coati
White-nosed coati Nasua narica
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Procyonidae
Genus:	Nasua and Nasuella
Range map

Coatis, genera Nasua and Nasuella, also known as the Brazilian aardvark, Mexican tejón, hog-nosed coon,^[1] pizotes, Panamanian Gatosolo, crackoons and snookum bears, are members of the raccoon family (Procyonidae). They are diurnal mammals native to South America, Central America, and south-western North America. The word "coatimundi" ( /koʊˌɑːtɨˈmʌndi/) is a commonly used misnomer applied to solitary adult males of N. nasua.^{[citation needed]} The term is reported to be derived from the Tupi language (Paraguay).^[2]

Physical characteristics[link]

Adult coatis measure 33 to 69 cm (13 to 27 in) from head to the base of the tail, which can be as long as their bodies. Coatis are about 30 cm (12 in) tall at the shoulder, and weigh between 2 and 8 kg (4.4 and 18 lb), about the size of a large house cat. Males can become almost twice as large as females and have large, sharp canine teeth. The above measurements are for the white-nosed and South America coatis. The two mountain coatis are smaller.^[3]

All coatis share a slender head with an elongated, flexible, slightly upward-turned nose, small ears, dark feet, and a long, non-prehensile tail used for balance and signaling.

Ring-tailed coatis have either a light brown or black coat, with a lighter under-part and a white-ringed tail in most cases. Coatis have a long brown tail with rings on it which are anywhere from starkly defined like a raccoon's to very faint. Like raccoons and unlike ring-tailed cats and cacomistles, the rings go completely around the tail. Coatis often hold the tail erect, and it used as such to keep troops of coatis together in tall vegetation. The tip of the tail can be moved a bit on its own, as is the case with cats, but it is not prehensile as is that of the kinkajou, another procyonid.

Coatis have bear- and raccoon-like paws, and coatis, raccoons, and bears walk plantigrade (on the soles of the feet, as do humans). Coatis have nonretractable claws. Coatis also are, in common with raccoons and other procyonids (and others in the order Carnivora and rare cases amongst other mammals), double-jointed and their ankles can rotate beyond 180°; they are therefore able to descend trees head first. Other animals living in forests have acquired some or all of these properties through convergent evolution, including members of the mongoose, civet, cat, and bear families. Some of these animals walk on the toes of the front paws and soles of the back paws.

The coati snout is long and somewhat pig-like (see Suidae) and extremely flexible and can be rotated up to 60° in any direction, the former being part of the reason for its nickname the hog-nosed raccoon. The nose is used to push objects and rub parts of their body. The facial markings include white markings around the eyes and on the ears and snout.

Coatis have strong limbs to climb and dig, and have a reputation for intelligence, like their fellow procyonid, the raccoon. They prefer to sleep or rest in elevated places and niches, like the rainforest canopy, in crudely-built sleeping nests. Coatis are active day and night.

Habitat and range[link]

Overall, coatis are widespread, occupying habitats ranging from hot and arid areas to humid Amazonian rainforests or even cold Andean mountain slopes, including grasslands and bushy areas. Their geographical range extends from the southwestern U.S. (southern Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas) through northern Argentina. Around 10 coatis are thought to have formed a breeding population in Cumbria, UK.^[4]

Taxonomy[link]

The following species are recognized:^[5][3]

• Genus Nasua
  • Nasua narica (Linnaeus, 1766) – white-nosed coati (Southwestern United States, Mexico, Central America, and Colombia)
  • Nasua nasua (Linnaeus, 1766) – South American coati (South America)
• Genus Nasuella
  • Nasuella meridensis (Thomas, 1901) – Eastern mountain coati (Venezuela)
  • Nasuella olivacea (Gray, 1865) – Western mountain coati (Colombia and Ecuador)

The Cozumel Island coati has also been recognized as a species, but the vast majority of recent authorities treat it as a subspecies, N. narica nelsoni, of the white-nosed coati.^{[5][6][7][8][9]}

Genetic evidence has suggested the genus Nasuella should be merged into Nasua, as the latter otherwise is paraphyletic.^[3] Other genetic studies have shown the closest relatives of the coatis are the olingos.^[10]

Lifespan[link]

In the wild, coatis live for about seven to eight years, while in captivity they can live for up to 15 years.

Feeding habits[link]

Coatis are omnivores; their diet consists mainly of ground litter invertebrates such as tarantula and fruit (Alves-Costa et al.. 2004, 2007, Hirsch 2007). They also eat small vertebrate prey, such as lizards, rodents, small birds, birds' eggs, and crocodile eggs. The snout, with a formidable sense of smell, assists the skilled paws in a hog-like manner to unearth invertebrates.

Behavior[link]

Little is known about the behavior of the mountain coatis,^[3] and the following is almost entirely about the coatis of the genus Nasua. Unlike most members of the raccoon family (Procyonidae), coatis are primarily diurnal. Coati females and young males up to two years of age are gregarious and travel through their territories in noisy, loosely-organized bands made up of four to 25 individuals, foraging with their offspring on the ground or in the forest canopy. Males over two years become solitary due to behavioural disposition and collective aggression from the females, and will join the female groups only during the breeding season.

When provoked, or for defense, coatis can be fierce fighters; their strong jaws, sharp canine teeth, and fast scratching paws, along with a tough hide sturdily attached to the underlying muscles, make it very difficult for potential predators (e.g., dogs or jaguars) to seize the smaller mammal.

Coatis communicate their intentions or moods with chirping, snorting, or grunting sounds. Different chirping sounds are used to express joy during social grooming, appeasement after fights, or to convey irritation or anger. Snorting while digging, along with an erect tail, states territorial or food claims during foraging. Coatis additionally use special postures or moves to convey simple messages; for example, hiding the nose between the front paws as a sign for submission; lowering the head, baring teeth, and jumping at an enemy signal an aggressive disposition. Individuals recognize other coatis by their looks, voices, and smells, the individual smell is intensified by special musk-glands on their necks and bellies.

Coatis from Panama are known to rub their own fur and that of other troop members with resin from Trattinnickia aspera trees, but its purpose is unclear. Some proposed possibilities are it serves as an insect repellent, a fungicide, or as a form of scent-marking.^[11]

Reproduction[link]

Coati breeding season mainly corresponds with the start of the rainy season to coincide with maximum availability of food, especially fruits: between January and March in some areas, and between October and February in others. During the breeding season, an adult male is accepted into the band of females and juveniles near the beginning of the breeding season, leading to a polygynous mating system.

The pregnant females separate from the group, build a nest on a tree or in a rocky niche and, after a gestation period of about 11 weeks, give birth to litters of three to seven kits. About six weeks after birth, the females and their young will rejoin the band. Females become sexually mature at two years of age, while males will acquire sexual maturity at three years of age.

Natural enemies[link]

Besides humans, the principal predators of coatis are other carnivorans. Enemies include jaguarundis, foxes, dogs, tayras, ocelots and jaguars. However, large raptors, such as Ornate Hawk-Eagles, Black-and-chestnut Eagles and Harpy Eagles, also are known to hunt them.^[12] White-faced capuchin monkeys also hunt their pups.^[13]

Status[link]

Coatis face unregulated hunting and the serious threat of environmental destruction in Central and South America. The absence of scientifically sound population studies of Nasua or Nasuella in the wild is probably leading to a severe underestimation of the ecological problems and decline in numbers affecting the species.^{[citation needed]}

Successful adaptation to life in human proximity (e.g., similar to raccoons living in metropolitan areas in the U.S.) is very unlikely; the species is thus threatened by habitat destruction.^{[citation needed]}

Coatis in captivity[link]

Coatis are one of five groups of procyonids commonly kept as pets in various parts of North, Central and South America, the others being the raccoons (common and crab-eating), the kinkajou, the ring-tailed cat and cacomistle. However, while both the white-nosed and South America coatis are common in captivity, mountain coatis are extremely rare in captivity.^[14][15]

Coatis are small creatures that can be wild, somewhat difficult to control or train in some cases, and generally behave in a manner radically different from that of a pet dog.^[16] Optimally, they should have a spacious outdoor enclosure and a coati-proofed room in the house and/or other climate-controlled place, as well. They can be given the run of the house but need careful watching, more careful in some cases than others.

It is possible to litter or toilet train coatis;^[17] if one cannot be trained as such, it is still possible to lessen problems in that they tend to designate a latrine area which can have a litter pan placed in it as is done with many ferrets, pet skunks, rabbits, and rodents.^[17] Coatis generally need both dog and cat vaccines for distemper and many other diseases and a killed rabies vaccine. They can be spayed or neutered for the same reason as cats and dogs and other pets.

Gallery[link]

• 

  White-nosed coati at Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica

• 

  White-nosed coati at Tikal, Guatemala

• 

  South American coati, Nasua nasua, in an English zoo

• 

  White-nosed coati in Rincón de la Vieja National Park, Costa Rica

• Coati-iguazu.jpg

  South American coati near Iguaçu Falls, Brazil

• Hike09.jpg

  White-nosed coati on Mt. Hopkins near Madera Canyon, Arizona

• 

  Coati from zoo in Czech republic

• 

  Coati foraging in Playa del Carmen, Mexico

• CoatiScavengingIguazú.jpg

  South American coati seeking discarded food in the Iguazú [Falls] National Park of Argentina

• 

  White-nosed coati on the side of a road in Costa Rica

References[link]

Coati Mundi is the stage name of American musician Andy Hernandez, percussionist, notably playing the vibraphone, and member of Dr. Buzzard's Original Savannah Band, then of Kid Creole and the Coconuts. He scored the Top 40 UK hit "Me No Pop I" in 1981, just before the release of Tropical Gangsters. He produced and arranged an album by "Don Armando Second Avenue Rhumba Band", which spurred the disco hit song "Deputy of Love".^[1]

Early life[link]

Hernandez is a first generation Puerto Rican who grew up in Spanish Harlem, New York City. As a young teenager, the first band he played and recorded with was called Eddie Hernandez & his Orchestra.

Career[link]

Andy Hernandez has worked with assorted musical groups and artists including Ralfi Pagan, Joe Bataan, Vernon Reid, N'Dea Davenport, Nona Hendryx, Tito Puente, Manny Oquendo & Conjunto Libre, Hall & Oates and Machito.

He was known as Sugarcoated Andy while in Dr. Buzzard's band and played vibes, marimba and percussion for them. Credits Stony Browder, August Darnell and Cory Daye of Dr. Buzzard's band as major influences.

In 1979, he helped create along with Adriana Kaegi the "Kid Creole and The Coconuts" band. Andy was the musical director and arranger for the Coconuts band until his departure in 1989.

Hernandez is a self-taught musician. His main instrument is the vibraphone but he also plays piano, percussion, flute and is a music arranger and composer.

He once said in an interview, "I have never let the lack of talent stop me from doing anything". He cited an example of this regarding the "Gichy Dan and Beachwood 9" ^[2] record produced by Ron Rogers and August Darnell. He was being interviewed for the job of arranger-orchestrator by the Head of A&R at RCA records. Asked if he knew how to arrange for strings, he replied without hesitation, "Of course", and convinced them to give him the job. In actuality, he did not know a thing about string arrangements. Immediately after the interview, he bought a book on arranging for strings and woodshedded day and night. The result was a successful arrangement job; his work was complimented by the great violinist Harry Lookofsky who served as concertmaster on the date.

In 1983, he released a solo album titled Little Coati Mundi The Former 12 Year Old Genius. Mundi composed, produced and provided the lead vocals. It contained a version of Captain Beefheart's "Tropical Hot Dog Night" featuring salsa singer Rubén Blades. The album also featured former Kid Creole & The Coconut singer Lori Eastside.

Hernandez appeared as an actor in the film Who's That Girl starring Madonna and Griffin Dunne. He wrote and performed a song for the soundtrack album called: "El Coco Loco". Mundi has acted in several Spike Lee films, including Mo Better Blues, He Got Game and Girl 6. He can also be seen in the film We Own the Night.

He is credited as one of the music supervisors for the Miramax film 54 and as producer of several of the film's songs. Hernandez has composed music for various films, including Spike of Bensonhurst. He is also the composer and sound designer for a series of educational DVDs for children produced by Karyn Parsons (Fresh Prince of Bel-Air).

In December 2010 he released a new solo CD Coati Mundi Is Dancing For The Cabana Code In The Land Of Boo-Hoo (Rong Music).^[3] The recording has garnered favorable reviews and praises by the New York Times,^[4] Time Out magazine,^[5] Village Voice^[6] and others.

On Thursday 16 December 2010, he appeared in the line-up on the BBC music/comedy show Never Mind the Buzzcocks.

Discography[link]

Studio albums

• The Former 12 Year Old Genius (Virgin Records, 1983)
• Dancing For the Cabana Code in the Land Of Boo-Hoo (Rong Music, 2010)

Singles

• "Que Pasa" / "Me No Pop I" (Island/ZE, 1981)
• "¿Como Esta Usted?" (Virgin, 1983)
• "Oh! That Love Decision" (Virgin, 1983)
• "No More Blues" (Rong Music, 2009)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Coati Mundi Web Site
• Coati Mundi MySpace
• Discography of Coati Mundi on ZE Records
• Dr.Buzzard's Original Savannah Band MySpace
• Coati Mundi at the Internet Movie Database
• Coati Mundi YouTube

Don Letts
Don Letts during his time with Big Audio Dynamite - San Francisco, 1987
Background information
Birth name	Don Letts
Born	(1956-01-10) 10 January 1956 (age 56) London, England
Genres	Reggae Punk
Occupations	Disc jockey Film director
Years active	1975–present
Associated acts	1978 -Steel Leg v the Electric Dread 1984 - Big Audio Dynamite 1990 - Screaming Target
Website	Don's BBC6 show

Don Letts (born (1956-01-10)10 January 1956) is a British film director and musician. He is credited as the man who through his DJing at clubs like The Roxy brought together punk and reggae music.^[1]

Biography[link]

Letts was born in London, England and educated at Tenison's School in Kennington. In 1975, Letts ran the trendy London clothing store Acme Attractions selling, "electric-blue zoot suits and jukeboxes, and pumping dub reggae all day long."^[2] Letts was deeply inspired by the music coming from his parents' homeland Jamaica, in particular Bob Marley. After seeing one of Marley's gigs at the Odeon in Hammersmith (June, 1976) he was able to sneak into the hotel and spent the night talking to and befriending Marley.^[3] By the mid 1970s Acme had quite a scene attracting all the like of The Clash, The Sex Pistols, Chrissie Hynde, Patti Smith, Deborah Harry and Bob Marley.

Seeing the crowd at Acme, the then promoter Andy Czezowski started up the Roxy, a London nightclub during the original outbreak of punk in England, so that people could go from the store and have some place to party. As most bands of that era had yet to be recorded, there were limited punk rock records to be played. Instead, Letts included many dub and reggae records in his sets, and is credited with introducing those sounds to the London punk scene, which was to influence The Clash and other bands. As a tribute, he is pictured on the cover of the album Super Black Market Clash. He was able to use the fame and money from DJing and the Acme story to make his first film, The Punk Rock Movie (1978).