he actually took over the next show after his to continue the conversation on this topic! It was funny too, he tried to flame a gender fight with me and the ladies who called in, but I kept walking right through it without a scratch. I love the first woman caller!!! And than he gave me a high honor and had me on a third time as his most popular gust ever for his FOURTH OF JULY SPECIAL for an hour! Rev Al loves the topic of my film!!!! And the WOMEN agreed with me overall... Just Listen.
http://wn.com/Tim_Alexander_Al_Sharpton_Interview_2_In_New_York_City
DID YOU KNOW.... I WAS INTERVIEWED BY REV. AL SHARPTON 3 TIMES? Listen to this entertaining and enlightening 90 minute interview from 2006! Rev. Sharpton said I was his most popular guest ever! The first time he interviewed me Aretha Franklin called in and talked to me to give me her mind on it. This was the second interview, and my favorite, and it was so hot, he actually took over the next show after his to continue the conversation on this topic! It was funny too, he tried to flame a gender fight with me and the ladies who called in, but I kept walking right through it without a scratch. I love the first woman caller!!! And than he gave me a high honor and had me on a third time as his most popular gust ever for his FOURTH OF JULY SPECIAL for an hour! Rev Al loves the topic of my film!!!! And the WOMEN agreed with me overall... Just Listen.
- published: 30 May 2012
- views: 308
- author: Tim Alexander
Rev. Al Sharpton Live In Detroit, No Justice - No Peace!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 44:45
- Updated: 09 Sep 2012
Rev. Al Sharpton Live In Detroit, No Justice - No Peace! - - A No Struggle, No Development Production! By KennySnod * * Rev. Al Sharpton, National Action Network Live In Detroit, No Justice - No Peace! - - A No Struggle, No Development Production! By Kenny Snodgrass, Activist, Photographer, Videographer, Author of 1} From Victimization To Empowerment... www.trafford.com/07-0913 eBook available at www.ebookstore.sony.com 2} The World As I've Seen It! My Greatest Experience! {Photo Book} YouTube: I have over 320 Video's, over 104400 hits averaging 3000 a month on my YouTube channel @ www.YouTube.com/KennySnod
http://wn.com/Rev_Al_Sharpton_Live_In_Detroit,_No_Justice_No_Peace!
Rev. Al Sharpton Live In Detroit, No Justice - No Peace! - - A No Struggle, No Development Production! By KennySnod * * Rev. Al Sharpton, National Action Network Live In Detroit, No Justice - No Peace! - - A No Struggle, No Development Production! By Kenny Snodgrass, Activist, Photographer, Videographer, Author of 1} From Victimization To Empowerment... www.trafford.com/07-0913 eBook available at www.ebookstore.sony.com 2} The World As I've Seen It! My Greatest Experience! {Photo Book} YouTube: I have over 320 Video's, over 104400 hits averaging 3000 a month on my YouTube channel @ www.YouTube.com/KennySnod
- published: 09 Sep 2012
- views: 136
- author: KennySnod
Soledad O'Brien interviews Rev. Al Sharpton
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 39:33
- Updated: 01 Jul 2012
Soledad O'Brien interviews Reverend Al Sharpton about Community Voices.
http://wn.com/Soledad_O'Brien_interviews_Rev_Al_Sharpton
Soledad O'Brien interviews Reverend Al Sharpton about Community Voices.
- published: 27 Jun 2012
- views: 50
- author: TheMSMEDU
2004 DemConvention Speeches: Al Sharpton
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:53
- Updated: 26 Dec 2012
Speech by Rev. Al Sharpton at the 2004 Democratic National Convention
http://wn.com/2004_DemConvention_Speeches_Al_Sharpton
Speech by Rev. Al Sharpton at the 2004 Democratic National Convention
- published: 22 May 2008
- views: 24238
- author: DemConvention
STATE OF AMERICA RANT---FUCK SNOOP, KANYE, LIL WAYNE, AL SHARPTON......
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 26:52
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Things I had to get off my chest, just calling things how I seem them, My thoughts on the Music industry, Politics, weight management, issues going on in America and the direction it is headed. Sorry for the language, can't help it.
http://wn.com/STATE_OF_AMERICA_RANT---FUCK_SNOOP,_KANYE,_LIL_WAYNE,_AL_SHARPTON
Things I had to get off my chest, just calling things how I seem them, My thoughts on the Music industry, Politics, weight management, issues going on in America and the direction it is headed. Sorry for the language, can't help it.
- published: 05 Oct 2012
- views: 97
- author: Tr0EaSy
Opie & Anthony - Trayvon Martin killing, ripping Al Sharpton & Media Matters (3/22/12)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 42:47
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
from March 22, 2012 (there's some funny Louis CK audio at the end I left in)
http://wn.com/Opie_Anthony_Trayvon_Martin_killing,_ripping_Al_Sharpton_Media_Matters_3_22_12
from March 22, 2012 (there's some funny Louis CK audio at the end I left in)
- published: 23 Mar 2012
- views: 17848
- author: Frrrrrrrrunkis
From Selma to Montgomery! Rev. Al Sharpton & National Action Network (Slideshow)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:12
- Updated: 16 Aug 2012
From Selma to Montgomery, Rev. Al Sharpton The Struggle Continues! -- A No Struggle, No Development! Production By KennySnod -- Selma to Montgomery - Rev. Al Sharpton & AFL-CIO etc. The Struggle Continues. * In 1965, the American South was a battlefield. The wealthy elite sought to block rights and a voice in society for a segment of the population. Nowhere was this battle uglier than in Alabama over the basic right to vote. Today, 47 years later, many states have launched an all-out coordinated assault on our democracy by attacking workers' rights, voting rights, public education and comprehensive immigration reform. In 1965, the Selma to Montgomery March made history and changed America. Now in 2012, we march again...for the 99%. History will be on our side. (March -- Starts, Selma to Montgomery March 4--9, 2012 March 4: Selma—1:30 pm March 5--8: Selma to Montgomery march at 9 am March 9: Montgomery, march at 9 am, rally at State Capitol at 11:30 am - The distance between Selma to Montgomery is 47 miles.) -- A No Struggle, No Development! Production By Kenny Snodgrass, Activist, Photographer, Videographer, Author of From Victimization To Empowerment... www.trafford.com/07-0913 eBook available at www.ebookstore.sony.com YouTube - I have over 245 community videos on my YouTube channel at www.YouTube.com/KennySnod
http://wn.com/From_Selma_to_Montgomery!_Rev_Al_Sharpton_National_Action_Network_Slideshow
From Selma to Montgomery, Rev. Al Sharpton The Struggle Continues! -- A No Struggle, No Development! Production By KennySnod -- Selma to Montgomery - Rev. Al Sharpton & AFL-CIO etc. The Struggle Continues. * In 1965, the American South was a battlefield. The wealthy elite sought to block rights and a voice in society for a segment of the population. Nowhere was this battle uglier than in Alabama over the basic right to vote. Today, 47 years later, many states have launched an all-out coordinated assault on our democracy by attacking workers' rights, voting rights, public education and comprehensive immigration reform. In 1965, the Selma to Montgomery March made history and changed America. Now in 2012, we march again...for the 99%. History will be on our side. (March -- Starts, Selma to Montgomery March 4--9, 2012 March 4: Selma—1:30 pm March 5--8: Selma to Montgomery march at 9 am March 9: Montgomery, march at 9 am, rally at State Capitol at 11:30 am - The distance between Selma to Montgomery is 47 miles.) -- A No Struggle, No Development! Production By Kenny Snodgrass, Activist, Photographer, Videographer, Author of From Victimization To Empowerment... www.trafford.com/07-0913 eBook available at www.ebookstore.sony.com YouTube - I have over 245 community videos on my YouTube channel at www.YouTube.com/KennySnod
- published: 12 Mar 2012
- views: 381
- author: KennySnod
Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle & Barack Obama pt 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:44
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
Mitt Romney was addressing a crowd in Prattville, Alabama this past Monday when he stated: I understand how difficult it can be for an African-American in today's society. In fact, I can relate to black people very well indeed. My ancestors once owned slaves, and it is in my lineage to work closely with the black community. However, just because they were freed over a century ago doesn't mean they can now be freeloaders. They need to be told to work hard, and the incentives just aren't there for them anymore. When I'm president I plan to work closely with the black community to bring a sense of pride and work ethic back into view for them. Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton ...
http://wn.com/Minister_EnQi_response_to_Bill_Clinton,_Joe_Biden,_Michelle_Barack_Obama_pt_2
Mitt Romney was addressing a crowd in Prattville, Alabama this past Monday when he stated: I understand how difficult it can be for an African-American in today's society. In fact, I can relate to black people very well indeed. My ancestors once owned slaves, and it is in my lineage to work closely with the black community. However, just because they were freed over a century ago doesn't mean they can now be freeloaders. They need to be told to work hard, and the incentives just aren't there for them anymore. When I'm president I plan to work closely with the black community to bring a sense of pride and work ethic back into view for them. Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton ...
- published: 08 Sep 2012
- views: 130112
- author: MinisterEnQi SangReal
Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle & Barack Obama 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:17
- Updated: 23 Dec 2012
Mitt Romney was addressing a crowd in Prattville, Alabama this past Monday when he stated: I understand how difficult it can be for an African-American in today's society. In fact, I can relate to black people very well indeed. My ancestors once owned slaves, and it is in my lineage to work closely with the black community. However, just because they were freed over a century ago doesn't mean they can now be freeloaders. They need to be told to work hard, and the incentives just aren't there for them anymore. When I'm president I plan to work closely with the black community to bring a sense of pride and work ethic back into view for them. Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton ...
http://wn.com/Minister_EnQi_response_to_Bill_Clinton,_Joe_Biden,_Michelle_Barack_Obama_1
Mitt Romney was addressing a crowd in Prattville, Alabama this past Monday when he stated: I understand how difficult it can be for an African-American in today's society. In fact, I can relate to black people very well indeed. My ancestors once owned slaves, and it is in my lineage to work closely with the black community. However, just because they were freed over a century ago doesn't mean they can now be freeloaders. They need to be told to work hard, and the incentives just aren't there for them anymore. When I'm president I plan to work closely with the black community to bring a sense of pride and work ethic back into view for them. Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton ...
- published: 08 Sep 2012
- views: 116481
- author: MinisterEnQi SangReal
![Opie & Anthony: Officer Killed & More Al Sharpton Talk (12 - 13 - 2011) [HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130112084332im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/BS4G-PpXM2A/default.jpg "Opie & Anthony: Officer Killed & More Al Sharpton Talk (12 - 13 - 2011) [HD]")
Opie & Anthony: Officer Killed & More Al Sharpton Talk (12 - 13 - 2011) [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 44:27
- Updated: 26 Dec 2012
Officer Peter Figoski is shot by low-life Lamont Pride. They take callers, including some homeboy who has no worth to society, as well as some much better callers. The Boys comment that Al Sharpton ought to come out and speak on this...
http://wn.com/Opie_Anthony_Officer_Killed_More_Al_Sharpton_Talk_12_13_2011_HD_
Officer Peter Figoski is shot by low-life Lamont Pride. They take callers, including some homeboy who has no worth to society, as well as some much better callers. The Boys comment that Al Sharpton ought to come out and speak on this...
- published: 13 Jan 2012
- views: 8849
- author: Timmycakes88
How to create Black Millionaires & Billionaires in the Technological Age part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 21:16
- Updated: 03 Dec 2012
Use Promo Code #1 to Join the Technical Revolution at NBTV Free money click here 4561688.dailydollardash.com How to create Black Millionaires & Billionaires in the Technological Age .... Become computer literate by reading Sunday School the soon to be released book by Minister EnQi.... Learn the truth behind Silicone Valley the richest neighborhood on Earth!!! I understand how difficult it can be for an African-American in today's society. In fact, I can relate to black people very well indeed. My ancestors once owned slaves, and it is in my lineage to work closely with the black community. However, just because they were freed over a century ago doesn't mean they can now be freeloaders. They need to be told to work hard, and the incentives just aren't there for them anymore. When I'm president I plan to work closely with the black community to bring a sense of pride and work ethic back into view for them. Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack ...
http://wn.com/How_to_create_Black_Millionaires_Billionaires_in_the_Technological_Age_part_1
Use Promo Code #1 to Join the Technical Revolution at NBTV Free money click here 4561688.dailydollardash.com How to create Black Millionaires & Billionaires in the Technological Age .... Become computer literate by reading Sunday School the soon to be released book by Minister EnQi.... Learn the truth behind Silicone Valley the richest neighborhood on Earth!!! I understand how difficult it can be for an African-American in today's society. In fact, I can relate to black people very well indeed. My ancestors once owned slaves, and it is in my lineage to work closely with the black community. However, just because they were freed over a century ago doesn't mean they can now be freeloaders. They need to be told to work hard, and the incentives just aren't there for them anymore. When I'm president I plan to work closely with the black community to bring a sense of pride and work ethic back into view for them. Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack ...
- published: 12 Sep 2012
- views: 4142
- author: MinisterEnQi SangReal
Labor Against HB87- Georgia's Anti-Immigrant Working Families Law 7-9-11.mp4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:24
- Updated: 15 Jul 2011
On Saturday July 9th Atlanta Jobs With Justice and GLAHR joined hundreds of youth activists and members of AFSCME, Rev. Al Sharpton of the National Action Network and other community allies to demonstrate at the Georgia State Capitol in opposition to HB87- Georgia's anti-immigrant, anti-family, anti-worker law.
http://wn.com/Labor_Against_HB87_Georgia's_Anti-Immigrant_Working_Families_Law_7-9-11mp4
On Saturday July 9th Atlanta Jobs With Justice and GLAHR joined hundreds of youth activists and members of AFSCME, Rev. Al Sharpton of the National Action Network and other community allies to demonstrate at the Georgia State Capitol in opposition to HB87- Georgia's anti-immigrant, anti-family, anti-worker law.
- published: 11 Jul 2011
- views: 128
- author: teamsters728
2007 Justice March ( Al Sharpton, Tom Joyner ,National Action Network)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 41:19
- Updated: 15 Aug 2012
This was a protest against the rise in Hate crimes in the US The march was held in the nations capital of the United states. Smitty Internet Media director: streetroachpics.com
http://wn.com/2007_Justice_March_Al_Sharpton,_Tom_Joyner_,National_Action_Network
This was a protest against the rise in Hate crimes in the US The march was held in the nations capital of the United states. Smitty Internet Media director: streetroachpics.com
- published: 15 Aug 2012
- views: 2
- author: Mark Jones
Bill O'Reilly, Andrew Breitbart, Al Shapton or Eric Deggans? Name the Race Baiter! (Interview)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 34:24
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
Tampa Bay Times media critic Eric Deggans was already a great and talented writer, but one with a limited platform. Bill O'Reilly made him a star and, even better, inspired him to write a kickass book about a subject near and dear to his heart. In Race Baiter: How the Media Wields Dangerous Words to Divide a Nation, Eric takes the way Fox News Channel and other 21st century media sources such as The Drudge Report and the late Andrew Breitbart have given up the conceit of respectful political discourse among rival ideologies and gone to nasty, no-holds-barred racial attacks. His book delves into the stories behind all the buzziest names in modern racial politics: Barack Obama, Shirley Sherrod, Rev. Jeremiah Wright, Trayvon Martin and Al Sharpton on one side, Sean Hannity, Glenn Beck, Rush Limbaugh, The Drudge Report, Megyn Kelly, Newt Gingrich, Breitbart and O'Reilly on the other. No matter what side of the political or racial fence you're on, you could learn a lot from this book. Order Race Baiter from Amazon.com: amzn.to What is Mr. Media® Interviews? The calm of Charlie Rose, the curiosity of Terry Gross and the unpredictability of Howard Stern!Exclusive Hollywood, celebrity, pop culture podcast interviews by Mr. Media®, aka, Bob Andelman, with newsmakers in TV, radio, movies, music, magazines, newspapers, books, websites, social media, politics, sports, graphic novels, and comics! Now in its 6th year! Subscribe FREE on iTunes or mobile devices via the Stitcher app and ...
http://wn.com/Bill_O'Reilly,_Andrew_Breitbart,_Al_Shapton_or_Eric_Deggans?_Name_the_Race_Baiter!_Interview
Tampa Bay Times media critic Eric Deggans was already a great and talented writer, but one with a limited platform. Bill O'Reilly made him a star and, even better, inspired him to write a kickass book about a subject near and dear to his heart. In Race Baiter: How the Media Wields Dangerous Words to Divide a Nation, Eric takes the way Fox News Channel and other 21st century media sources such as The Drudge Report and the late Andrew Breitbart have given up the conceit of respectful political discourse among rival ideologies and gone to nasty, no-holds-barred racial attacks. His book delves into the stories behind all the buzziest names in modern racial politics: Barack Obama, Shirley Sherrod, Rev. Jeremiah Wright, Trayvon Martin and Al Sharpton on one side, Sean Hannity, Glenn Beck, Rush Limbaugh, The Drudge Report, Megyn Kelly, Newt Gingrich, Breitbart and O'Reilly on the other. No matter what side of the political or racial fence you're on, you could learn a lot from this book. Order Race Baiter from Amazon.com: amzn.to What is Mr. Media® Interviews? The calm of Charlie Rose, the curiosity of Terry Gross and the unpredictability of Howard Stern!Exclusive Hollywood, celebrity, pop culture podcast interviews by Mr. Media®, aka, Bob Andelman, with newsmakers in TV, radio, movies, music, magazines, newspapers, books, websites, social media, politics, sports, graphic novels, and comics! Now in its 6th year! Subscribe FREE on iTunes or mobile devices via the Stitcher app and ...
- published: 18 Oct 2012
- views: 157
- author: Bob Andelman
31:52
Howard Stern: Al Sharpton interview
So the so called "Revered" Al Sharpton comes in to the show to promote his book. Although ...
published: 05 Sep 2012
author: mendex187
Howard Stern: Al Sharpton interview
So the so called "Revered" Al Sharpton comes in to the show to promote his book. Although a controversial figure and not a likeable guy he seemed to have had a good time on the show which was quite surprising and entertaining.
- published: 05 Sep 2012
- views: 9132
- author: mendex187
31:54
March for Jobs and Justice Al Sharpton Speech - Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial
March for Jobs and Justice with Al Sharpton Speech - Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial - WW...
published: 16 Oct 2011
author: JTMPAdmin
March for Jobs and Justice Al Sharpton Speech - Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial
March for Jobs and Justice with Al Sharpton Speech - Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial - WWW.JTMP.ORG
- published: 16 Oct 2011
- views: 1849
- author: JTMPAdmin
35:54
Rev. Al Sharpton Keynote Speaker Grove Church Portsmouth Virginia
Rev. Al Sharpton keynote speaker for "Act Rally" presented by The Urban League Of Hampton ...
published: 22 Jul 2012
author: ImageEntertainmentVA
Rev. Al Sharpton Keynote Speaker Grove Church Portsmouth Virginia
Rev. Al Sharpton keynote speaker for "Act Rally" presented by The Urban League Of Hampton Roads. Held At Grove Church. Senior Pastor Dr. Melvin O. Marriner.
- published: 22 Jul 2012
- views: 433
- author: ImageEntertainmentVA
27:39
Al Sharpton interviews Newt Gingrich on MSNBC
Al Sharpton on his politics nation program interviewed Newt Gingrich for quite a length of...
published: 13 Jun 2012
author: DailyWorldwideNews
Al Sharpton interviews Newt Gingrich on MSNBC
Al Sharpton on his politics nation program interviewed Newt Gingrich for quite a length of time so many political subjects are covered.
- published: 13 Jun 2012
- views: 1880
- author: DailyWorldwideNews
89:09
Christopher Hitchens vs Al Sharpton - Is god great? [2007]
Christopher Hitchens debated Al Sharpton at the New York Public Library in May 2007 on the...
published: 20 Jul 2012
author: Christopher Hitchens
Christopher Hitchens vs Al Sharpton - Is god great? [2007]
Christopher Hitchens debated Al Sharpton at the New York Public Library in May 2007 on the topic 'Is god great?'.
- published: 20 Jul 2012
- views: 559
- author: Christopher Hitchens
23:56
Still Fighting Rev. Al Sharpton.mov
Rev. Al Sharpton is featured in this African American Excellence series as he continues to...
published: 26 Mar 2012
author: shoot2films
Still Fighting Rev. Al Sharpton.mov
Rev. Al Sharpton is featured in this African American Excellence series as he continues to dedicate his life to serve those without voices. Produced by Terrell A. Taylor for Belak Entertainment.
- published: 26 Mar 2012
- views: 410
- author: shoot2films
50:34
Al Sharpton at FSU 2012
...
published: 30 Sep 2012
author: Kenneth Naylor
Al Sharpton at FSU 2012
- published: 30 Sep 2012
- views: 59
- author: Kenneth Naylor
89:09
Christopher Hitchens Debates Al Sharpton - New York Public
Christopher Hitchens Debates Al Sharpton - New York Public...
published: 06 Dec 2011
author: ChristopherHitchslap
Christopher Hitchens Debates Al Sharpton - New York Public
Christopher Hitchens Debates Al Sharpton - New York Public
- published: 06 Dec 2011
- views: 133779
- author: ChristopherHitchslap
58:32
Rev Dr Al Sharpton Sat Morning Rally Sept 2, 2012 20120902 175724 446
...
published: 13 Sep 2012
author: NationalActionNet
Rev Dr Al Sharpton Sat Morning Rally Sept 2, 2012 20120902 175724 446
- published: 13 Sep 2012
- views: 87
- author: NationalActionNet
86:13
Tim Alexander & Al Sharpton Interview #2 In New York City
DID YOU KNOW.... I WAS INTERVIEWED BY REV. AL SHARPTON 3 TIMES? Listen to this entertainin...
published: 30 May 2012
author: Tim Alexander
Tim Alexander & Al Sharpton Interview #2 In New York City
DID YOU KNOW.... I WAS INTERVIEWED BY REV. AL SHARPTON 3 TIMES? Listen to this entertaining and enlightening 90 minute interview from 2006! Rev. Sharpton said I was his most popular guest ever! The first time he interviewed me Aretha Franklin called in and talked to me to give me her mind on it. This was the second interview, and my favorite, and it was so hot, he actually took over the next show after his to continue the conversation on this topic! It was funny too, he tried to flame a gender fight with me and the ladies who called in, but I kept walking right through it without a scratch. I love the first woman caller!!! And than he gave me a high honor and had me on a third time as his most popular gust ever for his FOURTH OF JULY SPECIAL for an hour! Rev Al loves the topic of my film!!!! And the WOMEN agreed with me overall... Just Listen.
- published: 30 May 2012
- views: 308
- author: Tim Alexander
44:45
Rev. Al Sharpton Live In Detroit, No Justice - No Peace!
Rev. Al Sharpton Live In Detroit, No Justice - No Peace! - - A No Struggle, No Development...
published: 09 Sep 2012
author: KennySnod
Rev. Al Sharpton Live In Detroit, No Justice - No Peace!
Rev. Al Sharpton Live In Detroit, No Justice - No Peace! - - A No Struggle, No Development Production! By KennySnod * * Rev. Al Sharpton, National Action Network Live In Detroit, No Justice - No Peace! - - A No Struggle, No Development Production! By Kenny Snodgrass, Activist, Photographer, Videographer, Author of 1} From Victimization To Empowerment... www.trafford.com/07-0913 eBook available at www.ebookstore.sony.com 2} The World As I've Seen It! My Greatest Experience! {Photo Book} YouTube: I have over 320 Video's, over 104400 hits averaging 3000 a month on my YouTube channel @ www.YouTube.com/KennySnod
- published: 09 Sep 2012
- views: 136
- author: KennySnod
39:33
Soledad O'Brien interviews Rev. Al Sharpton
Soledad O'Brien interviews Reverend Al Sharpton about Community Voices....
published: 27 Jun 2012
author: TheMSMEDU
Soledad O'Brien interviews Rev. Al Sharpton
Soledad O'Brien interviews Reverend Al Sharpton about Community Voices.
- published: 27 Jun 2012
- views: 50
- author: TheMSMEDU
20:53
2004 DemConvention Speeches: Al Sharpton
Speech by Rev. Al Sharpton at the 2004 Democratic National Convention...
published: 22 May 2008
author: DemConvention
2004 DemConvention Speeches: Al Sharpton
Speech by Rev. Al Sharpton at the 2004 Democratic National Convention
- published: 22 May 2008
- views: 24238
- author: DemConvention
26:52
STATE OF AMERICA RANT---FUCK SNOOP, KANYE, LIL WAYNE, AL SHARPTON......
Things I had to get off my chest, just calling things how I seem them, My thoughts on the ...
published: 05 Oct 2012
author: Tr0EaSy
STATE OF AMERICA RANT---FUCK SNOOP, KANYE, LIL WAYNE, AL SHARPTON......
Things I had to get off my chest, just calling things how I seem them, My thoughts on the Music industry, Politics, weight management, issues going on in America and the direction it is headed. Sorry for the language, can't help it.
- published: 05 Oct 2012
- views: 97
- author: Tr0EaSy
Vimeo results:
4:13
Ale Sharpton's Cruisin' For A Brewsin': Ale Does 'Shots'!
Ale Sharpton is at it again! This time, he is heading to the posh Sandy Springs Gun Club a...
published: 09 Mar 2011
author: Ale Sharpton
Ale Sharpton's Cruisin' For A Brewsin': Ale Does 'Shots'!
Ale Sharpton is at it again! This time, he is heading to the posh Sandy Springs Gun Club and Range just outside the perimeter of Atlanta, GA to "Do Shots." Although his Cruisin' show is primarily about beer, he loves to find a good time wherever he is and discover gems throughout the U.S. and abroad. Always happy to work with great talent, Ale had video producer Keven Digital with KRJ Productions film him letting off some steam.
Special thanks go to Arleen and the Sandy Springs Gun Club and Range.
Stay tuned for more Cruisin' episodes and visit Mr. Sharpton's award-nominated website @ www.alesharpton.com.
Keep on Cruisin'!
6:45
Ale Sharpton’s Cruisin’ For A Brewsin’! Episode One: Sunday Sales
Ale Sharpton, renowned beer writer and host for his show, Cruisin' For A Brewsin', gets th...
published: 09 Mar 2011
author: Ale Sharpton
Ale Sharpton’s Cruisin’ For A Brewsin’! Episode One: Sunday Sales
Ale Sharpton, renowned beer writer and host for his show, Cruisin' For A Brewsin', gets things started on the steps of the Georgia State Capitol! In the debut of Cruisin' For A Brewsin', Ale interviews a rally of supporters for Sunday Sales in Georgia, one of the last three states that doesn't allow retail sales of alcohol on Sunday. Hey, the base of this show is beer, but having the right to at least vote for the right to buy on the last day of the week is what brought these Constitution followers to the steps of the State Capitol in the ATL. Fight the power!
Shout outs go to Luxeve Media who was responsible for this fantastic production work and Rashad "Suede" from Earkraft Entertainment who provided the beats!
Stay tuned for more Cruisin' videos and visit Mr. Sharpton's award-nominated website, www.alesharpton.com.
Keep on Cruisin'!
6:48
Cruisin' For A Brewsin': Ale Hits Up The Porter Beer Bar
World-renowned beer writer Ale Sharpton is also the creator and host of his show, Cruisin'...
published: 25 Apr 2011
author: Ale Sharpton
Cruisin' For A Brewsin': Ale Hits Up The Porter Beer Bar
World-renowned beer writer Ale Sharpton is also the creator and host of his show, Cruisin' For A Brewsin', which aims to spread the love of beer throughout the world one episode at a time! Also a travel photojournalist, Ale aims to find other things worth his audience's attention that may not include the suds, but sooner or later, a brew will pop up! Be sure to visit the recently award-nominated alesharpton.com for more of Ale and beer news.
Keep on Cruisin' For A Brewsin'!
www.alesharpton.com
Production work by Studio 8 (http://studio8atl.com)
Music by Rashad Suede/Earkraft
http://alesharpton.com
Youtube results:
42:47
Opie & Anthony - Trayvon Martin killing, ripping Al Sharpton & Media Matters (3/22/12)
from March 22, 2012 (there's some funny Louis CK audio at the end I left in)...
published: 23 Mar 2012
author: Frrrrrrrrunkis
Opie & Anthony - Trayvon Martin killing, ripping Al Sharpton & Media Matters (3/22/12)
from March 22, 2012 (there's some funny Louis CK audio at the end I left in)
- published: 23 Mar 2012
- views: 17848
- author: Frrrrrrrrunkis
20:12
From Selma to Montgomery! Rev. Al Sharpton & National Action Network (Slideshow)
From Selma to Montgomery, Rev. Al Sharpton The Struggle Continues! -- A No Struggle, No De...
published: 12 Mar 2012
author: KennySnod
From Selma to Montgomery! Rev. Al Sharpton & National Action Network (Slideshow)
From Selma to Montgomery, Rev. Al Sharpton The Struggle Continues! -- A No Struggle, No Development! Production By KennySnod -- Selma to Montgomery - Rev. Al Sharpton & AFL-CIO etc. The Struggle Continues. * In 1965, the American South was a battlefield. The wealthy elite sought to block rights and a voice in society for a segment of the population. Nowhere was this battle uglier than in Alabama over the basic right to vote. Today, 47 years later, many states have launched an all-out coordinated assault on our democracy by attacking workers' rights, voting rights, public education and comprehensive immigration reform. In 1965, the Selma to Montgomery March made history and changed America. Now in 2012, we march again...for the 99%. History will be on our side. (March -- Starts, Selma to Montgomery March 4--9, 2012 March 4: Selma—1:30 pm March 5--8: Selma to Montgomery march at 9 am March 9: Montgomery, march at 9 am, rally at State Capitol at 11:30 am - The distance between Selma to Montgomery is 47 miles.) -- A No Struggle, No Development! Production By Kenny Snodgrass, Activist, Photographer, Videographer, Author of From Victimization To Empowerment... www.trafford.com/07-0913 eBook available at www.ebookstore.sony.com YouTube - I have over 245 community videos on my YouTube channel at www.YouTube.com/KennySnod
- published: 12 Mar 2012
- views: 381
- author: KennySnod
22:44
Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle & Barack Obama pt 2
Mitt Romney was addressing a crowd in Prattville, Alabama this past Monday when he stated:...
published: 08 Sep 2012
author: MinisterEnQi SangReal
Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle & Barack Obama pt 2
Mitt Romney was addressing a crowd in Prattville, Alabama this past Monday when he stated: I understand how difficult it can be for an African-American in today's society. In fact, I can relate to black people very well indeed. My ancestors once owned slaves, and it is in my lineage to work closely with the black community. However, just because they were freed over a century ago doesn't mean they can now be freeloaders. They need to be told to work hard, and the incentives just aren't there for them anymore. When I'm president I plan to work closely with the black community to bring a sense of pride and work ethic back into view for them. Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton ...
- published: 08 Sep 2012
- views: 130112
- author: MinisterEnQi SangReal
24:17
Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle & Barack Obama 1
Mitt Romney was addressing a crowd in Prattville, Alabama this past Monday when he stated:...
published: 08 Sep 2012
author: MinisterEnQi SangReal
Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle & Barack Obama 1
Mitt Romney was addressing a crowd in Prattville, Alabama this past Monday when he stated: I understand how difficult it can be for an African-American in today's society. In fact, I can relate to black people very well indeed. My ancestors once owned slaves, and it is in my lineage to work closely with the black community. However, just because they were freed over a century ago doesn't mean they can now be freeloaders. They need to be told to work hard, and the incentives just aren't there for them anymore. When I'm president I plan to work closely with the black community to bring a sense of pride and work ethic back into view for them. Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Michelle Barack Obama election mitt romney slave, Minister EnQi response to Bill Clinton ...
- published: 08 Sep 2012
- views: 116481
- author: MinisterEnQi SangReal
photo: AP / Channi Anand
09 Jan 2013
JAMMU, India (Reuters) - India slammed arch-rival Pakistan on Wednesday over a fire fight in the disputed territory of Kashmir in which two of its soldiers were killed, and said the mutilation of one of the bodies was "inhuman". India's Defence Minister A.K. Antony waits to speak at a plenary session of the 11th International Institute of Strategic Studies (IISS) Asia Security Summit ... REUTERS/Tim Chong ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
photo: AP / Alexandre Meneghini
10 Jan 2013
“There are thousands of people who have suffered the ravages of violence ... The law was received with praisel as well as criticism ... 357 Source. ... Featured on Al Jazeera ... Will Americans ever get to see Al Jazeera? ... Welcome to America, Al Jazeera ... Al Jazeera buys US channel Current TV ... Will Americans ever get to see Al Jazeera? ... Frost Over The World 101 East One on One Counting The Cost Talk to Al Jazeera Empire The Cafe Al Jazeera World ... ....(size: 18.3Kb)
photo: AP / Jacques Brinon
10 Jan 2013
PARIS. Three Kurdish women, including one of the founders of a militant group battling Turkish troops since 1984, were "executed" at a Kurdish center in Paris, the interior minister said on Thursday. Turkey's Anadolu news agency identified one of the victims as Sakine Cansiz, a founding member of the Kurdistan Workers Party, or PKK ... He called it a "totally intolerable act." ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
photo: AP / Arshad Butt
11 Jan 2013
QUETTA, Pakistan -- A series of bombings killed 115 people in Pakistan yesterday, including 81 who died in a sectarian attack on a billiard hall in the southwest city of Quetta, officials said. The blasts punctuated one of the deadliest days in recent years in Pakistan, where the government faces a bloody insurgency by militants in the northwest and Baluch militants in the southwest ... No group claimed responsibility for the attack.. . .....(size: 7.7Kb)
photo: WN / Bhaskar Mallick
10 Jan 2013
As much as half of the world's food, amounting to two billion tonnes worth, ends up being thrown away, a UK-based report has claimed. The Institution of Mechanical Engineers said the waste was being caused by poor storage, strict sell-by dates, bulk offers and consumer fussiness. The study also found that up to 30% of vegetables in the UK were not harvested because of their physical appearance ... 'Waste of resources' ... Dr Fox said ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
ABC News
11 Jan 2013
On Thursday, movie mogul Tyler Perry, the Rev. Al Sharpton and NAACP president Ben Jealous announced as much as $100,000 in rewards for information on the cases ... I am sure there are others," Sharpton told the crowd of about 150 people ... Al... View Full Size ... Al Sharpton, center, look on as an unidentified man comes forward during a news conference to discuss the missing-persons investigations of Terrance Williams and Felipe Santos on Jan ... ....(size: 5.0Kb)
Huffington Post
11 Jan 2013
Just how many times is Irish news anchor Aengus Mac Grianna going to be caught off-guard while on camera? ... (h/t The Daily What). Also on HuffPost ... Al Sharpton's Teleprompter Flub. During the early weeks of Al Sharpton's new MSNBC show, the host had some <a href=""http.//www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/10/al-sharptons-teleprompter_n_923075.html"" target="_hplink">difficulty reading the teleprompter</a> ... Like....(size: 6.5Kb)
Jakarta Post
11 Jan 2013
Al Sharpton and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) president and CEO Ben Jealous at a news conference Thursday in Naples to discuss the missing-person investigations of Terrance Williams and Felipe Santos ... "Wow ... Sharpton said Perry called him to admonish him and others about the cases. "Why aren't you civil rights leaders dealing with cases of missing people?" Sharpton said Perry asked him ... ....(size: 3.5Kb)
MSNBC
11 Jan 2013
On Thursday morning, Tyler Perry, Reverend Al Sharpton, Benjamin Jealous, the president of the NAACP and Collier County Sheriff Kevin Rambosk held a press conference in Naples to announce steps towards the missing persons investigations of Terrence Williams and ......(size: 1.5Kb)
The Examiner
11 Jan 2013
The Young & Powerful Group (Y&P) is keeping pace with its name and showing the fresh new face of young, powerful professionals in Washington, DC as they celebrate the second inauguration of the 44th President of the United States, Barack H. Obama, Jan. 18-21. For four days, Y&P will be hosting inauguration events in Chicago and Washington, DC ... 21.View slideshow ... Jan ... Al Sharpton, Michael Eric Dyson, and Martin Luther King III ... ....(size: 3.6Kb)
Philadelphia Daily News
11 Jan 2013
Howard Gensler, Daily News Tattle Columnist. Posted. Friday, January 11, 2013, 3.01 AM ... Benabou's suit alleges that Bieber berated him and repeatedly punched him in the chest after a disagreement about how to handle a member of the singer's entourage ... "Mr ... DC Reunion ... ... Al Sharpton and Ben Jealous, of the NAACP, at a news conference Thursday in Naples to discuss the missing-person investigations of Terrance Williams and Felipe Santos....(size: 21.2Kb)
Star Tribune
10 Jan 2013
The Washington Post
10 Jan 2013
The Examiner
10 Jan 2013
Stellar Award winner Lonnie Hunter will be bringing the musical praise in a big way when a special Word Network live television taping takes place Sunday, Jan. 20 at Washington, D.C.’s largest congregation, Greater Mt. Calvary Holy Church, where Bishop Alfred A. Owens and Co-Pastor Susie C. Owens are the pastors ... Al Sharpton and inspiring words from Dr ... Evans.” ... Al Sharpton, Dr ... Evans ... 20018 ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)
MSNBC
10 Jan 2013
On Thursday morning, Tyler Perry, Reverend Al Sharpton, Benjamin Jealous, the president of the NAACP and Collier County Sheriff Kevin Rambosk held a press conference in Naples to announce steps towards the missing persons investigations of Terrence Williams and Felipe Santos. "This gives us hope ... Calkins is no longer with the sheriff's office ... Advertise . AdChoices. Advertise ... Sharpton said.. ....(size: 2.2Kb)
The Examiner
10 Jan 2013
Tyler Perry, a movie-maker and actor, who is well known for his role as the Madea character announced on Thursday, that he is offering a reward of $100,000 for information leading to the arrest related to two cases of missing men from Collier County in Florida. Both men were last seen with a Cpl ... Neither men have been seen again ... Photo credit. . Naples Police Dept ... Al Sharpton on Thursday, Jan ... Al Sharpton talks about the missing men....(size: 3.1Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
10 Jan 2013
NAPLES, Fla ... Perry joined the Rev. Al Sharpton and Ben Jealous of the NAACP at a news conference Thursday in Naples to discuss the missing-person investigations of Terrance Williams and Felipe Santos ... He was never charged but was fired the next year ... Sharpton said Perry called him and asked "why aren't you civil rights leaders dealing with missing persons cases?". "This kind of issue requires all of us ... To come together," Sharpton said....(size: 3.3Kb)
| Al Sharpton | |
|---|---|
 Al Sharpton, November 2007 |
|
| Born | Alfred Charles Sharpton, Jr. (1954-10-03) October 3, 1954 (age 57) Brooklyn, New York, US |
| Residence | New York, NY |
| Occupation | Baptist minister, civil rights/social justice activist, radio and television talk show host |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Religion | Baptist |
| Spouse | Kathy Jordan |
Alfred Charles "Al" Sharpton, Jr. (born October 3, 1954) is an American Baptist minister, civil rights activist, and television/radio talk show host.[1][2] In 2004, he was a candidate for the Democratic nomination for the U.S. presidential election. He hosts his own radio talk show, Keepin' It Real,[3] and he makes regular guest appearances on Fox News (such as The O'Reilly Factor)[4][5][6] CNN, and MSNBC. In 2011, he was named the host of MSNBC's PoliticsNation, a nightly talk show.[7]
Sharpton's supporters praise "his ability and willingness to defy the power structure that is seen as the cause of their suffering"[8] and consider him "a man who is willing to tell it like it is".[8] Former New York Mayor Ed Koch, a one-time foe, said that Sharpton deserves the respect he enjoys among African Americans: "He is willing to go to jail for them, and he is there when they need him."[9]
His critics describe him as "a political radical who is to blame, in part, for the deterioration of race relations".[10] Sociologist Orlando Patterson has referred to him as a racial arsonist,[11] while liberal columnist Derrick Z. Jackson has called him the black equivalent of Richard Nixon and Pat Robertson.[11] Sharpton sees much of the criticism as a sign of his effectiveness. "In many ways, what they consider criticism is complimenting my job," he said. "An activist's job is to make public civil rights issues until there can be a climate for change."[12]
Contents |
Early life[link]
| “ | What I do functionally is what Dr. King, Reverend Jackson and the movement are all about; but I learned manhood from James Brown. I always say that James Brown taught me how to be a man. | ” |
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—Sharpton on Brown as a father figure.[12] |
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Alfred Charles Sharpton Jr. was born in the Brownsville neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York, to Ada (née Richards) and Alfred Charles Sharpton, Sr.[13][14] He preached his first sermon at the age of four and toured with gospel singer Mahalia Jackson.[15]
In 1963, Sharpton's father left his wife to have a relationship with Al Sharpton's half-sister. Ada Sharpton took a job as a maid, but her income was so low that the family qualified for welfare and had to move from middle class Hollis, Queens, to the public housing projects in the Brownsville neighborhood of Brooklyn.[16]
Sharpton graduated from Samuel J. Tilden High School in Brooklyn, and attended Brooklyn College, dropping out after two years in 1975.[17] He became a tour manager for James Brown in 1973.[18]
Activism[link]
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Wikinews has related news: Al Sharpton speaks out on race, rights and what bothers him about his critics |
In 1969, Sharpton was appointed by Jesse Jackson as youth director of Operation Breadbasket, a group that focused on the promotion of new and better jobs for African-Americans.[19]
In 1971, Sharpton founded the National Youth Movement to raise resources for impoverished youth.[20]
Bernhard Goetz[link]
For more details on this topic, see Bernhard Goetz.
Bernhard Goetz shot four African-American men on a New York subway train on December 22, 1984, when they approached him and allegedly tried to rob him. At his trial Goetz was cleared of all charges except criminal possession of a weapon. Sharpton led several marches protesting what he saw as the weak prosecution of the case.[21]
Sharpton and other civil rights leaders said Goetz's actions were racist and requested a federal civil rights investigation.[22] A federal investigation concluded the shooting was due to an attempted robbery and not race.[23]
Howard Beach[link]
On December 20, 1986, three African-American men were assaulted in the Howard Beach neighborhood of Queens by a mob of white men. The three men were chased by their attackers onto the Belt Parkway, where one of them, Michael Griffith, was struck and killed by a passing motorist.[24]
A week later, on December 27, Sharpton led 1,200 demonstrators on a march through the streets of Howard Beach. Residents of the neighborhood, who were overwhelmingly white, screamed racial epithets at the protesters, who were largely black.[25] Sharpton's role in the case, which led to the appointment of a special prosecutor by New York Governor Mario Cuomo after the two surviving victims refused to co-operate with the Queens district attorney, helped propel him to national prominence.
Bensonhurst[link]
On August 23, 1989, four African-American teenagers were beaten by a group of 10 to 30 white Italian-American youths in Bensonhurst, a Brooklyn neighborhood. One Bensonhurst resident, armed with a handgun, shot and killed sixteen-year-old Yusef Hawkins.
In the weeks following the assault and murder, Sharpton led several marches through Bensonhurst. The first protest, just days after the incident, was greeted by neighborhood residents shouting "Niggers go home" and holding watermelons to mock the demonstrators.[26]
Sharpton also threatened that Hawkins' three companions would not cooperate with prosecutor Elizabeth Holtzman unless her office agreed to hire more black attorneys. In the end, they cooperated.[27]
In May 1990, when one of the two leaders of the mob was acquitted of the most serious charges brought against him, Sharpton led another protest through Bensonhurst. In January 1991, when other members of the gang were given light sentences, Sharpton planned another march for January 12, 1991. Before that demonstration began, neighborhood resident Michael Riccardi tried to kill Sharpton by stabbing him in the chest.[28] Sharpton recovered from his wounds, and later asked the judge for leniency when Riccardi was sentenced.[29]
National Action Network[link]
In 1991, Sharpton founded the National Action Network, an organization designed to increase voter education, to provide services to those in poverty, and to support small community businesses.[30]
Crown Heights Riot[link]
For more details on this topic, see Crown Heights riot.
The Crown Heights riot began on August 19, 1991, after a car driven by a Jewish man, and part of a procession led by an unmarked police car, went through an intersection and was struck by another vehicle causing it to veer onto the sidewalk where it accidentally struck and killed a seven-year-old Guyanese boy named Gavin Cato and severely injured his cousin Angela. Witnesses could not agree upon the speed and could not agree whether the light was yellow or red. One of the factors that sparked the riot was the arrival of a private ambulance which, on the orders of a police officer worried for the Jewish driver's safety, removed the uninjured driver from the scene while Cato lay pinned under his car.[31] Cato and his cousin were treated soon after by a city ambulance. Caribbean-American and African-American residents of the neighborhood rioted for four consecutive days fueled by rumors that the private ambulance had refused to treat Cato.[31][32] During the riot blacks looted stores,[31] beat Jews in the street,[31] and clashed with groups of Jews, hurling rocks and bottles at one another[33] after Yankel Rosenbaum, a visiting student from Australia, was stabbed and killed by a member of a mob shouting "Kill the Jew."[34] Sharpton marched through Crown Heights and in front of "770", shortly after the riot, with about 400 protesters (who chanted "Whose streets? Our streets!" and "No justice, no peace!"), in spite of Mayor David Dinkins's attempts to keep the march from happening.[35]
Freddie's Fashion Mart[link]
In 1995, a black Pentecostal Church, the United House of Prayer, which owned a retail property on 125th Street, asked Fred Harari, a Jewish tenant who operated Freddie's Fashion Mart, to evict his longtime subtenant, a black-owned record store called The Record Shack. Sharpton led a protest in Harlem against the planned eviction of The Record Shack.[36][37][38] Sharpton told the protesters, "We will not stand by and allow them to move this brother so that some white interloper can expand his business."[39]
On December 8, 1995, Roland J. Smith Jr., one of the protesters, entered Harari's store with a gun and flammable liquid, shot several customers and set the store on fire. The gunman fatally shot himself, and seven store employees died of smoke inhalation.[40][41] Fire Department officials discovered that the store's sprinkler had been shut down, in violation of the local fire code.[42] Sharpton claimed that the perpetrator was an open critic of himself and his nonviolent tactics. Sharpton later expressed regret for making the racial remark, "white interloper," and denied responsibility for inflaming or provoking the violence.[15][43]
Amadou Diallo[link]
Main article: Amadou Diallo
In 1999, Sharpton led a protest to raise awareness about the death of Amadou Diallo, an immigrant from Guinea who was shot to death by NYPD officers. Sharpton claimed that Diallo's death was the result of police brutality and racial profiling. Diallo's family was later awarded $3 million in a wrongful death suit filed against the city.[44]
Vieques[link]
For more details on this topic, see Navy-Vieques protests.
In 2001, Sharpton was jailed for 90 days on trespassing charges while protesting against U.S. military target practice exercises in Puerto Rico near a United States Navy bombing site.[45] Sharpton, held in a Puerto Rican lockup for two days and then imprisoned at Metropolitan Detention Center, Brooklyn on May 25, 2001,[46] has the Federal Bureau of Prisons ID# 21458-069. He was released on August 17, 2001.[47]
Ousmane Zongo[link]
In 2002, Sharpton was involved in protests following the death of West African immigrant Ousmane Zongo. Zongo, who was unarmed, was shot by an undercover police officer during a raid on a warehouse in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan. Sharpton met with the family and also provided some legal services.[48]
Sean Bell[link]
For more details on this topic, see Sean Bell shooting incident.
On November 25, 2006, Sean Bell was shot and killed in the Jamaica section of Queens in New York City by plainclothes detectives from the New York Police Department in a hail of 50 bullets. The incident sparked fierce criticism of the police from the public and drew comparisons to the 1999 killing of Amadou Diallo. Three of the five detectives involved in the shooting went to trial in 2008 on charges ranging from manslaughter to reckless endangerment but were found not guilty.
On May 7, 2008, in response to the acquittals of the officers, Sharpton co-ordinated peaceful protests at major transportation centers in New York City, including the Brooklyn Bridge, the Queensboro Bridge, the Triborough Bridge, the Manhattan Bridge, the Holland Tunnel, and the Queens-Midtown Tunnel. Sharpton and about 200 others were arrested.[49]
Dunbar Village[link]
On March 11, 2007, Sharpton held a press conference to highlight what he said was unequal treatment of four suspected rapists in a high-profile crime in the Dunbar Village Housing Projects in West Palm Beach, Florida. The suspects, who were young black men, were arrested for allegedly raping and beating a black Haitian woman at gunpoint. The crime also involved forcing the woman to perform oral sex on her 12-year-old son.[50]
At his press conference Sharpton said that any violent act toward a woman is inexcusable but he felt that the accused youths were being treated unfairly because they were black. Sharpton contrasted the treatment of the suspects, who remain in jail, with white suspects involved in a gang rape—which he claimed was equivalent to the Dunbar Village attack—who were released after posting bond.[50]
Reclaim the Dream commemorative march[link]
On August 28, 2010, Sharpton and other civil rights leaders led a march to commemorate the 47th anniversary of the historic March on Washington. After gathering at Dunbar High School in Washington, D.C., thousands of people marched five miles to the National Mall.[51]
Tanya McDowell[link]
In June 2011, Sharpton spoke at a rally in support of Tanya McDowell, a Bridgeport, Connecticut, woman who was arrested and charged with larceny for registering her son for kindergarten in neighboring Norwalk.[52]
Political views[link]
2008 presidential race[link]
In September 2007, when he was asked whether he thought it was important for the US to have a black president, Sharpton said, "It would be a great moment as long as the black candidate was supporting the interest that would inevitably help our people. A lot of my friends went with Clarence Thomas and regret it to this day. I don't assume that just because somebody's my color, they're my kind. But I'm warming up to Obama, but I'm not there yet."[53]
Gay rights[link]
Sharpton is a supporter of equal rights for gays and lesbians, including same-sex marriage. During his presidential campaign in 2003, Sharpton said he thought it was insulting to be asked to discuss the issue of gay marriage. "It's like asking do I support black marriage or white marriage.... The inference of the question is that gays are not like other human beings."[54]
Sharpton is leading a grassroots movement to eliminate homophobia within the Black church.[55]
Animal rights[link]
Sharpton has also spoken out against cruelty to animals in a video recorded for People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA).[56]
Controversy[link]
Comments on Jews[link]
During the Crown Heights Riot, Sharpton (who arranged a rally in Crown Heights after Cato's death[31]) has been seen by some commentators as inflaming tensions by making remarks that included "If the Jews want to get it on, tell them to pin their yarmulkes back and come over to my house".[57]
Comments on gays[link]
Sharpton was quoted as saying to an audience at Kean College in 1994 that, "White folks was [sic] in caves while we was building empires.... We taught philosophy and astrology and mathematics before Socrates and them Greek homos ever got around to it."[58] Sharpton defended his comments by noting that the term "homo" was not homophobic but added that he no longer uses the term.[59] Sharpton has since called for an end to homophobia in the African-American community.[60]
Comments on Mormons[link]
During 2007, Sharpton was accused of bigotry for comments he made on May 7, 2007, concerning presidential candidate Mitt Romney and his religion, Mormonism:
- "As for the one Mormon running for office, those who really believe in God will defeat him anyways, so don't worry about that; that's a temporary situation."[61]
In response, a representative for Romney told reporters that "bigotry toward anyone because of their beliefs is unacceptable."[62] The Catholic League compared Sharpton to Don Imus, and said that his remarks "should finish his career".[63]
On May 9, during an interview on Paula Zahn NOW, Sharpton said that his views on Mormonism were based on the "Mormon Church's traditionally racist views regarding blacks" and its interpretation of the so-called "Curse of Ham".[64] On May 10, Sharpton called two apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and apologized to them for his remarks and asked to meet with them.[65] A spokesman for the Church confirmed that Sharpton had called and said that "we appreciate it very much, Rev. Sharpton's call, and we consider the matter closed."[66] He also apologized to "any member of the Mormon church" who was offended by his comments.[66] Later that month, Sharpton went to Salt Lake City, Utah, where he met with Elder M. Russell Ballard, a leader of the Church, and Elder Robert C. Oaks of the Church's Presidency of the Seventy.[67][68]
Tawana Brawley controversy[link]
For more details on this topic, see Tawana Brawley rape allegations.
On November 28, 1987, Tawana Brawley, a 15-year-old African-American girl, was found smeared with feces, lying in a garbage bag, her clothing torn and burned and with various slurs and epithets written on her body in charcoal. Brawley claimed she had been assaulted and raped by six white men, some of them police officers, in the town of Wappinger, New York.
Attorneys Alton H. Maddox and C. Vernon Mason joined Sharpton in support of Brawley. A grand jury was convened; after seven months of examining police and medical records, the jury determined that Brawley had fabricated her story. Sharpton, Maddox, and Mason accused the Dutchess County prosecutor, Steven Pagones, of racism and of being one of the perpetrators of the alleged abduction and rape. The three were successfully sued for slander and ordered to pay $345,000 in damages, the jury finding Sharpton liable for making seven defamatory statements about Pagones, Maddox for two, and Mason for one.[69] Sharpton refused to pay his share of the damages; it was later paid by a number of black business leaders.[32]
In 2007, Sharpton said he would have accepted the case the same as he does today. The only difference would be he would not have made it so personal with Pagones, but he still felt Brawley had a good case to go to trial. "I disagreed with the grand jury on Brawley," said Sharpton in an interview. "I believed there was enough evidence to go to trial. Grand jury said there wasn't. Okay, fine. Do I have a right to disagree with the grand jury? Many Americans believe O.J. Simpson was guilty. A jury said he wasn't. So I have as much right to question a jury as they do. Does it make somebody a racist? No! They just disagreed with the jury. So did I." [12]
Michael Jackson[link]
Speaking at the Michael Jackson memorial service on July 7, 2009, Sharpton received a standing ovation for a rousing eulogy, which included telling Jackson's children from the stage, "Wasn't nothing strange about your daddy. It was strange what your daddy had to deal with. But he dealt with it anyway."[70]
Personal life[link]
In 1971, while touring with James Brown, he met his future wife, Kathy Jordan, who was a backup singer.[71] Sharpton and Jordan married in 1980.[72] The couple separated in 2004.[73]
Sharpton is an honorary member of Phi Beta Sigma.[74]
Religion[link]
Sharpton was licensed and ordained a Pentecostal minister by Bishop F.D. Washington at the age of nine[75] or ten.[76] After Bishop Washington's death in the late 1980s, Sharpton became a Baptist. He was re-baptized as a member of the Bethany Baptist Church in 1994 by the Reverend William Jones[30] and became a Baptist minister.[75][77]
During 2007, Sharpton participated in a public debate with atheist writer Christopher Hitchens, defending his religious faith and his belief in the existence of God.[78][79]
Assassination attempt[link]
On January 12, 1991, Sharpton escaped serious injury when he was stabbed in the chest in the schoolyard at P.S. 205[80] by Michael Riccardi while Sharpton was preparing to lead a protest through Bensonhurst, Brooklyn, New York. The intoxicated attacker was apprehended by Sharpton's aides and handed over to police who were present for the planned protest. Sharpton, although forgiving his attacker and pleading for leniency on his behalf, filed suit against New York City alleging that the many police present had failed to protect him from his attacker. In December 2003 he finally reached a $200,000 settlement with the city just as jury selection was about to start.[81]
Indirect familial relation to Strom Thurmond[link]
In February 2007, genealogist Megan Smolenyak discovered that Sharpton's great-grandfather, Coleman Sharpton, was a slave owned by Julia Thurmond, whose grandfather was Strom Thurmond's great-great-grandfather.[82] Coleman Sharpton was later freed.[83]
Thurmond was notable as the longest serving Senator (at the time of his death) who was a major advocate of racial segregation during the middle of the 20th century.[84] Thurmond's illegitimate daughter, Essie Mae Washington-Williams, stated she would welcome Sharpton to the family if a DNA test shows he is a relative.[85] In an interview, Sharpton said he has no plans for the DNA test to see if he is related.[12]
The Sharpton family name originated with Coleman Sharpton's previous slave-owner, who was named Alexander Sharpton.[86]
Tax issues[link]
On May 9, 2008, the Associated Press reported that Sharpton and his businesses owed almost $1.5 million in unpaid taxes and penalties. Sharpton owed $931,000 in federal income tax and $366,000 to New York, and his for-profit company, Rev. Al Communications, owed another $176,000 to the state.[9]
On June 19, 2008, the New York Post reported that the Internal Revenue Service had sent subpoenas to several corporations that had donated to Sharpton's National Action Network. In 2007 New York State Attorney General Andrew Cuomo began investigating the National Action Network, because it failed to make proper financial reports, as required for non-profits.[87] According to the Post, several major corporations, including Anheuser-Busch and Colgate-Palmolive, have donated thousands of dollars to the National Action Network. The Post asserted that the donations were made to prevent boycotts or rallies by the National Action Network.[88]
Sharpton countered the investigative actions with a charge that they reflected a political agenda by United States agencies.[89]
On September 29, 2010, Robert Snell of The Detroit News reported that the Internal Revenue Service had filed a notice of federal tax lien against Sharpton in New York City in the amount of over $538,000.[90] Sharpton's lawyer asserts that the notice of federal tax lien relates to Sharpton's year 2009 federal income tax return, the due date of which has been extended to October 15, 2010, according to the lawyer. However, the Snell report states that the lien relates to taxes assessed during 2009.[91]
Political campaigns[link]
Sharpton has run unsuccessfully for elected office on multiple occasions. Of his unsuccessful runs, he said that winning office may not have been his goal. "Much of the media criticism of me assumes their goals and they impose them on me," said Sharpton in an interview. "Well, those might not be my goals. So they will say, 'Well, Sharpton has not won a political office.' But that might not be my goal! Maybe I ran for political office to change the debate, or to raise the social justice question."[12] Sharpton ran for a United States Senate seat from New York in 1988, 1992, and 1994. In 1997, he ran for Mayor of New York City. During his 1992 bid, he and his wife lived in a home in Englewood, New Jersey, though he said his residence was an apartment in Brooklyn.[92]
On December 15, 2005, Sharpton agreed to repay $100,000 in public funds he received from the federal government for his 2004 Presidential campaign. The repayment was required because Sharpton had exceeded federal limits on personal expenditures for his campaign. At that time his most recent Federal Election Commission filings (from January 1, 2005) stated that Sharpton's campaign still had debts of $479,050 and owed Sharpton himself $145,146 for an item listed as "Fundraising Letter Preparation — Kinko's."[93]
In 2009 the Federal Election Commission announced it had levied a fine of $285,000 against Sharpton's 2004 presidential campaign for breaking campaign finance rules during his presidential campaign.[94][95]
On April 2, 2007, Sharpton announced that he would not enter the 2008 presidential race. "I am not going to run," he said.[19]
Celebrity status[link]
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Sharpton has made cameo appearances in the movies Cold Feet, Bamboozled, Mr. Deeds, and Malcolm X. He also has appeared in episodes of the television shows New York Undercover, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, Girlfriends, My Wife and Kids, Rescue Me and Boston Legal. He hosted the original Spike TV reality television show I Hate My Job, and an episode of Saturday Night Live. He was a guest on Weekends at the DL on Comedy Central and has been featured in television ads for the Fernando Ferrer campaign for the New York City mayoral election, 2005. He also made a cameo appearance by telephone on the Food Network series, The Secret Life Of . . ., when host Jim O'Connor expressed disbelief that a restaurant owner who'd named a dish after Sharpton actually knew him.
During the 2005 Tony Awards, Sharpton appeared in a number put on by the cast of The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee.[96]
Broadcast hosting[link]
In June 2005, Sharpton signed a contract with Matrix Media to produce and host a live two-hour daily talk program, but it never aired.[97] In November 2005, Sharpton signed with Radio One to host a daily national talk radio program, which began airing on January 30, 2006, entitled Keepin It Real with Al Sharpton.[97][98]
On August 29, 2011, Sharpton became the host of PoliticsNation, the MSNBC show scheduled for the 6:00 p.m. slot.[7]
Bibliography[link]
- Go and Tell Pharaoh, Doubleday, 1996. ISBN 0-385-47583-7
- Al on America, Dafina Books, 2002. ISBN 0-7582-0350-0
References[link]
- ^ "National Action Network – About Us". http://www.nationalactionnetwork.net/about.html.
- ^ "Bio: Rev. Al Sharpton". Fox News. August 27, 2003. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,75751,00.html.
- ^ "Rev. Al Sharpton, Author Michael Eric Dyson and Atlanta's '2 Live Stews' Go National with News/Talk Network" (Press release). Radio One. January 30, 2006. http://www2.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/01-30-2006/0004270083&EDATE=.
- ^ "Al Sharpton On Ties To Sen. Thurmond". Fox News. February 27, 2007. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,254922,00.html. Retrieved April 12, 2007.
- ^ "Al Sharpton Talks with Bill O'Reilly". The O'Reilly Factor. April 13, 2005. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,153366,00.html. Retrieved April 12, 2007.
- ^ "Bill O'Reilly Interview Al Sharpton". Ifilm. February 2, 2006. http://www.ifilm.com/video/2696442. Retrieved April 12, 2007.
- ^ a b Stelter, Brian (August 23, 2011). "Al Sharpton Formally Named MSNBC Host". The New York Times. http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/23/al-sharpton-formally-named-msnbc-host/. Retrieved August 23, 2011.
- ^ a b Taylor, Clarence (2002). Black Religious Intellectuals: The Fight for Equality from Jim Crow to the 21st Century. New York: Routledge. p. 127. ISBN 0-415-93326-9.
- ^ a b Caruso, David B. (May 9, 2008). "Records show Sharpton owes overdue taxes, other penalties". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-05-09-3272597865_x.htm. Retrieved April 15, 2012.
- ^ Taylor. Black Religious Intellectuals. p. 118.
- ^ a b Taylor. Black Religious Intellectuals. p. 120.
- ^ a b c d e Interview with Al Sharpton, David Shankbone, Wikinews, December 3, 2007.
- ^ William Addams Reitwiesner. "Ancestry of Rev. Al Sharpton". http://www.wargs.com/political/sharpton.html. Retrieved June 19, 2007.
- ^ http://genealogy.about.com/od/famous_family_trees/p/al_sharpton.htm
- ^ a b Alexandra Marks (December 3, 2003). "The Rev. Al Sharpton's latest crusade". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/1203/p01s04-uspo.html. Retrieved June 19, 2007.
- ^ Jack Newfield (January 7, 2002). "Rev Vs. Rev". New York. http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/politics/national/2004race/5570/. Retrieved June 19, 2007.
- ^ Scott Sherman (April 16, 2001). "He Has a Dream". The Nation. http://www.thenation.com/article/he-has-dream?page=full. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
- ^ "Who Is Al Sharpton?". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/story?id=131787&page=1. Retrieved April 22, 2012.
- ^ a b Candidates - Al Sharpton, CNN's "America Votes 2004", Retrieved April 7, 2007
- ^ Sharpton Biography, thehistorymakers.com, web site access April 7, 2007
- ^ Michael Slackman, "Sharpton Runs for Presidency, and Influence", The New York Times, December 5, 2003.
- ^ "U.S. Prosecution Of Goetz Sought", The New York Times, January 29, 1985.
- ^ David E. Pitt, "Blacks See Goetz Verdict As Blow To Race Relations", The New York Times, June 18, 1987.
- ^ Robert D. McFadden, "Black Man Dies After Beating In Queens", The New York Times, December 21, 1986.
- ^ Ronald Smothers, "1,200 Protesters Of Racial Attack March In Queens", The New York Times, December 28, 1986.
- ^ Nick Ravo, "Marchers and Brooklyn Youths Trade Racial Jeers", The New York Times, August 27, 1989.
- ^ John DeSantis. For the Color of His Skin: The Murder of Yusuf Hawkins and the Trial of Bensonhurst. 1991. New York: Pharos Books. ISBN 978-0-88687-621-0. p. 190.
- ^ Robert D. McFadden, "Sharpton Is Stabbed at Bensonhurst Protest", The New York Times, January 13, 1991.
- ^ Lee A. Daniels, "Attacker Of Sharpton Is Sentenced", The New York Times, March 17, 1992.
- ^ a b Stefan Friedman. "Reverend Al Sharpton's Bio". National Action Network. Archived from the original on May 19, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070519171359/http://www.nationalactionnetwork.net/html/history.html. Retrieved June 19, 2007.
- ^ a b c d e "As a Divided Community Begins to Forget, a Court Reopens Old Wounds in Crown Heights". The Village Voice. 2002-22-01. http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0203,kamber,31532,1.html. Retrieved April 6, 2007.
- ^ a b "The skeletons and suits in Sharpton's closet". Salon. http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2003/06/20/sharpton/index.html?pn=2. Retrieved April 6, 2007.
- ^ John Kifner (August 21, 1991). "A Boy's Death Ignites Clashes in Crown Heights". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE1D6173EF932A1575BC0A967958260. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
- ^ "Things Go Seriously Wrong". The Gotham Gazette. June 1, 2003. http://www.gothamgazette.com/article//20030602/4/408. Retrieved April 6, 2007.
- ^ "Tension in Brooklyn; Blacks March by Hasidim Through a Corridor of Blue". John Kifner. The New York Times. August 25, 1991.
- ^ Sexton, Joe (December 9, 1995). "Bad Luck and Horror for Seven in a Shop". The New York Times: p. 1. http://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/09/nyregion/bad-luck-and-horror-for-seven-in-a-shop.html. Retrieved April 13, 2007.
- ^ Pyle, Richard (December 12, 1995). "New Yorker Reflect on a Massacre in Harlem". Albany Times Union/Associated Press. p. B2.
- ^ Barry, Dan (December 9, 1995). "Death on 128th street: The dispute; Plans to Evict Record-Shop Owner Roiled Residents". The New York Times: p. 31. http://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/09/nyregion/death-128th-street-dispute-plans-evict-record-shop-owner-roiled-residents.html. Retrieved July 7, 2009.
- ^ Lowry, Rich (December 3, 2003). "Sharpton's Victory". National Review. http://www.nationalreview.com/lowry/lowry200312030840.asp. Retrieved April 16, 2007.
- ^ Kifner, John (December 9, 1995). "Eight killed in Harlem arson, Gunman among dead". San Francisco Chronicle. http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1995/12/09/MN74133.DTL. Retrieved April 16, 2007.
- ^ Sexton, John (December 18, 1995). "A Life of Resistance: A Special Report;Gunman's Ardent Credo: Black Self-Sufficiency". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/18/us/life-resistance-special-report-gunman-s-ardent-credo-black-self-sufficiency.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved April 16, 2007. Smith was found with a card identifying himself as Aboudima Moulika and he had also used the name Abugunde Mulocko.
- ^ Inquiry Traces Sprinkler System Failure in Fatal Harlem Fire. The New York Times. December 15, 1995.
- ^ "Al Sharpton for president?". The Phoenix.com. July 3, 2002. http://bostonphoenix.com/boston/news_features/top/features/documents/02179035.htm. Retrieved April 6, 2007.
- ^ Feuer, Alan (July 1, 2004). "$3 Million Deal in Police Killing of Diallo in '99". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/07/nyregion/07DIAL.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved April 6, 2007.
- ^ Lipton, Eric (May 24, 2001). "Sharpton and 3 from Bronx are jailed in Vieques Protest". The New York Times: p. 1. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/24/nyregion/sharpton-and-3-from-bronx-are-jailed-in-vieques-protest.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved April 13, 2007.
- ^ Feuer, Alan (June 12, 2001). "Sleeker by 14 Pounds, Sharpton Fights On". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/12/nyregion/sleeker-by-14-pounds-sharpton-fights-on.html. Retrieved April 29, 2010.
- ^ "Alfred Sharpton." Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved on May 30, 2010.
- ^ As Outrage Mounts in New York Over the Police Killing of Another African Immigrant, Democracy Now! Interviews Kadiatou Diallo, Mother of Amadou Diallo., Democracy Now!, Tuesday, May 27, 2003
- ^ Lueck, Thomas J. (May 7, 2008). "Bell Protesters Block Traffic Across City". The New York Times. http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/05/07/protesters-assail-acquittal-of-officers-in-sean-bell-case/index.html?hp. Retrieved May 8, 2008.
- ^ a b Othón, Nancy L. (March 11, 2008). "Sharpton says Dunbar Village defendants being treated unfairly". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on March 14, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080314141109/http://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/local/palmbeach/sfl-311sharpton,0,1042033.story. Retrieved October 28, 2009.
- ^ Thomas-Lester, Avis; Harris, Hamil R.; Thompson, Krissah (August 28, 2010). "Sharpton's 'Reclaim the Dream' Event Brings Thousands to Honor MLK". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/28/AR2010082802564.html. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
- ^ Wiggin, Teke (June 8, 2011). "Sharpton defends McDowell at NAACP rally". Connecticut Post. http://www.ctpost.com/local/article/Sharpton-defends-McDowell-at-NAACP-rally-1414359.php. Retrieved March 2, 2012.
- ^ Murphy, Keith (August 1, 2007). "Al Sharpton on Barack Obama". Vibe. Archived from the original on January 2, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080102150253/http://www.vibe.com/obama/2007/08/sharpton_obama/. Retrieved January 15, 2008.
- ^ Sandalow, Marc (July 16, 2003). "Democrats divided on gay marriage". The San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/07/16/MN75663.DTL. Retrieved January 11, 2008.
- ^ Sharpton Chides Black Churches Over Homophobia, Gay Marriage, Dyana Bagby, Houston Voice, January 24, 2006
- ^ Rev. Al Sharpton Preaches Compassion for Chickens, Kentuckyfriedcruelty.com, Retrieved April 7, 2007
- ^ Lowery, Mark (August 18, 1991). "Sharpton Calls For a Boycott Of Classes". Newsday: p. 5.
- ^ Foolish Words: The Most Stupid Words Ever Spoken. Books.google.com. October 28, 2003. ISBN 978-1-85648-698-9. http://books.google.com/?id=qrg0C_XHJY0C&pg=PA192&lpg=PA192&dq=%22White+folks+was+in+caves%22+sharpton. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
- ^ The Skeletons and Suits in Sharpton's Closet, Salon, June 20, 2003
- ^ Sharpton Pledges Fight Against Homophobia Among Blacks, The New York Sun, August 3, 2005
- ^ Sharpton accused of 'bigotry' after remark on faith, CNN, May 9, 2007.
- ^ Sharpton denies disputing Romney's faith, USA Today, May 9, 2007.
- ^ Catholic League Calls For End of Sharpton's Career, KSL-TV, May 10, 2007.
- ^ Romney Accuses Sharpton of a Bigoted Remark, The New York Times, May 10, 2007.
- ^ Sharpton apologizes to LDS Church apostles, Deseret News, May 10, 2007.
- ^ a b Sharpton apologizes, plans Utah trip, Deseret News, May 11, 2007.
- ^ The Rev. Al Sharpton Completes Visit to Church Headquarters, Newsroom, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, May 22, 2007.
- ^ 'Common ground' — Sharpton tours, meets with apostle, Deseret News, May 22, 2007.
- ^ "Winner in Brawley suit says victory is bittersweet". CNN. 1998-14-01. Archived from the original on March 20, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070320025016/http://www.cnn.com/US/9807/13/brawley.verdict.02/. Retrieved April 6, 2007.
- ^ Liveblogging Michael Jackson's funeral and memorial service, The Guardian, July 7, 2009; see Sharpton's eulogy here [1].
- ^ "Campaign 2004: Alfred Sharpton". USA Today. May 20, 2005. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/president/sharptonprofile.htm. Retrieved June 19, 2007.
- ^ "Rev. Al Sharpton And Wife Kathy Renew Their Wedding Vows". Jet. January 17, 2001. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_14_100/ai_78729057. Retrieved June 19, 2007.
- ^ "Al Sharpton, wife announce separation". USA Today. November 7, 2004. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2004-11-07-sharpton_x.htm. Retrieved July 10, 2007.
- ^ "Rev. Al Sharpton Inducted into Phi Beta Sigma". Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc.. 2009. http://www.pbs1914.org/press_releases/rev._al_sharpton_inducted_into_phi_beta_sigma. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
- ^ a b "Al Sharpton Interview Transcript". Morning Edition. National Public Radio. June 13, 2003. http://www.npr.org/programs/specials/democrats2004/transcripts/sharpton_trans.html. Retrieved June 19, 2007.
- ^ "Reverend Al Sharpton". Greater Talent Network Speakers Bureau. Archived from the original on May 23, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080523203408/http://www.greatertalent.com/AlSharpton. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
- ^ "Rev. Al Sharpton gets baptized in Brooklyn; former Pentecostal minister becomes a Baptist". Jet. February 28, 1994. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n17_v85/ai_14878964. Retrieved June 19, 2007.
- ^ Matthew Chayes (May 8, 2007). "Hitchens, Sharpton Spar Over the Almighty". The New York Sun. http://www.nysun.com/article/54047. Retrieved July 3, 2007.
- ^ "Al Sharpton and Christopher Hitchens." FORA.tv. May 7, 2007. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
- ^ McFadden, Robert D. (January 13, 1991). "Sharpton Is Stabbed at Bensonhurst Protest". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/13/nyregion/sharpton-is-stabbed-at-bensonhurst-protest.html.
- ^ Lueck, Thomas J. (December 9, 2003). "City Settles Sharpton Suit Over Stabbing". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/09/nyregion/city-settles-sharpton-suit-over-stabbing.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved January 8, 2012.
- ^ Fernanda Santos, Sharpton Learns His Forebears Were Thurmonds' Slaves, The New York Times, February 26, 2007.
- ^ "Report: Al Sharpton's Ancestors Were Slaves Owned by Strom Thurmond's Relatives". Associated Press. Fox News. February 25, 2007. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,254482,00.html. Retrieved April 15, 2012.
- ^ Alan Goldman, Slavery ties Sharpton to Thurmond, Associated Press, February 25, 2007.
- ^ Goggins, Katrina A. (February 27, 2007). "Thurmond Child Says Sharpton Overreacted". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/27/AR2007022700763.html. Retrieved April 15, 2012.
- ^ Al Sharpton Jr., My link to Strom Thurmond, Los Angeles Times, March 1, 2007.
- ^ Chuck Bennett, "Subpoena Blitz Puts Heat on Al", New York Post, June 19, 2008.
- ^ Isabel Vincent and Susan Edelman, "Rev. Al Soaks Up Boycott Bucks: Biz Giants Pay or Face Race Rallies", New York Post, June 15, 2008.
- ^ Marzulli, John (June 20, 2008). "Sharpton gets big gun to fend off feds". Daily News (New York). http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/2008/06/19/2008-06-19_sharpton_gets_big_gun_to_fend_off_feds.html. Retrieved June 20, 2008.
- ^ Robert Snell, "Sharpton faced with fresh tax woe," The Detroit News, September 29, 2010, at [2].
- ^ Id.
- ^ Staff. "Sharpton to run for U.S. Senate", Pittsburgh Press, January 21, 1992. Retrieved February 17, 2011. "Sharpton, who lives with his wife and two daughters in Englewood, N.J., and also shares an apartment in Brooklyn with a friend, said his legal residence was New York."
- ^ "Sharpton Returns Public Funds". The Washington Post. 2007-16-12. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/15/AR2005121501824.html. Retrieved April 6, 2007.
- ^ "FEC Reaches Settlement with Rev. Al Sharpton, Sharpton 2004 and Non-profit Corporation". April 30, 2009. http://www.fec.gov/press/press2009/20090430MUR_Sharpton.shtml. Retrieved September 5, 2009.
- ^ David B. Caruso (April 30, 2009). "Sharpton fined, but feels vindicated in FEC probe". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2009154219_apussharptoncampaignfine.html. Retrieved April 15, 2012.
- ^ Hernandez, Ernio (January 20, 2008). ""Goodbye": Spelling Bee Closes on Broadway Jan. 20". Playbill. http://www.playbill.com/news/article/114428-Goodbye-Spelling-Bee-Closes-on-Broadway-Jan-20. Retrieved April 15, 2012.
- ^ a b Simon, Clea (October 29, 2005). "WILD to air new African-American talk-radio network". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/ae/tv/articles/2005/10/29/wild_to_air_new_african_american_talk_radio_network/. Retrieved April 15, 2012.
- ^ Barrett, Wayne (July 29, 2011). "The Truth Behind Al Sharpton's Radio Power Play". Business Insider. http://articles.businessinsider.com/2011-07-29/politics/30070210_1_tv-one-nbc-merger-radio-one. Retrieved April 15, 2012.
Further reading[link]
- Salomon, Sheryl Huggins (August 27, 2011). "Sharpton Takes on His Critics". The Root. http://www.theroot.com/views/sharpton-takes-his-critics.
- Thompson, Krissah (April 16, 2010). "Obama Administration Finds a Strong Ally in the Rev. Al Sharpton". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/16/AR2010041602381.html.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Al Sharpton |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Al Sharpton |
- Al Sharpton at the Internet Movie Database
- Text of Democratic National Convention 2004 Speech
- On the Issues - Al Sharpton issue positions and quotes
- Al Sharpton 1988 Poughkeepsie march photograph by photographer/filmmaker Clay Walker
- Al Sharpton collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Al Sharpton collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Works by or about Al Sharpton in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Al Sharpton on Charlie Rose
- Al Sharpton on Charlie Rose
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Sharpton, Al |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | October 3, 1954 |
| Place of birth | Brooklyn, New York, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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For the area of the Ithaca campus, see Cornell West Campus.
 Cornel West in 2008 |
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| Born | Cornel Ronald West (1953-06-02) June 2, 1953 (age 59) Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S. |
|---|---|
| Era | 21st-century philosophy |
| Region | Western Philosophers |
| School | Pragmatism, Existentialism, Africana Philosophy, Historicism |
| Main interests | Democracy, Race, Philosophy of religion, Ethics |
| Notable ideas | Race Matters, Democracy Matters |
|
Influenced by
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Cornel Ronald West (born June 2, 1953) is an American philosopher, author, critic, actor, civil rights activist and prominent member of the Democratic Socialists of America.
West is a 1973 graduate of Harvard University and a doctoral graduate of Princeton University. He is currently a professor of African American studies at Princeton and of Religious philosophy and Christian studies at the Union Theological Seminary in New York.
West is known for his combination of political and moral insight and criticism and his contribution to the post-1960s civil rights movement.[citation needed] The bulk of his work focuses on the role of race, gender, and class in American society and the means by which people act and react to their "radical conditionedness." West draws intellectual contributions from such diverse traditions as the African American Baptist Church, pragmatism and transcendentalism.[1][2][3][4]
Contents |
Early life[link]
West was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma,[5] and grew up in Sacramento, California, where he graduated from John F. Kennedy High School. His father was a general contractor for the Defense Department, and his mother was a teacher and a principal. Irene B. West Elementary School in Elk Grove, California, is named for her.[6]
As a young man, West marched in civil rights demonstrations and organized protests demanding black studies courses at his high school, where he was class president. He later wrote that, in his youth, he admired "the sincere black militancy of Malcolm X, the defiant rage of the Black Panther Party [...] and the livid black theology of James Cone."[7]
In 1970, after graduating from John F. Kennedy High School, he enrolled at Harvard University and took classes from philosophers Robert Nozick and Stanley Cavell. In 1973, he graduated magna cum laude in Near Eastern Languages and Civilization. West credited Harvard with exposing him to a broader range of ideas, influenced by his professors as well as the Black Panther Party. West says his Christianity prevented him from joining the BPP, instead choosing to work in local breakfast, prison, and church programs.[8]
Career[link]
Academic appointments[link]
In 1980, West earned a Ph.D. from Princeton, where he was influenced by Richard Rorty's pragmatism.[9] The title of his dissertation was Ethics, historicism and the Marxist tradition,[10] which was later revised and published under the title The Ethical Dimensions of Marxist Thought.[9]
In his mid-20s, he returned to Harvard as a W. E. B. Du Bois Fellow before becoming an Assistant Professor at Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York. In 1984, he went to Yale Divinity School in what eventually became a joint appointment in American Studies. While at Yale, he participated in campus protests for a clerical labor union and divestment from apartheid South Africa. One of the protests resulted in his being arrested and jailed. As punishment, the University administration canceled his leave for Spring 1987, leading him to commute from Yale in New Haven, Connecticut, where he was teaching two classes, across the Atlantic Ocean to the University of Paris.[11]
He then returned to Union for one year before going to Princeton to become a Professor of Religion and Director of the Program in African-American Studies from 1988 to 1994.[11] After Princeton, he accepted an appointment as Professor of African-American Studies at Harvard University, with a joint appointment at the Harvard Divinity School.[12] West taught one of the University's most popular courses, an introductory class to African-American Studies.[13] In 1998, he was appointed the first Alphonse Fletcher University Professor.[14] West utilized this new position to teach not only in African-American studies, but in Divinity, Religion, and Philosophy.[12] West left Harvard after a widely-publicized dispute with then-President Lawrence Summers in 2002. That year, West returned to Princeton, where he continues to teach in African-American Studies.[15] In 2011, West announced his return to the seminary where he began his teaching career.[16]
The recipient of more than 20 honorary degrees and an American Book Award,[1] He has written or contributed to over twenty published books. West is a long-time member of the Democratic Socialists of America, for which he now serves as Honorary Chair.[11] He is also a co-founder of the Network of Spiritual Progressives.[17] West is on the Advisory Board of the International Bridges to Justice.[18]
West is also a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity and its World Policy Council, a think tank whose purpose is to expand Alpha Phi Alpha's involvement in politics and social and current policy to encompass international concerns.[19]
Critics, most notably The New Republic literary editor Leon Wieseltier, have charged him with opportunism, crass showmanship, and lack of scholarly seriousness.[20] West remains a widely cited scholar in the popular press.[21]
Entertainment career[link]
West appears in both The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions.[22] In addition, West provides philosophical commentary on all three Matrix films in The Ultimate Matrix Collection, along with integral theorist Ken Wilber.[23]
He has also made several appearances in documentary films, such as the 2008 film Examined Life, a documentary featuring several academics discussing philosophy in real-world contexts. West, "driving through Manhattan, . . . compares philosophy to jazz and blues, reminding us how intense and invigorating a life of the mind can be."[24] He also appears in conversation with Bill Withers in the Bill Withers documentary, Still Bill. West also has made frequent appearances on the political talk show Real Time with Bill Maher.[25] A character based on West and events in his career appeared in the Law & Order: Criminal Intent episode Anti-Thesis, significant for introducing the recurring villain character Nicole Wallace.[26]
On the musical front, West recorded a recitation of John Mellencamp's song "Jim Crow" for inclusion on the singer's box set On the Rural Route 7609 in 2009.[27] In 2010, he completed recording with the Cornel West Theory, a Hip Hop band endorsed by West.[27] He has also released two hip-hop/soul/spoken word albums, one under "Cornel West" (entitled Street Knowledge), the other under "Cornel West & BMWMB (Black Men Who Mean Business)" (entitled Never Forget: A Journey of Revelations).[28] West also appeared on Immortal Technique's song "Sign of the Times", which appeared on the album The Martyr.
Dispute with Lawrence Summers[link]
In 2000, economist and former U.S. Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers became president of Harvard. Soon after, Summers held a private meeting with West, where he reportedly rebuked West for missing too many classes, contributing to grade inflation, neglecting serious scholarship, and spending too much time on his economically profitable projects.[29] Summers reportedly suggested that West produce an academic book befitting his professorial position, as his recent output had consisted primarily of co-written and edited volumes. According to some reports, Summers also objected to West's production of a CD, the critically panned Sketches of My Culture, and to his political campaigning, including an alleged three weeks to promote Bill Bradley's presidential campaign.[30] West contended he had missed only one class during his tenure at Harvard "in order to give a keynote address at a Harvard-sponsored conference on AIDS." Summers also allegedly suggested that since West held the rank of Harvard University Professor and thus reported directly to the President, he should meet with Summers regularly to discuss the progress of his academic production.[31]
Summers refused to comment on the details of his conversation with West, except to express hope that West would remain at Harvard. Soon after, West was hospitalized for prostate cancer. West complained that Summers failed to send him get-well wishes until weeks after his surgery, whereas newly installed Princeton president Shirley Tilghman had contacted him frequently before and after his treatment.[31]
In 2002 West left Harvard University to return to Princeton. West lashed out at Summers in public interviews, calling him "the Ariel Sharon of higher education" on NPR's Tavis Smiley Show.[32] In response to these remarks, five Princeton faculty members, led by professor of molecular biology Jacques Robert Fresco, said they looked with "strong disfavor upon his characterization" of Summers and that "such an analogy carries innuendoes and implications... that many on the Princeton faculty find highly inappropriate, indeed repugnant and intolerable."[33]
Harvard University's undergraduate student newspaper, The Harvard Crimson, suggested in October 2002 that the premise of Law and Order: Criminal Intent episode "Anti-Thesis" was based on West's conflicts with Summers.[34]
Activism[link]
Views on race in the United States[link]
West has called the U.S. a "racist patriarchal" nation where white supremacy continues to define everyday life. "White America," he writes, "has been historically weak-willed in ensuring racial justice and has continued to resist fully accepting the humanity of blacks." This has resulted, he says, in the creation of many "degraded and oppressed people hungry for identity, meaning, and self-worth." Professor West attributes most of the black community's problems to "existential angst derive[d] from the lived experience of ontological wounds and emotional scars inflicted by white supremacist beliefs and images permeating U.S. society and culture."[35]
In West's view, the September 11, 2001 attacks gave white Americans a glimpse of what it means to be a black person in the United States—feeling "unsafe, unprotected, subject to random violence, and hatred" for who they are.[36] "The ugly terrorist attacks on innocent civilians on 9/11," he said, "plunged the whole country into the blues."[36]
Politics[link]
West has described himself as a "non-Marxist socialist" (partly because he cannot reconcile Marxism with Christianity)[37] and serves as honorary chair of the Democratic Socialists of America, which he has described as "the first multiracial, socialist organization close enough to my politics that I could join".[11] He also described himself as a "radical democrat, suspicious of all forms of authority" on the Matrix-themed documentary The Burly Man Chronicles.[38]
West believes that "the overthrow of Saddam Hussein's ugly totalitarian regime was desirable,"[39] but that the war in Iraq was the result of "dishonest manipulation" on the part of the Bush administration.[40] He asserts that Bush Administration hawks "are not simply conservative elites and right-wing ideologues", but rather are "evangelical nihilists — drunk with power and driven by grand delusions of American domination of the world". He adds, "We are [now] experiencing the sad gangsterization of America, an unbridled grasp at power, wealth, and status." Viewing capitalism as the root cause of these alleged American lusts, West warns, "Free-market fundamentalism trivializes the concern for public interest. It puts fear and insecurity in the hearts of anxiety-ridden workers. It also makes money-driven, poll-obsessed elected officials deferential to corporate goals of profit — often at the cost of the common good."[41]
West has been involved with such projects as the Million Man March and Russell Simmons's Hip-Hop Summit, and worked with such public figures as Louis Farrakhan[5] and Al Sharpton, whose 2004 presidential campaign West advised.[42]
In 2000, West worked as a senior advisor to Democratic presidential candidate Bill Bradley. When Bradley lost in the primaries, West became a prominent endorser of Ralph Nader, even speaking at some Nader rallies. Some Greens sought to draft West to run as a presidential candidate in 2004. West declined, citing his active participation in the Al Sharpton campaign. West, along with other prominent Nader 2000 supporters, signed the "Vote to Stop Bush" statement urging progressive voters in swing states to vote for John Kerry, despite strong disagreements with many of Kerry's policies.[43]
In April 2002 West and Rabbi Michael Lerner performed civil disobedience by sitting in the street in front of the U.S. State Department "in solidarity with suffering Palestinian and Israeli brothers and sisters." West said, "We must keep in touch with the humanity of both sides."[44][45] In May 2007 West joined a demonstration against "injustices faced by the Palestinian people resulting from the Israeli occupation" and "to bring attention to this 40 year travesty of justice". In 2011, West called on the University of Arizona to divest from companies profiting from the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian Territories.[46]
West also serves as co-chair of the Tikkun Community. He co-chaired the National Parenting Organization's Task Force on Parent Empowerment and participated in President Clinton's National Conversation on Race. He has publicly endorsed In These Times magazine by calling it: "The most creative and challenging news magazine of the American left". He is also a contributing editor for Sojourners Magazine.
West supports People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) in its Kentucky Fried Cruelty campaign, aimed at eliminating what PETA describes as KFC's inhumane treatment of chickens. West is quoted on PETA flyers: "Although most people don't know chickens as well as they know cats and dogs, chickens are interesting individuals with personalities and interests every bit as developed as the dogs and cats with whom many of us share our lives."
In 2008, West contributed his insights on the current global issue of modernized slavery and human trafficking in the rockumentary Call+Response.[47] West is a member of the Campaign for Peace and Democracy.
In 2011, West addressed his frustration about some critics of the Occupy Wall Street, who remark about the movement's lack of a clear and unified message. West replied by saying:
It’s impossible to translate the issue of the greed of Wall Street into one demand, or two demands. We’re talking about a democratic awakening...you’re talking about raising political consciousness so it spills over all parts of the country, so people can begin to see what’s going on through a set of different lens, and then you begin to highlight what the more detailed demands would be. Because in the end we’re really talking about what Martin King would call a revolution: A transfer of power from oligarchs to everyday people of all colors. And that is a step by step process.[48]
On October 16, 2011, West was in Washington, D.C. participating in the Occupy D.C. protests on the steps of the Supreme Court over the court's decision in the Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission case the previous year.[49] Five days later, he was arrested during an Occupy Wall Street protest in Harlem against the New York Police Department's stop and frisk policy.[50]
Support and Criticism of Obama[link]
Cornel West publicly supported 2008 Democratic Presidential candidate then US Senator Barack Obama. He spoke to over 1,000 of his supporters at the Apollo Theater in Harlem, N.Y.C. on November 29, 2007.[51]
West criticized President Obama when Obama won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2009, saying that it would be difficult for Obama to be "a war president with a peace prize."[52] West further retracted his support for Obama in an April 2011 interview, stating that Obama is “a black mascot of Wall Street oligarchs and a black puppet of corporate plutocrats. And now he has become head of the American killing machine and is proud of it.”[53][54]
In 2012, West participated in a "Poverty Tour" with radio host Tavis Smiley in promoting their book The Rich and the Rest of Us. The stated aim of the tour was to highlight the plight of the impoverished population of the United States prior to the 2012 Presidential Election, whose candidates West and Smiley stated had ignored the plight of the poor.[55]
Published works[link]
- Black Theology and Marxist Thought (1979)
- Prophesy Deliverance! An Afro-American Revolutionary Christianity (1982)
- Prophetic Fragments (1988)
- The American Evasion of Philosophy: A Genealogy of Pragmatism (1989)
- Breaking Bread: Insurgent Black Intellectual Life (with bell hooks, 1991)
- The Ethical Dimensions of Marxist Thought (1991)
- Beyond Eurocentrism and Multiculturalism (1993)
- Race Matters (1994)
- Keeping Faith: Philosophy and Race in America (1994)
- Jews and Blacks: A Dialogue on Race, Religion, and Culture in America (with rabbi Michael Lerner, 1995)
- The Future of the Race (with Henry Louis Gates, Jr., 1996)
- Restoring Hope: Conversations on the Future of Black America (1997)
- The War Against Parents: What We Can Do For America's Beleaguered Moms and Dads (with Sylvia Ann Hewlett, 1998)
- The Future of American Progressivism (with Roberto Unger, 1998)
- The African-American Century: How Black Americans Have Shaped Our Century (with Henry Louis Gates, Jr., 2000)
- Cornel West: A Critical Reader (George Yancy, editor) (2001)
- Democracy Matters: Winning the Fight Against Imperialism (2004)
- Commentary on The Matrix, Matrix Reloaded and Matrix Revolutions; see The Ultimate Matrix Collection (with Ken Wilber, 2004)
- Post-Analytic Philosophy, edited with John Rajchman.
- Hope On a Tightrope: Words & Wisdom (2008)
- Brother West: Living & Loving Out Loud (2009)
- The Rich and the Rest of Us: A Poverty Manifesto (with Tavis Smiley, 2012)
See also[link]
- American philosophy
- Black existentialism
- Africana philosophy
- Democratic Socialists of America
- List of African American philosophers
- List of American philosophers
References[link]
- ^ a b "Cornel West". Pragmatism.org. http://www.pragmatism.org/library/west/. Retrieved January 21, 2008.
- ^ "Cornel Ronald West". Contemporary Black Biography, Volume 33. Edited by Ashyia Henderson. Gale Group, 2002. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: The Gale Group. 2004.
- ^ "Cornel West y la política de conversión". Thomas Ward. Resistencia cultural: La nación en el ensayo de las Américas. Lima, Universidad Ricardo Palma, 2004, págs. 344-348.
- ^ Nishikawa, Kinohi. "Cornel West." The Greenwood Encyclopedia of African American Literature. Ed. Hans Ostrom and J. David Macey, Jr. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2005. 1714-18.
- ^ a b Elder, Robert (1998). "Prisoner of Hope". inFlux. University of Oregon School of Journalism and Communication. http://influx.uoregon.edu/1998/west/index.html. Retrieved January 21, 2002.
- ^ smitty, Fahizah (June 4, 1999). "Opening Doors: Irene West Gave Her All as a Teacher and Principal, Now, a New School Honors Her Name and Hard Work". Sacramento Bee.
- ^ West, Cornel (August 13, 2000). The Cornel West Reader. ISBN 978-0-465-09110-2. http://books.google.com/?id=Kk6ovUWs02AC&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3&dq=the+sincere+black+militancy+of+malcolm+x+the+defiant+rage+of+the+black+panther+party+and+the+livid+black+theology+of+james+cone. Retrieved February 23, 2008.
- ^ Goodman, Amy (Sept 30, 2009). "Dr. Cornel West Releases Long-Awaited Memoir, "Brother West: Living and Loving Out Loud"". Democracy Now. http://www.democracynow.org/2009/9/30/dr_cornel_west_on_his_new. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
- ^ a b Mendieta, Eduardo (2007). Global Fragments: Globalizations, Latinamericanisms, and Critical Theory. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-7914-7257-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=CycoIHOtyhYC&pg=PA173.
- ^ "Ethics, historicism and the Marxist tradition". http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=753076311&sid=6&Fmt=2&clientId=16746&RQT=309&VName=PQD. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
- ^ a b c d Henderson, Ashyia, ed. (2002). "Cornel Ronald West". Contemporary Black Biography. 33. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale Group. http://www.indiana.edu/~libugls/brown/west.html. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
- ^ a b Aaseng, Nathan, ed. (2003). "Cornel West". African-American Religious Leaders. New York: Facts on File. p. 237. ISBN 0-8160-4878-9.
- ^ Duke, Lynn (August 16, 2002). "Cornel West's difficult road to Princeton". The Washington Post. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2002-08-16/features/0208160010_1_cornel-west-president-of-harvard-university-prostate-surgery. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
- ^ "Other Key Moments in the Department". Department of African and African American Studies, Harvard University. http://aaas.fas.harvard.edu/about/moments. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
- ^ Goldfarb, Zachary A. (August 12, 2002). "West to leave Harvard to become University professor of religion". The Daily Princetonian (Daily Princetonian Publishing Company, Inc.). http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/archives/2002/04/12/news/4886.shtml. Retrieved January 21, 2008.
- ^ Goodstein, Laurie (November 16, 2011). "Cornel West Returning to Union Theological Seminary". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/17/nyregion/cornel-west-returning-to-union-theological-seminary.html.
- ^ "NSP Co-Founders". Network of Spiritual Progressives. http://spiritualprogressives.org/newsite/?page_id=33. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
- ^ "Board of Directors and Advisors". International Bridges to Justice. http://www.ibj.org/about-us/directors-and-advisors/. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
- ^ Dawson, Horace; Edward Brooke, Henry Ponder, Vinton R. Anderson, Bobby William Austin, Ron Dellums, Kenton Keith, Huel D. Perkins, Charles Rangel, Clathan McClain Ross, and Cornel West (July 2006) (PDF). The Centenary Report Of The Alpha Phi Alpha World Policy Council. Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity. http://www.alpha-phi-alpha.com/Resources/ImageFile/File/image/WPC06-WEB.pdf. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ All and Nothing: The Unreal World of Cornel West,” The New Republic, March 6, 1995, pp. 31–36.
- ^ Fletcher, Michael A.; Ferdinand, Pamela (April 13, 2002). "Cornel West Quitting Harvard". The Washington Post. http://search.proquest.com/docview/409336618?accountid=35803. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
- ^ Agger, Michael. FILM; And the Oscar for Best Scholar . . .. The New York Times. May 18, 2003. Retrieved 2011-3-7.
- ^ Pratt, Doug. The Ultimate Matrix Collection. The Hollywood Reporter via AllBusiness. December 6, 2004. Retrieved 2011-3-7.
- ^ "Examined Life (2008) - Plot Summary". http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1279083/plotsummary.
- ^ ""Real Time with Bill Maher: Full Cast and Crew"". http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0350448/fullcredits#cast. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
- ^ Gseis.ucla.edu
- ^ a b Han, Lisa. Cornel West Theory. Daily Princetonian. February 4, 2010. Retrieved 2011-3-7.
- ^ Cornel West, "Books and Music", http://www.cornelwest.com/books_music.html (accessed 10 June 2010)
- ^ "Who is Cornel West?". Associated Press. Cable News Network. January 10, 2002. Archived from the original on December 26, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071226113730/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/fyi/teachers.ednews/01/10/west.harvard.ap/. Retrieved January 21, 2008.
- ^ Steinberg, Jacques (November 29, 2001). "At Odds With Harvard President, Black-Studies Stars Eye Princeton". The New York Times (New York City, New York: The New York Times Company). http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F06E4D71F31F93AA15751C1A9679C8B63. Retrieved January 21, 2008.
- ^ a b Belluck, Pam; Jacques Steinberg (April 16, 2002). "Defector Indignant at President of Harvard". The New York Times (New York City, New York: The New York Times Company). http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0DE6DB113CF935A25757C0A9649C8B63. Retrieved January 21, 2008.
- ^ "Cornel West Outlines "Pull toward Princeton" and "Push from Harvard" in Exclusive Interview with NPR's Tavis Smiley". Npr.org. January 7, 2002. http://www.npr.org/about/press/020415.cwest.html. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
- ^ Jacques R. Fresco (April 24, 2002). "Cornel West's Analogy". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/24/opinion/l-cornel-west-s-analogy-697680.html?pagewanted=1.
- ^ Campbell, Andrew C. (October 16, 2002). "Ripped from Harvard Headlines | News | The Harvard Crimson". Thecrimson.com. http://www.thecrimson.com/printerfriendly.aspx?ref=254638. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
- ^ Cornel West, Race Matters, p. 27, 2001 edition, ISBN 978-0-8070-0972-7
- ^ a b Cornel West, Democracy Matters, p. 20, 2004, ISBN 0-14-303583-5
- ^ West, Cornel (1999). The Cornel West Reader. New York: Basic Civitas Books. p. 13. ISBN 0-465-09109-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=bNJD8g1e-QQC&pg=PA13.
- ^ Cornel West. The Ultimate Matrix Collection.
- ^ Cornel West, Democracy Matters, p. 58, 2004, ISBN 0-14-303583-5
- ^ Cornel West, Democracy Matters, p. 101, 2004, ISBN 0-14-303583-5
- ^ "Cornel West: Democracy Matters", The Globalist, January 24, 2005
- ^ Givhan, Robin (January 25, 2002). "Cornel West, Cloaked in Street Smarts". The Washington Post. http://search.proquest.com/docview/409271497?accountid=35803. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
- ^ "Senators Hillary Clinton and John Kerry are exemplary paternalistic nihilists... Their centrist or conservative policies... are opportunistic efforts to satisfy centrist or conservative constituencies." Cornel West, Democracy Matters, p. 35-36, 2004, ISBN 0-14-303583-5
- ^ Montgomery, David (April 12, 2002). "Peace Demonstrators Arrested, Without Much Conviction". The Washington Post. http://search.proquest.com/docview/409255662?accountid=35803. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
- ^ "Thoughts on Anti-Semitism". Supportcom.com. December 6, 2005. http://supportcom.com/PEP/www.pepeace.org/current_reprints/10/Thoughts_On_Antisemitism.htm. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
- ^ "Cornel West's Letter to UA: Supporting Divestment, Ethnic Studies", No More Deaths, April 28, 2011
- ^ "Call + Response". Callandresponse.com. http://www.callandresponse.com. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
- ^ "Cornel West on Occupy Wall Street: It’s the Makings of a U.S. Autumn Responding to the Arab Spring". Democracy Now. September 29, 2011. http://www.democracynow.org/blog/2011/9/29/cornel_west_on_occupy_wall_street_its_the_makings_of_a_us_autumn_responding_to_the_arab_spring. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
- ^ Thisltethwaite, Susan Brooks (Oct 17, 2011). "Dr. Cornel West honors Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. by going to jail". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/guest-voices/post/dr-cornel-west-honors-dr-martin-luther-king-jr-by-going-to-jail/2011/10/17/gIQA9oLRrL_blog.html. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
- ^ Carbone, Nick (Oct 22, 2011). "Cornel West Arrested Again At Occupy Protest". Time. http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/10/22/cornel-west-arrested-again-at-occupy-protest/. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
- ^ Parker Aab, Stacy (October 30, 2007). "Obama, Race, and the Right Side of History". The Huffington News (HuffingtonPost.com, Inc.). http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stacy-parker-aab/obama-race-and-the-righ_b_74871.html. Retrieved January 21, 2008.
- ^ "Cornel West Comments on Obama's Nobel Peace Prize: Hard to Be War President with Peace Prize". The Huffington Post. October 10, 2009. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/10/10/cornel-west-comments-on-o_n_316476.html. Retrieved October 28, 2009.
- ^ Schneider, Matt. Wild Shoutfest Between Al Sharpton And Cornel West On Obama And Race. mediaite.com. April 11, 2011. Retrieved 2011-4-11.
- ^ The Obama Deception: Why Cornel West went ballistic truthdig.com
- ^ "Cornel West & Tavis Smiley on Obama: "Many of Us Are Exploring Other Possibilities in Coming Election”". Democracy Now!. August 9, 2011. http://www.democracynow.org/2011/8/9/cornel_west_tavis_smiley_on_obama. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
External links[link]
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This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (December 2010) |
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Cornel West |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Cornel West |
- Cornel West on Twitter
- An Interview with Cornel West
- Interview with Dr. Cornel West by JK Fowler on The Mantle March 18, 2011
- Faculty bio at Princeton Religion department
- Faculty bio at Princeton Center for African American Studies
- Interview with Cornel West from the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum
- Booknotes interview with West on The Cornel West Reader, February 22, 2000.
- In Depth interview with West, January 6, 2002
- "Cornel West Gives Black Scholars a Bad Rap" By John McWhorter
- Dr. Cornel West Releases Long-Awaited Memoir - video report by Democracy Now!
- Cornel West on Charles Rangel, Bush & Kanye West and Obama Admin
- Cornel West at the Internet Movie Database
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | West, Cornel Ronald |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American philosopher, scholar, public intellectual |
| Date of birth | June 2, 1953 |
| Place of birth | Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is about the singer. For other people named James Brown, see James Brown (disambiguation).
| James Brown | |
|---|---|
 James Brown performing on June 27, 2005 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | James Joseph Brown, Jr.[1] |
| Also known as | "The Godfather of Soul"[2][3][4] |
| Born | (1933-05-03)May 3, 1933 Barnwell, South Carolina, U.S. |
| Origin | Augusta, Georgia, United States |
| Died | December 25, 2006(2006-12-25) (aged 73) Atlanta, Georgia[5][6] |
| Genres | R&B, funk, soul, rock and roll |
| Occupations | Musician, songwriter, dancer, bandleader, record producer, actor |
| Instruments | Vocal, guitar, harmonica, bass guitar, keyboards, drums, percussion |
| Years active | 1956–2006 |
| Labels | Federal, King, Try Me, Smash, People, Polydor, Scotti Bros., Dade |
| Associated acts | The Famous Flames, The J.B.'s, Bobby Byrd, The Soul Generals, Lyn Collins |
James Joseph Brown (May 3, 1933 – December 25, 2006) was an American singer, songwriter, musician, and recording artist. He is the originator of funk music and is a major figure of 20th century popular music and dance.
In a career that spanned decades, Brown profoundly influenced the development of many different musical genres.[7] Brown moved on a continuum of blues and gospel-based forms and styles to a profoundly "Africanized" approach to music making.[8] Brown performed in concerts, first making his rounds across the Chitlin' Circuit, and then across the country and later around the world, along with appearing in shows on television and in movies. Although he contributed much to the music world through his hitmaking, Brown holds the record as the artist who charted the most singles on the Billboard Hot 100 without ever hitting number one on that chart.[9][10]
For many years, Brown's touring show was one of the most extravagant productions in American popular music. At the time of Brown's death, his band included three guitarists, two bass guitar players, two drummers, three horns and a percussionist.[11] The bands that he maintained during the late 1960s and 1970s were of comparable size, and the bands also included a three-piece amplified string section that played during ballads.[12] Brown employed between 40 and 50 people for the James Brown Revue, and members of the revue traveled with him in a bus to cities and towns all over the country, performing upwards of 330 shows a year with almost all of the shows as one-nighters.[13][14] In 1986, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and in 1990 into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.
Brown died on Christmas Day 2006 from heart failure after becoming ill on December 23 and being hospitalized for hours. James Brown is buried in Beech Island, South Carolina.
Contents |
Early life[link]
James Brown was born in Barnwell, South Carolina on May 3, 1933 to Susie Brown and Joseph ("Joe") Gardner (who changed his surname to Brown after Mattie Brown who raised him). Although Brown was to be named after his father Joseph, his first and middle names were mistakenly reversed on his birth certificate. He therefore became James Joseph Brown, Jr.[1] As a young child, Brown was called Junior. When he later lived with his aunt and cousin, he was called Little Junior since his cousin's nickname was also Junior.[1] He was of African American and Native American (Apache) descent through his father, and had Asian ancestry.[15][16]
As a young child, Brown and his family lived in extreme poverty[9] in nearby Elko, South Carolina, which at the time was an impoverished town in Barnwell County. When Brown was two years old, his parents separated after his mother left his father for another man.[17] After his mother abandoned the family, Brown continued to live with his father and his father's live-in girlfriends until he was six years old.
His father sent him to live with an aunt, who ran a house of prostitution.[18] Even though Brown lived with relatives, he spent long stretches of time on his own, hanging out on the streets and hustling to get by.[9] Brown managed to stay in school until he dropped out in the seventh grade.[19]
During his childhood, Brown earned money shining shoes, sweeping out stores, selling and trading in old stamps, washing cars and dishes and singing in talent contests.[9] Brown also performed buck dances for change to entertain troops from Camp Gordon at the start of World War II as their convoys traveled over a canal bridge near his aunt's home.[17][18] Between earning money from these adventures, Brown taught himself to play a harmonica given to him by his father.[17] He learned to play some guitar from Tampa Red, in addition to learning to play piano and drums from others he met during this time.[17] Brown was inspired to become an entertainer after watching Louis Jordan, a popular jazz and R&B performer during the 1940s, and Jordan's Tympany Five performing "Caldonia" in a short film.[20]
As an adult, Brown legally changed his name to remove the "Jr." designation.[21] In his spare time, Brown spent time practicing his various skills in Augusta-area stalls and committing petty crimes. At the age of sixteen, he was convicted of armed robbery and sent to a juvenile detention center upstate in Toccoa in 1949.[8]
In 1952, while Brown was still in reform school, he met future R&B legend Bobby Byrd, who was there playing baseball against the reform school team. Byrd saw Brown perform there and admired his singing and performing talent.[17] As a result of this friendship, Byrd's family helped Brown secure an early release after serving three years of his sentence. The authorities agreed to release Brown on the condition that he would get a job and not return to Augusta or Richmond County. After stints as a boxer[22] and baseball pitcher in semi-professional baseball (a career move ended by a leg injury), Brown turned his energy toward music.[23]
Career[link]
1955: The Formation of The Famous Flames[link]
In 1955, Brown and Bobby Byrd's sister Sarah performed in a group called The Gospel Starlighters. Eventually, Brown joined Bobby Byrd's vocal group, the Avons, and Byrd turned the group's sound towards secular rhythm and blues. After the group's name was changed to The Flames, Brown and Byrd's group toured the Southern chitlin' circuit. The group eventually signed a deal with the Cincinnati, Ohio-based label Federal Records, a sister label of King Records. Brown's early recordings were fairly straightforward gospel-inspired R&B compositions, heavily influenced by the work of contemporary musicians such as Ray Charles, Little Willie John, Clyde McPhatter and Little Richard.
Little Richard's relations with Brown were particularly significant in Brown's development as a musician and showman. Brown once called Richard his idol,[24] and credited Richard's saxophone-studded mid-1950s road band, The Upsetters, with being the first to put the funk in the rock and roll beat.[25] Etta James recalled her first meeting with James Brown, in Macon, Georgia, where Brown had befriended Little Richard. She said Brown "used to carry around an old tattered napkin with him, because Little Richard had written the words, 'please, please, please' on it and James was determined to make a song out of it...".[26] The resulting track "Please, Please, Please" ended up becoming The Flames first R&B hit in 1956,[27] selling over a million copies. However, nine subsequent singles released by The Flames failed to live up to the success of their debut, and the group was in danger of being dropped by Federal Records. When Little Richard left pop music in October 1957 to become a preacher, Brown filled out Little Richard's remaining tour dates in his place. Further, several former members of Little Richard's backup band joined Brown's group after Richard's exit from the pop music scene. Brown's group returned to the charts, hitting #1 R&B in February 1959 with "Try Me".[28] This hit record was the best-selling R&B single of the year, becoming the first of 17 chart-topping R&B singles by Brown over the next two decades.[29] By the time "Try Me" was released on record, the group's billing was changed to James Brown and The Famous Flames. "The Famous Flames" was a vocal group, not a backing band.In the original group, the members were Brown, Byrd, Brown's old cellmate Johnny Terry, Sylvester Keels, Nash Knox, and NaFloyd Scott.
In 1959, Brown and The Famous Flames moved from the Federal Records subsidiary to King Records, the parent label. Brown began to have recurring conflicts with King Records president Syd Nathan over repertoire and other matters. In one notable instance, Brown recorded the 1960 Top Ten R&B hit "(Do the) Mashed Potatoes" on Dade Records, owned by Henry Stone, under the pseudonym "Nat Kendrick & The Swans" because Nathan refused to allow him to record it for King.[30]
Early and mid-1960s[link]
Brown scored on the charts in the early 1960s with recordings such as his 1962 cover of "Night Train". While Brown's early singles were major hits across the southern United States and then regular R&B Top Ten hits, he and the Famous Flames were not successful nationally until his self-financed live show was captured on the 1963 LP Live at the Apollo. Brown financed the recording of the album himself, and it was released on King Records over the objections of label owner Syd Nathan, who saw no commercial potential in a live album containing no new songs. Defying Nathan's expectations, the album stayed on the pop charts for fourteen months, peaking at #2.[31] In addition, Brown recorded a hit version of the ballad "Prisoner of Love", (his first Top 20 pop hit), in 1963 and founded (under King auspices) the fledgling Try Me Records, Brown's first attempt at running a record label.
In 1962, singer Tammi Terrell came to Brown's attention, and the seventeen-year-old found herself in Brown's popular Revue, becoming one of his first female headliners. In 1963 Terrell recorded for Try Me Records, releasing the ballad, "I Cried", which gave her some chart success. Terrell and Brown also had a personal relationship, which was hampered by Brown's physical abuse towards her. After a horrific incident backstage after a show, Terrell asked singer Gene Chandler (the "Duke of Earl"), who witnessed the incident first hand, to take her to the bus station so she could go home. He later called her mother to come pick her up. This ended Terrell's two-year relationship with Brown.[citation needed]
File:James Brown and Flames.jpg
Brown (middle) & The Famous Flames (far left to right, Bobby Bennett, Lloyd Stallworth, and Bobby Byrd), performing live at the Apollo Theater in New York City, 1964.
Brown followed the success of Live at the Apollo with a string of singles that, along with the work of Allen Toussaint in New Orleans, essentially defined the foundation of Funk music. Driven by the success of Live at the Apollo and the failure of King Records to expand record promotion beyond the "black" market, James Brown and fellow Famous Flame Bobby Byrd formed a production company, Fair Deal, to promote sales of Brown's record releases to white audiences. In this arrangement, Smash Records, a subsidiary of Mercury Records, was used as a vehicle to distribute Brown's music. Smash released his 1964 hit "Out of Sight", which reached #24 on the pop charts and pointed the way to his later funk hits.[32] Its release also triggered a legal battle between Smash and King that resulted in a one year ban on the release of Brown's vocal recordings.[33]
Two of Brown's signature tunes, "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag"[34] (which won the 1966 Grammy for Best Rhythm & Blues Recording (an award last given in 1968)) and "I Got You (I Feel Good)", both from 1965, were his first Top 10 pop hits as well as major #1 R&B hits, with each remaining the top-selling singles in black venues for over a month. Brown's national profile was boosted further that year by appearances in the movie Ski Party and the concert film The T.A.M.I. Show, in which he and The Famous Flames (Bobby Byrd, Bobby Bennett and "Baby Lloyd" Stallworth) upstaged The Rolling Stones. In his concert repertoire and on record, Brown mingled his innovative rhythmic essays with Broadway show tunes and ballads, such as his hit "It's a Man's Man's Man's World" (1966).[34]
Late 1960s[link]
In November 1967, James Brown purchased radio station WGYW in Knoxville, Tennessee for a reported $75,000, according to the January 20, 1968 Record World magazine. The call letters were changed to WJBE reflecting his initials. WJBE began on January 15, 1968 and broadcast a Rhythm & Blues format. The station slogan was "WJBE 1430 Raw Soul". At the time it was mentioned "Brown has also branched out into real estate and music publishing in recent months".
Brown continued to refine the new funk idiom. His 1967 #1 R&B hit, "Cold Sweat", sometimes cited as the first true funk song, was the first of his recordings to contain a drum break and the first that featured a harmony that was reduced to a single chord.[35][36] The instrumental arrangements on tracks such as "Give It Up Or Turnit A Loose" and "Licking Stick-Licking Stick" (both recorded in 1968) and "Funky Drummer" (recorded in 1969) featured a more developed version of Brown's mid-1960s style, with the horn section, guitars, bass and drums meshed together in intricate rhythmic patterns based on multiple interlocking riffs.
Changes in Brown's style that started with "Cold Sweat" also established the musical foundation for Brown's later hits, such as "I Got the Feelin'" (1968) and "Mother Popcorn" (1969). By this time Brown's vocals frequently took the form of a kind of rhythmic declamation, not quite sung but not quite spoken, that only intermittently featured traces of pitch or melody. This would become a major influence on the techniques of rapping, which would come to maturity along with hip hop music in the coming decades.
Brown's style of funk was based on interlocking syncopated parts: funky bass lines, drum patterns, and iconic guitar riffs.[37] The main guitar ostinatos for "Aint" it Funky" (c. late 1960s), and "Give it Up or Turn it Lose" (1969), are examples of Brown's refinement of New Orleans funk— irresistibly danceable riffs, stripped down to their rhythmic essence. On "Aint" it Funky" (c. late 1960s), and "Give it Up or Turn it Lose" (1969), the tonal structure is bare bones. The pattern of attack-points is the emphasis, not the pattern of pitches. It's as if the guitar is an African drum, or idiophone. Alexander Stewart states that this popular feel was passed along from "New Orleans—through James Brown's music, to the popular music of the 1970s."[38]
"Bring it Up" has an Afro-Cuban guajeo-like structure. If fact, on a 1976 version, Cuban bongos are used. All three of these guitar riff are based on an onbeat/offbeat structure. Stewart states: "This model, it should be noted, is different from a time line (such as clave and tresillo) in that it is not an exact pattern, but more of a loose organizing principle."[39]
Brown's recordings influenced musicians across the industry, most notably Sly and his Family Stone, Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band, Booker T. & the M.G.'s and soul shouters like King Curtis, Edwin Starr, Temptations David Ruffin, and Dennis Edwards. A then-prepubescent Michael Jackson took Brown's shouts and dancing into the pop mainstream as the lead singer of Motown's The Jackson 5. Those same tracks were later resurrected by countless hip-hop musicians from the 1970s onward. As a result, James Brown remains to this day the world's most sampled recording artist,[40] with "Funky Drummer" itself becoming the most sampled individual piece of music.[41]
Brown's band during this period employed musicians and arrangers who had come up through the jazz tradition. He was noted for his ability as a bandleader and songwriter to blend the simplicity and drive of R&B with the rhythmic complexity and precision of jazz. Trumpeter Lewis Hamlin and saxophonist/keyboardist Alfred "Pee Wee" Ellis (the successor to previous bandleader Nat Jones) led the band. Guitarist Jimmy Nolen provided percussive, deceptively simple riffs for each song, and Maceo Parker's prominent saxophone solos provided a focal point for many performances. Other members of Brown's band included stalwart singer and sideman Bobby Byrd, drummers John "Jabo" Starks, Clyde Stubblefield and Melvin Parker (Maceo's brother), saxophonist St. Clair Pinckney, trombonist Fred Wesley, guitarist Alphonso "Country" Kellum and bassist Bernard Odum.
During this period, Brown's music empire also expanded along with his influence on the music scene. As Brown's music empire grew, his desire for financial and artistic independence grew as well. Brown bought radio stations during the late 1960s, including radio station WRDW in Augusta, Georgia where he shined shoes as a boy.[34] Brown also branched out to make several recordings with musicians outside his own band. He recorded Gettin' Down To It (1969) and Soul on Top (1970), two albums consisting mostly of romantic ballads and jazz standards, with the Dee Felice Trio and the Louie Bellson Orchestra respectively. He recorded a number of tracks with the Dapps, a white Cincinnati bar band, including the hit "I Can't Stand Myself (When You Touch Me)". He also released three albums of Christmas music with his own band.
1970s and the J.B.'s[link]
By 1970, most members of James Brown's classic 1960s band had quit his act for other opportunities, and The Famous Flames singing group had disbanded, with original member Bobby Byrd the only one remaining with Brown. Brown and Byrd employed a new band that included future funk greats, such as bassist Bootsy Collins, Collins' guitarist brother Phelps "Catfish" Collins and trombonist and musical director Fred Wesley. This new backing band was dubbed "The J.B.'s", and the band made its debut on Brown's 1970 single "Get Up (I Feel Like Being A) Sex Machine". Although The J.B.'s went through several lineup changes, with the first change occurring in 1971, the band remained Brown's most familiar backing band.
In 1971, Brown began recording for Polydor Records which also took over distribution of Brown's King Records catalog. Many of his sidemen and supporting players, such as Fred Wesley & The J.B.'s, Bobby Byrd, Lyn Collins, Vicki Anderson and Hank Ballard, released records on the People label, an imprint founded by Brown that was purchased by Polydor as part of Brown's new contract. The recordings on the People label, almost all of which were produced by Brown himself, exemplified his "house style". Songs such as "I Know You Got Soul" by Bobby Byrd, "Think (About It)" by Lyn Collins and "Doing It to Death" by Fred Wesley & The J.B.'s are considered as much a part of Brown's recorded legacy as the recordings released under his own name.
In 1972, James Brown, when asked, openly proclaimed his support of Richard Nixon against the Democrat, George McGovern,[42] and a nationwide boycott called by Black Democratic leaders damaged his status as the most successful Black entrepreneur in the country. Still, his popularity buoyed up his financial fortunes after a brief downturn, and he went on with his career, undaunted.
In 1973, Brown provided the score for the blaxploitation film Black Caesar. In 1974, he toured Africa and performed in Zaire as part of the buildup to The Rumble in the Jungle fight between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman. Admirers of Brown's music, including Miles Davis and other jazz musicians, began to cite Brown as a major influence on their own styles. However, Brown, like others who were influenced by his music, also "borrowed" from other musicians. His 1976 single "Hot (I Need To Be Loved, Loved, Loved, Loved)" (R&B #31) used the main riff from "Fame" by David Bowie, not the other way around as was often believed. The riff was provided to "Fame" co-writers John Lennon and Bowie by guitarist Carlos Alomar, who had briefly been a member of Brown's band in the late 1960s.[43]
Brown's Polydor recordings during the 1970s exemplified his innovations from the previous 20 years. Compositions such as "The Payback" (1973), "Papa Don't Take No Mess", "Stoned to the Bone", and "Funky President (People It's Bad)" (1974), and "Get Up Offa That Thing" (1976) were among his most noted recordings during this time.
Late 1970s and 1980s[link]
By the mid-1970s, Brown's star-status was on the wane, and key musicians in his band such as Fred Wesley and Bootsy left to join Parliament-Funkadelic, the collective conducted by George Clinton. The onslaught of the slickly commercial style of disco caught Brown off guard, as it superseded his raw style of funk music on the dance floor. His 1976 albums Get Up Offa That Thing and Bodyheat were Brown's first flirtations with disco rhythms and its slicker production techniques. While the albums Mutha's Nature (1977) and Jam 1980s (1978) did not generate chart hits, Brown's 1979 LP The Original Disco Man was a notable late addition to his oeuvre. This album featured the song "It's Too Funky in Here", which was his last top R&B hit of the decade. Like the rest of the songs on The Original Disco Man, "It's Too Funky in Here" was not produced by Brown himself, but produced instead by Brad Shapiro.
Brown's contract with Polydor expired in 1981, and his recording and touring schedule was somewhat reduced. Despite these events, Brown experienced something of a resurgence during the 1980s, effectively crossing over to a broader, more mainstream audience. He appeared in the feature films The Blues Brothers, Doctor Detroit and Rocky IV, as well as guest starring in the Miami Vice episode "Missing Hours" (1988). He also recorded Gravity, a modestly popular crossover album released on his new host label Scotti Bros., and the 1986 top 10 hit single "Living in America" (written by Dan Hartman), which was featured prominently in the Rocky IV film and soundtrack. Brown performed the song in the film at Apollo Creed's final fight, shot in the Ziegfeld Room at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas and was credited as "The Godfather of Soul." In 1987, Brown won the Grammy for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for "Living in America." Acknowledging his influence on modern hip-hop and R&B music, Brown collaborated with hip-hop artist Afrika Bambaataa on the single "Unity."
In 1988, Brown worked with the production team Full Force on the hip-hop influenced album I'm Real, which spawned a #5 R&B hit single, "Static". Meanwhile, the drum break from the second version of the original 1969 hit "Give It Up Or Turnit A Loose" (the recording included on the compilation album In the Jungle Groove) became so popular at hip hop dance parties (especially for breakdance) during the late 1970s and early 1980s that hip hop founding father Kurtis Blow called the song "the national anthem of hip hop".[44]
1990s to the 2000s[link]
After a stint in prison during the late 1980s, Brown released the album Love Overdue, with the new single "Move On". Brown also released the 1991 four-CD box set Star Time, which included music spanning his four-decade career at that time. Nearly all of his earlier LPs were re-released on CD, often with additional tracks and commentary by experts on Brown's music. In 1991, Brown appeared in MC Hammer's video "Too Legit to Quit" (or "2 Legit 2 Quit"), someone Hammer idolized. In 1993, James Brown released the album Universal James, which spawned the singles "Can't Get Any Harder", "How Long" and "Georgia-Lina". In 1995, the live album Live at the Apollo 1995 was released, featuring the new studio track "Respect Me", which was released as a single that same year. Brown followed up this single with the megamix "Hooked on Brown" that was released as a single in 1996. Brown's later LP releases during this time included the 1998 studio album I'm Back that featured the single "Funk on ah Roll", and the 2002 album The Next Step that featured the single "Killing is Out, School is In", both produced and co-written by Derrick Monk. Brown participated in the PBS American Masters television documentary James Brown: Soul Survivor, which was directed by Jeremy Marre.
Although Brown had various run-ins with the law, he continued to perform and record regularly, and he also made appearances in television shows and films, such as Blues Brothers 2000, and sporting events, such as his 2000 appearance at the World Championship Wrestling pay-per-view event SuperBrawl X. In Brown's appearance at the SuperBrawl X event, he danced alongside wrestler Ernest "The Cat" Miller, whose character was based on Brown, during his in ring skit with The Maestro. Brown was featured in Tony Scott's 2001 short film, Beat the Devil, alongside Clive Owen, Gary Oldman, Danny Trejo and Marilyn Manson.[45] Brown also made a cameo appearance in the 2002 Jackie Chan film The Tuxedo, in which Chan was required to finish Brown's act after Brown was accidentally knocked out by Chan.[46] In 2002, Brown appeared in Undercover Brother, playing the role as himself.
Brown appeared at Edinburgh 50,000 – The Final Push, the final Live 8 concert on July 6, 2005, where he performed a duet with British pop star Will Young on "Papa's Got A Brand New Bag". He also performed a duet with another British pop star, Joss Stone, a week earlier on the United Kingdom chat show Friday Night with Jonathan Ross. Before his death, Brown was scheduled to perform a duet with singer Annie Lennox on the song "Vengeance" for her new album Venus, scheduled for release in early 2007. In 2006, Brown continued his "Seven Decades Of Funk World Tour", his last concert tour where he performed all over the world. His final U.S. performance was in San Francisco on August 20, 2006, as headliner at the Festival of the Golden Gate (Foggfest) on the Great Meadow at Fort Mason. His last shows were greeted with positive reviews, and one of his final concert appearances at the Irish Oxegen festival in Punchestown in 2006 was performed for a record crowd of 80,000 people. Brown's last televised appearance was at his induction into the UK Music Hall of Fame in November 2006, before his death the following month.
James Brown Revue[link]
Concert introduction[link]
Before James Brown appeared on stage, his personal MC gave him an elaborate introduction accompanied by drumrolls, as the MC worked in Brown's various sobriquets along with the names of many of his hit songs. The introduction by Fats Gonder, captured on Brown's 1962 album Live at the Apollo album, is a representative example:
| So now ladies and gentlemen it is star time, are you ready for star time? Thank you and thank you very kindly. It is indeed a great pleasure to present to you at this particular time, national and international[ly] known as the hardest working man in show business, the man that sings "I'll Go Crazy" ... "Try Me" ... "You've Got the Power" ... "Think" ... "If You Want Me" ... "I Don't Mind" ... "Bewildered" ...the million dollar seller, "Lost Someone" ... the very latest release, "Night Train" ... let's everybody "Shout and Shimmy" ... Mr. Dynamite, the amazing Mr. Please Please himself, the star of the show, James Brown and The Famous Flames!![47] |
Among the MCs who worked with Brown and his revue through the years, Brown's most famous MC was Danny Ray, who appeared on stage with him for over 30 years.
Concert repertoire and format[link]
File:281271011 c6024a64c1 m.jpg
Brown and MC Danny Ray during cape routine, BBC Electric Proms '06 concert
James Brown's performances were famous for their intensity and length. His own stated goal was to "give people more than what they came for — make them tired, 'cause that's what they came for.'"[48] Brown's concert repertoire consisted mostly of his own hits and recent songs, with a few R&B covers mixed in. Brown danced vigorously as he sang, working popular dance steps such as the Mashed Potato into his routine along with dramatic leaps, splits and slides. In addition, his horn players and backup singers (The Famous Flames) typically performed choreographed dance routines, and later incarnations of the Revue included backup dancers. Male performers in the Revue were required to wear tuxedoes and cummerbunds long after more casual concert wear became the norm among the younger musical acts. Brown's own extravagant outfits and his elaborate processed hairdo completed the visual impression.
A James Brown concert typically included a performance by a featured vocalist, such as Vicki Anderson or Marva Whitney, and an instrumental feature for the band, which sometimes served as the opening act for the show. Although Brown released many live albums, Say It Live & Loud: Live in Dallas August 26, 1968, released by Polydor in 1998, was one of only a few audio recordings that captured a performance of the James Brown Revue from beginning to end.
Cape routine[link]
A trademark feature of Brown's stage shows, usually during the song "Please, Please, Please", involved Brown dropping to his knees while clutching the microphone stand in his hands, prompting the show's longtime MC, Danny Ray, to come out, drape a cape over Brown's shoulders and escort him off the stage after he had worked himself to exhaustion during his performance. As Brown was escorted off the stage by the MC, Brown's vocal group, The Famous Flames, continued singing the background vocals "Please, please don't go-oh-oh".[49] Brown would then shake off the cape and stagger back to the microphone to perform an encore. Brown's routine was inspired by a similar one used by the professional wrestler Gorgeous George.[47][50]
Brown performs a version of the cape routine over the closing credits of the film Blues Brothers 2000.
The best place to view the "cape routine" is in Brown's performance during the "T.A.M.I. Show" available on DVD.
As band leader[link]
Brown demanded extreme discipline, perfection and precision from his musicians and dancers — right down to when performers in his Revue showed up for rehearsals all the way to whether members wore the right "uniform" or "costume" for concert performances.[51] During an interview conducted by Terri Gross during the NPR segment "Fresh Air" with Maceo Parker, a former saxophonist in Brown's band for most of the 1960s and part of the 1970s and 1980s, Parker offered his experience with the discipline that Brown demanded of the band:
You gotta be on time. You gotta have your uniform. Your stuff's got to be intact. You gotta have the bow tie. You got to have it. You can't come up without the bow tie. You cannot come up without a cummerbund ... [The] patent leather shoes we were wearing at the time gotta be greased. You just gotta have this stuff. This is what [Brown expected] ... [Brown] bought the costumes. He bought the shoes. And if for some reason [the band member decided] to leave the group, [Brown told the person to] please leave my uniforms ....—Maceo Parker[52]
Brown also had a practice of directing, correcting and assessing fines on members of his band who broke his rules, such as wearing unshined shoes, dancing out of sync or showing up late on stage.[23] During some of his concert performances, Brown danced in front of his band with his back to the audience as he slid across the floor, flashing hand signals and splaying his pulsating fingers to the beat of the music. Although audiences thought Brown's dance routine was part of his act, this practice was actually his way of pointing to the offending member of his troupe who played or sang the wrong note or committed some other infraction. Brown used his splayed fingers and hand signals to alert the offending person of the fine that person must pay to him for breaking his rules.[53]
Social activism[link]
Civil unrest and self-empowerment[link]
During the late 1960s and early 1970s, James Brown was renowned for his social activism. In 1966, he released the single "Don't Be a Drop-Out" as a lesson to young students who had thoughts of dropping out. He later made public speeches in front of dozens of children and advocated the importance of education in school. In 1967, he issued a patriotic single, "America is My Home", which was a "rap" about how he felt people, particularly in the African-American community, were neglecting the country that he said "could give (them) opportunities" explaining how at one time he was shining shoes and the next, he was greeting the President of the United States as he did when President Lyndon B. Johnson thanked him for donating money to school drop-out prevention programs.
In 1968 after the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., Brown released "Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud"[34] following pressure from fans to take a stance on the civil rights movement, an issue he had avoided up until this point. It became an anthem of the civil rights movement. Brown later said of it in his 1986 autobiography “The song is obsolete now... But it was necessary to teach pride then, and I think the song did a lot of good for a lot of people... People called "Black and Proud" militant and angry – maybe because of the line about dying on your feet instead of living on your knees. But really, if you listen to it, it sounds like a children's song. That's why I had children in it, so children who heard it could grow up feeling pride... The song cost me a lot of my crossover audience. The racial makeup at my concerts was mostly black after that. I don't regret it, though, even if it was misunderstood.”
He performed in front of a televised audience in Boston the day after Dr. King's death.[34] Brown is often given credit for preventing rioting with the performance.[54] Mayor Kevin White strongly restrained the Boston Police from cracking down on minor violence and protests after the assassination,[54] and Boston religious and community leaders worked to keep tempers from flaring.[54] Also, White arranged to have the Brown performance broadcast multiple times on Boston's public television station, WGBH, thus keeping many potential rioters off the streets, watching the concert for free. Brown demanded $60,000 for "gate" fees (money he thought would be lost from ticket sales on account of the concert being broadcast for free), and then threatened to go public about the secret arrangement when the city balked at paying up after the concert, news of which would have been a political death-blow to White, and possibly sparked riots on its own.[54] White successfully lobbied the behind-the-scenes power-brokering group known as "The Vault" to come up with money for Brown's gate fee and other social programs; The Vault contributed $100,000 to such programs, and Brown received $15,000 from them via the city. White persuaded management at the Boston Garden to give up their share of receipts to make up the difference.[54] The story is documented in the PBS film "The Night James Brown Saved Boston".
Afterwards, President Johnson urged Brown to visit Washington, D.C. to greet inner-city residents there performing at a benefit concert there and expressed the notion that violence "wasn't the way to go". Many in the black community felt that Brown was speaking out to them more than some major leaders in the country, a sentiment that was strengthened with the release of his groundbreaking landmark single, "Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud".
Brown continued performing benefit concerts for various civil rights organizations including Jesse Jackson's PUSH and The Black Panther Party's Breakfast program throughout the early-1970s. Brown also continued to release socially conscious singles such as "I Don't Want Nobody To Give Me Nothing (Open Up the Door, I'll Get It Myself)" (1969), "Get Up, Get Into It, Get Involved" (1971), "Talking Loud and Saying Nothing" (1972), "King Heroin" (1972), "Funky President (People It's Bad)" (1974) and "Reality" (1975). The week before his death, Brown took time to give Christmas presents to an orphanage in Atlanta.
Personal life[link]
At the end of his life, James Brown lived in a riverfront home in Beech Island, South Carolina, directly across the Savannah River from Augusta, Georgia. James Brown was diagnosed with diabetes at a very early stage of his life.[citation needed] In 2004 Brown was successufully treated for prostate cancer.[55] Regardless of his health, Brown maintained his reputation as the "hardest working man in show business" by keeping up with his grueling performance schedule.
Marriages and children[link]
Brown was married three times — Velma Warren (1953–1969, divorced), Deidre "Deedee" Jenkins (October 22, 1970 – January 10, 1981, divorced) and Adrienne Lois Rodriguez (born March 9, 1950) (1984–1996, wife's death). He also had a relationship with Tomi Rae Hynie (2001–2004). From these and other relationships, James Brown had five sons — Teddy Brown (1954–1973), Terry Brown, and Larry Brown, Daryl Brown (a member of Brown's backing band) and James Joseph Brown II, in addition to four daughters — Lisa Brown, Dr. Yamma Noyola Brown Lumar, Deanna Brown Thomas and Venisha Brown.[5][56][57] Brown also had eight grandchildren and four great-grandchildren.[5][56] Brown's eldest son, Teddy, died in a car crash on June 14, 1973.[58] According to a August 22, 2007 article published in the British newspaper The Daily Telegraph, DNA tests indicate that Brown also fathered at least three illegitimate children. The only one of them who has been identified is LaRhonda Pettit (born 1962), a retired air stewardess and teacher who lives in Houston.[59]
Brown-Hynie marriage controversy[link]
Much controversy surrounds Tomi Rae Hynie's marriage to James Brown on December 23, 2002, officiated by Rev. Larry Fryer.[60] Brown's longtime attorney, Albert "Buddy" Dallas, reported that the marriage between Brown and Hynie was not valid because Hynie was married at that time to Javed Ahmed, a Bangladeshi whom Hynie claimed married her for a Green Card in an immigration fraud. Although Hynie stated that her marriage to Javed Ahmed was later annulled, this annulment did not occur until April 2004.[60][61] In an interview on CNN with Larry King, Hynie produced a 2001 marriage certificate as proof of her marriage to James Brown, but she did not provide King with court records pointing to an annulment of her marriage to him or to Ahmed.[62]
According to Dallas, Brown was angry and hurt that Hynie concealed her prior marriage from him, and that Brown moved to file for annulment from Hynie.[63] Dallas added that, although Hynie's marriage to Javed Ahmed was annulled after she married James Brown, the Brown-Hynie marriage was not valid under South Carolina law because Brown and Hynie did not remarry after the annulment.[62][64] In August 2003, Brown took out a full-page public notice in Variety Magazine featuring Hynie, James II and himself on vacation at Disney World to announce that he and Hynie were going their separate ways.[65][66]
Paternity of James Brown II[link]
In a separate CNN interview, Debra Opri, another Brown family attorney, revealed to Larry King that Brown wanted a DNA test performed after his death to confirm the paternity of James Brown II — not for Brown's sake, but for the sake of the other family members.[67] In April 2007, Hynie selected a guardian ad litem whom she wants appointed by the court to represent her son, James Brown II, in the paternity proceedings.[68]
Legal issues[link]
Brown's personal life was marred by several brushes with the law. At the age of 16, he was arrested for theft and served 3 years in prison. In 1988, Brown was arrested following an alleged high-speed car chase on Interstate 20 near the Georgia-South Carolina state border. He was convicted of carrying an unlicensed pistol and assaulting a police officer, along with various drug-related and driving offenses. Although he was sentenced to six years in prison, he was eventually released in 1991 after serving only three years of his sentence. Brown's FBI file, released to The Washington Post in 2007 under the Freedom of Information Act,[69] related Brown's claim that the high-speed chase did not occur as claimed by the police, and that local police shot at his car several times during an incident of police harassment and assaulted him after his arrest.[70] Local authorities found no merit to Brown's accusations.
In another incident, the police were summoned to Brown's residence on July 3, 2000 after he was accused of charging at an electric company repairman with a steak knife when the repairman visited Brown's house to investigate a complaint about having no lights at the residence.[71] In 2003, Brown was pardoned by the South Carolina Department of Probation, Parole, and Pardon Services for past crimes that he was convicted of committing in South Carolina.[72]
During the 1990s and 2000s (decade), Brown was repeatedly arrested for domestic violence. Adrienne Rodriguez, his third wife, had him arrested four times between the mid-1980s and mid-1990s on charges of assault. In January 2004, Brown was arrested in South Carolina on a domestic violence charge after Tomi Rae Hynie accused him of pushing her to the floor during an argument at their home, where she suffered scratches and bruises to her right arm and hip. Later that year in June 2004, Brown pleaded no contest to the domestic violence incident, but served no jail time. Instead, Brown was required to forfeit a US$1,087 bond as punishment.[73]
In January 2005, a woman named Jacque Hollander filed a lawsuit against James Brown, which stemmed from an alleged 1988 forcible rape. When the case was initially heard before a judge in 2002, Hollander's claims against Brown were dismissed by the court as the limitations period for filing the suit had expired. Hollander claimed that stress from the alleged assault later caused her to contract Graves' Disease, a thyroid condition. Hollander claimed that the incident took place in South Carolina while she was employed by Brown as a publicist. Hollander alleged that, during her ride in a van with Brown, Brown pulled over to the side of the road and sexually assaulted her while he threatened her with a shotgun. In her case against Brown, Hollander entered as evidence a DNA sample and a polygraph result, but the evidence was not considered due to the limitations defense. Hollander later attempted to bring her case before the Supreme Court but nothing became of her complaint.[74]
Death and aftermath[link]
Death[link]
On December 23, 2006, James Brown became ill and showed up at his dentist's office in Atlanta, Georgia several hours later than his appointment for dental implant work. During that visit, Brown's dentist observed that Brown looked "very bad ... weak and dazed." Instead of performing the dental work, the dentist advised Brown to see a doctor right away about his medical condition.[18]
Brown checked in at the Emory Crawford Long Memorial Hospital the next day for a medical evaluation of his condition, and he was admitted to the hospital for observation and treatment.[75] According to Charles Bobbit, Brown's longtime personal manager and friend, Brown had been sick and suffering with a noisy cough since he returned from a November trip to Europe.[18] Bobbit also added that it was characteristic of Brown to never complain about being sick, and that he frequently performed during illness.[18] Although Brown had to cancel upcoming shows in Waterbury, Connecticut and Englewood, New Jersey, Brown was confident that the doctor would discharge him from the hospital in time to perform the New Year's Eve shows. For the New Year's celebrations, Brown was scheduled to perform at the Count Basie Theatre in New Jersey and at the B. B. King Blues Club in New York, in addition to performing a song live on CNN for the Anderson Cooper New Year's Eve special.[75] However, Brown remained hospitalized, and his medical condition worsened throughout that day.
On Christmas Day, Brown died at approximately 1:45 AM EST (06:45 UTC) from congestive heart failure resulting from complications of pneumonia, with his agent Frank Copsidas and his friend Paul Sargent at his bedside.[76] According to Sargent, Brown stuttered "I'm going away tonight", and then Brown took three long, quiet breaths and fell asleep before dying.[6]
Memorial services[link]
After Brown's death on Christmas Day, Brown's relatives and friends, a host of celebrities and thousands of fans attended public memorial services at the Apollo Theater in New York on December 28, 2006 and at the James Brown Arena on December 30, 2006 in Augusta, Georgia.[56] A separate, private memorial service was also held in North Augusta, South Carolina on December 29, 2006,[5] which was attended by Brown's family and close friends. Celebrities who attended Brown's public and/or private memorial services included Michael Jackson, Jimmy Cliff, Joe Frazier, Buddy Guy, Ice Cube, Ludacris, Dr. Dre, Little Richard, Dick Gregory, MC Hammer, Prince, Jesse Jackson, Ice-T, Jerry Lee Lewis, Bootsy Collins, LL Cool J, Lil Wayne, Lenny Kravitz, 50 Cent, Stevie Wonder, and Don King, among others.[77][78][79][80] All of the public and private memorial services were officiated by Rev. Al Sharpton.[81][82]
Brown's public and private memorial ceremonies were elaborate, complete with costume changes for Brown and videos featuring him in concert performances. Brown's body, which was placed in a Promethean casket, which is bronze polished to a golden shine, was driven through the streets of New York to the Apollo Theater in a white, glass-encased horse-drawn carriage.[83][84] In Augusta, Georgia, the procession for Brown's public memorial visited Brown's statue as the procession made its way to the James Brown Arena. During the public memorial at the James Brown Arena, nachos and pretzels were served to mourners, as a video showed Brown's last performance in Augusta, Georgia and the Ray Charles version of "Georgia On My Mind" played soulfully in the background.[85][86][87] Brown's last backup band, The Soul Generals, also played the music of Brown's hits during the memorial service at the James Brown Arena. The group was joined by Bootsy Collins on bass, with MC Hammer performing a dance in James Brown style.[88] Former Temptations lead singer Ali-Ollie Woodson performed "Walk Around Heaven All Day" at the memorial services.[89]
Last will and testament[link]
James Brown signed his last will and testament on August 1, 2000, before Strom Thurmond, Jr., an attorney for Brown's estate.[90] The irrevocable trust, separate and apart from Brown's will, was created on Brown's behalf in 2000 by his attorney, Albert "Buddy" Dallas, who was named as one of three personal representatives of Brown's estate. Brown's will covered the disposition of his personal assets, such as clothing, cars and jewelry, while Brown's irrevocable trust covered the disposition of music rights, business assets of James Brown Enterprises and Brown's Beech Island estate in South Carolina.[91]
During the reading of Brown's will on January 11, 2007, Thurmond revealed that Brown's six adult living children (Terry Brown, Larry Brown, Daryl Brown, Yamma Brown Lumar, Deanna Brown Thomas and Venisha Brown) were named in the will. Hynie and James II were not mentioned in the will as parties who could inherit Brown's property.[90][92] Brown's will was signed ten months before James II was born and more than a year before Brown's marriage to Tomi Rae Hynie. Like Brown's will, his irrevocable trust also did not mention Hynie and James II as recipients of Brown's property. The irrevocable trust was established before, and had not been amended since, the birth of James II.[93]
On January 24, 2007, Brown's children filed a lawsuit against the personal representatives of Brown's estate. In their petition, Brown's children asked the court to remove the personal representatives of Brown's estate (including Brown's attorney and estate's trustee, Albert "Buddy" Dallas) and appoint a special administrator because of perceived impropriety and alleged mismanagement of Brown's assets.[94][95] To challenge the validity of the will and irrevocable trust, Hynie also filed a lawsuit against Brown's estate on January 31, 2007. In her lawsuit against Brown's estate, Hynie asked the court to recognize her as Brown's widow, and she also asked the court to appoint a special administrator for the estate.[96]
Burial at temporary site[link]
After the public and private memorial services in late December 2006, James Brown's body remained in his casket for a time in a temperature-controlled room at his estate. Brown's casket was later moved to an undisclosed location, while his children and Tomi Rae Hynie became embroiled in disputes about Brown's final resting place and matters related to probating his will.[97] More than ten weeks after Brown's death and the public and private memorial services, Brown's children and Hynie decided on a temporary burial site for James Brown. Brown was buried on March 10, 2007 in a crypt at the home of Deanna Brown Thomas, one of Brown's daughters who also held a private ceremony for the temporary burial.[98] The private ceremony for the temporary burial, officiated by Al Sharpton, was attended by Brown's family and a host of friends.
According to Brown's family, Brown's body will remain buried at the temporary site while a public mausoleum is built for him and a decision has been made for Brown's final resting place.[98][99] To turn Brown's estate into a visitor attraction, Brown's family plans to consult with the family of Elvis Presley for guidance about converting the estate into an attraction similar to Graceland.[98][100]
Dallas, Brown's long time attorney and one of the trustees for Brown's estate, did not attend the private service for the temporary burial. He expressed his disapproval and disappointment with the temporary burial arrangement with the comment "Mr. Brown's not deserving of anyone's backyard." According to Dallas, the trustees for Brown's estate "had made arrangements for Brown to be laid to rest at no cost at a 'very prominent memorial garden in Augusta.'"[101]
Honors, awards and dedications[link]
James Brown received a variety of awards and honors throughout his lifetime and after his death. At one city, fans voted to honor Brown by naming a bridge after the entertainer. In 1993, the City Council of Steamboat Springs, Colorado conducted a poll of its residents to choose a new name for the bridge that crossed the Yampa River on Shield Drive. The winning name with 7,717 votes was "James Brown SoulCenter of the Universe Bridge". The bridge was officially dedicated in September 1993, and James Brown appeared at the ribbon-cutting ceremony for the event.[102] Although a petition was started by a local group of ranchers to return the name of the bridge to "Stockbridge" for historical reasons, the ranchers backed off after citizens defeated their efforts because of the popularity of Brown's name. Brown returned to Steamboat Springs, Colorado on July 4, 2002 for an outdoor music festival, performing with other bands such as The String Cheese Incident.[103]
During his long career, James Brown received several prestigious music industry awards and honors. In 1983, Brown was inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame. In addition, Brown was named as one of the first inductees into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame at its inaugural induction dinner in New York on January 23, 1986. However, the members of his original vocal group, The Famous Flames, Bobby Byrd, Johnny Terry, Bobby Bennett, and Lloyd Stallworth, were not inducted.[104] However, on April 14th, 2012 The Famous Flames were automatically and retroactively inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall Of Fame alongside James Brown,without the need for nomination and voting, under the premise that they should have been inducted with him back in 1986.[105][106] On February 25, 1992, Brown was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 34th annual Grammy Awards. Exactly a year later, he received a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 4th annual Rhythm & Blues Foundation Pioneer Awards.[107] A ceremony was held for Brown on January 10, 1997 to honor him with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[107]
On June 15, 2000, Brown was honored as an inductee for the New York Songwriters Hall of Fame. On August 6, 2002, James Brown was honored as the first BMI Urban Icon at the BMI Urban Awards. His BMI accolades include an impressive ten R&B Awards and six Pop Awards.[108] On November 14, 2006, Brown was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame, and he was one of several inductees who performed at the ceremony.[109] In recognition of his accomplishments as an entertainer, Brown was a recipient of Kennedy Center Honors on December 7, 2003.[107] In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked James Brown as #7 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.[110] In an article for Rolling Stone, critic Robert Christgau cited Brown as "the greatest musician of the rock era".[111]
Brown was also honored in his hometown of Augusta, Georgia for his philanthropy and civic activities. On November 20, 1993, Mayor Charles DeVaney of Augusta held a ceremony to dedicate a section of 9th Street between Broad and Twiggs Streets, renamed "James Brown Boulevard", in the entertainer's honor.[107] On May 6, 2005, as a 72nd birthday present for Brown, the city of Augusta unveiled a life-sized bronze James Brown statue on Broad Street.[107] The statue was to have been dedicated a year earlier, but the ceremony was put on hold because of a domestic abuse charge that Brown faced at the time.[112] In 2005, Charles "Champ" Walker and the We Feel Good Committee went before the County commission and received approval to change Augusta's slogan to "We Feel Good". Afterwards, Official renamed the city's civic center the James Brown Arena, and James Brown attended a ceremony for the unveiling of the namesake center on October 15, 2006.[107]
On December 30, 2006, during the public memorial service at the James Brown Arena, Dr. Shirley A.R. Lewis, president of Paine College, a historically black college in Augusta, Georgia, bestowed posthumously upon Brown an honorary doctorate in recognition and honor of his many contributions to the school in its times of need. Brown was scheduled originally to receive the honorary doctorate from Paine College during its May 2007 commencement.[113][114]
During the 49th Annual Grammy Awards presentation held on February 11, 2007, James Brown's famous cape was draped over a microphone at the end of a montage by Danny Ray (his M.C. for over 30 years), in honor of notable persons in the music industry, including Brown, who died during the previous year. Earlier that evening, Christina Aguilera delivered an impassioned performance of one of Brown's hits, "It's a Man's Man's Man's World" followed by a standing ovation, while Chris Brown performed a dance routine in honor of James Brown.[115]
Tributes[link]
As a tribute to James Brown, the Rolling Stones covered the song, "I'll Go Crazy" from Brown's Live at the Apollo album, during its 2007 European tour. On September 12, 2007, barely nine months after James Brown's death, Bobby Byrd, the original leader and founder of The Famous Flames vocal group along with Brown, died of cancer at 73 years old.[116] Jimmy Page has remarked, "He [James Brown] was almost a musical genre in his own right and he changed and moved forward the whole time so people were able to learn from him."[117]
On December 22, 2007, the first annual "Tribute Fit For the King of King Records" in honor of James Brown was held at the Madison Theater in Covington, Kentucky. The tribute, organized by Bootsy Collins, featured appearances by Afrika Bambaataa, Chuck D of Public Enemy, The Soul Generals, Buckethead, Freekbass, Triage and many of Brown's surviving family members. Comedian Michael Coyer was the MC for the event. During the show, the mayor of Cincinnati proclaimed December 22 as James Brown Day.[118] It has been said[by whom?] that a biographical film is in the works about Brown; Spike Lee has signed on to direct, with Brian Grazer producing and Jez and John-Henry Butterworth writing the script. Usher and Fergie are interested in being in the project.[citation needed]
Discography[link]
For an extended list of albums, compilations and charting singles, see James Brown discography.
Notable albums[link]
Four of James Brown's albums appeared on the Rolling Stone Magazine's 2003 list of the 500 greatest albums of all time:[119]
- Live at the Apollo (1963) (#24)
- In the Jungle Groove (1986) (#330)
- Star Time (1991) (#79)
- 20 All-Time Greatest Hits! (1991) (#414)
In addition, Brown's 1970 double album Sex Machine was ranked 96th in a 2005 survey held by British television station Channel 4 to determine the 100 greatest albums of all time.[120] Other notable albums, originally released as double LP records, feature extensive playing by The J.B.'s and served as prolific sources of samples for later musical artists, including:
- Get On the Good Foot (1972)
- The Payback (1974)
- Hell (1974)
The 1968 Live at the Apollo, Vol. II double LP album was notably influential on musicians at the time of its release. This classic album remains an example of Brown's energetic live performances and audience interaction, as well as providing a means of documenting the metamorphosis of his music from the R&B and soul styles into hard funk.
Notable singles[link]
Until the early 1970s, Brown was famous mostly for his road show and singles, rather than his albums (with his live LPs as a major exception). Six of his hit singles appeared on the Rolling Stone Magazine's 2004 list of the 500 greatest songs of all time:[121]
- "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag" (1965) (#72)
- "I Got You (I Feel Good)" (1965) (#78)
- "It's a Man's Man's Man's World" (1966) (#123)
- "Please, Please, Please" (1956) (#142)
- "Say It Loud - I'm Black and I'm Proud" (1968) (#305)
- "Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine" (1970) (#326)
Complete singles reissue[link]
In 2006, Hip-O Select Records began a multi-volume reissue of James Brown's complete singles (both A-sides and B-sides) on CD. Eleven volumes have been released, covering the periods 1956–1960, 1960–1963, 1964–1965, 1966–1967, 1967–1969, 1969–1970, 1970–1972, 1972–1973, 1973–1975, 1975–1979, and 1979–1981.
Filmography[link]
- The T.A.M.I. Show (1964) (documentary)
- Ski Party (1965)
- The Phynx (1970)
- Black Caesar (1973) (soundtrack only)
- Slaughter's Big Ripoff (1974) (soundtrack only)
- The Blues Brothers (1980)
- Doctor Detroit (1983)
- Rocky IV (1985)
- When We Were Kings (1996) (documentary)
- Soulmates (1997)
- Blues Brothers 2000 (1998)
- portrayed by Carlton Smith in Liberty Heights (1999)
- Holy Man (1998)
- Undercover Brother (2002)
- The Tuxedo (2002)
- The Hire: Beat The Devil (2002) (short film)
- Paper Chasers (2003) (documentary)
- Sid Bernstein Presents... (2005) (documentary)
- Glastonbury (2006) (documentary)
- Life on the Road with Mr. and Mrs. Brown (2007) (documentary; release pending)
- I Got The Feelin': James Brown in the '60s (three-DVD set featuring the film The Night James Brown Saved Boston, Live at the Boston Garden 1968 and Live at the Apollo '68
- Soul Power (2009) (documentary)
In other media[link]
Games[link]
- In the video game World of Warcraft, the first boss character of the Forge of Souls level is Brohnjahm, "the Godfather of Souls". His quotes during the fight are musical references, and he has a chance of dropping an item called "Papa's Brand New Bag".[122]
- In The Godfather 2 video game, Brown's "It's a Man's Man's Man's World" plays behind the end credits.
- A different version of "I Got You (I Feel Good)", recorded in 1974, is playable in the rhythm video game Rock Band 3. In addition, "Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine (Pt. 1)" is available for download across the series, while "Super Bad (Pts. 1 & 2)" was released later, only for the third game.
- In the Worms Armaggedon and Worms World Party video games, many of James Brown's song titles are used in the "Soul Man" custom voice setting like "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag" or "Like a Sex Machine", clear references to James Brown.
References[link]
- Footnotes
- ^ a b c James Brown. (1998). Notable Black American Men. Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale (Document no. K1622000047). Retrieved January 12, 2007 from the Biography Resource Center database.
- ^ Popkin, Helen A.S. (December 30, 2006). "Remembering the Godfather of Soul". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16353627/. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
- ^ Lynn, Loretta. "James Brown: The Godfather of Soul (9781560253884): James Brown, Al Sharpton, Bruce Tucker: Books". Amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/dp/1560253886. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
- ^ "Hardworking Godfather of Soul". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/25/AR2006122500049.html.
- ^ a b c d May the works I have done speak for me ... James Brown.[dead link] (December 29, 2006). Carpentersville Baptist Church, North Augusta, SC (obituary program for the Brown family's private memorial service). Retrieved January 10, 2007 (Adobe Acrobat Reader required for viewing).
- ^ a b James Brown, the "Godfather of Soul," dies at 73. (2006, December 25). CNN Entertainment News. Retrieved January 5, 2007.
- ^ Wiegand, D. (December 26, 2006). James Brown: 1928–2006 – Godfather of soul changed music at frenetic pace. The San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved January 10, 2007.
- ^ a b Collins, W. (January 29, 2002). James Brown. St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture. Retrieved January 12, 2007.
- ^ a b c d Hirshey, G. Funk's founding father. (2007, January 10). Rolling Stone Magazine. Retrieved January 27, 2007.
- ^ Whitburn, J. (2000). Top Pop Singles: 1955–1999, 900. Menonite Falls, WI: Record Research. ISBN 0-89820-140-3.
- ^ James Brown band to resume touring soon. (2006, December 29). MSNBC. Retrieved January 13, 2007.
- ^ White, C. & Weinger, H. Are You Ready for Star Time? Star Time, J. Brown. (1991) Liner notes, 31. Polydor.
- ^ George, N. (1988). The Death of Rhythm and Blues, 101. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-452-26697-1.
- ^ Guralnick, P. (1986). Sweet Soul Music: Rhythm and Blues and the Southern Dream of Freedom, 240. New York: Back Bay Books. ISBN 0-452-26697-1.
- ^ Jonathan Lethem (December 24, 2010). "Being James Brown: Rolling Stone's 2006 Story". Rolling Stone Magazine. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/being-james-brown-rolling-stones-2006-cover-story-20101224. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
- ^ Contact Music (2004). "James Brown — James Brown's Indian Heritage". Contact Music. http://www.contactmusic.com/new/xmlfeed.nsf/mndwebpages/james%20brown.s%20indian%20heritage. Retrieved April 9, 2009.
- ^ a b c d e Gourevitch, Philip (July 29, 2002). "Mr. Brown: On the road with his bad self". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2002/07/29/020729fa_fact_gourevitch. Retrieved January 12, 2007. "He met his biological father once, who gave Brown a harmonica. His biological father worked on the railroad in Ridgeland, Kansas." (Subscription required)
- ^ a b c d e Smith, W. (December 26, 2006). James Brown, the undeniable Godfather of Soul" dead at 73. The New York Beacon. Retrieved January 10, 2007.
- ^ Page, C. (December 27, 2006). His adopted son, Jon White, of Memphis, Tennessee, says his Dad has come a long way since those dark days of his youth. "I asked my Dad how he felt after his 11th rehab visit, and J.B. stated.... "Whoa, I feel good, I knew that I would now...I feel nice, like sugar and spice.... so good, so good, I got you!"... I suggested he make it a song." Godfather of soul, and of our goal. The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 28, 2007.
- ^ Kowalski, E. (2006, December 25). "Godfather of soul, James Brown, dead at 73", Voice of America. Retrieved January 12, 2007.
- ^ Brown, J. & Eliot, M. (introduction). (2005). I Feel Good: A Memoir of a Life Soul. New York: New American Library. ISBN 0-451-21393-9.
- ^ Obituary: James Brown. (2006, December 25). BBC News. Retrieved January 9, 2007.
- ^ a b Burnett, B. (2006, December 21). James Brown: Audience with the Godfather (interview). The Hour. Retrieved January 9, 2007.
- ^ White, Charles. (2003). The Life and Times of Little Richard: The Authorised Biography. Omnibus Press. P. 231.
- ^ 1986 Inductees: Little Richard, performer. (2005). The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, Inc. Retrieved October 28, 2006.
- ^ Merlis, Bob; Seay, Davin; James, Etta (1997), p. foreword. Heart and Soul – A Celebration of Black Music Style inAmerica 1930–1975. Stewart Tabori & Chang.
- ^ White, Cliff (1991). Discography. In Star Time (p. 55) [CD liner notes]. London: Polydor Records.
- ^ List of number-one rhythm and blues hits (United States)#1948
- ^ 1986 Inductees: James Brown, performer. (2005). The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, Inc. Retrieved January 9, 2007.
- ^ Nat Kendrick & The Swans. Henry Stone Music, Inc. Retrieved January 28, 2007.
- ^ Guralnick, P. (1986). Sweet Soul Music: Rhythm and Blues and the Southern Dream of Freedom, 235. New York: Back Bay Books. ISBN 0-452-26697-1.
- ^ James Brown. The History of Rock 'n' Roll: The Golden Decade 1954–1963. Retrieved February 25, 2007.
- ^ James Brown: Biography. (2006). All Media Guide. Retrieved November 22, 2006.
- ^ a b c d e James Brown interviewed on the Pop Chronicles (1969).
- ^ George, N. (1988). The Death of Rhythm & Blues, 101. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-394-55238-5.
- ^ Vincent, R. & Clinton, G. (1996). Funk: The Music, The People, and The Rhythm of The One, 123. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0-312-13499-1.
- ^ Slutsky, Allan, Chuck Silverman (1997). The Funkmasters-the Great James Brown Rhythm Sections. ISBN-10: 1576234436
- ^ Stewart, Alexander (2000: 306). "Funky Drummer: New Orleans, James Brown and the Rhythmic Transformation of American Popular Music." Popular Music, v. 19, n. 3. Oct., 2000), p. 293-318.
- ^ Stewart (2000: 306).
- ^ "James Brown's Sample-Based Music and Cover Songs". WhoSampled. http://www.whosampled.com/artist/James%20Brown/. Retrieved September 19, 2009.
- ^ Most sampled songs and Most sampled artists. The-Breaks.com. Retrieved December 30, 2006.
- ^ "James Brown – Soul Survivor | American Masters". PBS. October 29, 2003. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/james-brown/soul-survivor/532/. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
- ^ The Whole Note: Under the Radar in '06. (2006). All Media Guide. Retrieved January 9, 2007.
- ^ Liner notes – Kurtis Blow presents: The History of Rap, Vol. 1. Rhino Records. Retrieved January 9, 2007.
- ^ Beat the Devil. (2002). Internet Movie Database Inc. (IMDb). Retrieved January 9, 2007.
- ^ Full cast and crew for The Tuxedo. (2002). Internet Movie Database Inc. (IMDb). Retrieved January 9, 2007.
- ^ a b Gross, T. (2005, February 22). James Brown (Fresh Air WHYY-FM audio interview). National Public Radio. Retrieved January 22, 2007.
- ^ Guralnick, 231.
- ^ Page, C. (January 2, 2007). Godfather's soul transcended racial, musical barriers. The Record. Retrieved June 17, 2007.
- ^ Loverro, T. (December 28, 2006). Soul Brother had sports roots. The Washington Times. Retrieved January 13, 2007.
- ^ Tangari, J. (2007, January 3). James Brown, 1928–2006. Pitchforkmedia, Inc. Retrieved January 21, 2007.
- ^ Gross, T. (1989). Musician Maceo Parker (Fresh Air WHYY-FM audio interview). National Public Radio. Retrieved January 22, 2007.
- ^ Gottschild, B.D. (2000, August). James Brown: Godfather of dance. Dance Magazine, 74(8), p. 54 (Document no. A63735725). Retrieved January 11, 2007 from the Biography Resource Center database.
- ^ a b c d e The Night James Brown Saved Boston. VH1 rockDocs.
- ^ "Singer James Brown prostate cancer surgery successful". (December 16, 2004). Medical News Today. Retrieved January 10, 2007.
- ^ a b c A Home coming celebration for Augusta's own native son: James Brown. (2006, December 30). The James Arena, Augusta, Georgia (obituary program for the public memorial service of James Brown). Retrieved January 12, 2007 (Microsoft PowerPoint viewer/program required for viewing)
- ^ Goodman, Brenda (November 8, 2007). ""Keeping Track of James Brown and The Big Payback" Brenda Goodman, Nov. 8, 2007". Thelede.blogs.nytimes.com. http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/11/08/keeping-track-of-james-brown-and-the-big-payback/. Retrieved July 31, 2009.
- ^ Stritof, S. & Stritof, B. (2006). The marriages of James Brown. About.com: Marriage. Retrieved January 8, 2007.
- ^ Elsworth, C. (August 22, 2007) James Brown's secret children emerge. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved July 5, 2009.
- ^ a b Martin, J. (January 4, 2007). Tomi Rae defends her relationship with James Brown. WRDW-TV (Augusta, Georgia). Retrieved January 9, 2007.
- ^ Gardner,L. (December 26, 2006). Tomi Rae Hynie: "It's a blatant lie". WRDW-TV (Augusta, Georgia). Retrieved January 8, 2007.
- ^ a b Anderson, V. (January 5, 2007). Probate hearing may determine whether Hynie is James Brown's widow. The Atlanta-Journal Constitution. Retrieved January 8, 2007.
- ^ Singer James Brown files for annulment. Jet Magazine, 105(8), p. 18. Retrieved January 11, 2007 from the Biography Resource Center database.
- ^ Brown widow: I've been locked out. (2006). CNN Entertainment News. Retrieved January 8, 2007.
- ^ Public announcement of annulment in Variety Magazine. (July 22, 2003). The Smoking Gun. Retrieved January 8, 2007.
- ^ Stritof, S. & Stritof, B. (2007). James Brown and Tomi Rae Hynie timeline: The puzzle of a complicated marriage relationship. About.com: Marriage. Retrieved January 14, 2002.
- ^ "Brown wanted paternity test". The Herald Sun (Australia). January 8, 2007. http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,21026466-5006024,00.html. Retrieved January 8, 2007.
- ^ "James Brown's partner selects guardian". The Washington Post. April 4, 2007. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/04/AR2007040400490.html. Retrieved April 11, 2007.
- ^ In the Matter of James Joseph Brown, File No. SV-44B-3846. (1989). Criminal Investigative Division, Civil Rights Unit. U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved on June 3, 2007 (Abobe Acrobat Reader required for viewing).
- ^ Stephens, J. (April 3, 2007). FBI file recounts James Brown's side Of '88 police chase. The Washington Post. Retrieved June 4, 2007.
- ^ Aiken County Sheriff's Office Incident Report, Case No. 0000030719. (July 3, 2000). The Smoking Gun. Retrieved January 8, 2007.
- ^ South Carolina pardons James Brown for past crimes. (June 9, 2003). Jet Magazine, 36. Retrieved January 14, 2007 from the Lexis-Nexis Academic database.
- ^ James Brown pleads to domestic violence. (2004). The Smoking Gun. Retrieved January 8, 2007.
- ^ "James Brown rape case dismissed.". BBC News. April 3, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6520959.stm. Retrieved August 20, 2009.
- ^ a b James Brown hospitalized with pneumonia. (December 24, 2006). CNN Entertainment News. Retrieved January 9, 2007.
- ^ Soul "godfather" James Brown dies. (December 25, 2006). CNN Entertainment News. Retrieved January 9, 2007.
- ^ Old friend and original Famous Flames founder Bobby Byrd was also present. Mourners pay respects to James Brown at Apollo Theater public viewing. (December 28, 2006). Fox News. Retrieved March 16, 2007.
- ^ Private ceremony held Friday for friends and family of James Brown. (December 29, 2006). Fox News. Retrieved March 16, 2007.
- ^ Michael Jackson attends James Brown funeral. (2006, December 30). Access Hollywood. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
- ^ Anderson, V. (2006, December 30). Michael Jackson, McCartney had private viewing. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved March 23, 2007.
- ^ James Brown eulogized for impact on word: Family and friends attend a private South Carolina ceremony for the "Godfather of Soul". (2006, December 29). CBS News: The Show Buzz. Retrieved March 10, 2007.
- ^ NYC & Ga. farewell for Godfather of Soul: Funeral procession and wake in Harlem; funeral in Georgia. (2006, December 28). CBS News: The Show Buzz. Retrieved March 10, 2007.
- ^ Christensen, J. (2006, December 28). Picture of horse drawn carriage carrying James Brown's body in gold casket to the Apollo Theater in Harlem. Rolling Stone Magazine. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
- ^ Altaffer, M. (2006, December 28). Picture of pallbearers carrying James Brown's casket to Apollo Theater memorial service. Rolling Stone Magazine. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
- ^ Mourners pay respects to James Brown at Apollo Theater public viewing. (2006, December 28). Fox News. Retrieved March 16, 2007.
- ^ Private ceremony held Friday for friends and family of James Brown. (2006, December 29). Fox News. Retrieved March 16, 2007.
- ^ Farewell tour to James Brown ends with hometown memorial. (2006, December 30). Fox News. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
- ^ Barnett, R. (2006, December 30). Farewell tour to James Brown ends. USA Today. Retrieved March 16, 2007.
- ^ Wynn, M. & Edwards, J. (December 31, 2006). [1] Article "Hardest Work Is Done, Publication: Augusta Chronicle. Retrieved February 1, 2009.
- ^ a b James Brown Jr. not included in will. WRDW-TV News (Augusta, Georgia). Retrieved January 12, 2007.
- ^ James Brown's road to wealth was rocky: Financial turmoil part of "Godfather" legend. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
- ^ James Brown's widow "not in will". BBC News (UK). Retrieved January 12, 2007.
- ^ Finn, N. (2007, January 18). James Brown's estate wills more drama. E!News. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
- ^ James Brown's children request trustees be removed. (2007, January 26). Star Pulse. Retrieved January 28, 2007.
- ^ Emergency petition for termination of appointment and removal of personal representatives and for emergency order restraining all personal representatives. In the matter of James Brown, a/k/a James Joseph Brown. Case/Estate No. 2007-ES02-0056 (S.C. Probate Ct., filed January 24, 2007). Retrieved January 28, 2007 (Adobe Acrobat Reader required for viewing).
- ^ Emergency petition for appointment of special administrator. In re estate of James Brown a/k/a James Joseph Brown, deceased, Case No. 2007-CP-02-0122 (S.C. Cir. Ct., filed January 31, 2007). FindLaw. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
- ^ Deal reached on James Brown's burial place: Judge appoints administrator to oversee "Godfather of Soul's" property and trust. (2007, February 20). CBS News: The Show Buzz. Retrieved March 10, 2007.
- ^ a b c Grossberg, J. (2007, March 13). Brown laid to rest (finally). E! Online. Retrieved April 14, 2007.
- ^ James Brown laid to rest in temporary tomb. (2007, March 10). CNN Entertainment News. Retrieved March 10, 2007.
- ^ Godfather of Soul's body moved from home. CBC (Iraq). Retrieved January 21, 2007.
- ^ Goggins, K.A. (2007, March 11). James Brown placed in daughter's crypt, for now. The Washington Post, p. D03. Retrieved March 14, 2007.
- ^ Crowl, D. (2002, June 29). The godfather's bridge: James Brown snatched a piece of steamboat history nine years ago. Steamboat Pilot & Today. Retrieved January 12, 2007.
- ^ The String Cheese Independence Incident returns to Steamboat: Earl Scruggs and Family and Friends, Yonder Mountain String Band, James Brown & Corey Harris round out music acts. (2002, June 26). Steamboat Ski Two, U.S.A. Retrieved January 29, 2007.
- ^ "The Famous Flames". Future Rock Legends. http://www.futurerocklegends.com/artist.php?artist_id=The_Famous_Flames. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
- ^ "The Famous Flames Biography | The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum". Rockhall.com. http://rockhall.com/inductees/the-famous-flames/bio/. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
- ^ Redferns. "The Famous Flames: James Brown was their leader, but they were R&B legends, too (Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Class of 2012)". cleveland.com. http://www.cleveland.com/rockhall/index.ssf/2012/04/the_famous_flames_james_brown.html. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
- ^ a b c d e f The James Brown review. (2006, December 30). The Augusta Chronicle. Retrieved January 12, 2007.
- ^ "BMI Celebrates Urban Music at 2002 Awards Ceremony". bmi.com. http://www.bmi.com/news/entry/233151. Retrieved September 27, 2010.
- ^ UK Music Hall of Fame 2006. (2006, March 11). Endemol UK Plc. Retrieved January 12, 2007.
- ^ Rubin, R. (2004, April 15). The Immortals: The first fifty – 7) James Brown. Rolling Stone Magazine (issue 946). Retrieved January 10, 2007.
- ^ Christgau, Robert. The Genius: James Brown. Rolling Stone. Retrieved on June 17, 2010.
- ^ James Brown's legal troubles delay statue unveiling. (2004, May 1). The Augusta Chronicle. Retrieved January 14, 2007 from the Lexis-Nexis Academic database.
- ^ Remembering James Brown: Augusta memorial memorable. WKBF-TV (Augusta, Georgia). Retrieved January 10, 2007.
- ^ James Brown receives posthumous degree. (2007, January 2). Diverse: Issues In Higher Education. Retrieved March 16, 2007.
- ^ Hasty, J. (2007, February 12). Grammy performances look forward and back. Billboard Magazine. Retrieved February 12, 2007.
- ^ Rolling Stones show they are still greatest rock band. (2007, August 22). The Arizona Republic. Retrieved August 24, 2007.
- ^ Ross Bennett. Jimmy Page: "The Records That Changed My Life!" #10. Mojo. Retrieved December 31, 2010.
- ^ Tunis, W. (2007, December 21). Feel good again: Show to pay tribute to the Godfather of Soul, a year after his death. Lexington Herald-Leader. Retrieved December 23, 2005.
- ^ The RS 500 greatest albums of all time. (2003, November). Rolling Stone Magazine. Retrieved January 27, 2007.
- ^ The 100 greatest albums: Results. Channel 4 (UK). Retrieved January 30, 2007.
- ^ The RS 500 greatest songs of all time. (2004, November). Rolling Stone Magazine. Retrieved January 27, 2007.
- ^ "Bronjahm – NPC – World of Warcraft". Wowhead.com. http://www.wowhead.com/npc=36497/bronjahm. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
- Other references
- Sussman, M. (producer). (2006, December 25). Arts: Soul classics by James Brown (multimedia presentation). The New York Times. Retrieved January 9, 2007.
- Slide show: James Brown through the years. (2006, December 25). The New York Times. Retrieved January 9, 2007.
- Lethem, J. (2006, June 12). Being James Brown. Rolling Stone Magazine. Retrieved January 14, 2007.
- Rolling Stone Magazine audio interview with Jonathan Lethem about James Brown and his music. Rolling Stone Magazine. Retrieved January 9, 2007.
- Sullivan, James (2008). The Hardest Working Man: How James Brown Saved the Soul of America. New York: Gotham Books. ISBN 978-1-59240-390-5. http://www.amazon.com/Hardest-Working-Man-James-America/dp/1592403905/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qisbn=1224096080&sr=1-2.
External links[link]
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Book: James Brown |
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: James Brown |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: James Brown |
- James Brown at Find-a-Grave
- Celebrities share memories of James Brown
- Profile of James Brown at Soul Evolution
- The Times Obituary for James Brown
- James Brown at the Internet Movie Database
- James Brown discography at MusicBrainz
- James Brown at Allmusic
- James Brown at the Open Directory Project
- James Brown, 1928–2006. News and multimedia archive from The Augusta Chronicle
- James Brown's Musicians Reflect On His Legacy – article from Down Beat Magazine
- Biography: James Brown and the Black Arts movement of the 1960s and 1970s (biography at Funky-Stuff.com).
- James Brown biography and concert review in cosmopolis.ch
- RBMA Radio On Demand – Across 135th Street – Volume 7 – Tribute to James Brown – Chairman Mao (RBMA, Egotrip)
- 1980 Interview with James Brown and the Rev. Al Sharpton by Jon Alpert on Democracy Now!
- James Brown concert and interviews on NPR Music
- James Brown radiostream
- James Brown funeral program Digital Library of Georgia
- The James Brown SuperFan Club
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Brown, James Joseph, Jr. |
| Alternative names | Godfather of Soul |
| Short description | Singer, songwriter, record producer, dope dealer |
| Date of birth | May 3, 1928 |
| Place of birth | Barnwell, South Carolina, United States |
| Date of death | December 25, 2006 |
| Place of death | Atlanta, Georgia, United States |
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For other people named Michael Jackson, see Michael Jackson (disambiguation).
| Michael Jackson | |
|---|---|
 Jackson at the White House in 1984 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Michael Joseph Jackson[1] |
| Also known as | King of Pop, MJ |
| Born | (1958-08-29)August 29, 1958 Gary, Indiana, U.S. |
| Died | June 25, 2009(2009-06-25) (aged 50) Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Genres | R&B, pop, rock, soul, dance, funk, disco, new jack swing |
| Occupations | Singer-songwriter, musician, composer, dancer, choreographer, record producer, actor, businessman, philanthropist |
| Instruments | Vocals |
| Years active | 1964–2009 |
| Labels | Motown, Epic, Legacy, MJJ Productions |
| Associated acts |
 Michael Jackson's Signature |
| Website | www.michaeljackson.com |
Michael Joseph Jackson[1] (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American recording artist, entertainer, and businessman. Often referred to as the King of Pop, or by his initials MJ,[2] Jackson is recognized as the most successful entertainer of all time by Guinness World Records. His contribution to music, dance, and fashion, along with a much-publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades. The seventh child of the Jackson family, he debuted on the professional music scene along with his brothers as a member of The Jackson 5 in 1964, and began his solo career in 1971.
In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music. The music videos for his songs, including those of "Beat It", "Billie Jean", and "Thriller", were credited with transforming the medium into an art form and a promotional tool, and the popularity of these videos helped to bring the relatively new television channel MTV to fame. Videos such as "Black or White" and "Scream" made him a staple on MTV in the 1990s. Through stage performances and music videos, Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and the moonwalk, to which he gave the name. His distinctive musical sound and vocal style influenced numerous hip hop, post-disco, contemporary R&B, pop and rock artists.
Jackson's 1982 album Thriller is the best-selling album of all time. His other records, including Off the Wall (1979), Bad (1987), Dangerous (1991), and HIStory (1995), also rank among the world's best-selling. Jackson is one of the few artists to have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice. He was also inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame as the first (and currently only) dancer from the world of pop and rock 'n' roll. Some of his other achievements include multiple Guinness World Records; 13 Grammy Awards (as well as the Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award); 26 American Music Awards (more than any other artist, including the "Artist of the Century"); 13 number-one singles in the United States in his solo career (more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era); and the estimated sale of over 750 million records worldwide. Jackson won hundreds of awards, which made him the most-awarded recording artist in the history of popular music.[3] He was also one of the world's most prominent humanitarians and philanthropists; personally, and through his Heal the World Foundation, he donated more than $300 million in charity, and held the Guinness World Record for having supported the most charities out of any pop star.[4][5]
Aspects of Jackson's personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships, and behavior, generated controversy. In 1993, he was accused of child sexual abuse, but the case was settled out of court and no formal charges were brought. In 2005, he was tried and acquitted of further child sexual abuse allegations and several other charges after the jury found him not guilty on all counts. While preparing for his concert series titled This Is It, Jackson died of acute propofol and benzodiazepine intoxication on June 25, 2009, after suffering from cardiac arrest. The Los Angeles County Coroner ruled his death a homicide, and his personal physician was convicted of involuntary manslaughter. Jackson's death triggered a global outpouring of grief, and as many as one billion people around the world reportedly watched his public memorial service on live television. In March 2010, Sony Music Entertainment signed a $250 million deal with Jackson's estate to retain distribution rights to his recordings until 2017, and to release seven posthumous albums over the decade following his death.[6]
Contents
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Life and career[link]
Early life and The Jackson 5 (1958–1975)[link]
Michael Jackson was born on August 29, 1958, the eighth of ten children in an African American working-class family who lived in a small 3-room house in Gary, Indiana,[7] an industrial city near Chicago. His mother, Katherine Esther Scruse, was a devout Jehovah's Witness, and his father, Joseph Walter "Joe" Jackson, was a steel mill worker who performed with an R&B band called The Falcons. Jackson had three sisters: Rebbie, La Toya, and Janet, and five brothers: Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon, and Randy.[8] A sixth brother, Brandon, died shortly after birth.[9]
Jackson had a troubled relationship with his father, Joe.[10][11][12] Joseph acknowledged in 2003 that he regularly whipped Jackson as a boy.[12] Jackson stated that he was physically and emotionally abused during incessant rehearsals, though he also credited his father's strict discipline with playing a large role in his success.[10] Jackson first spoke openly about his childhood abuse in an interview with Oprah Winfrey, broadcast in February 1993. He admitted that he had often cried from loneliness and he would vomit on the sight of his father. Jackson's father was also said to have verbally abused Jackson, saying that he had a fat nose on numerous occasions.[13] In fact, Michael Jackson's deep dissatisfaction with his appearance, his nightmares and chronic sleep problems, his tendency to remain hyper-compliant especially with his father, and to remain child-like throughout his adult life are in many ways consistent with the effects of this chronic maltreatment he endured as a young child.[14]
In an interview with Martin Bashir, later included in the 2003 broadcast of Living with Michael Jackson, Jackson acknowledged that his father hurt him when he was a child, but was nonetheless a "genius", as he admitted his father's strict discipline played a huge role in his success. When Bashir dismissed the positive remark and continued asking about beatings, Jackson put his hand over his face and objected to the questions. He recalled that Joseph sat in a chair with a belt in his hand as he and his siblings rehearsed, and that "if you didn't do it the right way, he would tear you up, really get you".[15][16]
In 1964, Michael and Marlon joined the Jackson Brothers—a band formed by brothers Jackie, Tito, and Jermaine—as backup musicians playing congas and tambourine. Jackson later began performing backup vocals and dancing. When he was eight, Jackson began sharing the lead vocals with his older brother Jermaine, and the group's name was changed to The Jackson 5.[8] The band toured the Midwest extensively from 1966 to 1968, frequently performing at a string of black clubs known as the "chitlin' circuit", where they often opened stripteases and other adult acts. In 1966, they won a major local talent show with renditions of Motown hits and James Brown's "I Got You (I Feel Good)", led by Michael.[17]
The Jackson 5 recorded several songs, including "Big Boy", for the local record label Steeltown in 1967, before signing with Motown Records in 1968.[8] Rolling Stone magazine later described the young Michael as "a prodigy" with "overwhelming musical gifts," writing that he "quickly emerged as the main draw and lead singer."[18] The group set a chart record when its first four singles ("I Want You Back", "ABC", "The Love You Save", and "I'll Be There") peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100.[8] Between 1972 and 1975, Michael released four solo studio albums with Motown, among them Got to Be There and Ben, released as part of the Jackson 5 franchise, and producing successful singles such as "Got to Be There", "Ben", and a remake of Bobby Day's "Rockin' Robin".
The Jackson 5 "became a cutting-edge example of black crossover artists... five working-class black boys with afros and bell bottoms, and they really didn't have to trade any of that stuff in order to become mainstream stars."[19]
The group's sales began declining in 1973, and the band members chafed under Motown's strict refusal to allow them creative control or input. Although they scored several top 40 hits, including the top 5 disco single "Dancing Machine" and the top 20 hit "I Am Love", the Jackson 5 left Motown in 1975.[20]
[edit] Move to Epic and Off the Wall (1975–81)
In June 1975, the Jackson 5 signed with Epic Records, a subsidiary of CBS Records[20] and renamed themselves the Jacksons. Younger brother Randy formally joined the band around this time, while Jermaine left to pursue a solo career.[21] They continued to tour internationally, releasing six more albums between 1976 and 1984, during which Michael was the lead songwriter, writing hits such as "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)", "This Place Hotel", and "Can You Feel It".[17] In 1978, he starred as the scarecrow in the musical, The Wiz, a box-office disaster. It was here that he teamed up with Quincy Jones, who was arranging the film's musical score. Jones agreed to produce Jackson's next solo album, Off the Wall.[22] In 1979, Jackson broke his nose during a complex dance routine. His subsequent rhinoplasty was not a complete success; he complained of breathing difficulties that would affect his career. He was referred to Dr. Steven Hoefflin, who performed Jackson's second rhinoplasty and subsequent operations.[23]
Jones and Jackson produced the Off the Wall album together. Songwriters for the album included Jackson, Rod Temperton, Stevie Wonder, and Paul McCartney. Released in 1979, it was the first solo album to generate four U.S. top 10 hits, including the chart-topping singles "Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough" and "Rock with You".[24][25] It reached number three on the Billboard 200 and eventually sold over 20 million copies worldwide.[26] In 1980, Jackson won three awards at the American Music Awards for his solo efforts: Favorite Soul/R&B Album, Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist, and Favorite Soul/R&B Single for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough".[27][28] That year, he also won Billboard Year-End for Top Black Artist and Top Black Album and a Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance, also for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough".[24] Jackson again won at the American Music Awards in 1981 for Favorite Soul/R&B Album and Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist.[29] Despite its commercial success, Jackson felt Off the Wall should have made a much bigger impact, and was determined to exceed expectations with his next release.[30] In 1980, he secured the highest royalty rate in the music industry: 37 percent of wholesale album profit.[31]
[edit] Thriller and Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever (1982–83)
In 1982, Jackson contributed the song "Someone In the Dark" to the storybook for the film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial; the record won a Grammy for Best Recording for Children in 1984. In the same year he won another seven Grammys and eight American Music Awards (including the Award of Merit, the youngest artist to win it), making him the most awarded in one night for both award shows.[32][33] These awards were thanks to the Thriller album, released in late 1982, which was 1983's best-selling album worldwide[34][35] and became the best-selling album of all time in the United States,[36] as well as the best-selling album of all time worldwide, selling an estimated 110 million copies so far.[37] The album topped the Billboard 200 chart for 37 weeks and was in the top 10 of the 200 for 80 consecutive weeks. It was the first album to have seven Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles, including "Billie Jean", "Beat It", and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'".[38] Thriller was certified for 29 million shipments by the RIAA, giving it Double Diamond status in the United States. The album won also another Grammy for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical in 1984, awarding Bruce Swedien for his work.[39] Jackson's attorney John Branca noted that Jackson had the highest royalty rate in the music industry at that point: approximately $2 for every album sold. He was also making record-breaking profits from sales of his recordings. The videocassette of the documentary The Making of Michael Jackson's Thriller sold over 350,000 copies in a few months. The era saw the arrival of novelties like dolls modeled after Michael Jackson, which appeared in stores in May 1984 at a price of $12.[40] Biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli writes that, "Thriller stopped selling like a leisure item—like a magazine, a toy, tickets to a hit movie—and started selling like a household staple."[41] In 1985, The Making of Michael Jackson's Thriller won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Longform.[32] In December 2009, the music video for "Thriller" was selected for the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, "Thriller" is the first music video ever to be inducted.[42][43][44]
Time described Jackson's influence at that point as "Star of records, radio, rock video. A one-man rescue team for the music business. A songwriter who sets the beat for a decade. A dancer with the fanciest feet on the street. A singer who cuts across all boundaries of taste and style and color too".[40] The New York Times wrote that, "in the world of pop music, there is Michael Jackson and there is everybody else".[45]
On March 25th 1983, Michael Jackson reunited with his brothers for a legendary live performance which was taped for a Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever television special. The show aired on May 16, 1983, to an audience of 47 million viewers, and featured the Jacksons and a number of other Motown stars. It is best remembered for Jackson's solo performance of "Billie Jean". Wearing a distinctive black sequin jacket and golf glove decorated with rhinestones, he debuted his signature dance move, the moonwalk, which former Soul Train dancer and Shalamar member Jeffrey Daniel had taught him three years before. The Jacksons' performance drew comparisons to Elvis Presley's and The Beatles' appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show.[46] Anna Kisselgoff of The New York Times later wrote, "The moonwalk that he made famous is an apt metaphor for his dance style. How does he do it? As a technician, he is a great illusionist, a genuine mime. His ability to keep one leg straight as he glides while the other bends and seems to walk requires perfect timing."[47]
Pepsi, "We Are the World" and business career (1984–85)[link]
On January 27, 1984, Michael and other members of the Jacksons filmed a Pepsi Cola commercial, overseen by executive Phil Dusenberry,[48] from ad agency BBDO and Pepsi's Worldwide Creative Director, Alan Pottasch at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. In front of a full house of fans during a simulated concert, pyrotechnics accidentally set Jackson's hair on fire. He suffered second-degree burns to his scalp. Jackson underwent treatment to hide the scars on his scalp, and he also had his third rhinoplasty shortly thereafter.[23] Jackson never recovered from this injury. Pepsi settled out of court, and Jackson donated his $1.5 million settlement to the Brotman Medical Center in Culver City, California, which now has a "Michael Jackson Burn Center" in honor of his donation.[49] Dusenberry later recounted the episode in his memoir, Then We Set His Hair on Fire: Insights and Accidents from a Hall of Fame Career in Advertising.
On May 14, 1984, Jackson was invited to the White House to receive an award from President Ronald Reagan for his support of charities that helped people overcome alcohol and drug abuse.[50] Jackson won eight awards during the Grammys that year. Unlike later albums, Thriller did not have an official tour to promote it, but the 1984 Victory Tour, headlined by The Jacksons, showcased much of Jackson's new solo material to more than two million Americans. He donated all the funds (around $8 million) raised from the Victory Tour to charity.[51] He also co-wrote the charity single "We Are the World" in 1985 with Lionel Richie, which was released worldwide to aid the poor in the U.S. and Africa. It became one of the best-selling singles of all time, with nearly 30 million copies sold and millions of dollars donated to famine relief. In 1986, "We Are the World" won four Grammys (one for Jackson for Song of the Year). American Music Award directors removed the charity song from the competition because they felt it would be inappropriate, but recognized it with two special honors (one for the creation of the song and one for the USA for Africa idea). They are the only AMAs that Jackson won as non-solo artist.[52][53][54][55]
In 1984, ATV Music Publishing, which had the copyrights to nearly 4000 songs, including the Northern Songs catalog that contained the majority of the Lennon–McCartney compositions recorded by The Beatles, was put up for sale by Robert Holmes à Court.[56] Jackson had become interested in owning music catalogs after working with Paul McCartney in the early 1980s: Jackson had learned McCartney made approximately $40 million a year from other people's songs.[57] In 1981,[58] McCartney was offered the ATV music catalog for £20 million ($40 million).[57][59] According to McCartney, he contacted Yoko Ono about making a joint purchase by splitting the cost equally at £10 million each, but Ono thought they could buy it for £5 million each.[57][59] When they were unable to make the joint purchase, McCartney let the offer fall through, not wanting to be the sole owner of the Beatles' songs.[58][59]
According to a negotiator for Holmes à Court in the 1984 sale, "We had given Paul McCartney first right of refusal but Paul didn't want it at that time."[60] Also, an attorney for McCartney assured Jackson's attorney, John Branca, that McCartney was not interested in bidding: McCartney reportedly said "It's too pricey".[57][58] But there were several other companies and investors bidding. In September 1984, Jackson was first informed about the sale by Branca and sent a bid of $46 million on November 20, 1984.[56] Jackson's agents thought they had a deal several times, but encountered new bidders or new areas of debate.[56] In May 1985, Jackson's team walked away from talks after having spent over $1 million on four months of due diligence and on the negotiations.[56]
In June 1985, Jackson and Branca learned that Charles Koppelman's and Marty Bandier's The Entertainment Co. had made a tentative agreement with Holmes à Court to buy ATV Music for $50 million.[56] But in early August, Holmes à Court's team contacted Jackson and talks resumed. Jackson raised his bid to $47.5 million and it was accepted because he could close the deal more quickly, having already completed due diligence of ATV Music.[56] He also agreed to visit Holmes à Court in Australia, where he would appear on the Channel Seven Perth Telethon.[56][60] Jackson's purchase of ATV Music was finalized August 10, 1985.[56]
[edit] Appearance, tabloids, Bad, films, autobiography and Neverland (1986–90)
See also: Michael Jackson's health and appearance
File:Michael Jackson King of Pop 1988.jpg
Jackson two years after he was diagnosed with vitiligo, here in the early stages of the disease
Jackson's skin had been a medium-brown color for the entire duration of his youth, but starting in the mid 1980s, it gradually grew paler. The change gained widespread media coverage, including rumors that he might be bleaching his skin.[61] According to J. Randy Taraborrelli's biography, in 1986, Jackson was diagnosed with vitiligo and lupus; the vitiligo partially lightened his skin, and the lupus was in remission; both illnesses made him sensitive to sunlight. The treatments he used for his condition further lightened his skin tone, and, with the application of pancake makeup to even out blotches, he could appear very pale.[62] Jackson was also diagnosed with vitiligo in his autopsy.[63] By the mid 1990s several surgeons speculated that he had undergone various nasal surgeries, a forehead lift, thinned lips, and cheekbone surgery—although Jackson denied this and insisted that he only had surgery on his nose.[64] Jackson claimed that he had only two rhinoplasties and no other surgery on his face, although at one point he mentioned having a dimple created in his chin.[65] Jackson lost weight in the early 1980s because of a change in diet and a desire for "a dancer's body".[65] Witnesses reported that he was often dizzy and speculated that he was suffering from anorexia nervosa; periods of weight loss would become a recurring problem later in life.[66]
During the course of his treatment, Jackson made two close friends: his dermatologist, Dr. Arnold Klein, and Klein's nurse Debbie Rowe. Rowe eventually became Jackson's second wife and the mother of his two eldest children. Long before becoming romantically involved with her, Jackson relied heavily on Rowe for emotional support. He also relied heavily on Klein, for medical and business advice.[67]
Jackson became the subject of increasingly sensational reports. In 1986, the tabloids ran a story claiming that Jackson slept in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber to slow the aging process; he was pictured lying down in a glass box. Although the claim was untrue, according to tabloid reports that are widely cited, Jackson had disseminated the fabricated story himself.[68][69] When Jackson bought a chimpanzee called Bubbles from a laboratory, he was reported to be increasingly detached from reality.[70] It was reported that Jackson had offered to buy the bones of Joseph Merrick (the "elephant man") and although untrue, Jackson did not deny the story.[68][69] Although initially he saw these stories as opportunities for publicity, he stopped leaking untruths to the press as they became more sensational. Consequently the media began making up their own stories.[69][71][72] These reports became embedded in the public consciousness, inspiring the nickname "Wacko Jacko", which Jackson came to despise.[73] Responding to the gossip, Jackson remarked to Taraborrelli:
Why not just tell people I'm an alien from Mars? Tell them I eat live chickens and do a voodoo dance at midnight. They'll believe anything you say, because you're a reporter. But if I, Michael Jackson, were to say, "I'm an alien from Mars and I eat live chickens and do a voodoo dance at midnight," people would say, "Oh, man, that Michael Jackson is nuts. He's cracked up. You can't believe a single word that comes out of his mouth."[74]
Jackson collaborated with George Lucas and Francis Ford Coppola on the 17-minute 3-D film Captain EO, which debuted in September 1986 at both the original Disneyland and at EPCOT in Florida, and in March 1987 at Tokyo Disneyland. The $30 million movie was a popular attraction at all three parks. A Captain EO attraction was later featured at Euro Disneyland after that park opened in 1992. All four parks' Captain EO installations stayed open well into the 1990s: Paris' installation was the last one to close, in 1998.[75] The attraction would later return to Disneyland in 2010 after Jackson's death.[76]
In 1987, Jackson disassociated himself from the Jehovah's Witnesses, in response to their disapproval of the Thriller video.[77] With the industry expecting another major hit, Jackson's first album in five years, Bad (1987), was highly anticipated.[78] It did not top Thriller as a commercial or artistic triumph, but Bad was still a substantial success in its own right.
The Bad album spawned seven hit singles in the U.S., five of which ("I Just Can't Stop Loving You", "Bad", "The Way You Make Me Feel", "Man in the Mirror" and "Dirty Diana") reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 charts. This was a record for most number one Hot 100 singles from any one album, including Thriller.[79] Although the title track's video was arguably derivative of the video for the earlier single "Beat It", the "Bad" video still proved to be one of Jackson's iconic moments. It was a gritty but colorful epic set against the backdrop of the New York City Subway system, with costuming and choreography inspired by West Side Story. As of 2012, the album sold between 30 and 45 million copies worldwide.[80][81][82][83][84][85][86] Thanks to the Bad album, Bruce Swedien and Humberto Gatica won one Grammy in 1988 for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical and Michael Jackson won one Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form for "Leave Me Alone" in 1989.[32][39] In the same year, Jackson won an Award of Achievement at the American Music Awards because Bad is the first album ever to generate five number one singles in the US, the first album to top in 25 countries and the best-selling album worldwide in 1987 and in 1988.[87][88][89][90] In 1988, "Bad" won an American Music Award for Favorite Soul/R&B Single.[91]
The Bad World Tour began on September 12 that year, finishing on January 14, 1989.[92] In Japan alone, the tour had 14 sellouts and drew 570,000 people, nearly tripling the previous record of 200,000 in a single tour.[93] Jackson broke a Guinness World Record when 504,000 people attended seven sold-out shows at Wembley Stadium. He performed a total of 123 concerts to an audience of 4.4 million people. The Bad Tour turned out to be the last of Jackson's concert tours to include shows in the continental United States, although later tours did make it to Hawaii.
In 1988, Jackson released his first and only autobiography, Moonwalk, which took four years to complete and sold 200,000 copies.[94] Jackson wrote about his childhood, The Jackson 5, and the abuse he had suffered.[95] He also wrote about his facial appearance, saying he had had two rhinoplastic surgeries and a dimple created in his chin.[65] He attributed much of the change in the structure of his face to puberty, weight loss, a strict vegetarian diet, a change in hair style, and stage lighting.[65] Moonwalk reached the top position on The New York Times best sellers' list.[96] The musician then released a film called Moonwalker, which featured live footage and short films that starred Jackson and Joe Pesci. The film was originally intended to be released to theaters but due to financial issues, the film was released direct-to-video. It saw a theatrical release in Germany, though. It debuted atop the Billboard Top Music Video Cassette chart, staying there for 22 weeks. It was eventually knocked off the top spot by Michael Jackson: The Legend Continues.[97]
In March 1988, Jackson purchased land near Santa Ynez, California, to build Neverland Ranch at a cost of $17 million. He installed Ferris wheels, a menagerie, and a movie theater on the 2,700-acre (11 km2) property. A security staff of 40 patrolled the grounds. In 2003, it was valued at approximately $100 million.[18][98] In 1989, his annual earnings from album sales, endorsements, and concerts was estimated at $125 million for that year alone.[99] Shortly afterwards, he became the first Westerner to appear in a television ad in the Soviet Union.[97]
His success resulted in his being dubbed the "King of Pop".[100][101][102][103] The nickname was popularized by Elizabeth Taylor when she presented him with the Soul Train Heritage Award in 1989, proclaiming him "the true king of pop, rock and soul."[104] President George H. W. Bush designated him the White House's "Artist of the Decade".[105] From 1985 to 1990, he donated $500,000 to the United Negro College Fund, and all of the profits from his single "Man in the Mirror" went to charity.[106][107] Jackson's live rendition of "You Were There" at Sammy Davis Jr.'s 60th birthday celebration received an Emmy nomination.[97]
[edit] Dangerous, Heal the World Foundation and Super Bowl XXVII (1991–93)
In March 1991, Jackson renewed his contract with Sony for $65 million, a record-breaking deal at the time,[108] displacing Neil Diamond's renewal contract with Columbia Records.[109] He released his eighth album Dangerous in 1991. As of 2008, Dangerous had shipped seven million copies in the U.S. and had sold 32 million copies worldwide. The Dangerous album was co-produced by Teddy Riley, one of the pioneers of "new jack swing" which convinced Michael to feature a rapper on his album for the first time, the act worked and it turned out to be the best-selling album associated with that movement.[110][111][112] In the United States, the album's first single "Black or White" was its biggest hit, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and remaining there for seven weeks, with similar chart performances worldwide.[113] The album's second single "Remember the Time" spent eight weeks in the top five in the United States, peaking at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart.[114] At the end of 1992, Dangerous was awarded 1992's best-selling album worldwide and "Black or White" was awarded 1992's best-selling single worldwide at the Billboard Music Awards. Additionally, he won an award as best-selling artist of the '80s.[115] In 1993, Jackson performed the song at the Soul Train Music Awards in a chair, saying he had suffered an injury in rehearsals.[116] In the UK and other parts of Europe, "Heal the World" was the biggest hit from the album; it sold 450,000 copies in the UK and spent five weeks at number two in 1992.[114]
Jackson founded the Heal the World Foundation in 1992. The charity organization brought underprivileged children to Jackson's ranch to enjoy theme park rides that Jackson had built on the property. The foundation also sent millions of dollars around the globe to help children threatened by war, poverty, and disease. In the same year Jackson published his second book, the bestselling collection of poetry, Dancing the Dream. While it was a commercial success and revealed a more intimate side to Jackson's nature, the collection was mostly critically unacclaimed at the time of release. In 2009, the book was republished by Doubleday and was more positively received by some critics in the wake of Jackson's untimely death. The Dangerous World Tour grossed $100 million. The tour began on June 27, 1992, and finished on November 11, 1993. Jackson performed to 3.5 million people in 67 concerts.[114][117] He sold the broadcast rights to his Dangerous world tour to HBO for $20 million, a record-breaking deal that still stands.[118]
Following the illness and death of Ryan White, Jackson helped draw public attention to HIV/AIDS, something that was still controversial at the time. He publicly pleaded with the Clinton Administration at Bill Clinton's Inaugural Gala to give more money to HIV/AIDS charities and research.[119][120] In a high-profile visit to Africa, Jackson visited several countries, among them Gabon and Egypt.[121] His first stop to Gabon was greeted with a sizable and enthusiastic reception of more than 100,000 people, some of them carrying signs that read, "Welcome Home Michael."[121] In his trip to Côte d'Ivoire, Jackson was crowned "King Sani" by a tribal chief.[121] He then thanked the dignitaries in French and English, signed official documents formalizing his kingship and sat on a golden throne while presiding over ceremonial dances.[121]
In January 1993, Jackson made a memorable appearance at the halftime show at Super Bowl XXVII. The performance began with Jackson catapulting onto the stage as fireworks went off behind him. As he landed on the canvas, he maintained a motionless "clenched fist, standing statue stance", dressed in a gold and black military outfit and sunglasses; he remained completely motionless for a minute and a half while the crowd cheered. He then slowly removed his sunglasses, threw them away and sang four songs: "Jam", "Billie Jean", "Black or White" and "Heal the World". It was the first Super Bowl where the audience figures increased during the half-time show, and was viewed by 135 million Americans alone; Jackson's Dangerous album rose 90 places up the album chart.[61] Jackson was given the "Living Legend Award" at the 35th Grammy Awards in Los Angeles. "Black or White" was Grammy-nominated for best vocal performance. "Jam" gained two nominations: Best R&B Vocal Performance and Best R&B Song.[114] The Dangerous album won a Grammy for Best Engineered – Non Classical, awarding the work of Bruce Swedien and Teddy Riley. In the same year, Michael Jackson won three American Music Awards for Favorite Pop/Rock Album (Dangerous), Favorite Soul/R&B Single ("Remember the Time") and was the first to win the International Artist Award, for his global performances and humanitarian concerns. This award will bear his name in the future.[32][39][122]
First child sexual abuse allegations and first marriage (1993–94)[link]
Jackson gave a 90-minute interview to Oprah Winfrey on February 10, 1993, his second television interview since 1979. He grimaced when speaking of his childhood abuse at the hands of his father; he believed he had missed out on much of his childhood years, admitting that he often cried from loneliness. He denied tabloid rumors that he had bought the bones of the Elephant Man, slept in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber, or bleached his skin, stating for the first time that he had vitiligo. The interview was watched by an American audience of 90 million. Dangerous re-entered the album chart in the top 10, more than a year after its original release.[16][61][114]
In the summer of 1993, Jackson was accused of child sexual abuse by a 13-year-old boy named Jordan Chandler and his father, Dr. Evan Chandler, a dentist.[123][124][125] The Chandler family demanded payment from Jackson, and the singer initially refused. Jordan Chandler eventually told the police that Jackson had sexually abused him.[126] Dr. Chandler was tape-recorded discussing his intention to pursue charges, saying, "If I go through with this, I win big-time. There's no way I lose. I will get everything I want and they will be destroyed forever ... Michael's career will be over". Jordan's mother was, however, adamant that there had been no wrongdoing on Jackson's part.[125] Jackson later used the recording to argue that he was the victim of a jealous father whose only goal was to extort money from the singer.[125]
Later that year, on December 20, Jackson's home was raided by the police, and Jackson submitted to a 25-minute strip search.[127] Jordan Chandler had reportedly given police a description of Jackson's intimate parts, notably claiming that his bleach-damaged penis was circumcised; the strip search revealed, to the contrary, that Jackson was actually uncircumcised,[128] a fact confirmed in his autopsy.[129] His friends said he never recovered from the humiliation of the strip search. The investigation was inconclusive and no charges were ever filed.[130][131] Jackson described the search in an emotional public statement, and proclaimed his innocence.[123][127][132] On January 1, 1994, Jackson's insurance carrier settled with the Chandlers out of court for $22 million. A Santa Barbara County grand jury and a Los Angeles County grand jury disbanded on May 2, 1994 without indicting Jackson.[133] After which time the Chandlers stopped co-operating with the criminal investigation around July 6, 1994.[134][135][136] The out-of-court settlement's documentation specifically stated Jackson admitted no wrongdoing and no liability; the Chandlers and their family lawyer Larry Feldman signed it without contest.[137] The Chandlers' lawyer Mr. Feldman also explicitly stated "nobody bought anybody's silence".[138] A decade after the fact, during the second round of child abuse allegations, Jackson's lawyers would file a memo stating that the 1994 settlement was done without his consent.[135]
In May 1994, Jackson married the daughter of Elvis Presley, Lisa Marie Presley. They had first met in 1975, when a seven-year-old Presley attended one of Jackson's family engagements at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino, and were reconnected through a mutual friend.[139] According to a friend of Presley's, "their adult friendship began in November 1992 in L.A."[140] They stayed in contact every day over the telephone. As the child molestation accusations became public, Jackson became dependent on Presley for emotional support; she was concerned about his faltering health and addiction to drugs.[141] Presley explained, "I believed he didn't do anything wrong and that he was wrongly accused and yes I started falling for him. I wanted to save him. I felt that I could do it."[142] She eventually persuaded him to settle the allegations out of court and go into rehabilitation to recover.[141]
Jackson proposed to Presley over the telephone towards the fall of 1993, saying, "If I asked you to marry me, would you do it?"[141] They married in the Dominican Republic in secrecy, denying it for nearly two months afterwards.[143] The marriage was, in her words, "a married couple's life ... that was sexually active".[144] At the time, the tabloid media speculated that the wedding was a ploy to prop up Jackson's public image.[143] The marriage lasted less than two years and ended with an amicable divorce settlement.[145] In a 2010 interview with Oprah, Presley admitted that they spent four more years after the divorce "getting back together and breaking up", until she decided to stop.[146]
[edit] HIStory, second marriage and fatherhood (1995–99)
In 1995, Jackson merged his ATV Music catalog with Sony's music publishing division creating Sony/ATV Music Publishing. Jackson retained half-ownership of the company, earned $95 million upfront as well as the rights to even more songs.[147][148] He then released the double album HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I. The first disc, HIStory Begins, was a 15-track greatest hits album, and was later reissued as Greatest Hits: HIStory, Volume I in 2001, while the second disc, HIStory Continues, contained 15 new songs. The album debuted at number one on the charts and has been certified for seven million shipments in the US.[149] It is the best-selling multiple-disc album of all-time, with 20 million copies (40 million units) sold worldwide.[113][150] HIStory received a Grammy nomination for Album of the Year.[151]
The first single released from the album was the double A-side "Scream/Childhood". "Scream" was a duet, performed with Jackson's youngest sister Janet. The song fights against the media, mainly for what the media made him out to be during his 1993 child abuse allegations. The single had the highest debut on the Billboard Hot 100 at number five, and received a Grammy nomination for "Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals".[151] "You Are Not Alone" was the second single released from HIStory; it holds the Guinness World Record for the first song ever to debut at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[99] It was seen as a major artistic and commercial success, receiving a Grammy nomination for "Best Pop Vocal Performance".[151] In late 1995, Jackson was rushed to a hospital after collapsing during rehearsals for a televised performance; the incident was caused by a stress-related panic attack.[152] "Earth Song" was the third single released from HIStory, and topped the UK Singles Chart for six weeks over Christmas 1995; it sold a million copies, making it Jackson's most successful single in the UK.[151] The track "They Don't Care About Us" became controversial when the Anti-Defamation League and other groups criticized its allegedly antisemitic lyrics. Jackson quickly put out a revised version of the song without the offending lyrics.[153] In 1996, Jackson won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form for "Scream" and an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist.[32][154]
The album was promoted with the successful HIStory World Tour. The tour began on September 7, 1996, and finished on October 15, 1997. Jackson performed 82 concerts in 58 cities to over 4.5 million fans, and grossed up a total of $165 million. The show, which visited five continents and 35 countries, became Jackson's most successful in terms of audience figures.[92] During the tour, Jackson married his longtime friend Deborah Jeanne Rowe, a dermatology nurse, in an impromptu ceremony in Sydney, Australia. Rowe was approximately six months pregnant with the couple's first child at the time. Originally, Rowe and Jackson had no plans to marry, but Jackson's mother Katherine persuaded them to do so.[155] Michael Joseph Jackson Jr (commonly known as Prince) was born on February 13, 1997; his sister Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson was born a year later on April 3, 1998.[145][156] The couple divorced in 1999, and Jackson got full custody of the children. The divorce was relatively amicable, but a subsequent custody suit was not settled until 2006.[157][158]
In 1997, Jackson released Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix, which contained remixes of hit singles from HIStory and five new songs. Worldwide sales stand at 6 million copies as of 2007, it is the best selling remix album ever released.[159] It reached number one in the UK, as did the title track.[159][160] In the US, the album was certified platinum, but only reached number 24.[110][151] Forbes placed his annual income at $35 million in 1996 and $20 million in 1997.[98] Throughout June 1999, Jackson was involved in a number of charitable events. He joined Luciano Pavarotti for a benefit concert in Modena, Italy. The show was in support of the nonprofit organization War Child, and raised a million dollars for the refugees of Kosovo, FR Yugoslavia, as well as additional funds for the children of Guatemala.[161] Later that month, Jackson organized a set of "Michael Jackson & Friends" benefit concerts in Germany and Korea. Other artists involved included Slash, The Scorpions, Boyz II Men, Luther Vandross, Mariah Carey, A. R. Rahman, Prabhu Deva Sundaram, Shobana, Andrea Bocelli and Luciano Pavarotti. The proceeds went to the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund, the Red Cross and UNESCO.[162]
[edit] Label dispute, Invincible and third child (2000–03)
At the turn of the century, the American Music Awards honored Jackson as Artist of the '80s.[163] Throughout 2000 and 2001, Jackson worked in the studio with Teddy Riley and Rodney Jerkins, as well as other collaborators. These sessions would result in the album Invincible, released in October 2001. Invincible was Jackson's first full-length album in six years, and it would be the last album of new material he released while still alive. The release of the album was preceded by a dispute between Jackson and his record label, Sony Music Entertainment. Jackson had expected the licenses to the masters of his albums to revert to him sometime in the early 2000s. Once he had the licenses, he would be able to promote the material however he pleased and he would also be able to keep all the profits. However, due to various clauses in the contract, the revert date turned out to be many years away. Jackson discovered that the attorney who represented him in the deal was also representing Sony.[160] Jackson was also concerned about the fact that for a number of years, Sony had been pressuring him to sell his share in their music catalog venture. Jackson feared that Sony might have a conflict of interest, since if Jackson's career failed he would have to sell his share of the catalog at a low price.[164] Jackson sought an early exit from his contract.[160] Just before the release of Invincible, Jackson informed the head of Sony Music Entertainment, Tommy Mottola, that he was leaving Sony.[160] As a result, all singles releases, video shootings and promotions concerning the Invincible album were suspended.
In September 2001, two 30th Anniversary concerts were held at Madison Square Garden to mark the singer's 30th year as a solo artist. Jackson appeared onstage alongside his brothers for the first time since 1984. The show also featured performances by Mýa, Usher, Whitney Houston, 'N Sync, Destiny's Child, Monica, Luther Vandross, and Slash, among other artists.[165] The second of the two shows took place the night before the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.[166] After 9/11, Jackson helped organize the United We Stand: What More Can I Give benefit concert at RFK Stadium in Washington, D.C. The concert took place on October 21, 2001, and included performances from dozens of major artists, including Jackson, who performed his song "What More Can I Give" as the finale.[164] Jackson's solo performances were omitted from the televised version of the benefit concert, although he could still be seen singing background vocals. This omission happened because of contractual issues related to the earlier 30th Anniversary concerts: those concerts were boiled down into a two-hour TV special titled Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration: The Solo Years which debuted in November 2001.
In spite of the events preceding its release, Invincible came out in October 2001 to much anticipation. Invincible proved to be a hit, debuting atop the charts in 13 countries and going on to sell approximately 13 million copies worldwide. It received double-platinum certification in the US.[110][113][167] However, the sales for Invincible were lower than those of his previous releases, due in part to a lack of promotion, no supporting world tour and the label dispute. The album also came out at a bad time for the music industry in general.[164] The album cost $30 million to record, not including promotional expenditures.[168] Invincible spawned three singles, "You Rock My World", "Cry" and "Butterflies", the latter without a music video. Jackson alleged in July 2002 that Mottola was a "devil" and a "racist" who did not support his African-American artists, using them merely for his own personal gain.[164] He charged that Mottola had called his colleague Irv Gotti a "fat nigger".[169] Sony refused to renew Jackson's contract, and claimed that a $25 million promotional campaign had failed because Jackson refused to tour in the United States.[168]
In 2002, Michael Jackson won his 22nd American Music Award for Artist of the Century.[170] In the same year, Jackson's third child, Prince Michael Jackson II (nicknamed "Blanket") was born.[171] The mother's identity is unknown, but Jackson has said the child was the result of artificial insemination from a surrogate mother and his own sperm.[157] On November 20 of that year, Jackson brought his newborn son onto the balcony of his room at the Hotel Adlon in Berlin, as fans stood below, holding him in his right arm, with a cloth loosely draped over the baby's face. The baby was briefly extended over a railing, four stories above ground level, causing widespread criticism in the media. Jackson later apologized for the incident, calling it "a terrible mistake".[172] Sony released Number Ones, a compilation of Jackson's hits on CD and DVD. In the US, the album was certified triple platinum by the RIAA; in the UK it was certified six times platinum for shipments of at least 1.2 million units.[110][173]
Second child sexual abuse allegations and acquittal (2003–05)[link]
Further information: Living with Michael Jackson and People v. Jackson
Beginning in May 2002, Jackson allowed a documentary film crew, led by British TV personality Martin Bashir, to follow him around just about everywhere he went. Bashir's film crew was with Jackson during the "baby-dangling incident" in Berlin. The program was broadcast in March 2003 as Living with Michael Jackson, and painted an extraordinarily unflattering portrait of the singer.
In a particularly controversial scene, Jackson was seen holding hands and discussing sleeping arrangements with a young boy.[174] As soon as the documentary aired, the Santa Barbara county attorney's office began a criminal investigation. Jackson was arrested in November 2003, and was charged with seven counts of child molestation and two counts of administering an intoxicating agent in relation to the 13 year old boy shown in the film.[174] Jackson denied the allegations, saying the sleepovers were not sexual in nature. The People v. Jackson trial began on January 31, 2005, in Santa Maria, California, and lasted five months, until the end of May. On June 13, 2005, Jackson was acquitted on all counts.[175][176][177] After the trial, in a highly publicized relocation he moved to the Persian Gulf island of Bahrain, as a guest of Sheikh Abdullah.[178] Bahrain was also where the family intended to send Jackson if he was convicted (though Jackson did not know about the plan), according to a statement by Jermaine Jackson printed in The Times of London in September 2011.[179]
[edit] Closure of Neverland, final years and This Is It (2006–09)
In March 2006, the main house at the Neverland Ranch was closed as a cost-cutting measure.[180] There were numerous reports around that time that Jackson was having financial problems. Jackson had been delinquent on his repayments of a $270 million loan secured against his music publishing holdings, even though those holdings were reportedly making him as much as $75 million a year.[181] Bank of America sold the debt to Fortress Investments. Sony reportedly proposed a restructuring deal which would give them a future option to buy half of Jackson's stake in their jointly owned publishing company (leaving Jackson with a 25% stake).[148] Jackson agreed to a Sony-backed refinancing deal in April 2006, although the exact details were not made public.[182] Jackson did not have a recording contract in place with Sony or any other major record label at the time.
In early 2006, there was an announcement that Jackson had signed a contract with a Bahrain-based startup called Two Seas Records. However, nothing ever came of that deal, and the CEO of Two Seas, Guy Holmes, later stated that the deal had never been finalized.[183][184] Throughout 2006, Sony repackaged 20 singles from the 1980s and 1990s as the Michael Jackson: Visionary series, which subsequently became a box set. Most of those singles returned to the charts as a result. In September 2006, Jackson and his ex-wife Debbie Rowe confirmed reports that they had settled their long-running child custody suit. The terms were never made public. Jackson continued to be the custodial parent of the couple's two children.[158] In October 2006, Fox News entertainment reporter Roger Friedman said that Jackson had been recording at a studio in rural Westmeath, Ireland. It was not known at the time what Jackson might be working on, or who might be paying for the sessions, since his publicist had recently issued a statement claiming that he had left Two Seas.[184][185]
In November 2006, Jackson invited an Access Hollywood camera crew into the studio in Westmeath, and MSNBC broke the story that he was working on a new album, produced by will.i.am of The Black Eyed Peas.[113] Jackson performed at the World Music Awards, in London on November 15, 2006, and accepted a Diamond Award for selling over 100 million records.[113][186] Jackson returned to the United States after Christmas 2006 to attend James Brown's funeral in Augusta, Georgia. He gave one of the eulogies, saying that "James Brown is my greatest inspiration."[187] In the spring of 2007, Jackson and Sony teamed up to buy yet another music publishing company: Famous Music LLC, formerly owned by Viacom. This deal gave him the rights to songs by Eminem, Shakira and Beck, among others.[188] Jackson recorded extensively during this period in New York with songwriter and producer will.i.am and also in Las Vegas with producers Akon and RedOne.[189][190] In March 2007, Jackson gave a brief interview to the Associated Press in Tokyo, where he said, "I've been in the entertainment industry since I was 6 years old, and as Charles Dickens would say, 'It's been the best of times, the worst of times.' But I would not change my career ... While some have made deliberate attempts to hurt me, I take it in stride because I have a loving family, a strong faith and wonderful friends and fans who have, and continue, to support me."[191]
In September 2007, Jackson was reportedly still working with will.i.am, but the album was apparently never completed.[192] However, in 2008, Jackson and Sony released Thriller 25 to mark the 25th anniversary of the original Thriller. This album featured the previously unreleased song "For All Time" (an outtake from the original sessions) as well as remixes, where Jackson collaborated with younger artists who had been inspired by his work.[193] Two of the remixes were released as singles with only modest success: "The Girl Is Mine 2008" (with will.i.am) and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin' 2008" (with Akon). The first single was based on an early demo version, without Paul McCartney. The album itself was a hit, however.[193][194][195][196] In anticipation of Jackson's 50th birthday, Sony BMG released a series of greatest-hits albums called King of Pop. Slightly different versions were released in various countries, based on polls of local fans.[197] King of Pop reached the top 10 in most countries where it was issued, and also sold well as an import in other countries (such as the United States.)[198][199]
In the fall of 2008, Fortress Investments threatened to foreclose on Neverland Ranch, which Jackson used as collateral for loans running into many tens of millions of dollars. However, Fortress opted to sell Jackson's debts to Colony Capital LLC. In November, Jackson transferred Neverland Ranch's title to Sycamore Valley Ranch Company LLC, which was a joint venture between Jackson and Colony Capital LLC. This deal cleared Jackson's debt, and he reportedly even gained an extra $35 million from the venture. At the time of his death, Jackson still owned a stake in Neverland/Sycamore Valley, but it is unknown how large that stake was.[200][201][202] In September 2008, Jackson entered negotiations with Julien's Auction House to display and auction a large collection of memorabilia amounting to approximately 1,390 lots. The auction was scheduled to take place between April 22 and April 25.[203] An exhibition of the lots opened as scheduled on April 14, but the actual auction was eventually cancelled at Jackson's request.[204]
In March 2009, Jackson held a press conference at London's O2 Arena and announced a series of comeback concerts titled This Is It. The shows would be Jackson's first major series of concerts since the HIStory World Tour finished in 1997. Jackson suggested possible retirement after the shows; he said it would be his "final curtain call". The initial plan was for 10 concerts in London, followed by shows in Paris, New York City and Mumbai. Randy Phillips, president and chief executive of AEG Live, stated that the first 10 dates alone would earn the singer approximately £50 million.[205] The London residency was increased to 50 dates after record breaking ticket sales: over one million were sold in less than two hours.[206] Jackson rehearsed in Los Angeles in the weeks leading up to the tour under the direction of choreographer Kenny Ortega. Most of these rehearsals took place at the Staples Center, which was owned by AEG.[207] The concerts would have commenced on July 13, 2009, and finished on March 6, 2010. Less than three weeks before the first show was due to begin in London and with all concerts being sold out, Jackson died after suffering cardiac arrest.[208] Some time before his death, it was widely stated that he was starting a clothing line with Christian Audigier; due to his death, the current status of the label remains unknown.[209][210]
Jackson's first posthumous single was a song titled "This Is It" which Jackson cowrote in the 1980s with Paul Anka. It was not on the set lists for the concerts, and the recording was based on an old demo tape. The surviving brothers reunited in the studio for the first time since 1989 to record backing vocals. On October 28, 2009, a documentary film about the rehearsals titled Michael Jackson's This Is It was released.[211] Even though it ran for a limited two-week engagement, it became the highest grossing documentary or concert movie of all time, with earnings of more than $260 million worldwide.[212] Jackson's estate received 90% of the profits.[213] The film was accompanied by a compilation album of the same name. Two versions of the new song appear on the album, which also featured original masters of Jackson's hits in the order in which they appear in the movie, along with a bonus disc with previously unreleased versions of more Jackson hits as well as a spoken-word poem titled "Planet Earth".[214] At the 2009 American Music Awards Jackson won four posthumous awards, two for him and two for his album Number Ones, bringing his total American Music Awards to 26.[215][216]
Death and memorial[link]
Main articles: Death of Michael Jackson and Michael Jackson memorial service
File:MJ's tomb.jpg
Michael Jackson's Tomb in the Great Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale
On June 25, 2009, Jackson died while in his bed at his rented mansion at 100 North Carolwood Drive in the Holmby Hills district of Los Angeles. Attempts at resuscitating him by Conrad Murray, his personal physician, were unsuccessful.[217] Los Angeles Fire Department paramedics received a 911 call at 12:22 (PDT, 19:22 UTC), arriving three minutes later at Jackson's location.[218][219] He was reportedly not breathing and CPR was performed.[220] Resuscitation efforts continued en route to the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, and for more than an hour after arriving there at 1:13 (20:13 UTC). He was pronounced dead at 2:26 local time (21:26 UTC).[221][222] Jackson's death triggered a global outpouring of grief.[217]
The news spread quickly online, causing websites to slow down and crash from user overload. Both TMZ and the Los Angeles Times suffered outages.[223] Google initially believed that the input from millions of people searching for "Michael Jackson" meant that the search engine was under DDoS attack, and blocked searches related to Michael Jackson for 30 minutes. Twitter reported a crash, as did Wikipedia at 3:15 p.m. PDT (22:15 UTC).[224] The Wikimedia Foundation reported nearly a million visitors to Jackson's biography within one hour, probably the most visitors in a one-hour period to any article in Wikipedia's history.[225] AOL Instant Messenger collapsed for 40 minutes. AOL called it a "seminal moment in Internet history", adding, "We've never seen anything like it in terms of scope or depth."[226]
Around 15% of Twitter posts—or 5,000 tweets per minute—reportedly mentioned Jackson after the news broke,[227][228] compared to the 5% recalled as having mentioned the Iranian elections or the flu pandemic that had made headlines earlier in the year.[228] Overall, web traffic ranged from 11% to at least 20% higher than normal.[227][229] MTV and Black Entertainment Television (BET) aired marathons of Jackson's music videos.[230] Jackson specials aired on multiple television stations around the world. The British soap opera EastEnders added a last-minute scene, in which one character tells another about the news, to the June 26 episode.[231] Jackson was the topic of every front-page headline in the daily British tabloid The Sun for about two weeks following his death.[232] During the same period, the three major U.S. networks' evening newscasts—ABC World News, CBS Evening News, and NBC Nightly News—devoted 34% of their broadcast time to him.[233] Magazines including Time published commemorative editions.[234] A scene that had featured Jackson's sister La Toya was cut from the film Brüno out of respect toward Jackson's family.[235]
Jackson's memorial was held on July 7, 2009, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, preceded by a private family service at Forest Lawn Memorial Park's Hall of Liberty. Jackson's casket was present during the memorial but no information was released about the final disposition of the body. While some unofficial reports claimed a worldwide audience as high as one billion people,[236][237] the U.S. audience was estimated by Nielsen to be 31.1 million, an amount comparable to the estimated 35.1 million that watched the 2004 burial of former president Ronald Reagan, and the estimated 33.1 million Americans who watched the 1997 funeral for Princess Diana.[238]
Mariah Carey, Stevie Wonder, Lionel Richie, John Mayer, Jennifer Hudson, Usher, Jermaine Jackson, and Shaheen Jafargholi performed at the event. Berry Gordy and Smokey Robinson gave eulogies, while Queen Latifah read "We had him", a poem written for the occasion by Maya Angelou.[239] The Reverend Al Sharpton received a standing ovation with cheers when he told Jackson's children, "Wasn't nothing strange about your daddy. It was strange what your daddy had to deal with. But he dealt with it anyway."[240] Jackson's 11-year-old daughter, Paris Katherine, cried as she told the crowd, "Ever since I was born, Daddy has been the best father you could ever imagine ... I just wanted to say I love him ... so much."[166] Reverend Lucious Smith provided a closing prayer.[241] On August 24, several news outlets quoted anonymous sources as stating that the Los Angeles coroner had decided to treat Jackson's death as a homicide; this was later confirmed by the coroner on August 28.[242][243] At the time of death, Jackson had been administered propofol, lorazepam and midazolam.[244] Law enforcement officials conducted a manslaughter investigation of his personal physician, Conrad Murray.[245] On February 8, 2010, Murray was charged with involuntary manslaughter by prosecutors in Los Angeles.[246] Jackson was entombed on September 3, 2009, at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.[247]
On June 25, 2010, the first anniversary of Jackson's death, fans traveled to Los Angeles to pay their tribute to him. They visited Jackson’s star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and his family’s home, as well as Forest Lawn Memorial Park. Many of the fans were carrying sunflowers and other tribute items to drop off at the sites. Members of the Jackson family and close friends arrived to pay their respects.[248][249] Katherine returned to Gary, Indiana to unveil a granite monument constructed in the front yard of the family home. The memorial continued with a candlelight vigil and a special performance of "We Are the World".[250][251] On June 26, there was a protest march in front of the Los Angeles Police Department's Robbery-Homicide Division at the old Parker Center building and a petition with thousands of signatures demanding justice was delivered.[252][253] The Jackson Family Foundation in conjunction with Voiceplate presented "Forever Michael", an event bringing together Jackson family members, celebrities, fans, supporters and the community to celebrate and honor his legacy. A portion of the proceeds were presented to some of Jackson's favorite charities. Katherine also introduced her new book "Never Can Say Goodbye".[254][255][256]
Death aftermath[link]
After his death, Jackson became the best-selling albums artist of 2009. In the United States selling over 8.2 million albums and a total of 35 million albums worldwide in the 12 months that followed his death.[257][258] Following this surge in sales, Sony announced that they had extended their relationship with his material. The distribution rights held by Sony Music were due to expire in 2015.[259] On March 16, 2010, Sony Music Entertainment, in a move spearheaded by its Columbia/Epic Label Group division, signed a new deal with the Jackson estate to extend their distribution rights to his back catalogue until at least 2017, as well as to obtain permission to release ten new albums with previously unreleased material and new collections of released work. On November 4, 2010 Sony announced the release of Michael, the first posthumous album set to be released on December 14, with the promotional single released to the radios on November 8, titled "Breaking News".[260] The deal was unprecedented in the music industry as it is the most expensive music contract pertaining to a single artist in history; it reportedly involved Sony Music paying $250 million for the deal, with the Jackson estate getting the full sum as well as its share of royalties for all works released.[259][261] Video game developer Ubisoft announced it would release a new dancing-and-singing game featuring Michael Jackson for the 2010 holiday season. The game titled Michael Jackson: The Experience will be among the first to use Kinect and PlayStation Move, the respective motion-detecting camera systems for Microsoft's Xbox 360 and Sony's PlayStation 3 due out later that year.[262]
On November 3, 2010, the theatrical performing company Cirque du Soleil announced that it would launch "Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour" in October 2011 in Montreal, while a permanent show will reside in Las Vegas.[263] The 90-minute US$57M production will combine Jackson's iconic musical oeuvre and choreography with the Cirque's signature artistry, dance and aerial displays involving 65 artists.[264] The tour was written and directed by Jamie King[265] and centers on Jackson's "inspirational Giving Tree – the wellspring of creativity where his love of music and dance, fairy tale and magic, and the fragile beauty of nature are unlocked."[266] On October 3, 2011, the accompanying compilation soundtrack album Immortal was announced to have over 40 Jackson’s original recordings re-produced by Kevin Antunes.[267]
In April 2011, Jackson's longtime friend and billionaire businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed, chairman of Fulham F.C., unveiled a statue of Jackson outside the club's stadium, Craven Cottage.[268] Fulham fans were however bemused by the statue and failed to understand the relevance of Jackson to the club.[269] Al Fayed however defended the statue and told the fans to 'go to hell' if they didn't appreciate the statue.[270]
Artistry[link]
Influences[link]
Jackson's music took root in R&B, pop and soul. He had been influenced by the work of contemporary musicians such as Little Richard, James Brown, Jackie Wilson, Diana Ross, David Ruffin, Gene Kelly, Fred Astaire, Sammy Davis, Jr., The Isley Brothers, the Bee Gees and the West Side Story dancers, to whom he made a tribute in "Beat It" and in the "Bad" video.[271] According to David Winters, who met and befriended Jackson while choreographing the 1971 Diana Ross TV Special "Diana!", (which was also Jackson's first solo debut outside of The Jackson 5), Jackson watched West Side Story almost every week and it was his favorite film.[272][273][274] While Little Richard had a substantial influence on Jackson,[275][276] James Brown was Jackson's greatest inspiration. In reference to Brown, Jackson declared: "Ever since I was a small child, no more than like six years old, my mother would wake me no matter what time it was, if I was sleeping, no matter what I was doing, to watch the television to see the master at work. And when I saw him move, I was mesmerized. I had never seen a performer perform like James Brown, and right then and there I knew that was exactly what I wanted to do for the rest of my life because of James Brown."[277]
The young Michael Jackson owed his vocal technique in large part to Diana Ross. Not only a mother figure to him, she was often observed in rehearsal as an accomplished performer. He later expressed: "I got to know her well. She taught me so much. I used to just sit in the corner and watch the way she moved. She was art in motion. I studied the way she moved, the way she sang – just the way she was." He told her: "I want to be just like you, Diana." She said: "You just be yourself."[278] But Jackson owed part of his enduring style—especially his use of the oooh interjection—to Ross. From a young age, Jackson often punctuated his verses with a sudden exclamation of oooh. Diana Ross had used this effect on many of the songs recorded with The Supremes.[279]
Musical themes and genres[link]
Unlike many artists, Jackson did not write his songs on paper. Instead he would dictate into a sound recorder, and when recording he would sing the lyrics from memory.[280] In most of his songs, such as "Billie Jean", "Who Is It", and "Tabloid Junkie", he would beatbox and imitate the instruments using his voice instead of playing the actual instruments, along with other sounds. Jackson noted that it is easier to sing a drum line, or sing a bass, instead of playing a drum line or a bass with an instrument. Several critics have said that Jackson's distinct voice was able to replace any instrument convincingly. Steve Huey of Allmusic said that, throughout his solo career, Jackson's versatility allowed him to experiment with various themes and genres.[281] As a musician, he ranged from Motown's dance fare and ballads to techno and house-edged new jack swing to work that incorporates both funk rhythms and hard rock guitar.[18][282][283]
According to Huey, Thriller refined the strengths of Off the Wall; the dance and rock tracks were more aggressive, while the pop tunes and ballads were softer and more soulful.[281] Notable tracks included the ballads "The Lady in My Life", "Human Nature" and "The Girl Is Mine"; the funk pieces "Billie Jean" and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'"; and the post-disco set "Baby Be Mine" and "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)".[281][282][283][284][285] With Thriller, Christopher Connelly of Rolling Stone commented that Jackson developed his long association with the subliminal theme of paranoia and darker imagery.[285] Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted this is evident on the songs "Billie Jean" and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'".[283] In "Billie Jean", Jackson sings about an obsessive fan who alleges he has fathered a child of hers.[281] In "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" he argues against gossip and the media.[285] "Beat It" decried gang violence in an homage to West Side Story, and was Jackson's first successful rock cross-over piece, according to Huey.[18][281] He also observed that the title track "Thriller" began Jackson's interest with the theme of the supernatural, a topic he revisited in subsequent years.[281] In 1985, Jackson co-wrote the charity anthem "We Are the World"; humanitarian themes later became a recurring theme in his lyrics and public persona.[281]
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One of Jackson's signature pieces, "Thriller", released as a single in 1984, utilizes cinematic sound effects, horror film motifs and vocal trickery to convey a sense of danger.[22]
A single from the album Bad, released 1988, "Smooth Criminal" features digital drum sounds, keyboard-created bass lines and other percussion elements designed to give the impression of a pulsing heart.[286]
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In Bad, Jackson's concept of the predatory lover can be seen on the rock song "Dirty Diana".[290] The lead single "I Just Can't Stop Loving You" is a traditional love ballad, while "Man in the Mirror" is an anthemic ballad of confession and resolution.[78] "Smooth Criminal" was an evocation of bloody assault, rape and likely murder.[78] Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine states that Dangerous presents Jackson as a very paradoxical individual.[291] He comments the album is more diverse than his previous Bad, as it appeals to an urban audience while also attracting the middle class with anthems like "Heal the World".[291] The first half of the record is dedicated to new jack swing, including songs like "Jam" and "Remember the Time".[292] The album is Jackson's first where social ills become a primary theme; "Why You Wanna Trip on Me", for example, protests against world hunger, AIDS, homelessness and drugs.[292] Dangerous contains sexually charged efforts such as the multifaceted love song, "In the Closet".[292] The title track continues the theme of the predatory lover and compulsive desire.[292] The second half includes introspective, pop-gospel anthems such as "Will You Be There", "Heal the World" and "Keep the Faith"; these songs show Jackson opening up about various personal struggles and worries.[292] In the ballad "Gone Too Soon", Jackson gives tribute to his friend Ryan White and the plight of those with AIDS.[293]
HIStory creates an atmosphere of paranoia.[294] Its content focuses on the hardships and public struggles Jackson went through just prior to its production. In the new jack swing-funk-rock efforts "Scream" and "Tabloid Junkie", along with the R&B ballad "You Are Not Alone", Jackson retaliates against the injustice and isolation he feels, and directs much of his anger at the media.[295] In the introspective ballad "Stranger in Moscow", Jackson laments over his "fall from grace", while songs like "Earth Song", "Childhood", "Little Susie" and "Smile" are all operatic pop pieces.[294][295] In the track "D.S.", Jackson launched a verbal attack against Tom Sneddon. He describes Sneddon as an antisocial, white supremacist who wanted to "get my ass, dead or alive". Of the song, Sneddon said, "I have not—shall we say—done him the honor of listening to it, but I've been told that it ends with the sound of a gunshot".[296] Invincible found Jackson working heavily with producer Rodney Jerkins.[281] It is a record made up of urban soul like "Cry" and "The Lost Children", ballads such as "Speechless", "Break of Dawn" and "Butterflies" and mixes hip-hop, pop and R&B in "2000 Watts", "Heartbreaker" and "Invincible".[297][298]
Vocal style[link]
Jackson sang from childhood, and over time his voice and vocal style changed noticeably. Between 1971 and 1975, Jackson's voice descended from boy soprano to high tenor.[299] His vocal range as an adult was F2-E♭6. Jackson first used a technique called the "vocal hiccup" in 1973, starting with the song "It's Too Late to Change the Time" from The Jackson 5's G.I.T.: Get It Together album.[300] Jackson did not use the hiccup technique— somewhat like a gulping for air or gasping— fully until the recording of Off the Wall: it can be seen in full force in the "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)" promotional video.[20] With the arrival of Off the Wall in the late 1970s, Jackson's abilities as a vocalist were well regarded. At the time, Rolling Stone compared his vocals to the "breathless, dreamy stutter" of Stevie Wonder. Their analysis was also that "Jackson's feathery-timbred tenor is extraordinarily beautiful. It slides smoothly into a startling falsetto that's used very daringly".[301][302] 1982 saw the release of Thriller, and Rolling Stone was of the opinion that Jackson was then singing in a "fully adult voice" that was "tinged by sadness".[285]
A distinctive deliberate mispronunciation of "come on", used frequently by Jackson, occasionally spelled "cha'mone" or "shamone", is also a staple in impressions and caricatures of him.[303] The turn of the 1990s saw the release of the introspective album Dangerous. The New York Times noted that on some tracks, "he gulps for breath, his voice quivers with anxiety or drops to a desperate whisper, hissing through clenched teeth" and he had a "wretched tone".[292] When singing of brotherhood or self-esteem the musician would return to "smooth" vocals.[292] When commenting on Invincible, Rolling Stone were of the opinion that—at the age of 43—Jackson still performed "exquisitely voiced rhythm tracks and vibrating vocal harmonies".[304] Nelson George summed up Jackson's vocals by stating "The grace, the aggression, the growling, the natural boyishness, the falsetto, the smoothness—that combination of elements mark him as a major vocalist".[286]
Music videos and choreography[link]
Jackson has also been referred to as the King of Music Videos,[305] Steve Huey of Allmusic observed how Jackson transformed the music video into an art form and a promotional tool through complex story lines, dance routines, special effects and famous cameo appearances; simultaneously breaking down racial barriers.[281] Before Thriller, Jackson struggled to receive coverage on MTV, allegedly because he was African American.[306] Pressure from CBS Records persuaded MTV to start showing "Billie Jean" and later "Beat It", leading to a lengthy partnership with Jackson, also helping other black music artists gain recognition.[307] MTV employees deny any racism in their coverage, or pressure to change their stance. MTV maintains that they played rock music, regardless of race.[308] The popularity of his videos on MTV helped to put the relatively young channel "on the map"; MTV's focus shifted in favor of pop and R&B.[309][307] His performance on Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever changed the scope of live stage show; "That Jackson lip-synced 'Billie Jean' is, in itself, not extraordinary, but the fact that it did not change the impact of the performance is extraordinary; whether the performance was live or lip-synced made no difference to the audience" thus creating an era in which artists re-create the spectacle of music video imagery on stage.[310] Short films like Thriller largely remained unique to Jackson, while the group dance sequence in "Beat It" has frequently been imitated.[311] The choreography in Thriller has become a part of global pop culture, replicated everywhere from Indian films to prisons in the Philippines.[312] The Thriller short film marked an increase in scale for music videos, and has been named the most successful music video ever by the Guinness World Records.[99]
In the 19-minute music video for "Bad"—directed by Martin Scorsese—Jackson began using sexual imagery and choreography not previously seen in his work. He occasionally grabbed or touched his chest, torso and crotch. When asked by Oprah in the 1993 interview about why he grabbed his crotch, he replied, "I think it happens subliminally" and he described it as something that was not planned, but rather, as something that was compelled by the music. "Bad" garnered a mixed reception from both fans and critics; Time magazine described it as "infamous". The video also featured Wesley Snipes; in the future Jackson's videos would often feature famous cameo roles.[71][313] For "Smooth Criminal", Jackson experimented with an innovative "anti-gravity lean" in his performances. The maneuver required special shoes for which he was granted U.S. Patent No. 5,255,452.[314] Although the music video for "Leave Me Alone" was not officially released in the US, in 1989, it was nominated for three Billboard Music Video Awards;[315] the same year it won a Golden Lion Award for the quality of the special effects used in its production. In 1990, "Leave Me Alone" won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form.[97]
He received the MTV Video Vanguard Award in 1988 and the MTV Video Vanguard Artist of the Decade Award in 1990 to celebrate his accomplishments in the art form in the 1980s; in 1991 the first award was renamed in his honor.[114] "Black or White" was accompanied by a controversial music video, which, on November 14, 1991, simultaneously premiered in 27 countries with an estimated audience of 500 million people, the largest viewing ever for a music video.[113] It featured scenes construed as having a sexual nature as well as depictions of violence. The offending scenes in the final half of the 14-minute version were edited out to prevent the video from being banned, and Jackson apologized.[316] Along with Jackson, it featured Macaulay Culkin, Peggy Lipton and George Wendt. It helped usher in morphing as an important technology in music videos.[317]
"Remember the Time" was an elaborate production, and became one of his longest videos at over nine minutes. Set in ancient Egypt, it featured groundbreaking visual effects and appearances by Eddie Murphy, Iman and Magic Johnson, along with a distinct complex dance routine.[318] The video for "In the Closet" was Jackson's most sexually provocative piece. It featured supermodel Naomi Campbell in a courtship dance with Jackson. The video was banned in South Africa because of its imagery.[114]
The music video for "Scream", directed by Mark Romanek and production designer Tom Foden, is one of Jackson's most critically acclaimed. In 1995, it gained 11 MTV Video Music Award Nominations—more than any other music video—and won "Best Dance Video", "Best Choreography", and "Best Art Direction".[319] The song and its accompanying video are a response to the backlash Jackson received from the media after being accused of child molestation in 1993.[320] A year later, it won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form; shortly afterwards Guinness World Records listed it as the most expensive music video ever made at a cost of $7 million.[151][321]
"Earth Song" was accompanied by an expensive and well-received music video that gained a Grammy nomination for Best Music Video, Short Form in 1997. The video had an environmental theme, showing images of animal cruelty, deforestation, pollution and war. Using special effects, time is reversed so that life returns, wars end, and the forests re-grow.[151][322] Released in 1997 and premiering at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival, Michael Jackson's Ghosts was a short film written by Jackson and Stephen King and directed by Stan Winston. The video for Ghosts is over 38 minutes long and holds the Guinness World Record as the world's longest music video.[151][160][323][324]
Legacy and influence[link]
Jackson throughout his career transformed the art of the music video and paved the way for modern pop music. Daily Telegraph writer Tom Utley described Jackson in 2003 as "extremely important" and a "genius".[239] For much of his career, he had an "unparalleled" level of worldwide influence over the younger generation through his musical and humanitarian contributions.[153] Jackson's music and videos, such as Thriller, fostered racial diversity in MTV's roster, helped to put the relatively new channel into public awareness, and steered the channel's focus from rock to pop music and R&B, shaping the channel into a form that proved enduring. Jackson's work continues to influence numerous hip hop, rock, pop and R&B artists, including Patrick Stump,[325] Jennifer Lopez,[326] Beyoncé,[327] Mariah Carey,[328] Mýa,[329] Usher,[330] Adam Lambert,[331] Green Day,[332] Justin Timberlake,[333] Britney Spears,[334] Madonna,[335] Alien Ant Farm[164] and Ludacris, among others.[336]
Allmusic's Steve Huey describes Jackson as "an unstoppable juggernaut, possessed of all the skills to dominate the charts seemingly at will: an instantly identifiable voice, eye-popping dance moves, stunning musical versatility and loads of sheer star power".[281] In the mid-1980s, Time magazine's pop music critic, Jay Cocks, noted "Jackson is the biggest thing since The Beatles. He is the hottest single phenomenon since Elvis Presley. He just may be the most popular black singer ever".[40] In 1990, Vanity Fair cited Jackson as the most popular artist in the history of show business.[97] In 2007, Jackson said, "Music has been my outlet, my gift to all of the lovers in this world. Through it, my music, I know I will live forever."[337]
Shortly after Jackson's death, on June 25, 2009, MTV briefly returned to its original music video format to celebrate and pay tribute to his work.[338] The channel aired many hours of Jackson's music videos, accompanied by live news specials featuring reactions from MTV personalities and other celebrities. The temporary shift in MTV's programming culminated the following week in the channel's live coverage of Jackson's memorial service.[339] At the memorial service on July 7, 2009, founder of Motown Records Berry Gordy proclaimed Jackson as "the greatest entertainer that ever lived".[340][341][342]
In 2010, two university librarians found that Jackson's influence extended into academia, and was detectable in scholarly literature pertaining to a range of subject matter.[343][344] The two researchers combed through various scholars' writings, and compiled an annotated bibliography of those writings that appeared to meet at least one of several criteria. Among these criteria were appearance in a peer-reviewed journal, and the provision of insight into the nature of "popular icons including Jackson".[345] The bibliography located references to Jackson in research reports concerning music, popular culture, and an array of other topics. The bibliographers identified as their most peculiar finding an argument that certain aspects of chemistry can be effectively taught by altering and imitating elements of Jackson's singing.[346] One of the research librarians later reflected that "the fact that someone would take a Michael Jackson song and co-opt it as a means to convey chemistry concepts just shows the pervasiveness of Jackson's influence".[343]
Honors and awards[link]
Michael Jackson was inducted onto the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1980 as member of The Jacksons and in 1984 as solo artist. Throughout his career he received numerous honors and awards, including the World Music Awards' Best-Selling Pop Male Artist of the Millennium, the American Music Award's Artist of the Century Award and the Bambi Pop Artist of the Millennium Award.[165][347] He was a double-inductee of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, once as a member of The Jackson 5 in 1997 and later as a solo artist in 2001. Jackson was also inducted in several other hall of fames, including Vocal Group Hall of Fame (as The Jackson 5 member) in 1999, Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2002 and Hit Parade Hall of Fame (with his brothers) in 2009.[165][348] In 2010, Jackson was inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame as the first (and currently only) dancer from the world of pop and rock 'n' roll.[349] His awards include many Guinness World Records (eight in 2006 alone),[350] 13 Grammy Awards (as well as the Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award), 26 American Music Awards (24 only as a solo artist, including the "Artist of the Century", but not the poll of "Artist of the '80s")—more than any artist—, 13 number one singles in the US in his solo career—more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era[351]—and estimated sales of up to 750 million records worldwide, making him the world's best selling male solo pop artist.[32][99][113][163][215][216][352][353][354][355][356] On December 29, 2009, the American Film Institute recognized Jackson's death as a "moment of significance" saying, "Michael Jackson's sudden death in June at age 50 was notable for the worldwide outpouring of grief and the unprecedented global eulogy of his posthumous concert rehearsal movie This Is It."[357] Michael Jackson also received a Doctor of Humane Letters Degree from the United Negro College Fund[358] and also an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Fisk University.[359]
Lifetime earnings[link]
His total lifetime earnings from royalties on his solo recordings and music videos, revenue from concerts and endorsements have been estimated at US$500 million; some analysts have speculated that his music catalog holdings could be worth billions of dollars.[98][360] This speculation however is contradicted by financial documents obtained by the Associated Press, which showed that as of March 31, 2007, Jackson's 50 percent stake in the Sony/ATV Music Publishing catalog (his most prized asset) was worth $390.6 million and Michael Jackson's net worth was $236 million.[361] Billboard has estimated that Jackson has generated at least $1 billion in revenue in the year following his death.[362]
Discography[link]
Main articles: Michael Jackson albums discography, Michael Jackson singles discography, and Michael Jackson videography
See also: Jackson 5 discography
- Got to Be There (1972)
- Ben (1972)
- Music & Me (1973)
- Forever, Michael (1975)
- Off the Wall (1979)
- Thriller (1982)
- Bad (1987)
- Dangerous (1991)
- HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I (1995)
- Invincible (2001)
Filmography[link]
Main article: Michael Jackson videography
| Year | Film | Role | Director |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1978 | The Wiz[363] | Scarecrow | Lumet, SidneySidney Lumet |
| 1986 | Captain EO[364] | Captain EO | Coppola, Francis FordFrancis Ford Coppola |
| 1988 | Moonwalker[365] | Himself | Kramer, JerryJerry Kramer |
| 1997 | Michael Jackson's Ghosts[366] | Maestro/Mayor/Ghoul/Skeleton | Winston, StanStan Winston |
| 2002 | Men in Black II[367] | Agent M (cameo) | Sonnenfeld, BarryBarry Sonnenfeld |
| 2004 | Miss Cast Away and the Island Girls[368] | Agent MJ (cameo) | Stoller, Bryan MichaelBryan Michael Stoller |
| 2009 | Michael Jackson's This Is It[369] | Himself | Ortega, KennyKenny Ortega |
Tours[link]
- Bad World Tour (1987–89)
- Dangerous World Tour (1992–93)
- HIStory World Tour (1996–97)
- This Is It (2009–10) (cancelled)
See also[link]
|
Book: Michael Jackson |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- Honorific nicknames in popular music
- Michael Jackson-related games
- List of awards received by Michael Jackson
- List of best-selling albums
- List of best-selling music artists
- List of best-selling music artists in the United States
- List of most expensive music videos
- List of unreleased Michael Jackson material
- List of cover versions of Michael Jackson songs
References[link]
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- ^ a b c Taraborrelli, pp. 333–338
- ^ a b c "Paul McCartney refused an offer to buy the ATV Catalog for £20 million". Audio & transcript of McCartney at a 1990 press conference. November 13, 2010. http://mjjinfo.blogspot.com/2010/11/paul-mccartney-refused-to-buy-atv.html.
- ^ a b "Michael Jackson 1958–2009". Today Tonight. 2009-06-25. Coverage of the sale of ATV Music at 2:36 minutes in. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3htpIVyUtec. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
- ^ a b c Campbell (1995), pp. 14–16
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 434–436
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- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 312–313
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- ^ a b Taraborrelli, pp. 355–361
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- ^ Goldberg, 1Michael; Handelman, David (September 24, 1987). "Is Michael Jackson for Real?". Rolling Stone (Wenner Media LLC).
- ^ a b Taraborrelli, pp. 370–373
- ^ "Newswatch Magazine – The Man, His Weird Ways". Newswatchngr.com. July 5, 2009. http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1080&Itemid=1. Retrieved October 24, 2009.
- ^ Jackson, Michael (September 12, 1997). Interview with Barbara Walters. 20/20. ABC.
- ^ Taraborrelli, p. vii
- ^ George, p. 41
- ^ "Captain EO is Back to Change the World – Movies News at IGN". Movies.ign.com. February 23, 2010. http://movies.ign.com/articles/107/1071393p1.html?RSSwhen2010-02-23_111800&RSSid=1071393. Retrieved August 22, 2010.
- ^ Ebony, Vol. 42, No. 11, September 1987, and Vol. 45, No. 12, October 1990.
- ^ a b c Cocks, Jay. The Badder They Come, Time, September 14, 1987.
- ^ Leopold, Todd (June 6, 2005). "Michael Jackson: A life in the spotlight". CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/2005/SHOWBIZ/Music/01/30/jackson.life/. Retrieved May 5, 2008.
- ^ "Michael Jackson Bad album set for re-release". Telegraphy. 2011. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/8879265/Michael-Jackson-Bad-album-set-for-re-release.html. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
- ^ "50 fastest selling albums ever". NME.com. 2011. http://www.nme.com/photos/50-fastest-selling-albums-ever/213617/40/1. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
- ^ Gil Kaufman (2010). "Michael Jackson's New Album Cover Decoded Painting is packed with iconic MJ images". mtv.com. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1651633/michael-jacksons-new-album-cover-decoded.jhtml. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
- ^ Piya Sinha-Roy (2012). "Michael Jackson is still "Bad," 25 years after". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/21/entertainment-us-michaeljackson-bad-idUSBRE84K0Z120120521. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
- ^ Piya Sinha-Roy (2012). "Michael Jackson is still "Bad", 25 years after album". Chicagotribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-05-22/entertainment/sns-rt-us-michaeljackson-bad25bre84l17s-20120522_1_conrad-murray-dirty-diana-grammy-winning-album. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
- ^ "25th Anniversary Of Michael Jackson’s Landmark Album Bad Celebrated With September 18 Release Of New Bad 25 Packages". Yahoo. 2012. http://news.yahoo.com/25th-anniversary-michael-jackson-landmark-album-bad-celebrated-140242006.html. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
- ^ contactmusic (2012). "Michael Jackson - Michael Jackson's Bad To Get 25Th Anniversary Release". contactmusic. http://www.contactmusic.com/news/michael-jacksons-bad-to-get-25th-anniversary-release_1330641. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
- ^ "Michael, Travis top Music Award winners". Lodi News-Sentinel. (January 30, 1989). http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=lZozAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lTIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=4477,3617735&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
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- ^ Lisa D. Campbell (1993). Michael Jackson: the King of Pop. Branden Books. p. 251. ISBN 978-0-8283-1957-7. http://books.google.com/?id=BVC9zltjf-EC&pg=PA251&dq=Michael+Jackson+Moonwalker+251&q=Michael%20Jackson%20Moonwalker%20251. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
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- ^ a b Lewis, pp. 95–96
- ^ Harrington, Richard.Jackson to Make First Solo U.S. Tour, The Washington Post, January 12, 1988.
- ^ Shanahan, Mark and Golstein, Meredith (June 27, 2009). "Remembering Michael". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2009/06/27/writer_stephen_davis_remembers_michael_jackson. Retrieved March 14, 2010.
- ^ Jackson, pp. 29–31
- ^ George, p. 42
- ^ a b c d e George, pp. 43–44
- ^ a b c Gunderson,, Edna (February 19, 2007). "For Jackson, scandal could spell financial ruin". USA Today (Gannett Co. Inc). http://www.usatoday.com/life/2003-11-24-jackson-finances_x.htm. Retrieved March 14, 2010.
- ^ a b c d "Jackson receives his World Records". Yahoo!. (November 14, 2006). http://uk.news.launch.yahoo.com/dyna/article.html?a=/14112006/344/jackson-receives-world-records.html&e=l_news_dm. Retrieved November 16, 2006. [dead link]
- ^ Press references to Jackson as a music "king" appeared as early as 1984 after he swept the Grammy Awards, and "king of pop" appeared as early as 1987. MTV and Fox used the title in joint press releases and ads for the "Black or White" video at Jackson's request, but MTV denied a report that VJs were required to use it on-camera. Writers described the title as self-proclaimed from then on.
- ^ Arar, Yardena (February 29, 1984). "Michael Jackson coronated latest king of rock 'n' roll". Boca Raton News: p. 7A.
- ^ Staff writer (July 27, 1987). "Is the thrill gone for singer Michael Jackson?". Sacramento Bee: p. B3.
- ^ Browne, David (November 29, 1991). "Michael Jackson's Black or White Blues". Entertainment Weekly.
- ^ Campbell (1993) pp. 260–263
- ^ Remarks on the Upcoming Summit With President Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet Union, April 5, 1990.
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- ^ Taraborrelli, p. 382
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- ^ a b c d e f g "The return of the King of Pop". MSNBC. (November 2, 2006). http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15529981/. Retrieved June 8, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g George, pp. 45–46
- ^ "Garth Brooks ropes in most Billboard awards". Allegheny Times. December 10, 1992. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=w7QiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DbUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3124,2012493&dq=best+selling+album+1992+worldwide&hl=en. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
- ^ Taraborrelli, p. 459
- ^ Harrington, Richard (February 5, 1992). "Jackson to Tour Overseas". The Washington Post.
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- ^ "Stars line up for Clinton celebration". Daily News of Los Angeles. (January 19, 1993).
- ^ Smith, Patricia (January 20, 1992). "Facing the music and the masses at the presidential gala". The Boston Globe.
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- ^ "Cyrus, Bolton please the fans". Toledo Blade. (January 27, 1993). http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=mBIVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TQMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6811,6756235&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ a b "1993: Michael Jackson accused of child abuse". BBC. (February 8, 2003). http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/24/newsid_2512000/2512077.stm. Retrieved November 11, 2006.
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 485–486
- ^ a b c Taraborrelli, pp. 477–478
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 496–498
- ^ a b Taraborrelli, pp. 534–540
- ^ "Michael Jackson Never Recovered from 1993 Police Strip Search". Blogspot.com. July 2, 2009. http://wendyista.blogspot.com/2009/07/michael-jackson-never-recovered-from.html.
- ^ "Autopsy of Jackson, Michael Joseph" (PDF). http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnn/2010/images/02/09/mj_autopsy.pdf.
- ^ "Photos May Contradict Michael's Accuser USA Today (pre-1997 Fulltext) – McLean, Va. Date: Jan 28, 1994" (PDF). http://site2.mjeol.com/pdf/important-article/photos-may-contradict-michael-s-accuser-1994.pdf. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
- ^ "Photos May Contradict Michael's Accuser USA Today (pre-1997 Fulltext) – McLean, Va. Date: Jan 28, 1994". Pqasb.pqarchiver.com. January 28, 1994. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/55226686.html?did=55226686&FMT=ABS&FMTS=FT&desc=Photos+may+contradict+Michael%27s+accuser1. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
- ^ Campbell (1995), pp. 47–50
- ^ "Jackson Grand Jury Disbanded – 1994. May 2, 1994" (PDF). http://site2.mjeol.com/pdf/important-article/jackson-grand-jury-disbanded-1994.pdf. Retrieved October 26, 2010.
- ^ "STATEMENT OF DECLINATION ISSUED JOINTLY BY THE DISTRICT ATTORNEY'S OFFICES OF LOS ANGELES AND SANTA BARABARA COUNTIES. September 21, 1994". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on December 25, 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20051225151006/http://atgbook.net/abcfinal.html. Retrieved October 26, 2010.
- ^ a b Attorneys for Michael Jackson (March 22, 2005). "Objection to Subpoena of Settlement Document". Superior Court of California. http://www.sbscpublicaccess.org/docs/ctdocs/032205mjmemospprtobj.pdf.
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 540–545
- ^ "Michael Jackson's Big Payoff. Agreed to pay $15 million to settle boy's 1993 sex abuse claim. The Smoking Gun, June 16". Thesmokinggun.com. http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/0616041jacko5.html. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
- ^ "Grand Jury to convene in Jackson Case Law: Sources close to the investigation say a panel in Santa Barbara will hear testimony next week about alleged molestation of boy. February 5, 1994|Jim Newton, Times Staff Writer". latimes.com. February 5, 1994. http://articles.latimes.com/1994-02-05/local/me-19273_1_santa-barbara/2. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 500–507
- ^ Gliatto, Tom (August 15, 1994). "Neverland Meets Graceland". People. http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20103653,00.html.
- ^ a b c Taraborrelli, pp. 518–520
- ^ Taraborrelli, p. 510
- ^ a b "She's Out Of His Life". CNN. (January 18, 1996). http://www.cnn.com/US/9601/jacko_presley/. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 562–564
- ^ a b Taraborrelli, pp. 580–581
- ^ Lisa Marie Presley Opens Up About Michael Jackson. Oprah.com. October 21, 2010.
- ^ Michael Jackson sells Beatles songs to Sony, The New York Times, November 8, 1995.
- ^ a b Leeds, Jeff (April 13, 2006). "Michael Jackson Bailout Said to Be Close". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/13/business/media/13music.html?ex=1302580800&en=45bff2f7a4da68fe&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
- ^ "Top 100 Albums (Page 2)". Recording Industry Association of America. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=2&table=tblTop100&action=. Retrieved April 16, 2008.
- ^ Putti, Laura (August 24, 2001). "Il nuovo Michael Jackson fa un tuffo nel passato". La Repubblica. http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2001/08/24/il-nuovo-michael-jackson-fa-un-tuffo.html. Retrieved May 10, 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h George, pp. 48–50
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 576–577
- ^ a b "ADL happy with Michael Jackson decision". Anti-Defamation League. (June 22, 1995). http://www.adl.org/PresRele/ASUS_12/2471_12.asp. Retrieved July 1, 2008.
- ^ "Brooks turns down award for favorite artist of the year". Rome News-Tribune. (January 30, 1996). http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=LWUwAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YzMDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5552,8128572&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 570–586
- ^ Taraborrelli, p. 597
- ^ a b Taraborrelli, pp. 599–600
- ^ a b "Jackson child custody battle ends". BBC News (BBC Online). September 30, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5394792.stm. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
- ^ a b Rojek, Chris (2007). Cultural Studies. Polity. p. 74. ISBN 0-7456-3683-7.
- ^ a b c d e Taraborrelli, pp. 610–612
- ^ "Ricky Martin, Mariah Carey, Michael Jackson, Others To Join Pavarotti For Benefit". VH1. (May 5, 1999). http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/1426933/19990505/carey_mariah.jhtml. Retrieved May 30, 2008.
- ^ "Slash, Scorpions, Others Scheduled For 'Michael Jackson & Friends'". VH1. (May 27, 1999). http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/1429785/19990527/guns_n_roses.jhtml. Retrieved May 30, 2008.
- ^ a b "Lauryn Hill, Backstreet Boys, DMX Honored With American Music Awards". MTV. (January 18, 2000). http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1425174/20000118/backstreet_boys.jhtml. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e Taraborrelli, pp. 614–617
- ^ a b c George, pp. 50–53
- ^ a b Liveblogging Michael Jackson's funeral and memorial service, The Guardian, July 7, 2009.
- ^ Conniff, Tamara (August 30, 2009). "We Killed Michael Jackson". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tamara-conniff/we-killed-michael-jackson_b_272174.html. Retrieved August 30, 2009.
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- ^ "Why it took MTV so long to play black music videos | Jet | Find Articles at BNET". Findarticles.com. October 9, 2006. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_14_110/ai_n16807343/. Retrieved September 2, 2009.
- ^ Robinson, Bryan (February 23, 2005). "Why Are Michael Jackson's Fans So Devoted?". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/LegalCenter/story?id=464753&page=1. Retrieved April 6, 2007.
- ^ Inglis, Ian (2006). Performance and popular music: history, place and time. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 119, 127. ISBN 978-0-7546-4057-8.
- ^ Jackson, Michael. Thriller Special Edition Audio.
- ^ "Philippine jailhouse rocks to Thriller". BBC. (July 27, 2007). http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6917318.stm. Retrieved April 11, 2009.
- ^ Corliss, Richard (September 6, 1993). "Who's Bad?". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,979177,00.html?internalid=ACA. Retrieved April 23, 2008.
- ^ US Michael J. Jackson, Michael L. Bush, Dennis Tompkins: "Method and means for creating anti-gravity illusion", filed June 29, 1992, issued Oct 26, 1993 5255452
- ^ Lisa D. Campbell, Michael Jackson: The King of Pop, p. 273.
- ^ Michael Jackson Dangerous on Film VHS/DVD
- ^ Campbell (1993), p. 303
- ^ Campbell (1993), pp. 313–314
- ^ Boepple, Leanne (November 1, 1995). Scream: Space Odyssey, Jackson-Style.(video production; Michael and Janet Jackson video). 29. Theatre Crafts International. p. 52. ISSN 1063-9497.
- ^ Bark, Ed (June 26, 1995). Michael Jackson Interview Raises Questions, Answers. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. p. 06E.
- ^ Guinness World Records 2006
- ^ Michael Jackson HIStory on Film volume II VHS/DVD
- ^ Lewis, pp. 125–126
- ^ Guinness World Records 2004
- ^ "Justin Timberlake, Usher, Ne-Yo Talk About Michael Jackson's Influence". MTV.com. July 1, 2009. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1615102/justin-timberlake-usher-talk-about-michael-jacksons-influence.jhtml. Retrieved June 25, 2011.
- ^ "Free Services for PR :: News :: Press Releases". Pr-inside.com. http://www.pr-inside.com/lopez-amp-anthony-honoured-in-new-r1951409.htm. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
- ^ "Beyoncé, Top Stars Tip Their Hats to Michael Jackson". People. June 27, 2009. http://www.people.com/people/package/article/0,,20287787_20288067,00.html. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
- ^ "Mariah Carey - Artists influenced by Michael Jackson - Pictures - Music". Virgin Media. http://www.virginmedia.com/music/pictures/profiles/michael-jackson-influence.php?ssid=8. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
- ^ "mya performance at michael jackson 30th anniversary - Mýa video". Fanpop. http://www.fanpop.com/spots/mya/videos/22390177/title/mya-performance-michael-jackson-30th-anniversary. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
- ^ Jean-Louis, Rosemary (November 1, 2004). "Usher, Usher, Usher: The new 'King of Pop'?". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2004/SHOWBIZ/Music/11/01/usher/. Retrieved March 6, 2007.
- ^ Hicklin, Aaron (2011-12-07). "Adam Revisited". http://www.out.com/out-exclusives/out100/2011/11/07/adam-revisited?page=0%2c1. Retrieved 2012-02-24.
- ^ "Green Day Look Forward To Janet Jackson's VMA Tribute To Michael". MTV. September 13, 2009. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1621362/20090913/green_day.jhtml. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
- ^ "Justin Timberlake: ‘Michael Jackson Will Always Will be The King of Pop’ « Showbiz Spy – celebrity news, rumors & gossip". Showbizspy.com. 2009-07-01. http://www.showbizspy.com/article/188706/justin-timberlake-michael-jackson-will-always-will-be-the-king-of-pop.html. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
- ^ Reid, Antonio. "Michael Jackson". Rolling Stone (Jann Wenner LLC).
- ^ "Michael Jackson Is The Reason". AZcentral. July 4, 2009. http://www.azcentral.com/ent/celeb/articles/2009/07/04/20090704madonna-inspired-by-jackson.html. Retrieved July 4, 2009.
- ^ "Ludacris Says Michael Jackson Inspired Him to 'Shoot for the Sky'". MTV. June 27, 2009. http://www.spinner.com/2009/06/27/ludacris-says-michael-jackson-inspired-him-to-shoot-for-the-sky/. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
- ^ Monroe, Bryan (December 2007). "Michael Jackson in His Own Words" (Print/Magazine). Ebony.
- ^ Barnes, Brokes (June 25, 2009). "A Star Idolized and Haunted, Michael Jackson Dies at 50". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/26/arts/music/26jackson.html?ref=obituaries. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
- ^ "More adds, loose ends, and lament". The 120 Minutes Archive. July 25, 2009. http://altmusictv.blogspot.com/2009/07/more-adds-loose-ends-and-lament.html. Retrieved July 26, 2009.
- ^ "Farewell to a King". People. July 20, 2009.
- ^ "Berry Gordy-Brings Mourners To Their Feet With Jackson Tribute". Contact Music. July 7, 2009. http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/story/gordy-brings-mourners-to-their-feet-with-jackson-tribute_1108973. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
- ^ "Michael Jackson hailed as greatest entertainer, best dad". Reuters UK. July 8, 2009. http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE5615KN20090708. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
- ^ a b Chandler, Cory. "Librarians Prove Michael Jackson Was a Rock Star in Academic Literature". Texas Tech University. http://today.ttu.edu/2010/05/librarians-prove-michael-jackson-was-a-rock-star-in-academic-literature/. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
- ^ Hidalgo, Susan and Weiner, Robert G. (2010). "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin': MJ in the Scholarly Literature: A Selected Bibliographic Guide". The Journal of Pan African Studies 3 (7): 14–28. http://www.jpanafrican.com/docs/vol3no7/3.7MJ-Wanna-3.pdf.
- ^ Hidalgo and Weiner (2010), p. 15.
- ^ Hidalgo and Weiner (2010), p. 25.
- ^ "Michael Jackson and Halle Berry Pick Up Bambi Awards in Berlin". Hello!. (November 22, 2002). http://www.hellomagazine.com/celebrities/2002/11/22/michaeljackson/. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
- ^ "Jackson 5 with Michael Jackson". Hit Parade Hall of Fame. http://www.hitparadehalloffame.com/Inductees_all/Jackson5withMichaelJackson.html. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
- ^ "Photos: Michael Jackson induction ceremony". NewsTimes. August 15, 2010. http://www.newstimes.com/local/article/Photos-Michael-Jackson-induction-ceremony-617034.php. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
- ^ "Michael Jackson Named Most Successful Entertainer Of All Time". CityNews. Rogers Broadcasting Limited. November 15, 2006. http://www.citytv.com/toronto/citynews/entertainment/music/article/24523--michael-jackson-named-most-successful-entertainer-of-all-time. Retrieved March 19, 2010.
- ^ "Most No. 1s By Artist (All-Time)". Billboard.com. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. http://www.billboard.com/specials/hot100/charts/most-no1s-overall.shtml. Retrieved March 3, 2010.
- ^ "Michael Jackson to add concerts after sellout". Reuters. March 11, 2009. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE52A44W20090311. Retrieved November 10, 2010.
- ^ "GRAMMY Legend Award". Grammy. http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/legends. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
- ^ "Lifetime Achievement Award". Grammy. http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/lifetime-awards. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
- ^ "List of American Music Awards winners". Sun Journal. (January 18, 2000). http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=ZMwgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tmoFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3529,2860414&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ "Santana wins top album honors at American Music Awards". Times Daily. (January 18, 2000). http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=essyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bskEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3817,2301247&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ Serjeant, Jill (December 29, 2009). "Michael Jackson's Death Among 2009's Major Moments". ABC News (The Walt Disney Company).
- ^ "Michael Jackson Achievements". Michael Jackson. http://www.michaeljackson.com/us/node/985184. Retrieved January 4, 2011.
- ^ "Pop Star Michael Jackson Influenced Academics, Received PhD". Discovery.com. June 23, 2010. http://news.discovery.com/human/pop-star-michael-jackson-influenced-academics-received-phd.html. Retrieved January 4, 2011.
- ^ "Witness: Jacko Lived Way Above Means". Fox News Channel. (May 3, 2005). http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,155356,00.html. Retrieved May 30, 2007.
- ^ "Family: Michael Jackson Had A Will" CBS News (June 30, 2009). Retrieved on July 12, 2009.
- ^ Christman, Ed, Ann Donahue, Gail Mitchell, Glenn Peoples and Ray Waddell (June 21, 2010). "How Michael Jackson Made $1 Billion Since His Death". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/news/how-michael-jackson-made-1-billion-since-1004099450.story#/news/how-michael-jackson-made-1-billion-since-1004099450.story. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
- ^ Jones, pp. 229, 259
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 355–356
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 413–414
- ^ Taraborrelli, p. 610
- ^ Scott, A. O (July 3, 2002). "Defending Earth, With Worms and a Talking Pug". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/03/movies/03BLAC.html?ex=1234155600&en=1e9c4a5a1eafc54f&ei=5070. Retrieved February 7, 2009.
- ^ Chaney, Jen (July 19, 2005). "'Miss Cast Away': You Know It's Bad". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/18/AR2005071800641_pf.html. Retrieved February 7, 2009.
- ^ Le, Danny (August 11, 2009). "'Michael Jackson's "This Is It," to be Presented In Theaters Around The World". MichaelJackson.com. http://www.michaeljackson.com/us/news/michael-jacksons-it-be-presented-theaters-around-world. Retrieved August 11, 2009.
- Bibliography
- Brackett, Nathan; Christian Hoard (2004). The Rolling Stone Album Guide. Fireside. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.
- Campbell, Lisa (1993). Michael Jackson: The King of Pop. Branden. ISBN 0-8283-1957-X.
- Campbell, Lisa (1995). Michael Jackson: The King of Pop's Darkest Hour. Branden. ISBN 0-8283-2003-9. http://books.google.ca/books?id=BVC9zltjf-EC&lpg=PP1&dq=michael%20jackson&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- George, Nelson (2004). Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection booklet. Sony BMG.
- Guinness World Records (2003). Guinness World Records 2004. Guinness. ISBN 1-892051-20-6.
- Guinness World Records (2005). Guinness World Records 2006. Guinness. ISBN 1-904994-02-4.
- Jackson, Michael (2009) [First published 1988]. Moonwalk. Random House. ISBN 978-0-307-71698-9. http://books.google.ca/books?id=E9sGl5P8vQMC&lpg=PP1&dq=Moonwalk&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Ramage, John D.; Bean, John C.; Johnson, June (2001). Writing arguments: a rhetoric with readings. Allyn and Bacon. ISBN 0-205-31745-6.
- Taraborrelli, J. Randy (2009). Michael Jackson: The Magic, The Madness, The Whole Story, 1958–2009. Terra Alta, WV: Grand Central Publishing, 2009. ISBN 0-446-56474-5, 9780446564748.
Further reading[link]
- Dineen, Catherine (1993). Michael Jackson: In His Own Words. Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-3216-6. http://books.google.ca/books?id=DEspWj_IN_UC&lpg=PP1&dq=Michael%20Jackson%3A%20In%20His%20Own%20Words&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Grant, Adrian (1994, 1997, 2002 and 2005). Michael Jackson: The Visual Documentary. Omnibus Press. ISBN 1-84449-432-2.
- Jackson, Michael (2006). My World, The Official Photobook, Vol. 1. Triumph International. ISBN 0-9768891-1-0.
- Jones, Bob (2005). Michael Jackson: The Man Behind the Mask. Select Books Inc. ISBN 1-59079-072-3. http://books.google.ca/books?id=8j4ILUllObsC&lpg=PP1&dq=Michael%20Jackson%3A%20The%20Man%20Behind%20the%20Mask&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Jefferson, Margo; Brown (2007). On Michael Jackson. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-307-27765-7. http://books.google.com/?id=WJiPk-3oPGkC&lpg=PP1&dq=Michael%20Jackson&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Noonan, Damien (1994) (Audio book). Michael Jackson. Carlton Books. ISBN 1-85797-587-1.
External links[link]
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Jackson, Michael Joseph |
| Alternative names | Jackson, Michael Joe; Jackson, Michael J. |
| Short description | Singer |
| Date of birth | August 29, 1958 |
| Place of birth | Gary, Indiana, United States |
| Date of death | June 25, 2009 |
| Place of death | Los Angeles, California, United States |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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| Sarah Palin | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Palin speaking at the 2012 CPAC in Washington, D.C. | |
| 9th Governor of Alaska | |
| In office December 4, 2006 – July 26, 2009 |
|
| Lieutenant | Sean Parnell |
| Preceded by | Frank Murkowski |
| Succeeded by | Sean Parnell |
| Chairperson of the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission | |
| In office February 19, 2003 – January 23, 2004 |
|
| Governor | Frank Murkowski |
| Preceded by | Camille Oechsli Taylor[1] |
| Succeeded by | John K. Norman[1] |
| Mayor of Wasilla, Alaska | |
| In office October 14, 1996 – October 14, 2002 |
|
| Preceded by | John Stein |
| Succeeded by | Dianne M. Keller |
| Member of the Wasilla City Council from Seat E |
|
| In office October 19, 1992 – October 14, 1996 |
|
| Preceded by | Dorothy Smith |
| Succeeded by | Colleen Cottle |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Sarah Louise Heath (1964-02-11) February 11, 1964 (age 48)[2] Sandpoint, Idaho, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse(s) | Todd Palin (m. August 29, 1988) |
| Children | Track (b. 1989) Bristol (b. 1990) Willow (b. 1994) Piper (b. 2001) Trig (b. 2008)[3] |
| Residence | Wasilla, Alaska |
| Alma mater | University of Idaho - (B.S., 1987)[4] |
| Occupation | Local news sportscaster Commercial fisherman Politician Author Political commentator[5] |
| Religion | Non-denominational Christian[6][7] |
| Signature |  |
 |
This article is part of a series about Sarah Palin |
Sarah Palin
 |
|---|---|---|
| McCain–Palin campaign, 2008 Governorship of Alaska, 2006–2009 Early political career of Sarah Palin, 1992–2005 Political positions · Electoral history |
||
Sarah Louise Palin i/ˈpeɪlɨn/ (née Heath; born February 11, 1964) is an American politician, commentator and author. As the Republican Party nominee for Vice President in the 2008 presidential election, she was the first Alaskan on the national ticket of a major party and first Republican woman nominated for the vice presidency. Her book Going Rogue has sold more than two million copies. Since January 2010, she has provided political commentary for Fox News, and hosted a television show, Sarah Palin's Alaska. Five million viewers tuned in for the first episode, a record for The Learning Channel.
She was elected to Wasilla City Council in 1992 and became mayor of Wasilla in 1996. In 2003, after an unsuccessful run for lieutenant governor, she was appointed Chairman of the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, responsible for overseeing the state's oil and gas fields for safety and efficiency. The youngest person and first woman to be elected Governor of Alaska, Palin held the office from December 2006 until her resignation in July 2009. She has since endorsed and campaigned for the Tea Party movement, as well as several candidates in the 2010 midterm elections. From the time of her Vice Presidential nomination in 2008, Palin was considered a potential candidate for the 2012 presidential election until she announced in October 2011 that she would not run.
Contents
|
Early life and family[link]
Palin was born in Sandpoint, Idaho. She is the third of four children (three daughters, one son) born to Charles R. "Chuck" Heath, a science teacher and track and field coach, and Sarah "Sally" (née Sheeran), a school secretary. Palin's siblings are Chuck Jr., Heather, and Molly.[8][9][10][11][12] Palin is of English, Irish, and German ancestry.[13]
When Palin was a few months old, the family moved to Skagway, Alaska,[14] where her father received his teaching job.[15] They relocated to Eagle River in 1969, and finally settled to Wasilla in 1972.[16][17]
Palin played flute in the junior high band, then attended Wasilla High School where she was the head of the Fellowship of Christian Athletes,[7] and a member of the girls' basketball and cross country running teams.[18] During her senior year, she was co-captain and point guard of the basketball team that won the 1982 Alaska state championship, earning the nickname "Sarah Barracuda" for her competitive streak.[19][20][21]
College[link]
After graduating from high school, Palin enrolled at the University of Hawaii at Hilo.[22] Shortly after arriving in Hawaii, Palin transferred to Hawaii Pacific University in Honolulu for a semester in the fall of 1982, and then to North Idaho College, a community college in Coeur d'Alene, for the spring and fall semesters of 1983.[23] (In June 2008, the Alumni Association of NIC gave her its Distinguished Alumni Achievement Award.)[23][24]
In 1984, Palin won the Miss Wasilla beauty pageant.[25][26] She finished third in the Miss Alaska pageant,[27][28] playing flute in the talent portion of the contest,[29] and receiving both the Miss Congeniality award and a college scholarship.[19]
She attended the University of Idaho in Moscow, Idaho, in late 1984 and early 1985, and Matanuska-Susitna College in Alaska in late 1985. Palin returned to the University of Idaho in the spring of 1986, and received her bachelor's degree in communications with an emphasis in journalism in 1987.[23][30][31][32]
Early career and marriage[link]
After graduation, she worked as a sportscaster for KTUU-TV and KTVA-TV in Anchorage,[33][34] and as a sports reporter for the Mat-Su Valley Frontiersman,[35][36] fulfilling an early ambition.[37]
On August 29, 1988, she eloped at age 24 with her high school sweetheart, Todd Palin. Following the birth of their first child, she helped in her husband's commercial fishing business.[38]
Early political career[link]
Main articles: Early political career of Sarah Palin and Electoral history of Sarah Palin
City council[link]
Palin was elected to the Wasilla City Council in 1992 winning 530 votes to 310.[39][40] Throughout her tenure on the city council and the rest of her political career, Palin has been a Republican since registering in 1982.[41]
Mayor of Wasilla[link]
Concerned that revenue from a new Wasilla sales tax would not be spent wisely,[42] Palin ran for mayor of Wasilla in 1996, defeating incumbent mayor John Stein[43] 651 to 440 votes.[44] Her biographer described her campaign as targeting wasteful spending and high taxes;[19] her opponent, Stein, said that Palin introduced abortion, gun rights, and term limits as campaign issues.[45] The election was nonpartisan, though the state Republican Party ran advertisements for Palin.[45] Palin ran for re-election against Stein in 1999 and won, 909 votes to 292.[46] In 2002, she completed the second of the two consecutive three-year terms allowed by the city charter.[47] She was elected president of the Alaska Conference of Mayors[48] in 1999.[49]
First term[link]
Palin had a contretemps with the Mat-Su Valley Frontiersman, a local newspaper, and became involved in personnel challenges and "a thwarted attempt to pack the City Council" during her first year in office.[50] Using income generated by a 2% sales tax that had been approved by Wasilla voters in October 1992,[51] Palin cut property taxes by 75% and eliminated personal property and business inventory taxes.[43][52] Using municipal bonds, she made improvements to the roads and sewers, and increased funding to the Police Department.[45] She also oversaw new bike paths and procured funding for storm-water treatment to protect freshwater resources.[43] At the same time, she shrank the local museum's budget and deterred talk of a new library and city hall.[43]
Soon after taking office in October 1996, Palin eliminated the position of museum director[53] and asked for updated resumes and resignation letters from "city department heads who had been loyal to Stein,"[54] including the police chief, public works director, finance director, and librarian.[55] Palin stated this request was to find out their intentions and whether they supported her.[55] She temporarily required department heads to get her approval before talking to reporters, saying that they first needed to become acquainted with her administration's policies.[55] She created the position of city administrator,[45] and reduced her own $68,000 salary by 10%, although by mid-1998 this was reversed by the city council.[56]
In October 1996, Palin asked library director Mary Ellen Emmons if she would object to the removal of a book from the library if people were picketing to have the book removed.[57] Emmons responded that she would, and others as well.[57] Palin explained that she not been proposing censorship but had been discussing many issues with her staff that were "both rhetorical and realistic in nature."[57] No attempt was made to remove books from the library during Palin's tenure as mayor.[58]
Palin said she fired Police Chief Irl Stambaugh because he did not fully support her efforts to govern the city.[59] Stambaugh filed a lawsuit alleging wrongful termination and violation of his free speech rights.[60] The judge dismissed Stambaugh's lawsuit, holding that the police chief served at the discretion of the mayor, and could be terminated for nearly any reason, even a political one,[61][62] and ordered Stambaugh to pay Palin's legal fees.[61]
Wasilla City Hall
Location of Wasilla, Alaska
Second term[link]
During her second term as mayor, Palin proposed and promoted the construction of a municipal sports center to be financed by a 0.5%[45] sales tax increase and $14.7 million bond issue.[63] Voters approved the measure by a 20 vote margin and the Wasilla Multi-Use Sports Complex (later named the Curtis D. Menard Memorial Sports Center) was built on time and under budget. However, the city spent an additional $1.3 million because of an eminent domain lawsuit caused by the failure to obtain clear title to the property before beginning construction.[63] The city's long-term debt grew from about $1 million to $25 million due to $15 million for the sports complex, $5.5 million for street projects, and $3 million for water improvement projects. The Wall Street Journal characterized the project as a "financial mess."[63] A city council member defended the spending increases as being caused by the city's growth during that time.[64]
Palin also joined with nearby communities in hiring the Anchorage-based lobbying firm of Robertson, Monagle & Eastaugh to lobby for federal funds. The firm secured nearly $8 million in earmarks for the Wasilla city government,[65] including $500,000 for a youth shelter, $1.9 million for a transportation hub, and $900,000 for sewer repairs.[66]
In 2008, Wasilla's current mayor credited Palin's 75 percent property tax cuts and infrastructure improvements with bringing "big-box stores" and 50,000 shoppers per day to Wasilla.[39]
State-level politics[link]
In 2002, Palin ran for the Republican nomination for lieutenant governor, coming in second to Loren Leman in a five-way Republican primary.[67] Following her defeat, she campaigned throughout the state for the nominated Republican governor-lieutenant governor ticket of Frank Murkowski and Leman.[68] Murkowski and Leman won, Murkowski resigned from his long-held U.S. Senate seat in December 2002 to assume the governorship. Palin was said to be on the "short list" of possible appointees to Murkowski's U.S. Senate seat,[68] but Murkowski ultimately appointed his daughter, State Representative Lisa Murkowski, as his successor in the Senate.[69]
Governor Murkowski offered other jobs to Palin, and in February 2003, she accepted an appointment to the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, which oversees Alaska's oil and gas fields for safety and efficiency.[68] While she had little background in the area, she said she wanted to learn more about the oil industry, and was named chair of the commission and ethics supervisor.[1][68][70] By November 2003 she was filing non-public ethics complaints with the state attorney general and the governor against a fellow commission member, Randy Ruedrich, a former petroleum engineer and at the time the chair of the state Republican Party.[68] He was forced to resign in November 2003.[68] Palin resigned in January 2004 and put her protests against Ruedrich's "lack of ethics" into the public arena[19][68] by filing a public complaint against Ruedrich,[71] who was then fined $12,000. She also joined with Democratic legislator Eric Croft[72] in complaining that Gregg Renkes, then the attorney general of Alaska,[73] had a financial conflict of interest in negotiating a coal exporting trade agreement.[74][75] Renkes also resigned his post.[19][70]
From 2003 to June 2005, Palin served as one of three directors of "Ted Stevens Excellence in Public Service, Inc.," a 527 group designed to provide political training for Republican women in Alaska.[76] In 2004, Palin told the Anchorage Daily News that she had decided not to run for the U.S. Senate that year against the Republican incumbent Lisa Murkowski because her teenage son opposed it. Palin said, "How could I be the team mom if I was a U.S. Senator?"[77]
Governor of Alaska[link]
Main article: Governorship of Sarah Palin
In 2006, running on a clean-government platform, Palin defeated incumbent Governor Frank Murkowski in the Republican gubernatorial primary.[78][79] Her running mate was Sean Parnell, who since leaving the state senate in 2001 had worked as a corporate lobbyist.[citation needed]
In the November election, Palin was outspent but victorious, defeating former Democratic governor Tony Knowles by a margin of 48.3% to 40.9%.[19] She became Alaska's first female governor, and, at the age of 42, the youngest governor in Alaskan history, the state's first governor to have been born after Alaska achieved U.S. statehood, and the first not to be inaugurated in Juneau (she chose to have the ceremony held in Fairbanks instead). She took office on December 4, 2006, and for most of her term was very popular with Alaska voters. Polls taken in 2007 showed her with 93% and 89% popularity among all voters,[80] which led some media outlets to call her "the most popular governor in America."[72][80] A poll taken in late September 2008 after Palin was named to the national Republican ticket showed her popularity in Alaska at 68%.[81] A poll taken in May 2009 showed Palin's popularity among Alaskans was at 54% positive and 41.6% negative.[82]
Palin declared that top priorities of her administration would be resource development, education and workforce development, public health and safety, and transportation and infrastructure development. She had championed ethics reform throughout her election campaign. Her first legislative action after taking office was to push for a bipartisan ethics reform bill. She signed the resulting legislation in July 2007, calling it a "first step", and declaring that she remained determined to clean up Alaska politics.[83]
Palin frequently broke with the Alaskan Republican establishment.[84][85] For example, she endorsed Parnell's bid to unseat the state's longtime at-large U.S. Representative, Don Young,[86] and she publicly challenged then-U.S. Senator Ted Stevens to come clean about the federal investigation into his financial dealings. Shortly before his July 2008 indictment, she held a joint news conference with Stevens, described by The Washington Post as intended to "make clear she had not abandoned him politically."[76]
Palin promoted the development of oil and natural-gas resources in Alaska, including drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). Proposals to drill for oil in ANWR have occasioned national debate.[87]
In 2006, Palin obtained a passport[88] and in 2007 traveled for the first time outside of North America on a trip to Kuwait. There she visited the Khabari Alawazem Crossing at the Kuwait–Iraq border and met with members of the Alaska National Guard at several bases.[89] On her return journey she visited injured soldiers in Germany.[90]
Budget, spending, and federal funds[link]
In June 2007, Palin signed a record $6.6 billion operating budget into law.[91] At the same time, she used her veto power to make the second-largest cuts of the capital budget in state history. The $237 million in cuts represented over 300 local projects, and reduced the capital budget to $1.6 billion.[92]
In 2008, Palin vetoed $286 million, cutting or reducing funding for 350 projects from the FY09 capital budget.[93]
Palin followed through on a campaign promise to sell the Westwind II jet, a purchase made by the Murkowski administration for $2.7 million in 2005 against the wishes of the legislature.[94] In August 2007, the jet was listed on eBay, but the sale fell through, and the plane later sold for $2.1 million through a private brokerage firm.[95]
Gubernatorial expenditures[link]
Palin lived in Juneau during the legislative session and lived in Wasilla and worked out of offices in Anchorage the rest of the year. Since the office in Anchorage is 565 miles from Juneau, while she worked there, state officials said she was permitted to claim a $58 per diem travel allowance, which she took (a total of $16,951), and to reimbursement for hotels, which she did not, choosing instead to drive about 50 miles to her home in Wasilla.[96] She also chose not to use the former governor's private chef.[97] Republicans and Democrats have criticized Palin for taking the per diem and $43,490 in travel expenses for the times her family accompanied her on state business.[98][99] In response, Palin's staffers said that these practices were in line with state policy, that her gubernatorial expenses are 80% below those of Murkowski, her predecessor,[98] and that "many of the hundreds of invitations Palin receives include requests for her to bring her family, placing the definition of 'state business' with the party extending the invitation."[96] In February 2009, the State of Alaska, reversing a policy that had treated the payments as legitimate business expenses under the Internal Revenue Code, decided that per diems paid to state employees for stays in their own homes will be treated as taxable income and will be included in employees' gross income on their W-2 forms.[100] Palin herself had ordered the review of the tax policy.[101]
In December 2008, an Alaska state commission recommended increasing the Governor's annual salary from $125,000 to $150,000. Palin stated that she would not accept the pay raise.[102] In response, the commission dropped the recommendation.[103]
Federal funding[link]
In her State of the State address on January 17, 2008, Palin declared that the people of Alaska "can and must continue to develop our economy, because we cannot and must not rely so heavily on federal government [funding]."[104] Alaska's federal congressional representatives cut back on pork-barrel project requests during Palin's time as governor; despite this, in 2008 Alaska was still the largest per-capita recipient of federal earmarks, requesting nearly $750 million in special federal spending over a period of two years.[105]
While there is no state sales tax or income tax in Alaska, royalty revenues from the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field (consisting mostly of state-owned lands) have funded large state budgets since 1980, with the exact amounts largely dependent upon the prevailing price of petroleum. As a result, state revenues doubled to $10 billion in 2008. For the 2009 budget, Palin gave a list of 31 proposed federal earmarks or requests for funding, totaling $197 million, to Alaska's senior U.S. Senator Ted Stevens.[106][107] Palin has stated that her decreasing support for federal funding was a source of friction between her and the state's congressional delegation; Palin requested less in federal funding each year than her predecessor Frank Murkowski requested in his last year.[108]
Bridge to Nowhere[link]
Main article: Gravina Island Bridge
In 2005, before Palin was elected governor, Congress passed an omnibus spending bill that contained a $442-million earmark for constructing two Alaska bridges. The Gravina Island Bridge, intended to provide a link between the Ketchikan airport on Gravina Island and the city of Ketchikan at a cost of $233 million in Federal grant money, received nationwide attention as a symbol of pork-barrel spending. As the island only has a population of 50, the bridge became known as the "Bridge to Nowhere." The public furor led to Congress removing the earmarks, but retaining the allotted funds to Alaska as part of its general transportation fund.[109]
In 2006, Palin ran for governor with a "build-the-bridge" plank in her platform,[110] saying she would "not allow the spinmeisters to turn this project ... into something that's so negative."[111] Palin criticized the use of the word "nowhere" as insulting to local residents[110][112] and urged speedy work on building the infrastructure "while our congressional delegation is in a strong position to assist."[112]
As governor, Palin canceled the Gravina Island Bridge in September 2007, saying that Congress had "little interest in spending any more money" due to "inaccurate portrayals of the projects."[113] Alaska did not return the $442 million in federal transportation funds.[114]
In 2008, as a vice-presidential candidate, Palin characterized her position as having told Congress "thanks, but no thanks, on that bridge to nowhere." A number of Ketchikan residents said that the claim was false and a betrayal of Palin's previous support for their community.[114] Some critics said that her statement was misleading, as she had expressed support for the spending project and kept the federal money after the project was canceled.[115] Palin was criticized for allowing construction of a 3-mile access road, built with $25 million in federal transportation funds set aside as part of the original bridge project, to continue. A spokesman for Alaska's Department of Transportation said that it was within Palin's power to cancel the road project, but noted that the state was still considering cheaper designs to complete the bridge project, and that in any case, the road would open up the surrounding lands for development.[116][117]
Gas pipeline[link]
See also: Alaska gas pipeline
In August 2008, Palin signed a bill authorizing the State of Alaska to award TransCanada Pipelines — the sole bidder to meet the state's requirements — a license to build and operate a pipeline to transport natural gas from the Alaska North Slope to the continental United States through Canada.[118] The governor also pledged $500 million in seed money to support the project.[119] It is estimated that the project will cost $26 billion.[118] Newsweek described the project as "the principal achievement of Sarah Palin's term as Alaska's governor."[120] The pipeline faces legal challenges from Canadian First Nations.[120]
Predator control[link]
See also: Governorship of Sarah Palin#Environment
In 2007, Palin supported a 2003 Alaska Department of Fish and Game policy allowing the hunting of wolves from the air as part of a predator control program intended to increase moose and caribou populations for subsistence-food gatherers and other hunters.[121][122] In March 2007, Palin's office announced that a bounty of $150 per wolf would be paid to the 180 volunteer pilots and gunners, to offset fuel costs, in five areas of Alaska. 607 wolves had been killed in the prior four years. State biologists wanted 382 to 664 wolves to be killed by the end of the predator-control season in April 2007. Wildlife activists sued the state, and a state judge declared the bounty illegal on the basis that a bounty would have to be offered by the Board of Game and not by the Department of Fish and Game.[121][123] On August 26, 2008, Alaskans voted against ending the state's predator control program.[124]
Public Safety Commissioner dismissal[link]
Main article: Alaska Public Safety Commissioner dismissal
Palin dismissed Public Safety Commissioner Walt Monegan on July 11, 2008, citing performance-related issues, such as not being "a team player on budgeting issues"[125] and "egregious rogue behavior."[126] Palin attorney Thomas Van Flein said that the "last straw" was Monegan's planned trip to Washington, D.C., to seek funding for a new, multimillion-dollar sexual assault initiative the governor hadn't yet approved.[127] Monegan said that he had resisted persistent pressure from Palin, her husband, and her staff, including state Attorney General Talis J. Colberg, to fire Palin’s ex-brother-in-law, Alaska State Trooper Mike Wooten; Wooten was involved in a child custody battle with Palin’s sister after a bitter divorce that included an alleged death threat against Palin's father.[128][129] At one point Sarah and Todd Palin hired a private investigator to gather information, seeking to have Wooten officially disciplined.[130] Monegan stated that he learned an internal investigation had found all but two of the allegations to be unsubstantiated, and Wooten had been disciplined for the others — an illegal moose killing and the tasering of his 11-year-old stepson, who had reportedly asked to be tasered.[129] He told the Palins that there was nothing he could do because the matter was closed.[131] When contacted by the press for comment, Monegan first acknowledged pressure to fire Wooten but said that he could not be certain that his own firing was connected to that issue;[129] he later asserted that the dispute over Wooten was a major reason for his firing.[132] Palin stated on July 17 that Monegan was not pressured to fire Wooten, nor dismissed for not doing so.[125][131]
Monegan said the subject of Wooten came up when he invited Palin to a birthday party for his cousin, state senator Lyman Hoffman, in February 2007 during the legislative session in Juneau. "As we were walking down the stairs in the capitol building she wanted to talk to me about her former brother-in-law," Monegan said. "I said, 'Ma'am, I need to keep you at arm's length with this. I can't deal about him with you.[133] She said, 'OK, that's a good idea.'"[129]
Palin said there was "absolutely no pressure ever put on Commissioner Monegan to hire or fire anybody, at any time. I did not abuse my office powers. And I don't know how to be more blunt and candid and honest, but to tell you that truth. To tell you that no pressure was ever put on anybody to fire anybody." Todd Palin gave a similar account.[134]
On August 13 she acknowledged that a half dozen members of her administration had made more than two dozen calls on the matter to various state officials. "I do now have to tell Alaskans that such pressure could have been perceived to exist, although I have only now become aware of it," she said.[131][133][135] Palin said, "Many of these inquiries were completely appropriate. However, the serial nature of the contacts could be perceived as some kind of pressure, presumably at my direction."[125][136]
Chuck Kopp, whom Palin had appointed to replace Monegan as public safety commissioner, received a $10,000 state severance package after he resigned following just two weeks on the job. Kopp, the former Kenai chief of police, resigned July 25 following disclosure of a 2005 sexual harassment complaint and letter of reprimand against him. Monegan said that he did not receive a severance package from the state.[125]
Legislative investigation[link]
On August 1, 2008, the Alaska Legislature hired an investigator, Stephen Branchflower, to review the Monegan dismissal. Legislators stated that Palin had the legal authority to fire Monegan, but they wanted to know whether her action had been motivated by anger at Monegan for not firing Wooten.[137][138] The atmosphere was bipartisan and Palin pledged to cooperate.[137][138][139] Wooten remained employed as a state trooper.[130] She placed an aide on paid leave due to a tape-recorded phone conversation that she deemed improper, in which the aide, appearing to act on her behalf, complained to a trooper that Wooten had not been fired.[140]
Several weeks after the start of what the media referred to as "troopergate", Palin was chosen as John McCain's running mate.[138] On September 1, Palin asked the legislature to drop its investigation, saying that the state Personnel Board had jurisdiction over ethics issues.[141] The Personnel Board's three members were first appointed by Palin’s predecessor, and Palin reappointed one member in 2008.[142] On September 19, Todd Palin and several state employees refused to honor subpoenas, the validity of which were disputed by Talis Colberg, Palin's appointee as Alaska's Attorney General.[143] On October 2, a court rejected Colberg's challenge to the subpoenas,[144] and seven of the witnesses, not including Todd Palin, eventually testified.[145]
Branchflower Report[link]
On October 10, 2008, the Alaska Legislative Council unanimously voted to release, without endorsing,[146] the Branchflower Report, in which investigator Stephen Branchflower found that firing Monegan "was a proper and lawful exercise of her constitutional and statutory authority," but that Palin abused her power as governor and violated the state's Executive Branch Ethics Act when her office pressured Monegan to fire Wooten.[147] The report stated that "Governor Palin knowingly permitted a situation to continue where impermissible pressure was placed on several subordinates to advance a personal agenda, to wit: to get Trooper Michael Wooten fired."[148] The report also said that Palin "permitted Todd Palin to use the Governor's office [...] to continue to contact subordinate state employees in an effort to find some way to get Trooper Wooten fired."[148][149]
On October 11, Palin's attorneys responded, condemning the Branchflower Report as "misleading and wrong on the law."[150] One of Palin's attorneys, Thomas Van Flein, said that it was an attempt to "smear the governor by innuendo."[151] Later that day, Palin did a conference call interview with various Alaskan reporters, where she stated, "Well, I’m very, very pleased to be cleared of any legal wrongdoing... Any hint of any kind of unethical activity there. Very pleased to be cleared of any of that."[152]
Alaska Personnel Board investigation and report[link]
The bipartisan State of Alaska Personnel Board reviewed the matter at Palin's request.[153] On September 15, the Anchorage law firm of Clapp, Peterson, Van Flein, Tiemessen & Thorsness filed arguments of "no probable cause" with the Personnel Board on behalf of Palin.[154][155] The Personnel Board retained independent counsel Timothy Petumenos, a Democrat, as an investigator. On October 24, Palin gave three hours of depositions with the Personnel Board in St. Louis, Missouri.[156] On November 3, 2008, the State of Alaska Personnel Board reported that there was no probable cause to believe Palin or any other state official had violated state ethical standards.[157][158][159][160][161] The report further stated that the Branchflower Report used the wrong statute in reaching its conclusions, misconstrued the available evidence and did not consider or obtain all of the material evidence required to properly reach findings in the matter.[157]
Job approval ratings, with comparisons[link]
As governor of Alaska, Palin's job approval rating ranged from a high of 93% in May 2007 to 54% in May 2009. In November 2006, the month before Palin took office, Alaska Governor Frank Murkowski’s job approval rating was 19%.[162]
| Date | Approval | Disapproval | Pollster |
|---|---|---|---|
| May 15, 2007[163] | 93% | Not reported | Dittman Research |
| May 30, 2007[164] | 89% | Not reported | Ivan Moore Research |
| October 19–21, 2007[165] | 83% | 11% | Ivan Moore Research |
| April 10, 2008[166] | 73% | 7% | Rasmussen Reports |
| May 17, 2008[167] | 69% | 9% | Rasmussen Reports |
| July 24–25, 2008[168] | 80% | Not reported | Hays Research Group |
| July 30, 2008[168] | 64% | 14% | Rasmussen Reports |
| September 20–22, 2008[169] | 68% | Not reported | Ivan Moore Research |
| October 7, 2008[170] | 63% | 37% | Rasmussen Reports |
| March 24–25, 2009[171] | 59.8% | 34.9% | Hays Research |
| May 4–5, 2009[171] | 54% | 41.6% | Hays Research |
| June 14–18, 2009[172] | 56% | 35% | Global Strategy Group |
In April 2009, SurveyUSA reported job approval ratings for the following U.S. governors: Bob Riley (AL) 54%, Arnold Schwarzenegger (CA) 25%, Chet Culver (IA) 42%, Kathleen Sebelius (KS) 46%, Steve Beshear (KY) 47%, Tim Pawlenty (MN) 46%, Jay Nixon (MO) 56%, Bill Richardson (NM) 46%, David Paterson (NY) 25%, Ted Kulongoski (OR) 40%, Tim Kaine (VA) 50%, Christine Gregoire (WA) 40%, and Jim Doyle (WI) 35%. (Polls taken April 24–26, 2009).[173]
Resignation[link]
Main article: Resignation of Sarah Palin
On July 3, 2009, Palin announced that she would not run for re-election in the 2010 Alaska gubernatorial election and would resign before the end of July. In her announcement,[174] Palin stated that both she and the state had been expending an "insane" amount of time and money ($2.5 million)[175] to address "frivolous" ethics complaints filed against her,[175][176][177][174] and that her decision not to seek reelection would make her a lame duck governor.[174] A Palin aide said Palin was "no longer able to do the job she had been elected to do. Essentially, the taxpayers were paying for Sarah to go to work every day and defend herself."[178] Palin and her husband Todd had personally incurred more than $500,000 in legal fees defending against ethics charges brought against her as governor.[175] Palin transferred the office of governor to Sean Parnell in Fairbanks on July 26, 2009.[179]
In December 2010, new rules governing Alaska executive branch ethics, stemming from Sarah Palin's tenure as governor, took effect.[181] "These include allowing for the state to pay legal costs for officials cleared of ethics violations; (and) allowing for a family member of the governor or lieutenant governor to travel at state cost in certain circumstances . . ."[181]
2008 vice-presidential campaign[link]
Main article: John McCain presidential campaign, 2008
Several conservative commentators met Palin in the summer of 2007.[182] Some of them, such as Bill Kristol, later urged McCain to pick Palin as his vice presidential running mate, arguing that her presence on the ticket would provide a boost in enthusiasm among the Religious Right wing of the Republican party, while her status as an unknown on the national scene would also be a positive factor.[183]
On August 24, 2008, during a general strategy meeting, Steve Schmidt, and a few other senior advisers to the McCain Campaign, discussed potential vice presidential picks with the consensus settling around Palin. The following day, the strategists advised McCain of their conclusions and he personally called Palin, who was at the Alaska State Fair.[184]
On August 27, she visited McCain's vacation home near Sedona, Arizona, where she was offered the position of vice-presidential candidate.[185] According to Jill Hazelbaker, a spokeswoman for McCain, he had previously met Palin at the National Governors Association meeting in Washington in February 2008 and had come away "extraordinarily impressed."[186] Palin was the only prospective running mate who had a face-to-face interview with McCain to discuss joining the ticket that week.[187] Nonetheless, Palin's selection was a surprise to many because a main criticism he had of Obama was his lack of experience, and speculation had centered on other candidates, such as Minnesota Governor Tim Pawlenty, Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal, former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney, U.S. Senator Joe Lieberman of Connecticut, and former Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge.[188] On August 29, in Dayton, Ohio, McCain announced that he had chosen Palin as his running mate.[188]
Palin was the first Alaskan and the second woman to run on a major U.S. party ticket.[188]
Since Palin was largely unknown outside Alaska before her selection by McCain, her personal life, policy positions, and political record drew intense media scrutiny.[189] On September 1, 2008, Palin announced that her daughter Bristol was pregnant and that she would marry the father, Levi Johnston.[190] During this period, some Republicans felt that Palin was being unfairly attacked by the media.[191] Timothy Noah of Slate magazine predicted that Palin's acceptance speech would be "wildly overpraised" and might end speculation that she was unqualified for the job of vice president because the press had been beating her up for "various trivial shortcomings" and had lowered the expectations for her speech.[192] On September 3, 2008, Palin delivered a 40-minute acceptance speech at the Republican National Convention that was well received and watched by more than 40 million people.[193] A Rasmussen poll taken immediately after the Convention found that 51% of Americans believed that the media was "trying to hurt" Palin with negative coverage, and 40% believed Palin to be ready for the Presidency.[194]
During the campaign, controversy erupted over alleged differences between Palin's positions as a gubernatorial candidate and her position as a vice-presidential candidate. After McCain announced Palin as his running mate, Newsweek and Time put Palin on their magazine covers,[195] as some of the media alleged that McCain's campaign was restricting press access to Palin by allowing only three one-on-one interviews and no press conferences with her.[196] Palin's first major interview, with Charles Gibson of ABC News, met with mixed reviews.[197] Her interview five days later with Fox News Channel's Sean Hannity went more smoothly and focused on many of the same questions from Gibson's interview.[198] Palin's performance in her third interview with Katie Couric, of CBS News, was widely criticized; her poll numbers declined, Republicans expressed concern that she was becoming a political liability, and some conservative commentators called for Palin to resign from the Presidential ticket.[199][200] Other conservatives remained ardent in their support for Palin, accusing the columnists of elitism.[201] Following this interview, some Republicans, including Mitt Romney and Bill Kristol, questioned the McCain campaign's strategy of sheltering Palin from unscripted encounters with the press.[202]
Palin reportedly prepared intensively for the October 2 vice-presidential debate with Democratic vice-presidential nominee Joe Biden at Washington University in St. Louis. Some Republicans suggested that Palin's performance in the interviews would improve public perceptions of her debate performance by lowering expectations.[199][203][204] Polling from CNN, Fox and CBS found that while Palin exceeded most voters' expectations, they felt that Biden had won the debate.[205][206]
Upon returning to the campaign trail after her debate preparation, Palin stepped up her attacks on the Democratic candidate for President, Illinois Senator Barack Obama. At a fundraising event, Palin explained her new aggressiveness, saying, "There does come a time when you have to take the gloves off and that time is right now."[207] Palin said that her first amendment right to "call Obama out on his associations" was threatened by "attacks by the mainstream media."[208]
Palin appeared on Saturday Night Live's "Weekend Update" segment on October 18. Prior to her appearance, she had been parodied several times by Tina Fey, who was noted for her physical resemblance to the candidate.[209] In the weeks leading up to the election, Palin was also the subject of amateur parodies posted on YouTube.[210]
Controversy arose after it was reported that the Republican National Committee (RNC) spent $150,000 of campaign contributions on clothing, hair styling, and makeup for Palin and her family in September 2008. Campaign spokespersons stated the clothing would be going to charity after the election.[211] Palin and some media outlets blamed gender bias for the controversy.[212][213] At the end of the campaign, Palin returned the clothes to the RNC.[214]
The election took place on November 4, and Obama was projected as the winner at 11:00 PM EST.[215] In his concession speech McCain thanked Palin, calling her "one of the best campaigners I've ever seen, and an impressive new voice in our party for reform and the principles that have always been our greatest strength."[215] While aides were preparing the teleprompter for McCain's speech, they found a concession speech written for Palin by George W. Bush speechwriter Matthew Scully. Two members of McCain's staff, Steve Schmidt and Mark Salter, told Palin that there was no tradition of Election Night speeches by running mates, and that she would not be speaking. Palin appealed to McCain, who agreed with his staff.[216]
After the 2008 election[link]
Palin was the first guest on commentator Glenn Beck's Fox News television show on January 19, 2009, commenting on Barack Obama that he would be her president and that she would assist in any way to bring progress to the nation without abandoning her conservative views.[217]
On January 27, 2009, Palin formed the political action committee, SarahPAC.[218] The organization, which describes itself as an advocate of energy independence,[219] supports candidates for federal and state office.[220] Following her resignation as Governor, Palin announced her intention to campaign "on behalf of candidates who believe in the right things, regardless of their party label or affiliation."[221] It was reported that SarahPAC had raised nearly $1,000,000.[222] A legal defense fund was set up to help Palin challenge ethics complaints, and it had collected approximately $250,000 by mid-July 2009.[222][223] In June 2010, Palin's defense fund was ruled illegal and will have to pay back $386,856 it collected in donations because it used Palin's position as governor to raise money for her personal gain. Palin subsequently set up a new defense fund.[224]
In March 2010, Palin started a show to be aired on TLC called Sarah Palin's Alaska.[225] The show was produced by Mark Bennett.[226] Five million viewers tuned in for the premiere episode, a record for TLC.[227] Palin also has secured a segment on Fox News.[226] Two guests that she was shown to have interviewed claimed to have never met her. Guests LL Cool J and Toby Keith stated that footage shown on the segment was actually taken from another interview with someone else, but was used in Palin's segment.[228]
On December 8, 2010, it was reported that SarahPAC and Palin's personal credit card information were compromised through cyber attacks. Palin's team believed the attack was executed by Anonymous during Operation Payback.[229] The report was met with skepticism in the blogosphere.[230] Palin's email had been hacked once before in 2008.[231]
In August 2009, she coined the phrase "death panel", to describe health care reform. She stated that it would require Americans such as her parents or her child with Down syndrome, "to stand in front of Obama's 'death panel' so his bureaucrats can decide, based on a subjective judgment of their 'level of productivity in society,' whether they are worthy of health care."[232] The phrase was criticized by many on both sides of the political aisle and Politifact named it the "Lie of the Year of 2009"[233]
[edit] Going Rogue and America by Heart
Main article: Going Rogue: An American Life
In November 2009, Palin released her memoir, Going Rogue: An American Life, in which she details her private and political career, including her resignation as Governor of Alaska. Palin said she took the title from the phrase 'gone rogue' used by McCain staffers to describe her behavior when she spoke her mind on the issues during the campaign.[234] The subtitle, "An American Life," mirrors the title of President Ronald Reagan's 1990 autobiography.[235] Less than two weeks after its release, sales of the book exceeded the one million mark, with 300,000 copies sold the first day. Its bestseller rankings were comparable to memoirs by Bill Clinton, Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama.[236][237][238]
Palin traveled to 11 states in a bus, with her family accompanying her, to promote the book. She made a number of media appearances as well, including a widely publicized interview on November 16, 2009, with Oprah Winfrey.[239] In November 2010 HarperCollins released Palin's second book, titled America by Heart.[240][241][242] The book contains excerpts from Palin's favorite speeches, sermons and literature as well as portraits of people Palin admires, including some she met in rural America on her first book tour.[240]
Tea Party movement[link]
Main article: Tea Party movement
On February 6, 2010, Palin appeared as the keynote speaker at the inaugural Tea Party convention in Nashville, Tennessee. Palin said the Tea Party movement is "the future of politics in America."[243] She criticized Obama for rising deficits, and for "apologizing for America” in speeches in other countries. Palin said Obama was weak on the War on Terror for allowing the so-called Christmas bomber to board a plane headed for the United States.[244] Palin’s speaking fee was reported to be $100,000. Judson Phillips, the founder of Tea Party Nation, the social networking site that sponsored the convention, did not confirm the amount paid to Palin saying he was contractually obligated not to speak about it.[citation needed]
On Labor Day, September 5, 2011, Palin was the featured speaker at a Tea Party Express rally in Manchester, New Hampshire's Victory Park. New Hampshire is traditionally the host of the nation's first Presidential primary. She addressed an enthusiastic crowd that the Los Angeles Times estimated to number 1,000 but which the local New Hampshire Union-Leader newspaper reported as "at least 500". Many in the crowd chanted "Run, Sarah, run!" during her speech.[citation needed]
Palin told the rally attendees that it was time to grow the Tea Party movement and it was important for them to avoid internal bickering with Establishment Republicans.[245] She told the crowd, “The Tea Party movement is bigger than any one person and is not about any one candidate.”[246]
"Pink Elephant" movement and 2010 endorsements[link]
In the middle of 2010, Palin flagged the launch of a new "Pink Elephant Movement."[247] She set about endorsing a number of female GOP candidates.[248] Her endorsement helped Georgia Gubernatorial candidate Karen Handel to take the lead in the campaign for the Republican nomination,[249] though ultimately Handel lost the primary. Palin has endorsed several female candidates nationally. Ryan Rudominer, a spokesman for the House Democratic campaign operation has called her involvement in various U.S. House campaigns a "great thing across the board."[250] She spoke at a May 2010 fundraiser for the Susan B. Anthony List, a pro-life political advocacy group and political action committee that supports pro-life women in politics, in which she coined the term "mama grizzly."[251][252]
In the months ahead of the November 2010 elections, Palin selectively endorsed Republican candidates, and was a significant fundraising asset to those she campaigned for during the primary season.[253] According to Politico, Palin's criteria for endorsing candidates was whether they had the support of the Tea Party movement and the support of the Susan B. Anthony List.[254] In terms of success, Palin was 7-2 for Senate endorsements; 7-6 for House endorsements; and 6-3 in endorsements of gubernatorial candidates[255] Palin's endorsement of Joe Miller in the August 24 Alaska primary election for U.S. Senator was identified as a possible pivotal moment in Miller's upset of the incumbent Republican Senator Lisa Murkowski.[256][257] According to Daily Beast reporter Shushannah Walshe, Christine O'Donnell's prospects of upsetting establishment Republican candidate Mike Castle "changed overnight" due to Palin's endorsement. O'Donnell defeated Castle in the September 14 primary for Joe Biden's former Senate seat in Delaware.[258] Her O'Donnell endorsement further increased tensions between Palin and the Republican establishment: leading conservative commentator Charles Krauthammer described the endorsement as "reckless and irresponsible";[259] party strategist Karl Rove argued that her endorsement may have cost the GOP the Delaware Senate seat;[260] and commentators including Politico's Ben Smith posited that Palin's support of O'Donnell contributed to dashing Republican hopes of regaining control of the U.S. Senate.[261] Palin's influence over the primaries nonetheless further increased speculation that she would seek to be the party's nominee for President in 2012,[262] with political pundits Paul Mirengoff, David Frum, and Jonathan Chait identifying Palin as the front-runner.[263][264][265]
Possible 2012 presidential and Senate campaign[link]
Beginning in November 2008, following Palin's high profile in the presidential campaign, there was an active "Draft Palin" movement.[266] On February 6, 2010, when Fox News asked her if she would be running for president in 2012, she replied, "I would be willing to if I believe that it's right for the country."[267] She added, "I won't close the door that perhaps could be open for me in the future."[268]
In November 2010, Palin confirmed that she was considering running for the Presidency, and was "having that discussion with my family." She stated she realised her level of experience could cause problems with winning the nomination, and criticized the "lamestream media" for focusing attention on her personal life.[269]
During March 2011, Palin and her husband toured India at the invitation of Indian newsmagazine India Today,[270] subsequently visiting Israel.[271] During the tour she was asked about her future candidacy; she said, "I don't think there needs to be a rush to get out there as a declared candidate. It's a life-changing decision".[272] In response to another question, she said "It’s time that a woman is president of the United States of America."[273]
Palin has since denied that she is running for Senate and said that her recent purchase of a home in Scottsdale was not a full-time residence.[274]
On October 5, 2011, Palin stated that she had decided not to seek the Republican nomination for President.[275]
Personal life[link]
Sarah and Todd Palin have five children: sons Track (born 1989)[276][277] and Trig Paxson Van (born 2008), and daughters Bristol Sheeran Marie[278] (born 1990), Willow (born 1994), and Piper (born 2001).[3][279] Palin's youngest child, Trig, was prenatally diagnosed with Down syndrome.[280]
Palin has two grandchildren, a boy named Tripp Easton Mitchell Johnston, who was born to her eldest daughter, Bristol, and her then-fiancee, Levi Johnston, in 2008,[281] and a girl named Kyla Grace Palin, who was born to son Track and his wife, Britta, in 2011.[282] Her husband Todd worked for the British oil company BP as an oil-field production operator, retiring in 2009, and owns a commercial fishing business.[42][283]
Palin was born into a Roman Catholic family.[6] Later, her family joined the Wasilla Assembly of God, a Pentecostal church,[284] which she attended until 2002. Palin then switched to the Wasilla Bible Church.[285] When in Juneau, she attends the Juneau Christian Center.[286] Palin described herself in an interview as a "Bible-believing Christian."[6]
Political positions[link]
Main article: Political positions of Sarah Palin
- Palin has been a registered Republican since 1982.[287]
Health care[link]
- Palin opposed the 2010 health care reform package, saying it would lead to rationing of health care by a bureaucracy, which she described using the term "death panels". This legislation is the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as modified by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010.[288] Palin characterizes the act as an "unfunded mandate" and supports defunding it,[289] as well as repealing portions of the act.[290]
Social Issues[link]
- Palin opposes same-sex marriage,[291] abortion including in cases of rape and incest, and embryonic stem cell research.[292] She supports capital punishment,[293] and parental consent for female minors seeking an abortion.[294] She has called marijuana use a "minimal issue" and suggested that arresting pot-smokers should be a low priority for local police, though she opposes legalizing the substance.[295]
Education[link]
- Palin supports sex education in public schools that encourage abstinence along with teaching about contraception.[296]
- She supports discussion of creationism during lessons on evolution in public schools.[297] Palin believes evolution "should be taught as an accepted principle" and said that her belief in God's role in Earth's creation "is not part of the state policy or a local curriculum in a school district. Science should be taught in science class."[298]
Guns[link]
- A Life Member of the National Rifle Association (NRA), Palin interprets the Second Amendment as including the right to handgun possession and opposes bans on semi-automatic assault weapons.[299] She supports gun safety education for youth.[300]
Environment[link]
- Palin supports off-shore drilling, and land-based drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.[87][301] When commenting on the Gulf Coast oil disaster Palin said, "I repeat the slogan 'drill here, drill now.'"[302] She said, "I want our country to be able to trust the oil industry."[303] Palin asked supporters to read an article by Thomas Sowell that criticized Obama for having BP pay to an escrow fund.[304]
- Palin has expressed skepticism about the causes of global warming,[305] but agrees that "man's activities certainly can be contributing to the issue" and that action should be taken.[306] She is opposed to cap-and-trade proposals, such as the defunct American Clean Energy and Security Act. Palin has acknowledged that "Simply waiting for low-carbon-emitting renewable capacity to be large enough will mean that it will be too late to meet the mitigation goals..that will be required [for carbon dioxide] under most credible climate-change models."[307]
Foreign policy[link]
- Palin is a strong supporter of Israel.[308][309] Referring to Iran's threat to Israel, Palin said Obama would be reelected if "he played the war card. Say he decided to declare war on Iran or decided really come out and do whatever he could to support Israel, which I would like him to do."[310]
- On foreign policy, Palin supported the Bush Administration's policies in Iraq, but is concerned that "dependence on foreign energy" may be obstructing efforts to "have an exit plan in place."[311][312] Palin supports preemptive military action in the face of an imminent threat, and supports U.S. military operations in Pakistan. Palin supports NATO membership for Ukraine and Georgia,[313] and affirms that if Russia invaded a NATO member, the United States should meet its treaty obligations.[314]
- On foreign policy, Palin supported the surge strategy in Iraq, the use of additional ground forces in Afghanistan, and, in general, maintaining a strong defensive posture by increasing the defense budget. She believes Islam and democracy can co-exist. She supports strengthening America's alliance with Japan. She supports the de-nuclearization of North Korea. She supports working with China to reduce American debt and improve the human rights and political freedom of Chinese citizens.[315]
Public image[link]
Main article: Public image of Sarah Palin
Prior to the 2008 Republican National Convention, a Gallup poll found that most voters were unfamiliar with Sarah Palin. During her campaign to become vice president, 39% said Palin was ready to serve as president if needed, 33% said Palin was not, and 29% had no opinion. This was "the lowest vote of confidence in a running mate since the elder George Bush chose then-Indiana senator Dan Quayle to join his ticket in 1988."[316] Following the Convention, her image came under close media scrutiny,[189][317] particularly with regard to her religious perspective on public life, her socially conservative views, and her perceived lack of experience. Palin's experience in foreign and domestic politics came under criticism among conservatives as well as liberals following her nomination.[318][319][320][321] At the same time, Palin became more popular than John McCain among Republicans.[194]
One month after McCain announced Palin as his running mate, she was viewed both more favorably and unfavorably among voters than her opponent, Delaware Senator Joe Biden.[322] A plurality of the television audience rated Biden's performance higher at the 2008 vice-presidential debate.[322][323] Media outlets repeated Palin's statement that she "stood up to Big Oil" when she resigned after 11 months as the head of the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, due to abuses she witnessed involving other Republican commissioners and their ties to energy companies and energy lobbyists, and again when she raised taxes on oil companies as governor.[168][324] In turn, others have said that Palin is a "friend of Big Oil" due to her advocacy of oil exploration and development including drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and the de-listing of the polar bear as an endangered species.[168][324] The National Organization for Women did not endorse McCain/Palin, endorsing Barack Obama instead.[318][325]
Palin was selected as one of America’s "10 Most Fascinating People of 2008" by Barbara Walters for an ABC special on December 4, 2008.[326] In April 2010, she was selected as one of the world's 100 most influential people by TIME Magazine.[327]
In the wake of the January 8, 2011 shooting of Rep. Gabrielle Giffords, Palin faced criticism for her SarahPAC website's inclusion of a graphic that included a crosshair over Giffords's district. Palin responded to the criticism of the graphic, saying that "Acts of monstrous criminality stand on their own. They begin and end with the criminals who commit them," controversially equating the accusations of her role in the shooting to a "blood libel".[328][329] Following her response, an ABC News-Washington Post poll found that 46% of respondents viewed Palin's actions after the shooting unfavorably, while 30% approved and 24% had no opinion.[330]
Bibliography[link]
- Going Rogue: An American Life (2009)
- America by Heart: Reflections on Family, Faith, and Flag (2010)
References[link]
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- ^ White, Rindi (September 4, 2008). "Palin pressured Wasilla librarian". Anchorage Daily News: p. 1B. http://www.adn.com/sarah-palin/story/515512.html. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
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- ^ Komarnitsky, S.J. (March 1, 2000). "Judge Backs Chief's Firing" (archive, fee required). Anchorage Daily News. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AS&p_theme=as&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F793D42B8AA7008&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM. Retrieved September 1, 2008. ADN summary of the decision
- ^ a b c Phillips, Michael M. (September 6, 2008). "Palin's Hockey Rink Leads To Legal Trouble in Town She Led". Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122065537792905483.html. Retrieved September 8, 2008.
- ^ Truth-O-Meter (August 31, 2008). "Palin "inherited a city with zero debt, but left it with indebtedness of over $22-million : Numbers right, context missing". Politifact.com. St. Petersburg Times. http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/705/.
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- ^ Kane, Paul (September 2, 2008). "Palin's Small Alaska Town Secured Big Federal Funds". Washington Post: p. A1. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/01/AR2008090103148.html?hpid=topnews. Retrieved April 3, 2009.
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- ^ a b Mauer, Richard (August 29, 2008). "Palin explains her actions in Ruedrich case". Anchorage Daily News. Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/60oWMSoaT. Retrieved August 30, 2008.
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- ^ a b Mosk, Matthew (September 1, 2008). "Palin Was a Director of Embattled Sen. Stevens's 527 Group". The Trail (Washington Post). http://voices.washingtonpost.com/the-trail/2008/09/01/palin_was_a_director_of_embatt.html. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
- ^ Abcarian, Robin (September 4, 2008). "Insiders see 'new feminism' Outside the GOP convention, however, questions are raised about Palin's family responsibilities". Article collections, Republican National Convention (Los Angeles Times). http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-motherhood4-2008sep04,0,1284515.story. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
- ^ Sands, David R. (August 30, 2008). "Palin's rise a model for maverick politicians". The Washington Times. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/aug/30/palins-rise-shows-willingness-buck-establishment/. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
- ^ Yardley, William (August 23, 2006). "Alaska Governor Concedes Defeat in Primary". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/23/washington/24alaskacnd.html. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
- ^ a b Ayres, Sabra (May 30, 2007). "Alaska's governor tops the approval rating charts" (Archives, fee required). Anchorage Daily News. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-164232650/alaska-governor-tops-approval.html. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
- ^ From an Ivan Moore press release (September 24, 2008). "Palin approval rating takes huge dive". Alaska Report. http://alaskareport.com/news98/x61643_approval_rating.htm. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
- ^ Cockerham, Sean (May 6, 2009). "New poll shows slump in Palin's popularity among Alaskans". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.miamiherald.com/515/story/1035915.html. Retrieved May 7, 2009.
- ^ Halpin, James (July 10, 2007). "Palin signs ethics reforms". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.adn.com/324/story/150137.html. Retrieved September 12, 2008.
- ^ "How Palin turned on her own party and became governor". Alaska Dispatch. August 29, 2006. http://alaskadispatch.com/blogs/palin-watch/74-how-palin-turned-on-her-own-party-and-became-governor.
- ^ Berman, Russell (August 29, 2008). "McCain Picks Alaska Governor Sarah Palin as Running Mate". The New York Sunl. http://www.nysun.com/national/mccain-picks-alaska-governor-sarah-palin-as/84934/. Retrieved October 24, 2009.
- ^ Carlton, Jim (2008-07-31). "Alaska's Palin Faces Probe". Wall Street Journal: p. A4. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121746477267499109.html. Retrieved September 4, 2008.
- ^ a b "Alaska State of the State Address 2007". January 17, 2007. http://www.stateline.org/live/details/speech?contentId=172665. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
- ^ Bender, Bryan; Issenberg, Sasha (September 3, 2008). "Palin not well traveled outside US". Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/09/03/palin_not_well_traveled_outside_us/. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
- ^ Bender, Bryan (September 13, 2008). "Palin camp clarifies extent of Iraq trip: Says she never ventured beyond Kuwait border". Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/2008/09/13/palin_camp_clarifies_extent_of_iraq_trip/. Retrieved September 13, 2008.
- ^ "Excerpts: Charlie Gibson Interviews Sarah Palin". ABC News. September 11, 2008. http://abcnews.go.com/print?id=5782924. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
- ^ Shinohara, Rosemary (July 16, 2007). "No vetoes here". Anchorage Daily News.
- ^ Bradner, Tim (July 8, 2007). "Lawmakers cringe over governor's deep budget cuts". Alaska Journal of Commerce. http://www.alaskajournal.com/stories/070807/hom_20070708005.shtml. Retrieved September 1, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ Cockerham, Sean (May 24, 2008). "Palin's veto ax lops $268 million from budget". Anchorage Daily News. Archived from the original on 2008-05-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20080527181734/http://www.adn.com/legislature/story/415749.html. Retrieved September 15, 2008.
- ^ Yardley, William (August 25, 2007). "Jet that Helped Defeat an Alaska Governor is Sold.". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/25/us/25jet.html. Retrieved September 18, 2008.
- ^ Kornblut, Anne Elise (September 6, 2008). "Governor's Plane Wasn't Sold on Ebay". Washington Post: p. A7. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/05/AR2008090503722.html. Retrieved April 4, 2009.
- ^ a b Grimaldi, James V.; Vick, Karl (September 9, 2008). "Palin Billed State for Nights Spent at Home - Taxpayers Also Funded Family's Travel". The Washington Post: p. A1. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/08/AR2008090803088.html. Retrieved April 4, 2009.
- ^ The Anchorage Daily News, January 20, 2008: Palin does not use the governor's private chef, whom Palin transferred to the Lounge of the State Legislature.
- ^ a b Luo, Michael; Wayne, Leslie (September 9, 2008). "Palin Aides Defend Billing State for Time at Home". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/10/us/politics/10billing.html.
- ^ Walsh, Joan (July 9, 2009). "Why is Palin lying about state ethics probes?". Salon.com. http://www.salon.com/opinion/walsh/politics/2009/07/09/palin_lying/. Retrieved October 24, 2009.
- ^ Grimaldi, James V. (February 19, 2009). "Palin Now Owes Taxes on Payments for Nights at Home, State Rules". The Washington Post: p. A04. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/18/AR2009021803177.html?nav=hcmoduletmv. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
- ^ Demer, Lisa (February 17, 2008). "Palin owes tax on per diem, state says". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.adn.com/palin/story/693695.html. Retrieved February 19, 2009. "'At the Governor's request, we reviewed the situation to determine whether we were in full compliance with the pertinent Internal Revenue Service regulations,' Kreitzer wrote."
- ^ Hopkins, Kyle (December 17, 2008). "Palin won't accept raise". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.adn.com/palin/story/626781.html. Retrieved January 12, 2009. "But if the commission pushes ahead with a pay raise, Palin won't accept the money, said spokesman Bill McAllister."
- ^ Associated Press staff (January 11, 2009). "State commission nixes Palin pay increase". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.adn.com/news/government/legislature/story/650524.html. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
- ^ Paige, Leslie K. (January 29, 2008). "Alaska Begins to Grow Up". Wastewatcher, January 2008. Citizens Against Government Waste. Archived from the original on January 13, 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090113165553/http://www.cagw.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=11244. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
- ^ Associated Press staff (September 8, 2008). "McCain, Palin criticize Obama on earmarks". Decision '08 archive- John McCain News. MSNBC.com. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26611103/. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
- ^ Bernton, Hal; Heath, David (September 2, 2008). "Palin's earmark requests: more per person than any other state". Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2008154532_webpalin02m.html. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
- ^ Taylor, Andrew (September 2, 2008). "Palin's pork requests confound reformer image". Associated Press. http://www.newsvine.com/_news/2008/09/02/1817859-palins-pork-requests-confound-reformer-image. Retrieved October 23, 2008.
- ^ Bolstad, Erika (September 8, 2008). "Palin's Take On Earmarks Evolving". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.adn.com/politics/story/516743.html.
- ^ Associated Press staff (September 23, 2007). "Alaska Seeks Alternative to Bridge Plan". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/23/us/23bridge.html. Retrieved April 3, 2009.
- ^ a b Kizzia, Tom (August 31, 2008). "Palin touts stance on 'Bridge to Nowhere,' doesn't note flip-flop" (Archives, fee required). Anchorage Daily News.
- ^ Dilanian, Ken (August 31, 2008). "Palin backed ‘bridge to nowhere’ in 2006". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/election2008/2008-08-31-palin-bridge_N.htm. Retrieved February 14, 2010. "'We need to come to the defense of Southeast Alaska when proposals are on the table like the bridge, and not allow the spinmeisters to turn this project or any other into something that’s so negative,' Palin said in August 2006, according to the Ketchikan (Alaska) Daily News."
- ^ a b Staff (October 22, 2006). "Where they stand" (Archives, fee required). Anchorage Daily News. p. A12. "5. Would you continue state funding for the proposed Knik Arm and Gravina Island bridges? Yes. I would like to see Alaska's infrastructure projects built sooner rather than later. The window is now - while our congressional delegation is in a strong position to assist."
- ^ Governor's Office (September 21, 2007). "Gravina Access Project Redirected" (Press release). Governor's Office–State of Alaska. http://www.dot.state.ak.us/comm/pressbox/arch_2007/PR_0921_GravinaAccessProjRed.pdf. Retrieved February 9, 2010. "Governor Sarah Palin today directed the Department of Transportation and Public Facilities to look for the most fiscally responsible alternative for access to the Ketchikan airport and Gravina Island rather than the proposed $398-million bridge."
- ^ a b Rosen, Yereth (September 1, 2008). "Palin 'bridge to nowhere' line angers many Alaskans". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/vcCandidateFeed7/idUSN3125537020080901. Retrieved September 1, 2008. "In the city Ketchikan, the planned site of the so-called 'Bridge to Nowhere,' political leaders of both parties said the claim was false and a betrayal of their community...."
- ^ "Fact Check: Did Palin say 'no thanks' to the Bridge to Nowhere?". CNN Politics, Political Ticker (CNN). September 18, 2008. http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2008/09/18/fact-check-did-palin-say-no-thanks-to-the-bridge-to-nowhere/. Retrieved June 21, 2009. "The Facts: Palin voiced support for the plan while running for governor...She rejected the bridge after she was elected and the project became a famous symbol of government waste."
- ^ Kizzia, Tom (August 31, 2008). "Palin touts stance on 'Bridge to Nowhere,' doesn't note flip-flop". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.adn.com/sarahpalin/story/511471.html.
- ^ Quinn, Steve (September 20, 2008). "Alaska town opens 'road to nowhere'". Associated Press. USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/topstories/2008-09-20-2839100226_x.htm. Retrieved April 28, 2009. ""Roger Wetherell, speaking for the state Transportation Department, said the road opened several days ago might someday get people to and from Gravina Island after all, if cheaper designs for a bridge become a reality. Meantime, it opens access to land development, he said.""
- ^ a b Rosen, Yereth (August 27, 2008). "Alaska governor signs natgas pipeline license bill". Calgary Herald. http://www.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/story.html?id=2e84b1e8-9a4a-4558-ad05-21b517c50fae. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
- ^ "Governor Palin Unveils the AGIA". News & Announcements. State of Alaska. March 2, 2007. http://wayback.archive-it.org/1200/20090726180436/http://gov.state.ak.us/print_news.php?id=170. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ a b Hosenball, Mark (September 20, 2008). "Periscope: Palin's Pipeline to Nowhere" (From the magazine issue dated September 29, 2008). Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/160088. Retrieved September 23, 2008.
- ^ a b Associated Press staff (March 22, 2007). "State puts bounty on wolves to boost predator control". Juneau Empire Story Archive. http://www.juneauempire.com/stories/032207/sta_20070322019.shtml. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
- ^ "Governor Palin Introduces Bill to Streamline Predator Management Laws" (Press release). Alaska Department of Game and Fish. May 11, 2007. http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/news/2007/5-11-07_nr.php. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
- ^ deMarban, Alex (March 31, 2007). "Judge orders state to stop wolf bounties: Option: The ruling says Game Board has authority to offer cash incentives". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.adn.com/news/alaska/wildlife/wolves/story/204937.html. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
- ^ "Alaska voters shoot down predator control initiative". newsminer.com (Fairbanks Daily News-Miner). August 27, 2008. http://www.newsminer.com/news/2008/aug/26/alaska-voters-shoot-down-predator-control-initiati/. Retrieved September 1, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ a b c d Cockerham, Sean (August 14, 2008). "Palin staff pushed to have trooper fired". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.adn.com/monegan/story/492964.html. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ Fagan, Dan (September 16, 2008). "No one is above the truth, even Palin". Opinion (Anchorage Daily News). http://www.adn.com/opinion/story/528420.html.
- ^ Loy, Wesley (September 16, 2008). "Palin accuses Monegan of insubordination, Troopergate: Governor's lawyer attempts to clear her of misconduct in the firing". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.adn.com/troopergate/story/527346.html.
- ^ Demer, Lisa (August 30, 2008). "'Troopergate' inquiry hangs over campaign: 'Troopergate' inquiry hangs over campaign". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.adn.com/sarahpalin/story/510080.html. Retrieved 2008-09-05. "For the record, no one ever said fire Wooten. Not the governor. Not Todd. Not any of the other staff. What they said directly was more along the lines of 'This isn't a person that we would want to be representing our state troopers.'"
- ^ a b c d Holland, Megan (July 19, 2008). "Monegan says he was pressured to fire cop" (Archives, fee required). Anchorage Daily News. p. A1.
- ^ a b Demer, Lisa (July 27, 2008). "Is Wooten a good trooper?" (Archives, fee required). Anchorage Daily News. p. A1.
- ^ a b c "Long-Standing Feud in Alaska Embroils Palin". The Washington Post. August 31, 2008. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/30/AR2008083002366.html?hpid=topnews. Retrieved 2008-08-31.
- ^ Demer, Lisa (August 30, 2008). "'Troopergate' inquiry hangs over campaign". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.adn.com/sarahpalin/story/510080.html. Retrieved 2008-09-05. "Monegan said he believes his firing was directly related to the fact Wooten stayed on the job."
- ^ a b The Editors (August 30, 2008). "Monegan to Palin: 'Ma'am, I Need to Keep You at Arm's Length'". The Washington Post Investigations (Washington Post). http://voices.washingtonpost.com/washingtonpostinvestigations/2008/08/monegan_to_palin_maam_i_need_t.html. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
- ^ Simon, Matt (November 7, 2008). "Monegan Says Palin Administration, Husband Used Governor's Office to Pressure Firing First Family's Former Brother-in-Law". KTVA, CBS News 11. http://www.ktva.com/news/local/Monegan-Says-Palin-Administration-Husband-Used-Governors-Office-to-Pressure-Firing-First-Familys-Former-Brother-in-Law-116778328.html. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
- ^ Grimaldi, James V.; Vick, Karl (September 4, 2008). "Palin E-Mails Show Intense Interest in Trooper's Penalty". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/03/AR2008090303210_pf.html. Retrieved 2008-09-03.
- ^ Sean Cockerham (August 14, 2008). "Alaska's governor admits her staff tried to have trooper fired". Anchorage Daily News. McClatchy. http://www.mcclatchydc.com/homepage/story/48172.html. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
- ^ a b Quinn, Steve (July 28, 2008). "Lawmakers formally call for investigation into Palin's Public Safety firing". Associated Press. Fairbanks Daily News-Miner. http://beta.newsminer.com/news/2008/jul/28/lawmakers-formally-call-investigation-palins-publi/. Retrieved 2010-02-09. [dead link]
- ^ a b c Espo, David (September 19, 2008). "Palin probe has parallels to 2000 recount fight". Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/2008/09/19/palin_probe_has_parallels_to_2000_recount_fight/. Retrieved 2009-06-21. [dead link]
- ^ Loy, Wesley (July 29, 2008). "Hired help will probe Monegan dismissal". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.adn.com/monegan/story/478090.html. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
- ^ Hulen, David (August 13, 2008). "Namely, specifically, most disturbing, is a telephone recording apparently made and preserved by the troopers...". Anchorage Daily News. http://community.adn.com/adn/node/128981. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
- ^ Demer, Lisa (September 3, 2008). "Palin seeks review of Monegan firing case: Board: Governor makes ethics complaint against herself to force action". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.adn.com/monegan/story/514163.html. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
- ^ "Palin wants quick state board ruling in trooper probe". ElectionCenter2008 (CNN). September 3, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/09/03/palin.investigation/.
- ^ Associated Press Staff (September 16, 2008). "Alaska AG: Palin subpoenas won't be honored and five Alaska lawmakers file suit to end ‘Troopergate’ probe". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26742379/. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
- ^ Cockerham, Sean (October 2, 2008). "Judge refuses to halt Troopergate probe". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.adn.com/palin/story/543892.html. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
- ^ Apuzzo, Matt (October 5, 2008). "7 Palin aides to testify in abuse-of-power probe". Associated Press. USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2008-10-05-1503106214_x.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-16.
- ^ Spence, Hal (October 12, 2008). "Branchflower report draws mixed reactions". Peninsula Clarion (Kenai, Alaska). "The council voted unanimously to make the report public, but did not vote to endorse its findings."
- ^ Branchflower, Stephen (October 10, 2008). "Report to the Legislative Council, Public Report" (PDF). State of Alaska Legislature. http://download2.legis.state.ak.us/DOWNLOAD.pdf. Retrieved 2008-10-10. [dead link] Report consists of 268 pages, see page 8 for the findings.
- ^ a b Branchflower 2008, p. 66
- ^ Rood, Justin; Rutherford, Jessica and Delawala, Imtiyaz (October 10, 2008). "Troopergate Report: Palin Abused Power: Palin Says She Did 'Nothing Unlawful or Unethical' in Firing of Safety Commissioner". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/story?id=6004368&page=1. Retrieved 2008-10-10. The report further found that Colberg had failed to cooperate fully with the investigation.
- ^ The Governor's Attorney Condemns the Branchflower Report as Misleading and Wrong on the Law scribd.com, statement from Clapp, Peterson, Van Flein, Tiemessen, Thorsness LLC, October 11, 2008. Retrieved 2010-11-24.
- ^ Dobbs, Michael (October 13, 2008). "Four Pinocchios for Palin". The Fact Checker, Candidate Watch (Washington Post). http://voices.washingtonpost.com/fact-checker/2008/10/four_pinocchios_for_palin.html.
- ^ Demer, Lisa (October 11, 2008). "Palin: 'Very much appreciating being cleared of any legal wrongdoing or unethical activity at all' (Updated with audio)". Alaska Politics Blog. Anchorage Daily News. http://community.adn.com/adn/node/132625. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
- ^ Demer, Lisa (September 2, 2008). "Attorney challenges Monegan firing inquiry". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.adn.com/monegan/story/513137.html. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
- ^ Van Flein, Thomas (September 15, 2008). "Before The State Of Alaska Personnel Board, In The Matter of Sarah Palin, Governor, Motion For Determination Of No Probable Cause" (PDF). p. 54. http://sayanythingblog.s3.amazonaws.com/09-08/palin-response.pdf.
- ^ Loy, Wesley (September 16, 2008). "'Rogue' Monegan accused of insubordination" (Archives, fee required). Anchorage Daily News. p. A1.
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- ^ Grimaldi, James V. (November 3, 2008). "2nd Alaska Probe Finds Palin Did Not Violate Ethics Rules". The Trail (Washington Post). http://voices.washingtonpost.com/the-trail/2008/11/03/2nd_alaska_probe_finds_palin_d.html?hpid=topnews.
- ^ "2nd probe clears Palin in trooper case". The CNN Wire (CNN). October 3, 2008. http://cnnwire.blogs.cnn.com/2008/11/03/2nd-probe-clears-palin-in-trooper-case/. Retrieved 2009-10-24. [dead link]
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- ^ Ayres, Sabra (May 30, 2007). "Alaska's governor tops the approval rating charts". Archived at AccessMyLibrary (Anchorage Daily News). http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-30905072_ITM. Retrieved 2009-10-24. [dead link]
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- ^ "Alaska: McCain 48% Obama 43%". Rasmussen Reports. April 10, 2008. http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/election_20082/2008_presidential_election/alaska/alaska_mccain_48_obama_43. Retrieved 2009-10-24. [dead link]
- ^ "Alaska: McCain 50% Obama 41%". Rasmussen Reports. May 17, 2008. http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/election_20082/2008_presidential_election/alaska/alaska_mccain_50_obama_41. Retrieved 2009-10-24. [dead link]
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- ^ Collins, Britt (September 17, 2008). "Sarah Palin: The ice queen; Sarah Palin, the Republican party's vice-president nominee, governs an oil-rich area that has seen some of the most dramatic effects of climate change. So what's her record on environmental concerns?". The Guardian (UK) (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/sep/17/poles.wildlife. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ a b "Palin Still Viewed More Favorably – And Unfavorably – Than Biden". Rasmussen Reports. September 24, 2008. http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/elections/election_2008/2008_presidential_election/palin_still_viewed_more_favorably_and_unfavorably_than_biden.
- ^ "45% Say Biden Won Debate, 37% Say Palin". Rasmussen Reports. 2008-10-04. http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/election_20082/2008_presidential_election/45_say_biden_won_debate_37_say_palin. Retrieved 2008-12-25. [dead link]
- ^ a b Stoddard, Ed; Yereth Rosen (September 12, 2008). "Is Palin foe of big oil or a new Cheney?". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/reutersEdge/idUSN1150293420080912. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ Nichols, Jon (August 30, 2008). "Clinton Praises Palin Pick". Blogs, The Beat. The Nation. http://www.thenation.com/blog/clinton-praises-palin-pick. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ Dimond, Anna (December 1, 2008). "Barbara Walters Gets Up Close with 2008's Most Fascinating People". TV Guide. http://www.tvguide.com/News/Barbara-Walters-Special-1000398.aspx. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ Nugent, Ted (April 29, 2010). "Leaders: Sarah Palin". The 2010 TIME 100 (Time Magazine). http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1984685_1984864_1984871,00.html/. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ Oliphant, James. "Sarah Palin video on Giffords aftermath stays true to who Palin is," Los Angeles Times (2011-01-13).
- ^ Kurtz, Howard (2011-01-12). "Palin Goes Nuclear With 'Blood Libel' Speech". TheDailyBeast.com. RTST, Inc. http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2011-01-12/sarah-palin-says-media-guilty-of-blood-libel-why-her-speech-was-wrong. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
- ^ Balz, Dan; Cohen, Jon (2011-01-18). "Poll shows high marks for Obama on Tucson, low regard for political dialogue". PostPolitics (Washington Post). http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/17/AR2011011703262_2.html?sid=ST2011011702561. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
External links[link]
| Find more about Sarah Palin on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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News stories from Wikinews |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
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Look up Palinista, Palinism, or refudiate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- SarahPAC (Sarah Palin Political Action Committee) (Official)
- Sarah Palin on Facebook (Official)
- Sarah Palin on Twitter (Official)
- Sarah Palin's channel on YouTube
- Biography at the National Governors Association
- Biography at WhoRunsGov.com at The Washington Post
- Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues
- Campaign contributions at FollowTheMoney.org
- Appearances on C-SPAN programs
- Appearances on Charlie Rose programs
- Appearances at the Internet Movie Database
- Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
- Collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Works by or about Sarah Palin in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Profile at Notable Names Database
- Ongoing news and commentary from the Anchorage Daily News
- Favorable Rating: Sarah Palin at Pollster
- Sarah Palin rumor control at Snopes.com
- Sarah Palin at FactCheck.org
- Sarah Palin at the Open Directory Project
- NOW: Meet Sarah Palin video from PBS
- Sarah Palin : Sarah Palin News and Photos Search ChicagoTribune.com
- Charlie Gibson Interviews GOP Vice Presidential Candidate Sarah Palin from ABC News, September 2008
- One-On-One with Sarah Palin transcripts and videos from CBS News with Katie Couric, September 2008
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Palin, Sarah Heath |
| Alternative names | Heath, Sarah Louise; Palin, Sarah Louise |
| Short description | Governor of Alaska |
| Date of birth | February 11, 1964 |
| Place of birth | Sandpoint, Idaho |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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Alfred Charles "Al" Sharpton, Jr. (born October 3, 1954) is an American Baptist minister, civil rights activist, and television/radio talk show host. In 2004, he was a candidate for the Democratic nomination for the U.S. presidential election. He hosts his own radio talk show, Keepin' It Real, and he makes regular guest appearances on Fox News (such as The O'Reilly Factor)CNN, and MSNBC. In 2011, he was named the host of MSNBC's PoliticsNation, a nightly talk show.
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