Emmer wheat
Spikes (ears) of cultivated emmer wheat
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Monocots
(unranked):	Commelinids
Order:	Poales
Family:	Poaceae
Genus:	Triticum
Species:	T. dicoccum
Binomial name
Triticum dicoccum Schrank
Synonyms
T. dicoccom T. turgidum subsp. dicoccom

Emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum), also known as farro especially in Italy, is a type of awned wheat. It was one of the first crops domesticated in the Near East. It was widely cultivated in the ancient world, but is now a relict crop in mountainous regions of Europe and Asia.

Taxonomy[link]

Strong similarities in morphology and genetics show that wild emmer (Triticum dicoccoides Koern.) is the wild ancestor and a crop wild relative of domesticated emmer (Triticum dicoccum). Because wild and domesticated emmer are interfertile with other tetraploid wheats, some taxonomists consider all tetraploid wheats to belong to one species, T. turgidum. Under this scheme, the two forms are recognized at subspecies level, thus T. turgidum subsp. dicoccoides and T. turgidum subsp. dicoccom. Either naming system is equally valid; the latter lays more emphasis on genetic similarities.

For a wider discussion, see Wheat#Genetics & Breeding and Wheat taxonomy

Wild emmer[link]

Wild emmer (Triticum dicoccoides) grows wild in the fertile crescent of the Near East. It is a tetraploid wheat formed by the hybridization of two diploid wild grasses, Triticum urartu (closely related to wild einkorn (T. boeoticum), and as yet unidentified Aegilops species related to A. searsii or A. speltoides.

Morphology[link]

Cultivated emmer wheat

Like einkorn and spelt wheats, emmer is a hulled wheat. In other words, it has strong glumes (husks) that enclose the grains, and a semi-brittle rachis. On threshing, a hulled wheat spike breaks up into spikelets. These require milling or pounding to release the grains from the glumes.

Wild emmer wheat spikelets effectively self-cultivate by propelling themselves mechanically into soils with their awns. During a period of increased humidity during the night, the awns of the spikelet become erect and draw together, and in the process push the grain into the soil. During the daytime the humidity drops and the awns slacken back again; however, fine silica hairs on the awns act as hooks in the soil and prevent the spikelets from reversing back out again. During the course of alternating stages of daytime and nighttime humidity, the awns' pumping movements, which resemble a swimming frog kick, will drill the spikelet as much as an inch or more into the soil.^[1]

History[link]

In 1906, Aaron Aaronsohn's discovery of wild emmer wheat growing in Rosh Pina (now in Israel) created a stir in the botanical world.^[2] Emmer wheat has been found in archaeological excavations and ancient tombs. Grains of wild emmer discovered at Ohalo II had a radiocarbon dating of 17,000 BC,^[3] and at the Pre Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) site of Netiv Hagdud are 10,000-9,400 years old.

DNA studies on emmer wheat have shown its place of domestication to be near Şanlıurfa, in southeast Turkey.^[3] Domesticated emmer first appears at Pre-Pottery Neolithic sites in the Fertile Crescent, either in the PPNA period (9800-8800 cal BC) or the early-mid PPNB (8800-7500 cal BC). Small quantities of emmer are present during Period 1 at Mehrgharh on the Indian subcontinent, showing that emmer was already cultivated there by 7000-5000 BC.^[4]

In the Near East, in southern Mesopotamia in particular, cultivation of emmer wheat began to decline in the Early Bronze Age, from about 3000 BC, and barley became the standard cereal crop. This has been related to increased salinization of irrigated alluvial soils, of which barley is more tolerant,^[5] although this study has been challenged.^[6] Emmer had a special place in ancient Egypt, where it was the main wheat cultivated in Pharaonic times, although cultivated einkorn wheat was grown in great abundance during the Third Dynasty, and large quantities of it were found preserved, along with cultivated emmer wheat and barleys, in the subterranean chambers beneath the Step Pyramid at Saqqara.^[7] Neighbouring countries also cultivated einkorn, durum and common wheat.^[8] In the absence of any obvious functional explanation, the greater prevalence of emmer wheat in the diet of ancient Egypt may simply reflect a marked culinary or cultural preference, or may reflect growing conditions having changed after the Third Dynasty. Emmer and barley were the primary ingredients in ancient Egyptian bread and beer. Emmer recovered from the Phoenician settlement at Volubilis^[9] (in present day Morocco) has been dated to the middle of the first millennium BC.

Emmer wheat is mentioned in ancient rabbinic literature as one of the five grains to be used by Jews during Passover as matzah (that is, without leavening agents of any kind).^{[citation needed]} It is often incorrectly translated as spelt in English translations of the rabbinic literature but spelt did not grow in ancient Israel, and emmer was a significant crop until the end of the Iron Age. Likewise, references to emmer in Greek and Latin texts are traditionally translated as "spelt," even though spelt was not common in the Classical world until very late in its history.

In northeastern Europe, emmer (in addition to einkorn and barley) was one of the most important cereal species and this importance can be seen to increase from 3400 BC onwards. Pliny the Elder, notes that although emmer was called far in his time formerly it was called adoreum (or "glory"), providing an etymology explaining that emmer had been held in glory (N.H. 18.3), and later in the same book he describes its role in sacrifices.

Cultivation[link]

Today emmer is primarily a relict crop in mountainous areas. Its value lies in its ability to give good yields on poor soils, and its resistance to fungal diseases such as stem rust that are prevalent in wet areas. Emmer is grown in Armenia, Morocco, Spain (Asturias), the Carpathian mountains on the border of the Czech and Slovak republics, Albania, Turkey, Switzerland and Italy. It is also grown in the U.S. as a specialty product. A traditional food plant in Ethiopia, this relatively little-known grain has potential to improve nutrition, boost food security, foster rural development and support sustainable landcare.^[10]

In Italy, uniquely, emmer cultivation is well established and even expanding. In the mountainous Garfagnana area of Tuscany emmer (known as farro) is grown by farmers as an IGP (Indicazione Geografica Protetta) product, with its geographic identity protected by law. Production is certified by a co-operative body, the Consorzio Produttori Farro della Garfagnana. IGP-certified farro is widely available in health food shops across Europe, and even in some British supermarkets. The demand for Italian farro has led to competition from non-certified farro, grown in lowland areas and often consisting of a different wheat species, spelt (Triticum spelta).

Food uses[link]

Emmer's main use is as a human food, though it is also used for animal feed. Ethnographic evidence from Turkey and other emmer-growing areas suggests that emmer makes good bread (judged by the taste and texture standards of traditional bread), and this is supported by evidence of its widespread consumption as bread in ancient Egypt.^[11] Emmer bread is available in Switzerland.^[12] In Italy, whole emmer grains can be easily found in most supermarkets and groceries, emmer bread (pane di farro) can be found in bakeries in some areas, and emmer has traditionally been consumed in Tuscany as whole grain in soup. Higher in fiber than common wheat, emmer's use for making pasta is a recent response to the health food market; some consumers^[who?], however, judge that emmer pasta has an unattractive texture. Emmer has also been used in beer production and the Riedenburger eco-brewery in Bavaria, Germany currently produces Emmerbier.^[13] As with most varieties of wheat, however, emmer is probably unsuitable for sufferers from wheat allergies or coeliac disease.^[14]

Etymology[link]

First use: 1908 Origin: species of wheat, from German Emmer, variant of Amelkorn, from amel "starch", from Latin amylum. ^[15]

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Daniel Zohary, Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of plants in the Old World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850356-3. 
• Hulled Wheats. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 4. Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Hulled Wheats 21-22 July 1995, Castelvecchio Pascoli, Tuscany, Italy[invalid link]

• Zohary, Michael (1982). Plants of the Bible. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24926-0.  Up-to-date reference to cereals in the Biblical world.
• Wheat evolution: integrating archaeological and biological evidence
• Alternative Wheat Cereals as Food Grains: Einkorn, Emmer, Spelt, Kamut, and Triticale
• Luo, M.-C.; Yang, Z.-L.; You, F. M.; Kawahara, T.; Waines, J. G.; Dvorak, J. (2007). "The structure of wild and domesticated emmer wheat populations, gene flow between them, and the site of emmer domestication". Theoretical and Applied Genetics 114 (6): 947–59. doi:10.1007/s00122-006-0474-0. PMID 17318496. 
• Jacobsen, Thorkild; Adams, Robert M. (1958). "Salt and Silt in Ancient Mesopotamian Agriculture". Science 128 (3334): 1251–8. Bibcode 1958Sci...128.1251J. doi:10.1126/science.128.3334.1251. PMID 17793690. 
• [1] Oldest domesticated wheat found at Abu Hureyra.
• Jacomet, Stefanie (2006). "Plant economy of the northern Alpine lake dwellings — 3500–2400 cal. BC". Environmental Archaeology 11 (1): 65–85. doi:10.1179/174963106x97061. 

See also[link]

v t e Wheat resources History Domestication · Neolithic Revolution · Tell Abu Hureyra · Tell Aswad · Triticeae Types of wheat Common · Durum · Einkorn · Emmer · Kamut · Norin 10 · Red Fife · Spelt · Winter wheat Agronomy Wheat breeding · Wheat diseases (list) · Wheat mildew Trade Australian Wheat Board · Canadian Wheat Board · Corn exchange · International Wheat Council · Peak wheat · Production statistics · Protein premium · Wheat pool Parts of the plant Bran · Germ · Gluten · Husk · Kernel · Straw Basic preparations None: Wheatberry · Milling: Farina · Flour (types) · Groats · Middlings · Semolina · Parboiling: Bulgur As an ingredient Bread · Couscous · Cracker · Flatbread · Pasta · Wheat beer · Wheat germ oil · Wheat gluten Associated human diseases Exercise-induced anaphylaxis · Gluten sensitivity (Coeliac disease, Wheat allergy, etc.) Related concepts Bread riot · Plant breeding · Refined grains · Staple food · Wheatpaste · Whole grain Further information

Dale Carpenter is an American legal commentator and Earl R. Larson Professor of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Law at the University of Minnesota Law School. As a professor, Carpenter specializes in constitutional law, the First Amendment, Due Process and Equal Protection clauses, sexual orientation and the law, and commercial law.

Carpenter is a frequent speaker on issues surrounding same-sex marriage. Outside of traditional legal academic circles, he also writes a regular column, "OutRight", for several gay publications across the United States. He is a regular contributor to the Independent Gay Forum as well as the weblog "The Volokh Conspiracy" and is regularly cited in the American media.

Biography[link]

Professor Dale Carpenter teaches and writes in the areas of constitutional law, the First Amendment, and sexual orientation and the law. In 2007, he was appointed the Earl R. Larson Professor of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Law. He was the Julius E. Davis Professor of Law for 2006-07 and the Vance K. Opperman Research Scholar for 2003-04. Professor Carpenter was chosen the Stanley V. Kinyon Teacher of the Year for 2003-04 and 2005-06 and was the Tenured Teacher of the Year for 2006-07. Since 2004, he has served as an editor of Constitutional Commentary.

Professor Carpenter received his B.A. degree in history, magna cum laude, from Yale College in 1989. He received his Juris Doctor, with honors, from the University of Chicago Law School in 1992. At the University of Chicago he was Editor-in-Chief of the University of Chicago Law Review. He received both the D. Francis Bustin Prize for excellence in legal scholarship and the John M. Olin Foundation Scholarship for Law & Economics. Professor Carpenter clerked for The Honorable Edith H. Jones of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit from 1992 to 1993. After his clerkship, he practiced at Vinson & Elkins in Houston and at Howard, Rice, Nemerovski, Canady, Falk & Rabkin in San Francisco. He is a member of the state bars of Texas and California.

He is a frequent television, radio, and print commentator on constitutional law, the First Amendment, and sexual orientation and the law.

Carpenter is a libertarian-leaning conservative. He is noted for his scholarship on same-sex rights in the United States. He co-authored an Amicus brief for Lawrence v. Texas (2003) on behalf of the Republican Unity Coalition, a gay-straight Republican organization.

Publications[link]

• Flagrant Conduct: The Story of Lawrence v. Texas. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 2012. ISBN 9780393062083. 

Selected articles[link]

• Bad Arguments For and Against Gay Marriage, 7 Florida Coastal L. Rev. 181 (2005)
• Four Arguments Against the Federal Marriage Amendment That Even an Opponent of Gay Marriage Should Accept, 2 St. Thomas L. Rev. 71 (2004)
• The Unknown Past of Lawrence v. Texas, 102 Mich. L. Rev. 1464 (2004)
• Is Lawrence Libertarian?, 88 Minn. L. Rev. 1140 (2004)
• The Antipaternalism Principle in the First Amendment, 37 Creighton L. Rev. 579 (2004)
• Judicial Supremacy and Its Discontents, 20 Const. Comm. 405 (2003)
• Freedom of Expressive Association and Antidiscrimination Law After Dale: A Tripartite Approach, 85 Minn. L. Rev. 1515 (2001)
• A Conservative Defense of Romer v. Evans, 76 Ind. L. J. 403 (2001)
• Same-Sex Sexual Harassment Under Title VII, 37 S. Tex. L. Rev. 699 (1996)

See also[link]

• Independent Gay Forum
• The Volokh Conspiracy

References[link]

External links[link]

• Carpenter's Webpage at the University of Minnesota Law School.
• Carpenter Archive on the Independent Gay Forum.
• Carpenter Interviewed on NPR: Craig Arrest Highlights Politics of Sexuality.

Thomas Earl "Tom" Emmer, Jr.
Emmer campaigning for governor in June 2010
Member of the Minnesota House of Representatives from the 19B district
In office January 4, 2005 – January 3, 2011
Preceded by	Dick Borrell
Succeeded by	Joe McDonald
Personal details
Born	(1961-03-03) March 3, 1961 (age 51) South Bend, Indiana
Political party	Republican
Spouse(s)	Jacqueline
Children	Tripp, Jack, Bobby, Katie, Joey, Billy and Johnny
Residence	Delano, Minnesota
Alma mater	University of Alaska Fairbanks William Mitchell College of Law
Occupation	lawyer, legislator
Religion	Roman Catholic
Website	emmerforgovernor.com

Thomas Earl "Tom" Emmer, Jr.^[1] (born March 3, 1961) was a member of the Minnesota House of Representatives from 2005 until 2011 and the Republican nominee for governor in the 2010 election. He represented District 19B, which includes portions of Wright and Hennepin Counties and the cities of Otsego, Albertville, St. Michael, Rockford, Delano, Montrose, and Waverly.^[2] He was born in South Bend, Indiana, and grew up in Edina, Minnesota.

Early life, education, and early political career[link]

Emmer attended St. Thomas Academy, an all-male, Catholic, military, college-preparatory high school, located in Mendota Heights near Saint Paul.^[3] He then attended Boston College^[2] followed by the University of Alaska at Fairbanks,^[1] where he received a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science in 1984. He also played hockey for both schools. He received a Juris Doctor from William Mitchell College of Law in Saint Paul, Minnesota in 1988.^[4]

Prior to his election to the House, Emmer served as a member of the Independence and Delano City Councils.^[2]

Minnesota House of Representatives[link]

Elections[link]

In 2004, incumbent Republican State Representative Dick Borrell, of Minnesota's 19B House District, decided to retire. Emmer decided to run and defeated Democrat Lori M. Schmidt, an attorney, 60%-40%.^[5] In 2006, he won re-election to a second term with 61% of the vote.^[6] In 2008, he won re-election to a third term with 61% of the vote.^[7] In 2010, he decided to retire in order to run for Governor of Minnesota.

Committee assignments[link]

He served on the Finance Committee, the Health Care and Human Services Policy and Oversight Committee, and the State and Local Government Operations Reform, Technology and Elections Committee. He was also a member of the Finance Subcommittee for the Health Care and Human Services Finance Division, and of the Health Care and Human Services Policy and Oversight Subcommittee for the Licensing Division.^[2]

2010 gubernatorial election[link]

Primary[link]

Emmer officially announced his candidacy for governor of the State of Minnesota in July 2009.^[8][9] In January 2010, Emmer came in second to Marty Seifert in a non-binding straw poll of Republican Party caucus participants.^{[citation needed]} In April 2010, Emmer announced that his running mate would be Metropolitan Council member Annette Meeks. Emmer received the endorsements of former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin, ^[10] Governor Tim Pawlenty, and Lieutenant Governor Carol Molnau.^[11] On April 30, 2010, the Republican Party of Minnesota officially endorsed Tom Emmer as its candidate for governor at the state convention in Minneapolis. His main opponent, Marty Seifert, withdrew from the race and endorsed Emmer when it became apparent that Emmer was nearing the threshold for party endorsement. On August 10, 2010, Emmer won the Republican primary by a landslide of 82% of the vote, a 75-point margin over the distant second place candidate Bob Carney.^[12][13]

Corporate sponsorship[link]

The race has attracted national attention as the "first case in this election cycle of a company hit by national protests over a campaign donation".^[14] Minnesota-based Target Corporation donated $150,000 to Minnesota Forward, a new political action committee paying for advertising that supports Emmer's gubernatorial election.^[15] Emmer has said he views the Target giving as an exercise in free speech and wants to keep his campaign focused on economic issues.^[16] Best Buy has donated $100,000 to MN Forward.^[17]

Results[link]

Emmer trailed by 9,000 votes behind his Democratic opponent Mark Dayton in the un-certified election results, though the count was close enough to trigger an automatic recount. Most analysts felt it was unlikely that the Emmer campaign could overcome such a deficit in a recount.^[18] On December 8, 2010, Emmer conceded the election.^[19]

Post 2010 election activities[link]

Emmer is now a registered lobbyist in Minnesota.^[20] In early 2011, he ran for an open Minnesota seat on the Republican National Committee, but lost that election to Hennepin County Commissioner Jeff Johnson.^[21]

Following Congresswoman Michele Bachmann's decision to run for the Republican nomination for the 2012 presidential election, Emmer has been speculated as a possible candidate to run for her seat, should she win the nomination. He has expressed interest in the seat if she does not seek re-election.^[22]

Emmer is scheduled to host a November 5 event promoting the launch of Representative Ron Paul's presidential campaign in Minnesota.^[23]

Political positions[link]

Pharmacy conscience clause[link]

He has supported "conscience clause" legislation that would allow pharmacists to refuse to dispense contraception on the basis of "ethical, moral or legal grounds as long as the pharmacist notifies their employer in advance and the employer can ensure a patient has timely access to the drug or device".^[24]

State Sovereignty[link]

Emmer sponsored an amendment to the Minnesota Constitution that would allow the state to nullify federal laws, which presumably would require all federal laws to be approved by the state government, and which would probably be unconstitutional under the United States Constitution.^[25]

Abortion[link]

Emmer identifies as pro-life.^[26]

Taxes[link]

Emmer strongly opposes tax increases. He has also proposed gradually reducing the state corporate tax, with the eventual goal of repealing it altogether.^[27]

Minimum wage[link]

Emmer introduced an amendment within the Minnesota House of Representatives that would have eliminated Minnesota's minimum wage law in 2005.^[28]

'Tip credit'[link]

On July 5, 2010, after visiting a restaurant in St. Paul Minnesota, Emmer was asked during a press conference if he supported the idea of a tip credit, the financial policy of allowing businesses to subtract tips from a server's hourly wage. His response was "Yes... if you didn't have a minimum wage law..." His reasoning for implementing the tip credit is that "...somebody could be taking home well over one hundred thousand dollars as a server" while the restaurant owner could be making much less.^[29][30]

One week after his ‘tip credit’ press conference, Emmer announced a proposal that would exempt the first $20,000 a server makes in tips from state taxes.^[31] At the same press conference a protester dumped $20 in pennies on Emmer's lap.^[32]

Drunk driving[link]

In 2009, Emmer sponsored a bill that would shorten the period of license revocation for driving while impaired and for refusing to take a sobriety test. Additionally, though "suspected drunken drivers [currently] face revocation before they go to court," Emmer's bill would delay revocations until after conviction.^[33] Supporters of Emmer's bill have said "it's needed because pre-conviction revocations penalize drivers before proving they're guilty."^[34] Mothers Against Drunk Driving and the head of the Minnesota DWI task force opposed the legislation^[35] because it would allow arrested drivers to continue to drive during the time between their arrest and hearing.^[36]

Emmer's own history of drunk driving became an issue in relation to his bill.^[37] Emmer, at the age of 20, received a driving under the influence-related ticket in 1981. In 1991 he pled guilty to careless driving while two charges for DWI and a license plate violation were dropped.^[38] He denies that his own drunk driving and legal consequences played a part in the bill, stating, "We all come to the Legislature with life experiences, but it has nothing to do with this bill."^[33] Emmer also stated that his sentence in 1981 should have been harsher. Had it been, Emmer felt that he "...probably wouldn't have taken the second chance" that led to his subsequent arrests and guilty plea in 1991.^[39]

On May 13, 2010, Emmer was one of three legislators not to vote on a bill that would have provided such tougher penalties for drunk drivers. Emmer said that he missed the vote when a previously scheduled lunch ran long, and that he had "no idea" how he would have voted on the bill, but that he "assume[d]" he would have supported it.^[40]

LGBT rights[link]

Emmer supports a state constitutional amendment banning civil recognition of same-sex marriages or its legal equivalent, stating, "I believe marriage is the union between one man and one woman."^[41] In March 2007, Tom Emmer introduced HF 1847 which was a proposed Amendment to the Minnesota Constitution stating, "recognizing as marriage or its legal equivalent only a union between one man and one woman." ^[42]

On November 4, 2008, Emmer's campaign made a $250 cash contribution to Christian punk rock ministry You Can Run But You Cannot Hide International.^[43] Emmer has since met with the CEO and President of the group Bradlee Dean on his radio show Sons of Liberty in early 2010. Dean stated that “Muslims are calling for the executions of homosexuals in America... they themselves are upholding the laws that are even in the Bible of the Judeo-Christian God, but they seem to be more moral than even the American Christians do... They know homosexuality is an abomination.”^[43] Emmer's campaign stated that he "is a supporter of traditional marriage, and he strongly opposes any kind of violence or unfair discrimination against any group."^[43]

During an October 9 televised debate, Emmer said he would oppose legislation to combat school bullying against gay and lesbian young people. Emmer, who in the past voted against anti-bullying legislation as a state lawmaker, said that teachers are most responsible for halting bullies, but suggested that the threat of lawsuits keeps them from doing so. "I don't think we need more laws; I think we need more understanding,"^[44]

BPA[link]

In 2009, Emmer voted against S.F. 247.^[45] This Minnesota law states that by January 1, 2010, no manufacturer, retailer, or wholesaler may sell or offer for sale in Minnesota any children's product that contains Bisphenol-A, except for used children's products which will be prohibited after January 1, 2011.^[46] Emmer stated that he voted against the law because of fear of “increased costs.” As well-intentioned as people may be, he said, "they don't think about what this vote means five steps down the line."^[47]

Personal life[link]

The great-grandfather of Emmer, along with his two brothers, founded Emmer Brothers Lumber in 1910. It is now called Viking Forest Products LLC, an employee-owned company.^[48] Emmer has seven children with his wife of more than 20 years, Jacqueline Emmer.^[49] He is an avid hockey player, having played in college, and continuing the sport by coaching.^[1] During the legislative session, Emmer regularly rides the bus to the Minnesota State Capitol.^[1]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Tom Emmer at Minnesota Legislators Past & Present
• Representative Tom Emmer (R) official MN State Legislature site
• Emmer for Governor official gubernatorial campaign site
• Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Project Vote Smart
• Current Bills Sponsored at StateSurge.com
• Campaign contributions at the National Institute for Money in State Politics
• Voting record (2005-2008) at Minnesota Public Radio Votetracker

Marty Seifert (born April 23, 1972 in Springfield, Minnesota) is a former Republican Minority Leader and former member of the Minnesota House of Representatives. He represented District 21A, a predominantly rural district in southwestern Minnesota that includes portions of Lyon, Redwood and Yellow Medicine counties, and the cities of Marshall and Redwood Falls.^[1] In 2010, he ran for Governor of Minnesota.

House leadership[link]

First elected in 1996, Seifert served as House Majority Whip from 1999-2006. When the Republicans lost control of the House after the 2006 election, he took over leadership of the party in the House from former Speaker Steve Sviggum.^[1]

Seifert served on the House Rules and Legislative Administration Committee and was an ex officio member of the House Finance Committee and the House Ways and Means Committee.^[2]

On June 3, 2009, Seifert announced that he was stepping down from his position as minority leader to run for governor of Minnesota.^[3] On October 15, 2009, he also announced that he would not seek re-election to the House, but would concentrate his efforts on the 2010 governor's race.^[4]

2010 gubernatorial campaign[link]

At the Republican Party of Minnesota's off-year state convention held on October 3, 2009, at the Saint Paul River Centre, Seifert was the first place winner of a non-binding straw poll, receiving 37% of the vote. He was followed by state representative Tom Emmer with 23% of the vote and former state auditor Patricia Anderson with 14% of the vote.^[5]

On February 2, 2010, Seifert won a statewide straw poll of Republican voters attending their precinct caucuses. He garnered 50% of the vote, followed by Rep. Tom Emmer with 39%. No other candidate got beyond single digits.^[6]

On February 18, 2010, Seifert announced that Rhonda Sivarajah would be his running mate for Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota.^[7]

Seifert went into the 2010 State Republican Convention in a close battle with Tom Emmer, but fell behind on the first ballot. After the second ballot showed Emmer near the threshold for party endorsement, Seifert withdrew from the race, endorsed Emmer, and asked the convention to give Emmer their unanimous endorsement.^[8] The gubernatorial race ultimately resulted in Democratic-Farmer-Labor nominee Mark Dayton defeating Emmer by less than 9,000 votes.

Post-election activities[link]

Following his endorsement of Emmer at the state convention, Seifert withdrew from the governors' race and served the rest of his term as a state representative, which he had promised would be his last term.^[9] Following the end of his term, he acquired a real estate license and began selling houses.^[10] He eventually became the executive director of the Avera Marshall Foundation but also retained his real estate license and maintains a job as a buyer's agent with Real Estate Retrievers in Marshall.^[11]

In September 2010, he was admitted to a hospital after experiencing pain and shortness of breath, which was revealed to be the result of a fluid buildup in his left lung.^[12]

Following speculation that he may challenge incumbent Democratic Senator Amy Klobuchar in 2012, Seifert posted on his Facebook page on May 9, 2011, that he would not seek the Senate seat.^[13]

Education, family and career[link]

Seifert attended college at Southwest Minnesota State University in Marshall. During his time there, he brought the College Republicans back to the school, and later became the student body president. Upon graduation in 1995, he received a B.S. in Political Science. He is a member of the Southwest State University Alumni Association, and a former member of the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities Board of Trustees.^[14]

Seifert is married to Traci (DeSutter) and has two children. He is a former government and history teacher at Marshall Senior High School, and admissions counselor at Southwest Minnesota State University.^[2]

Seifert is currently a real estate agent and the executive director of the Avera Marshall Foundation.^[11]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Marty Seifert at Minnesota Legislators Past & Present
• Rep. Seifert Web Page
• Minnesota House District 21A
• Minnesota Public Radio Votetracker: Rep. Marty Seifert
• Project Votesmart: Rep. Marty Seifert Profile
• Rep. Seifert's Campaign Web Site

v t e Minnesota House Minority Leaders Halstead • Prifrel • Chilgren • Cina • Hartle • Langen • Duxbury • Cina • Sabo • Dirlam • Savelkoul • Searle • Sherwood • Jennings • Norton • Schreiber • Dempsey • Sviggum • Pugh • Entenza • Anderson Kelliher • Seifert • Zellers • Thissen

Luciano Emmer (19 January 1918 – 16 September 2009) was an Italian film director. He was born in Milan. He won a Golden Globe in 1951 for Pictura. He has directed more documentaries than fiction pictures, most notably Domenica d'agosto and the romance-comedy-drama Three Girls from Rome.

Luciano Emmer was the father of actor and director Michele Emmer.

Selected filmography[link]

• 1938 Racconto di un affresco (documentary)
• 1940 Il Paradiso terrestre (documentary)
• 1940 I disastri della guerra (documentary)
• 1949 Domenica d'agosto
• 1951 Parigi è sempre Parigi
• 1952 Three Girls from Rome Le ragazze di Piazza di Spagna
• 1954 Incontrare Picasso (documentary)
• 1954 Terza liceo
• 1954 Gli eroi dell'Artide (documentary)
• 1954 Camilla
• 1955 Picasso
• 1955 Il bigamo
• 1957 Paradiso terrestre (documentary)
• 1957 Il momento più bello
• 1960 La ragazza in vetrina
• 1972 Cesare Zavattini e il "Campo di grano con corvi" di Van Gogh (documentary)
• 1990 Basta! Ci faccio un film
• 2001 Una lunga, lunga, lunga notte d'amore
• 2003 L'acqua... il fuoco

External links[link]

• Luciano Emmer at the Internet Movie Database

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