- published: 16 Apr 2012
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- author: Qazi Ajmal
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- Abbottabad District
- Abdul Ghaffar Khan
- Abdur Rahman Khan
- Achaemenid
- Achaemenid Empire
- Adezai
- Afghan refugees
- Afghanistan
- Afghans in Pakistan
- Afsharid dynasty
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- Arbab Niaz Stadium
- Army Stadium
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- Bala Hisar Fort
- Banking in Pakistan
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Abbottabad
Abbottabad /əˈbɒtəbɑːd/ (Urdu, Hindko: ایبٹ آباد Ābṭābād [aːbʈaːˈbaːd̪]) is a city located in the Hazara region of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, in Pakistan. The city is situated in the Orash Valley, 50 kilometres (31 mi) northeast of the capital Islamabad and 150 kilometres (93 mi) east of Peshawar at an altitude of 1,260 metres (4,134 ft) and is the capital of the Abbottabad District. It borders Azad Kashmir to the east. The city is well-known throughout Pakistan for its pleasant weather, high-standard educational institutions and military establishments.
The town of Abbottabad, under the British Raj, was the headquarters of the Hazara District during British rule of India. It was named after Major James Abbott who founded the town and district in January 1853 after the annexation of Punjab. He remained the first Deputy Commissioner of the Hazara district from 1849 until April 1853. Major Abbott is noted for having written a poem titled "Abbottabad", before he went back to Britain, in which he wrote of his fondness for the town and his sadness at having to leave it. In the early 20th century, Abbottabad became an important military cantonment and sanatorium, serving as the headquarters of a brigade in the Second Division of the Northern Army Corps. The garrison consisted of four battalions of native infantry, of the Frontier Force (including the 5th Gurkha Rifles) and two native mountain batteries.
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Abbottabad District
Abbottabad (Urdu: ضلع ایبٹ آباد) is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The district covers an area of 1,969 km with the city of Abbottabad being the principal town. Neighbouring districts are Mansehra to the north, Muzaffarabad to the east, Haripur to the west, and Rawalpindi to the south.
The district is named after Major James Abbott, the first deputy commissioner of Hazara (1849–1853).
During British rule Abbottabad became the capital of Hazara division, which was named after and contained the Hazara valley, a small valley in the outermost Himalayas, between the Indus in the west and Kashmir in the east.
The current Abbottabad District was originally a tehsil of Hazara, the Imperial Gazetteer of India described it as follows:
As Hazara District covered a large area, the provincial government decided for administrative purposes to divide Hazara into Abbottabad, Mansehra, Kohistan, Haripur and Batagram districts. In 1981 Hazara was divided and Abbottabad was formed as a district with two tehsils. In 1981 the total area of District Abbottabad was 3,665 square miles (9,490 km2) with a population of 977,212. Tehsil Abbottabad (a sub division of the district) – had an area of 1,802-square-mile (4,670 km2) and a population of 667,328 including 51% of Circle Bakote. In 1990 the total population of the district was 1,425,032 including Circle Bakote 43%.
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Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire (/ækəˈmɛnɪˌdi/; Old Persian: Parsā, name of ruling dynasty: Haxāmanišiya) (c. 550–330 BCE), sometimes known as First Persian Empire, was an Iranian empire in Southwest Asia, founded in the 6th century BCE by Cyrus the Great who overthrew the Median confederation. It expanded to eventually rule over significant portions of the ancient world which at around 500 BCE stretched from the Indus Valley in the east, to Thrace and Macedon on the northeastern border of Greece making it the biggest empire the world had yet seen. The Achaemenid Empire would eventually control Egypt as well. It was ruled by a series of monarchs who unified its disparate tribes and nationalities by constructing a complex network of roads.
Calling themselves the Parsa after their original Aryan tribal name Parsua, Persians settled in a land which they named Parsua, bounded on the west by the Tigris River and on the south by the Persian Gulf. This became their heartland for the duration of the Achaemenid Empire. It was from this region that eventually Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II of Persia) would advance to defeat the Median, the Lydian, and the Babylonian Empires, opening the way for subsequent conquests into Egypt and Asia minor.
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Adezai
Adezai (Urdu: اديزءي) is a historic village of Peshawar District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, it is located at +33° 47' 20.58"N, +71° 34' 37.20"E and situated just 25 km north of the city of Peshawar. The village is also the administrative centre of Adezai Union Council - which is an administrative subdivision of Peshawar Tehsil. Like Peshawar, this area contains many historic sites. The area contains a ruin on a mound called "Sikh dheri". Adezai's land is very fertile and agriculture has long been the dominant occupation of its people. Areas like 'Awayy,Sandasar,Lalma and Khandaq are known for their lush green fields.
The village had a high school, Higher secondary school Adezai which was the single institution for learning of the surrounding villages and for the tribal area also for many years.The school was terribly damaged in a terrorist attack in the spring of 2011. Besides the village has primary education facilities. There are two main primary schools for boys and two primary and one middle school for girls. But the school conditions are very bad and most of the time teachers are not available.Several public schools,however,are compensating for this. Adezai has produced some massive talents. Village Adezai is surrounded by Village Mattani at West, FR Peshawar at South, Village Passani at East and its Northern Side is touched with Village Bada ber. All of its population are Pashtuns and belongs to the Khalil Mohmand Cast. All are followers of Islam. This village is further divided into two parts called Khalizai and Ulizai.
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Afghanistan
Afghanistan
i/æfˈɡænɨstæn/ (Persian/Pashto: افغانستان, Afġānistān), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in the centre of Asia, forming part of South Asia, Central Asia, and Greater Middle East, it is also considered to be part of a broader West Asia. With a population of about 29 million, it has an area of 647,500 km2 (250,001 sq mi), making it the 42nd most populous and 41st largest nation in the world. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and the east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the far northeast.
Afghanistan has been an ancient focal point of the Silk Road and human migration. Archaeologists have found evidence of human habitation from as far back as 50,000 BC. Urban civilization may have begun in the area as early as 3,000 to 2,000 BC. Sitting at an important geostrategic location that connects the Middle East with Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, the land has been home to various peoples through the ages and witnessed many military campaigns, notably by Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, and in modern era Western forces. The land also served as a source from which the Greco-Bactrians, Kushans, Saffarids, Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Timurids, Mughals and many others have risen to form major empires.
wn.com/Afghanistan -
Arbab Niaz Stadium
Arbab Niaz Stadium is a Test cricket ground in Peshawar, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It replaced the Peshawar Club Ground as the home ground for the Peshawar cricket team in 1985. The ground has hosted 17 ODIs since 1984 (including two where no play was possible), and seven Test matches since 1995, most recently in 2003. The ground has a seating capacity of 20,000.
Coordinates: 34°1′17.87″N 71°34′42.26″E / 34.0216306°N 71.5784056°E / 34.0216306; 71.5784056
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Attock
Attock (Urdu: اٹک) (formerly Campbellpur) is a city located in the northern border of the Punjab province of Pakistan and the headquarters of Attock District. In the 1901 census, Attock was reported to have had a population of 2866 people, a figure which has grown dramatically during the 20th century with 69,588 reported in the 1998 census and contemporary estimates approaching 100,000.
It is located on the bank of the Indus, just 80 km (50 mi) from Rawalpindi, 100 km (62 mi) from Peshawar, and 10 km (6 mi) from the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex, Kamra.
Gandhara was a historic region of ancient India (which corresponds to areas of north west Pakistan including Attock). Situated astride the middle Indus River, the region had Taxila and Peshawar as its chief cities. It was originally a province of the Persian Empire and was reached (327 B.C.) by Alexander the Great. The region passed to Chandragupta, founder of the Maurya empire, in the late 4th century B.C., and under Asoka was converted (mid-3d cent.) to Buddhism. It was part of Bactria from the late 3d cent. to the 1st cent. B.C. Under the Kushan dynasty (1st cent.–3d cent. A.D.), and especially under Kanishka, Gandhara developed a noted school of sculpture, consisting mainly of images of Buddha and relief’s representing scenes from Buddhist texts, but with marked Greco-Roman elements of style. The art form flourished in Gandhara until the 5th century, when the region was conquered by the Huns.
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Azad Kashmir
Azad Jammu and Kashmir (Urdu: آزاد جموں و کشمیر, Azaad Jammu o- Kashmir, literally Free Jammu and Kashmir ; AJK) or Azad Kashmir (literally Free Kashmir) for short, is the southernmost political entity within the Pakistani-administered part of the former princely state of Kashmir and Jammu. It borders the present-day Indian-controlled state of Jammu and Kashmir to the east (separated from it by the Line of Control), Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa to the west, Gilgit–Baltistan to the north, and the Punjab province to the south. With its capital at Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir covers an area of 13,297 square kilometres (5,134 sq mi) and has an estimated population of about four million. Brad Adams the Asia director at Human Rights Watch has said in 2006
Although ‘azad’ means ‘free,’ the residents of Azad Kashmir are anything but, The Pakistani authorities govern Azad Kashmir with strict controls on basic freedoms.
Azad Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan together constitute the disputed region, referred to as Pakistan-administered Kashmir by the United Nations and other international organisations, and as Pakistan-occupied Kashmir in India in contrast to the name Indian-occupied Kashmir which is given to the Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir by Pakistan. The territories have been under control of the two countries since the first Kashmir war after which Azad Kashmir was successfully captured from the princely state by the rebelling militias with the help of Pakistan army.
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Badaber
Badaber is a village in Peshawar District, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It is situated on Kohat road, and some 10 kilometers away from the main Peshawar city. It is the location of the Badaber refugee camp and jail, established in February 1980, which was the site of the famous Badaber Uprising, where Soviet and Afghan captives staged an armed revolt in an attempt to escape. Some other villages like Sheikh Mohammadi, Darra, Bazi Khel, Kaga wala, are also situated there. It is one of the biggest villages in Pakistan.[citation needed]
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Bagram
Bagram (Template:Dari: بگرام Bagrám), founded as Alexandria on the Caucasus and known in medieval times as Kapisa, is a small town and seat in Bagram District in Parwan Province of Afghanistan, about 60 kilometers north of the capital Kabul. It is the site of an ancient city located at the junction of the Ghorband and Panjshir Valley, near today's city of Charikar, Afghanistan.
The location of this historical town made it a key passage from Ancient India along the Silk Road, leading westwards through the mountains towards Bamiyan.
It is unknown when the site was originally settled. In the mid 500s BC, Cyrus the Great of the Persian Achaemenid Dynasty destroyed the city as part of his campaign against the Saka nomads in the region. The town, however, was soon rebuilt by his successor Darius I.
In the 320s BC, Alexander the Great captured the city and established a fortified colony named Alexandria of the Caucasus. The new town, laid out in the "hippodamian plan" or iron-grid pattern--a hallmark of Greek city planning, had brick walls reinforced with towers at the angles. The central street was bordered with shops and workshops.
wn.com/Bagram -
Bahawalpur
Bahawalpur (Urdu, Saraiki: بہاولپور), located in Punjab, is the twelfth largest city in Pakistan. The city was once the capital of the former princely state of Bahawalpur. The city was home to various Nawabs (rulers) and counted as part of the Rajputana states (now Rajasthan, India). The city is known for its famous palaces such as the Noor Mahal, Sadiq Ghar Palace, and Darbar Mahal, as well as the ancient fort of Derawar in the Cholistan Desert bordering India. The city is located near the historical and ancient cities of Uch and Harappa, which were once a stronghold of the Delhi Sultanate and Indus Valley Civilisation. The city is home to one of the few natural safari parks in Pakistan, Lal Suhanra National Park.
In 2007, the city's population was recorded to have risen to 798,509 from 403,408 in 1998.Punjabi and Saraiki are the major languages of local people, while Urdu is well understood and English is the official languages used in various educational and government institutions. Bahawalpur is located south of the Sutlej River and lies in the Cholistan region near the Thar Desert. It is situated 90 km from Multan, 420 km from Lahore, and 270 km from Faisalabad.
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Bala Hisar Fort
Bala Hisar Fort (Pashto/Urdu/Persian: قلعه بالا حصار) is one of the most historic places of Peshawar. The word Bala Hisar is from Dari Persian, meaning, “elevated or high fort”. The name was given by the Pashtun King Timur Shah Durrani (1773–1793), who used the fort as the winter capital of the Afghan Durrani Empire, with the summer capital being in Kabul. The Sikhs who conquered Peshawar in the early 19th century named it Samir Garh in 1834 but the name did not become popular.
The Fort has been the headquarters of the Frontier Corps since 1949.
The fort stands on a high mound in the northwestern corner of Peshawar City. Not long ago, the fort used to be conspicuously away from the old city of Peshawar, but now the construction of new buildings has covered space between the old city and the fort. However, the fort's position on a high mound gives a commanding and panoramic view of Peshawar and the entire Peshawar valley. On a clear day, one can see the mountains encircling Peshawar valley and beyond. The area covered by the inner wall of the fort is about 10 acres (40,000 m2) and the outer wall is about 15 acres (61,000 m2). The height of the fort is about 90 feet (27 m) above ground level.
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Bannu District
Bannu District (Urdu: ضلع بنوں) is one of the twenty four districts of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, it is represented in the provincial assembly by four MPAs. The chief city of the district is Bannu. The major industries are cloth weaving and the manufacture of cotton fabrics, machinery, and equipment. Bannu is famous for its weekly Jumma fair. Bannu is very green amidst rugged and dry mountains and has very fertile land. Early English visitors called it a "paradise".
It has only one University, University of Science & Technology, Bannu, Two distance Learning education centre i.e. BEST, Sarhad University and Danish Kadda, two post graduate colleges, a Campus of Engineering University Pshawar which is affiliated with the University of Engineering and Technology U.E.T, Peshawar, Six degree colleges for girls, and more than 500 primary, middle, high and higher secondary schools for girls and boys.
The District forms a basin drained by two rivers from the hills of Waziristan, the Kurram and the Gambila or Tochi. The valley of Bannu proper, stretching to the foot of the frontier hills, forms an irregular oval, measuring 60 miles (100 km) from north to south and about 40 miles (60 km) from east to west.
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Bara River
Bara River (Pashto: باړه سیند; Urdu: دریائے باڑہ ) is a river in Khyber Agency and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The Bara River originates in the Tirah Valley of Bara Tehsil, Khyber Agency. It joins the Kabul River Canal which originates from the Warsak Dam, and enters Peshawar. Then it flows in the North-easterly direction to the Nowshera District, eventually joining the Kabul River near Camp Koruna, Akbarpura. Due to its higher elevation, very limited areas flow through gravity into Bara river.
Coordinates: 34°06′N 71°45′E / 34.1°N 71.75°E / 34.1; 71.75
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Battagram District
Battagram (Urdu: ضلع بٹگرام , Pashto: ضلع بټګرام) is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It has a total land area of 1301 square kilometres and the estimated population of Battagram District in 2004-2005 was 361,000. The main language of the district is pashto.
Battagram in Sanskrit means Village of the Brahmins. Many other small villages in district Battagram are also named after Sanskrit words or their old Hindu residents e.g. Chohan, JB Village (Jesole Bazar) , Ajmera, Rashmera, Chapargram, Banian and Shalkhay etc.
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Battle of Jamrud
The Battle of Jamrud was fought between the Kingdom of Kabul and the Sikh Empire. The Sikhs were building up towards crossing the Khyber pass and capturing Jelalabad and then Kabul itself. The Afghan attempt to dislodge the Sikhs from the strategic Khyber pass failed, but the killing of Sikh General Hari Singh Nalwa limited the Khyber pass as the western extent of the Sikh Empire.
The Battle of Jamrud was fought between the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh and the Barakzai Afghan Emir Dost Muhammad Khan. The Afghans had been losing their long held territories to Sikhs over the preceding years, and had seen their once mighty empire shrink with the loss of Punjab, Multan, Kashmir, Derajat, Hazara and Peshawar. The last three now largely constitute Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa. The loss of Peshawar was the most personal as the inhabitants of the region were fellow Pashtuns and the town of Peshawar was the summer capital of the Afghan Emirs.
Towards the end of 1836, Hari Singh Nalwa attacked and captured the small, though very strategic, fortified Misha Khel Khyberi village of Jamrud situated on the south-side of a range of mountains at the mouth of the Khyber pass. With the conquest of Jamrud, the frontier of the Sikh Empire now bordered the frontier of Afghanistan. This Sikh victory at Jamrud was followed by the resounding defeat of the Yusafzai chief, Fatteh Khan of Panjtar.
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Bela Baramad Khel
Bela baramad khel is also called Bela Anwar Khan. Bela baramad khel located on the river of Kabul in district Peshawar Pakistan.The people of Bela baramad khel are Pakhtons.around the 18 or 17 century they come from the Afghanistan province Nangarhar Hazarno.Map of bela baramad khel on google earth.
Coordinates: 34°10′N 71°33′E / 34.167°N 71.55°E / 34.167; 71.55
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Bhimber
Bhimber (Urdu: بھمبر) is the chief town of Bhimber District, Azad Kashmir in Pakistan. The town is situated on the border between Azad Kashmir and Pakistan at a distance of about 50 km from Mirpur, about 48 km from Gujrat, about 37 km from Jhelum, about 166 km from Islamabad and about 241 km from Srinagar.
Famous Chinese tourist Hune Sang has talked about Bhimber in his journeys in seventh century A.D. For centuries, Bhimber has remained as capital city of Chibhal. Raja Chib Chand who was the first Chib came to Bhimber about 1400 years ago. In Chibs, the first who embraced Islam was Sirsadi who is famous as Hazrat Baba Shadi Shaheed. He died during the reign of King Aurangzeb Alamgir. The last ruler of Chibhals was Raja Sultan Khan (1800-1840). Bhimber has been important strategically. It lies on the route that was followed by the Mughal Emperors for their frequent visits to the Kashmir Valley. It is also known as "Baab-e-Kashmir" (Door to Kashmir) because of its importance and geographical location which was ideal for Mughal Emperors to enter Kashmir. Therefore, the Mughals used Bhimber as a staging point for journey to Srinagar. Mughal Emperor Jahangir discussed Bhimber in his book Tuzk-e-Jahangiri.
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Buner District
Buner District (Pashto: د بونیر ولسوالی) (pronounced: Boonair) is a district of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
The Buner Valley lies on the Peshawar valley border of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It is a small mountain valley, dotted with villages and divided into seven sub-divisions. The Mora Hills and the Ilam range divide it from the Swat Valley, the Sinawar range from Yusafzai, the Guru mountains from the Chamla valley, and the Duma range from the Puran Valley. Until the year 2000 it was a part of Malakand Division - until this division was abolished.
In April 2009, the Taliban seized control of Buner, after a brief battle with local residents, who were unsupported by the Pakistani army. Strict rules were reportedly being enforced, including the elimination of video stores, bans on cutting beards, and the prevention of women from appearing in many public places. On 29 April the government responded to the Taliban by sending the army to the region and dropping parachuters by helicopter. By the end of May 2009, almost all of Buner was cleared of the Taliban.
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Chaghar Matti
Chaghar Matti (Pashto: چغرمٹی
pronunciation (help·info)) Chaghar Matti is a Village of Peshawar District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. There is a Kabul River (shahalam) flowing on the side of Chaghar Matti, which plays an important role in the economy of the village. This river provides water for irrigation, environment for various fishes and birds’ species and providing scenic beauties. The fame of Chaghar Matti is due to the Tomb of Ashab Baba (the companions of Muhammad). Chaghar Matti is a part of Daudzai. Hujra is the tradition meeting place for the men and also serves as a guest house in Chaghar Matti. There are more than twenty small villages around Chaghar Matti, which have got their own local names, but they are known by the name of Chaghar Matti. Chaghar Matti is a central place for these villagers.
Chaghar matti is located 17 km away to the North West from Capital Peshawar and 5 km from warsak road. Chaghar Matti is at altitude of 345m (1,135 ft) above sea level. The Village is located in the Plain Area surrounded by the green and fertile fields. To the East of Chaghar matti, Peshawar city is situated, to the West Bara and warsak, to the North Mechani and shabkadar and to the South, University road is situated .Haryan Ghar, Ghari Ali Muhammad, Khat kally, Garangy, Pir kally, MianJi Baba, sarkhana and jogani are the surrounding villages of Chaghar Matti but collectively they are recognize with Chaghar Matti.
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Chakwal
Coordinates: 32°55′49″N 72°51′20″E / 32.93028°N 72.85556°E / 32.93028; 72.85556
Chakwal (Punjabi, Urdu: چکوال) is the capital of Chakwal District, Punjab, Pakistan. It is located 90 km south-east of the federal capital, Islamabad and is named after Chaudhary Chaku Khan, chief of the Mair Minhas tribe from Jammu, who founded it in 1525 CE during the era of the Mughal Emperor, Zaheerudun Babur. It remained a small but central town of the Dhan Chaurasi Taluka for many centuries. In 1881, during the British era, it was declared the Tehsil Headquarters. It was finally upgraded to district status in 1985. The area of Chakwal city is about 10 square kilometres.[citation needed]
Chakwal is located in the Dhanni region of the Pothohar Plateau in northern Punjab, Pakistan. The Pothohar Plateau (also spelled Potwar or Potohar) (Urdu: سطح مرتفع پوٹھوہار) was the home of the ancient Soan valley civilization, which is evidenced by the discovery of fossils, tools, coins, and remains of ancient archaeological sites. The Indus Valley civilization flourished in this region between the 23rd and 18th centuries BC. Some of the earliest Stone Age artefacts in the world have been found on the plateau, dating from 500,000 to 100,000 years ago. The crude stone recovered from the terraces of the Soan testify to human endeavour in this part of the world from the inter-glacial period.
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Chaman
Chaman (also spelt Chamman) (Pashto/Urdu: چمن ) is the capital of Qilla Abdullah District, Balochistan, Pakistan. It is situated just south of the border with Afghanistan. Across the border in Afghanistan is the neighbouring town of Spin Boldak, in Kandahar Province. The city has a population of 20,000, several thousand of whom are Hindu.
Chaman has a railway station which accommodates services with Kandahar as well as other parts of Afghanistan. A slow passenger train runs between Chaman and Quetta daily. In 2008, it was proposed to extend this railway through Afghanistan to Central Asia.[citation needed] Chaman is among the most beautiful places in the world with good naturist environment.
The town is an important trade point in the Balochistan region, providing a gateway on the trade routes between Afghanistan and Karachi. It underwent development during the martial law period of the 1980s.
Chaman has been known for its football since the 1940s, and is home to Afghan FC, which plays in the Pakistan Premier League, and the Muslim Football Club. The Jamal Nasir Shaheed Stadium is located in the town.
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Charsadda
Charsadda (Pashto: چارسدہ) is a town and headquarters of Charsadda District, in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°8'43N 71°43'51E with an altitude of 276 metres (908 feet) and lies 29 kilometres from the provincial capital - Peshawar.
The earliest archaeological deposits recovered at Charsadda are dated to ca. 1400 BCE, constituting a series of post holes in association with ceramic sherds and ash. Subsequent periods indicate that more permanent structures were built at Charsadda, including stone-lined pits. Between the 14th century BCE and the 6th century BCE, when an Achaemenid presence is represented at the site (see below), the inhabitants of Charsadda developed an iron-working industry and used ceramics that are typical for this period in the Vale of Peshawar, Swat and Dir.
The father of Sanskrit grammar, Panini was from this area and lived around 500−700 BCE.
The later history of Charsadda can be traced back to the 6th century BCE. It was the capital of Gandhara from the 6th century BCE to the 2nd century CE. The ancient name of Charsadda was Pushkalavati, which means "Lotus City". It was the administrative centre of the Gandhara kingdom. Many invaders have ruled over this region during different times of history. These include the Persians, Alexander the Great's Greeks, the Mauryas, the Greco-Bactrians, the Indo-Greeks, the Indo-Scythians, the Indo-Parthians, the Kushans, the Huns, the Turks, the Guptas.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Chiniot
Chiniot (Punjabi, Urdu: چنیوٹ) is a city and administration headquarter of Chiniot District, in the state of Punjab, Pakistan. Located between the heart of river Chenab with the heads of small rocky hills, it is known for its wooden furniture architecture which has a great attraction in all over the world.
"Chiniot" derives from the Punjabi, Chan and ote, means "Moon" and "behind", compound to mean "Behind the Moon". Its name mean also used as "Behind the Moon without light".
Chiniot city lies on left bank of the Chenab River inside the small rocky hills, giving a tourism sight and a great attractions for tourists. It is located at the point where Faisalabad-Sargodha road and Lahore-Jhang road meetup each other. It is 158 kilometers in the Northwest from Lahore and 38 kilometers in North of Faisalabad. Chiniot city is spread over an area of 10 square kilometers with an average elevation of 179 meters (587 ft). Chiniot is located at Latitude: 31.7200 and Longitude: 72.9789.
Chiniot lies on the left bank of river Chenab, with the rocky hills at the northern side between the river and city. On the other side of river, Chenab Nagar (previously Rabwah) city is located covered with the rocks is a great sight. In the center of river a (Committed) worship center (or Chilla Gah) of a great Muslim's Sufi Bu Ali Shah Qalandar is located.
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Chitral
Coordinates: 35°50′N 71°47′E / 35.833°N 71.783°E / 35.833; 71.783
Chitral or Chetrar (Urdu: چترال) (Khowar:چھترار) (Persian: چیترال), translated as field in the native language Khowar, is the capital of the Chitral District, situated on the western bank of the Kunar River (also called Chitral River), in Pakistan. The town is at the foot of Tirich Mir, the highest peak of the Hindu Kush, 25,289 ft (7,708 m) high. It has a population of 20,000, while the district (of 14,833 km² or 5,727 sq mi), has a population of 300,000. The altitude of the valley is 3,700 ft (1,100 m).
The easiest access to Chitral is in the southwest along the Chitral or Kunar Valley towards Jalalabad. This route is open all year and provides direct access to Kabul. However the Pakistan–Afghanistan border (Durand Line) prevents this being used as an internal route to Peshawar and the south. The other routes are over mountain passes. To the south, the Lowari Pass (3,200 m or 10,499 ft) leads 365 km (227 mi) to Peshawar. In the north, the easiest route during summer runs over the Broghol Pass (3,798 m or 12,460 ft) to Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor, however during winter this route is usually closed. To the east, there is a 405 kilometres (252 mi) route to Gilgit over the 3,719 metres (12,201 ft) Shandur Pass. In the west, the 4,300 metres (14,100 ft) Dorah Pass provides an additional route to Afghanistan. The territory is home to rare falcons and the snow leopard, and is cut off by snow from the rest of the country for six months a year, a problem soon to be relieved by the completion of the Lowari Tunnel which will reduce transit time to Chitral as well as allow the district to be connected to the rest of the country even during the cold winter months.
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Chitral District
Chitral (Urdu: ضلع چترال) is a district in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan that contains the town of Chitral. It is the largest district in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa covering an area of 14,850 km² and a population of 318,689 at the 1998 Census, which had subsequently risen to about 378,000 people by 2004. It has one of the highest mountains of the world, Tirich Mir.
Chitral District is the most northerly district in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province, to the west and north is Afghanistan - in the north the Wakhan Corridor, a narrow strip claimed by Pakistan, it separates Pakistan from Tajikistan. To the east of Chitral is the northernmost Pakistani area of Gilgit-Baltistan, and to the south are the Pakistani internal districts of Upper Dir and Swat. Chitral can be accessed by air via the Chitral Airport which is approximately 3 km from the town. Regular flights from Peshawar and Islamabad are run by the PIA.
The terrain of Chitral is quite mountainous, as part of the Pamir Mountains are situated there. Tirich Mir which at 25,289 feet (7,708 metres) is the highest peak of the Hindu Kush, rises in the north of the district.
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Chitrali people
The Chitrali (Urdu: چترالی) or Khow or Kho people (Urdu: کھو) are an ethnic group of northwestern Pakistan. They are mostly found in the Chitral District and speak Chitrali, also known as Khowar.
The main ethnic group, the Khow, speak Khowar (or Chitrali), one of the Dardic languages, which is also spoken in parts of Yasin, Gilgit, Ghizer and Swat.
Chitrali culture is one that pays heavy emphasis on poetry, song and dance. Chitrali people also have a great respect of law and order. This in contrast to the generally lawless traditions of almost all of the neighboring regions. Much of this can be attributed to Chitral being a stable kingdom for most of its history, where the rule of law and the will of the ruler came before tribal concepts such as revenge and isolationism.
With the exception of the Kalash all of the Chitrali people are Muslims, with the majority being Sunni and about thirty percent Ismaili. Generally the people living in Southern Chitral and Chitral Town are very conservative because of the influences from Afghanistan, whereas the people of the North are more liberal.
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Edwardes College
Coordinates: 51°45′40″N 1°15′12″W / 51.7611°N 1.2534°W / 51.7611; -1.2534
Edwardes College is an undergraduate and graduate institution in the city of Peshawar, the capital of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province along Pakistan's northwest border with Afghanistan. The college serves about 2,000 students in sciences, arts and humanities, business administration, and computer science.
The college's degree programs, affiliated with the University of Peshawar, lead to the Bachelor of Arts (B.A.), Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.), Bachelor of Computer Science (B.S.C.), and Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.) degrees awarded through the University of Peshawar. Edwardes also offers an A-Level program, and the Faculty of Arts (F.A.) and Faculty of Science (F.Sc.) certificates through the Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The Higher National Diploma (H.N.D.) program in business and information technology offers the option of a third year in an institution in the U.K., U.S.A. or Australia.
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Faisalabad
Faisalabad, (Urdu: فیصل آباد) formerly known as Lyallpur, is the third largest metropolis in Pakistan, the second largest in the province of Punjab after Lahore, and a major industrial center in the heart of Pakistan.
Nicknamed the Manchester of Asia, Faisalabad remains an important industrial city west of Lahore. The city-district of Faisalabad is bound on the north by the districts of Hafizabad and Chiniot, on the east by Nankana Sahib, on the south by Sahiwal, and Toba Tek Singh and on the west by Jhang.
The city is at a road and railway junction, which has played an influential role in the development of Faisalabad's trade and economy. The surrounding countryside, irrigated by the Lower Chenab River, has seen expanded production of cotton, wheat, sugarcane, vegetables, and fruits, which form 55% of Pakistan's exports. The city is an industrial centre with major railway repair yards, engineering works, and mills that process sugar, flour, and oil seed. Produce includes superphosphates, cotton and silk textiles, hosiery, dyes, industrial chemicals, beverages, apparels, pulp and paper, printing, agricultural equipment, and ghee (clarified butter). Faisalabad is the site of the prestigious University of Agriculture, founded in 1909.
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Gandhara
Gandhāra (Sanskrit: गन्धार Gandḥārā, Urdu: گندھارا Ghandhāra, Pashto: ګندارا, Punjabi: گندھارا, Persian: ویهیند) is the name of an ancient kingdom (Mahajanapada), located in modern day northern Pakistan and parts of eastern Afghanistan. Gandhara was located mainly in the vale of Peshawar, the Potohar plateau (see Taxila) and on the Kabul River. Its main cities were Purushapura (modern Peshawar), literally meaning "City of Man", Varmayana (modern Bamyan) and Takshashila (modern Taxila).
The Kingdom of Gandhara lasted from the early 1st millennium BC to the 11th century AD. It attained its height from the 1st century to the 5th century under the Buddhist Kushan Kings. The Hindu term Shahi is used by history writer Al-Biruni to refer to the ruling Hindu dynasty that took over from the Turki Shahi and ruled the region during the period prior to Muslim conquests of the 10th and 11th centuries. After it was conquered by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1021 CE, the name Gandhara disappeared. During the Muslim period the area was administered from Lahore or from Kabul. During Mughal times the area was part of Kabul province.
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Gilgit
Gilgit (Urdu, Shina: گلگت) is the capital city of Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan. Gilgit City forms a tehsil of Gilgit, within Gilgit District. Its ancient name was Sargin, later to be known as Gilit, and it is still called Gilit or Sargin-Gilit by local people. In the Burushaski language, it is named Geelt and in Wakhi and Khowar it is called Gilt. Ghallata is considered its name in ancient Sanskrit literature. Gilgit City is one of the two major hubs in Gilgit Baltistan for mountaineering expeditions to the Karakoram and other the peaks in the Himalayas, the other hub being Skardu.[citation needed]
Gilgit was an important city on the Silk Road, along which Buddhism was spread from South Asia to the rest of Asia.[citation needed]
The Dards and Chinas appear in many of the old Pauranic lists of peoples who lived in the region, with the former also mentioned in Ptolemy's accounts of the region. Two famous travellers, Faxian and Xuanzang, traversed Gilgit according to their accounts.[citation needed]
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Gujar Khan
Gujar Khan (Urdu: گوجرخان ) is a city in Rawalpindi District, Punjab, Pakistan. It is the headquarters of Gujar Khan Tehsil, the largest tehsil of Punjab. It is approximately 55 kilometres southeast of Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan and 220 km to the north west of Lahore, capital of Punjab. Gujar Khan is bounded on the north by Rawalpindi, Islamabad and Attock, on the south by Jhelum, Lahore and Gujrat, on the east by Azad Kashmir and Kahuta and on the west by Chakwal and Khushab. The city has a population of approximately 73,000. Gujar Khan lies at the heart of the Pothohar cultural region. The area has considerable natural resources in the form of petroleum and natural gas.
The place was named after Gujjars, while they formerly ruled the Gurjara Pratihara Kingdom for centuries.
The Region is also the ancestral land of all the Kukhrains of India. these include the sub castes of Anand, Bhasin, Suri, Bhalla, Sethi, Ghandhoke, Chadha, Kohli. Many famous Indians (Including the current prime minister, Dr Manmohan Singh) are ancestrally from this region.
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Gujranwala
Gujranwala (Punjabi, Urdu: گوجرانوالہ ) is an industrial city in the north-east of the Punjab province. It is the 7th largest city in Pakistan with a population of approximately 2,661,360 as on 24 June 2011 (Extrapolated from a population of 1,415,711 in 2006 and a population of 2,569,090 on February 4, 2011). Gujranwala is located at 32.16° North, 74.18° East and is 226 metres (744 ft) above sea level. It shares borders with Ghakhar Mandi, Alipur Chatha, kamonke and some small towns and villages. Punjabi is the local language, but English and Urdu are also common, particularly in schools and offices. Due to extensive road and rail links the city has flourished within the manufacturing and agricultural markets. The city is on the Grand Trunk Road, which allows logistical connections to the provincial capitals such as Peshawar and Lahore and also to the capital of Pakistan Islamabad.It is in between Lahore and [Gujrat,Wazirabad]. its small and medium industries. Gujranwala is known for its extensive production of sugarcane, melons and grains for international export.Gujranwala exports one of the world's finest quality Rice. The city has set up several commercial and industrial centres allowing the manufacturing of ceramics,Fans,electrical switch gears,engineering tools,Agricultural/earth moving machinery, steel, cutlery, crockery, iron safes, metal tool, utensils, textiles,Wollen Sweaters, sanitary Fittings and tannery production. The city has produced some of the finest wrestlers and bodybuilders of the subcontinent, which has resulted in the nickname 'City of wrestlers' or Phelwana da shehar in Punjabi. The city is also the birthplace of the legendary Sikh warrior-king, Ranjit Singh.
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Gujrat
Gujrat (Punjabi, Urdu: گجرات) is a city in Pakistan. It is the capital of Gujrat District and the Gujrat Tehsil subdivision in the Punjab Province. The major sources of livelihood among the Gujrat populace are agriculture and small industries. Gujrat is also known as the city of King Porus.
Gujrat is situated on the bank of Chenab River, situated about 120 kilometres (75 mi) north of Lahore, the capital city of Punjab province, and 150 kilometres (93 mi) from Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan. Prominent nearby locations include Jalalpur Jattan, Jhelum, Gujranwala, Mandi Bahauddin, Sialkot, Lalamusa and Bhimber-Azad Kashmir. The city is surrounded by many villages and towns, which supply significant labour to the local market.
Gujrat was founded by Raja Bachhan Pal Gurjar in 460 BC, according to General Cunningham, the British historian. Historical consensus is that it existed in the time of Alexander the Great, and that the city's Raja Porus put up a fierce challenge to Alexander's invasion at the bank of the Jehlum River. The establishment of Gujrat City was realised early in the 19th century after the British Empire and in support of regional landlords (e.g., Daswandi Khan of Daswandi Pura).
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Gwadar
Coordinates: 25°07′35″N 62°19′21″E / 25.12639°N 62.3225°E / 25.12639; 62.3225
Gwadar (Baloch and Urdu: گوادر; Arabic: جوادر) is a port city on the Arabian Sea in the south-west of Pakistan. It is the district capital of Gwadar District in Balochistan province as well as its winter capital.
Gwadar is strategically located at the apex of the Arabian Sea and at the mouth of the Gulf of Oman. The city's strategic, warm-water, deep-sea Gwadar Port was completed in 2007. The port is 14 metres (46 ft) deep and handles the largest cargo ships to Pakistan. The city is emerging as a trade hub and a transit for Chinese oil and timber imports and transshipments. The city has also been taking an increasing role in China's String of Pearls.
Gwadar is one of the few planned cities in Pakistan (others being Faisalabad, Jauharabad, and Islamabad), which have been developed from scratch under an urban master plan. Before development, the town was a fishing village.
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Gwadar Bay
Gwadar Bay is located in the Gulf of Oman on the maritime border of Pakistan and Iran. The name is from Persian, Khalij-e Gavader or 'Gulf of Gwadar' on Arabian Sea. It is an inlet of the Arabian Sea indenting the sandy Makran coast at the Iran–Pakistan border. It is about 20 miles (32 km) long and 10 miles (16 km) wide. The Dashtiari River flows into it from the northwest, and the Dasht River from the northeast. The town of Gwadar which have no severage system for the people and protection of the Bay, lies on the Arabian Sea coast about 30 miles (48 km) to the east of Gwadar Bay.
Coordinates: 25°02′N 62°19′E / 25.033°N 62.317°E / 25.033; 62.317
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Haripur District
Haripur (Urdu: ہری پور) is a district in the Hazara region of Pakistan with an altitude of around 610 metres (2,000 ft) above sea level. Haripur District has the third highest Human Development Index of all the districts in the Pakistan.
The Haripur district is situated at the heart of the ancient Gandhara civilization. At the time of Alexander the region including Taxila was known as "Eastern Gandhara", with its boundaries reaching as far as Kashmir. Geographically it lies on either side of the Sindu River,(Indus the River Goddess of Rigveda), near the Tarbela Reservoir. Most historians believe that the Aryans must have composed a number of Vedic hymns on the banks of Indus. During the kingship of his father Bindusara, the Maharaja Ashoka ruled this region as governor and, according to Tibetan Buddhist traditional stories,he is died here.
The Sikhs annexed Hazara in two stages. Upper Hazara suffered a similar fate when the Sikhs took Kashmir from the Barakzai Afghans in 1819. The town of Haripur (meaning 'Hari's town') was founded in 1822 by Hari Singh Nalwa the Commander-in-Chief of Ranjit Singh's army following advice from Mukkadam Musharaf of Kot Najibullah. On the successful completion of his tenure as Governor of Kashmir in 1821, Pakhli and Damtaur were bestowed upon Nalwa as a jagir in 1822. As soon as Hari Singh Nalwa received this grant, he built the walled town of Haripur in the heart of the Haripur plain with the fort of Harkishan Garh encircled by a deep trench. The site selected by Hari Singh had previously seen some of the fiercest encounters between Sikhs and the local tribes.
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Hayatabad
Hayatabad is a posh, modern suburb on the south-western fringe of Peshawar, the capital of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It was named after Hayat Sherpao, former Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and a notable leader of Pakistan Peoples Party. It is close to the Khyber Agency which leads to Khyber Pass, a prominent route through the Hindu Kush mountains to Landi Kotal, the highest point of the pass, and the Afghan border.
Hayatabad developed as a residential area in Peshawar in the late 1970s. Primarily known to be used for residential purposed, but it is also been used by various industries comprising "industrial estate". It has been divided into seven phases while each phase consists of sectors. The town can be accessed via three routes from Jamrud Road and one from the Ring road. A fifth route has also been there but it was sealed for security reasons arising from War on Terror, due to its boundary with the tribal area. Hayatabad has been divided into 7 phases. Each phase is several divided into sectors.
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Indonesia
Indonesia (i/ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ IN-də-NEE-zhə or /ˌɪndoʊˈniːziə/ IN-doh-NEE-zee-ə), officially the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia Indonesian pronunciation: [rɛpʊblɪk ɪndɔnɛsɪa]), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 17,508 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies. The Indonesian economy is the world's 17th largest economy by nominal GDP.
The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Muslim traders brought Islam, and European powers brought Christianity and fought one another to monopolize trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratization process, and periods of rapid economic change.
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Indus River
The Indus River (Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: دریائے سندھ Daryā-e Sindh; Hindi: सिन्धु नदी Sindhu; Sindhi: سنڌو Sindhu; Punjabi: سندھ Sindh; Gujarati: સિંધુ નદી Sindhu; Pashto: اباسين Abāsin "Father of Rivers"; Persian: رود سند Rūd-e Sind; Arabic: السند Al-Sind; Tibetan: སེང་གེ།་གཙང་པོ Sênggê Zangbo "Lion River"; Greek: Ινδός Indós; Turki: Nilab) is a major river which flows through Pakistan. It has courses through western Tibet (in China) and Northern India.
Originating in the Tibetan plateau in the vicinity of Lake Mansarovar, the river runs a course through the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir, Gilgit, Baltistan and flows through Pakistan in a southerly direction along the entire length of Pakistan to merge into the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi in Sindh. The total length of the river is 3,180 km (1,980 mi). It is Pakistan's longest river.
The river has a total drainage area exceeding 1,165,000 km2 (450,000 sq mi). Its estimated annual flow stands at around 207 km3 (50 cu mi), making it the twenty-first largest river in the world in terms of annual flow. Zanskar is its left bank tributary in Ladakh. In the plains, its left bank tributary is Chenab which itself has four major tributaries, namely, Jhelum, Ravi, Beas and Satluj. Its principal right bank tributaries are Shyok, Gilgit, Kabul, Gomal and Kurram. Beginning at the heights of the world in a spring and fed with glaciers and rivers in the Himalayas, the river supports ecosystems of temperate forests, plains and arid countryside.
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Iran
Coordinates: 32°N 53°E / 32°N 53°E / 32; 53
Iran (i/ɪˈrɑːn/ or /aɪˈræn/;Persian: ایران [ʔiˈɾɒn] (
listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān), is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran", which in Persian means "Land of the Aryans", has been in use natively since the Sassanian era. It came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia ( /ˈpɜrʒə/ or /ˈpɜrʃə/). Both "Persia" and "Iran" are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, "Iran" is the name used officially in political contexts.
The 18th-largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), Iran has a population of around 79 million. It is a country of particular geopolitical significance owing to its location in the Middle East and central Eurasia. Iran is bordered on the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. As Iran is a littoral state of the Caspian Sea, which is an inland sea, Kazakhstan and Russia are also Iran's direct neighbors to the north. Iran is bordered on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, on the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, on the west by Iraq and on the northwest by Turkey. Tehran is the capital, the country's largest city and the political, cultural, commercial and industrial center of the nation. Iran is a regional power, and holds an important position in international energy security and world economy as a result of its large reserves of petroleum and natural gas. Iran has the second largest proven natural gas reserves in the world and the fourth largest proven petroleum reserves.
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Islamabad
Islamabad (Urdu: اسلام آباد Islām ābād, lit. Abode of Islam) is the capital of Pakistan and the tenth largest city in the country. Located within the Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT), the population of the city has grown from 100,000 in 1951 to 1.152 million in 2011. The greater Islamabad-Rawalpindi Metropolitan Area is the third largest conurbation in Pakistan with a population of over 4.5 million inhabitants.
Islamabad is located in the Pothohar Plateau in the northern part of the country, within the Islamabad Capital Territory. The region has historically been a part of the crossroads of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with Margalla pass acting as the gateway between the two regions. The city was built during the 1960s to replace Karachi as Pakistan's capital. Islamabad is a well-organized city divided into different sectors and zones. It is regarded as the most developed city in Pakistan. Islamabad is ranked as a Gamma world city. The city is home to Faisal Mosque, the largest mosque in South Asia and the sixth largest mosque in the world.
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Jacobabad
Jacobabad or Yaqubabad (Sindhi: جیکب آباد) is the capital city of Jacobabad District, Sindh, Pakistan.This is one of old city of Sind state. The city is also the administrative centre of Jacobabad Taluka, an administrative subdivision of the district, the city is subdivided into 8 Union Councils. The city is crossed by the Pakistan Railway and many main roads of the province.
During British rule, as part of British Raj, the town was the administrative headquarters of the Upper Sind Frontier District of the Bombay Presidency; with a station on the Quetta branch of the North-Western Railway. It became well known for consistently having the highest temperature in the South Asia, and has a mean summer average of 98°F, and during the month of June the temperature can consistently reach between 120° and 131°F (49 to 55°C).
The town was founded on the site of the village of Khangarh in 1847 by General John Jacob, for many years commandant of the Sind Horse, who died here in 1858. A memorial exists at the Victoria Tower in the heart of the city.
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Jalozai
Jalozai refugee camp, 35 kilometres southeast of Peshawar, Pakistan, was one of the largest of 150 refugee or transit camps in Pakistan, holding Afghan refugees from the 1980s Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. It had an estimated 70,000 refugees at its peak. New Jalozai adjoined the original Jalozai camp in November 2000, taking in a new wave of arriving Afghan refugees. The camps briefly received an additional influx of refugees in the period after 9/11, leading up to the United States invasion of Afghanistan in October 2001. After the fall of the Taliban, the vast majority of refugees in the Jalozai camp returned home or were relocated elsewhere. In February 2002, with a remaining population of 800, Jalozai camp was formally closed. But some problem elements remained through at least 2003, necessitating Pakistani military raids on the former camp that year.
After 1979, Peshawar served as a political centre for anti-Soviet Mujahideen, and became surrounded by huge camps of Afghan refugees. Many of the Afghan refugees fled through the historic Khyber Pass, near Peshawar. That major border city of a million people then replaced Kabul and Kandahar as the centre of ethnic Pashtuns (Pakhtuns) cultural development during the 1980s.
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Jhang
Jhang (Punjabi, Urdu: جھنگ) is the capital city of Jhang District, in the state of Punjab, Pakistan. It is situated on the east bank of the Chenab river, about 210 kilometres from Lahore and 35 kilometres from Gojra. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan it had a population of 387,418
Jhang is situated at place where two rivers Jhelum and Chenab join together to make a great looking sight. It is situated on the left banks of both rivers. Jhang is the capital city of Jhang District located at the coordinates 31.30677 N, 72.32814 E.
Climate of Jhang has extreme summer and extreme winter like most areas of Pakistan, it has four seasons.
According to 1981 census of Pakistan population of Jhang was 1,970,944 with the 434,495 housing units in Jhang. In 1998 census, population of Jhang was 2,834,545, whose annually growth rate was 2.16%. Male population was 1,474,099 (52.00%) and female population was 1,360,446 (48.00%). Languages mostly spoken in Jhang are Punjabi and Urdu.
The area was inhabited at the time of Alexander but the present city of Jhang is said to have been founded in the twelwth century by Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari. Its first inhabitants were sials who were his followers or murids. It was then destroyed by the river and re-founded during the reign of Aurangzeb by Mehboob Alam - called Shah Jewna - who asked his followers to settle again in that area in 1402. Under Mughal rule, the city flourished and was notable for commerce and trade.
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Jhelum
Coordinates: 32°55′43″N 73°43′53″E / 32.92861°N 73.73139°E / 32.92861; 73.73139
Jhelum ( /ˈdʒeɪləm/) (Urdu, Punjabi: جہلم) (Greek: Alexandria Bucephalous) is a city on the right bank of the Jhelum River, in the district of the same name in the north of Punjab province, Pakistan. Jhelum is known for providing a large number of soldiers to the British and later to the Pakistan armed forces due to which it is also known as city of soldiers or land of martyrs and warriors. Jhelum is a few miles upstream from the site of the Battle of the Hydaspes between the armies of Alexander the Great and Raja Porus. A city called Bucephala was founded nearby to commemorate the death of Alexander's horse, Sarosh. Other notable sites nearby include the 16th century Rohtas Fort, the Tilla Jogian complex of ancient temples, and the 16th-century Grand Trunk Road which passes through the city. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, the population of Jhelum was 145,647 and in 2010 its population is 174,679. The name of the city is derived from the words Jal (pure water) and Ham (snow), as the river that flows through the river originates in the Himalayas. There are a number of industries in and around Jhelum city, including a tobacco factory, wood, marble, glass and flour mills.
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Kabul
Kabul ( /ˈkɑːbəl/, /ˈkɑːbuːl/; Pashto: کابل Kābəl, IPA: [kɑˈbəl]; Persian: کابل Kābol, IPA: [kɒːˈbol]), also spelled Cabool, Caubul or Cabul, mostly in historical contexts, is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan. Kabul is the 5th fastest growing city in the world [2] and the world's 64th largest city [3]. It is also the capital of Kabul Province, located in the eastern section of Afghanistan. According to latest estimates, the population of the Kabul metropolitan area is over 4 million.
The city serves as the nation's cultural and learning centre, situated 1,791 metres (5,876 ft) above sea level in a narrow valley, wedged between the Hindu Kush mountains along the Kabul River. It is linked with Kandahar, Herat and Mazar-e Sharif via the circular Highway 1 that stretches across Afghanistan. It is also the start of the main road to Jalalabad and further to Peshawar, Pakistan. The Kabul International Airport is located about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from the center of the city, next to the Wazir Akbar Khan neighborhood. Bagram Airfield is about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northeast of Kabul.
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Kabul River
Kabul River (Persian: دریای کابل; Pashto: کابل سیند; Urdu: دریای کابل), the classical Cophes ( /ˈkoʊfiːz/), is a 700 km long river that starts in the Sanglakh Range of the Hindu Kush Mountains in Afghanistan and ends in the Indus River near Attock, Pakistan. It is the main river in eastern Afghanistan and is separated from the watershed of the Helmand by the Unai Pass. It passes through the cities of Kabul, Chaharbagh and Jalalabad in Afghanistan before flowing into Pakistan some 25 km north of the Pak-Afghan Border crossing at Torkham. The major tributaries of the Kabul River are the Logar, Panjshir, Kunar, Alingar, Bara and Swat rivers.
The Kabul River is little more than a trickle for most of the year, but swells in summer due to melting snows in the Hindu Kush Range. Its largest tributary is the Kunar River, which starts out as the Mastuj River, flowing from the Chiantar glacier in Chitral, Pakistan and after flowing south into Afghanistan it is met by the Bashgal river flowing from Nurestan. The Kunar meets the Kabul near Jalalabad. In spite of the Kunar carrying more water than the Kabul, the river continues as the Kabul River after this confluence, mainly for the political and historical significance of the name.
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Kabul Shahi
The Shahi (Devanagari: शाही),Sahi, also called Shahiya dynasties ruled one of the Middle kingdoms of India which included portions of the Kabulistan and the old province of Gandhara (now in northern Pakistan), from the decline of the Kushan Empire in the 3rd century to the early 9th century. The kingdom was known as "Kabul Shahi" (Kabul-shāhān or Ratbél-shāhān in Persian کابلشاهان یا رتبیل شاهان) between 565 and 879CE when they had Kapisa and Kabul as their capitals, and later as Hindu Shahi when they moved their capital to Hund.
The Shahis of Kabul/Gandhara are generally divided into the two eras of the so-called Buddhist-Shahis and the so-called Hindu-Shahis, with the change-over thought to have occurred sometime around AD 870.
The confused accounts of 11th century Persian Muslim scholar Alberuni, ("which bear the impress of folklore for the early history of the Kabul Shahi rulers") state that:
Thus the folklore accounts recorded by Alberuni connect the earlier Shahis of Kabul/Kapisa to Turkish extraction and also claim their descent from Kanik (or Kanishaka of Kushana lineage). At the same time it is also claimed that 'their first king Barahatigin (Vrahitigin?) had originally come from Tibet and concealed in a narrow cave in Kabul area (and here is given a strange legend which we omit).' One can easily see the above account of Shahi origin as totally fanciful and fairy tale-like. These statements taken together are very confusing, inconsistent and bear the express marks of a folklore and vulgar tradition, hence unworthy of inspiring any confidence in the early history of Shahis. The allegation that the first dynasty of Kabul was Turki is plainly based on the vulgar tradition, which Alberuni himself remarked was clearly absurd.
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Kandahar
Kandahar, occasionally Candahar, or Qandahar, (Pashto: کندهار Kandahār) is the second largest city in Afghanistan, with a population of about 512,200 as of 2011. It is the capital of Kandahar Province, located in the south of the country at about 1,005 m (3,297 feet) above sea level. The Arghandab River runs along the west of the city.
Kandahar is the original and most culturally significant city of the Pashtuns and has always been their traditional seat of power. It is a major trading center for sheep, wool, cotton, silk, felt, food grains, fresh and dried fruit, and tobacco. The region produces fine fruits, especially pomegranates and grapes, and the city has plants for canning, drying, and packing fruit. Kandahar has an international airport and extensive road links with Farah and Herat to the west, Kabul and Peshawar to the northeast, Tarinkot to the north, and Quetta in neighboring Balochistan (Pakistan) to the south.
The region around Kandahar is one of the oldest known human settlements. Alexander the Great is said to have laid-out the foundation of what is now Old Kandahar in the 4th century BC and gave it the Ancient Greek name Αλεξάνδρεια Aραχωσίας (Alexandria of Arachosia). Many empires have long fought over the city due to its strategic location along the trade routes of southern, central and western Asia. In 1709, Mirwais Hotak made the region an independent kingdom and turned Kandahar into the first capital of the Hotaki dynasty. In 1747, Ahmad Shah Durrani, founder of the last Afghan empire, made it the capital of modern Afghanistan.
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Kanishka stupa
The Kanishka stupa was a monumental stupa established by the Kushan king Kanishka during the 2nd century CE in today's Shah-ji-Dheri on the outskirts of Peshawar, Pakistan.
The stupa was described by Chinese pilgrims in the 7th century as the tallest stupa in all India. Archaeologists have examined the remains of the structure and determined that it had a diameter of 286 feet. Ancient Chinese manuscripts tell of Buddhist pilgrims reporting that the stupa had a height of 591–689 feet (The measurements they stated were in Chinese units, which were 600–700. This height was equal to about 180–210 meters or 591–689 feet.
Three Chinese reports are known (by Faxian, who travelled between 399–412 CE, Sung Yun who arrived in India in 518 CE, Xuanzang who went to India in 630 CE). Sung Yun describes the stupa in the following terms:
The stupa was discovered and excavated in 1908–1909 by a British archaeological mission, and led to the discovery in its base of the Kanishka casket, a six-sided rock crystal reliquary containing three small fragments of bone, relics of the Buddha (which were transferred to Mandalay, Burma for safekeeping, where they still remain), and a dedication in Kharoshthi involving Kanishka.
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Karachi
Karachi ( Karācī (help·info), Urdu: کراچی; Sindhi: ڪراچي) is the largest city, main seaport and financial centre of Pakistan, as well as the capital of the province of Sindh. The city has an estimated population of 13 to 15 million, while the total metropolitan area has a population of over 13 million. Results in April 2012 of Pakistan's latest census initial tabulations show that the district is home to over 21 million people, at a density of nearly 6,000 people per square kilometer (15,500 per square mile). Karachi is the most populous city in the country, one of the world's largest cities in terms of population and also the 10th largest urban agglomeration in the world. It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, economic activity and trade and is home to Pakistan's largest corporations, including those involved in textiles, shipping, automotive industry, entertainment, the arts, fashion, advertising, publishing, software development and medical research. The city is a major hub of higher education in South Asia and the wider Muslim world.
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Karak District
Karak (Pashto: کرك, Urdu: کرک) is a district of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is situated to the south of Kohat District and on the north side of Bannu and Lakki Marwat districts on the main Indus Highway between Peshawar and Karachi - it is 123 km from the provincial capital Peshawar. Karak is said to be the single district in Pakistan which is inhabited by only one tribe of Pashtuns — the Khattak.
Until 1940, this whole area was ruled by the Teri Nawab. Teri was the capital and the only Tehsil. It had tappas (satrapies): Teri, Seni, Khurram and Barak. Between 1940 and 1982 it was a part of Kohat, after the July 1, 1982, it has been an independent district with Karak as its capital.
The district is populated by Khattak tribe only, one of the famous tribes of Pashtuns. The population is one hundred percent muslim (sunni).
The series of high and low mountains of salt range enter into Karak from Punjab. There are large number of salt mines in Jatta Ismail Khel Garh jawal khel and Bahadar Khel areas. There are also large number of mines of Gypsum in Jatta valley and Garh jawal khel. Now due to the gas discovery in Makori and Nashpa huge number of industries are being installed beside the road in Jatta Ismail Khel. Jatta Ismail Khel is now becoming emerging economic solution for Karak.karak is nowadays playing a strong role in the economy of khyber pakhtoon khawa
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Karakoram Highway
Coordinates: 35°36′N 74°39′E / 35.6°N 74.65°E / 35.6; 74.65
The Karakoram Highway (KKH) is the highest paved international road in the world. It connects China and Pakistan across the Karakoram mountain range, through the Khunjerab Pass, at an altitude of 4,693 m/15,397 ft as confirmed by both SRTM and multiple GPS readings. It connects China's Xinjiang region with Pakistan's Gilgit–Baltistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa regions and also serves as a popular tourist attraction. Due to its high elevation and the difficult conditions in which it was constructed, it is also referred to as the "Ninth Wonder of the World."
The Karakorum Highway is known informally as the KKH, and — within Pakistan — officially as the N-35; within China, officially as China National Highway 314 (G314).
The Karakoram Highway, also known as the Friendship Highway in China, was built by the governments of Pakistan and China, it was started in 1959 and was completed in 1979 (open to the public since 1986) about 810 Pakistanis and about 200 Chinese workers lost their lives, mostly in landslides and falls, while building the highway. The route of the KKH traces one of the many paths of the ancient Silk Road.
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Kasur
Kasur (Urdu/Punjabi: قصور), the capital of Kasur District in Pakistan. Kasur is located adjacent to the border of Ganda Singh Wala between Pakistan and India, and is a tourist attraction because of the daily occurring Flags lowering ceremony. Kasur district is surrounded at north by Lahore, at east and south by India, at southern west Depalpur tehsil of Okara district and at northern west Sheikhupura district.
Though the city Kasur is famous for Baba Bullah Shah was a Punjabi Sufi poet, a humanist and philosopher.However,Kasur is also famous for its cosine,Spicy fish of Sh.Javed, Kasuri Falooda are of unique taste. Famous sweets include Andrassa and Sohan Halwa. Kasuri methi is also famous across the Pakistan.
The main crops in Kasur are wheat, corn, potato, sugar cane and turmeric. Turmeric fields of Changa Manga and Dhing Shah are unique agricultural features of Pakistan.
Coordinates: 31°07′01″N 74°27′01″E / 31.1170277778°N 74.4502222222°E / 31.1170277778; 74.4502222222
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Kharian
Kharian (Urdu: کھاریاں ) (Pronunciation: Khariah) is a city of Gujrat District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Kharian is the chief city of Kharian Tehsil, which administrates all of the numerous surrounding villages and towns of Greater Kharian.
Kharian is located almost midway between the Capital city of Pakistan, Islamabad (about 125 km) and provincial capital of Punjab, Lahore (about 145 km). The most northern parts of Greater Kharian lies in front of the beautiful foothills of the Himalaya mountains of Azad Kashmir.
Kharian is located on the Grand Trunk Road (colloquially known as the GT road). This is the road which connects Kharian, all the way from Bangladesh, through India across Pakistan and to Afghanistan. It was used during British Rule to transport goods across South Asia. The main railway line also passes through Kharian, thus providing good transportation to the northern and southern parts of Pakistan.
The closest major cities to Kharian are Jhelum (about 10 miles) and Gujrat (around 20 miles).
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Khost
Khost or Khowst (Pashto/Persian: خوست) is a city in eastern Afghanistan. It is the capital of Khost Province, which is a mountainous region near Afghanistan's border with neighboring Pakistan. The population of Khost City is about 160,000 people and the whole province has around a million.
During the nine-year Soviet war in Afghanistan in the 1980s, the town was besieged from July 1983 to November 1987. Khost Airfield, with its 9,000-foot (2,700 m) runway, served as a base for helicopter operations for the Soviet military.
American forces have used the Khost Airfield since as early as at least January 2007[citation needed] during the War in Afghanistan (2001–present) that commenced in October 2001.
Khost is the home of Khost University. The inhabitants of area are Pashto-speaking ethnic Pashtuns. Khost Mosque serves as the main mosque in the city.
Khost is located about 150 kilometres south of Kabul and 100 kilometres southeast of Gardēz, in Khost Province in eastern Afghanistan. The town of Khost is located on a plateau of minimally 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) altitude that extends to the East for about 40 kilometres (25 mi) until the Pakistan border. Thirty km to the North the peaks start up to 2,500 to 3,000 metres (8,200 to 9,800 ft) right next to the frontier, while 20 kilometres (12 mi) to the South, near the border, the average is around 1,800 m. The valley of Khost is closed to the west with a long mountain chain with peaks that go over 3,000 metres (9,800 ft). Through this runs for about 90 kilometres (56 mi) the road to Gardez, which is considered extremely dangerous due to the risk of ambush.
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Khuzdar
Khuzdar or Khozdar (Balochi: خضدار) is a town located in Khuzdar District in Balochistan, Pakistan. Khuzdar is the capital of Khuzdar District, which was created on 1 March 1974. Previously, Khuzdar was part of Kalat District.
Khuzdar was the capital of the Brahui kingdom of Makran.
In the early 17th century it was part of the Jhalawan kingdom, but it soon fell under the Kingdom of Kalat, where it remained until a series of revolts during the reign of Khudadad Khan (1857-1893). By 1896, after Khudadad's death, the authority of Kalat was restored.
Under a treaty with Kalat, the British appointed a political agent at Khuzdar in 1903. British assistance continued until 1947, after which the area was acceded to Pakistan as part of the two nation theory and became a Democracy. When the Baluchistan States Union became Kalat Division, Khuzdar was established as the divisional headquarters. The divisional administration of Pakistan ended in 2000. Khuzdar was again established as the Divisional headquarters in June 2009 by the Pakistan Peoples Party Government.
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pashto: خیبر پښتونخوا [xaiˈbər pəxtunˈxwɑ]; Urdu: خیبر پختونخوا [ˈxɛːbər pəxˈtuːnxwaː]), locally called Pukhtunkhwa, and formerly known as the North-West Frontier Province and various other names, is one of the four provinces of Pakistan, located in the north-west of the country. It borders Afghanistan to the north-west, Gilgit–Baltistan to the north-east, Azad Kashmir to the east, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) to the west and south, Balochistan to the south and Punjab and the Islamabad Capital Territory to the south-east. The main ethnic group in the province is the Pashtuns; other smaller ethnic groups include most notably the Hindkowanss, Gujjar's and Chitralis. The principal languages are Pashto (locally referred to as Pukhto) The provincial capital is Peshawar.
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa sits primarily on the Iranian plateau and comprises the junction where the slopes of the Hindu Kush mountains on the Eurasian plate give way to the Indus-watered hills approaching South Asia. This situation has led to seismic activity in the past. The famous Khyber Pass links the province to Afghanistan, while the Kohalla Bridge in Circle Bakote Abbottabad is a major crossing point over the Jhelum River in the east.
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Kohat
Kohat (Pashto: کوهاټ) is a medium sized town in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located at 33°35'13N 71°26'29E with an altitude of 489 metres (1607 feet) and is the capital of Kohat District. The town centres around a British-era fort, various bazaars, and a military cantonment. A British-built narrow gauge railway runs through the town. Kohat Pass is to the north.
The town of Kohat is situated on the left bank of the Kohat toi at a point where, after running nearly due east for 50 miles (80 km), is takes a turn to south. The total area of the district is 2,545 square kilometres (983 sq mi).[citation needed]
Before the partition there were only two high School in Kohat, Islima High School and Barathery High School.[citation needed]
http://www.kohatpressclub.n.nu
List of airports in Pakistan, Kohat Airbase
Much of the transport is privately operated within the city limits. There are also many buses that pass through the city via the Indus Highway. Most going to Peshawar and running between Bannu, D.I. Khan, Islamabad and rest of Pakistan. The railway line is operated between Kohat and Rawalpindi only.
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Kohat District
Kohat is a district of the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, Kohat city is the capital of the district. It is inhabited by various Pashtun tribes such as Afridi,Khattaks, Bangash and the Orakzaies.
From the early sixteenth century the history of Kohat revolves around three major tribes namely Bangash, Afridi and Khattak. These people appear to have settled in the district, during 14th am 15th centuries. From 16th to 18th centuries, Kohat remained a part of Afghanistan, administered by the Chiefs of two afore mentioned tribes. In the beginning of 19th century Kohat came under the control of Sikhs who ultimately withdrew leaving to the administrative control of Khan of Teri in 1836.
Kohat was finally annexed to the British dominion on 28 March 1849 with the rest of Punjab and an Assistant Commissioner was posted here to run the administration and to look after the British interests. In the initial stages of the British administration, the locals of the area posed considerable problems. Later on some of the tribe joined with the British Government and helped them in running the area. Nevertheless, the Britishers were never at peace in this part of their Kingdom as resistance and opposition always cropped from one quarter or the other. But their tactics of "Divide and Rule" ultimately strengthened their hold over the region. They put one tribe against the other by giving preference to one against the other and finally succeeded in administration them. An example of unrest against the British in this area is the event of the brave Afridi Ajab Khan, who forced the entire British administration of the district to surrender to his demands.
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Kotla Mohsin Khan
Kotla Mohsin Khan was constructed in the mid 16th century in the old city of Peshawar, and today consists of two domed tombs and the famous majestic gateway, it was also the residence of Mazullah Khan, seventeenth century Pashto poet.
The last Mughal governor, Nawab Nasir Khan welcomed the Afghan King, Mohammed Nadir Shah and gifted him the key to Peshawar in 1741 when he visited the city. This signaled the end of the Mughal Empire in Peshawar.
According to an earlier legend, the foundation of the gate was laid down in the latter half of the 16th century in the presence of renowned personalities of the time, Sheikh Kaka Sahib and Akhund Derwaza Baba.
It is also recorded that Arbab Mustajab Khan, being the representative of the Mughals, settled disputes amongst the Ghori Khel tribes in the balconies of the building. When the Mughals arrested Khushal Khan Khattak, Arbab Mustajab Khan, secured his release from the dungeon, through his personal efforts and kept him as a guest in the castle. On the orders of the ruler of Peshawar, when Khushal Khan Khattak was sent to Delhi, Mustajab Khan also accompanied his friend. This verse by Khushal Khan Khattak says:
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Kotli
Kotli (Urdu: کوٹلی, Pahari-Potohari/Hindko/Pashto: کوٹلی) or Cotly, as known in Britain, is the chief town of Kotli District, in the Pakistani-administered Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Kotli is linked with Mirpur by two metalled roads, one via Rajdhani, (90 km) and the other via Charhoi. It is also directly linked with Rawalakot via Trarkhal (82 km) and a double road which links Kotli with the rest of Pakistan via Sehnsa, another major town in Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Kotli is roughly a three hours drive from Islamabad and Rawalpindi, at a distance of 117 km via Sehnsa.
As stated in History of the Punjab Hill States by J.Hutchinson and J.P. Vogel: "Kotli was founded about the fifteenth century by a branch of the royal family of Kashmir. Kotli and Poonch remained independent until subdued by Ranjit Singh in 1815 and 1819 respectively."
The royal family of Kashmir Hutchinson and Vogel are referring to is the family of Raja Mangar Pal. Before its name was Kohtali mean (under mountain) after that people changed its name to Kotli. Kotli was historically known as Kotli.
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Lahore
Lahore (Punjabi: لہور, Urdu: لاہور) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and the second largest city in the country. With a rich history dating back over a millennium, Lahore is a main cultural centre of Pakistan. One of the most densely populated cities in the world, Lahore remains an economic, political, transportation, entertainment, and educational hub.
Lahore successively served as regional capital of the empires of the Shahi kingdoms in the 11th century, the Ghaznavids in the 12th century, the Ghurid State in the 12th and 13th centuries the Mughal Empire in the 16th century, the Sikh expansion in the early 19th century, and it was the capital of the Punjab region under the British Raj in the mid 19th and early 20th century. The traditional capital of Punjab for a thousand years, Lahore was the cultural center of the northern Indian subcontinent which extends from the eastern banks of the Indus River to New Delhi. Mughal structures such as the Badshahi Mosque, the Lahore Fort, Shalimar Gardens, and the mausolea of Jehangir and Nur Jehan are tourist attractions. Lahore is also home to many British colonial structures built in the Indo-Saracenic style, such as the Lahore High Court, the General Post Office, Lahore Museum and many older universities including the University of the Punjab. The Lahore Zoo, thought to be the fourth oldest in the world, is also situated here.
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Landi Yarghajo
Landi Yarghajo (from Yar-gha-jo, "point where five rivers meet") is a village in Peshawar, Pakistan. It is also a perception among the elders that Yarghajo is actually the name of the river that flows in the village. The village is largely populated by Qazi, Murad Khel, Aieen Khel, and Ghorghust groups. The Murad Khel family is still residing in the subject village. They are called the founders of this village. After the Arbabs started living in Landi Yarghajo, its name has been changed to "Landi Arbab". It is situated in the suburbs of the Peshawar City, and is considered one of the oldest villages in the region.[citation needed] Qazi family is not popular family in LANDI ARBAB because they are migrated . Arbabs were basically warries in king shah jahan time . They take several wars against hindus and other religious who were against islam . King shah jahan give ARBAB award or LAKAB to there family . Qazi,s are basically kasaban in landi arbab , not so strong family and qazis are slaves of britishers in 1830 britishers give them houses and little bit lands on this they claims on landi arbab. Qazi farhad late is belong qazi or slaves family he illitrated person and also paraglider pilot .
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Larkana
Coordinates: 27°33′36″N 68°13′35″E / 27.56°N 68.22639°E / 27.56; 68.22639
Larkana or Larkano (Urdu:لاڑکانہ [laːɽkaːnaː], Sindhi: لاڙڪاڻو [laːɽkaːnoː]1901) is the fourth largest city in the north-western part of Sindh Province, Pakistan, and is located within Larkana District.The old name of larkano is chandka which was changed in 1901. In August 2000 Larkana celebrated its hundred years of existence. It is located on the south bank of the Ghar canal, 40 miles south of Shikarpur town, and 36 miles north-east of Mehar.
During British rule Larkana became the headquarters of Larkana District and Larkana Taluka, and for a time was part of the Bombay Presidency of British India. The city lay on the route of the North-Western Railway, and the population according to the 1901 census of India was 14,543. The name was taken from the Larik (caste) as Larkana, at that time the chief of the caste was Sardar Saeed Nawaz Larik.
The Imperial Gazetteer of India describes the town as follows:
Chandka Medical College (CMC), a gift from former Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto for the people of Sindh, was inaugurated on 20th April, 1973 as 4th medical college of the Sindh. First Batch of 150 students was admitted in 1973. It was necessary to provide accommodation (hostels) to the students for which Polytechnic Institute Elementary Teachers Training College and Nursing hostel were utilized for boys & girls respectively. Second Batch of 250 students was admitted in 1974. due to shortage of accommodation as a result of increasing number of admissions, one, four story, girls hostel & two boys hostels were constructed,. Now it has six boys hostels and two girls which can accommodates about 1100 students.
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Lower Dir District
Lower Dir (Pashto: لر دیر) is one the 24 districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The district was formed in 1996, when the district of Dir was divided into Upper Dir and Lower Dir.
The district is administratively subdivided into two Tehsils which contain a total of 37 Union Councils:
The district is represented in the provincial assembly by four elected MPAs who represent the following constituencies, after shifting of three union council from the Upper Dir to Lower Dir the provincial constituency of upper Dir, PF-93 now consists of UCs Khall, Toor Mang and Akha Gram of Lower Dir :
The population of the Lower Dir district's 37 Union Councils is 797,852 according to the 1998 census report. The projected population of Lower Dir Lower 1,037,091 in 2005 with the same growth between the 1981 and 1998 census i.e. 3.42% per annum. The projected male population of Lower Dir in 2005 is 514,072 and the female is 523,020.
The literacy ratio of the district among the population aged 10 years and above is 29.90 per cent; it has increased significantly since 1981 when it was just 10.16 per cent. The male literacy ratio is higher: 48.76 per cent compared to 12.25 per cent for females, at the 1998 census.
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Makassar
Makassar, (Buginese-Makassarese language: ᨀᨚᨈ ᨆᨀᨔᨑ sometimes spelled Macassar, Mangkasara) is the provincial capital of South Sulawesi, Indonesia, and the largest city on Sulawesi Island. From 1971 to 1999, the city was named Ujung Pandang, after a precolonial fort in the city, and the two names are often used interchangeably. The port city is located at 5°8′S 119°25′E / 5.133°S 119.417°E / -5.133; 119.417Coordinates: 5°8′S 119°25′E / 5.133°S 119.417°E / -5.133; 119.417, on the southwest coast of the island of Sulawesi, facing the Makassar Strait.
Its area is 175.77 km2 and has population of around 1.4 million.
Beginning in the sixteenth century, Makassar was the dominant trading center of eastern Indonesia, and soon became one of the largest cities in island Southeast Asia. The Makassarese kings maintained a policy of free trade, insisting on the right of any visitor to do business in the city, and rejecting the attempts of the Dutch to establish a monopoly over the city.
The trade in spices figured prominently in the history of Sulawesi, which involved frequent struggles between rival native and foreign powers for control of the lucrative during the pre-colonial and colonial period, when spices from the region were in high demand in the West. Much of South Sulawesi's early history was written in old texts that can be traced back to the 13th and 14th centuries.
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Mansehra
Mansehra (Hindko/Urdu: مانسہرہ) city is located at 34°20′N 73°12′E / 34.333°N 73.2°E / 34.333; 73.2Coordinates: 34°20′N 73°12′E / 34.333°N 73.2°E / 34.333; 73.2 in Mansehra District, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is very near to Abbottabad city. It is a major stop for tourists on the Karakoram Highway which leads to China. It is also a major transit point to the northern areas and locations such as the Kaghan Valley, Naran, Shogran, Lake Saiful Mulook and Babusar Top.
The area of Mansehra has been under the rule of various emperors and governments, including Alexander the Great, Ashoka the Great, the Turks and the British Empire.
Alexander the Great conquered and established his rule over a large part of northern India, including the Mansehra area. In the year 327 B.C. Alexander handed the area over to the Indian king Abisares.
During the Maurya dynasty, Mansehra was a part of Taxila. Ashoka the Great was the governor of this area when he was a prince. After the death of his father, the Mauryan emperor Bindusara, Ashoka ascended to the throne around 272 B.C. and made this area one of the major seats of his government. The Edicts of Ashoka inscribed on three large boulders on the side of a rocky outcrop near Mansehra serve as evidence of his rule here. The Mansehra rocks record fourteen of Ashoka's edicts, presenting aspects of the emperor's dharma or righteous law, and represent the earliest irrefutable evidence of writing in South Asia. Dating to middle of the third century BC, they are written from right to left in the Kharosthi script.
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Mansehra District
Mansehra District (Urdu: مانسہرہ) is in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, an area still unofficially known as the Northwest Frontier. Mansehra district and town are named after Man Singh, a leading general of Mughal Emperor Akbar. The Kaghan Valley area (a popular tourist destination) and the Karakoram Highway pass through the district.
Alexander the Great, after conquering parts of Punjab, established his rule over a large part of Mansehra District. In 327 B.C., Alexander handed this area over to Abisaras (Αβισαρης), the Raja of the Poonch state. Mansehra remained a part of Taxila during the rule of the Maurya dynasty. Ashoka the Great was the Governor of this area when he was a prince. After the death of his father, Bindusara, around 272 B.C., Ashoka inherited the throne and ruled this area as well as Gandhara. Today, the Edicts of Ashoka inscribed on three large boulders on the side of a rocky outcrop near Bareri Hill serve as evidence of his rule here. The Mansehra rocks record fourteen of Ashoka's edicts, presenting aspects of the emperor's dharma or righteous law, and represent the earliest irrefutable evidence of writing in South Asia. Dating to middle of the third century BC, they are written from right to left in the Kharosthi script.
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Mardan
Mardan (Pukhto: مردان), known as The city of hospitality, is a city and headquarters of Mardan District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. It is the de facto headquarters of the Yousafzai tribe and the second most populous city in the province, located at 34°12'0N 72°1'60E and an altitude of 283 metres (928 ft) in the south west of the district. Mardan is a federation of a number of small towns coming together to form a large city.
Mardan valley was part of the ancient Gandhara civilization but at that time the name Mardan and Mardan City was not constructed, instead Gandhara civilization consisted of small sub-kingdoms at the hill tops of Jamal Garhi, Shahbaz Garhi and Thakhat Bahi. The ruins of these cities still exist. Mardan City foundation was laid down by Saint Ali Mardan Shah (nickname Madai-Baba) in about in 11th - 12th century A.D. His shrine is at Jalala. His son Zamin Shah Baba was also a saint, buried in Mardan Cantt. Most of its land is agricultural.[citation needed] It has one of the world's best irrigation systems,[citation needed] which was laid down in 1934 from the Swat River through Jabban Hydel Power Station, during the British Raj between 1857 and 1947. There are still remains of the Gandhara civilization, scattered in different areas of Mardan.[citation needed]
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Mardan District
Mardan is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The city of Mardan is the headquarters of the district. The district also contains the famous archaeological site of Takht Bhai, Jamal Ghari and Sawal Dher.
The district of Mardan is administratively subdivided into three tehsils, these are:
The district is represented in the provincial assembly by eight elected MPAs who represent the following constituencies:
Mardan District is a part of the Peshawar valley the whole area was once part of the ancient kingdom of Gandhara, the remains of which are scattered throughout the district.
The armies of Alexander the Great reached the Indus Valley by two separate routes, one through the Khyber Pass and the other led by Alexander himself through Kunar, Bajaur, Swat, and Buner in 326 BCE. After Alexander's death, the valley came under the rule of Chandragupta, who ruled the valley from 297 to 321 BCE. During the reign of the Buddhist emperor Ashoka (the grandson of Chandragupta) Buddhism became the religion of the Peshawar Valley. The valley saw the revival of Brahmanism after the Greeks took over in the time of King Mehanda. The Scythians and Indians followed and retained control of the valley till the 7th century CE.
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Mattani
Mattani (Urdu: متنی) is located near Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Mattani is a village and Union councils of Peshawar Town-IV situated on the Kohat road in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Mattani is a village of Peshawar Division at Kohat road. Mattani has an important geo-physical, social and economical position among the towns around Peshawar. The tribal areas of Darra Adam Khel, Khyber Agency and the Peshawar areas are situated around Mattani, between 2 to 29 kilometres away.
Due to this geographical importance Mattani is considered the centre for all the social, economical and commercial activities of this area and it is the shopping hub of frontier regions like Sherkera, Adezai, Jaani-Garee, Darra Adam Khel, Qilla Khel, Passani, Aka khel.
Mattani serves as an important road link between Peshawar city and the remote tribal areas: Sherkera, Hassan Khel, Bora, Kala Khel Adam Khel Darra Adamkhel, Pareedi and Pastawane. It is also a major link between Peshawar and Kohat.
Mattani market known as Mattani ada is the main shopping hub of nearby areas, including vegetable market, general stores, electronic shops, PCOs (Public Call Offices), net cafes, sweets & bakery shops, garments shops and automobile repairing centres etc.
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Mehrgarh
Mehrgarh (Brahui: Mehrgaŕh, Urdu: مہرگڑھ), one of the most important Neolithic (7000 BCE to c. 2500 BCE) sites in archaeology, lies on the "Kachi plain" of now Balochistan, Pakistan. It is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming (wheat and barley) and herding (cattle, sheep and goats) in South Asia."
Mehrgarh is located near the Bolan Pass, to the west of the Indus River valley and between the now Pakistani cities of Quetta, Kalat and Sibi. The site was discovered in 1974 by an archaeological team directed by French archaeologist Jean-François Jarrige, and was excavated continuously between 1974 and 1986, and again from 1997 to 2000. The earliest settlement at Mehrgarh—in the northeast corner of the 495-acre (2.00 km2) site—was a small farming village dated between 7000 BCE to 5500 BCE and the whole area covers a number of successive settlements. Archaeological material has been found in six mounds, and about 32,000 artifacts have been collected.
Early Mehrgarh residents lived in mud brick houses, stored their grain in granaries, fashioned tools with local copper ore, and lined their large basket containers with bitumen. They cultivated six-row barley, einkorn and emmer wheat, jujubes and dates, and herded sheep, goats and cattle. Residents of the later period (5500 BCE to 2600 BCE) put much effort into crafts, including flint knapping, tanning, bead production, and metal working. The site was occupied continuously until about 2600 BCE. Mehrgarh is probably the earliest known center of agriculture in South Asia.
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Mianwali
Mianwali (Punjabi, Urdu: میانوالی) is the capital city of Mianwali District and situated in the north-west of Punjab province, Pakistan. The city is located on the eastern bank of the Indus River. Thal canal traverses the city and makes the surroundings a picturesque place.
According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, the Mianwali city had a population of 85,000 inhabitants.[citation needed]
In November 1901, present day towns of Mianwali, Bhakkar, Isa Khel, Kalabagh, and Kundian were separated from Bannu District and hence a new district named as Mianwali District was created with the headquarters in Mianwali city. The municipal committee was founded in December 1903 and has remained operational since then.
The city has a FM Radio Station (FM 93), municipal library now called Professor Muhammad Feroz Shah Library, sports complex, and hockey stadium. There are several educational institutions from elementary to post-graduate level. .
The city has an airport built near the old World War II aerodrome and known as PAF Base Mianwali. It is one of the major operational bases of the country. The No.1 Fighter Conversion Unit of the PAF is stationed here.
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Mohabbat Khan Mosque
The Mohabbat Khan Mosque (Urdu, Pashto: موحبّت خان مسجد) is a 17th century Mosque in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa, Pakistan. It is named after the Mughal governor of Peshawar Nawab Mohabbat Khan who served under Emperors Shah Jehan and Aurangzeb and who was the grandson of Nawab Dadan Khan (who had been governor of Lahore).
The Mosque was built in 1670s. Its open courtyard has an ablution pool in the middle and a single row of rooms around the sides. The prayer hall occupies the west side flanked by two tall minarets. According to the turn-of-the-century Gazetteer for the KPK, the minarets were frequently used in Sikh times ‘as a substitute for the gallows’.
The interior of the prayer hall is sheltered beneath three low fluted domes and is lavishly and colourfully painted with floral and geometric designs.
Coordinates: 34°01′N 71°35′E / 34.017°N 71.583°E / 34.017; 71.583
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Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire, Shahan-e-Gurkhani, Shahan-e-Mughal, Sultanate-e-Mughliya, Daulat-e-Mughliya (Persian: شاهان گورکانی Shāhān-e Gūrkānī; Urdu: مغلیہ سلطنت; self-designation: گوركانى Gūrkānī ), or Mogul (also Moghul) Empire in traditional English usage, was an imperial power from the Indian Subcontinent. The Mughal emperors were direct descendants of Genghis Khan through Chagatai Khan and Timur. The Mughal Empire began in 1526; at the height of their power in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, they controlled most of the Indian Subcontinent—extending from Bengal in the east to Balochistan in the west, Kashmir in the north to the Kaveri basin in the south. According to "Babur-Nama", Kazakh tribal aristocracy along with number of other Turkic soldiers participated actively in the campaign of Babur, which made great influence over the development of Mughal Empire. Its population at that time has been estimated as between 110 and 150 million, over a territory of more than 3.2 million square kilometres (1.2 million square miles).
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Multan
Multan (Saraiki, Punjabi, Urdu: : مُلتان pronunciation (help·info)), is a city in the Punjab province of Pakistan.According to area its 3rd largest city of Pakistan,but according to population its on 5th number. It is located in the southern part of the province on the east bank of the Chenab River, more or less in the geographic centre of the country and about 562 km (349 mi) from Islamabad, 356 km (221 mi) from Lahore and 966 km (600 mi) from Karachi. Multan District has a population of 3.1 million (1998).
Multan is known as the City of Sufis or City of Saints and Madinah-Tul-Awleyah due to the large number of shrines and Sufi saints from the city. According to area its 3rd largest city of Pakistan,but according to population its on 3rd number. The city is full of bazaars, mosques, shrines and ornate tombs. Multan is also the birthplace of Fariduddin Ganjshakar popularly known as Baba Farid who is considered a father of Punjabi language and one of the pioneers in developing Shahmukhī script of Punjabi language which was later adopted by almost all Muslim saints and intellectuals in Punjab region and even in whole of India. Celebrated sufi saint of Punjab and North India Khwaja Ghulam Farid also adopted Shahmukhī script of Punjabi language to convey his teachings.Multan is located in a bend created by five rivers of central Pakistan. The Sutlej River separates it from Bahawalpur and the Chenab River from Muzaffar Garh. The city has grown to become an influential political and economical center for the country, with a dry port and excellent transport links. Multan is famous for its crops: wheat, cotton and sugar cane as well as mangoes, citrus, guavas and pomegranates.
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Murree
Murree (Punjabi, Urdu: مری) is a hill station and summer resort and the administrative centre of Murree Tehsil, which is a subdivision of Rawalpindi District and includes the Murree Hills.
Murree was the summer capital of the British Raj in the Punjab Province (British India). A popular tourist destination, Murree is often referred to as the "Queen of Hills," a term coined by the British. Located in the north-west Himalayas at an average altitude of 2,291 metres (7,516 ft), the city of Murree, draped in forests of pine, and oak, experiences pleasant summers and cold, snowy winters. The city is famous for its buildings styled in tudorbethan and neo-gothic architecture dating from the colonial era.
Murree is located along the Islamabad-Murree Highway, some 58.3 km (36.2 mi) northeast of Islamabad.
The name Murree is derived from 'marhi', "high place",
Murree was developed in 1851 by the (then) President of the Punjab Administrative Board, Sir Henry Lawrence, and was originally established for the British troops garrisoned on the Afghan frontier as a sanatorium. Officially, the municipality was created in 1850.
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Muzaffarabad
Muzaffarabad (Urdu: مظفر آباد, Pahari, Potwari, on mountain there are sexy girl
The residents of Muzaffarabad are a highly literate and business orientated class maintaining close ties with the financial capitals of Northern Pakistan, primarily Rawalpindi and the KPK. Muzaffarabad is a prime destination for further and higher education for the youth of Azad Kashmir and also produces the elite class of Azad Kashmir such as doctors, lawyers and businessmen. Rawalpindi is also a prime destination for further education and training.
An interesting point to note is that the entrance to the Kashmir valley faces northwards and passes westwardly through Neelum and down towards Muzaffarabad, where trade had flourished prior to the Kashmir dispute between the valley and Azad Kashmir.
Muzaffarabad is situated at the confluence of the Jhelum and Neelum rivers. The city is 138 kilometres from Rawalpindi and Islamabad and about 76 kilometres from Abbottabad. Muzaffarabad city is connected to Islamabad by a motorway, increasing trade between the mainland and the autonomous region. Cradled by lofty mountains, Muzaffarabad reflects a blend of various cultures and languages. The main language is a form of potohari and Pahari. The Neelum river plays a dominant role in the microclimate of Muzaffarabad which joins Jehlum River near Domail.
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Nasir Bagh
Nasir Bagh (Pashto: ناصر باغ) is an Afghan refugee camp on the edge of Peshawar in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (known in Afghanistan as "شمال مغربی سرحدی صوبہ Śhumāl Maġribī Sarhadī Sūbha" province of Pakistan.
Coordinates: 34°02′N 71°25′E / 34.033°N 71.417°E / 34.033; 71.417
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Nawabshah
Nawabshah (Sindhi: نوابشاهه), or Shaheed Benazirabad, is a district in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is headquarter of Shaheed Benazir Abad District (formerly Nawabshah District). It has a population of 1,135,131.
By road it is a 4 hour drive from Karachi on the National Highway, Sakrand along the left bank of River Indus near Sakrand Taluka, Pakistan.
Nawabshah formerly formed part of Sukkur division. The deputy commissioner is responsible for overall administration of the District. Nawabshah is furthermore sub-divided into 4 Talukas:
Nawabshah is famous for sugarcane, mango and banana production. The climate is usually very hot and dry, with summer temperatures soaring as high as 53 degrees Celsius. Winters start late, around mid-November, lasting to around mid-February, with night-time temperatures often reaching 4 degrees Ccelsius. Temperatures below zero are very rare. The city is one of Pakistan's hottest areas.
The highest temperatures each year in Pakistan, typically rising to above 50 °C (122 °F), are usually recorded in Nawabshah District and Sibbi from May to August. The climate is generally dry and hot, but sometimes the temperature falls to 0 °C (32 °F). On January 7, 2011 temperatures dropped to 4 °C (39 °F) in the city.
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Nowshera District
Nowshera (Pashto: نوشار/نوشہرہ) is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan - the principal city is Nowshera. Nowshera District is divided into 47 Union Councils and 5 provincial seats.
The district was part of the Peshawar Metropolitan Region.
1,748 km² total area. The population density is 608 persons per square kilometre. Total agricultural area is 52,540 hectors. The main source of income of the region is agriculture. Until 1988 Nowsehra was a tehsil (sub division) of Peshawar; in 1988 it became a district.
According to the 1998 census of Pakistan the population was 87, a population density of 500.2 persons per km². The annual growth rate was 2.9% and the proportion of urban dwellers was 26%.
Muslims form 99% of the population; 0.5% are Christian, 0.3% Ahmadi and 0.1% Hindu. The main Language is Pushto followed by Hindko which is spoken in areas of Nowshera Kalan, Akora Khattak, Shaidu, Jehangira and several other villages situated along the Grand Trunk Road. The literacy rate is 89%.
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Pakistan
Pakistan (
i/ˈpækɨstæn/ or i/pɑːkiˈstɑːn/; Urdu: پاکستان) (Urdu pronunciation: [paːkɪˈst̪aːn] (
listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان), is a sovereign country in South Asia. It sits at the crossroads of the strategically important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and north, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and it shares a marine border with Oman.
The territory of modern Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures, including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and has undergone invasions or settlements by Hindu, Persian, Indo-Greek, Islamic, Turco-Mongol, Afghan and Sikh cultures. Thus the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and India's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of India where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh.
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Parachinar
Parachinar (Urdu: پاڑاچنار, Pashto: پاړاچنار) is the capital of Kurram Agency, FATA (Federally Administered Tribal Areas) of Pakistan. It is about 290 km west of the capital, Islamabad. It is situated on a neck of Pakistani territory south of Peshawar, that juts into Paktia Province in Afghanistan and is the closest point in Pakistan to Kabul and borders on the Tora Bora region in Afghanistan.
The name Parachinar comes from a big Chinar tree (Maple tree) at a place now encompassed by the headquarter offices of Kurram Agency. Also at the Kurram Agency, there is a tribe known as the Para Chamkani, which used to convene their meetings under this Chinar tree to resolve their social matters. So that's how this city named as Parachinar. The old name of Parachinar is Tutki, when Kurram was a part of Afghanistan. The inhabitants of Tutki are called Tutkiwal, the Afghan people call it Tutki.
Parachinar originated as a summer residence for nomadic tribes who wintered their livestock at lower altitudes, and the district had originally been a summer residence for Moghul emperors from Delhi. The Parachinar region was part of Afghanistan before the Second Afghan War of 1878-79, but was not firmly annexed by the British due to resistance from local tribes until 1892. During the colonial era and 1947, Parachinar became a hill station for people from Peshawar; as it is relatively cool in the summer and very easy to reach from the plains despite its high altitude since there are no steep ascents on the route from Peshawar.
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Passani
Passani (Urdu: پاسنى) is located 33°76'4N 71°59'1E at south of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Passani is situated 27 km south of Peshawar, the last village of Peshawar District.
The village has one primary school and one middle school for boys and one primary and one high school for girls. The passani has a bazaar. The literacy rate is 80% for men and 40% for women.[citation needed]
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Peshawar
Peshawar (Pashto: پېښور Pēx̌awar; Hindko: پيشور Pishōr; Urdu: پشاور Pishāwar; Persian: پیشاور P īshāwar; pronunciation (help·info)) is the capital of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (formerly known as NWFP), and the administrative centre and central economic hub for the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan. Peshawar is situated in a large valley near the eastern end of the Khyber Pass. Known as "City on the Frontier", Peshawar's strategic location on the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia has made it one of the most culturally vibrant and lively cities in the greater region. Peshawar is irrigated by various canals of the Kabul River and by its right tributary, the Bara River.
Peshawar has evolved into one of Pakistan's most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities. In the last three decades, there has been a significant increase in urban population, in part due to internal migration of people in search of better employment opportunities, education, and services, and in part because of the influx of Afghan refugees and other people displaced by military operations and civil unrest in neighboring regions. Peshawar is the major educational, political and business center of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
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Peshawar District
Peshawar (Pashto: پېښور) is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Until divisions were abolished as part of local government reforms in 2000 it was part of Peshawar Division. The city of Peshawar, as well as being the provincial capital, is the capital of the district. The area of the district is 1,257 km2, and at the 1998 Pakistan Census it had a population of 46,3500(up from 1,113,303 at the previous 1981 Census).
Under the latest revision of Pakistan's administrative structure, promulgated in 2001,Peshawar was given status as a City district, and divided into four towns.Each town in turn consists of a group of union councils (U.C.'s).
Administrative Towns
The district is represented in the provincial assembly by eleven elected MPAs who represent the following constituencies:
The district is represented in the provincial assembly by two elected MPAs who represent the following constituencies:
The original district of Peshawar was a district of the North-West Frontier Province of British India. At independence in 1947 the old Peshawar District became Peshawar Division, containing the current district of Peshawar.
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Peshawar Division
Peshawar Division was an administrative division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan until the reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government. At independence in 1947, the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (then North-West Frontier Province) was split into two divisions, Dera Ismail Khan and Peshawar. Until 1976, Peshawar Division contained the districts of Hazara and Kohat, when they both became divisions themselves.
Peshawar Division was originally a district of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (then North-West Frontier Province) of British India. The district was administratively subdivided into five tehsils;
After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the tehsil of Peshawar became the new district of Peshawar. At that time the old district became a division.
Coordinates: 34°00′N 72°00′E / 34°N 72°E / 34; 72
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Pothohar Plateau
The Pothohar Plateau (also spelled Pothwar, Potowar or Potohar) (Urdu: سطح مرتفع پوٹھوہار) is a plateau in north-eastern Pakistan, between north Punjab and the western parts of Azad Kashmir. The area was the home of the Soanian Culture, which is evidenced by the discovery of fossils, tools, coins, and remains of ancient archaeological sites. The local Potwari people speak the Potwari language, while Hindko, Punjabi and Pashto are spoken by smaller populations.
Potohar Plateau is bounded on the east by the Jhelum River, on the west by the Indus River, on the north by the Kala Chitta Range and the Margalla Hills, and on the south by the Salt Range. The Kāla Chitta Range thrusts eastward across the plateau toward Rawalpindi; the valleys of the Haro and Soan rivers cross the plateau from the eastern foothills to the Indus. The ramparts of the Salt Range stretching from east to west in the south separate Potohar from the Punjab Plain. The Pothohar Plateau includes the current four districts of Jhelum, Chakwal, Rawalpindi, Attock. The terrain is undulating. The Kala Chitta Range rises to an average height of 450-900 metres (3,000 ft) and extends for about 72 kilometres (45 mi). The Swaan River starts from nearby Murree and ends near Kalabagh in the Indus river. Sakesar is the highest mountain of this region.
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Quetta
Quetta (Pashto: کوټه, Urdu: کوئٹہ pronunciation (help·info)) is the largest city and the provincial capital of the Balochistan Province of Pakistan. Known as the Fruit Garden of Balochistan due to the diversity of its plant and animal wildlife, Quetta is home to the Hazarganji Chiltan National Park, which contains rare wildlife.
The city is situated at an average elevation of 1,680 meters (5,500 ft) above sea level, making it Pakistan's only high-altitude major city. Located in a river valley, Quetta derives its name from the Pashto word "Kuwatta", which means "a fort".
Sitting near the Durand Line border with Afghanistan and close to Kandahar province, Quetta is a trade and communications center between the two countries as well as an important military location which occupies a strategic position for the Pakistani Armed Forces. The city lies on the Bolan Pass route which was once the only gateway to and from South Asia. Due to its proximity to Afghanistan and Central Asia, the city is a major stronghold along the western frontier of the country.
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Rahim Yar Khan
Rahim Yar Khan ( رحیم یار خان) is a city in South Punjab, Pakistan. Rahim Yar Khan is the capital city of Rahim Yar Khan District as well as the tehsil of the same name. The city itself is administratively subdivided into 9 Union councils. According to the 1998 census, the city population was 233,537 with an annual growth rate of 3.50%. As of in 2009, it is around 340,810. The area of Rahim Yar Khan City is about 22 Square Kilometre.
Alexander was the warrior and conqueror when he entered Multan the City which is known by its Saints. He Appointed One of his Famous General Phillipos to Rule the Area. Rahim Yar Khan and Neighboring Cities Came under Alexander Successors Rule. His Rule was Spread from the City of Multan Till Sukkur (then known as Poros) He was Challenged by Raja Poros in the Battle of Poros and got defeated. With this the Alexander Era Came to an End.
The Buddhist Empire was headed by Asoka. During his quest of power he invade almost whole of the subcontinent. His influence in this area is still unknown to many but it is believed that Rahim Yar Khan was the Part of His Empire before 493 A.D.
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Rawalakot
Rawalakot (Urdu: راولا کوٹ), is a town in Azad Kashmir, and is the district headquarter of Poonch Division and Poonch District. It is in a beautiful valley surrounded by hills.
Rawalakot is located at Latitude 33°51'32.18"N, Longitude 73° 45'34.93"E and an Elevation of 5374 feet. Rawalakot is approximately 76 kilometres (47 mi) from Kohala, Pakistan and about 120 km (75 mi) from the city of Rawalpindi. It is linked with Rawalpindi and Islamabad via Goyain Nala and Tayeen roads. It is also linked with Rawalpindi via Sudhnuti.
Surrounding villages of Rawalakot are Pachiot, Chirooti, Baghina, Datote, Barien, Ballari, Argali, Paniola, Zairat, Kharian, Laghriat,Singola Awanabad, Thorar, Mong, Androte, Rehara, Hurna Maira, Kottera, Barian Pothi, Khayi Gala, Kharick, Rairbun, Topa Soon (Soon Topa 8 km from Rawalakot), Kaimon, Titrot, Motialmara, Trar Dewan, Chaire, Chapanidahar, Chuck, Tranni, Dahmni, Parat, Pothi Bala/Makwalan, Kharek, Pakgali, Paniola, Banakha, Khayt Chrian, Mohri Farman Shah, Dreak, Banjosa, Hussainkot, Hurnamaira, Thorar, Rehara, Bangoin, Jandala, Timrot and Thala Tain. Bagh District lies to the north and Sudhnuti District lies to the south of Rawalakot.
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Rawalpindi
Rawalpindi (Urdu: راولپنڈی,Rāwalpindī), locally known as Pindi, is a city in the Pothohar region of Pakistan near Pakistan's capital city of Islamabad, in the province of Punjab. Rawalpindi is the fourth largest city in Pakistan after Karachi, Lahore and Faisalabad. In the 1950s, Rawalpindi was smaller than Hyderabad and Multan, but the city's economy received a boost during the building of Islamabad (1959–1969), during which time Rawalpindi served as the national capital and its population increased from 180,000 at the time of independence to over 4.5 million in 2007.[citation needed] Rawalpindi is located in the northernmost part of the Punjab province, 275 km (171 mi) to the north-west of Lahore. It is the administrative seat of the Rawalpindi District. The total area of the city is approximately 154 square kilometres (59 sq mi). Rawalpindi is the military headquarters of the Pakistani Armed Forces.
Rawalpindi, named after Raja Pindi, is a bustling city on the northernmost part of the Punjab province, strategically located between the NWFP and Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Many tourists use the city as a stop before traveling towards the northern areas. Rawalpindi is also a prime destination for the expatriate community of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Numerous shopping bazaars, parks and a cosmopolitan population attract shoppers from all over Pakistan and abroad. The city is home to several industries and factories. Islamabad International Airport is actually located in Rawalpindi and serves both cities.
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Sadiqabad
Sadiqabad or Sadiq Abad or Sadik Abad or Sadikabad (Punjabi, Urdu: صادق آباد) is a city in Punjab, Pakistan. Sadiqabad is also the administrative centre of Sadiqabad Tehsil, which is a sub-division of Rahim Yar Khan District.
It is situated at the border of Sindh and Punjab. Sadiqabad is the main transport hub between Punjab and Sindh.You can get from here the transport to travel to any city of Pakistan. Sadiqabad is getting stronger economically as well as better in education. There are now at least 5 colleges teaching the higher secondary school level. Iqra Degree girls college is spreading knowledge specially for girls and teaching the classes at masters level. Sadiqabad has always been good in sports.Cricket team of Govt High school have won many times the BISE championships.
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Sahiwal
Sahiwal (Urdu: ساہیوال) is a city in Punjab, Pakistan. It is the administrative centre of Sahiwal District and Sahiwal Division. Sahiwal is approximately 180 km from the major city Lahore and is the city between Lahore and Multan. The population is 207,388 (1998 Pakistan Census).
A small village on the Karachi-Lahore railway line during 1865 was named Montgomery after Sir Robert Montgomery, then Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab. was made the capital of the Montgomery District. It was renamed Sahiwal in 1967 after the Sahi clan of Kharal Jatt who were the inhabitants of this area.
The city is in the densely populated region between the Sutlej and Ravi rivers. The principal crops are wheat, cotton, tobacco, legumes, potato and oilseeds. Cotton goods and lacquered woodwork are manufactured.
Sahiwal is twinned with the town of Rochdale, in Greater Manchester, North West England. There is a direction sign in Rochdale's town centre pointing in Sahiwal's direction with "Sahiwal 3960 miles" written on it.[citation needed]
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Salt Range
The Salt Range is a hill system in the Punjab province of Pakistan, deriving its name from its extensive deposits of rock salt. The range extends from the Jhelum River to the Indus, across the northern portion of the Punjab province. The Salt Range contains the great mines of Mayo, Khewra, Warcha and Kalabagh, which yield vast supplies of salt. Coal of a medium quality is also found.
Two interesting sites are close to Kathwai, Kutte Mar and Tulaja fort. At Kuttee Mar to the Northeast of Kathwai are Muslim graves made of Kangar and the purported grave of a dog that is said to have died defending the wedding procession of its owner from an attack by bandits. Kutte Mar may have been the place where the Khura inscription of Toramana was found (Buhler 1891-92, 238-41; Sircar 1965: 422-4). If this assessment is correct, a Buddhist monastery was established here around 500. A.D. This inscription and another fragmentary inscription found at Sakaser (Pakistan Archaeology 5, 1968: 284-70) confirm that this area was a flourishing, centre for Buddhism, which is borne out by the extensive archaeological remains.
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Sargodha
Sargodha (Urdu: سرگودھا) is a major city in the Sargodha District of Punjab province, Pakistan sargodha is the 9th largest city of pakistan and 5th largest of punjab.
Sargodha is located in the northwest of Pakistan. It is the twelfth largest city of Pakistan and also known as Pakistan's best citrus-producing area. It is an agricultural trade centre with various industries. Sargodha is one of the few planned cities in Pakistan, the other being Gwadar, Jauharabad, Dera Ghazi Khan, Faisalabad and Islamabad.
Pakistan's largest airbase, PAF Base Mushaf (formerly PAF Base Sargodha), is situated in Sarghoda and hosts the headquarters of the Pakistan Air Force's Central Air Command. The airbase is also home to the Combat Commanders School (CCS), formerly the Fighter Leader's School, an elite training facility for training Pakistan Air Force pilots in fighter tactics and weapons. The city is also home to Sargodha Medical College.
The term Sargodha has its origins in the words Sar, meaning pond (Talab), and Godha, meaning sadhu(Baba).
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Seri Bahlol
Seri Bahlol (or Sehri Bahlol) is located near Takht Bhai, about 70 kilometres north-west of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa, Pakistan.
Seri Bahlol is a historical place and it has been included in the UNESCO World Heritage List since 1980. It contains the remains of Buddha, which have not been properly excavated. Antiques such as statues, coins, utensils and jewellery are commonly found. The local people continue illegal excavation in their homes and land, damaging the historical monuments. Some of the local dealers of antiques misguide the local population and instigate them to involve them in illegal excavation. It requires national and international attention in order to reserve the remnants at Seri Bahlol.
The word "Seri Bahlol" has been explained by various people in different ways. The local people, however, explain that this is a combination of two Hindko words "Sheri" means Sir and "Bahlol" the name of a prominent political and religious leader of the area. However, the name is not as old as the village Seri Bahlol. The village is located on a hillock protected by a well sophisticated stone wall. The wall has damaged in several places however, it is still visible in many places. The village is surrounded by fertile land where the local people practice agriculture.
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Shangla District
Shangla District (Urdu: ضلع شانگه) is located in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The district headquarters are located at Alpuri. It was previously a subdivision of Swat District, but was upgraded to the status of a district on July 10, 1995 by the then Chief Minister Aftab Khan Sherpao. The total area of the district is 1,586 square kilometres. Pashto is spoken by most of the population. Shangla comprises two sub division, Alpuri and Puran Tehsil. There are four (4) sub tehsils i.e. Besham, Chakesar, Martung and Makhuzai. Shangla has the lowest Human Development Index in the province and second lowest in the country.
The district is bounded in the north by Kohistan District, in the east by Battagram District and the tribal area of Kala Dhaka (Black Mountain of Hazara), in the west by Swat District and in the south by Buner District.
There are relics of the ancient Greek period at Pirsar, Chakesar and Daut. it is believed that Alexander the Great camped at Pirsar for a few days. There are also relics of the Hindu Shahi in Qlandar-Ajmair.
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Sheikhupura
Sheikhupura or Shekhupur (Urdu: شيخوپورہ), formerly Kot Dayal Das (کوٹ دیال داس) or Singhpuria (سنگھپوریہ) or Virkgarh (ورک گڑھ), is an industrial city in the province of Punjab slightly northwest to Lahore in Pakistan. It is known for its historical places, and is commonly known locally as Qila Shaikhupura, because of the fort in the city, constructed by the Mughal Emperor Jahangir. The name Sheikhupura is derived from a nickname of Jahangir, who was known as Sheikhu by his father Akbar the Great. The city is the headquarters of Sheikhupura District and is approximately 35 km from Lahore. The original name of Virkgarh was renamed by Jahangir.
The city was renamed Singhpuria in Sikh rule, and had a large Sikh population prior to Partition in 1947, Gurudwaras are seen throughout the city.
The history of Virkgarh/Sheikhupura goes back to 100 BC. Historical research has established the fact that Sangla or Sakala was the capital of Punjab once, and it was here that Alexander the Great of Macedonia (known locally as Sikandar e Azam) fought one of his most serious battles of his career. Its name is spoken of, firstly in the pages of Tuzk-e-Jahangiri as Jahangirpura, after the name of Prince Salim Nur u Din Muhammad Jahangir. The fourth Mughal emperor of India named Jahangir changed the name of the city from Virkgarh to Sheikhupura after converting the majority of the population to Islam. This area belongs to the virk Jats. Virk jats created a fort in the vicinity of current day Sheikhupura and called it VirkGarh., i.e. "citadel of the Virks"
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Sialkot
Sialkot (Punjabi, Urdu: سیالکوٹ) is located in Pakistan in the north-east of the Punjab province at the foothills of snow-covered peaks of Kashmir near the Chenab river. It is the capital of Sialkot District. The city is about 125 km (78 mi) north-west of Lahore The recorded history of Sialkot covers thousands of years. Sialkot has, since its foundation, changed hands from Hindu, Buddhist, Persian, Greek, Afghan, Turk, Sikh, Mughal and British rule to that of present-day Pakistan.
There are various sources tracing the origins of the city of Sialkot but the authenticity of many of these sources varies. Excavations throughout the area have revealed large amounts of Greek coins, ancient Zoroastrian temples and several Buddhist stupas. The antiquities of Sialkot have also been discussed by Sir Alexander Cunningham in his Archaeological Survey Reports, II, 21, 22, and XIV, 44 to 47.
According to the Greek historical texts, which bring mention of the city of Sialkot dating back to before 327 BC when the city was known as Sagala, it represented the eastern-most outpost and expansion of the Hellenic Empire created by Alexander the Great which has been cross-correlated to ancient Greek maps of the era and several monuments found in the Sialkot District. The Greek historians state that the city was one of the most productive Silk regions of the Achaemenid Empire. Sákala or Sagala was the capital, or one of the capitals, of the Indo-Greek Kingdom which broke-away from the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom during the Euthydemid Dynasty
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Sindh
Sindh (pronounced [sɪnd̪ʱ]; Sindhi: سنڌ; Urdu: سندھ Indica in Latin, Indus in Greek) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhi people. It is also locally known as the "Mehran" and has been given the title of Bab-ul-Islam (The gateway of Islam). The name of Sindh is derived from the Indus River that separates it from Balochistan and the greater Iranian Plateau. This river was known to the ancient Iranians in Avestan as Indus, in Sanskrit as Sindhu, to Assyrians (as early as the seventh century BC) as Sinda, to the Greeks as Indos, to the Romans as Indus, to the Persians as Ab-e-sind, to the Pashtuns as "Abasind", to the Arabs as Al-Sind, to the Chinese as Sintow, and to the Javanese as the Santri.
Sindh is bounded to the west by the Indus River and Balochistan, to the north by Punjab, the east by the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan and to the south by the Arabian Sea. The capital of the province is Karachi, Pakistan's largest city and financial hub. Most of the population in the province is Muslim, with sizeable Christian, Zoroastrian and Hindu minorities. The main language spoken is Sindhi by about 40 million people, while there exists a significant Urdu-speaking minority.
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Sistan Basin
The Sistan Basin is an inland endorheic basin encompassing large parts of southwestern Afghanistan and southeastern Iran, one of the driest regions in the world and an area subjected to prolonged droughts. Its watershed is a system of rivers flowing from the highlands of Afghanistan into freshwater lakes and marshes and then to its ultimate destination: Afghanistan's saline Godzareh depression, part of the extensive Sistan terminal basin. The Helmand River drains the basin's largest watershed, fed mainly by snowmelt from the mountains of Hindu Kush, but other rivers contribute also.
A basalt hill, known as Mount Khajeh, rises beside the lakes and marshes of the basin.
The lowest part of the Sistan Basin contains a series of shallow lakes, known as hamuns. It appears that in the past there was a single Hamun Lake, but there are now three separate lakes. From north to south the lakes are:
The Hamun-e Puzak lies mostly in Afghanistan. It receives water from the Shelah Charkh channel of the Helmand River, and also from the Khash River and other small rivers.
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Skardu
Skardu (Urdu: سکردو, Balti: སྐརདུ་་ from Tibetan (Balti): skar rdo སྐར་རྡོ་ - "star stone, meteorite"), is the main town of the region Baltistan and the capital of Skardu District, one of the districts making up Pakistan's Gilgit–Baltistan.
Skardu is located in the 10 km wide by 40 km long Skardu Valley, at the confluence of the Indus river (flowing from near Kailash in Tibet and through neighbouring Ladakh before reaching Baltistan) and the Shigar River. Skardu is situated at an altitude of nearly 2,500 m (8,200 ft). The town is surrounded by grey-brown coloured mountains, which hide the 8,000 metre peaks of the nearby Karakoram range.
Skardu, along with Gilgit, are the two major tourism, trekking and expedition hubs in Gilgit–Baltistan. The mountainous terrain of the region, including four of the world's fourteen Eight-thousander peaks (8,000 m and above), attracts the attention of tourists, trekkers and mountaineers from around the world. The main tourist season is from April to October; outside this time, the area can be cut off for extended periods by the snowy, freezing winter weather.
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Sukkur
Sukkur, or Sakharu (Urdu: سکھر [səkʰəru], Sindhi: سکر), formerly Aror (Urdu: اروڑ [əroːɽ]) and Bakar, is the third largest city of Sindh province, situated on the west bank of Indus River in Pakistan in Sukkur District. However, the word Sakharu in Sindhi means "superior", which the spelling of the city's name in Sindhi suggests is the origin of the name. Sukkur is nicknamed Darya Dino (درياءَ ڏنو, meaning the gift of river), as without the Indus the city would be a desert. People of Sukkur speak Sindhi (72%), Urdu (15.5%), Punjabi (4%), Pashto (1.5%), Balochi (1%), and others 1%.[citation needed]
The city of Sukkur, as well as being district headquarters, is the capital of Sukkur Talukas and contains many Union council.
The district of Sukkur (whose name is derived from its head quarter Sukkur city) covers an area of 5,165 square kilometres. Geographically it is spanned from 27°05' to 28°02' north latitudes and from 68°47' to 69°43' east longitudes. The city of Sukkur is located at an altitude of 220 feet (67 m) from sea level, having terrestrial coordinates 68°52' east and 27°42' north. It is also the narrowest point of the lower Indus course.[citation needed]
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Swabi District
Swabi District (Pashto: صوابی,Urdu: صوابی) is the fourth most populous district of the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It lies between the Indus and Kabul Rivers. The residents are referred to as Swabva'l. The Mandanr Yusufzai subsection of the Yousafzai clan of the Pashtuns form a majority of the population.
Swabi is the district capital. Tordher is the second leading trading city, after Swabi. Tordher has a population of nearly 50,000, 18 primary schools and three high schools.
Tobacco is a cash crop of Swabi, along with vegetables, wheat, sugar cane and maize. Its climate is well suited for citrus fruits in particular, but many other fruits like watermelon, peaches and apricots are also grown there.
It also boasts one of the most prestigious institutions of Pakistan, the Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, located in the village of Topi and Karnal Sher Khan Cadet College Swabi, located in the village of Ismaila, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
A six lane motorway connecting Islamabad with Peshawar passes through Swabi District, with an access interchange at the village of Ambaar.
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Tank District
Tank (Urdu: ٹانک, Saraiki: ٹاک, Pashto: ټک ṭak) is a southern district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The city of Tank is the capital of the district, which consists of Union Council City I and Union Council City II. There are totally sixteen Union councils of district Tank. Tank was formerly part (Tahsil) of district Dera Ismail Khan District. Tank is bounded by the districts of Lakki Marwat to the northeast, Dera Ismail Khan to the east and southeast, and South Waziristan to the southwest, west, and northwest. The climate in Tank reaches 110-120 °F. However in the cold, harsh winters in the mountains to the west, people come to Tank to enjoy a pleasant stay and then resort back during the summer.
The district contains one tahsil (subdivision), also called Tank. And is represented in the Provincial Assembly by one elected MPA, Ghulam Qader Bittani, who represents the following constituency:
The northern territory between the Indus river and the mountains of Afghanistan was deemed impossible to tread in the days before the creation of Pakistan. Many a kings and great warriors tried to conquer the land by might but the fierce natives would flee them away. With successive by empires from the north like Alexander the Great, the great and Genghis Khan and Mongols from the east and the south, the natives were centred into a limited and desolate land, yet not defeated completely.
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Taxila
Taxila (Urdu: ٹیکسلا) is a Tehsil in the Rawalpindi District of Punjab province of Pakistan. It is an important archaeological site. Taxila is situated about 32 km (20 mi) northwest of Islamabad Capital Territory and Rawalpindi in Panjab; just off the Grand Trunk Road. Taxila lies 549 metres (1,801 ft) above sea level.
The city dates back to the Gandhara period and contains the ruins of the Gandhāran city of Takṣaśilā which was an important Hindu and Buddhist centre, and is still considered a place of religious and historical sanctity in those traditions. In 1980, Taxila was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site with multiple locations. In 2006 it was ranked as the top tourist destination in Pakistan by The Guardian newspaper.
Scattered references in later works indicate that Takshashila may have dated back to at least the 5th century BCE. Takṣaśilā is reputed to derive its name from Takṣa, who was the son of Bharata, the brother of Rama, and Mandavi. Legend has it that Takṣa ruled a kingdom called Takṣa Khanda, and founded the city of Takṣaśilā. According to another theory propounded by Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi, Takṣaśilā is related to Takṣaka, Sanskrit for "carpenter", and is an alternative name for the Nāgas of ancient India.
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Thatta
Coordinates: 24°44′46.02″N 67°55′27.61″E / 24.7461167°N 67.9243361°E / 24.7461167; 67.9243361
Thatta (Sindhi: ٺٽو, Urdu: ٹھٹہ) is a historic town of 220,000 inhabitants in the Sindh province of Pakistan, near Lake Keenjhar, the largest freshwater lake in the country. Thatta's major monument, the necropolis at Makli is listed among the World Heritage Sites. The Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta is also mentioned separately on the tentative list since 1993. Located 62 miles (98 kilometeres) east of the provincial capital of Sindh; Karachi, it makes for a practical escape for people from the city seeking to visit the picturesque old town.
The city, formerly commanding the delta of the Indus, was the capital of Lower Sindh from the 14th century onwards. During the ruling period of the Soomro Tribe Thatta was the capital of Sindh for 95 years. Between 1592-1739, it was governed in the name of the Mughal emperors of Delhi. In 1739 however, following the Battle of Karnal, the province was ceded to Nadir Shah of Persia, after which Thatta fell into neglect as the Indus river started to silt up. In the 17th Century, the Dutch East India Company had a small tradingpost (comptoir) in Thatta.
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Toba Tek Singh
Toba Tek Singh (Punjabi(Shahmukhi)/Urdu: ٹوبہ ٹیک سنگھ) is a city and tehsil of Toba Tek Singh District in the Pakistani province of Punjab.
During British rule Toba Tek Singh was a tehsil of Lyallpur District. The population of the town in 1998 was 2549000
Toba Tek Singh originates its name from a Sikh Saint, Tek Singh. Tek Singh helped travellers by providing them shelter and food, regardless of their race or religion. In Punjabi, "Toba" means 'pond of water.' Much controversy has centered around the name of the city,[citation needed] due to the fact that it is an overwhelmingly Muslim city named after a Sikh Saint - but there have been no changes uptil now.[citation needed]
Toba Tek Singh has several institutions of higher education including:
Accountancy Institutes
Punjabi is the most spoken language. There is big and old religious school(madrassa)Jamia Darululoom Rabbania.It is working since 1940 It belongs to deobandi school of thought[citation needed].
Sadat Hasan Manto, an Urdu Novelist wrote a short story entitled "Toba Tek Singh" which is a satire on Partition; in the story, an inmate in an asylum frets over the question of whether his home town Toba Tek Singh is now in India or Pakistan. It was adapted into a short movie of the same name directed by Afia Nathaniel in 2005.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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Upper Dir District
Upper Dir (Pashto: آپر دیر) is one the 24 districts in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. The district was formed in 1996, when Dir District was divided into Upper Dir and Lower Dir.
Upper Dir district is 3,699 square kilometres in area and formed part of the former Malakand Division, lying along the Afghanistan border between Chitral, Bajaur Agency and Lower Dir.
It is connected with the Kohistan District via the Badawi Pass.
The majority of the population in this area are Yousafzai Pashtuns while the ruling class is khosro ancient Swati tribe speaking Pashto.
The district is administratively subdivided into six tehsils which contain a total of 31-3=28 (3 UCs shifted to Lower Dir namely Khall, Akhagram and Toor Mang) Union Councils:
Upper Dir is represented in the National Assembly and Provincial Assembly by one elected MNA and three elected MPAs respectively who represent the following constituencies:
Except for Dir and a number of rapidly growing bazaar towns along the main roads, the population is rural, scattered in more than 1200 villages in the deep narrow valleys of the Panjkora and its tributaries.
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Uzbekistan
Uzbekistani/ʊzˌbɛkɨˈstɑːn/, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan (Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi, Ўзбекистон Республикаси) is the only doubly landlocked country in Central Asia and one of only two such countries worldwide. It shares borders with Kazakhstan to the west and to the north, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the east, and Afghanistan and Turkmenistan to the south. Before 1991, it was part of the Soviet Union.
Uzbekistan is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia.
Once part of the Persian Samanid and later Timurid empires, the region was conquered in the early 16th century by Uzbek nomads, who spoke an Eastern Turkic language. Most of Uzbekistan’s population today belong to the Uzbek ethnic group and speak the Uzbek language, one of the family of Turkic languages.
Uzbekistan was incorporated into the Russian Empire in the 19th century, and in 1924 became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, known as the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (Uzbek SSR). It became independent on 31 August 1991 (officially, from the following day).
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Yemen
The Republic of Yemen (Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhūrīyah al-Yamanīyah), commonly known as Yemeni/ˈjɛmən/ (Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman), is a country located in Western Asia, occupying the southwestern to southern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the north, the Red Sea to the west, and Oman to the east. Yemen is considered one of the poorest countries in the Arab world. Its capital and largest city is Sana'a. Yemen's territory includes over 200 islands, the largest of which is Socotra, about 415 km (258 mi) to the south of mainland Yemen, off the coast of Somalia. It is the only state in the Arabian Peninsula to have a purely republican form of government. Approximately 53% of Yemenis are Sunnis, while 45% are Zaydi Shias.
One etymology derives Yemen from yamin, meaning "on the right side", as the south is on the right when facing the sunrise. Another derives Yemen from yumn, meaning "felicity", as the region is fertile. The Romans called it Arabia Felix (Happy Arabia) as opposed to Arabia Deserta (Deserted Arabia), which was their term for northern Arabia.
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Ziarat
Ziarat (Urdu: زیارت) is the capital of Ziarat District, Balochistan, Pakistan. It is located at 30°22'47N 67°43'38E with an altitude of 2543 metres (8346 ft) and is a famous holiday resort of Balochistan and nearly every trip from Karachi to Quetta stops at Ziarat. Ziarat (literally ziarat is an Islamic shrine) was the summer residence of the chief commissioner of Baluchistan, and sanatorium for the European troops at Quetta: 8,850 ft (2,700 m). above the sea and 33 m. by cart-road from the railway. There is a good water supply, and the hills around are well-wooded and picturesque.
Ziarat is also very famous for its juniper forest. Junipers species Juniperus macropoda , Juniperous exceisa polycarpus or Pashthani Juniper are found in Ziarat districts and Zarghoon mount and some other mounted areas of Balochistan known as the second largest Juniper forest in the world, which covers an area of about 247,000 acres (1,000 km2). There are many important species found in this ecosystem including animal and birds, the Chakor partridge, bushes and ground flora which local people use these plants as indigenous treatments for a variety of diseases.The junipers are considered to be the real treasure of Ziarat. There are trees in the valley which are more than 5000 to 7000 years old. In Ziarat a herb called Ephedra sinica is found in abundance from which a chemical called ephedrine is extracted, an important constituent of various medicines, especially cough syrups. When the snow falls in Ziarat's winter the juniper valley is at its most beautiful.Chiltan Adventurers Association Balochistan is raising voice on National & International level as Juniper Defenders for the conservation of this world heritage since 1984.[citation needed]
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Ürümqi
Ürümqi ( /uːˈruːmtʃi/), formerly Tihwa, is the capital of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China, in the northwest of the country.
With a built up population of 2,744,280 as of 2010 census (5 urban districts plus Midong) and 2.3 in urban districts, Ürümqi, whose name means "beautiful pasture" in the Mongolian language of the Dzungar people, is the largest city in China's western interior. Since the 1990s Ürümqi has developed economically and now serves as a regional transport node and commercial centre.
Although Ürümqi is situated near the northern route of the Silk Road, it is likely to be a relatively young city. According to Chinese scholars, during the 22nd year of Emperor Taizong's reign in the Tang Dynasty, AD 648, the Tang government set up the town of Luntai in the ancient town seat of Urabo, 10 kilometers from the southern suburb of present-day Ürümqi. Ancient Luntai Town was a seat of local government, and collected taxes from the caravans along the northern route of the Silk Road.
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Abdur Rahman Khan
Abdur Rahman Khan (Pashto: عبد رحمان خان) (between 1840 to 1844 – October 1, 1901) was Emir of Afghanistan from 1880 to 1901.
The third son of Mohammad Afzal Khan, and grandson of Dost Mohammad Khan, Abdur Rahman Khan was considered a strong ruler who re-established the writ of the Afghan government in Kabul after the disarray that followed the second Anglo-Afghan war.
Before his death in Herat, on June 9, 1863, Dost Mohammad Khan had nominated as his successor Sher Ali Khan, his third son, passing over the two elder brothers, Afzal Khan and Azam Khan. At first, the new Amir was quietly recognized. But after a few months Afzal Khan raised an insurrection in the north of the country, where he had been governing when his father died. This began a fierce contest for power between Dost Mohammad's sons, which lasted for nearly five years.
In this war, Abdur Rahman became distinguished for ability and daring energy. Although his father, Afzal Khan, who had none of these qualities, came to terms with the Amir Sher Ali, the son's behavior in the northern province soon excited the Amir's suspicion, and Abdur Rahman, when he was summoned to Kabul, fled across the Oxus into Bukhara. Sher Ali threw Afzal Khan into prison, and a serious revolt followed in southern Afghanistan.
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Ahmad Hasan Dani
Professor Ahmad Hasan Dani (Urdu: احمد حسن دانی) FRAS, SI, HI (20 June 1920 – 26 January 2009), was a Pakistani intellectual, archaeologist, historian, and linguist. He was among the foremost authorities on Central Asian and South Asian archaeology and history. He introduced archaeology as a discipline in higher education in Pakistan and Bangladesh. Throughout his career, Dani held various academic positions and international fellowships, apart from conducting archaeological excavations and research. He is particularly known for archaeological work on pre-Indus Civilization and Gandhara sites in Northern Pakistan. He was also the recipient of various civil awards in Pakistan and abroad. As a prolific linguist, he was able to speak 35 local and international languages and dialects.
Dani, an ethnic Kashmiri, was born on 20 June 1920 in Basna, British India. He graduated in 1944, with an MA degree, to become the first Muslim graduate of Banaras Hindu University. He scored highest marks in the exams which earned him a Gold Medal. This also qualified him for a teaching fellowship from the same university. Although he was provided with the grant, he was not allowed to teach owing to his religious beliefs. He stayed there for six months. In 1945, he started working as a trainee in archaeology under the guidance of Mortimer Wheeler. At this time, he participated in excavations at Taxila and Mohenjo-daro. He was subsequently posted at the Department of Archaeology of British India at Taj Mahal, Agra. He received his PhD from Institute of Archaeology, University College London.
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Ahmad Shah Durrani
Ahmad Shah Durrani (c. 1722–1773) (Pashto/Persian: احمد شاه درانی), also known as Ahmad Shāh Abdālī (Pashto/Persian: احمد شاه ابدالي) and born as Ahmad Khān, was the founder of the Durrani Empire (Afghan Empire) in 1747 and is regarded by many to be the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan.
Ahmad Khan enlisted as a young soldier in the military of the Afsharid kingdom and quickly rose to become a commander of four thousand Abdali Pashtun soldiers. After the death of Nader Shah Afshar of Persia in June 1747, Abdali became the Emir of Khorasan. Rallying his Pashtun tribes and allies, he pushed east towards the Mughal and the Maratha Empire of India as well as west towards the disintegrating Afsharid Empire of Persia and north toward the Khanate of Bukhara. Within a few years he had conquered all of today's Afghanistan and Pakistan, including much of northeastern Iran and the Punjab region in the Indian subcontinent. He decisively defeated the Marathas at the 1761 Battle of Panipat which was fought north of Delhi in India.
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Akbar Khan
Amir Akbar Khan (1816–1845;Pashto: امير اکبر خان, born as Mohammad Akbar Khan (Pashto: محمد اکبر خان) and famously known as Wazir Akbar Khan, was an Afghan Prince, a general, a tribal leader and Emir. He was active in the First Anglo-Afghan War, which lasted from 1839 to 1842. He is prominent for his leadership of the national party in Kabul from 1841 to 1842, and his pursuit of the retreating British army from Kabul to Gandamak near Jalalabad in 1842. In 1837 in the battle of Jamrud he killed sikh general Hari Singh Nalwa in a planned tyrantical way by conspiring whilst trying to get back the city of Peshawar for the Afghans from the Sikh army, but Akbar Khan failed to do so.
Amir Akbar Khan was born in the year 1816 as Mohammad Akbar Khan, as the son of Amir Dost Mohammad Khan of Afghanistan and to his fifth wife Mirmon Khadija Popalzai. Amir Dost Mohammad Khan had totally 2 wives, 8 sons (including Amir Akbar Khan) and 2 daughters.
He led a revolt in Kabul against the British Indian mission of William McNaughten, Alexander Burnes and their garrison of 4,500 men. In November 1841, he besieged Major-General William Elphinstone's force in Kabul. Elphinstone accepted a safe-conduct for his force and about 12,000 associated workers to flee to India; they were ambushed and massacred. It was claimed in at least one set of British war memoirs that, during the retreat, Akbar Khan could be heard alternately commanding his men, in Persian language to desist from, and in Pashto language to continue, firing.
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Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας, Aléxandros ho Mégas from the Greek αλέξω alexo "to defend, help" + ανήρ aner "man"), was a king of Macedon, a state in northern ancient Greece. Born in Pella in 356 BC, Alexander was tutored by Aristotle until the age of 16. By the age of thirty, he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from the Ionian Sea to the Himalayas. He was undefeated in battle and is considered one of history's most successful commanders.
Alexander succeeded his father, Philip II of Macedon, to the throne in 336 BC after Philip was assassinated. Upon Philip's death, Alexander inherited a strong kingdom and an experienced army. He was awarded the generalship of Greece and used this authority to launch his father's military expansion plans. In 334 BC, he invaded Persian-ruled Asia Minor and began a series of campaigns that lasted ten years. Alexander broke the power of Persia in a series of decisive battles, most notably the battles of Issus and Gaugamela. He subsequently overthrew the Persian King Darius III and conquered the entirety of the Persian Empire. At that point, his empire stretched from the Adriatic Sea to the Indus River.
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Ali Mardan Khan
Ali Mardan Khan (died April 1657) was a Kurdish noble at the court of Safavid King Shah Tahmasp but after surrendering the Afghan city of Qandahar to Emperor Shah Jahan in 1638, he was a well recognised figure at the Mughal court.
Ali Mardan Khan was the Safavid governor of Qandahar. He had been in arrears with his revenues. He was summoned by Shah Tahmasp to appear at the court, but avoided doing so. On being dismissed from office, he sought the assistance from the governor of Kabul and the commander of Ghazni. In 1638, he surrendered Qandahar to the Mughals, and took refuge in Delhi. He was honoured at the Mughal court. Shah Jahan gifted one lakh of tankas for himself and two lakhs for his brother and the officers of his army. He was appointed governor of Kashmir, Kabul and Lahore.
He later received the title of Amir al Umara (Lord of Lords) in 1639 and made him a Haft Hazari, leading to commanding an army of 7,000 troops.
He was later appointed as the viceroy of Punjab which at that time stretched from Kabul to Delhi.
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Aurangzeb
Abul Muzaffar Muhiu 'd-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb (Persian/Urdu: ابلمظفر محىالدين محمداورنگزيب, Hindi: अबुल मुज़फ्फर मुहिउद्दीन मुहम्मद औरंगज़ेब आलमगीर) (4 November [O.S. 25 October] 1618 – 3 March [O.S. 20 February] 1707), is more popularly known as Aurangzeb, or by his chosen imperial title Alamgir ("Conquerer of the World"), he was the sixth Mughal Emperor, whose reign lasted for 49 years, from 1658 until his death in 1707.
Aurangzeb was a notable expansionist and was also among the wealthiest of the previous Mughal rulers with an annual yearly tribute of £38,624,680 (in the year 1690), during his lifetime victories in the south expanded the Mughal Empire to more than 1.25 million square miles, he ruled over more than 150 million subjects, constituting nearly one fourth of the world's population.
Aurangzeb was born the third son and sixth child of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal (Arjumand Bāno Begam) in Dahod on the way to Ujjain. Aurangzeb was born when Shah Jahan was a governor of Gujarat suba. In June 1626, after an unsuccessful rebellion by his father, Aurangzeb and his brother Dara Shikoh were kept as hostages under Nur Jahan at there grandfather Jahangir's Lahore court. On 26 February 1628, Shah Jahan was officially declared the Mughal Emperor, and then Aurangzeb returned to Agra fort to live with his parents and Since then Aurangzeb received his formal education in Arabic and Persian. His daily allowance were fixed to
500, while he spent his allowance in religious education and the study of history, he accused his brothers of alcoholism and womanizing.
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Babur
Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur (February 14, 1483 – December 26, 1530; sometimes also spelt Baber or Babar) was a conqueror from Central Asia who, following a series of setbacks, finally succeeded in laying the basis for the Mughal dynasty in the Indian Subcontinent and became the first Mughal emperor. He was a direct descendant of Timur through his father, and a descendant also of Genghis Khan through his mother. Babur identified his lineage as Timurid and Chaghatay-Turkic. He was greatly influenced by Persian culture and this affected both his own actions and those of his successors, giving rise to a significant expansion of the Persianate ethos in the Indian subcontinent.
Ẓahīr ad-Dīn Muḥammad (Persian: ﻇﻬﻴﺮﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ محمد, also known by his royal titles as al-ṣultānu 'l-ʿazam wa 'l-ḫāqān al-mukkarram bādshāh-e ġāzī), is more commonly known by his nickname, Bābur (بابر).
According to Stephen Frederic Dale, the name Babur is derived from the Persian word babr, meaning "tiger", a word that repeatedly appears in Firdawsī's Shāhnāma and had also been borrowed by the Turkic languages of Central Asia. This thesis is supported by the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, explaining that the Turko-Mongol name Timur underwent a similar evolution, from the Sanskrit word cimara ("iron") via a modified version *čimr to the final Turkicized version timür, with -ür replacing -r due to the Turkish vowel harmony (hence babr → babür).[citation needed]
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Benazir Bhutto
Benazir Bhutto (Sindhi: بينظير ڀٽو; Urdu: بے نظیر بھٹو, pronounced [beːnəˈziːr ˈbʱʊʈʈoː]; 21 June 1953 – 27 December 2007) was a Pakistani democratic socialist who served as the 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan in two non-consecutive terms from 1988 until 1990 and 1993 until 1996. She was the daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, a former prime minister of Pakistan and the founder of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP), which she led.
In 1982, at age 29, Benazir Bhutto became the chairwoman of PPP — a democratic socialist, centre-left party, making her the first woman in Pakistan to head a major political party. In 1988, she became the first woman elected to lead a Muslim state and was also Pakistan's first (and thus far, only) female prime minister. Noted for her charismatic authority and political astuteness, Benazir Bhutto drove initiatives for Pakistan's economy and national security, and she implemented social capitalist policies for industrial development and growth. In addition, her political philosophy and economic policies emphasized deregulation (particularly of the financial sector), flexible labor markets, the denationalization of state-owned corporations, and the withdrawal of subsidies to others. Benazir Bhutto's popularity waned amid recession, corruption, and high unemployment which later led to the dismissal of her government by conservative President Ghulam Ishaq Khan.
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Chandragupta Maurya
Chandragupta Maurya (Sanskrit: चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य महान Hindi: चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य महान), (born c. 340 BCE, ruled c. 320 BCE, – 298 BCE) was the founder of the Maurya Empire. He succeeded in conquering most of the Indian subcontinent and is considered the first unifier of India as well as its first genuine emperor. In foreign Greek and Latin accounts, Chandragupta is known as Sandrokyptos (Σανδρόκυπτος), Sandrokottos (Σανδρόκοττος) or Androcottus.
Prior to Chandragupta's consolidation of power, small regional kingdoms dominated the northwestern subcontinent, while the Nanda Dynasty dominated the middle and lower basin of the Ganges. After Chandragupta's conquests, the Maurya Empire extended from Bengal and Assam in the east, to Afghanistan and Balochistan,some part of the easten and south-east Iran in the west, to Kashmir and Nepal in the north, and to the Deccan Plateau in the south. Tradition holds that Chandragupta abdicated his throne to become a monk and led such an ascetic life that he starved himself to death. Whether or not this is factually accurate, he was succeeded by his son in 298 BC.
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Chitrali people
The Chitrali (Urdu: چترالی) or Khow or Kho people (Urdu: کھو) are an ethnic group of northwestern Pakistan. They are mostly found in the Chitral District and speak Chitrali, also known as Khowar.
The main ethnic group, the Khow, speak Khowar (or Chitrali), one of the Dardic languages, which is also spoken in parts of Yasin, Gilgit, Ghizer and Swat.
Chitrali culture is one that pays heavy emphasis on poetry, song and dance. Chitrali people also have a great respect of law and order. This in contrast to the generally lawless traditions of almost all of the neighboring regions. Much of this can be attributed to Chitral being a stable kingdom for most of its history, where the rule of law and the will of the ruler came before tribal concepts such as revenge and isolationism.
With the exception of the Kalash all of the Chitrali people are Muslims, with the majority being Sunni and about thirty percent Ismaili. Generally the people living in Southern Chitral and Chitral Town are very conservative because of the influences from Afghanistan, whereas the people of the North are more liberal.
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Dost Mohammad Khan
Dost Mohammad Khan (Pashto: دوست محمد خان, December 23, 1793 – June 9, 1863) was the Emir of Afghanistan between 1826 and 1863. He first ruled from 1826 to 1839 and then from 1843 to 1863. He was the 11th son of Sardar Pāyendah Khan (chief of the Barakzai tribe) who was killed by Zaman Shah Durrani in 1799. He was the grandson of Hajji Jamal Khan who founded the Barakzai dynasty in Afghanistan. He belonged to the Pashtun ethnic group.
Dost Mohammad Khan was born to an influential family on December 23, 1793. His father, Payandah Khan, was chief of the Barakzai tribe and a civil servant in the Durrani dynasty. They trace their family tree to Abdal (the first and founder of the Abdali tribe), through Hajji Jamal Khan, Yousef, Yaru, Mohammad, Omar Khan, Khisar Khan, Ismail, Nek, Daru, Saifal, and Barak. Abdal had Four sons, Popal, Barak, Achak, and Alako. Dost Mohmmad Khan's mother is believed to have been a Shia from the Persian Qizilbash group.
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Faxian
Faxian (traditional Chinese: 法顯; simplified Chinese: 法显; pinyin: Fǎxiǎn; also romanized as Fa-Hien, Fa-hsien, Fa Xian, et al.) (337 – c. 422 CE) was a Chinese Buddhist monk who traveled to India, Sri Lanka and Kapilavastu in today's Nepal between 399 and 412 to acquire Buddhist scriptures. His journey is described in his important travelogue, A Record of Buddhist Kingdoms, Being an Account by the Chinese Monk Fa-Xian of his Travels in India and Ceylon in Search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline.
He is most known for his pilgrimage to Lumbini, the birthplace of Gautama Buddha. Faxian is a Chinese pilgrim and scholar who visited India during the reign of Chandragupta II. Faxian claimed that demons and dragons were the original inhabitants of Ceylon (Sri Lanka).
On Faxian's return to China, after a two-year stay in Ceylon, a violent storm drove his ship onto an island that was probably Java. Faxian landed at Laoshan in what is now Shandong province, 30 km east of the city of Qingdao, and went to Shandong's then-capital, Qingzhou, where he remained for a year translating and editing the scriptures he had collected.
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Gandhara
Gandhāra (Sanskrit: गन्धार Gandḥārā, Urdu: گندھارا Ghandhāra, Pashto: ګندارا, Punjabi: گندھارا, Persian: ویهیند) is the name of an ancient kingdom (Mahajanapada), located in modern day northern Pakistan and parts of eastern Afghanistan. Gandhara was located mainly in the vale of Peshawar, the Potohar plateau (see Taxila) and on the Kabul River. Its main cities were Purushapura (modern Peshawar), literally meaning "City of Man", Varmayana (modern Bamyan) and Takshashila (modern Taxila).
The Kingdom of Gandhara lasted from the early 1st millennium BC to the 11th century AD. It attained its height from the 1st century to the 5th century under the Buddhist Kushan Kings. The Hindu term Shahi is used by history writer Al-Biruni to refer to the ruling Hindu dynasty that took over from the Turki Shahi and ruled the region during the period prior to Muslim conquests of the 10th and 11th centuries. After it was conquered by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1021 CE, the name Gandhara disappeared. During the Muslim period the area was administered from Lahore or from Kabul. During Mughal times the area was part of Kabul province.
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Gautama Buddha
Gautama Buddha or Siddhārtha Gautama Buddha (Sanskrit: सिद्धार्थ गौतम बुद्ध; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual teacher from the Indian subcontinent, on whose teachings Buddhism was founded. The word Buddha is a title for the first awakened being in an era. In most Buddhist traditions, Siddhartha Gautama is regarded as the Supreme Buddha (P. sammāsambuddha, S. samyaksaṃbuddha) of our age, "Buddha" meaning "awakened one" or "the enlightened one." Gautama Buddha may also be referred to as Śākyamuni (Sanskrit: शाक्यमुनि "Sage of the Śākyas"). The Buddha found a Middle Way that ameliorated the extreme asceticism found in the Sramana religions.
The time of Gautama's birth and death are uncertain: most early 20th-century historians dated his lifetime as c. 563 BCE to 483 BCE, but more recent opinion dates his death to between 486 and 483 BCE or, according to some, between 411 and 400 BCE. UNESCO lists Lumbini, Nepal, as a world heritage site and birthplace of Gautama Buddha. There are also claims about birth place of Gautama Buddha to be Kapileswara, Orissa or Kapilavastu at Piprahwa, Uttar Pradesh He later taught throughout regions of eastern India such as Magadha and Kośala.
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Hari Singh Nalwa
Hari Singh Nalwa (1791–1837) was Commander-in-chief of the Khalsa, the army of the Sikh Empire. He is known for his role in the conquests of Kasur, Sialkot, Multan, Kashmir, Attock, Peshawar and Jamrud. In 1813 he accompanied Diwan Mohkam Chand on an expedition to Kashmir which helped Maharaja Ranjit Singh to become the master of the Koh-i-Noor diamond.
Hari Singh Nalwa was responsible for expanding the frontier of Sikh Empire to beyond the Indus River right up to the mouth of the Khyber Pass. In 1831, he opposed moves by Ranjit Singh to appoint Kharak Singh as his successor as Maharaja of the Sikh Empire. At the time of his death, the western boundary of the Sikh Kingdom was Jamrud. His frontier policy of holding the Khyber Pass was later used by the British Raj.
He served as governor of Kashmir, Peshawar and Hazara and established a mint on behalf of the Sikh Empire to facilitate revenue collection.
Hari Singh's ancestors came to Majitha and served the Sukerchakia Misl. His grandfather, Hardas Singh, was killed in action in 1762. His father, Gurdial Singh, served under Charat Singh and Maha Singh as a Risaldar and received the Jagir of Balloki, a village in the modern day Kasur District of Pakistan.
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Hazara people
Hazāra (Persian: هزاره) are a Persian-speaking people who mainly live in central Afghanistan and in Pakistan. They are overwhelmingly Shiite Muslims and comprise the third largest ethnic group of Afghanistan, forming about 9% (according to other sources up to 18%) of the total population. Over half a million Hazaras live in neighbouring Pakistan (mostly in Quetta) and a similar number in Iran.
Babur, the founder of the Mughal reign in India, used the name Hazara in his records during the early 16th century for the first time. He, for the most part, referred to the populace of the mountainous region located west of Kabul, as far as Ghor and Ghazni. The word Hazara most likely derives from the Persian word for Thousand (Persian: هزار - hazār). It may be the translation of the Mongol word ming (or minggan), a military unit of 1000 soldiers at the time Gengis Khan. In the passage of time the term Hazar could have substituted the Mongol word and now stands for the group of people.
The origins of the Hazaras have not been fully reconstructed. At least partial Mongol descent is difficult to rule out, because the Hazaras' physical attributes and parts of their culture and language resemble those of Mongolians. Thus, it is widely accepted that Hazaras have Mongolian ancestry, especially after genetic testing showed Hazaras carried the highest frequency of the Y chromosome attributed to Genghis Khan anywhere. Some Hazara tribes are named after famous Mongol generals, for example the Tulai Khan Hazara who are named after Tolui, the youngest son of Genghis Khan. Theories of Mongol or partially Mongol descent are plausible, given that the Il-Khanate Mongol rulers, beginning with Oljeitu, embraced Shia Islam. Today, the majority of the Hazaras adhere to Shi'ism, whereas Afghanistan's other major ethnic groups are mostly Sunni. However, the Sunni and Ismaili Hazara population, while existent, have not been extensively researched by scholars.
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Hindkowans
Hindkowans (Hindko: هِندکوان) are an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group native to the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab provinces of Pakistan. However, an indeterminate number have left the region and now live in other parts of South Asia, such as the Indian state of Jammu & Kashmir and Pakistani Azad Kashmir.
Although not usually acknowledged as Pashtuns, the Tanoli have to an extent assimilated many Pashtun cultural features and become Pashtunified.[1] However, Hindkowans speak Hindko, a Lahnda language, and is native to the northern regions of Pakistan primarily concentrated in the Hazara division, and urban centers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan such as Peshawar, Kohat, Nowshera and Swabi. It is for this reason that alternatively, the term "Kharian/Kharay or city-dweller" maybe sometimes be used for the Hindkowan.
Hindkowans who are sometimes referred to as Punjabi Pathans. While literally, the term Punjabi Pathan can only be more correctly used to refer to Afghan/Pashtoon/Pathan tribes settled in Punjab, for example the Niazis of Mianwali and speak Seraiki language and those living in Attock district of Punjab who speak Hindko language. Outside of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, the term "Pathan" may however, simply be used for anyone belonging to the area (whether they be Pashto, Hindko, Gujjari/Gojri, Turwali, Kohistani etc. speaking), since the people are perceived by others to share similar cultural traits such as the "pathanwalgi" among the Chach and Hazarawal considered analogous to pashtunwali.
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Iranian peoples
The Iranian peoples (Iranic peoples) are an Indo-European ethnic-linguistic group that comprise the speakers of Iranian languages, a major branch of the Indo-European language family, as such forming a branch of the Indo-European-speaking peoples. Their historical areas of settlement were on the Iranian plateau, and comprised most of Iran and certain areas of Central Asia such as Tajikistan and Uzbekistan and most of Afghanistan, some parts of western Pakistan, northern Iraq and eastern Turkey, and scattered parts of the Caucasus Mountains. Their current distribution spreads across the Iranian plateau, and stretches from Pakistan's Indus River in the east to eastern Turkey in the west, and from Central Asia and the Caucasus in the north to the Persian Gulf in the south – a region that is sometimes called the Iranian cultural continent, or Greater Persia by scholars, and represents the extent of the Iranian languages and influence of the Persian People, through the geopolitical reach of the Persian empire.
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John Keay
John Keay (born 1941) is an English journalist and author specialising in writing popular histories about India and the Far East, often with a particular focus on their colonisation and exploration by Europeans.
John Keay was born in Devon, England to parents of Scottish origin. He studied at Ampleforth College in York, before going on to read Modern History at Oxford University. Among his teachers at Oxford were the famous historian A.J.P. Taylor and the future playwright Alan Bennett. Keay was a resident of Magdalen College.
In 1965, he visited India for the first time. He went to Kashmir for a fortnight's trout-fishing, but liked it so much that he returned the following year, this time for six months. It was during his stay in Kashmir that Keay decided upon writing as a career. He joined the staff of The Economist magazine, and as their political correspondent, he returned to India several times to cover various elections and conflicts. He also started contributing stories to BBC Radio.
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Kakazai
The Kakazai (Pashto: کَکا زی / کَکے زی, Urdu, Persian: کَکا زَئی / کَکے زَئی | see English spelling variants below), also known as Loye Mamund (Urdu: لو ئے مَاموند), are a Pashtun (پشتون / پختون) tribe originally from the Laghman province (Urdu: لغمان) of Afghanistan.
They came to South Asia during Afghan invasions such as those of Mahmud of Ghazni, settling in various regions.
A major Kakazai group from Gurdaspur, East Punjab settled in twelve villages, including Babal Chak, Faizullah Chak, Sut Kohiah (Satkoha), and Wazir Chak, near Dhariwal [1]. At the partition of India in August 1947, having been initially told they (being Muslim) would be in Pakistan, they were caught up in the ensuing violence and the survivors displaced when their area became part of India.
Today, the majority of the Kakazai reside in Pakistan and Afghanistan (Marawara, Barkanai and Shortan areas of Kunar and some areas of Laghman), in the areas of Dara Kakazai (Valley of Watlai), Bajaur Agency (Lagharai, Kalozai, Kaga, Mukha, Maina and Ghakhi areas of Tehsil Mamund), Lahore, Abbottabad, Peshawar, Sialkot, Dera Ghazi Khan, Quetta, Karachi, Kashmir, Jehlum, Bhalwal, Sargodha, Chakwal, Isa Khel, Musa Khel, and Killi Kakazai (Pishin, Baluchistan). Consequently, they do not exclusively speak Pashto, but may speak other languages indigenous to Pakistan such as Punjabi, Siraiki, Hindko and Balochi.
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Kanishka
Kanishka (Kanishka the Great), (Sanskrit: कनिष्क, Bactrian language: Κανηϸκι, Middle Chinese: 迦腻色伽 (Jianisejia)) was an emperor of the Kushan Empire, ruling an empire extending from Bactria to large parts of northern India in the 2nd century of the common era, and famous for his military, political, and spiritual achievements. His main capital was at Purushpura (Peshawar in present day northwestern Pakistan) with regional capitals at the location of the modern city of Taxila in Pakistan, Begram in Afghanistan and Mathura in India.
Kanishka was a Kushan of probable Yuezhi ethnicity. He used an Eastern Iranian, Indo-European language known as Bactrian (called "αρια," i. e. "Aryan" in the Rabatak inscription), which appears in Greek script in his inscriptions, though it is not certain what language the Kushans originally spoke; possibly some form of Tocharian - a "centum" Indo-European language. The "Aryan" language of the inscription was a "satem" Middle Iranian language, possibly the one spoken in "Arya" or "Ariana" (the region around modern Herat) and was, therefore, quite possibly unrelated to the original language of the Kushans (or the Yuezhi), but adopted by them to facilitate communication with local people.
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Khushal Khan Khattak
Khushal Khan Khattak (1613–1689) (Pashto: خوشحال خان خټک) was a prominent Pashtun malik, poet, warrior, charismatic personality and tribal chief of the Khattak tribe. He wrote a huge collection of Pashto poems during the Mughal Empire in the 17th century, and admonished Pashtuns to forsake their divisive tendencies and unite against the Mughal Army. Promoting Pashtun nationalism through poetry, Khushal Khan Khattak is the first Afghan mentor who presents his theories for the unity of the afghan, resistance against the foreign parts and the creation of a nation-state. His life was spent in struggling against the oppressive Mughal governments of India. In order to restore Afghan freedom Khushal Khan challenged Mughal Aurangzeb powers. He defeated the mughal troops in many engagements. Khushal Khan wrote many works in Pashto and Persian, ten of them are very popular. The re-stand and fight of Khushal Khan Khattak is an important capital of the Afghan history. His thoughts form the basis of the political and literary movements in Afghanistan. The resistance of Khushal Khan Khattak is an important part of the national and political resistance of the afghans. The opinions and ideas of Khushal Khan Khattak form a new stage in the ideological and intellectual development of the Afghans. What he has done for his language and his people is unprecedented in the cultural development of the Afghans. His theories and thesis correspond to those of many of large thinkers of the world and he can be considered an international personality . He also has written Persian and Hindi and written books on other important languages. He was a renowned military fighter who became known as a Afghan warrior-poet.Western scholars regard Khushal Khan Khattak as a national Hero and poet of Afghanistan. Khushal Khan lived in the foothills of the Hindu Kush mountains in what is now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan.
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Kujula Kadphises
Kujula Kadphises, reigned (30–80 CE) (Kushan language: Κοζουλου Καδφιζου, also Κοζολα Καδαφες, Pali: Kujula Kasasa, Ancient Chinese:丘就卻, Qiujiuque) was a Kushan prince who united the Yuezhi confederation during the 1st century CE, and became the first Kushan emperor. According to the Rabatak inscription, he was the grandfather of the great Kushan king Kanishka I.
The origins of Kujula Kadphises are quite obscure, and it is usually considered he was a descendant of the Kushan ruler Heraios, or even identical with him. Interestingly however, Kujula shares his name (Kushan: Κοζουλου on some of his "Hermaeus" coins, or Κοζολα on his "Augustus" coins) with some of the last Indo-Scythian rulers, such as Liaka Kusulaka (Greek: Λιακα Κοζουλο), or his son Patika Kusulaka, which might suggest some family connection.
The rise of Kujula Kadphises is described in the Chinese historical chronicle, the Hou Hanshu:
More than a hundred years later, the prince [xihou] of Guishuang, named Qiujiuque [Kujula Kadphises], attacked and exterminated the four other xihou. He established himself as king, and his dynasty was called that of the Guishuang [Kushan] King. He invaded Anxi [Indo-Parthia], and took the Gaofu [Kabul] region. He also defeated the whole of the kingdoms of Puda [Paktiya] and Jibin [Kapisha and Gandhara]. Qiujiuque [Kujula Kadphises] was more than eighty years old when he died.
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List of Pakistanis
Pakistan is the sixth most populous nation in the world. Below is a list of such famous people who belong or relate in some way to this nation. See Category:Pakistani people for an alphabetical list of Pakistanis with categories.
khurram azhar bhatti
Main article(s): List of Pakistani writers, List of Urdu poets.
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Mahmud of Ghazni
Mahmud of Ghazni (Persian: محمود غَزنوی / Maḥmūd-e Ġaznawī; November 2, 971 – April 30, 1030), actually Yamīn ad-Dawlah Abdul-Qāṣim Maḥmūd Ibn Sebüktegīn, was the most prominent ruler of the Ghaznavid dynasty who ruled from 997 until his death in 1030 in the eastern Iranian lands and the northwestern Indian subcontinent. Mahmud turned the former provincial city of Ghazni in modern-day Afghanistan into the wealthy capital of an extensive empire which covered most of today's Afghanistan, eastern Iran, as well as Pakistan and North-West India. He was also the first ruler to carry the title Sultan ("authority"), signifying the extent of his power, though preserving the ideological link to the suzerainty of the Caliph.
In 994, Mahmud joined his father Sebüktigin in the capture of Khorasan from the rebel Fa'iq in aid of the Samanid Emir, Nuh II. During this period the Samanid state became highly unstable, with shifting internal political tides as various factions vied for control, the chief among them being Abu'l-Qasim Simjuri, Fa'iq, Abu Ali[citation needed], the General Behtuzun as well as the neighbouring Buyids and Qarakhanids. Mahmud took over his father's kingdom in 998. In 1002, Mahmud of Ghazni invaded Sistan, dethroned Khalaf I, last of the Saffarid amirs, and ended the Saffarid dynasty.
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Mortimer Durand
Sir Henry Mortimer Durand (14 February 1850 – 8 June 1924) was a British diplomat and civil servant of colonial British India.
Born at Sehore, Bhopal, India, he was the son of Sir Henry Marion Durand, the Resident of Baroda and he was educated at Blackheath Proprietary School, and Tonbridge School.
Durand entered the Indian Civil Service in 1873. During the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–1880) he was Political Secretary at Kabul. From 1884 to 1894, he was Foreign Secretary of India. Durand was appointed Minister plenipotentiary at Teheran in 1894 although despite being a Persian scholar and speaking the language fluently he made little impression either in Tehran or on his superiors in London. He left in 1900 by which time owing to the illness of his wife Ella he had withdrawn from social life and the legation was in a depressed and disorganised state. From 1900 to 1903 he served as British Ambassador to Spain, and from 1903-1906 as Ambassador to the United States of America.
Mortimer Durand negotiated with Abdur Rahman Khan, the Amir of Afghanistan, the frontier between modern-day Pakistan the successor state of British India and Afghanistan. This line, the Durand Line, is named after him and remains the international boundary between Afghanistan and modern-day Pakistan, officially recognized by most nations but an ongoing point of contention between the two countries.
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Muhammad bin Qasim
Muhammad bin Qasim Al-Thaqafi (Arabic: محمد بن قاسم) (c. 31 December 695–18 July 715) was a Umayyad general who, at the age of 17, began the conquest of the Sindh and Punjab regions along the Indus River (now a part of Pakistan) for the Umayyad Caliphate. He was born & raised in the city of Taif (in modern day Saudi Arabia). Qasim's conquest of Sindh and Punjab laid the foundations of Islamic rule in the Indian subcontinent.
A member of the Thaqeef tribe, which is still settled in and around the city of Taif ( a city in modern day Saudi Arabia) to this very day, Muhammad bin Qasim's father was Qasim bin Yusuf[citation needed] who died when Muhammad bin Qasim was young, leaving his mother in charge of his education. Umayyad governor Al-Hajjaj Ibn Yusuf Al-Thaqafi, Muhammad bin Qasim's paternal uncle, was instrumental in teaching Muhammad bin Qasim about warfare and governance. Muhammad bin Qasim married his cousin Zubaidah, Hajjaj's daughter, shortly before going to Sindh. Another paternal uncle of Muhammad bin Qasim was Muhammad bin Yusuf, governor of Yemen.[citation needed] Under Hajjaj's patronage, Muhammad bin Qasim was made governor of Persia, where he succeeded in putting down a rebellion.[citation needed]
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Paolo Avitabile
General Paolo Crescenzo Martino Avitabile (Abu Tabela) (25 October 1791 – 28 March 1850) was an Italian soldier, mercenary and adventurer. A peasant's son born in Agerola, near Amalfi in Italy, he served in the Neapolitan militia during the Napoleonic wars. After Waterloo he drifted east like many other adventurous soldiers. He first served as a mercenary in Persia, before he was hired by the Maharaja Ranjit Singh of the Punjab.
The young Avitabile served in the local levies of the Kingdom of Naples between 1807 and 1809, when he joined the artillery of the regular army. As a part of the Imperial Army, Avitabile served under Murat on several campaigns. In these campaigns he earned the rank of Lieutenant, as well as the command of the 15th Battery. After the fall of Napoleon and the defeat of Murat at Tolentino, Naples was restored to Ferdinand I of Sicily. Avitabile retained his rank and command and joined the army of the new Kingdom of Two Sicilies, where he joined the siege of Gaeta under the command of the Austrian general Delaver.
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Parthia
Parthia is a region of north-eastern Iran, best known for having been the political and cultural base of the Arsacid dynasty, rulers of the Parthian Empire.
The name "Parthia" is a continuation from Latin Parthia, from Old Persian Parthava, which was the Parthian language self-designator signifying "of the Parthians" who were an Iranian people.
Parthia roughly corresponds to the western half of Khorasan region in northeastern Iran. It was bordered by the Kopet Dag mountain range in the north and the Dasht-e-Kavir desert in the south. It bordered Media on the west, Hyrcania on the north west, Margiana on the north east, and Aria on the south east.
During Arsacid times, Parthia was united with Hyrcania as one administrative unit, and that region is therefore often (subject to context) considered a part of Parthia proper.
As the region inhabited by Parthians, Parthia first appears as a political entity in Achaemenid lists of governorates ("satrapies") under their dominion. Prior to this, the people of the region seem to have been subjects of the Medes, and 7th century BC Assyrian texts mention a country named Partakka or Partukka (though this "need not have coincided topographically with the later Parthia").
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Pashtun people
Pashtuns (Pashto: پښتانه Pax̌tānə; also spelled Pushtuns, Pakhtuns or Pukhtuns), also known as ethnic Afghans (Persian: افغان) or Pathans (Urdu: پٹھان, Hindi: पठान Paṭhān), are an Eastern Iranian ethnic group with populations primarily in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The Pashtuns are typically characterised by their usage of the Pashto language and practice of Pashtunwali, which is a traditional set of ethics guiding individual and communal conduct. Their origins are unclear but historians have come across references to various ancient peoples called Paktha (Pactyans) between the 2nd and the 1st millennium BC, who inhabited the region between the Hindu Kush and Indus River and may be the early ancestors of Pashtuns. Since the 3rd century AD and onward, they have been referred to by the ethnonym "Afghan".
Often characterised as a warrior and martial race, their history is spread amongst various countries of South, Central and Western Asia, centred around their traditional seat of power in medieval Afghanistan. During the Delhi Sultanate era, the Pashtun Lodi dynasty replaced the Turkic kingdoms as the ruling dynasty in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. Other Pashtuns fought the Persian Empire and the Mughal Empire before obtaining an independent state in the early-18th century, which began with a successful revolution by the Mirwais Hotak followed by conquests by Ahmad Shah Durrani. Pashtuns played a vital role during the Great Game from the 19th century to the 20th century as they were caught between the imperialist designs of the British and Russian empires.
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Pilgrim
A pilgrim (from the Latin peregrinus) is a traveler (literally one who has come from afar) who is on a journey to a holy place. Typically, this is a physical journeying (often on foot) to some place of special significance to the adherent of a particular religious belief system. In the spiritual literature of Christianity, the concept of pilgrim and pilgrimage may refer to the experience of life in the world (considered as a period of exile) or to the inner path of the spiritual aspirant from a state of wretchedness to a state of beatitude.
Pilgrims and the making of pilgrimages are common in many religions, including the faiths in ancient Egypt, Persia in the Mithraic period, India, China, and Japan. The Greek and Roman customs of consulting the gods at local oracles, such as those at Dodona or Delphi, both in Greece, are widely known. In Greece, pilgrimages could either be personal or state-sponsored.
In the early period of Hebrew history, pilgrims traveled to Shiloh, Dan, Bethel, and eventually Jerusalem, see also Three Pilgrimage Festivals, a practice followed by other Abrahamic religions. While many religious pilgrims travel toward a specific destination, a physical location is not a necessity. One group of pilgrims in early Celtic Christianity were the Peregrinari Pro Christ, (Pilgrims for Christ), or "white martyrs". They left their homes to wander in the world. This sort of pilgrimage was an ascetic religious practice, as the pilgrim left the security of home and the clan for an unknown destination, in complete trust of Divine Providence. These travels often resulted in the founding of new abbeys and spreading Christianity among the pagan population in Britain as well as in continental Europe.
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Prithviraj Kapoor
Prithviraj Kapoor (Hindi:पृथ्वीराज कपूर, Pṛithvīrāj Kapūr), 3 November 1906 –29 May 1972) was a pioneer of Indian theatre and of the Hindi film industry, who started his career as an actor, in the silent era of Hindi cinema, associated with IPTA and who founded Prithvi Theatres, a travelling theatre company based in Mumbai, in 1944.
He was also the patriarch of the Kapoor family of Hindi films, five generations of which family, beginning with him, have played active roles in Hindi film industry. The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 1969 and the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 1971 for his contributions towards Indian cinema.[citation needed]
Prithviraj was born on November 3, 1906 at Samundri near the town of Lyallpur (currently Faisalabad, Pakistan) in Punjab, then under British colonial rule. His ancestors had earlier lived in Peshawar. Prithviraj could speak English, Hindi, Punjabi, and Hindko.
His father, Dewan Basheswarnath Kapoor, was a sub-inspector of police. Prithviraj received his initial education at Khalsa College Lyallpur and at Lahore. His paternal grandfather, Dewan Keshavmal, was a powerful influence during his childhood. Baseshwarnath was posted at Peshawar, and so Prithviraj received his higher education at the Edwardes College, Peshawar, Pakistan and joined a one year program in Law to become a Lawyer. It was here that his talents on stage first received expression. Prithviraj's son Shammi recollects that Prof. Jai Dayal, a member of the faculty, was instrumental in nurturing his talent. The professor was in love with an English lady by the name of Nora Richard, who in turn was a theatre aficionado with a passion for Shakespeare and Ibsen. The couple found Prithviraj the perfect material for many roles in the plays they mounted. This was his grounding in the art of the theatre.
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Punjabi people
The Punjabi people (Punjabi: پنجابی (Shahmukhi), ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (Gurmukhi)), also Panjabi people and people from the land of five-rivers (Persian: panj-āb; "five waters") Punjab (also known as bread basket of India and Pakistan) , are a distinct ethnic group primarily of North Indian Origin among other North Indian ethnic groups which in modern day constitutes some parts of Kashmir, Indian Punjab, ,majority regions of Pakistani Punjab, Rajasthan and some other North Indian states. Punjabis mostly live in the Punjab region, which has been the location of some of the oldest civilizations in the world like the Indus Valley Civilization. Punjabis have very strong cultural background. Traditionally, Punjabi identity was primarily cultural and linguistic, with Punjabis being those for whom the Punjabi language was their first language. However, in recent times, the definition has been broadened to include emigrants from other regions who maintain Punjabi cultural traditions, even when they no longer speak the language.
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Rahman Baba
Abdul Rahman Baba (1650–1715) (Pashto: عبدالرحمان بابا) is popularly known as Rahman Baba (Pashto: رحمان بابا), was a Pashtun/Afghan Muslim poet. He remains the most popular poet among the Afghans/Pashtuns. His poetry expresses a peaceful mystical side of local culture which is becoming increasingly threatened by less tolerant interpretations of Islam.
Rahman was a member of the Khalil Muhmand (Bahader Kalay) sub-tribe of Pukhtuns, a group which originally migrated from Kandahar to the Peshawar valley, from the 13th to the 16th century. He grew up in a small pocket of Mohmand settlers on the outskirts of Peshawar. Rahman apparently lived peacefully in the area, and never mentions his involvement in the fierce inter-tribal conflicts of his day.
Opinion is divided about Rahman's family background. Several commentators are convinced that his family were village Maliks (chieftains). However, Rahman Baba was more likely to have been a simple, though learned man. As he himself claimed: "Though the wealthy drink water from a golden cup, I prefer this clay bowl of mine."
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Romani people
The Romani are an ethnic group living mostly in Europe, who trace their origins to the Indian Subcontinent. Romani are widely known in the English-speaking world by the exonym Gypsies (or Gipsies).
They are known collectively in the Romani language as Romane or Rromane (depending on the dialect concerned) and also as Romany, Romanies, Romanis, Roma or Roms.
Romani are widely dispersed, with their largest concentrated populations in Europe, especially the Roma of Central and Eastern Europe and Anatolia, followed by the Kale of Iberia and Southern France.
The Americas are also home to large numbers of Romani. There are an estimated one million Roma in the United States; 800,000 in Brazil, to which Kale were deported by the government of Portugal during the colonial era; and in more recent migrations, Romani have also moved to other parts of the New World.
The Romani language is divided into several dialects, which add up to an estimated number of speakers larger than two million. The total number of Romani people is at least twice as large (several times as large according to high estimates). Many Romani are native speakers of the language current in their country of residence, or of mixed languages combining the two.
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Saka
The Saka (Old Persian Sakā, Latinized Sacae; Greek Σάκαι; Sanskrit शक [śaka]; Chinese 塞; Old Chinese *sək) were a Scythian tribe or group of tribes of Iranian origin.
Greek and Latin texts suggest that the term Scythians referred to a much more widespread grouping of Central Asian peoples.
Accounts[which?] of the Indo-Scythian wars often assume that the Scythian protagonists were a single tribe called the Saka (Sakai or Sakas).[original research?] But in earlier Greek and Latin texts the term Scythians referred to a much more widespread grouping of Central Asian peoples.
"Scythia" was a generic term loosely applied to a vast area of Central Asia spanning numerous groups and diverse ethnicities. Ptolemy writes that Skuthia was not only "within the Imaos" (the Himalayas) and "beyond the Imaos" (north of the Himalayas), but also speaks of a separate "land of the Sakais" within Scythia.[original research?] He also notes that the Komedes inhabited "the entire mountainous land of the Sakas".[citation needed]
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Seleucus I Nicator
Seleucus I (given the surname by later generations of Nicator, Greek : Σέλευκος Νικάτωρ, i.e. Seleucus the Victor) (ca. 358 BC – 281 BC) was a leading officer of Alexander the Great's League of Corinth and one of the Diadochi. In the Wars of the Diadochi that took place after Alexander's death, Seleucus established the Seleucid dynasty and the Seleucid Empire. His kingdom would be one of the last holdouts of Alexander's former empire to Roman rule. They were only outlived by the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt by roughly 34 years.
After the death of Alexander, Seleucus was nominated as the satrap of Babylon in 320 BC. Antigonus forced Seleucus to flee from Babylon, but, supported by Ptolemy, he was able to return in 312 BC. Seleucus' later conquests include Persia and Media. It is assumed that he was defeated by the emperor of India, Chandragupta Maurya and accepted a matrimony alliance for 500 elephants after ceding the territories considered as part of India. Seleucus defeated Antigonus in the battle of Ipsus in 301 BC and Lysimachus in the battle of Corupedium in 281 BC. He was assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus during the same year. His successor was his son Antiochus I.
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Shah Mahmud Khan
Sardar Shah Mahmud Khan (Pashto: سردار شاه محمود خان - b:1890 d:1959) was the Prime Minister of Afghanistan from May 1946 to 7 September 1953. He was from the Pashtun tribe of Mohammedzai. He was a brother of Nadir Khan, who ousted Habibullah Kalakani (also known as Bacha-ye Saqqow), and uncle of Zahir Shah, the King of Afghanistan, from 1933 to 1973, and uncle of President Mohammed Daoud Khan. His other two brothers are Sardar Mohammad Hashim Khan and Sardar Shah Wali Khan.
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Sher Shah Suri
Sher Shah Suri (1486 – May 22, 1545) (Pashto: فريد خان شیر شاہ سوری - Šīr Šāh Sūrī, Bengali: শের শাহ সুরি), birth name Farid Khan, also known as Sher Khan (The Lion King), was the founder of the Muslim Sur Empire in northern India, with its capital at Delhi. An Afghan (Pathan) by origin, he rebelled against the Mughals and took control of India in 1540 until an accidental death in 1545 when Islam Shah Suri became his successor. He first served as a private before rising to become a commander in the Mughal Army under Babur and then as the governor of Bihar. In 1537, when Babur's son Humayun was elsewhere on an expedition, Sher Khan, power hungry turned on his true master and overran the state of Bengal and established the Sur Empire. A brilliant strategist, Sher Shah proved himself a gifted administrator as well as an able general. His reorganization of the empire laid the foundations for the later Mughal emperors, notably Akbar the Great, son of Humayun.
During his five year rule from 1540 to 1545, he set up a new template for civic and military administration, issued the first Rupee and re-organised the postal system of India. He further developed Humayun's Dina-panah city and named it Shergarh and revived the historical city of Pataliputra as Patna which had been in decline since the 7th century CE. He is also famously remembered for killing a fully grown tiger with his bare hands in a jungle of Bihar.
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Timur Shah Durrani
Timur Shah Durrani, (Pashto, Persian, Urdu, Arabic: تیمور شاہ درانی ; 1748 – May 18, 1793) was the second ruler of the Durrani Empire from October 16, 1772, until his death in 1793. An ethnic Pashtun, he was the second and eldest son of Ahmad Shah Durrani, he was also the son-in-law of Alamgir II and the brother-in-law of Shah Alam II.
Timur Shah was born in Mashhad in 1748 had a quick rise to power by marrying the daughter of Mughal Emperor Alamgir II. He received Sirhind as a wedding gift and later his father Ahmad Shah Durrani made him governor of Punjab, Kashmir and the Sirhind district, in 1757 when he was only 9 years old. He ruled from Lahore under the regency of his Mughal guide, ally and general Jahan Khan, who administered these territories for approximately one year, from May 1757 until April 1758.
Adina Beg Khan, governor of the Julundur Doab, along with Raghunath Rao leading the Maratha empire, forced Timur Shah and Jahan from Punjab and put in place their own government under Adina Beg Khan.
wn.com/Timur_Shah_Durrani -
Turkic peoples
The Turkic peoples are a collection of ethnic groups that live in northern, central and western Asia, northwestern China and parts of eastern Europe. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family. They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds. The term Turkic represents a broad ethno-linguistic group of people including existing societies such as the Turkish, Azerbaijani, Chuvashes, Kazakhs, Tatars, Kyrgyzs, Turkmens, Uyghurs, Uzbeks, Bashkirs, Qashqai, Gagauzs, Yakuts, Crimean Karaites, Krymchaks, Karakalpaks, Karachays, Nogais and as well as past civilizations such as the Göktürks, Kumans, Kipchaks, Avars, Bulgars, Turgeshes, Khazars, Seljuk Turks, Ottoman Turks, Mamluks, Timurids and possibly Huns and the Xiongnu.
The distribution of people of Turkic cultural background ranges from Siberia, across Central Asia, to Eastern Europe. As of 2011[update] the largest groups of Turkic people live throughout Central Asia—Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Azerbaijan, in addition to Turkey and Iran. Additionally, Turkic people are found within Crimea, East Turkistan region of western China, northern Iraq, Pakistan, Israel, Russia, Afghanistan, and the Balkans: Moldova, Bulgaria, Romania, and former Yugoslavia. A small number of Turkic people also live in Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania. Small numbers inhabit eastern Poland and the south-eastern part of Finland. There are also considerable populations of Turkic people (originating mostly from Turkey) in Germany, United States, and Australia, largely because of migrations during the 20th century.
wn.com/Turkic_peoples -
Uzbeks
The Uzbeks (Oʻzbek, pl. Oʻzbeklar) are a major Turkic-speaking ethnic group in Central Asia. They comprise the majority population of Uzbekistan, and large populations can also be found in Afghanistan, Tajikstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Pakistan, Mongolia and the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China. Smaller diaspora populations of Uzbeks from Central Asia, mainly from Uzbekistan and Afghanistan, are also found in Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, North America, and Western Europe.
The origin of the name Uzbek remains disputed. One view holds that it is eponymously named after Uzbeg Khan. Another states that the name means independent or the lord itself, from Oʻz (self) and Bek/Bey/Beg (from the Turkic root meaning a noble title). However there is another theory that the pronunciation of Uz comes from one of the Oghuz Turks variously known as Uz or Uguz united with the word Bey or Bek to form uguz-bey, meaning "leader of an oguz".
Although Turko-Mongol infiltration into Central Asia had started early, as late as the 13th century AD when Turkic and Mongol armies finally conquered the entire region, the majority of Central Asia's peoples were Iranic peoples such as Sogdians, Bactrians and, more ancient, the Saka–Massagetae tribes. It is generally believed that these ancient Indo-European-speaking peoples were linguistically assimilated by smaller but dominant Turkic-speaking groups while the sedentary population finally adopted the Persian language, the traditional lingua franca of the eastern Islamic lands. The language-shift from Middle Iranian to Turkic and New Persian was predominantly the result of an elite dominance process. This process was dramatically boosted during the Mongol conquest when millions were either killed or pushed further south to the Pamir region.
wn.com/Uzbeks -
Vedic period
The Vedic period (or Vedic age) was a period in history during which the Vedas, the oldest scriptures of Hinduism, were composed. The time span of the period is uncertain. Philological and linguistic evidence indicates that the Rigveda, the oldest of the Vedas, was composed roughly between 1700–1100 BCE, also referred to as the early Vedic period. The end of the period is commonly estimated to have occurred about 500 BCE, and 150 BCE has been suggested as a terminus ante quem for all Vedic Sanskrit literature.
Transmission of texts in the Vedic period was by oral tradition alone, and a literary tradition set in only in post-Vedic times. Despite the difficulties in dating the period, the Vedas can safely be assumed to be several thousands of years old. The associated culture, sometimes referred to as Vedic civilization, was probably centred early on in the northern and northwestern parts of the Indian subcontinent, but has now spread and constitutes the basis of contemporary Indian culture.
wn.com/Vedic_period -
Xuanzang
Xuanzang (Chinese: 玄奘; pinyin: Xuánzàng; Wade–Giles: Hsüan-tsang Sanskrit: ह्वेनसांग) (c. 602 – 664) was a famous Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveler, and translator who described the interaction between China and India in the early Tang period. Born in Henan province of China in 602 or 603, from boyhood he took to reading sacred books, including the Chinese Classics and the writings of the ancient sages.
While residing in the city of Luoyang, Xuanzang entered Buddhist monkhood at the age of thirteen. Due to the political and social unrest caused by the fall of the Sui dynasty, he went to Chengdu in Sichuan (Szechuan), where he was ordained at the age of twenty. He later traveled throughout China in search of sacred books of Buddhism. At length, he came to Chang'an, then under the peaceful rule of Emperor Taizong of Tang. Here Xuanzang developed the desire to visit India. He knew about Faxian's visit to India and, like him, was concerned about the incomplete and misinterpreted nature of the Buddhist scriptures that had reached China.
wn.com/Xuanzang
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Microlight Trike flying at Peshawar Pakistan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:24
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
Pilot is Qazi Ajmal & joy rider is Qazi Zaffer.A trike is a Light Sport Aircraft, registered with the CAA and has all the rights of such aircraft at airports. We have flown from Northern By Pass, over head at Peshawar, . Our Microlight cruises between 45 and 75 mph, with the Apollo Wing. I Love my Home built Microlight trike.
http://wn.com/Microlight_Trike_flying_at_Peshawar_Pakistan
Pilot is Qazi Ajmal & joy rider is Qazi Zaffer.A trike is a Light Sport Aircraft, registered with the CAA and has all the rights of such aircraft at airports. We have flown from Northern By Pass, over head at Peshawar, . Our Microlight cruises between 45 and 75 mph, with the Apollo Wing. I Love my Home built Microlight trike.
Tour of Peshawar
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:31
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
A tour of Peshawar from the inside of a car, starting from Hayatabad to Golra Qabristan (heading towards Saddar direction)
http://wn.com/Tour_of_Peshawar
A tour of Peshawar from the inside of a car, starting from Hayatabad to Golra Qabristan (heading towards Saddar direction)
- published: 30 Jun 2011
- views: 35128
- author: marwat86
14th August 2012 Celebrations - Peshawar, Pakistan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:59
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
The Land of brave people, Peshawar Pakistan, with all its beauty on the day of Independence, 2012. Video Credits: Mian Abdur Rehman, Mudasser Ali Khan, Shoaib Anwar Special Thanks: Nauman Ali Khan, Abbas Mufti, Khurram Jamil, Imran Malik Audio Credits: Music by Alex Yoder, Song by Call The Band (Humse He Ye Zamaana) MASH Productions mashproductions.net http facebook.com
http://wn.com/14th_August_2012_Celebrations_Peshawar,_Pakistan
The Land of brave people, Peshawar Pakistan, with all its beauty on the day of Independence, 2012. Video Credits: Mian Abdur Rehman, Mudasser Ali Khan, Shoaib Anwar Special Thanks: Nauman Ali Khan, Abbas Mufti, Khurram Jamil, Imran Malik Audio Credits: Music by Alex Yoder, Song by Call The Band (Humse He Ye Zamaana) MASH Productions mashproductions.net http facebook.com
- published: 17 Aug 2012
- views: 25251
- author: mashproduct
THE PESHAWAR PAKISTAN 2012 !!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:21
- Updated: 31 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/THE_PESHAWAR_PAKISTAN_2012_!!
Pakistan blast in Peshawar kills provincial minister
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:54
- Updated: 25 Dec 2012
In Pakistan, a senior government minister has been killed in an attack on a gathering of the Awami National Party in Peshawar. Bashir Bilour was a provincial minister in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The Taliban has claimed responsibility for his death. At least eight others were also killed. Al Jazeera's Kamal Hyder has the latest from Lahore.
http://wn.com/Pakistan_blast_in_Peshawar_kills_provincial_minister
In Pakistan, a senior government minister has been killed in an attack on a gathering of the Awami National Party in Peshawar. Bashir Bilour was a provincial minister in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The Taliban has claimed responsibility for his death. At least eight others were also killed. Al Jazeera's Kamal Hyder has the latest from Lahore.
- published: 22 Dec 2012
- views: 5211
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
14th August 2011 Celebrations - Peshawar, Pakistan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:48
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
Peshawar, glowing with the colors of Pakistan as the Day of Independence comes their way. Video credits: Mian Abdur Rehman, Mudasser Ali Khan, Nauman Ali Khan. MASH Productions mashproductions.net http facebook.com
http://wn.com/14th_August_2011_Celebrations_Peshawar,_Pakistan
Peshawar, glowing with the colors of Pakistan as the Day of Independence comes their way. Video credits: Mian Abdur Rehman, Mudasser Ali Khan, Nauman Ali Khan. MASH Productions mashproductions.net http facebook.com
- published: 15 Aug 2011
- views: 65587
- author: mashproduct
Maulana Bijli Ghar RA Janaza in Qayyum Stadium Peshawar on 31-12-2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:05
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
Maulana Bijli Ghar RA Janaza in Qayyum Stadium Peshawar on 31-12-2012
http://wn.com/Maulana_Bijli_Ghar_RA_Janaza_in_Qayyum_Stadium_Peshawar_on_31-12-2012
Maulana Bijli Ghar RA Janaza in Qayyum Stadium Peshawar on 31-12-2012
- published: 01 Jan 2013
- views: 1410
- author: akhtar33pk
Peshawar CoOL Qurbani 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:30
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
Peshawar CoOL Qurbani 2013
http://wn.com/Peshawar_CoOL_Qurbani_2013
ghazala javed pashto singer killed in peshawar ghazala javed killed ghazala javed death pakistan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:37
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
ghazala javed killed ghazala javed death in peshawar pakistan ghazala javed killed ghazala javed death in peshawar pakistan Ghazala Javed Is Dead With His Father In Peshawar DabGari Garden 18/Juni/2012 Ghazala Javed Is Dead With His Father In Peshawar DabGari Garden 18/Juni/2012
http://wn.com/ghazala_javed_pashto_singer_killed_in_peshawar_ghazala_javed_killed_ghazala_javed_death_pakistan
ghazala javed killed ghazala javed death in peshawar pakistan ghazala javed killed ghazala javed death in peshawar pakistan Ghazala Javed Is Dead With His Father In Peshawar DabGari Garden 18/Juni/2012 Ghazala Javed Is Dead With His Father In Peshawar DabGari Garden 18/Juni/2012
- published: 19 Jun 2012
- views: 388127
- author: zeeshan23000
Imran Khan Speech at PTI Protest at Peshawar (July 14, 2012)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:28
- Updated: 22 Dec 2012
Imran Khan Speech at PTI Protest at Peshawar (July 14, 2012)
http://wn.com/Imran_Khan_Speech_at_PTI_Protest_at_Peshawar_July_14,_2012
Imran Khan Speech at PTI Protest at Peshawar (July 14, 2012)
- published: 14 Jul 2012
- views: 29380
- author: PTIOfficialVideos
Peshawar ka larki - پشاور کا لڑکی
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:59
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
A funny song Based on " Peshawar ka Larki " sang by Peshawari Boys in which 99% music , 89% singer , 99% voice , 0% larki - Another poof and an awsome Talent REVEALED - Pakistanis going BIG TIME high, Enjoy ..... !!
http://wn.com/Peshawar_ka_larki_پشاور_کا_لڑکی
A funny song Based on " Peshawar ka Larki " sang by Peshawari Boys in which 99% music , 89% singer , 99% voice , 0% larki - Another poof and an awsome Talent REVEALED - Pakistanis going BIG TIME high, Enjoy ..... !!
- published: 24 Aug 2012
- views: 5572
- author: Azam Hussain
Peshawar airport attack: 10 killed, over 40 injured
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:27
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
Nearly ten people, including five militants, have died in the rocket attack on Peshawar airport on Saturday night. Over 40 people are said to be injured. Security officials say that three rockets were fired at the Bacha Khan International Airport from the tribal areas adjoining Peshawar, the capital of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province. Following a gun battle, the security forces were able to take control of the area.
http://wn.com/Peshawar_airport_attack_10_killed,_over_40_injured
Nearly ten people, including five militants, have died in the rocket attack on Peshawar airport on Saturday night. Over 40 people are said to be injured. Security officials say that three rockets were fired at the Bacha Khan International Airport from the tribal areas adjoining Peshawar, the capital of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province. Following a gun battle, the security forces were able to take control of the area.
- published: 16 Dec 2012
- views: 3977
- author: ibnlive
Interviewing people in Hayatabad Peshawar
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:50
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
Just interviewing kids and local people about general topics.
http://wn.com/Interviewing_people_in_Hayatabad_Peshawar
Just interviewing kids and local people about general topics.
- published: 06 Jan 2013
- views: 6
- author: marwat86
ghazala javed pashto singer killed in peshawar
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:09
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
Ghazala Javed pashto singer killed in peshawar along with her father
http://wn.com/ghazala_javed_pashto_singer_killed_in_peshawar
Ghazala Javed pashto singer killed in peshawar along with her father
- published: 18 Jun 2012
- views: 248726
- author: ssoonniioo
Peshawar airport rocket fire kills two in Pakistan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:59
- Updated: 15 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Peshawar_airport_rocket_fire_kills_two_in_Pakistan
Syed Abdul Majeed Nadeem in Peshawar on 23 9 1987 Tableeghi Jamat
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 61:24
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
Syed Abdul Majeed Nadeem in Peshawar on 23 9 1987 Tableeghi Jamat
http://wn.com/Syed_Abdul_Majeed_Nadeem_in_Peshawar_on_23_9_1987_Tableeghi_Jamat
Syed Abdul Majeed Nadeem in Peshawar on 23 9 1987 Tableeghi Jamat
- published: 07 Jan 2013
- author: umeriqbal1502
Imran Khan speech in Peshawar, April 24, 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:15
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
Imran Khan, leader of the PTI, called the demonstration to protest US drone attacks in the tribal areas, which many feel infringe on the country's sovereignty and kill civilians. tribune.com.pk
http://wn.com/Imran_Khan_speech_in_Peshawar,_April_24,_2011
Imran Khan, leader of the PTI, called the demonstration to protest US drone attacks in the tribal areas, which many feel infringe on the country's sovereignty and kill civilians. tribune.com.pk
- published: 24 Apr 2011
- views: 61962
- author: theexpresstribune
Full Throtle - A JDM Night Out in Peshawar
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:32
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
A taste of the Underground racing scene in Peshawar.
http://wn.com/Full_Throtle_A_JDM_Night_Out_in_Peshawar
A taste of the Underground racing scene in Peshawar.
- published: 08 Nov 2011
- views: 23351
- author: Kohatian37101
IDPs Students Agricultural University Peshawar
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:38
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
Waqas Ali press conference on IDPs students fee compensation Issue Agricultural University Peshawar.
http://wn.com/IDPs_Students_Agricultural_University_Peshawar
Waqas Ali press conference on IDPs students fee compensation Issue Agricultural University Peshawar.
- published: 07 Jan 2013
- author: Waqas Khan
peshawar dj seraj and kamran dance
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:31
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
song;dilnashin dilnashin dj arrange in khusal town peshawar
http://wn.com/peshawar_dj_seraj_and_kamran_dance
song;dilnashin dilnashin dj arrange in khusal town peshawar
- published: 19 Mar 2011
- views: 308624
- author: Zohaib Khan
Dabang Lady of Kachi Mahallah Peshawar Must Watch Very Funny Zardari??????
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:49
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
Dabang Lady of Kachi Mahallah Peshawar.Wapda - Zardari Hijra
http://wn.com/Dabang_Lady_of_Kachi_Mahallah_Peshawar_Must_Watch_Very_Funny_Zardari??????
Dabang Lady of Kachi Mahallah Peshawar.Wapda - Zardari Hijra
- published: 25 May 2011
- views: 156816
- author: shafqatullah1
Kissa Khwani Bazaar, Peshawar, Pakistan.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:18
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
Kissa Khwani Bazaar, Peshawar, Pakistan. - www.ePeshawar.com
http://wn.com/Kissa_Khwani_Bazaar,_Peshawar,_Pakistan
Kissa Khwani Bazaar, Peshawar, Pakistan. - www.ePeshawar.com
- published: 05 May 2011
- views: 22020
- author: epeshawar
Peshawar 1865-1920
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:42
- Updated: 27 Dec 2012
Your nice comments are always welcome. Peshawar Old photos with traditional Rabab Music. Photos sources: British Library, Getrude Bell Archive ,ImagesofAsia.com and www.paradoxplace.com/ Music source: Pashto Rabab Music from pashtomp3.com
http://wn.com/Peshawar_1865-1920
Your nice comments are always welcome. Peshawar Old photos with traditional Rabab Music. Photos sources: British Library, Getrude Bell Archive ,ImagesofAsia.com and www.paradoxplace.com/ Music source: Pashto Rabab Music from pashtomp3.com
- published: 29 Dec 2009
- views: 99585
- author: Bilal Habib
photo: UN / Evan Schneider
06 Jan 2013
LONDON -- They have barely 3,000 inhabitants and far more sheep than people. They are more than 8,700 miles from London. For much of the year, they are bitterly cold and wind-swept, with only open sea and ice between them and Antarctica ... But the Falkland Islands, the focus of a short war between Britain and Argentina in 1982, have been in the headlines again recently ... Their arguments suggest what has long been evident ... Ms ... Mr ... Cameron said....(size: 5.1Kb)
photo: WN / Imran Nissar
06 Jan 2013
ISLAMABAD - The Pakistani military is accusing forces from neighboring India of crossing the boundary between the two sides' forces in Kashmir and attacking a Pakistani border post, killing a soldier. The military's public relations office said in a statement Sunday that another Pakistani soldier was critically wounded in the incident early Sunday. They said troops are still exchanging gunfire in the area ... All rights reserved ... Parker ... ....(size: 4.3Kb)
photo: US Army / Sgt. Christopher Bonebrake
07 Jan 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. When Congress granted President Lyndon B. Johnson absolute powers to "take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression," Congress could have also included "all necessary vanities." The 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which greatly escalated a foreign imperial war in Vietnam, added fuel to the bonfires of vanity....(size: 5.2Kb)
photo: AP / Joerg Koch
07 Jan 2013
NEW YORK – In the shadow of the euro crisis and America’s fiscal cliff, it is easy to ignore the global economy’s long-term problems. But, while we focus on immediate concerns, they continue to fester, and we overlook them at our peril. The most serious is global warming. While the global economy’s weak performance has led to a corresponding slowdown in the increase in carbon emissions, it amounts to only a short respite ... ....(size: 5.3Kb)
photo: WN / Imran Nissar
07 Jan 2013
The father of Indian woman who died after being gang raped and tortured has said he had not allowed his daughter to be identified after the British Daily Mirror Sunday paper edition revealed her name, Indian newspaper the Hindustan Times reported on Monday ... Legal experts say the court in the Saket district of the capital would likely transfer the case to a more senior court during Monday's hearing ... 614 Source.....(size: 19.4Kb)
Newstrack India
07 Jan 2013
Islamabad, Jan 7 (IANS) Around 200 children who had run away from their families in Pakistan's northwest tribal region and were living on the streets of Pakistan's Peshawar city have been reunited with their families, a media report said Monday. The Peshawar centre of the Society for Protection of Rights of the Child (Sparc) reunited around 200 ......(size: 2.1Kb)
Newstrack India
07 Jan 2013
Newstrack India
07 Jan 2013
Tweet. Peshawar, Jan. 7 (ANI). The two friends of Malala Yousufzai, who suffered injuries during the horrifying Taliban attack on the 15-year-old Pakistani activist, are said to be overwhelmed by their friend's rapid recovery. Malala was attacked by the Pakistani Taliban in October last year, while she was returning home from school ... (ANI). Post comments.. ) .. ).. Comments.. HOME . . . . . . .. . . .. ....(size: 2.6Kb)
Newstrack India
07 Jan 2013
Tweet. Islamabad, Jan. 7 (ANI). Reacting to the recent Taliban activities, which involve kidnapping military personnel, an editorial in a Pakistani daily has said that control over the country seems to be slipping into the hands of the Taliban ... Military officials have confirmed the incident, which comes just a few days after 22 personnel of the Levies Force were kidnapped check posts on the outskirts of Peshawar ... (ANI). Post comments.. ) .....(size: 3.0Kb)
IRINnews
07 Jan 2013
FEEDBACKEMAILPRINTREADER MODE. PESHAWAR, 7 January 2013 (IRIN) - There was no warning when gunmen killed seven aid workers with local NGO Support With Working Solution (SWWS) in the Swabi District of Pakistan’s Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Province on 1 January ... Chris Cork, country security adviser for the UK-headquartered Abaseen Foundation, an NGO working chiefly in KP, told IRIN. “NGO security threats are at an all-time high....(size: 12.9Kb)
WorldNetDaily
06 Jan 2013
Editor’s Note. The following report is excerpted from Joseph Farah’s G2 Bulletin, the premium online newsletter published by the founder of WND ... This followed an attack in early December on Peshawar Air Force Base which raised serious questions on the security of the country’s nuclear arsenal ... The attack on the Peshawar Air Force Base isn’t the first such attack on a military facility ... involvement in the region ... ....(size: 3.8Kb)
Zeenews
06 Jan 2013
Orakzai Agency is located about 60 km from Peshawar and lies close to the Afghanistan border ......(size: 0.6Kb)
New Straits/Business Times
06 Jan 2013
MIRANSHAH, Pakistan. US drones fired a volley of missiles at militant hideouts in northwest Pakistan on Sunday, killing at least eight Taliban fighters near the Afghan border, security officials said ... . “US drones fired several missiles at two militant compounds ... ... . Another security official in the northwestern city of Peshawar confirmed the drone attacks and casualties. ... ... ... ... ... ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
France24
06 Jan 2013
A Pakistani soldier was killed and another was injured on Sunday in clashes with Indian troops in Kashmir. Pakistani army sources said Indian troops raided the Sawan Patra checkpoint, leading to an exchange of fire across the Line of Control. By News Wires (text). ... The Indian military denied its soldiers had attacked a Pakistani position ... Tension Overspill ... Some U.S ... (REUTERS) ... Pakistani Taliban claims deadly raid on Peshawar airport....(size: 9.3Kb)
The Observer
06 Jan 2013
After Naila ul-Hadi begged for her son to be spared, one gunman threw him out of the vehicle in an apparent act of mercy – she was killed ... In the late afternoon it would bring them back ... "She had no reason to be scared of anyone." ... "Things are changing, things have been happening that never happened in the past," said Rahimullah Yousafzai, a journalist based in Peshawar who has been covering the tribal area for decades ... Share ... Contact us....(size: 8.1Kb)
The Washington Times
06 Jan 2013
DERA ISMAIL KHAN, Pakistan (AP) — Suspected American drones fired several missiles into three militant hideouts near the Afghan border on Sunday, killing nine Pakistani Taliban fighters, intelligence officials said ... Sunday’s drone attack was the third suspected U.S. drone strike in five days ... Islamabad opposes the use of U.S ... • Associated Press writer Rasool Dawar in Peshawar, Pakistan, contributed to this report ... N.Y....(size: 7.8Kb)
News24
05 Jan 2013
Peshawar - Unknown gunmen on Saturday shot dead two Pakistani charity workers involved in an education project in the north-western city of Charsadda, 130km from Islamabad, police said ... "Two gunmen fired at them in Utmanzai town, 7km north of Charsadda, and escaped on a motorcycle after the attack," senior police official Nisar Khan Marwat told AFP ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
Irish Times
05 Jan 2013
12. The Ooty Hunt Club adhered to the conventional dress and imported a pack of foxhounds but were forced to hunt jackals due to a lack of foxesThe Ooty Hunt Club adhered to the conventional dress and imported a pack of foxhounds but were forced to hunt jackals due to a lack of foxes. MICHAEL PARSONS ... Traditional dress ... He was born in Peshawar in 1861 and had studios in Madras and Ootacamund ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
This article is about the capital of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. For other uses, see Peshawar (disambiguation).
| Peshawar Urdu: پشاور; Pashto: پېښور; Hindko: پيشور |
|
|---|---|
| — City District — | |
 |
|
 Peshawar
|
|
| Coordinates: 34°01′N 71°35′E / 34.017°N 71.583°E / 34.017; 71.583Coordinates: 34°01′N 71°35′E / 34.017°N 71.583°E / 34.017; 71.583 | |
| Country | Pakistan |
| Province | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |
| District | Peshawar District |
| Union Councils | 25 |
| Government | |
| • Nazim (Empress) | Asya Abbas (ANP) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 1,257 km2 (485 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 359 m (1,178 ft) |
| Population (2010)[1] | |
| • Total | 3,625,000 |
| • Density | 2,900/km2 (7,500/sq mi) |
| Time zone | PST (UTC+5) |
| Area code(s) | 091 |
Peshawar (Pashto: پېښور Pēx̌awar; Hindko: پيشور Pishōr; Urdu: پشاور Pishāwar; Persian: پیشاور P īshāwar; pronunciation (help·info)) is the capital of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (formerly known as NWFP),[2] and the administrative centre and central economic hub for the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan.[3] Peshawar is situated in a large valley near the eastern end of the Khyber Pass. Known as "City on the Frontier", Peshawar's strategic location on the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia has made it one of the most culturally vibrant and lively cities in the greater region. Peshawar is irrigated by various canals of the Kabul River and by its right tributary, the Bara River.
Peshawar has evolved into one of Pakistan's most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities. In the last three decades, there has been a significant increase in urban population, in part due to internal migration of people in search of better employment opportunities, education, and services, and in part because of the influx of Afghan refugees and other people displaced by military operations and civil unrest in neighboring regions. Peshawar is the major educational, political and business center of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
Contents |
History[link]
Main article: History of Peshawar
Peshawar is now officially recognized as being one of the Oldest Living Cities in Asia. Its history and culture has continued uninterrupted since several centuries. This fact was confirmed by the discovery of silver punch-marked coins from the Government House in 1906–07 and the ongoing excavation at Gorkhatri which is the deepest and widest in the world.[4] Being among the most ancient cities of the region between Central, South, and West Asia, Peshawar has for centuries been a centre of trade between Afghanistan, South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. As an ancient centre of learning, the 2nd century BC. Bakhshali Manuscript used in the Bakhshali approximation was found nearby.[5]
Vedic mythology refers to an ancient settlement called Pushkalavati in the area, after Pushkal, the son of King Bharata in the epic Ramayana.[6] but this settlement's existence remains speculative and unverifiable.[7] In recorded history, the earliest major city established in the general area of Peshawar was called Purushapura (Sanskrit for City of Men) and was founded by the Kushans, a Central Asian tribe of Tocharian origin, over 2,000 years ago.[8] Prior to this period the region was affiliated with Gandhara, an ancient Indo-Iranian kingdom, and was annexed first by the Persian Achaemenid empire and then by the Hellenic empire of Alexander the Great. The city passed into the rule of Alexander's successor, Seleucus I Nicator who ceded it to Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Maurya Empire in 305 BC. Buddhism was introduced into the region at this time and may have claimed the majority of Peshawar's inhabitants before the coming of Islam.[9]
Peshawar was a major centre of Buddhist learning until the 10th century.[10] As an indication of its importance, Peshawar was also the site of Kanishka's Great Stupa which housed relics of Gautama Buddha, and was widely considered to be the tallest building in the world at the time of its construction.[11] Ancient Chinese manuscripts tell of Buddhist pilgrims such as Faxian, Sung Yun, and Xuanzang reporting that the 7th century stupa, which was rediscovered in the south east of the city at a site called Shahji-ki-Dheri in 1907–08, had a height of 591–689 feet.[10][12][13][14][15]
The Kushan king Kanishka, moved the capital from Pushkalavati (now called Charsadda in the Peshawar valley) to Purushapura in the 2nd century AD,[16] and in the eighteenth century, the Durrani king Timur Shah Durrani made Peshawar the winter capital of Afghanistan, and it remained as the winter capital until the Sikhs rose to power in the early nineteenth century.[17] The current name "Peshawar" may derive from the Sanskrit Purushapura[18] (meaning "city of men") and is known as Pekhawar or Peshawar in Pashto and Pishor in Hindko. The area originally belonged to Gandhara and the eastern Iranian tribes of Scythian origin and later became part of the Kushan Empire.
Peshawar emerged as a centre of both Hindko and Pashtun intellectuals. Its dominant culture for much of British rule was that of the Hindko speakers, also referred to as "Khaarian" ('city dwellers' in Pashto).[19] Its unique culture, distinct from the surrounding Pashtun areas, led to the city being romanticised by Pashto singers, with songs like laarr sha pekhawar ta (go to Peshawar) and more recently pekhawar kho pekhawar day kana (Peshawar is Peshawar after all). This unique culture has gradually disappeared with the massive influx of Afghan refugees and the increasing migration of Pashtuns into the city. The demographics has changed quite dramatically and Pashto is now the dominant language of the city.
Peshawar is located in an area that was dominated by various tribes of Indo-Iranian origin. The region was affiliated with the ancient kingdom of Gandhara and had links to the Harappan civilization of the Indus River Valley and to Bactria and other ancient kingdoms based in Afghanistan. According to the historian Tertius Chandler, Peshawar had a population of 120,000 in the year 100 BC, making it the seventh most populous city in the world.[20]
Greco-Bactrian Peshawar[link]
The area that Peshawar occupies was then seized by the Greco-Bactrian king, Eucratides (170 – 159 BC), and was controlled by a series of Greco-Bactrian and later Indo-Greek kings who ruled an empire that spanned from present day Pakistan to North India. Later, the city came under the rule of several Parthian and Indo-Parthian kings, another group of Iranic peoples germane to the region, the most famous of whom, Gondophares (Gandapur in Pashto), ruled the city and its environs starting in circa 46 AD, and was briefly followed by two or three of his descendants before they were displaced by the first of the "Great Kushans", Kujula Kadphises, around the middle of the 1st century AD.
Gandharan Peshawar[link]
Peshawar formed the eastern capital of the empire of Gandhara under the Kushan king Kanishka, who reigned from at least 127 AD. After the 2 or 3 BC, Buddhist missionaries arrived to Zoroastrian and animist Peshawar seeking counsel with the Zoroastrian Kushan rulers. Surprisingly,[says who?] rather than being repelled, their teachings were embraced by the Zoroastrian Kushans, who converted to Buddhism and gave the religion official status in the city. Following this move by the Kushans, Peshawar became a great center of Buddhist learning even though Zoroastrianism and animism seem to have survived in the majority population (particularly the rural areas). Kanishka however, who was now an ardent follower of Buddhism, built what may have been the tallest building in the world at the time, a giant stupa, to house the Buddha's relics, just outside the Ganj Gate of the old city of Peshawar.
Qissa khwani bazar is one of the most historical and famous place in Peshawar.
The Kanishka stupa was said to be an imposing structure as one travelled down from the mountains of Afghanistan onto the Gandharan plains. The earliest account of the famous building is by the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim monk, Faxian, who visited it in 400 and described it as being over 40 chang in height (probably about 120 m or 394 ft) and adorned "with all precious substances". "Of all the stûpas and temples seen by the travellers, none can compare with this for beauty of form and strength." It was destroyed by lightning and repaired several times. It was still in existence at the time of Xuanzang's visit in 634. From the ruined base of this giant stupa, there existed a jewelled casket containing relics of the Buddha, and an inscription identifying Kanishka as the donor, and was excavated from a chamber under the very centre of the stupa's base, by a team under Dr. D.,B. Spooner in 1909. The stupa was roughly cruciform in shape with a diameter of 286 feet (87 m) and heavily decorated around the sides with stucco scenes.
Sometime in the 1st millennium BC, modern Pashto began to take shape from old Bactrian and become the dominant language not just in Peshawar, but throughout the area west of the Indus River. Its main centers aside from Peshawar are Kandahar, Kabul (where it shares space with Dari/Persian language ) as well as Quetta. Muslim Arab and Turkic arrived and annexed the region before the beginning of the 2nd millennium.
Arab invasions[link]
The Pashtuns began to convert to Islam following early annexation by the Arab Empire from Khurasan (in what is today Afghanistan and northeastern Iran).[21]
| “ | Sebuktagin dying in 997 was succeeded as governor of Khorasan by his son Mahmud, who throwing off all dependence on the Samani princes, assumed the title of Sultan in 999. In the early reign of this celebrated invader the plains of Peshawar were again the scene of some great battles, the first of which was fought on the maira between Nowshera and the Indus, in the year 1001. Mahmud was opposed by Jaipal, who had been constantly endevouring to recover the country wrested from him by Sebuktagin, still aided by some Pathans (also known as Pashtuns or Afghans) whose allegiance to the Muslim governor of Peshawar was not of long continuance.
The battle took place on November 27. Jaipal himself being taken prisoner, who upon his subsequent release resigned the crown to his son Anandpal. On this occasion Mahmud punished the Pathans (also known as Pashtuns or Afghans) who had sided with the enemy, and as they were now converted entirely to the Islam, they stayed true to their new allegiance.[22] |
” |
Afghan and Mughal Rule[link]
The Afghan (Pashtun) conqueror Sher Shah Suri, turned Peshawar's renaissance into a boom when he ran his Delhi-to-Kabul Shahi Road through the Khyber Pass and Peshawar in the 16th century. Peshawar was later incorporated into the larger Mughal domains by the 16th century. The founder of the Mughul dynasty that would conquer South Asia, Babur, who hailed from current Uzbekistan, came to Peshawar and founded a city called Bagram where he rebuilt the fort in 1530. His grandson, Akbar, formally named the city Peshawar, meaning "The Place at the Frontier" in Persian and expanded the bazaars and fortifications. The Muslim technocrat, bureaucrats, soldiers, traders, scientists, architects, teachers, theologians and Sufis flocked from the rest of the Muslim world to Islamic Sultanate in South Asia and many settled in the Peshawar region.[7] Thus the Mughals turned Peshawar into a "City of Flowers" by planting trees and laying out gardens similar to those found to the west in Iran. Khushal Khan Khattak, the Pashtun/Afghan warrior poet, was born near Peshawar and his life was intimately tied to the city. Khattak was an early Pashtun nationalist, who agitated for an independent Afghanistan including Peshawar. As such, he was an implacable foe of the Mughal rulers, especially Aurangzeb. After the decline of the Mughal Empire, by the 18th century the city came under Persian control during the reign of Nadir Shah.
In 1747, following a loya jirga, Peshawar would join the Afghan Durrani Empire of Ahmad Shah Durrani, whose son Timur Shah Durrani used the Bala Hisar Fort in Peshawar as the winter capital of his Empire. Pashtuns from Peshawar took part in the incursions of South Asia during the rule of Ahmad Shah Durrani and his successors.
Peshawar under Maratha, Sikh and British Rule[link]
In May 1758, the Maratha Empire captured Peshawar defeating the Durrani troops in the Battle of Peshawar.[23] However, the Maratha rule was short-lived as Durrani re-captured Peshawar in 1759.
In 1812, Peshawar was a suzerainty of Afghanistan, but contested by the Sikh Empire. The arrival of a party led by British explorer and former agent of the East India Company, William Moorcroft was seen as an advantage, both in dealings with Kabul and in protection against the Sikhs of Lahore. He was even offered the governorship of Peshawar and invited to offer the area's allegiance to the East India Company, which he declined. Moorcroft continued to Kabul in the company of Peshwari forces and thence to the Hindu Kush.[24]
In 1818 Peshawar was captured by Maharaja Ranjit Singh and paid a nominal tribute until it was finally annexed in 1834 by the Sikh Empire, after which the city fell into steep decline. Many of Peshawar's famous Mughal gardens were destroyed by the Sikhs at this time. The Italian administrator acting on behalf of the Sikhs, Paolo Avitabile, ruled Peshawar under a reign of fear - his time is Peshawar is known as a time of "gallows and gibbets." An 1835 attempt to retake the city by Dost Mohammad Khan failed when his army declined battle with the Dal Khalsa. His son, Mohammad Akbar Khan, almost retook the city in the Battle of Jamrud in 1837, but was unsuccessful. Peshawar remained under the Sikh Maharajahs until they were vanquished by the British empire following the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849.
The mountainous areas outside of the city were mapped out in 1893 by Sir Mortimer Durand, foreign secretary of the British Indian government, who demarcated the boundary of British controlled area with the Afghan ruler at the time, Abdur Rahman Khan. It is now known as the Durand Line. The Kabul government has argued that the pact expired when the British left the region – although claims to the region have not been a part of official Afghan policy.
In 1893, Mortimer Durand negotiated with Abdur Rahman Khan the Amir of Afghanistan the frontier between Afghanistan and British India. This line, named the Durand Line after its negotiator, remains the international boundary between Afghanistan and modern-day Pakistan, officially recognized by most nations but an ongoing point of contention between the two countries.
In 1893, Sir Mortimer Durand was deputed to Kabul by the government of British India for this purpose of settling an exchange of territory required by the demarcation of the boundary between northeastern Afghanistan and the Russian possessions, and in order to discuss with the Amir Abdur Rahman Khan other pending questions. The Amir showed his ability in diplomatic argument, in tenacity where his own views or claims were in debate, with a sure underlying insight into the real situation.
The territorial exchanges were amicably agreed upon; the relations between the British Indian and Afghan governments, as previously arranged, were confirmed; and an understanding was reached upon the important and difficult subject of the border line of Afghanistan on the east, towards India.
In 1893 during rule of Amir Abdur Rahman Khan of Afghanistan a "Royal Commission for setting up of Boundary" the Durand Line between Afghanistan and the British-governed India was set up, to negotiate terms with the British, for the Agreeing to the Durand line, and the two parties camped at Parachinar, now part of FATA Pakistan, which is near Khost Afghanistan.
From the British side the camp was attended by Sir Mortimer Durand and Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum, Political Agent Khyber.
The Afghanistan side was represented by Sahibzada Abdul Latif and the Governor KhostSardar Shireendil Khan representing the Amir.[25]
Peshawar after independence[link]
In 1947, Peshawar became part of the newly created Pakistan after politicians from the Frontier approved merger into the state. While a large majority of people approved of this action, a small minority believed that South Asians could form a confederation, such as Abdul Ghaffar Khan. However, the call for a united India was deeply unpopular with the locals, who did not identify at all as Indians. Still others believed that the province should have ascended to Afghanistan – a position which later evolved into a call for the creation of Pashtunistan, a state independent of both Pakistan and Afghanistan.
A segment of the region's populace believed that the province should have been given the option to be fully incorporated into Afghanistan in 1947 - a stance which various Afghan governments actively supported. In attempt to take advantage of Pakistan's post-independence instability, Afghanistan crafted a two-fold strategy to destabilize the NWFP. Firstly, it strongly aligned itself with Pakistan's rival, India, and also the USSR, which later invaded Afghanistan. Secondly, it politically and financially back secessionist leaders in the NWFP in the 1960s. Afghanistan's policies severely strained Pakistan-Afghanistan relations in the 1960s up until the 1970s, when the movement largely subsided as the population came to thoroughly identify with Pakistan, although resentment against the Punjabi elite continued to foster. Pashtun assimilation into the Pakistani state followed years of rising Pashtun influence in Pakistani politics and bureaucracy, and culminated with the Ayub Khan, a Pashtun, being installed as President of Pakistan. The largest nationalist part of the time, the ANP, dropped a secessionist agenda, and openly embraced the Pakistani state, leaving only the small and relatively insignificant Pakhtunkhwa Millat Party to champion to cause of independence from both Pakistan and Afghanistan. Despite the weaknesses of the early secessionist movement, it still negatively influences Pakistan-Afghanistan relations until the present day, and casts a shadow on the province's politics.
Until the mid-1950s, Peshawar was enclosed within a city wall and sixteen gates. Of the old city gates, the most famous was the Kabuli Gate but only the name remains to this date. Peshawar has not grown as much in size or capacity as the population has. As a result it has become a polluted and overcrowded city.[26]
During the 1980s Soviet war in Afghanistan, Peshawar served as a political centre for the CIA and Inter-Services Intelligence-trained mujahideen groups based in Afghan refugees, such as at the Jalozai refugee camp. Soviet agents often infiltrated these organizations, and violence often erupted on Peshawar's streets as it was the scene of a proxy war between Soviet agents and US-backed insurgents.
There were a total of about 100,000 Afghan refugees registered in Peshawar during the 1988 election when Benazir Bhutto was running for Prime Minister of Pakistan, although hundreds of thousands more were in the city illegally.[27] Peshawar managed to assimilate many of the ethnic Pashtun Afghans with relative ease and many of them still remain in Pakistan illegally.
Peshawar continues to be a city that links Pakistan with Afghanistan as well as Central Asia, and has emerged as an important regional city in Pakistan. It remains a focal point for Pashtun culture. Today, like the surrounding region, it is at the crossroads of the struggle between the extremist Taliban and moderates, liberals and Pashtun nationalists. As a demonstration of their determination to destroy Pashtun icons, the Taliban bombed the shrine of the Pashtun poet Rahman Baba in 2009.
Geography and climate[link]
Geography[link]
Peshawar is situated near the eastern end of the Khyber Pass and sits mainly on the Iranian plateau along with the rest of the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.
The Vale of Peshawar is covered with consolidated deposits of silt, sands and gravel of recent geological times. The flood Plains/Zones are the areas between Kabul River and Budni Nala. The meander flood plain extends from Warsak in the Northwest towards Southeast in the upper Northern half of the district. The Kabul river enters the district in the Northwest. On entering the Peshawar Plain, the Kabul River is divided into several channels. Its two main channels are the Adizai River Eastward flows along the boundary with Charsadda District. Another channel branching from the right bank of the Naguman River is the Shah Alam, which again merges with Naguman River further in the East. In general the sub-soil strata is composed of gravels, boulders, and sands overlain by silts and clays. Sand, gravel and boulders are important aquifer extends to a depth of about 200 feet (61 m). As further confined water bearing aquifer occurs at depths greater than 400 feet (120 m).
Climate[link]
Main article: Climate of Peshawar
Peshawar under Koppen's climate classification features a semi-arid climate with very hot summers and mild winters. Winter in Peshawar, starts in mid November and ends in late March. Summer months are May to September. The mean maximum temperature in summer surpasses 40 °C (104 °F) during the hottest month and the mean minimum temperature is 25 °C (77 °F). The mean minimum temperature during winter is 4 °C (39 °F) and maximum is 18.35 °C (65.03 °F).
Peshawar is not a monsoon region, unlike other parts of Pakistan. But still rainfall is received both in winter and in the summer. The winter rainfall due to western disturbances shows a higher record during the months of February and April. The highest winter rainfall of 236 millimetres (9.3 in) has been recorded in February 2007,[28] while the highest summer rainfall of 402 millimetres (15.8 in) has been recorded in the month of July 2010.[29] In which a record breaking rain of 274 millimetres (10.8 in) fell during 24 hours on July 29, 2010.[29] previously 187 mm (7.36 inches) of rain was recorded in April 2009.[28] The average winter rainfall is higher than that of the summer. Based on a 30-year record, the average 30-year annual precipitation has been recorded as 400 millimetres (16 in).The highest annual rainfall of 904.5 millimetres (35.61 in) has been recorded in 2003.[28] Wind speeds vary during the year from 5 knots (5.8 mph; 9.3 km/h) in December to 24 knots (28 mph; 44 km/h) in June. The relative humidity varies from 46% in June to 76% in August.The highest temperature of 50 °C (122 °F) has been recorded on June 18, 1995.[28] While the lowest −3.9 °C (25.0 °F) occurred on January 7, 1970.[28]
Peshawar's environment has suffered tremendously due to an ever increasing population, unplanned growth and a poor regulatory framework. Air and noise pollution is a significant issue in several parts of the city, and the water quality, once considered to be exceptionally good, is also fast deteriorating.[30]
In addition the city has lost 2,700 acres (1,100 ha) of agriculture land during the two decades (1965–85). This in the addition to 400 acres (160 ha) of vacant land that has been also eaten up by expending urban functions. In the same period, the land under parks and green space has shrunk from 163–75 acres (66–30 ha).[31]
| Climate data for Peshawar (1961–1990) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 18.3 (64.9) |
19.5 (67.1) |
23.7 (74.7) |
30.0 (86.0) |
35.9 (96.6) |
40.4 (104.7) |
37.7 (99.9) |
35.7 (96.3) |
35.0 (95.0) |
31.2 (88.2) |
25.6 (78.1) |
20.1 (68.2) |
29.4 (84.9) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 4.0 (39.2) |
6.3 (43.3) |
11.2 (52.2) |
16.4 (61.5) |
21.3 (70.3) |
25.7 (78.3) |
26.6 (79.9) |
25.7 (78.3) |
22.7 (72.9) |
16.1 (61.0) |
9.6 (49.3) |
4.9 (40.8) |
15.9 (60.6) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 26.0 (1.024) |
42.7 (1.681) |
78.4 (3.087) |
48.9 (1.925) |
27.0 (1.063) |
7.7 (0.303) |
42.3 (1.665) |
67.7 (2.665) |
17.9 (0.705) |
9.7 (0.382) |
12.3 (0.484) |
23.3 (0.917) |
403.9 (15.902) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 195.3 | 192.1 | 195.3 | 231.0 | 297.6 | 300.0 | 272.8 | 263.5 | 258.0 | 266.6 | 234.0 | 182.9 | 2,889.1 |
| Source: HKO [32] | |||||||||||||
Demographics[link]
Peshawar is a rapidly growing city with a population of 2,982,816 in 1998. The current population growth rate is 3.29% per year, which is higher than the average of many other Pakistani cities.
Peshawar's inhabitants consist mainly of Pashtun and Hindkowans. In addition, tens of thousands of Punjabis, Chitralis, Gypsies, Tajiks, Uzbeks and Hazaras can be found in the city. Languages such as Pashto, Urdu, Persian/Dari, Hindko, Khowar, Saraiki and Punjabi are spoken in Peshawar, although only Urdu, Persian, and Pashto to a much smaller extent, are found as written languages in the city.
- Urban Population: 51.32% (1,536,000 persons)
- Rural Population: 48.68% (1,600,000 persons)
- Male/Female ratio: 1.1:1
- Average annual growth rate 3.56%
In 2002, on the growth rate of 3.56% population doubled in 20 years from 1.1 million in 1981 to 2.242 million in 2002. Peshawar District covers a large area extending over 50 kilometres (31 mi) from north to south and over 30 kilometres (19 mi) from east to west. It is situated at an altitude of 359 m (1,138 ft) above sea level. The Peshawar valley is nearly circular, extending from the Indus to the Khyber Hills. It is bounded on the North and North East by hills, which separate it from the Swat Valley. In the Northwest are the rugged mountains of Khyber and to the South is the continuation of spur which branches off from Safed Koh (the famous white mountain on the Afghan border) and runs to Indus. The lower portion of this branch separates the district of Peshawar and Kohat.
Over 99% of the city's population is Muslim, mostly Sunnis with Twelver Shias and Ahmadis as the minority.[33][34] Despite the overwhelmingly Islamic nature of modern Peshawar, the city was previously home to other communities such as Hindus, Bukharan Jews, Zoroastrians, and Bahá'ís. There is still a significant number of Sikhs, and smaller communities of Buddhists and Christians.
Culture[link]
File:KarKhanPeshPak.jpg
Karkhano Market
Peshawar is the centre of culture of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Its culture has evolved over the years and has been principally influenced by Ghandhara culture, Pakhtun culture and Hindko culture. Although the province in which Peshawar is located has predominantly Pakhtun population however Peshawar itself till 1980s had predominantly Hindko speaking population. These Hindko speaking people are anicient inhabitants of the land. Although Pakhtun and Hindko culture have many things in common but since the Hindko speaking people are mostly urbanites whereas majority of Pakhtuns until recently came from rural background therefore the customs of these two differ in some respects like marriage ceremonies, living style, etc.
With the Soviet war in Afghanistan in the 1980s and the influx of Afghan refugees into Pakistan, Peshawar became home for many Afghan musicians and artists.[35] The city has become the centre for Pashto music and cinema as well Dari music for the Tajiks. There is also a thriving book publishing activity in the Persian language in Peshawar, concentrated primarily on Islamic Shia literature and located in the Qissa Khawani Bazaar .[citation needed]
However, the election of the Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA) Islamic coalition in 2002 resulted in restrictions on public musical performances, as well as a ban on playing recorded music on public transports. Peshawar has become host to a thriving underground scene.[36] In 2008, the secular Awami National Party (ANP) swept elections and won power from the Islamic coalition. Since then, some restrictions have been lifted, but there has not been a full restoration of the liberties guaranteed before the MMA victory in 2002.
The historic old city of Peshawar was once a heavily guarded citadel with high walls. Today, not much remains of the walls, but the houses and havelis have an essence of days gone by. Most of the houses are made of unbaked bricks with wooden structures for protection against earthquakes. Many of them have beautifully carved wooden doors and latticed wooden balconies. Areas such as Sethi Mohallah still contain many fine examples of the old architecture of Peshawar. There are many historic monuments and bazaars in the Old city, including the Mohabbat Khan Mosque and Kotla Mohsin Khan, Chowk Yadgar and the Qissa Khawani Bazaar. This part of inner Peshawar has been damaged by rapid growth and development and is in need of urgent protection.[37]
The walled city was surrounded by several main gates which served as the main entry points into the city, some of which still survive today. They include: Lahori Gate, Sarasia Gate, Ganj Gate, Sirki Gate, Sard Chah Gate, Kohati Gate Former Gates which were demolished during wars were Kabuli Gate, Berikian Gate, Bajori Gate, Yakatut Gate, Dabgari Gate, Kachahri Gate, and Hasht Nagri Gate.
Educational institutions[link]
Main articles: List of educational institutions in Peshawar and List of universities in Peshawar
Peshawar houses many schools, colleges and universities. Notably, the University of Peshawar (UOP) was established in October 1950 by the first Prime Minister of Pakistan. Edwardes College which was founded in 1900 by Herbert Edwardes is the oldest colleges in the province.
Landmarks[link]
Peshawar is one of the oldest cities of the world[citation needed]. It is a conservative Islamic city with a rich history. It offers everything from goldsmiths and silversmiths, traditional carpets (one of the big exports of Pakistan today), pottery, and clothing to artwork in wood, brass or semi-precious stones. The old walled city was known for its 16 gates: Hashtnagri, Lahori, Ganj, Yakka Thoot, Kohati, Sirki, Sard Chah, Beriskian, Ramdas, Dabgari, Bajouri, Kabuli, Asamai, Kachehri, Reti and Rampura Gate. The names given to these gates are significant. It was Sikh General Avitabile who built a mud wall surrounding the city.[38] Under the British nearly the whole of the enclosure wall had been built of pucca brick.[39] There are many bazaars with different goods and souvenirs for travellers. The main ones include the historic Qissa Khawani Bazaar, the Copper market, Chowk Yadgar and Andarsheher Bazaar. In addition because of its access to the Khyber pass, the Khyber train safari starts from here.
- General
- Governor's House
- Mattani
- Peshawar Garrison Club
- Aviator's Station – The site where freedom fighters of the 1857 independence movement were blown from guns.
- Kotla Mohsin Khan – The residence of Mazullah Khan, seventeenth century Pashtu poet.
- Durrani Graveyard
- Kochi Bazar
- Qissa Khwani Bazaar
- Sethi Mohallah
- Garhi Qamardin
- Michni check Post-Last Border Post of Pakistan with Afghanistan Border.
- Residence of Prithviraj Kapoor,Famous Bollywood actor.
- Forts
- Bala Hisar Fort
- Burj Hari Singh – Sikh fort founded by Sikh General Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa (no longer exists)
- Hospitals
- Lady Reading Hospital
- Khyber Teaching Hospital
- Hayatabad Medical Complex
- Rehman Medical Complex
- North-West Hospital
- Govt.Children Hospital,HajiCamp,Peshawar
- Colonial monuments
-
- Bara Bridge built by Mughal rulers in 1629.
- Chowk Yadgar – Formerly Hastings memorial
- Cunningham clock tower built in 1900. Called Ghanta Ghar
- Avitabile's Pavilion
- Edwardes School – The residence of Yar Mohammad Khan, the last Durrani Governor of Peshawar
- Buddhist
- Gorkhatri – An ancient site of Buddha's alms or begging bowl. Headquarter of Syed Ahmad Shaheed, Governor Avitabile
- Pashto Academy – The site of an ancient Buddhist University
- Shah Ji Ki Dheri – The site of Kanishka's famous Buddhist monastery.
- Hindu
- Panch Tirath – An ancient Hindu site now converted into a park
- Sikh
- Sikh Gurudwara at Jogan Shah
- Mausoleums
- Tomb of Hazrat Syed Talib Mohayyudin Chishti(R.A) Almaroof Chishti Baba G Lajpal,Shrine is situated in Hazar Khwani graveyard (died 1928).
- Tomb of Sheikh Imamuddin (died 1650) at Palosi Piran.
- Tomp of Syed Abdul Wahab Akhun Panju Baba Akbarpura
- Tomb of Rahman Baba (died 1706)
- Tomb of Akhund Darweza (died 1638)
- Tomb of Sheikh Sultan Baba
- Mausoleum of Nawab Sayed Khan
- Ziarat of Ashab Baba
- Ziarat of [Hazrat Syed Shah Qabool Auliya]
- Ziarat of [Syed Hassan Badshah]
- Ziarat of [Agha Mir Jani]
- Burj-e-Roshnai
- Educational Institutes
- University of Peshawar
- Khyber Medical University
- University of Engineering and Technology
- Agricultural University (Peshawar)
- Gandhara University
- Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology
- Cecos University
- City University of Science & Technology
- Preston University of Science and Technology.
- National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences (FAST-NU), (Peshawar Campus)
- Qurtabah University of Science and Technology.
- Iqra National University,Peshawar.
- Edwardes College
- Islamia College
- Razi Institute of Medical Sciences
- Institute of Management Sciences Peshawar
- Parks
- Army Stadium – Amusement Park for children and families with restaurants, banks, play pens and shopping arcade.
- Bagh-e-Naraan - Situated in Hayatabad; the largest and most beautiful in Peshawar.
- Cunningham Park/Jinnah Park- Situated opposite Historic Bala Hisar Fort, close to Asamai Gate and Lady Reading Hospital.
- Wazir Bagh – Laid in 1802, by Fatteh Khan, Prime Minister of Shah Mahmud Khan.
- Ali Mardan Khan Gardens – Formerly Company Bagh now Khalid bin Waleed Park.
- Shahi Bagh – A small portion of which constitutes the current site of Arbab Niaz Stadium.
- Garrison Park – Located at Prime Location of Shami Road under Army Control.
- Tatara Park – Located in Hayatabad for children and families.
- Mosques
-
- Mohabbat Khan Mosque
- Speen Jumat
- Ganj Ali Khan Mosque
- Qasim Ali Khan Mosque
- Sonehri Masjid
- Zarghooni Mosque,
- Bilal Masjid,Shami Road
- Shopping
- Saddar Bazar-The main Shopping Center of Peshawar
- Qissa Khawani Bazaar-Historical Bazar of Peshawar
- Karkhano Market,World biggest smuggled good Market
Transport[link]
.JPG)
The main transport infrastructure in Peshawar is provided by an international airport (served by all Pakistani airlines and several major foreign airlines), a major railway station (operated by Pakistan Railways), and links to several highways including the Grand Trunk Road and the Karakoram Highway, enabling road, rail and air connections to all Pakistani cities as well as neighbouring countries like Afghanistan and China. Within the city, there are several methods of travel available including coaches, buses, auto rickshaws, and taxis.
Sport[link]
Arbab Niaz Stadium is the Test Cricket ground of Peshawar.Other stadiums are Army Stadium, Peshawar Club Ground and Qayyum Stadium. Cricket is the most popular sport in Peshawar. Peshawar is home to the Peshawar Panthers. Hockey and Squash are the other popular sports here.
Neighbourhoods[link]
- Hashtnagri
- Swati Gate
- Badaber
- Hayatabad
- Gulbhar
- Pahari Pura
- Sethi Town (Haji Camp)
- Momin Town (Dalazak Road)
- Latifabad
- Nishterabad
- Sikander Town
- University Town
- Danish Abad
- Regi Lalma Model town
- Tahkal
- Abdara
- Faqirabad
- Karimpura
- Garhikhana
- Gulberg
- Nothia
- Bhana Mari
- Kohati Gate
- Circular Gate
- Dabgari Gate
- Mulazai
- Palosi & Lakarai
Notable people[link]
Main article: List of people from Peshawar
Abdara
In Popular Culture[link]
The Book The Peshawar Lancers is set in Peshawar.
Sister cities[link]
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-172&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&srt=pnan World Gazetteer of population
- ^ "NWFP Introduction". Government of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. Archived from the original on 2007-10-30. http://web.archive.org/web/20071030055502/http://www.nwfp.gov.pk/AIS-page.php?pageName=Introduction&DistId=1&DeptId=1&LangId=1. Retrieved 2007-12-12.
- ^ "Administrative System". Government of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas. http://www.fata.gov.pk/index.php?link=3. Retrieved 2007-12-12.
- ^ Current World Archaeology – Durrani, N., Andrew & Wendy Sikirk; 2006; 16.
- ^ Ian Pearce (May 2002). "The Bakhshali manuscript". The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Bakhshali_manuscript.html. Retrieved 2007-07-24.
- ^ Peshawar – History
- ^ a b The Pathans – 550 BC – AD 1957 by Sir Olaf Caroe, 1958, Macmillan Company, Reprinted Oxford University Press, 2003
- ^ "Provincial Capital". Government of the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. Archived from the original on 2007-10-30. http://web.archive.org/web/20071030055424/http://www.nwfp.gov.pk/AIS-page.php?DistId=1&DeptId=1&LanId=1&pageName=ProvincailCapital001. Retrieved 2007-12-12.
- ^ Buddhist Past By Fidaullah Sehrai
- ^ a b http://www.bergerfoundation.ch/index_01_08.html
- ^ http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V20_130.gif
- ^ http://www.reference.com/browse/Kanishka?jss=1
- ^ http://coinsencyclopedia.org/?p=46
- ^ http://buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/mar.htm
- ^ http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i7882.pdf
- ^ "Pushpapura to Peshawar". The Khyber Watch. http://khyberwatch.com/nandara/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=9. Retrieved 2009-11-25.
- ^ Caroe, Olaf (1957) The Pathans.
- ^ Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 17. Cambridge University Press for the Royal Asiatic Society. 1860. p. 114. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=lk0ES4KvhJMC&pg=PA114.
- ^ The Frontier Town of Peshawar A Brief History by Sayed Amjad Hussain.
- ^ Top 10 Cities of the Year 100, Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census by Tertius Chandler. 1987, St. David's University Press.
- ^ History of Peshawar by Asghar Javed
- ^ Gazetteer of the Peshawar District 1897–98
- ^ [1] Maratha occupation of NWFP
- ^ Keay, John (1996). Explorers of the Western Himalayas: 1820–1895. London: John Murray. p. 41. ISBN 0-7195-5576-0.
- ^ http://www.aaiil.org/aaiil/ra/jalsa/2003/sahibzadaabdullatifshaheed100anniversary/08sahibzadazahoorahmad_sahibzadaabdullatifshaheed. mp3
- ^ Peshawar: The city of contrasts by S. A. Hussain Pakistan Link
- ^ Pakistan Restricts Afghan Refugees by Donatella Lorch for the New York Times. November 16, 1988.
- ^ a b c d e http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/Climate/Peshawar_Climate_Data.txt
- ^ a b http://www.pakmet.com.pk/FFD/index_files/rainfalljuly10.htm
- ^ Times. Monday, October 16, 2006 Pollution reaches alarming level throughout Peshawar
- ^ History of Peshawar By Asghar Jaaved August 6, 2007 Monday
- ^ "Climatological Normals of Kabul". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/asia/westasia/kabul_e.htm. Retrieved 2011-05-02.
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=BozZytwYkYg
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKL0vvJchWM&feature=player_embedded
- ^ PESHAWAR: Refugee musicians keep Afghan music alive by Intikhab Amir, Dawn newspaper. December 25, 2001.
- ^ underground: Rocking against all odds August 6, 2007 Monday. The Frontier post. Retrieved 8th August 2007
- ^ Shinwari, Sher Ali (27 August 2010) Monumental Loss
- ^ Gazetteer of Peshawar District, 1897–98, p, 362
- ^ N-W.F.P Gazetteer, Peshawar District, 1931, p. 299
- ^ List of some Historical Monuments of Peshawar By Prof Mohd Said
- ^ "(Pakistan, Indonesia agree to declare Peshawar, Makassar as sister cities)". PPI - Pakistan Press International. 2008-05-29. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-34563690_ITM.
Further reading[link]
OFFICIAL WEBSITE: http://www.onlinepeshawar.com/
- Ahmad, Aisha and Boase, Roger. 2003. "Pashtun Tales from the Pakistan-Afghan Frontier: From the Pakistan-Afghan Frontier." Saqi Books (March 1, 2003). ISBN 0-86356-438-0.
- Beal, Samuel. 1884. "Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, by Hiuen Tsiang." 2 vols. Trans. by Samuel Beal. London. Reprint: Delhi. Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. 1969.
- Beal, Samuel. 1911. "The Life of Hiuen-Tsiang by the Shaman Hwui Li, with an Introduction containing an account of the Works of I-Tsing". Trans. by Samuel Beal. London. 1911. Reprint: Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi. 1973.
- Dani, Ahmad Hasan. 1985. "Peshawar: Historic city of the Frontier" Sang-e-Meel Publications (1995). ISBN 969-35-0554-9.
- Dobbins, K. Walton. 1971. "The Stūpa and Vihāra of Kanishka I". The Asiatic Society of Bengal Monograph Series, Vol. XVIII. Calcutta.
- Elphinstone, Mountstuart. 1815. "An account of the Kingdom of Caubul and its dependencies in Persia, Tartary, and India,: comprising a view of the Afghaun nation." Akadem. Druck- u. Verlagsanst (1969).
- Foucher, M. A. 1901. "Notes sur la geographie ancienne du Gandhâra (commentaire à un chaptaire de Hiuen-Tsang)." BEFEO No. 4, Oct. 1901, pp. 322–369.
- Hargreaves, H. (1910–11): "Excavations at Shāh-jī-kī Dhērī"; Archaeological Survey of India, 1910–11, pp. 25–32.
- Hill, John E. 2003. "Annotated Translation of the Chapter on the Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu." 2nd Draft Edition.
- Hill, John E. 2004. "The Peoples of the West from the Weilue" 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE. Draft annotated English translation.
- Hopkirk, Peter. 1984. "The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia." Kodansha Globe; Reprint edition. ISBN 1-56836-022-3.
- Moorcroft, William and Trebeck, George. 1841. "Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and the Panjab; in Ladakh and Kashmir, in Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz, and Bokhara... from 1819 to 1825", Vol. II. Reprint: New Delhi, Sagar Publications, 1971.
- Reeves, Richard. 1985. "Passage to Peshawar: Pakistan: Between the Hindu Kush and the Arabian Sea." Holiday House September, 1985. ISBN 0-671-60539-9.
- Baghaat-i-Peshawar By Imran Rashid Imran
External links[link]
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- All About Peshawar - ePeshawar.com
- Peshawar City Portal
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- Peshawar at the Open Directory Project
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other people named Imran Khan, see Imran Khan (disambiguation).
| Imran Khan Niazi عمران خان نیازی |
|
|---|---|
_cropped.jpg) |
|
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1952-11-25) 25 November 1952 (age 59) Lahore, West Punjab,  Dominion of Pakistan |
| Political party | Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf |
| Spouse(s) | Jemima Khan (1995–2004) |
| Children | Sulaiman Qasim Khan |
| Residence | Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan |
| Alma mater | Keble College, Oxford |
| Occupation | Politician Philanthropist Cricketer |
| Religion | Islam |
| Website | PTI |
Imran Khan Niazi (Urdu: عمران خان نیازی; born 25 November 1952) is a Pakistani politician and former cricketer, playing international cricket for two decades in the late twentieth century. After retiring, he entered politics. Currently, besides his political activism, Khan is also a philanthropist, cricket commentator, Chancellor of the University of Bradford and Founder and Chairman Board of Governors of Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital & Research Centre.
Arguably Pakistan's most successful cricket captain, Khan played for the Pakistani cricket team from 1971 to 1992 and served as its captain intermittently throughout 1982–1992.[1] After retiring from cricket at the end of the 1987 World Cup, he was called back to join the team in 1988. At 39, Khan led his teammates to Pakistan's first and only World Cup victory in 1992. He has a record of 3807 runs and 362 wickets in Test cricket, making him one of eight world cricketers to have achieved an 'All-rounder's Triple' in Test matches.[2] On 14 July 2010, Khan was inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame.[3]
In April 1996, Khan founded and became the chairman of a political party Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (Movement for Justice).[4] He represented Mianwali as a member of the National Assembly from November 2002 to October 2007.[5] Foreign Policy magazine has described him as "Pakistan's Ron Paul".[6]
Through worldwide fundraising, he has also helped establish the Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital & Research Centre in 1996 and Mianwali's Namal College in 2008.
Contents |
Family, education, and personal life[link]
Imran Khan was born in Lahore, the only son of Ikramullah Khan Niazi, a civil engineer, and his wife Shaukat Khanum.[7] Although long settled in Mianwali in Punjab, the family were of Pashtun ethnicity and belonged to the Niazi Shermankhel tribe.[8] A quiet and shy boy in his youth, Khan grew up with his four sisters in relatively affluent (upper middle-class) circumstances[9] and received a privileged education. He was educated the Cathedral School in Lahore, the Royal Grammar School Worcester in England, where he excelled at cricket, and at Aitchison College, Lahore. In 1972, he enrolled to study Philosophy, Politics and Economics at Keble College, Oxford, where he graduated with a second-class degree in Politics and a third in Economics.[10] Khan's mother hailed from the Burki family which had produced several successful hockey players,[7] as also cricketers such as Javed Burki and Majid Khan.[8] Early in life, Khan developed an interest in cricket, which is an extremely popular sport in Pakistan.
Marriage to Jemima Marcelle Goldsmith[link]
On 16 May 1995, Khan married Jemima Goldsmith, in an Islamic ceremony in Paris. A month later, on 21 June, they were married again in a civil ceremony at the Richmond register office in England, followed by a reception at the Goldsmiths' house in Surrey.[11] . The marriage, described as "tough" by Khan,[8] produced two sons, Sulaiman Isa (born 18 November 1996) and Kasim (born 10 April 1999).[12] As an agreement of his marriage, Khan spent four months a year in England. On 22 June 2004, it was announced that the Khans had divorced because it was "difficult for Jemima to adapt to life in Pakistan".[13] The marriage ended amicably. Imran has regular access to his children and his relationship with his ex-wife is friendly. Khan now resides in Bani Gala, Islamabad, where he built a farmhouse with the money he gained from selling his London flat. He grows fruit trees, wheat, and keeps cows, while also maintaining a cricket ground for his two sons, who visit during their holidays.[8]
Cricket career[link]
| Personal information | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Born | (1952-11-25) 25 November 1952 (age 59) Lahore, West Punjab, Dominion of Pakistan |
|||
| Batting style | Right-handed | |||
| Bowling style | Right-arm fast | |||
| Role | All-rounder | |||
| International information | ||||
| National side | Pakistan | |||
| Test debut (cap 65) | 3 June 1971 v England | |||
| Last Test | 2 January 1992 v Sri Lanka | |||
| ODI debut (cap 12) | 31 August 1974 v England | |||
| Last ODI | 25 March 1992 v England | |||
| Domestic team information | ||||
| Years | Team | |||
| 1977–1988 | Sussex | |||
| 1984/85 | New South Wales | |||
| 1975–1981 | PIA | |||
| 1971–1976 | Worcestershire | |||
| 1973–1975 | Oxford University | |||
| 1969–1971 | Lahore | |||
| Career statistics | ||||
| Competition | Test | ODI | FC | LA |
| Matches | 88 | 175 | 382 | 425 |
| Runs scored | 3,807 | 3,709 | 17,771 | 10,100 |
| Batting average | 37.69 | 33.41 | 36.79 | 33.22 |
| 100s/50s | 6/18 | 1/19 | 30/93 | 5/66 |
| Top score | 136 | 102* | 170 | 114* |
| Balls bowled | 19,458 | 7,461 | 65,224 | 19,122 |
| Wickets | 362 | 182 | 1,287 | 507 |
| Bowling average | 22.81 | 26.61 | 22.32 | 22.31 |
| 5 wickets in innings | 23 | 1 | 70 | 6 |
| 10 wickets in match | 6 | n/a | 13 | n/a |
| Best bowling | 8/58 | 6/14 | 8/34 | 6/14 |
| Catches/stumpings | 28/– | 36/– | 117/– | 84/– |
| Source: ESPNCricinfo, 24 December 2011 | ||||
| Pride of Performance Award Recipient | |
|---|---|
 Imran Khan was recipient of the Pride of Performance Award 1983 |
|
| Presented by | Islamic Republic of Pakistan |
| Date | 1983 |
| Country | Islamic Republic of Pakistan |
| Hilal-i-Imtiaz Award Recipient | |
|---|---|
| Presented by | Islamic Republic of Pakistan |
| Date | 1992 |
| Country | Islamic Republic of Pakistan |
Khan made a lacklustre first-class cricket debut at the age of sixteen in Lahore. By the start of the 1970s, he was playing for his home teams of Lahore A (1969–70), Lahore B (1969–70), Lahore Greens (1970–71) and, eventually, Lahore (1970–71).[14] Khan was part of Oxford University's Blues Cricket team during the 1973–75 seasons.[10] At Worcestershire, where he played county cricket from 1971 to 1976, he was regarded as only an average medium pace bowler. During this decade, other teams represented by Khan include Dawood Industries (1975–76) and Pakistan International Airlines (1975–76 to 1980–81). From 1983 to 1988, he played for Sussex.[2]
In 1971, Khan made his Test cricket debut against England at Birmingham. Three years later, he debuted in the One Day International (ODI) match, once again playing against England at Nottingham for the Prudential Trophy. After graduating from Oxford and finishing his tenure at Worcestershire, he returned to Pakistan in 1976 and secured a permanent place on his native national team starting from the 1976–77 season, during which they faced New Zealand and Australia.[14] Following the Australian series, he toured the West Indies, where he met Tony Greig, who signed him up for Kerry Packer's World Series Cricket.[2] His credentials as one of the fastest bowlers of the world started to establish when he finished third at 139.7 km/h in a fast bowling contest at Perth in 1978, behind Jeff Thomson and Michael Holding, but ahead of Dennis Lillee, Garth Le Roux and Andy Roberts.[2]
As a fast bowler, Khan reached the peak of his powers in 1982. In 9 Tests, he got 62 wickets at 13.29 each, the lowest average of any bowler in Test history with at least 50 wickets in a calendar year.[15] In January 1983, playing against India, he attained a Test bowling rating of 922 points. Although calculated retrospectively (ICC player ratings did not exist at the time), Khan's form and performance during this period ranks third in the ICC's All-Time Test Bowling Rankings.[16]
Khan achieved the all-rounder's triple (securing 3000 runs and 300 wickets) in 75 Tests, the second fastest record behind Ian Botham's 72. He is also established as having the second highest all-time batting average of 61.86 for a Test batsman playing at position 6 of the batting order.[17] He played his last Test match for Pakistan in January 1992, against Sri Lanka at Faisalabad. Khan retired permanently from cricket six months after his last ODI, the historic 1992 World Cup final against England at Melbourne, Australia.[18] He ended his career with 88 Test matches, 126 innings and scored 3807 runs at an average of 37.69, including six centuries and 18 fifties. His highest score was 136 runs. As a bowler, he took 362 wickets in Test cricket, which made him the first Pakistani and world's fourth bowler to do so.[2] In ODIs, he played 175 matches and scored 3709 runs at an average of 33.41. His highest score remains 102 not out. His best ODI bowling is documented at 6 wickets for 14 runs.
Captaincy[link]
At the height of his career, in 1982, the thirty-year-old Khan took over the captaincy of the Pakistan cricket team from Javed Miandad. Recalling his initial discomfort with this new role, he later said, "When I became the cricket captain, I couldn’t speak to the team directly I was so shy. I had to tell the manager, I said listen can you talk to them, this is what I want to convey to the team. I mean early team meetings I use to be so shy and embarrassed I couldn’t talk to the team."[19] As a captain, Khan played 48 Test matches, out of which 14 were won by Pakistan, 8 lost and the rest of 26 were drawn. He also played 139 ODIs, winning 77, losing 57 and ending one in a tie.[2]
In the team's second match under his leadership, Khan led them to their first Test win on English soil for 28 years at Lord's.[20] Khan's first year as captain was the peak of his legacy as a fast bowler as well as an all-rounder. He recorded the best Test bowling of his career while taking 8 wickets for 58 runs against Sri Lanka at Lahore in 1981–82.[2] He also topped both the bowling and batting averages against England in three Test series in 1982, taking 21 wickets and averaging 56 with the bat. Later the same year, he put up a highly acknowledged performance in a home series against the formidable Indian team by taking 40 wickets in six Tests at an average of 13.95. By the end of this series in 1982–83, Khan had taken 88 wickets in 13 Test matches over a period of one year as captain.[14]
This same Test series against India, however, also resulted in a stress fracture in his shin that kept him out of cricket for more than two years. An experimental treatment funded by the Pakistani government helped him recover by the end of 1984 and he made a successful comeback to international cricket in the latter part of the 1984–85 season.[2]
In 1987, Khan led Pakistan to its first ever Test series win in India, which was followed by Pakistan's first series victory in England the same year.[20] During the 1980s, his team also recorded three creditable draws against the West Indies. India and Pakistan co-hosted the 1987 World Cup, but neither ventured beyond the semi-finals. Khan retired from international cricket at the end of the World Cup. In 1988, he was asked to return to the captaincy by the President Of Pakistan, General Zia-Ul-Haq, and on 18 January, he announced his decision to rejoin the team.[2] Soon after returning to the captaincy, Khan led Pakistan to another winning tour in the West Indies, which he has recounted as "the last time I really bowled well".[8] He was declared Man of the Series against West Indies in 1988 when he took 23 wickets in 3 tests.[2]
Khan's career-high as a captain and cricketer came when he led Pakistan to victory in the 1992 Cricket World Cup. Playing with a brittle batting line-up, Khan promoted himself as a batsman to play in the top order along with Javed Miandad, but his contribution as a bowler was minimal. At the age of 39, Khan scored the highest runs of all the Pakistani batsmen and took the winning last wicket himself.[14]
Post-retirement[link]
In 1994, Khan had admitted that, during Test matches, he "occasionally scratched the side of the ball and lifted the seam." He had also added, "Only once did I use an object. When Sussex were playing Hampshire in 1981 the ball was not deviating at all. I got the 12th man to bring out a bottle top and it started to move around a lot."[21] In 1996, Khan successfully defended himself in a libel action brought forth by former English captain and all-rounder Ian Botham and batsman Allan Lamb over comments they alleged were made by Khan in two articles about the above-mentioned ball-tampering and another article published in an Indian magazine, India Today. They claimed that, in the latter publication, Khan had called the two cricketers "racist, ill-educated and lacking in class." Khan protested that he had been misquoted, saying that he was defending himself after having admitted that he tampered with a ball in a county match 18 years ago.[22] Khan won the libel case, which the judge labelled a "complete exercise in futility", with a 10–2 majority decision by the jury.[22]
Since retiring, Khan has written opinion pieces on cricket for various British and Asian newspapers, especially regarding the Pakistani national team. His contributions have been published in India's Outlook magazine,[23] the Guardian,[24] the Independent, and the Telegraph. Khan also sometimes appears as a cricket commentator on Asian and British sports networks, including BBC Urdu[25] and the Star TV network.[26] In 2004, when the Indian cricket team toured Pakistan after 14 years, he was a commentator on TEN Sports' special live show, Straight Drive,[27] while he was also a columnist for sify.com for the 2005 India-Pakistan Test series.[28] He has provided analysis for every cricket World Cup since 1992, which includes providing match summaries for BBC during the 1999 World Cup.[28]
In November 2009 Khan underwent emergency surgery at Lahore's Shaukat Khanum Cancer Hospital to remove an obstruction in his small intestine.[29]
Social work[link]
For more than four years after retiring from cricket in 1992, Khan focused his efforts solely on social work. By 1991, he had founded the Shaukat Khanum Memorial Trust, a charity organisation bearing the name of his mother, Mrs. Shaukat Khanum. As the Trust's maiden endeavour, Khan established Pakistan's first and only cancer hospital, constructed using donations and funds exceeding $25 million, raised by Khan from all over the world.[4] Inspired by the memory of his mother, who died of cancer, the Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital & Research Centre, a charitable cancer hospital with 75 percent free care, opened in Lahore on 29 December 1994.[8] Khan currently serves as the chairman of the hospital and continues to raise funds through charity and public donations.[30]
During the 1990s, Khan also served as UNICEF's Special Representative for Sports[31] and promoted health and immunisation programmes in Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Thailand.[32]
On 27 April 2008, Khan's brainchild, a technical college in the Mianwali District called Namal College, was inaugurated. Namal College was built by the Mianwali Development Trust (MDT), as chaired by Khan, and was made an associate college of the University of Bradford (of which Khan is Chancellor) in December 2005.[33] Currently, Khan is building another cancer hospital in Karachi, using his successful Lahore institution as a model. While in London, he also works with the Lord’s Taverners, a cricket charity.[4]
Political work[link]
In 1996, Khan founded a political party, Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), which emphasized on anti-corruption policies.[8][34] The newly formed party was unable to win a seat during the 1997 Pakistani general election.[35] Khan supported General Pervez Musharraf's military coup in 1999,[36] believing Musharraf would "end corruption, clear out the political mafias".[37] According to Khan, he was Musharraf's choice of prime minister in 2002 but turned down the offer.[38] The 2002 Pakistani general election were held in October across 272 constituencies. Khan anticipated doing well in the elections and was prepared to form a coalition if his party did not get a majority of the vote.[39] He was elected from the NA-71 constituency of Mianwali and being the only party member to have secured a seat, PTI won only 0.8% of the popular vote. Khan, who was sworn in as an MP on 16 November,[40] remained part of the Standing Committees on Kashmir and Public Accounts, and expressed legislative interest in Foreign Affairs, Education and Justice.[41]
On 6 May 2005, Khan became one of the first Muslim figures to criticise a 300-word Newsweek story about the alleged desecration of the Qur'an in a U.S. military prison at the Guantánamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba. Khan held a press conference to denounce the article and demanded that Gen. Pervez Musharraf secure an apology from the American president George W. Bush for the incident.[42]. In June 2007, the federal Parliamentary Affairs Minister Dr. Sher Afghan Khan Niazi and the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) party filed separate ineligibility references against Khan, asking for his disqualification as member of the National Assembly on grounds of immorality. Both references, filed on the basis of articles 62 and 63 of the Constitution of Pakistan, were rejected on 5 September.[43]
On 2 October 2007, as part of the All Parties Democratic Movement, Khan joined 85 other MPs to resign from Parliament in protest of the Presidential election scheduled for 6 October, which General Musharraf was contesting without resigning as army chief.[5] On 3 November 2007, Khan was put under house arrest at his father's home hours after President Musharraf declared a state of emergency in Pakistan. Khan had demanded the death penalty for Musharraf after the imposition of emergency rule, which he equated to "committing treason". The next day, on 4 November, Khan escaped and went into peripatetic hiding.[44] He eventually came out of hiding on 14 November to join a student protest at the University of the Punjab.[45] At the rally, Khan was captured by students from the Jamaat-i-Islami political party, who claimed that Khan was an uninvited nuisance at the rally, and they handed him over to the police, who charged him under the Anti-terrorism act for allegedly inciting people to pick up arms, calling for civil disobedience, and for spreading hatred.[46].
On 30 October, 2011, Imran Khan changed the political picture of the country by addressing more than 100,000 supporters, challenging the policies of the current government, calling this new change a "tsunami" against the ruling parties,[47] followed by another successful public gathering in Karachi on 25 December, 2011.[48] Since then Imran Khan has become a real threat for the current ruling parties and future political prospect in Pakistan. According to International Republican Institute (IRI)'s survey, Imran Khan’s Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) tops the list of popular parties in Pakistan both at the national as well as provincial level, leaving Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N) and Pakistan Peopleís Party (PPP) behind.[49]
Ideology[link]
Khan's proclaimed political platform and declarations include: Islamic values, to which he rededicated himself in the 1990s; liberal economics, with the promise of deregulating the economy and creating a welfare state; decreased bureaucracy and the implementation of anti-corruption laws, to create and ensure a clean government; the establishment of an independent judiciary; overhaul of the country's police system; and an anti-militant vision for a democratic Pakistan.[18][26][50]
Khan told Britain's Daily Telegraph, "I want Pakistan to be a welfare state and a genuine democracy with a rule of law and an independent judiciary."[18] Other ideas he has presented include a requirement of all students to spend a year after graduation teaching in the countryside and cutting down the over-staffed bureaucracy in order to send them to teach too.[51] "We need decentralisation, empowering people at the grass roots," he has said.[52]
Criticism[link]
Khan had a child out of wedlock with Ana-Luisa White (Sita White).[53] This was confirmed by a judgement of paternity rendered by a Superior Court of the State of California for the county of Los Angeles in favour of White[54] wherein it was held that Khan was the father of a female child born on June 15, 1992.[55][56][not in citation given] Khan did not challenge that judgement and in 2004 accepted the child as his daughter. He and his wife Jemima became the girls guardians.[57][58] [59] [60] [61]
During the 1970s and 1980s, Khan became known as a socialite due to his "non-stop partying" at London nightclubs such as Annabel's and Tramp, though he claims to have hated English pubs and to never drink alcohol.[4][8][26][42] He gained notoriety in London gossip columns for romancing young debutantes such as Susannah Constantine, Lady Liza Campbell and the artist Emma Sergeant.[8]
Khan is often dismissed as a political lightweight[45] and a celebrity outsider in Pakistan,[19] where national newspapers also refer to him as a "spoiler politician".[62] The Muttahida Qaumi Movement, has asserted that Khan is "a sick person who has been a total failure in politics and is alive just because of the media coverage".[63] Political observers say the crowds he draws are attracted by his cricketing celebrity, and the public has been reported to view him as a figure of entertainment rather than a serious political authority.[51]
Declan Walsh in The Guardian newspaper in England in 2005 described Khan as a "miserable politician," observing that, "Khan's ideas and affiliations since entering politics in 1996 have swerved and skidded like a rickshaw in a rainshower... He preaches democracy one day but gives a vote to reactionary mullahs the next."[64] The charge constantly raised against Khan is that of hypocrisy and opportunism, including what has been called his life's "playboy to puritan U-turn."[19] Political commentator Najam Sethi, stated that, "A lot of the Imran Khan story is about backtracking on a lot of things he said earlier, which is why this doesn’t inspire people."[19]. He is also criticized for being a puppet of Pakistan's 'establishment'.[65]
Awards and honours[link]
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- Khan is featured in the University of Oxford's Hall of Fame and has been an honorary fellow of Oxford's Keble College.[31]
- In 1976 as well as 1980, Khan was awarded The Cricket Society Wetherall Award for being the leading all-rounder in English first-class cricket.
- In 1983, he was also named Wisden Cricketer of the Year
- In 1983, he had received the President’s Pride of Performance Award
- In 1985, Sussex Cricket Society Player of the Year
- In 1990, Indian Cricket Cricketer of the Year[14]
- In 1992, Khan was given Pakistan's civil award, the Hilal-i-Imtiaz
- On 8 July 2004, Khan was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2004 Asian Jewel Awards in London, for "acting as a figurehead for many international charities and working passionately and extensively in fund-raising activities.[66]
- On 7 December 2005, Khan was appointed the fifth Chancellor of the University of Bradford, where he is also a patron of the Born in Bradford research project.
- On 13 December 2007, Khan received the Humanitarian Award at the Asian Sports Awards in Kuala Lumpur for his efforts in setting up the first cancer hospital in Pakistan.[67]
- On 5 July 2008, he was one of several veteran Asian cricketers presented special silver jubilee awards at the inaugural Asian cricket Council (ACC) award ceremony in Karachi.[68]
- In 2009, at International Cricket Council's centennial year celebration, Khan was one of fifty-five cricketers inducted into the ICC Hall of Fame.[69]
- In 2011 he was given Jinnah award.
Writings by Khan[link]
Khan has published six works of non-fiction, including an autobiography co-written with Patrick Murphy. He periodically writes editorials on cricket and Pakistani politics in several leading Pakistani and British newspapers. It was revealed in 2008 that Khan's second book, Indus Journey: A Personal View of Pakistan, had required heavy editing from the publisher. The publisher Jeremy Lewis revealed in a memoir that when he asked Khan to show his writing for publication, "he handed me a leatherbound notebook or diary containing a few jottings and autobiographical snippets. It took me, at most, five minutes to read them; and that, it soon became apparent, was all we had to go on."[70]
Books
- Khan, Imran (1989). Imran Khan's cricket skills. London : Golden Press in association with Hamlyn. ISBN 0-600-56349-9.
- Khan, Imran & Murphy, Patrick (1983). Imran: The autobiography of Imran Khan. Pelham Books. ISBN 0-7207-1489-3.
- Khan, Imran (1991). Indus Journey: A Personal View of Pakistan. Chatto & Windus. ISBN 0-7011-3527-1.
- Khan, Imran (1992). All Round View. Mandarin. ISBN 0-7493-1499-0.
- Khan, Imran (1993). Warrior Race: A Journey Through the Land of the Tribal Pathans. Chatto Windus. ISBN 0-7011-3890-4.
- Khan, Imran (2011). Pakistan: A Personal History. Bantam Press. ISBN 0-593-06774-6.
Articles
- Guardian comments, political and cricket commentary by Khan
- Telegraph columns, sports articles penned by Khan from 2000 to present
- We must address the root causes of this terror, Khan's editorial in the Independent following the 11 September attacks
- Benazir Bhutto has only herself to blame, Khan's 2007 editorial on Bhutto's return to Pakistan
In popular culture[link]
Main article: Kaptaan
After the permission from him, Kaptaan is a biographical film about him.
References[link]
- ^ "Imran Khan". http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/40560.html#profile.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Imran Khan". Overseas Pakistanis Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-10-04. http://web.archive.org/web/20071004215755/http://www.opf.org.pk/almanac/S/sports.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
- ^ "Pakistan legend Imran Khan inducted into ICC Cricket Hall of Fame". Thesportscampus.com. http://www.thesportscampus.com/201007146222/test-cricket/former-pakistan-great-imran-khan-inducted-into-icc-cricket-hall-of-fame. Retrieved 19 July 2010. [dead link]
- ^ a b c d Kervin, Alison (2006-08-06). "Imran Khan: ‘What I do now fulfils me like never before’". The Sunday Times (UK). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/article601339.ece. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
- ^ a b "Pakistan MPs in election boycott". BBC. 2007-10-02. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7023424.stm. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
- ^ http://foreignpolicyblogs.com/2012/01/09/would-imran-khan-call-ron-paul-to-bat/
- ^ a b Khan, Imran (1993). Warrior Race. London: Butler & Tanner Ltd. ISBN 0-7011-3890-4.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Adams, Tim (2006-07-02). "The path of Khan". The Observer (UK). http://observer.guardian.co.uk/osm/story/0,,1807210,00.html. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
- ^ Ali, Syed Hamad (2008-07-23). "Pakistan's Dreamer". New Statesman (UK). http://www.newstatesman.com/asia/2008/07/imran-khan-pakistan-university. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
- ^ a b "The Interview: Anything he Khan't do?". The Oxford Student. 1999. http://www.oxfordstudent.com/tt1999wk5/News/the_interview:_anything_he_khan't_do%3F. Retrieved 2007-11-05. [dead link]
- ^ "Profiles:Jemima Khan". Hello!. http://www.hellomagazine.com/profiles/jemimakhan/. Retrieved 2007-10-08.
- ^ Goldsmith, Annabel (2004). Annabel: An Unconventional Life: The Memoirs of Lady Annabel Goldsmith. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-82966-1.
- ^ "Imran Khan and Jemima divorce". BBC. 2004-06-22. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3829383.stm. Retrieved 2007-10-05.
- ^ a b c d e "Imran Khan". CricketArchive. http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1383/1383.html. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
- ^ ESPNCricinfo – Records – Most wickets in a calendar year. Stats.espncricinfo.com (1970-01-01). Retrieved on 2011-12-30.
- ^ "ICC Player Rankings". ICC. http://www.iccreliancerankings.com/alltime/test/bowling/. Retrieved 2009-02-09.
- ^ Basevi, Travis (2005-10-11). "Best averages by batting position". Cricinfo. http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/221606.html. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
- ^ a b c Farndale, Nigel (2007-08-14). "Imran Khan is ready to become political force". London: The Sunday Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/08/12/nrkhan112.xml. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
- ^ a b c d "Pakistan – Imran Khan". ABC. 2006-05-23. http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/content/2006/s1647595.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
- ^ a b "Imran: Wrong time to tour". BBC. 2001-05-01. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/low/in_depth/2001/england_v_pakistan/1295868.stm. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
- ^ "Cricket's sharp practice". BBC. 2003-05-21. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/1665008.stm. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
- ^ a b "Botham, Lamb end legal battle". BBC. 1999-05-20. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/348740.stm. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
- ^ "Sports: opinion". Outlook magazine. http://www.outlookindia.com/author.asp?id=section&name=Imran+Khan§ion=Sports. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
- ^ Khan, Imran (2003-01-24). "Who's the real villain?". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2003/jan/24/cricket.iraq. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
- ^ Khan, Imran (2003-02-25). "Another poor batting display". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/cwc2003/hi/newsid_2790000/newsid_2799100/2799123.stm. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
- ^ a b c Lancaster, John (2005-07-04). "A Pakistani Cricket Star's Political Move". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/03/AR2005070301078.html. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
- ^ "Big Time cricket on small screen". The Financial Express. 2004-03-03.
- ^ a b "Unmatched Coverage of India-Pakistan Test Cricket on Sify.com". Business Wire. 2005-03-09.
- ^ "Imran Khan has emergency surgery". BBC News. 2009-11-10. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/other_international/pakistan/8352170.stm. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
- ^ History | Imran Khan | Cancer | Donate | Zakat. Shaukatkhanum.org.pk. Retrieved on 2011-12-30.
- ^ a b "Mr Imran Khan's Statement". World Health Organization. http://www.emro.who.int/tfi/wntd2002/WNTD2002Kit-Khan.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
- ^ "UNICEF and the stars". unicef.org. http://www.unicef.org/sowc96/kstars.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
- ^ "University delegation goes east to establish new College". University of Bradford. 2006-02-22. http://www.brad.ac.uk/admin/pr/pressreleases/2006/delegation.php. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
- ^ "Imran Khan leads 100,000 rally against Pakistan's US alliance". The Telegraph. 30 October 2011. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/8858550/Imran-Khan-leads-100000-rally-against-Pakistans-US-alliance.html. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
- ^ Burns, John F. (5 February 1997). "Muslim Party Gets Huge Margin in Pakistan's Parliament". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/05/world/muslim-party-gets-huge-margin-in-pakistan-s-parliament.html. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
- ^ Walsh, Declan (31 October 2011). "Imran Khan laps up acclaim in Pakistan". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/31/imran-khan-acclaim-pakistan?newsfeed=true. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
- ^ "'When you speak out, people react'". The Guardian. 31 August 2005. http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2005/aug/31/cricket.pakistan. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
- ^ Adams, Tim (2 July 2006). "The path of Khan". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2006/jul/02/cricket.features3. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
- ^ "Khan 'optimistic' about Pakistan elections". BBC News. 21 June 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/2056431.stm. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
- ^ Lancaster, John (2002-11-16). "Pakistan's parliament sworn, after 3 years". United Press International. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-69595658.html. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- ^ "Candidate details: Imran Khan". Pakistan Elections. http://www.elections.com.pk/candidatedetails.php?id=72. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
- ^ a b Forsyth, James (2005-05-31). "Khan Artist". The Weekly Standard. http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/658vhcpk.asp?pg=1. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
- ^ "EC rejects references against Imran Khan". Associated Press of Pakistan. 2007-09-05. Archived from the original on 2008-01-25. http://web.archive.org/web/20080125103524/http://www.app.com.pk/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15979&Itemid=2. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
- ^ "Imran Khan escapes from house arrest". The Times of India (India). 2007-11-05. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/World/Imran_Khan_escapes_from_house_arrest/articleshow/2517638.cms. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
- ^ a b Page, Jeremy (2007-11-14). "Imran Khan comes out of hiding to lead students in street protests". The Times (UK). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article2866163.ece. Retrieved 2007-11-15.
- ^ Page, Jeremy (2007-11-14). "Imran Khan faces terror charges after arrest in Pakistan". The Times (UK). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article2868571.ece. Retrieved 2007-11-15.
- ^ "Imran Khan's 'tsunami' sweeps Lahore". Express Tribune (Pakistan). 2011-10-30. http://tribune.com.pk/story/285058/pti-rally-in-lahore-live-updates/. Retrieved 2012-05-10.
- ^ "Imran's dream team wows Karachi". The Express Tribune (Pakistan). 2011-12-25. http://tribune.com.pk/story/311748/pakistan-tehreek-i-insaf-rally-in-karachi-live-updates/. Retrieved 2012-05-10.
- ^ "IRI survey shows PTI on top of popularity list". The News (Pakistan). 2012-05-07. http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-14418-IRI-survey-shows-PTI-on-top-of-popularity-list/. Retrieved 2012-05-10.
- ^ "Imran Khan's party issues election manifesto". Radio Pakistan.
- ^ a b "Imran Khan Standing for Election Again". The Guardian (UK). 2002-09-26. http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/9-26-2002-27111.asp. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
- ^ "Imran Khan's new game". BBC. 1998-07-09. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/128794.stm. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
- ^ Times Of India
- ^ Hindustan Times
- ^ Telegraph uk
- ^ Government Of Pakistan
- ^ Daily Times Newspaper
- ^ BBC UK
- ^ we'll care for tyrian
- ^ Gordon_White,_Baron_White_of_Hull
- ^ BBC UK
- ^ Khalil, Azam (2008-09-08). "A New Era". Frontier Post.
- ^ "A "totally failed" politician Imran surviving on media glare, says MQM". Asian News International. 2008-05-23.
- ^ Walsh, Delcan (2005-08-31). "'When you speak out, people react'". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2005/aug/31/cricket.pakistan. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
- ^ ["http://tribune.com.pk/story/295690/pti-faces-fresh-allegations-of-establishment-links]
- ^ "Former Cricketer Imran Khan is an Asian jewel". 2004-07-09. http://www.redhotcurry.com/archive/news/2004/jewel_awards2004_southern.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
- ^ "Asian Awards". Hindustan Times. India. 2007-12-13. http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=fc2d1dd8-df34-4ba0-9e47-58f92b1f4c3d&MatchID1=4576&TeamID1=8&TeamID2=2&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1147&MatchID2=4614&TeamID3=1&TeamID4=5&MatchType2=2&SeriesID2=1161&PrimaryID=4576&Headline=Indian+tennis+legend+gets+top+Asian+honour. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
- ^ "Tendulkar honoured with best Asian ODI batsman award by ACC". Hindustan Times (India). 2008-07-06. http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=55160544-320b-4723-8ca9-14b5063fb544&ParentID=52c6b1a7-aaed-4d36-811f-eea832a76f24&MatchID1=4726&TeamID1=2&TeamID2=3&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1191&PrimaryID=4726&Headline=Sachin+adjudged+best+Asian+ODI+batsman. Retrieved 2008-07-17.
- ^ "Hall of Famers / ICC Centenary". 2004-07-09. http://www.catchthespirit.com/hall_of_fame/hall_of_famers.aspx. Retrieved 2009-01-28.
- ^ "It's a miracle... Imran's notes turn into book". Evening Standard. 2008-07-04.
Further reading[link]
- Tennant, Evo (1996). Imran Khan. Trafalgar Square. ISBN 0-575-05936-2.
External links[link]
- Player profile: Imran Khan from ESPNcricinfo
- Player profile: Imran Khan from CricketArchive
- Player Profile: Imran Khan from Yahoo! Cricket
- Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf, Khan's political party
- Chancellor: Imran Khan at the University of Bradford
- Column archive at The Guardian
- Imran Khan on Charlie Rose
- Imran Khan at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Imran Khan in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Imran Khan collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- PTI to move SC against speaker's decision today, says Imran Khan, The News International, May 28, 2012]
- PTI will form next government, says Imran Khan, Geo News Pakistan]
- Articles
- The NS Interview: Imran Khan Mehdi Hasan, New Statesman, 20 August 2010
- Imran Khan's revolution, Murtaza Razvi, Dawn, 27 April 2011
- Imran Khan: Pakistan's next leader?, Frost Over the World, Aljazeera English, 10 December 2011
- Thousands rally for Pakistan's Imran Khan, Aljazeera English, 25 December 2011
- Hundreds of thousands gather at PTI rally in Karachi, Dawn, 25 December 2011
- Imran stands out, Adiah AfrazThe News International, 27 May 2012
- The Imran that we know Shafqat Mahmood, The News International, 27 May 2012
| Sporting positions | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Zaheer Abbas Zaheer Abbas Abdul Qadir |
Pakistan Cricket Captain 1982–1983 1985–1987 1989–1992 |
Succeeded by Sarfraz Nawaz Abdul Qadir Javed Miandad |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by Party created |
Chairman of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf 1996–present |
Succeeded by Incumbent |
| Academic offices | ||
| Preceded by Baroness Lockwood |
Chancellor of the University of Bradford 2005–present |
Succeeded by Incumbent |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Khan, Imran |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 25 November 1952 |
| Place of birth | Lahore, Punjab |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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Peshawar (Pashto: پېښور Pēx̌awar; Hindko: پيشور Pishōr; Urdu: پشاور Pishāwar; Persian: پیشاور P īshāwar; pronunciation (help·info)) is the capital of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (formerly known as NWFP), and the administrative centre and central economic hub for the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan. Peshawar is situated in a large valley near the eastern end of the Khyber Pass. Known as "City on the Frontier", Peshawar's strategic location on the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia has made it one of the most culturally vibrant and lively cities in the greater region. Peshawar is irrigated by various canals of the Kabul River and by its right tributary, the Bara River.
Peshawar has evolved into one of Pakistan's most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities. In the last three decades, there has been a significant increase in urban population, in part due to internal migration of people in search of better employment opportunities, education, and services, and in part because of the influx of Afghan refugees and other people displaced by military operations and civil unrest in neighboring regions. Peshawar is the major educational, political and business center of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
