- published: 07 Jan 2010
- views: 12701
- author: northumbriauni
Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
More Videos
Loading...
..." width="225" height="168" class="playvideo1 gotop" onClick="activateTab('playlist1'); return false" style="display: block;" />
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- Aethelwald of Deira
- Aidan of Lindisfarne
- Ainsty
- Alhfrith of Deira
- Alvingham
- Amlaíb Cuarán
- Angles
- Anglo-Saxon
- Anglo-Saxons
- Arlingham
- Arosæte
- Ashington
- Bamburgh
- Basingas
- Battle of Carham
- Battle of Maserfield
- Battle of Winwaed
- Bede
- Benedict Biscop
- Beormingas
- Bernicia
- Berwick-upon-Tweed
- Bewcastle Cross
- Bilsæte
- Bishop of Durham
- Book of Kells
- Bretwalda
- Brigantes
- Bristol
- British Museum
- Britons (historical)
- Byzantine
- Camouflage
- Canterbury
- Catholicism
- Celtic Christianity
- Celtic Church
- Celts
- Ceolfrith
- Check (fabric)
- Christianity
- Cilternsæte
- City of Edinburgh
- Cnut of Northumbria
- County Durham
- Culture of Yorkshire
- Cumbria
- Cumbric
- Danelaw
- Deira
- Dialect
- Domnall Brecc
- Double monastery
- Duddeston
- Dudley
- Durham
- Dál Riata
- Eadred of England
- Eanfrith of Bernicia
- Earl
- Earl of Northumbria
- Early Middle Ages
- Early Scots
- Easby Cross
- East Lothian
- Edinburgh
- Edmund I of England
- Edwin of Deira
- Edwin of Northumbria
- Elmet
- Elmetsæte
- England
- English language
- English Reformation
- English Restoration
- Eric Bloodaxe
- Erik Bloodaxe
- Ethelwin
- Falkirk
- Firth of Forth
- Gaini
- Geology of Yorkshire
- Geordie
- Germanic languages
- Gewisse
- God's Own Country
- Gododdin
- Great Britain
- Guthred of York
- Gyrwas
- Haestingas
- Halfdan Ragnarsson
- Henry of Huntingdon
- Heptarchy
- Hexham
- History of Banbury
- History of York
- History of Yorkshire
- Humber
- Humber Estuary
- Husmerae
- Hwicce
- Icelingas
- Insular art
- Insular Celtic
- Iona
- Isle of Man
- Ivar the Boneless
- Jacobitism
- James I of England
- Jutland
- Kent
- King of Northumbria
- Kingdom of Cornwall
- Kingdom of England
- Kingdom of Essex
- Kingdom of Gwynedd
- Kingdom of Jorvik
- Kingdom of Kent
- Kingdom of Lindsey
- Kingdom of Scotland
- Kingdom of Sussex
- Latin
- Lindisfaras
- Lindisfarne
- Lindisfarne Gospels
- Mackem
- Magonsæte
- Mediæval
- Meonwara
- Mercia
- Middle Angles
- Middle English
- Middle Saxons
- Midlothian
- Modern Scots
- Monarchy
- Monastery
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- Normans
- North East England
- North Mercians
- North West England
- North Yorkshire
- Northern England
- Northern Europe
- Northumberland
- Northumbria
- Northumbria Police
- Northumbrian dialect
- Northumbrian music
- Northumbrian tartan
- Old English language
- Osric of Deira
- Osric of Northumbria
- Oswine of Deira
- Oswiu of Northumbria
- Parisii (Yorkshire)
- Pecsæte
- Pencersæte
- Penda of Mercia
- Pictish
- Picts
- Pitmatic
- Portal Yorkshire
- Ragnall mac Gofraid
- Ragnall ua Ímair
- Readingas
- Reivers
- Rheged
- Rising of the North
- River
- River Coquet
- River Idle
- River Mersey
- River Tees
- River Tweed
- River Tyne
- Robert Comine
- Roman Britain
- Roman Empire
- Runcorn
- Ruthwell Cross
- Scandinavian York
- Scotland
- Scots language
- Scottish Borders
- Sheffield
- Sigfroðr
- Sihtric Cáech
- Snotingas
- South
- South Yorkshire
- Southumbrians
- Spaldingas
- St Cuthbert Gospel
- Stoppingas
- Sumorsaete
- Sunningas
- Surrey
- Sweordora
- Synod of Whitby
- Tartan
- Teesside
- Template Heptarchy
- Template Yorkshire
- Tomsæte
- Treaty of York
- Tudor dynasty
- Tyne and Wear
- Viking
- Wales
- Wars of the Roses
- Wearside
- Weorgoran
- Wessex
- West Lothian
- West Yorkshire
- Westerne
- White Rose of York
- Wilfrid
- William Rufus
- Wreocensæte
- Wulfhere of Mercia
- York
- Yorkshire
- Yorkshire Day
- Yorkshire dialect
- Æbbingas
- Ælfwine of Deira
- Ælla of Northumbria
- Æthelstan
- Æthelwold of Wessex
- Œthelwald of Deira
-
Ainsty
The Ainsty or the Ainsty of York was a historic district of Yorkshire, England adjacent to the City of York. Originally a wapentake or subdivision of the West Riding of Yorkshire it later had a unique status as a rural area controlled by the corporation of the city.
The Ainsty covered a few square miles situated to the west of York. It was bounded by three rivers: the Nidd to the north; the Ouse to the west and the Wharfe to the south. The Ainsty was unique among the wapentakes of Yorkshire in that it was not formally included in any Ridings from 1449 until 1836.
The Ainsty originally formed part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, although the City of York claimed jurisdiction over the area under a royal charter of King John granted in the early 13th century. The validity of this charter was a matter of dispute between the city and the Crown, eventually leading to the imprisonment of the mayor in 1280 when it was proved that a clause in the document had been altered. The bailiffs of the city were subsequently able to resume jurisdiction of the wapentake, although it was not formally included in the city when it was created a county of itself in 1396.
wn.com/Ainsty -
Alvingham
Coordinates: 53°24′01″N 0°02′57″E / 53.400392°N 0.049266°E / 53.400392; 0.049266
Alvingham is a village that lies on a small back road leading east out of Louth, Lincolnshire, England.
In the west of the parish, it borders Keddington. The parish boundary meets Brackenborough with Little Grimsby, east of Brackenborough Wood. Passing northwards, it meets Yarburgh, and crosses the Alvingham-Yarburgh road near Newholme. It follows Black Dike in a north-east direction, north of America Farm. Where it crosses the north-south Louth Canal, it briefly meets Grainthorpe.
On Alvingham Fen it meets Conisholme and the Seven Towns North Eau, a one of the constituents of the River Lud as it approaches the coast. Directly to the east is a large wind farm on Conisholme Fen. The boundary follows the Seven Towns North Eau southwards, to the west of Nunnitts Farm (outside the parish). It meets North Cockerington at the point the Seven Towns North Eau, Seven Towns South Eau, and Old Eau meet to form the River Lud. The river (and parish boundary) runs parallel, to the south, to the Louth Canal.
wn.com/Alvingham -
Arlingham
Coordinates: 51°47′46″N 2°25′26″W / 51.796°N 2.424°W / 51.796; -2.424
Arlingham is a village and civil parish in the Stroud District of Gloucestershire, England. The 200 Census recorded a parish population of 410. The parish occupies a peninsula on a sharp bend in the River Severn. The next parish to the east is Fretherne with Saul.
In Passage Road is a fish restaurant called the Passage Inn. Arlingham FC, based near the parish church, is in Stroud League Division Four. The church has some of the oldest stained glass windows in Gloucestershire.
A Ham class minesweeper was named after the village - HMS Arlingham.
The centre of the village is built around The Cross and includes the Red Lion, a large public house partly dating from the 16th century. The village shop closed in 2007.
Arlingham is on the course of a Roman road which crossed the Severn (by a ford or ferry) to Newnham. The ford was in use until the 19th century but a change in the course of the river in 1802 made the ford difficult. The ferry continued in use until after the Second World War. In 1810 the Severn Tunnel Company secured an Act of Parliament to build a tunnel under the river here, and there were various schemes for a bridge, most recently in 1950.
wn.com/Arlingham -
Ashington
Coordinates: 55°10′52″N 1°34′05″W / 55.181°N 1.568°W / 55.181; -1.568
Ashington is a town and civil parish in Northumberland, England with a population of around 27,000; it was once a centre of the coal mining. The town is located some 15 miles (24 km) north of Newcastle upon Tyne off the A189. The south of the town is bordered by the River Wansbeck. The North Sea coast at Newbiggin-by-the-Sea is about 3 miles (5 km) from the town centre.
Many inhabitants have a distinctive accent and dialect known as Pitmatic. This varies from the regional dialect known as Geordie.
The name Ashington possibly originates from Essendene which has been referenced since 1170, but may instead have originated from Æsc, a Saxon invader who sailed from Northern Germany to the River Wansbeck and settled in the deep wooded valley near Sheepwash. But it could also have come from "Valley of Ash Trees" - these would have lined the valley and the Saxon word Dene means valley giving the name 'Ash Dene'. In the 1700s all that existed of Ashington was a small farm with a few dwellings around.
wn.com/Ashington -
Bamburgh
Coordinates: 55°36′14″N 1°43′20″W / 55.604°N 1.7222°W / 55.604; -1.7222
Bamburgh (
/ˈbæmbrə/ BAM-brə) is a large village and civil parish on the coast of Northumberland, England. It has a population of 454.
It is notable for two reasons: the imposing Bamburgh Castle, overlooking the beach, seat of the former Kings of Northumbria, and at present owned by the Armstrong family (see William George Armstrong); and its association with the Victorian heroine, Grace Darling, who is buried there.
Its extensive sandy beach was awarded the Blue Flag rural beach award in 2005. The Bamburgh Dunes, an area of sand dunes which are a Site of Special Scientific Interest, stand behind the award winning beach. Bamburgh is popular with holidaymakers and is within the Northumberland Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
Bamburgh Castle, then called Din Guardi, may have been the capitol of the Brythonic kingdom of Bryneich between about AD 420 and 547. In 547 the castle was taken by the invading Angles led by Ida son of Eoppa and was renamed Bebbanburgh by one of his successors, Æthelfrith, after Æthelfrith's wife Bebba, according to the Historia Brittonum. From then onwards the castle became the capitol of the Anglian kingdom of Bernicia until it merged with its southern neighbour, Deira, in 634. After the two realms united as Northumbria the capitol was moved to York.
wn.com/Bamburgh -
Battle of Carham
The Battle of Carham was a battle between the Kingdom of Scotland and the Northumbrians at Carham on Tweed in 1018 or possibly 1016. It is also sometimes known as the Battle of Coldstream, from the town of Coldstream. The battle was a victory for Máel Coluim II described as 'Malcolm son of Cyneth, king of Scots' and Owain the Bald, King of Strathclyde over 'Huctred, son of Waldef, earl of the Northumbrians', as he was described by Symeon of Durham.
The importance of the battle is a matter of controversy, especially in regard to the region of Lothian. Whereas Scottish historians hold that Lothian was won for Scotland at Carham, others led by Marjorie O. Anderson hold it was the English king Edgar the Peaceful who granted Lothian to the Kenneth, King of Scots, in 973. In English sources, the Battle of Carham is not given any special significance. Still others, such as G.W.S. Barrow hold, that "What English annalists recorded as the 'cession' of Lothian was... the recognition by a powerful but extremely remote south-country king of a long-standing fait accompli."
wn.com/Battle_of_Carham -
Battle of Maserfield
Coordinates: 52°51′36″N 3°03′14″W / 52.860°N 3.054°W / 52.860; -3.054
The Battle of Maserfield (or Maserfeld), (marsh(border) field) Welsh: "Maes Cogwy", was fought on 5 August 641 or 642, between the Anglo-Saxon kings Oswald of Northumbria and Penda of Mercia, ending in Oswald's defeat, death, and dismemberment. The battle was also known as Cogwy to the Welsh, with their countrymen from Pengwern participating in the battle (according to the Canu Heledd), probably as allies of the Mercians. Bede reports the commonly accepted date given above; the Welsh Annales Cambriae is generally considered incorrect in giving the year of the battle as 644. The site of the battle is traditionally identified with Oswestry; arguments have been made for and against the accuracy of this identification.
Since the death of Oswald's uncle Edwin of Northumbria at Hatfield Chase in 633, the Mercians under Penda had presented an obstacle to the power of Northumbria over the lands of Britain south of the Humber. Oswald had defeated the Britons under Cadwallon ap Cadfan (Penda's ally at Hatfield) at Heavenfield in 634, and subsequently re-established Northumbrian hegemony across much of Britain; although it is thought that Penda recognized Oswald's authority in some form after Hatfield, he may nevertheless have been hostile to Northumbrian power or at least perceived by Oswald as a threat.
wn.com/Battle_of_Maserfield -
Bernicia
Bernicia (Old English: Bernice, Beornice; Latin: Bernicia) was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom established by Anglian settlers of the 6th century in what is now southeastern Scotland and North East England.
The Anglian territory of Bernicia was approximately equivalent to the modern English counties of Northumberland and Durham, and the former Scottish counties of Berwickshire and East Lothian, stretching from the Forth to the Tees. In the early 7th century, it merged with its southern neighbour, Deira, to form the kingdom of Northumbria and its borders subsequently expanded considerably.
Bernicia is mentioned in the 9th-century Historia Brittonum (§ 61) under the Welsh name of Berneich or Birneich and in Old Welsh poetry and elsewhere under the name of Bryneich or Brynaich. This may reflect the name of a preceding Brythonic kingdom or province, which was subsequently adopted by the Anglian settlers and rendered as Bernice or Beornice in the Old English tongue. If such forms represent a Welsh version of Bernicia, it is unclear why Welsh would need to borrow a 'foreign' name for the area, so the former hypothesis is usually accepted, although no etymological analysis has produced a consensus. The etymology which is most widely cited is that tentatively proposed by Kenneth H. Jackson, which gives the meaning "Land of the Mountain Passes" or "Land of the Gaps". The earlier derivation from the tribal name of the Brigantes has been dismissed as linguistically unsound. In 1997 John T. Koch suggested the conflation of a probable primary form *Bernech with the native form *Brïγent for the old civitas Brigantum as a result of Anglian expansion in that territory during the 7th century.
wn.com/Bernicia -
Bewcastle Cross
The Bewcastle Cross is an Anglo-Saxon cross still in its original position in the churchyard of St Cuthbert's church Bewcastle, near Carlisle, Cumbria, England. The cross probably dates from the 7th or early 8th century (see below) and features reliefs and inscriptions in the runic alphabet. The head of the cross is missing but the remains are 14.5 feet (4.4 metres) high, and almost square in section (56 x 54 cm at the base). It has been described by Nikolaus Pevsner thus; "The crosses of Bewcastle and Ruthwell....are the greatest achievement of their date in the whole of Europe."
The cross is similar in many respects to the Ruthwell Cross, though the inscriptions are simpler, and seem to have a memorial function; together they are the largest and most elaborately decorated Anglo-Saxon crosses to have survived mostly intact, and they are generally discussed together.
The dating of both remains controversial, though Éamonn Ó Carragaáin, writing in 2007, says that "although there is lively discussion about the dates of these monuments, there is a growing consensus that both are to be dated to the first half of the eighth century: as it were, to the “Age of Bede” (who died in 735) or to the generation after his death"
wn.com/Bewcastle_Cross -
Bristol
Bristol
i/ˈbrɪstəl/ is a city, unitary authority area and ceremonial county in South West England, with an estimated population of 433,100 for the unitary authority in 2009, and a surrounding Larger Urban Zone (LUZ) with an estimated 1,070,000 residents in 2007. It is England's sixth and the United Kingdom's eighth most populous city, one of the group of English Core Cities and the most populous city in South West England.
Historically within Gloucestershire, the city received a Royal Charter in 1155 and was granted County status in 1373. From the 13th century, for half a millennium, it ranked amongst the top three English cities after London, alongside York and Norwich, on the basis of tax receipts, until the rapid rise of Liverpool, Birmingham and Manchester during the Industrial Revolution in the latter part of the 18th century. It borders the counties of Somerset and Gloucestershire, and is also located near the historic cities of Bath to the south east and Gloucester to the north. The city is built around the River Avon, and it also has a short coastline on the Severn Estuary, which flows into the Bristol Channel.
wn.com/Bristol -
British Museum
Coordinates: 51°31′10″N 0°07′37″W / 51.519459°N 0.126931°W / 51.519459; -0.126931
The British Museum, in London, is widely considered to be one of the world's greatest museums of human history and culture. Its permanent collection, numbering some eight million works, is amongst the finest, most comprehensive, and largest in existence and originates from all continents, illustrating and documenting the story of human culture from its beginnings to the present.
The British Museum was established in 1753, largely based on the collections of the physician and scientist Sir Hans Sloane. The museum first opened to the public on 15 January 1759 in Montagu House in Bloomsbury, on the site of the current museum building. Its expansion over the following two and a half centuries was largely a result of an expanding British colonial footprint and has resulted in the creation of several branch institutions, the first being the British Museum (Natural History) in South Kensington in 1887. Some objects in the collection, most notably the Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon, are the objects of intense controversy and of calls for restitution to their countries of origin.
wn.com/British_Museum -
Canterbury
Coordinates: 51°16′30″N 1°05′13″E / 51.275°N 1.087°E / 51.275; 1.087
Canterbury (i/ˈkæntərbᵊri/ or /ˈkæntərbɛri/) is a historic English cathedral city, which lies at the heart of the City of Canterbury, a district of Kent in South East England. It lies on the River Stour.
Originally a Brythonic settlement, it was renamed Durovernum Cantiacorum by the Roman conquerors in the 1st century AD. After it became the chief Jutish settlement, it gained its English name Canterbury, itself derived from the Old English Cantwareburh ("Kent people's stronghold"). After the Kingdom of Kent's conversion to Christianity in 597, St Augustine founded an episcopal see in the city and became the first Archbishop of Canterbury, a position that now heads the Church of England and the worldwide Anglican Communion (though the modern-day Province of Canterbury covers the entire south of England). Thomas Becket's murder at Canterbury Cathedral in 1170 led to the cathedral becoming a place of pilgrimage for Christians worldwide. This pilgrimage provided the theme for Geoffrey Chaucer's 14th-century literary classic The Canterbury Tales. The literary heritage continued with the birth of the playwright Christopher Marlowe in the city in the 16th century.
wn.com/Canterbury -
County Durham
County Durham /ˈdʌrəm/ is a ceremonial county and (smaller) unitary district in north east England. The county town is Durham. The largest settlement in the ceremonial county (in its own unitary Borough) is the town of Darlington. The county has a mixture of mining and farming heritage, as well as a heavy railway industry, particularity in the southwest of the county in Darlington, Shildon and Stockton. Its economy was historically based on coal and iron mining. It is an area of regeneration and promoted as a tourist destination.
The ceremonial county borders Tyne and Wear, North Yorkshire and Northumberland forms part of the North East England region.
Many counties are named after their principal town, and the expected form here would be Durhamshire. The county is commonly known as County Durham but was officially named Durham until at least 1997. The structural change legislation in 2009, however, referred to the county of County Durham. The former postal county was known as "County Durham" to distinguish it from the post town of Durham. Durham is the only English county name to be prefixed with "County" in common usage - a practice more common in Ireland.
wn.com/County_Durham -
Cumbria
Cumbria ( /ˈkʌmbriə/, locally [ˈkʊmbɾiə]) is a non-metropolitan county in North West England. The county and Cumbria County Council, its local authority, came into existence in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972. Cumbria's largest settlement and county town is Carlisle and the only other major urban area is the town of Barrow-in-Furness on the south-western tip of the county. It consists of six districts, and in 2008 had a population of just under half a million. Cumbria is one of the most sparsely populated counties in the United Kingdom, with 73.4 people per km2 (190/sq mi). In comparison, the Borough of Barrow-in-Furness, in the south, has a population density over twelve times this at 921/km2 (2,385.3/sq mi).
Cumbria, the third largest ceremonial county in England by area, is bounded to the north by the Scottish council areas of Dumfries and Galloway and Scottish Borders, to the west by the Irish Sea, to the south by Lancashire, to the southeast by North Yorkshire, and to the east by County Durham and Northumberland.
wn.com/Cumbria -
Danelaw
The Danelaw, as recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (also known as the Danelagh; Old English: Dena lagu; Danish: Danelagen), is a historical name given to the part of England in which the laws of the "Danes" held sway and dominated those of the Anglo-Saxons. It is contrasted with "West Saxon law" and "Mercian law". The term has been extended by modern historians to be geographical. The areas that comprised the Danelaw are in northern and eastern England. The origins of the Danelaw arose from the Viking expansion of the 9th century, although the term was not used to describe a geographic area until the 11th century. With the increase in population and productivity in Scandinavia, Viking warriors, having sought treasure and glory in the nearby British Isles, "proceeded to plough and support themselves", in the words of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, for the year 876.
Danelaw is also used to describe the set of legal terms and definitions created in the treaties between the English king, Alfred the Great, and the Danish warlord, Guthrum, written following Guthrum's defeat at the Battle of Edington in 878. In 886, the Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum was formalised, defining the boundaries of their kingdoms, with provisions for peaceful relations between the English and the Vikings.
wn.com/Danelaw -
Deira
Deira (Old English: Derenrice (Scandinavian: Deren Riket; Germanic Deren Reich) or Dere) was a kingdom in Northern England during the 6th century AD. It extended from the Humber to the Tees, and from the sea to the western edge of the Vale of York. It later merged with the kingdom of Bernicia to the north to form the kingdom of Northumbria.
The name of the kingdom is of Brythonic origin, perhaps from Deifr, meaning "waters", or from Daru, meaning "oak", in which case it would mean "the people of the Derwent", a derivation also found in the Latin name for Malton, Derventio.
According to Simeon of Durham it extended from the Humber to the Tyne, but the land was waste north of the Tees. After the Brythonic kingdom centered around Eboracum, which may have been called Ebrauc, was taken by Edwin, the city of Eboracum became its capital and was called Eoforwic (boar-place) by the Angles. Before this it is likely that the capital would have been at or near Pocklington.
The first Deiran Anglian king of whom we have any record is Ælla, who flourished in the later 6th century after conquering the realm from the Britons in 581. After his death, Deira was subject to king Æthelfrith of Bernicia, who united the two kingdoms into Northumbria. Æthelfrith ruled until the accession of Ælla's son Edwin, in 616 or 617, who also ruled both kingdoms until 633.
wn.com/Deira -
Duddeston
Duddeston is an inner-city area of the Nechells ward of Birmingham, England. It was part of the Birmingham Duddeston constituency until that ceased to exist in 1950.
The name Duddeston comes from Dud's Town, with Dud being the Saxon proprietor, Lord of Dudley who probably had a seat in Duddeston. It was speculated that Duddeston came from Dudda's tun but nothing is known of Dudda.
Duddeston is first mentioned in a charter granted to Wulfget the Thane by Eadgar, King of the Angles in 963. There is no mention of Duddeston for another 200 years until it said that the Holte family were the residents of Duddeston Manor, a large house located next to the River Rea. This had been purchased by the family in 1365 by the family who also owned the manor of Nechells and were related to a prominent family in Erdington. Their wealth of land expanded two years later when the manor of Aston was bestowed upon them.
100 years later, Thomas Holte became the Chief Justice of Wales and a close friend of King Henry VIII. In 1546, Thomas died and Duddeston Hall was a sign of his wealth. His grandson, also called Thomas Holte, supplied a small army in defending Ireland and for this he was knighted. He commissioned the construction of Aston Hall soon after.
wn.com/Duddeston -
Dudley
Coordinates: 52°30′43″N 2°05′45″W / 52.5119°N 2.0957°W / 52.5119; -2.0957
Dudley (i/ˈdʌdli/ DUD-lee) is a large town in the West Midlands county of England, and the administrative centre of the wider Metropolitan Borough of Dudley. At the 2001 census (according to the Office of National Statistics), the Dudley Urban Sub Area had a population of 194,919, making it the one of the largest settlements in England, the second largest town in the United Kingdom behind Reading, and the largest settlement in the UK without its own university.
Dudley is part of the West Midlands conurbation, and is located south of the city of Wolverhampton. It is the largest town in the Black Country region of England, and for many years the town (but not the castle, which was classed as part of Staffordshire) formed part of an exclave of the county of Worcestershire. Despite the more recent changes in county borders, the town still remains part of the Anglican Diocese of Worcester.
Dudley unsuccessfully bid to receive city status in 2012, losing out to Chelmsford, Perth and St. Asaph.
wn.com/Dudley -
Durham
Coordinates: 54°46′34″N 1°34′24″W / 54.7761°N 1.5733°W / 54.7761; -1.5733
Durham ( /ˈdʌrəm/, locally /ˈdɜrəm/) is a city in north east England. It is within the County Durham local government district, and is the county town of the larger ceremonial county. It lies to the south of Newcastle upon Tyne, Chester-le-Street and Sunderland and to the north of Darlington.
Durham is well known for its Norman cathedral and 11th-century castle, both designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986. The castle has been the home of Durham University since 1832. HM Prison Durham is also located close to the city centre.
The name "Durham" comes from the Old English "dun", meaning hill, and the Old Norse "holme", which translates to island. The Lord Bishop of Durham takes a Latin variation of the city's name in his official signature, which is signed "N. Dunelm." Some attribute the city's name to the legend of the Dun Cow and the milkmaid who in legend guided the monks of Lindisfarne carrying the body of Saint Cuthbert to the site of the present city in 995 AD. Dun Cow Lane is said to be one of the first streets in Durham, being directly to the east of Durham Cathedral and taking its name from a depiction of the city's founding etched in masonry on the south side of the cathedral. The city has been known by a number of names throughout history. The original Nordic Dun Holm was changed to Duresme by the Normans and was known in Latin as Dunelm. The modern form Durham came into use later in the city's history. The north eastern historian, Robert Surtees chronicled the name changes in his History and Antiquities of the County Palatine of Durham but states that it is an "impossibility" to tell when the city's modern name came into being.
wn.com/Durham -
East Lothian
East Lothian (Scots: Aest Lowden, Scottish Gaelic: Siorrachd Lodainn an Ear) (formerly Haddingtonshire) is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland, and a lieutenancy Area. It borders the City of Edinburgh, Scottish Borders and Midlothian. Its administrative centre is Haddington, although its largest town is Musselburgh.
The council area was created in 1996, under the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994, with the boundaries of the East Lothian district of the Lothian region. The district had been created in 1975, under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, and it consisted of the local government county of East Lothian, plus the burgh of Musselburgh and the Inveresk area, both formerly within the county of Midlothian.
When abolished, for local government purposes, in 1975, the county of East Lothian bordered the county of Midlothian to the west, and the county of Berwick to the south. The county was called Haddingtonshire until 1921. At this time, border changes saw several villages on the outskirts of Edinburgh (e.g. Whitecraig) become part of East Lothian.
wn.com/East_Lothian -
Edinburgh
Edinburgh (i/ˈɛdɪnbʌrə/ ED-in-burr-ə; Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Èideann) is the capital city of Scotland and the seat of the Scottish Parliament. It is the second largest city in Scotland and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The City of Edinburgh Council governs one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas. The council area includes urban Edinburgh and a 30 square miles (78 km2) rural area. Located in the south-east of Scotland, Edinburgh lies on the east coast of the Central Belt, along the Firth of Forth, near the North Sea.
The city was one of the historical major centres of the Enlightenment, led by the University of Edinburgh, helping to earn it the nickname Athens of the North. The Old Town and New Town districts of Edinburgh were listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995 in recognition of the unique character of the Medieval Old Town and the planned Georgian New Town. It covers both the Old and New Towns together with the Dean Village and the Calton Hill areas. There are over 4,500 listed buildings within the city. In May 2010, it had a total of 40 conservation areas covering 23% of the building stock and 23% of the population, the highest such ratios of any major city in the UK. In the 2011 mid-year population estimates, Edinburgh had a total resident population of 495,360.
wn.com/Edinburgh -
Elmet
Elmet was an independent Brythonic kingdom covering a broad area of what later became the West Riding of Yorkshire during the Early Middle Ages, between approximately the 5th century and early 7th century. Although its precise boundaries are unclear, it appears to have been bordered by the River Sheaf in the south and the River Wharfe in the east. It adjoined Deira to the north and Mercia to the south, and its western boundary appears to have been near Craven, which was possibly a minor British kingdom. As such it was well to the east of other territories of the Britons in Wales and the West Country (i.e. Cornwall and Dumnonia), and to the south of those in the Hen Ogledd or Old North. As one of the southeasternmost Brythonic regions for which there is reasonably substantial evidence, it is notable for having survived relatively late in the period of Anglo-Saxon conquest.
Elmet was invaded and conquered by Northumbria in the autumn of 616 or 626. The kingdom is chiefly attested in topographical and archaeological evidence, references in early Welsh poetry, and historical sources such as the Historia Brittonum and Bede. The name survives throughout the area in place names such as Barwick-in-Elmet and Sherburn-in-Elmet. A local parliamentary constituency is also called Elmet.
wn.com/Elmet -
England
Englandi/ˈɪŋɡlənd/ is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, while the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separate it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world. The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law—the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world—developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation. England's Royal Society laid the foundations of modern experimental science.
wn.com/England -
Falkirk
Coordinates: 55°59′56″N 3°47′06″W / 55.999°N 3.785°W / 55.999; -03.785
Falkirk (pronounced/ˈfɔːlkʌrk/; Scottish Gaelic: An Eaglais Bhreac (help·info)) is a town in the Central Lowlands of Scotland. It lies in the Forth Valley, almost midway between the two most populous cities of Scotland; 23.3 miles (37.5 km) north-west of Edinburgh and 20.5 miles (33.0 km) north-east of Glasgow.
Falkirk had a resident population of 32,422 at the 2001 census. The population of the town had risen to 34,570 according to a 2008 estimate, making it the 20th most populous settlement in Scotland. Falkirk is the main town and administrative centre of the Falkirk council area, which has an overall population of 145,191 and inholds the nearby towns of Grangemouth, Bo'ness, Denny, Larbert and Stenhousemuir.
The town lies at the junction of the Forth and Clyde Canal and the Union Canal, a location which proved pivotal to the growth of Falkirk as a centre of heavy industry during the Industrial Revolution. In the 18th and 19th centuries Falkirk was at the centre of the iron and steel industry, underpinned by the Carron Company situated in the nearby village of Carron. The company was responsible for the manufacturing of Carronades for the Royal Navy and also later many UK pillar boxes. In the last 50 years heavy industry has declined, and the economy of the town relies increasingly on retail and tourism. Despite this Falkirk remains the home of many international companies like Alexander Dennis, the largest bus production company in the United Kingdom.
wn.com/Falkirk -
Firth of Forth
The Firth of Forth (Scottish Gaelic: Linne Foirthe) is the estuary or firth of Scotland's River Forth, where it flows into the North Sea, between Fife to the north, and West Lothian, the City of Edinburgh and East Lothian to the south. It was known as Bodotria in Roman times.
Geologically, the Firth of Forth is a fjord, formed by the Forth Glacier in the last glacial period.
The river is tidal as far inland as Stirling, but generally it is considered that the inland extent of the firth ends at the Kincardine Bridge.[citation needed]
There are a number of towns which line the shores, as well as the petrochemical complexes at Grangemouth, the commercial docks at Leith, former oilrig construction yards at Methil, the ship-breaking facility at Inverkeithing and the naval dockyard at Rosyth, with numerous other industrial areas including the Forth Bridgehead area[clarification needed], Burntisland, Kirkcaldy, Bo'ness and Leven.
The Kincardine Bridge and the famous Forth Road Bridge and Forth Bridge carry traffic across the Firth. A fourth crossing, located next to the Kincardine Bridge, opened in 2008. On 1 October 2008 it was announced that the new bridge would be called the "Clackmannanshire Bridge". Another new road bridge is currently under construction alongside the Forth Road Bridge and is expected to be open in 2016.
wn.com/Firth_of_Forth -
Great Britain
Great Britain or Britain (Welsh: Prydain Fawr, Scottish Gaelic: Breatainn Mhòr, Cornish: Breten Veur) is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, the largest European island, and the largest of the British Isles. With a population of about 60.0 million people in mid-2009, it is the third most populous island in the world, after Java and Honshū. Great Britain is surrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets. The island of Ireland lies to its west. Politically, Great Britain may also refer to the island itself together with a number of surrounding islands which comprise the territory of England, Scotland and Wales.
All of the island is territory of the sovereign state of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and most of the United Kingdom's territory is in Great Britain. Most of England, Scotland, and Wales are on the island of Great Britain, as are their respective capital cities: London, Edinburgh, and Cardiff.
wn.com/Great_Britain -
Hexham
Coordinates: 54°58′16″N 2°06′04″W / 54.971°N 2.101°W / 54.971; -2.101
Hexham ( /ˈhɛksəm/ HEKS-əm) is a market town and civil parish in Northumberland, England, located south of the River Tyne, and was the administrative centre for the Tynedale district from 1974 to 2009. The three major towns in Tynedale were Hexham, Prudhoe and Haltwhistle, although in terms of population, Prudhoe was the largest. In 2001 Hexham had a population of 11,446.
There are many smaller towns and villages that surround Hexham, such as Corbridge, Riding Mill, Stocksfield, Wylam to the east, Acomb and Bellingham to the north, Allendale to the south and Haydon Bridge, Bardon Mill and Haltwhistle to the west. The closest major city to Hexham is Newcastle upon Tyne which is about 25 miles (40 km) to the east.
Hexham Abbey originated as a monastery founded by Saint Wilfrid in 674. The crypt of the original monastery survives, and incorporates many stones taken from nearby Roman ruins, probably Coria or Hadrian's Wall. The current Hexham Abbey dates largely from the 11th century onward, but was significantly rebuilt in the 19th century. Other notable buildings in the town include the Moot Hall, the covered market, and the Old Gaol.
wn.com/Hexham -
Humber
The Humber ( /ˈhʌmbər/) is a large tidal estuary on the east coast of Northern England. It is formed at Trent Falls, Faxfleet, by the confluence of the tidal River Ouse and the tidal River Trent. From here to the North Sea, it forms part of the boundary between the East Riding of Yorkshire on the north bank and North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire on the south bank. Although the Humber is an estuary from the point at which it is formed, many maps show it as the River Humber.
Below Trent Falls, the Humber passes the junction with the Market Weighton Canal on the north shore, the confluence of the River Ancholme on the south shore; between North Ferriby and South Ferriby and under the Humber Bridge; between Barton-upon-Humber on the south bank and Kingston upon Hull on the North bank (where the River Hull joins), then meets the North Sea between Cleethorpes on the Lincolnshire side and the long and thin (but rapidly changing) headland of Spurn Head to the North.
Ports on the Humber include Kingston upon Hull (better known as simply Hull), Grimsby, Immingham, New Holland and Killingholme. The estuary is navigable here for the largest of deep-sea vessels. Inland connections for smaller craft are extensive but currently only handle one quarter of the goods traffic handled in the Thames.
wn.com/Humber -
Iona
Iona (Scottish Gaelic: Ì Chaluim Chille) is a small island in the Inner Hebrides off the western coast of Scotland. It was a centre of Irish monasticism for four centuries and is today renowned for its tranquility and natural beauty. It is a popular tourist destination and a place for retreats. Its modern Gaelic name means "Iona of (Saint) Columba" (formerly anglicised "Icolmkill").
The Hebrides have been occupied by the speakers of several languages since the Iron Age, and as a result many of the names of these islands have more than one possible meaning. Nonetheless few, if any, can have accumulated so many different names over the centuries as the island now known in English as "Iona".
The earliest forms of the name enabled place-name scholar William J. Watson to show that the name originally meant something like "yew-place". The element Ivo-, denoting "yew", occurs in Ogham inscriptions (Iva-cattos [genitive], Iva-geni [genitive]) and in Gaulish names (Ivo-rix, Ivo-magus) and may form the basis of early Gaelic names like Eogan (ogham: Ivo-genos). It is possible that the name is related to the mythological figure, Fer hÍ mac Eogabail, foster-son of Manannan, the forename meaning "man of the yew".
wn.com/Iona -
Isle of Man
The Isle of Man ( /ˈmæn/; Manx: Ellan Vannin, pronounced [ˈɛlʲən ˈvanɪn]), otherwise known simply as Mann (Manx: Mannin, IPA: [ˈmanɪn]), is a self-governing Crown Dependency of the United Kingdom, located in the Irish Sea between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland, within the British Isles. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who holds the title of Lord of Mann. The Lord of Mann is represented by a Lieutenant Governor. The island is not part of the United Kingdom, but its foreign relations and defence are the responsibility of the UK Government. Although the United Kingdom does not usually interfere in the island's domestic matters, its "good government" is ultimately the responsibility of the Crown (that is, in practice, the Government of the United Kingdom).
The island has been inhabited since before 6500 BC. Gaelic cultural influence began in the 5th century AD, and the Manx language, a branch of the Gaelic languages, gradually emerged. In the 9th century, the Norse began to settle there. A Norse-Gaelic culture arose and the island came under Norse control. In 1266, the island became part of Scotland as formalised by the Treaty of Perth. After a period of alternating rule by the kings of Scotland and England, the island came under the feudal overlordship of the English Crown in 1399. The lordship revested into the British Crown in 1764 but the island never became part of Great Britain or its successor the United Kingdom and retained its status as an internally self-governing Crown dependency.
wn.com/Isle_of_Man -
Kent
Kent /ˈkɛnt/ is a county in South East England, and one of the home counties. It borders East Sussex, Surrey and Greater London and has a defined boundary with Essex in the middle of the Thames Estuary. The ceremonial county boundaries of Kent include the shire county of Kent and the unitary borough of Medway. Kent has a nominal border with France halfway through the Channel Tunnel. Maidstone is its county town and historically Rochester and Canterbury have been accorded city status, though only the latter still holds it.
Kent's location between London and the continental Europe has led to its being in the front line of several conflicts, including the Battle of Britain during World War II. East Kent was known as Hell Fire Corner during the conflict. England has relied on the county's ports to provide warships through much of the past 800 years; the Cinque Ports in the 12th–14th centuries and Chatham Dockyard in the 16th–20th centuries were of particular importance to the country's security. France can be seen clearly in fine weather from Folkestone, and the iconic White Cliffs of Dover.
wn.com/Kent -
Kingdom of England
The Kingdom of England was, from 927 to 1707, a sovereign state to the northwest of continental Europe. At its height, the Kingdom of England spanned the southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain (including both modern-day England and Wales) and several smaller outlying islands; what today comprises the legal jurisdiction of England and Wales. It had a land border with the Kingdom of Scotland to the north. At the start of the period its capital and chief royal residence was Winchester, but Westminster and Gloucester were accorded almost equal status, with Westminster gradually gaining preference.
England as a state began on 12 July 927 after a gathering of kings from throughout Britain at Eamont Bridge, Cumbria, but broadly traces its origins to the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain and the Heptarchy of petty states that followed and ultimately united. The Norman invasion of Wales from 1067–1283 (formalised with the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284) put Wales in England's control, and Wales came under English law with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542. On 1 May 1707, England was united with Scotland to create the Kingdom of Great Britain under the terms of the Acts of Union 1707. Though no longer a sovereign state, modern England continues as one of the countries of the United Kingdom.
wn.com/Kingdom_of_England -
Kingdom of Gwynedd
Gwynedd (pronounced [ˈɡwɪnɛð]) was one petty kingdom of several Welsh successor states which emerged in 5th-century post-Roman Britain in the Early Middle Ages, and later evolved into a principality during the High Middle Ages. It was based on the former Brythonic tribal lands of the Ordovices, Gangani, and the Deceangli which were collectively known as Venedotia in late Romano-British documents. Between the 5th and 13th centuries Gwynedd grew to include Ynys Môn (Anglesey) and all of north Wales between the River Dyfi in the south and River Dee (Welsh Dyfrdwy) in the northeast. The Irish sea (Môr Iwerddon) washes the coast of Gwynedd to the west and north and lands formerly part of the Kingdom of Powys border Gwynedd in the south-east.
Gwynedd's strength lay in part due to the region's mountainous geography which made it difficult for foreign invaders to campaign in the country and impose their will effectively.
Popular tradition attributed to Nennius, a 10th-century Welsh chronicler, traced Gwynedd's foundation to Cunedda. According to Nennius, Cunedda migrated with his sons and followers from Brythonic Lothian, in southern Scotland, in the 5th century.
wn.com/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd -
Lindisfarne
Coordinates: 55°40′37″N 1°47′42″W / 55.677°N 1.795°W / 55.677; -1.795
Lindisfarne is a tidal island off the north-east coast of England. It is also known as Holy Island and constitutes a civil parish in Northumberland. Both the Parker Chronicle and Peterborough Chronicle annals of AD793 record the Old English name, Lindisfarena, which means "[island of the] travellers from Lindsey", indicating that the island was settled from the Kingdom of Lindsey, or possibly that its inhabitants travelled there. In 2001 the island had a population of 162.
The island of Lindisfarne appears under the Old Welsh name Medcaut in the ninth-century Historia Brittonum. Following up on a suggestion by Richard Coates, Andrew Breeze proposes that the name ultimately derives from Latin Medicata (Insula) "Healing (Island)", owing perhaps to the island's reputation for medicinal herbs. The Historia Brittonum recounts how in the sixth century, Urien, prince of Rheged, besieged the Angles led by Theodoric at the island for three days and three nights.
wn.com/Lindisfarne -
Mercia
Mercia ( /ˈmɜrsiə/, /ˈmɜrʃə/) was one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. It was centred on the valley of the River Trent and its tributaries in the region now known as the English Midlands. The name is a Latinisation of the Old English Mierce or Myrce, meaning "border people".
Mercia's neighbours included Northumbria, Powys and the kingdoms of southern Wales, Wessex, Sussex, Essex and East Anglia.
The name Mercia is still in use today by a wide range of organisations, including military units, public, commercial and voluntary bodies; and occurs as a female given name.
Mercia's exact evolution from the Anglo-Saxon invasions is more obscure than that of Northumbria, Kent, or even Wessex. Also, Mercia developed an effective political structure and adopted Christianity later than the other kingdoms. Archaeological surveys show that Angles settled the lands north of the River Thames by the 6th century. The name Mercia is Old English for "boundary folk" (see Welsh Marches), and the traditional interpretation is that the kingdom originated along the frontier between the native Welsh and the Anglo-Saxon invaders. However, P. Hunter Blair argued an alternative interpretation: that they emerged along the frontier of Northumbria and the inhabitants of the Trent river valley.
wn.com/Mercia -
Midlothian
Midlothian ( /mɪdˈloʊðiən/; Scots: Midlowden, Scottish Gaelic: Meadhan Lodainn) is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland, and a lieutenancy area. It borders the Scottish Borders, East Lothian and the City of Edinburgh council areas.
The County of Midlothian used for local government purposes formerly encompassed the city of Edinburgh, and within these borders still serves as a registration county.
Midlothian Council area was created in 1996, under the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994, with the boundaries of the Midlothian district of the Lothian region. The district had been created in 1975, under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, and it consisted of the local government county of Midlothian, minus the burgh of Musselburgh and Calder, Cramond, Currie and Inveresk areas.
There is a Midlothian constituency of the House of Commons. There was a Midlothian constituency of the Scottish Parliament up to the 2011 elections when it was divided between Midlothian North and Musselburgh and Midlothian South, Tweeddale and Lauderdale.
wn.com/Midlothian -
Newcastle upon Tyne
Coordinates: 54°58.440′N 1°36.792′W / 54.974°N 1.6132°W / 54.974; -1.6132
Newcastle upon Tyne (locallyi/njuːˈkæsəl/; often shortened to Newcastle) is a city and metropolitan borough of Tyne and Wear, in North East England. Historically a part of Northumberland, it is situated on the north bank of the River Tyne. The city developed in the area that was the location of the Roman settlement called Pons Aelius, though it owes its name to the castle built in 1080, by Robert II, Duke of Normandy, the eldest son of William the Conqueror. The city grew as an important centre for the wool trade and it later became a major coal mining area. The port developed in the 16th century and, along with the shipyards lower down the river, was amongst the world's largest shipbuilding and ship-repairing centres. These industries have since experienced severe decline and closure, and the city today is largely a business and cultural centre, with a particular reputation for nightlife.
Like most cities, Newcastle has a diverse cross section, from areas of poverty to areas of affluence. Among its main icons are Newcastle Brown Ale, a leading brand of beer, Newcastle United F.C., a Premier League team, and the Tyne Bridge. It has hosted the world's most popular half marathon, the Great North Run, since it began in 1981.
wn.com/Newcastle_upon_Tyne -
North Yorkshire
North Yorkshire is a county in England. It is a non-metropolitan or shire county located in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England, and a ceremonial county primarily in that region but partly in North East England. Created in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972 it covers an area of 8,654 square kilometres (3,341 sq mi), making it the largest ceremonial county in England. The majority of the Yorkshire Dales and all of the North York Moors lie within North Yorkshire's boundaries, and around 40% of the county is covered by National Parks. The county town is Northallerton.
The area under the control of the county council, or shire county, is divided into a number of local government districts; they are Craven, Hambleton, Harrogate, Richmondshire, Ryedale, Scarborough and Selby.
The Department for Communities and Local Government did consider reorganising North Yorkshire County Council's administrative structure by abolishing the seven district councils and the county council to create a North Yorkshire unitary authority. The changes were planned to be implemented no later than 1 April 2009. This was rejected on 25 July 2007 so the County Council and District Council structure will remain.
wn.com/North_Yorkshire -
Northern England
Northern England, also known as the North of England, the North or the North Country, is a cultural region of England. It is not an official government region, but rather an informal amalgamation of counties. The southern extent of the region is roughly the River Trent, while the North is bordered by Scotland.
Northern England comprises three regions of England - the North East, North West and Yorkshire and the Humber. The counties of Northern England combined have a population of around 14.5 million covering an area of 37,331 km2 (14,414 sq mi).
During antiquity most of the area was part of Brigantia — homeland of the Brigantes and the largest Brythonic kingdom of Great Britain. After the Roman conquest of Britain the city of York became capital of the area, called Britannia Inferior then Britannia Secunda. In Sub-Roman Britain new Brythonic kingdoms of the Hen Ogledd emerged. The Angle settlers created Bernicia and Deira from which came Northumbria and a Golden Age in cultural, scholarly and monastic activity, centred around Lindisfarne and aided by Irish monks.Norse and Gaelic Viking raiders gained control of much of the area, creating the Danelaw. During this time there were close relations with Mann and the Isles, Dublin and Norway. Northumbria was unified with the rest of England under Eadred around 952.
wn.com/Northern_England -
Northumberland
Northumberland ( /nɔrˈθʌmbərlənd/; abbreviated Northumb. or Northd, the latter being preferred by the Royal Mail) is the northernmost ceremonial county and a unitary district in North East England. It borders Cumbria to the west, County Durham to the south and Tyne and Wear to the south east and the Scottish Borders council area to the north. Its North Sea coastline is a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty with a 64 mile (103 km) long distance path. Since 1981, the county council has been located in Morpeth, situated in the east of the county.
The historical boundaries of the county of Northumberland included Newcastle upon Tyne, the traditional county town, as well as Tynemouth and other settlements in North Tyneside, all areas transferred to Tyne and Wear in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. The historical county boundaries are sometimes taken to exclude Islandshire, Bedlingtonshire and Norhamshire (collectively North Durham), exclaves of County Durham which were incorporated into Northumberland in 1844. For Eurostat purposes Northumberland is a NUTS 3 region (code UKC21) and is one of three local authority areas that comprise the "Northumberland and Tyne and Wear" NUTS 2 region.
wn.com/Northumberland -
Northumbria
Northumbria (Old English: Norþanhymbra / Norþhymbre) was a mediæval kingdom of the Angles, in what is now Northern England and South-East Scotland, becoming subsequently an earldom in a united Anglo-Saxon kingdom of England. The name reflects the approximate southern limit to the kingdom's territory, the Humber Estuary.
Northumbria was formed by Æthelfrith in central Great Britain in Anglo-Saxon times. At the beginning of the 7th century the two kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira were unified. (In the 12th century writings of Henry of Huntingdon the kingdom was defined as one of the Heptarchy of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.) At its greatest the kingdom extended at least from just south of the Humber, to the River Mersey and to the Forth (roughly, Sheffield to Runcorn to Edinburgh) – and there is some evidence that it may have been much greater (see map).
The later (and smaller) earldom came about when the southern part of Northumbria (ex-Deira) was lost to the Danelaw. The northern part (ex-Bernicia) at first retained its status as a kingdom but when it become subordinate to the Danish kingdom it had its powers curtailed to that of an earldom, and retained that status when England was reunited by the Wessex-led reconquest of the Danelaw. The earldom was bounded by the River Tees in the south and the River Tweed in the north (broadly similar to the modern North East England).
wn.com/Northumbria -
River Coquet
Coordinates: 55°22′05″N 2°20′53″W / 55.368°N 2.348°W / 55.368; -2.348
The River Coquet /ˈkoʊkət/ runs through the county of Northumberland, England, discharging into the North Sea on the east coast of England at Amble. Warkworth Castle is built in a loop of the Coquet.
The river, about 40 miles (64 km) in length, rises in the Cheviot Hills and follows a course generally easterly, but greatly winding. It passes Harbottle, near which relics of the Stone Age are seen, and Holystone, where it is recorded that Bishop Paulinus baptized a great body of Northumbrians in the year 627. Several earthworks crown hills above this part of the valley and at Cartington, Tosson and Whitton are relics of medieval border fortifications.
The small town of Rothbury is beautifully situated beneath the rugged Simonside Hills. The river dashes through a narrow gully called the Thrum, and then passes Brinkburn Priory, of which the fine Transitional Norman church was restored to use in 1858, while there are fragments of the monastic buildings. This was an Augustinian foundation of the time of Henry I.
wn.com/River_Coquet -
River Mersey
The River Mersey ( /ˈmɜrzi/) is a river in North West England. It is around 70 miles (113 km) long, stretching from Stockport, Greater Manchester, and ending at Liverpool Bay, Merseyside. For centuries, it formed part of the ancient county divide between Lancashire and Cheshire.
The Mersey is formed from three tributaries: the River Etherow, the River Goyt, and the River Tame. The modern accepted start of the Mersey is at the confluence of the Tame and Goyt, in central Stockport, Greater Manchester. However, older definitions, and many older maps, place its start a few miles up the Goyt at Compstall; for example the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica states "It is formed by the junction of the Goyt and the Etherow a short distance below Marple in Cheshire on the first-named stream." The 1784 John Stockdale map shows the River Mersey extending to Mottram, and forming the boundary between Cheshire and Derbyshire.
From Stockport it flows through Didsbury, Northenden, Stretford, Urmston and Flixton, then at Irlam it flows into the Manchester Ship Canal, which is the canalised River Irwell to this point. The course of the Mersey has been obliterated by the Canal past Hollins Green to Rixton although the old river bed can be seen outside Irlam and also at Warburton. At Rixton the River Bollin enters the Canal from the south and the Mersey leaves the Canal to the north, meandering through Woolston, where the Ship Canal Company's dredgings have formed a nature reserve (Woolston Eyes), and Warrington. It is tidal from Howley Weir in Warrington, although high spring tides often top the weir. A small bypass around Howley Weir, Howley Lock, was created before the ship canal existed, but is now redundant. The lock is still visible.
wn.com/River_Mersey -
River Tees
The River Tees is in northern England. It rises on the eastern slope of Cross Fell in the North Pennines, and flows eastwards for 85 miles (137 km) to reach the North Sea between Hartlepool and Redcar near to Middlesbrough.
It drains an area of 708 square miles (1834 square km) and subsumes no important tributaries. Before the reorganization of the historic English counties, the river formed the boundary between County Durham and Yorkshire. In its lower reaches it now forms the boundary between the ceremonial counties of County Durham and North Yorkshire, while in the highest part of its course it forms the boundary between the historic counties of Westmorland and Durham. The head of the valley, whose upper portion is known as Teesdale, has a desolate grandeur, surrounded by hills, some exceeding 2500 feet (762 m), and bleak moorland. This area is part of the North Pennine Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, recently designated a geological Europark, the first in the UK. In the headwaters is the Cow Green Reservoir constructed to store water to be released in dry conditions to supoport industrial need for water on Teesside.
wn.com/River_Tees -
Runcorn
Coordinates: 53°19′41″N 2°42′43″W / 53.328°N 2.712°W / 53.328; -2.712
Runcorn is an industrial town and cargo port within the borough of Halton in the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. In 2010, its population was estimated to be 61,000. The town is on the southern bank of the River Mersey where the estuary narrows to form Runcorn Gap. Directly to the north across the Mersey is the town of Widnes. Upstream and 8 miles (12.9 km) to the northeast is the town of Warrington and downstream 16 miles (26 km) to the west is the city of Liverpool.
Runcorn railway station is on a branch of the West Coast Main Line. It provides frequent services to London (Euston), Liverpool and Birmingham. The A533 road passes through the town from the south, crossing the Runcorn Gap over the Silver Jubilee Bridge, the lowest bridge crossing of the River Mersey. The Manchester Ship Canal runs between the town and the River Mersey and the Bridgewater Canal passes through and ends in the town at its junction with the Manchester Ship Canal.
wn.com/Runcorn -
Ruthwell Cross
The Ruthwell Cross is a stone Anglo-Saxon cross probably dating from the 8th century, when Ruthwell was part of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria; it is now in Scotland. It is both the most famous and elaborate Anglo-Saxon monumental sculpture, and possibly the oldest surviving "text" of English poetry, predating any manuscripts containing Old English poetry. It has been described by Nikolaus Pevsner thus; "The crosses of Bewcastle and Ruthwell ... are the greatest achievement of their date in the whole of Europe."
The cross was smashed by Presbyterian iconoclasts in 1664, and the pieces left in the churchyard until they were restored in 1818 by Henry Duncan. In 1887 it was moved into its current location in Ruthwell church, Dumfriesshire, Scotland, when the apse which holds it was specially built.
Anglo-Saxon crosses are closely related to the contemporary Irish high crosses, and both are part of the Insular art tradition. The Ruthwell cross features the largest figurative reliefs found on any surviving Anglo-Saxon cross—which are virtually the largest surviving Anglo-Saxon reliefs of any sort—and has inscriptions in both Latin and, unusually for a Christian monument, the runic alphabet, the latter containing lines similar to lines 39-64 of The Dream of the Rood, an Old English poem, which were possibly added at a later date. It is 18 feet (5.5 metres) high.
wn.com/Ruthwell_Cross -
Scotland
Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba ([ˈalˠ̪apə] listen (help·info))) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland constitutes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
Edinburgh, the country's capital and second largest city, is one of Europe's largest financial centres. Edinburgh was the hub of the Scottish Enlightenment of the 18th century, which transformed Scotland into one of the commercial, intellectual and industrial powerhouses of Europe. Glasgow, Scotland's largest city, was once one of the world's leading industrial cities and now lies at the centre of the Greater Glasgow conurbation. Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third largest city in Scotland, the title of Europe's oil capital.
wn.com/Scotland -
Scottish Borders
The Scottish Borders (Scots: The Mairches; Scottish Gaelic: Na Crìochan) is one of 32 local government council areas of Scotland. It is bordered by Dumfries and Galloway in the west, South Lanarkshire and West Lothian in the north west, City of Edinburgh, East Lothian, Midlothian to the north; and the non-metropolitan counties of Northumberland and Cumbria in England to the south and east. The administrative centre of the area is Newtown St. Boswells.
Historically, the name Scottish Borders designated the entire border region of southern Scotland and, together with neighbouring areas of England, was part of the historical Borders region.
The Scottish Borders are located in the Eastern part of the Southern Uplands.
The region is hilly and largely rural, with the River Tweed flowing west to east through the region. In the east of the region the area that borders the River Tweed is flat and is known as 'The Merse'. The Tweed and its tributaries drain the entire region with the river flowing into the North Sea at Berwick-upon-Tweed, and forming the border with England for the last twenty miles or so of its length.
wn.com/Scottish_Borders -
Sheffield
Sheffield
i/ˈʃɛfiːld/ is a city and metropolitan borough of South Yorkshire, England. Its name derives from the River Sheaf, which runs through the city. Historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, and with some of its southern suburbs annexed from Derbyshire, the city has grown from its largely industrial roots to encompass a wider economic base. The population of the City of Sheffield is 555,500 (2010 est.) and it is one of the eight largest regional English cities that make up the English Core Cities Group.
During the 19th century, Sheffield gained an international reputation for steel production. Many innovations were developed locally, including crucible and stainless steel, fuelling an almost tenfold increase in the population during the Industrial Revolution. Sheffield received its municipal charter in 1843, becoming the City of Sheffield in 1893. International competition in iron and steel caused a decline in traditional local industries during the 1970s and 1980s, coinciding with the collapse of coal mining in the area.
wn.com/Sheffield -
South Yorkshire
South Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England. It has a population of 1.29 million. It consists of four metropolitan boroughs: Barnsley, Doncaster, Rotherham, and City of Sheffield. South Yorkshire was created on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972.
Lying on the east side of the Pennines, South Yorkshire is landlocked, and borders Derbyshire (to the south-west), West Yorkshire (to the northwest), North Yorkshire (to the north), the East Riding of Yorkshire (to the northeast), Lincolnshire (to the east) and Nottinghamshire (to the southeast). The Sheffield Urban Area is the ninth most populous conurbation in the UK, and dominates the western half of South Yorkshire with over half of the county's population living within it.
South Yorkshire County Council was abolished in 1986, and so its districts (the metropolitan boroughs) are now effectively unitary authority areas; however, the metropolitan county, which is some 1,552 square kilometres (599 sq mi), continues to exist in law and as a geographic frame of reference. As a ceremonial county, South Yorkshire has a Lord Lieutenant and a High Sheriff.
wn.com/South_Yorkshire -
Surrey
Surrey /ˈsʌri/ is a county in the South East of England, and one of the home counties. The county borders Greater London, Kent, East Sussex, West Sussex, Hampshire, and Berkshire. The historic county town is Guildford.Surrey County Council sits at Kingston upon Thames, although this has been part of Greater London since 1965. The London boroughs of Lambeth, Wandsworth and Southwark were considered part of Surrey until 1889; and Croydon, Kingston, Merton, Sutton, Barnes and Richmond - all now reclassified as part of Greater London - were part of Surrey until 1965.
Surrey is divided into 11 boroughs and districts: Elmbridge, Epsom and Ewell, Guildford, Mole Valley, Reigate and Banstead, Runnymede, Spelthorne, Surrey Heath, Tandridge, Waverley, Woking. After the elections of 1 May 2008, the Conservatives are in control of 10 out of 11 councils in Surrey, with Epsom and Ewell in Residents Association control. The Conservatives hold all 11 Parliamentary constituencies within the county borders.
wn.com/Surrey -
Teesside
Coordinates: 54°35′30″N 1°11′15″W / 54.59167°N 1.1875°W / 54.59167; -1.1875 Teesside is the name given to the conurbation in the north east of England made up of the towns of Middlesbrough, Stockton-on-Tees, Thornaby, Billingham and surrounding settlements near the River Tees. It was also the name of a local government district between 1968 and 1974—the County Borough of Teesside. Teesside remains an important centre for heavy industry, although the number of people employed has declined. Traditional industries have been replaced by high technology activities, science development and service sector roles.
In 1974 the County Borough of Teesside was absorbed into the larger non-metropolitan county of Cleveland along with the towns of Hartlepool and Guisborough. The Teesside area was partitioned between the boroughs of Stockton-on-Tees, Middlesbrough and Langbaurgh, with the wards of Billingham East & West, Grangefield, Hartburn, Mile House, North End, Norton, Stockton South, Thornaby East & West going to Stockton; the wards of Coatham, Eston Grange, Kirkleatham, Ormesby, Redcar and South Bank going to Langbaurgh; and the rest going to Middlesbrough.
wn.com/Teesside -
Tyne and Wear
Tyne and Wear /ˌtaɪn ənd ˈwɪər/ is a metropolitan county in north east England around the mouths of the Rivers Tyne and Wear. It came into existence as a metropolitan county in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972. It consists of the five metropolitan boroughs of South Tyneside, North Tyneside, City of Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead and the City of Sunderland.
Prior to reforms in 1974, the territory comprising the county of Tyne and Wear straddled the border between the counties of Northumberland and County Durham. North Tyneside and Newcastle upon Tyne had previously existed within of Northumberland, whereas South Tyneside, Gateshead and Sunderland were all previously within the borders of County Durham, with the River Tyne forming the border of the two counties.
Tyne and Wear is bounded on the east by the North Sea, and as a ceremonial county, shares borders with Northumberland to the north and County Durham to the south.
Tyne and Wear County Council was abolished in 1986, and so its districts (the metropolitan boroughs) are now unitary authorities. However, the metropolitan county continues to exist in law and as a geographic frame of reference.
wn.com/Tyne_and_Wear -
Wales
Walesi/ˈweɪlz/ (Welsh: Cymru;Welsh pronunciation: [ˈkəm.rɨ] (
listen)) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain,bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It has a population of three million, and a total area of 20,779 km2 (8,023 sq mi). Wales has over 1,200 km (750 mi) of coastline, including its offshore islands; the largest, Anglesey (Ynys Môn), is also the largest island in the Irish Sea. Wales is largely mountainous, with its highest peaks in the north and central areas, especially in Snowdonia (Eryri), which contains Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa), its highest summit.
During the Iron Age and early medieval period, Wales was inhabited by the Celtic Britons. A distinct Welsh national identity emerged in the centuries after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century, and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations today. Gruffydd ap Llywelyn was recognised as King of Wales in 1057. Llywelyn ap Gruffydd's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England's conquest of Wales. The castles and town walls erected to ensure its permanence are now UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to what was to become modern Wales, in the early 15th century. Wales was subsequently annexed by England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 since when, excluding those matters now devolved to Wales, English law has been the legal system of Wales and England. Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century. Welsh Liberalism, exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George, was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party. Welsh national feeling grew over the century; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and The Welsh Language Society in 1962. The National Assembly for Wales, created in 1999 following a referendum, holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters.
wn.com/Wales -
Wearside
Coordinates: 54°54′14″N 1°22′52″W / 54.904°N 1.381°W / 54.904; -1.381
Wearside ( /ˈwɪər/) is an area of north east England, centred on the continuous urban area formed by Sunderland, Seaham and other settlements by the River Wear. Mackems is a nickname used for the people of Wearside.
The principal part of Wearside is the City of Sunderland, including Washington, Houghton-le-Spring, Shiney Row and in the south, Ryhope and Hetton-le-Hole. Additional settlements sometimes considered to be part of Wearside are Easington and Seaham. The ONS definition of the area has a population around 200,000 and only includes Sunderland and Whitburn with a number of settlements in the City of Sunderland such as Washington and Houghton-le-Spring being included as part of Tyneside.The local government district named the 'City of Sunderland' has a higher population of 280,807.
Like other parts of the North East, Wearside and Sunderland were economically structured by Primary industry; with a great deal of the economy once dependent on ship building and coal mining with large collieries such as Monkwearmouth Colliery, which declined rapidly during the mid 20th century, many areas have long been deprived with vast areas of unemployment as a result. The city of Sunderland and parts of Wearside have been slowly rejuvenated over the years and industry is now largely based around call centres, although many areas such as Easington still face social problems today.
wn.com/Wearside -
Wessex
The Kingdom of Wessex ( /ˈwɛsɨks/) or Kingdom of the West Saxons (Old English: Westseaxna rīce) was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom of the West Saxons in South West England, from the 6th century until the emergence of a united English state under the Wessex dynasty in the 10th century. It was to be an earldom after Canute the Great's conquest of 1016, from 1020 to 1066. After the Norman Conquest there was a dissolution of the English earldoms and Wessex was split among the followers of William the Conqueror.
wn.com/Wessex -
West Lothian
West Lothian (Scots: Wast Lowden, Scottish Gaelic: Lodainn an Iar) is one of the 32 unitary council areas in Scotland, and a Lieutenancy area. It borders the City of Edinburgh, Falkirk, North Lanarkshire, the Scottish Borders and South Lanarkshire.
The council area was created in 1996, under the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994, with the boundaries of the West Lothian district of the Lothian region.
The county of West Lothian was called Linlithgowshire or the County of Linlithgow until 1921.
Before it was abolished in 1975 by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, the county contained six burghs. Two are now outside the West Lothian unitary council area:
On abolition in 1975 the county, with the exception of the Bo'ness area, was included in the Lothian Region. Bo'ness became part of the Central Region. Lothian Region was divided into four districts, one of which was named West Lothian and approximated to the former county.
West Lothian District was created in 1975, comprising the county of West Lothian; less the burghs of Bo'ness and South Queensferry and the Kirkliston area; it also included the East Calder and West Calder districts of the former county of Midlothian. The council's headquarters were originally in Bathgate, later moving to the new town of Livingston. The unitary authority created in 1996 used the same boundaries.
wn.com/West_Lothian -
West Yorkshire
West Yorkshire is a metropolitan county within the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England with a population of 2.2 million. West Yorkshire came into existence as a metropolitan county in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972.
West Yorkshire, which is landlocked, consists of five metropolitan boroughs (City of Bradford, Calderdale, Kirklees, City of Leeds and City of Wakefield) and shares borders with the counties of Derbyshire (to the south), Greater Manchester (to the south-west), Lancashire (to the north-west), North Yorkshire (to the north and east) and South Yorkshire (to the south-east).
West Yorkshire County Council was abolished in 1986, and so its districts (the metropolitan boroughs) are now effectively unitary authorities. However, the metropolitan county, which covers an area of 2,029 square kilometres (783 sq mi), continues to exist in law, and as a geographic frame of reference.
West Yorkshire encompasses the West Yorkshire Urban Area, which is the most built-up and biggest urban area within the historic county boundaries of Yorkshire.
wn.com/West_Yorkshire -
York
York (locali/ˈjɔːk/) is a walled city, situated at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. The city has a rich heritage and has provided the backdrop to major political events throughout much of its two millennia of existence. The city offers a wealth of historic attractions, of which York Minster is the most prominent, and a variety of cultural and sporting activities.
The city was founded by the Romans in 71 AD, under the name of Eboracum. It became in turn the capital of the Roman province of Britannia Inferior, and of the kingdoms of Northumbria and Jorvik. In the Middle Ages, York grew as a major wool trading centre and became the capital of the northern ecclesiastical province of the Church of England, a role it has retained.
In the 19th century York became a hub of the railway network and a confectionery manufacturing centre. In recent decades, the economy of York has moved from being dominated by its confectionery and railway-related industries to one that provides services. The University of York and health services have become major employers, whilst tourism has become an important element of the local economy.
wn.com/York -
Yorkshire
Yorkshire (/ˈjɔːkʃə/) is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in the United Kingdom. Due to its great size in comparison to other English counties, functions have been increasingly undertaken over time by its subdivisions, which have also been subject to periodic reform. Throughout these changes, Yorkshire has continued to be recognised as a geographical territory and cultural region. The name is familiar and well understood across the United Kingdom and is in common use in the media and the military, and also features in the titles of current areas of civil administration, such as North Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire and East Riding of Yorkshire. The county's name is commonly abbreviated as Yorks.
Within the borders of the historic county of Yorkshire are areas which are widely considered to be among the greenest in England, due to the vast stretches of unspoiled countryside in the Yorkshire Dales and North York Moors and to the open aspect of some of the major cities. Yorkshire has sometimes been nicknamed God's Own County. The emblem of Yorkshire is the white rose of the English royal House of York, and the most commonly used flag representative of Yorkshire is the White Rose on a dark blue background, which after years of use, was recognised by the Flag Institute on 29 July 2008.Yorkshire Day, held on 1 August, is a celebration of the general culture of Yorkshire, ranging from its history to its own dialect.
wn.com/Yorkshire
-
Aidan of Lindisfarne
Known as Saint Aidan of Lindisfarne, Aidan the Apostle of Northumbria (died 651), was the founder and first bishop of the monastery on the island of Lindisfarne in England. A Christian missionary, he is credited with restoring Christianity to Northumbria. Aidan is the Anglicised form of the original Old Irish Aodhán. In 2008, he was proposed as a possible patron saint of the United Kingdom.
An Irishman, possibly born in Connacht, Aidan was a monk at the monastery on the Island of Iona in Scotland.
The Roman Empire had spread Christianity into Britain, but due to the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain, Anglo-Saxon paganism was now the dominant religion. Oswald of Northumbria and his brothers lived among the Gaels of Dál Riata as princes in exile since their banishment by a rival royal house in 616 AD. Oswald may have visited the island monastery of Iona, and certainly converted to Christianity and was baptized. In 634 he regained the kingship of Northumbria, and was determined to bring Christianity to the mostly pagan people there.
wn.com/Aidan_of_Lindisfarne -
Amlaíb Cuarán
Amlaíb mac Sitric (c. 927–981; Old Norse: Óláfr Sigtryggsson), commonly called Amlaíb Cuarán, in Old Norse: Óláfr kváran, was a 10th century Norse-Gael who was king of Northumbria and king of Dublin. His byname, cuarán, is usually translated as "sandal". His name appears in a variety of anglicized forms, including Olaf Cuaran and Olaf Sihtricson, particularly in relation to his short-lived rule in York. He was the last of the Uí Ímair to play a major part in the politics of Britain and Ireland.
Amlaíb was twice, perhaps three times, ruler of Northumbria and twice ruler of Dublin and its dependencies. His reign over these territories spanned some forty years. He was a renowned warrior and a ruthless pillager of churches, but ended his days in retirement at Iona Abbey. Born when the Uí Ímair ruled over large areas of Britain and Ireland, by his death the kingdom of Dublin was a minor power in Irish politics. At the same time, Dublin became a major centre of trade in Atlantic Europe and mastery over the city and its wealth became the supreme prize for ambitious Irish kings.
wn.com/Amlaíb_Cuarán -
Angles
The Angles is a modern English term for a Germanic people who took their name from the ancestral cultural region of Angeln, a district located in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The Angles were one of the main groups that settled in Britain in the post-Roman period, founding several of the kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England, and their name is the root of the name "England".
The name of the Angles is first recorded in Latinized form, as Anglii, in the Germania of Tacitus. The name is usually derived from a toponym, Angeln, from a Germanic word *anguz meaning "narrow" (of an estuary) or "angular" (of the shape of the Jutland peninsula).
Gregory the Great in an epistle simplified the Latinized name Anglii to Angli, the latter form developing into the preferred form of the word. The country remained Anglia in Latin. King Alfred's (Alfred the Great) translation of Orosius' history of the world uses Angelcynn (-kin) to describe England and the English people; Bede used Angelfolc (-folk); there are also such forms as Engel, Englan (the people), Englaland, and Englisc, all showing i-mutation.
wn.com/Angles -
Arosæte
The Arosæte were an Anglo-Saxon tribe that lived in the Kingdom of Mercia. According to the historian D. P. Kirby the Arosæte territory, valued at 600 hides by the Tribal Hidage, probably followed the valleys of the two River Arrows, the Worcestershire Arrow which stretches from south Warwickshire to Worcestershire and the Herefordshire Arrow in Herefordshire and Powys. With the Weorgoran to the southwest, and other tribes to the north and east, their territory may have been close to Droitwich.
wn.com/Arosæte -
Basingas
The Basingas were an Anglo-Saxon tribe who settled in the Loddon Valley in approximately 700. Their leader, Basa, gave the tribe its name which survives today in the names of Old Basing and Basingstoke, both in Hampshire.
Old Basing was first settled around 700 by an Anglo-Saxon tribe known as the Basingas, who give the village its name (the meaning is "Basa's people"). It was the site of the Battle of Basing on 22 January 871, when a Danish army defeated Ethelred of Wessex. It is also mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086.
wn.com/Basingas -
Bede
Bede ( /ˈbiːd/ BEED; Old English: Bǣda or Bēda; 672/673 – 26 May 735), also referred to as Saint Bede or the Venerable Bede (Latin: Bēda Venerābilis), was an English monk at the Northumbrian monastery of Saint Peter at Monkwearmouth and of its companion monastery, Saint Paul's, in modern Jarrow (see Monkwearmouth-Jarrow), both in the Kingdom of Northumbria. Bede's monastery had access to a superb library which included works by Eusebius and Orosius among many others.
He is well known as an author and scholar, and his most famous work, Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (The Ecclesiastical History of the English People) gained him the title "The Father of English History". In 1899, Bede was made a Doctor of the Church by Leo XIII, a position of theological significance; he is the only native of Great Britain to achieve this designation (Anselm of Canterbury, also a Doctor of the Church, was originally from Italy). Bede was moreover a skilled linguist and translator, and his work with the Latin and Greek writings of the early Church Fathers contributed significantly to English Christianity, making the writings much more accessible to his fellow Anglo-Saxons.
wn.com/Bede -
Benedict Biscop
Benedict Biscop (c. 628 – 690), also known as Biscop Baducing, was an Anglo-Saxon abbot and founder of Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Priory (where he also founded the famous library) and was considered a saint after his death.
Benedict was born of a noble Northumbrian family and was for a time a thegn of King Oswiu. At the age of 25 Benedict made the first of five trips to Rome, accompanying his friend Saint Wilfrid the Elder. However Wilfrid was detained in Lyon en route. Benedict completed the journey on his own and, when he returned to England, he was "full of fervour and enthusiasm ... for the good of the English Church."
Benedict made a second journey to Rome twelve years later, this time accompanied by Alchfrith of Deira, a son of King Oswiu. On this trip he met Acca and Wilfrid. On his return journey to England Benedict stopped at Lérins, a monastic island off the Mediterranean coast of Provence. During his two-year stay there, from 665 to 667, he underwent a course of instruction, taking monastic vows and the name of "Benedict".
wn.com/Benedict_Biscop -
Beormingas
The Beormingas ( /ˈbeɪ.ɔərmɪŋɡəs/; from Old English) were a tribe or clan in Anglo-Saxon England, possibly forming an early administrative unit of the Kingdom of Mercia. The name literally means "Beorma's people" in Old English, and Beorma is likely to have been either the leader of the group during its settlement in Britain or a real or legendary tribal ancestor. The name of the tribe is recorded in the place name Birmingham, which means "home, homestead or land-unit of the Beormingas".
It has been suggested that the Beormingas occupied a wider area, much larger than Birmingham's manor and parish and including many surrounding settlements scattered along the River Tame. Such beorminga or "Beorming" settlements could have come together in much the same way as The Rodings, a cluster of Anglo-Saxon villages established by the tribe of Hroða, who sailed up the River Thames to settle in Essex. It is possible that Anglo-Saxon place-names still in modern usage near Birmingham (Bearwood, Berwood, Brewood, Bromford, Little Bromwich, West Bromwich and Bromsgrove, for example) may reflect a link to beorminga settlements across northern parts of the Forest of Arden in Staffordshire and Warwickshire.
wn.com/Beormingas -
Bernicia
Bernicia (Old English: Bernice, Beornice; Latin: Bernicia) was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom established by Anglian settlers of the 6th century in what is now southeastern Scotland and North East England.
The Anglian territory of Bernicia was approximately equivalent to the modern English counties of Northumberland and Durham, and the former Scottish counties of Berwickshire and East Lothian, stretching from the Forth to the Tees. In the early 7th century, it merged with its southern neighbour, Deira, to form the kingdom of Northumbria and its borders subsequently expanded considerably.
Bernicia is mentioned in the 9th-century Historia Brittonum (§ 61) under the Welsh name of Berneich or Birneich and in Old Welsh poetry and elsewhere under the name of Bryneich or Brynaich. This may reflect the name of a preceding Brythonic kingdom or province, which was subsequently adopted by the Anglian settlers and rendered as Bernice or Beornice in the Old English tongue. If such forms represent a Welsh version of Bernicia, it is unclear why Welsh would need to borrow a 'foreign' name for the area, so the former hypothesis is usually accepted, although no etymological analysis has produced a consensus. The etymology which is most widely cited is that tentatively proposed by Kenneth H. Jackson, which gives the meaning "Land of the Mountain Passes" or "Land of the Gaps". The earlier derivation from the tribal name of the Brigantes has been dismissed as linguistically unsound. In 1997 John T. Koch suggested the conflation of a probable primary form *Bernech with the native form *Brïγent for the old civitas Brigantum as a result of Anglian expansion in that territory during the 7th century.
wn.com/Bernicia -
Bilsæte
The Bilsæte ("dwellers of the ridge") were a tribe or clan in Anglo-Saxon England living in an area surrounding a small ridge now occupied by the modern settlement of Bilston in the West Midlands of England.
A grant of land from King Aethelred bestowing Wolverhampton on Lady Wulfrun in 985 named the settlement as Bilsatena, and a later Anglo-Saxon charter of 996 calls the settlement Bilsetnatun. These names confirm the etymology (dwelling (tun) of the people (saetna) of the ridge (bil), and disproves the alternative and better known etymology for Bilston (Billestun).
wn.com/Bilsæte -
Bishop of Durham
The Bishop of Durham is the Anglican bishop responsible for the diocese of Durham in the province of York. The Diocese is one of the oldest in the country and its bishop is a member of the House of Lords. The current Bishop is Justin Welby who was consecrated on 28 October 2011 and installed on 26 November 2011.
Other duties of the Bishop of Durham include (with the Bishop of Bath and Wells) escorting the sovereign at the coronation.
He is officially styled The Right Reverend Father in God, (Christian Name), by Divine Providence Lord Bishop of Durham, but this full title is rarely used. In signatures, the bishop's family name is replaced by Dunelm, from the Latin name for Durham (the Latinised form of Old English Dunholm). In the past, bishops of Durham varied their signatures between Dunelm and the French Duresm. Auckland Castle has been the official residence of the Bishops of Durham since 1832.
From the seventh century A.D. onwards, in addition to his spiritual authority, the bishop of Durham also acted as the civil ruler of the region as the lord of the liberty of Durham, claiming local authority equal to that of the king. The bishop appointed all local officials and maintained his own court. After the Norman Conquest, this claim continued to be maintained by the bishop, and was eventually recognized with the establishment of the region as the County Palatine of Durham. As holder of this office, the bishop was titled a prince-bishop, and considered the equivalent of an earl. Except for a brief period of suppression during the Glorious Revolution, this temporal power of the office lasted until all such authorities were abolished in 1836.
wn.com/Bishop_of_Durham -
Celts
The Celts (usually pronounced /ˈkɛlts/ but sometimes /ˈsɛlts/, see pronunciation of Celtic) or Kelts were an ethno-linguistic group of tribal societies in Iron Age and Medieval Europe who spoke Celtic languages and had a similar culture.
The earliest archaeological culture that may justifiably be considered as Proto-Celtic is the Late Bronze Age Urnfield culture of central Europe from the last quarter of the second millennium BC. Their fully Celtic descendants in central Europe were the people of the Iron Age Hallstatt culture (c. 800-450 BC) named for the rich grave finds in Hallstatt, Austria. By the later La Tène period (c. 450 BC up to the Roman conquest), this Celtic culture had expanded over a wide range of regions, whether by diffusion or migration: to the British Isles (Insular Celts), France and The Low Countries (Gauls), much of Central Europe, the Iberian Peninsula (Celtiberians, Celtici and Gallaeci) and northern Italy (Golaseccans and Cisalpine Gauls) and following the Gallic invasion of the Balkans in 279 BC as far east as central Anatolia (Galatians).
wn.com/Celts -
Ceolfrith
Saint Ceolfrid (or Ceolfrith) (Pronounced "Chol-frid") (c. 642 – 716) was an Anglo-Saxon Christian abbot and saint. He is best known as the warden of Bede from the age of seven until his death in 716. He was the Abbot of Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey, and a major contributor to the project Codex Amiatinus. He died in Burgundy while en route to deliver a copy of the codex to Pope Gregory I in Rome.
Not much is known about the earlier period of Ceolfrid's life. His desire to join the monastic community was likely due to his own brother Cynefrid's devotion to the traditions of Christian monasticism. Historians date Ceolfrid's induction into monastic tradition around the date of Cynefrid's death in 660 CE. Ceolfrid is known to have a strong family connection to monastic tradition. In addition to his brother, his cousin Tunbert was the first Abbot of the Monastery of Hexham. His first four years in cloister took place at Gilling Abbey, which was also attended by Cynefrid, prior to his departure to Ireland. Ceolfrid is described as having "behaved of the greater devotion, giving his mind continually to reading, to labour, and monastic discipline". After these four years, Ceolfrid left Gilling as he "sought a monastery of a stricter character". He soon took in with a band of men, led by Wilfrid, later canonized as Saint Wilfrid. These monks are identified by Boutflower as being the Benedictines of Ripon at a monastery under the same name. During this time, he came to refine his own understanding of proper monastic principles. At the age of 27, Ceolfrid was ordained as a Bishop, and began to acquaint himself to the utmost with the practices of monastic life, which started him on the road to Kent.
wn.com/Ceolfrith -
Cilternsæte
The Cilternsæte (or Ciltern Sætna) was an Anglian tribe that occupied the Chilterns, probably in the 6th century AD.
The Tribal Hidage valued their territory at 4,000 hides. This assessment is relatively large compared with those of some other tribes or central England, being 4% of the whole of Wessex. Although the Tribal Hidage suggests the tribe gave its name to the hills, the truth must be the reverse since the toponym is of Brythonic origin. Eilert Ekwall suggested that Chiltern is possibly related to the ethnic name "Celt" ("Celtæ" in early Celtic). An adjective celto- ="high" with suffix -erno- could be the origin of Chiltern.
wn.com/Cilternsæte -
Danelaw
The Danelaw, as recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (also known as the Danelagh; Old English: Dena lagu; Danish: Danelagen), is a historical name given to the part of England in which the laws of the "Danes" held sway and dominated those of the Anglo-Saxons. It is contrasted with "West Saxon law" and "Mercian law". The term has been extended by modern historians to be geographical. The areas that comprised the Danelaw are in northern and eastern England. The origins of the Danelaw arose from the Viking expansion of the 9th century, although the term was not used to describe a geographic area until the 11th century. With the increase in population and productivity in Scandinavia, Viking warriors, having sought treasure and glory in the nearby British Isles, "proceeded to plough and support themselves", in the words of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, for the year 876.
Danelaw is also used to describe the set of legal terms and definitions created in the treaties between the English king, Alfred the Great, and the Danish warlord, Guthrum, written following Guthrum's defeat at the Battle of Edington in 878. In 886, the Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum was formalised, defining the boundaries of their kingdoms, with provisions for peaceful relations between the English and the Vikings.
wn.com/Danelaw -
Deira
Deira (Old English: Derenrice (Scandinavian: Deren Riket; Germanic Deren Reich) or Dere) was a kingdom in Northern England during the 6th century AD. It extended from the Humber to the Tees, and from the sea to the western edge of the Vale of York. It later merged with the kingdom of Bernicia to the north to form the kingdom of Northumbria.
The name of the kingdom is of Brythonic origin, perhaps from Deifr, meaning "waters", or from Daru, meaning "oak", in which case it would mean "the people of the Derwent", a derivation also found in the Latin name for Malton, Derventio.
According to Simeon of Durham it extended from the Humber to the Tyne, but the land was waste north of the Tees. After the Brythonic kingdom centered around Eboracum, which may have been called Ebrauc, was taken by Edwin, the city of Eboracum became its capital and was called Eoforwic (boar-place) by the Angles. Before this it is likely that the capital would have been at or near Pocklington.
The first Deiran Anglian king of whom we have any record is Ælla, who flourished in the later 6th century after conquering the realm from the Britons in 581. After his death, Deira was subject to king Æthelfrith of Bernicia, who united the two kingdoms into Northumbria. Æthelfrith ruled until the accession of Ælla's son Edwin, in 616 or 617, who also ruled both kingdoms until 633.
wn.com/Deira -
Domnall Brecc
Domnall Brecc (Welsh: Dyfnwal Frych; English: Donald the Freckled) (d. 642 in Strathcarron) was king of Dál Riata, in modern Scotland, from about 629 until 642. He was the son of Eochaid Buide.
He first appears in 622, when the Annals of Tigernach report his presence at the battle of Cend Delgthen (probably in the east midlands of Ireland) as an ally of Conall Guthbinn of Clann Cholmáin. This is the only battle known where Domnall Brecc fought on the winning side.
Domnall suffered four defeats after he broke Dál Riata's alliance with the Cenél Conaill clan of the Uí Néill. In Ireland, Domnall and his ally Congal Cáech of the Dál nAraidi were defeated by Domnall mac Áedo of the Cenél Conaill, the High King of Ireland, at the Battle of Mag Rath (Moira, County Down) in 637. He also lost to the Picts in 635 and 638 and lastly to Eugein I of Alt Clut at Strathcarron in 642, where he was killed.
A stanza interpolated into the early 9th Century Welsh poem Y Gododdin refers to these events:
I saw an array that came from Pentir,
And bore themselves splendidly around the conflagration.
I saw a second one, rapidly descending from their township,
Who had risen at the word of the grandson of Nwython.
I saw great sturdy men who came with the dawn,
And the head of Dyfnwal Frych, ravens gnawed it.
wn.com/Domnall_Brecc -
Eanfrith of Bernicia
Eanfrith (590–634) was briefly King of Bernicia from 633 to 634. He was the son of Æthelfrith, a Bernician king who had also ruled Deira to the south before being killed in battle around 616 against Raedwald of East Anglia, who had given refuge to Edwin, an exiled prince of Deira.
Edwin became king of Northumbria upon Æthelfrith's death, and Eanfrith, who was, according to Bede, the eldest of Æthelfrith's sons, went into exile to the north. In his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Bede writes that "For all the time that Edwin reigned, the sons of the aforesaid Etheifrid [Æthelfrith], who had reigned before him, with many of the nobility, lived in banishment among the Scots or Picts, and were there instructed according to the doctrine of the Scots, and received the grace of baptism."
Eanfrith married a Pictish princess and had a son, Talorcan, who later became a king of the Picts (653–657). Edwin was killed by the army of Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd and Penda of Mercia at the Battle of Hatfield Chase in October 633, and Eanfrith, taking the opportunity to return home, became king of Bernicia. He did not, however, rule Deira, which was held by a relative of Edwin, Osric. Bede tells us that as soon as Eanfrith became king, he "renounced and lost" his faith and returned to the "abominations" of his "former idols".
wn.com/Eanfrith_of_Bernicia -
Edwin of Northumbria
Edwin (Old English: Ēadwine; c. 586 – 12 October 632/633), also known as Eadwine or Æduini, was the King of Deira and Bernicia – which later became known as Northumbria – from about 616 until his death. He converted to Christianity and was baptised in 627; after he fell at the Battle of Hatfield Chase, he was venerated as a saint.
Edwin was the son of Ælle king of Deira and seems to have had (at least) two siblings. His sister Acha was married to Æthelfrith, king of neighbouring Bernicia. An otherwise unknown sibling fathered Hereric, who in turn fathered Abbess Hilda of Whitby and Hereswith, wife to Æthelric, the brother of king Anna of East Anglia.
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reported that on Ælle's death a certain "Æthelric" assumed power. The exact identity of Æthelric is uncertain. He may have been a brother of Ælle, an elder brother of Edwin, an otherwise unknown Deiran noble, or the father of Æthelfrith. Æthelfrith himself appears to have been king of "Northumbria"—both Deira and Bernicia—by no later than 604. During the reign of Æthelfrith, Edwin was an exile. The location of his early exile as a child is not known, but late traditions, reported by Reginald of Durham and Geoffrey of Monmouth, place Edwin in the kingdom of Gwynedd, fostered by king Cadfan ap Iago, so allowing biblical parallels to be drawn from the struggle between Edwin and his supposed foster-brother Cadwallon. By the 610s he was certainly in Mercia, under the protection of king Cearl, whose daughter Cwenburg he married.
wn.com/Edwin_of_Northumbria -
Elmetsæte
Elmet was an independent Brythonic kingdom covering a broad area of what later became the West Riding of Yorkshire during the Early Middle Ages, between approximately the 5th century and early 7th century. Although its precise boundaries are unclear, it appears to have been bordered by the River Sheaf in the south and the River Wharfe in the east. It adjoined Deira to the north and Mercia to the south, and its western boundary appears to have been near Craven, which was possibly a minor British kingdom. As such it was well to the east of other territories of the Britons in Wales and the West Country (i.e. Cornwall and Dumnonia), and to the south of those in the Hen Ogledd or Old North. As one of the southeasternmost Brythonic regions for which there is reasonably substantial evidence, it is notable for having survived relatively late in the period of Anglo-Saxon conquest.
Elmet was invaded and conquered by Northumbria in the autumn of 616 or 626. The kingdom is chiefly attested in topographical and archaeological evidence, references in early Welsh poetry, and historical sources such as the Historia Brittonum and Bede. The name survives throughout the area in place names such as Barwick-in-Elmet and Sherburn-in-Elmet. A local parliamentary constituency is also called Elmet.
wn.com/Elmetsæte -
Eric Bloodaxe
Eric Haraldsson (Eric, anglicised form of Old Norse: Eiríkr; died 954), nicknamed ‘Bloodaxe’ (blóðøx), was a 10th-century Scandinavian ruler. He is thought to have had short-lived terms as King of Norway and possibly as the last independent ruler of the kingdom of Northumbria (c. 947/8–948 and 952–5).
Distinct from the king of Norway of the Norse sagas, a member of the Fairhair dynasty, the historical Eric of Northumbria has recently been argued to have actually belonged to the Uí Ímair (House of Ivar), a distinct dynasty long established in the British Isles by the time of his rule.
The little historical data which is available has been used by historians to reconstruct a narrative of his life and career. There is a distinction between contemporary or near contemporary sources for Eric's period as ruler of Northumbria, and the entirely saga-based sources that detail the life of Eric of Norway, a chieftain who ruled the Norwegian Westland in the 930s. Norse sources have identified the two as the same since the late 12th century, and while the subject was controversial among early modern historians, most historians have identified the two figures as the same since W. G. Collingwood's article in 1901. This identification has been rejected recently by the historian Claire Downham, who argued that later Norse writers synthesized the two Erics, possibly using English sources. This argument, though respected by other historians in the area, has not produced consensus.
wn.com/Eric_Bloodaxe -
Gaini
The Gaini (or Ganni) were an early Anglo-Saxon tribe. Their location cannot now be identified, but they are thought to have been one of the tribes which made up the kingdom of Mercia.
In 868, before he became king, Alfred the Great married Ealhswith, daughter of a Mercian nobleman, Æthelred, known as Mucel, ealdorman of the Gaini. Æthelred witnessed several charters between 867 and 895, and he is probably identical with the ealdorman Mucel who witnessed Mercian charters between 836 and 866. He may have been the son of another ealdorman Mucel who witnessed Mercian charters from 814 to the 840s, and this Mucel in turn was probably the son of ealdorman Esne who witnessed Mercian charters in the late eighth and early ninth centuries.
Ealhswith's brother, Æthelwulf, who died in 901, was also described as an ealdorman.
The approximate succession of Ealdormen of the Gaini may therefore be:
wn.com/Gaini -
Gewisse
The Gewisse (Old English Geuissæ) was a tribe or clan of Anglo-Saxon England, based in the upper Thames region around Dorchester-on-Thames.
The name of the tribe may be derived from an Old English word for "reliable" or "sure", (cf. German gewiss = "certain, sure"). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle presents an eponymous ancestor figure, named Giwis.Eilert Ekwall proposed that the similarity in toponymy between the kingdoms of the Gewisse and Hwicce suggests a common origin.[page needed]
The Gewisse captured Searobyrig in 552 and Beranbyrig from the Britons in 556.Birinus converted the Gewisse to Christianity in 636 by baptising their king Cynegils and establishing the Diocese of Dorchester. The Gewisse killed the three sons of Sæbert of Essex in about 620, defeated the Britons at the Battle of Peonnum in 660 and by 676 had sufficient control over what is now Hampshire to establish a see at Winchester.
The conquests by the royal house of Gewisse in the 7th and 8th centuries led to the establishment of the Kingdom of Wessex, and Bede treated the two names as interchangeable. It was only during the reign of Cædwalla (685/6 – 688) that the title "king of the Saxons" began to replace "king of the Gewisse". Barbara Yorke has suggested that it was Cædwalla's conquest of the Jutish province and the South Saxons that led to the need for a new title to distinguish the expanded realm from its predecessor. However, as there are no surviving documents to indicate how these people described themselves, the most that can be said is that by the time Bede was writing (early 8th century), the phrase "West Saxons" had come into use by scholars.
wn.com/Gewisse -
Gyrwas
Gyrwas was the name of an Anglo-Saxon population of the Fens, divided into northern and southern groups and recorded in the Tribal Hidage; related to the name of Jarrow.
Hugh Candidus, a 12th century chronicler of Peterborough Abbey, describes its foundation in the territory of the Gyrwas, under the name of Medeshamstede. Medeshamstede was clearly in the territory of the North Gyrwas. Hugh Candidus explains Gyrwas, which he uses in the present tense, as meaning people "who dwell in the fen, or hard by the fen, since a deep bog is called in the Saxon tongue Gyr". The territory of the South Gyrwas included Ely. Æthelthryth founded Ely monastery after the death of her husband Tondberht, who is described in Bede's Ecclesiastical History as a "prince of the South Gyrwas". Bede also described Bishop Thomas of Dunwich, in East Anglia, as having been "from the province of the Gyrwas", and deacon to his predecessor Felix.
wn.com/Gyrwas -
Haestingas
The Haestingas, or alternatively Heastingas or Hæstingas, were one of the tribes of Anglo-Saxon Britain. The Kingdom of Haestingas was located in modern-day Sussex, and was one of the minor sub-kingdoms of the Heptarchy.
When Ælle of Sussex came to Britain in 491, he soon forged the Saxon kingdom of Sussex. Soon after Ælle arrived, a Saxon tribe known as the Haestingas appeared in the southeastern region of Sussex. It is believed that they were named so after a chieftain or ruler called Haesta, as in the Old English language, Haestingas means "Haesta's People". Haesta by itself, however, means "violent". The Kingdom of Haestingas was most likely very small, extending only a few leagues from the centre of their kingdom, which became known as "Haestingas" now known under the modern name of Hastings.
In 771, Offa of Mercia conquered all of Sussex, effectively ending the reign of the Haestingas.
wn.com/Haestingas -
Halfdan Ragnarsson
Halfdan Ragnarsson, or Halfdene to the Anglo-Saxons, was a Viking chief and one of the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok with Aslaug. It has been suggested that Halfdan is the same person as Ragnar's son Hvitserk
Halfdan pillaged with his brothers Ivar Ragnarsson and Ubbe Ragnarsson, and later became a leader of the Great Heathen Army. The army first landed in England in East Anglia during 865.
Halfdan led the Danes in the taking of Reading in and inflicted defeat on Alfred the Great when the Saxons attempted to retake it. However he is also listed as one of the commanders of the Vikings four days later at The Battle of Ashdown on 8 January 871 when Alfred led the West Saxon army in a victorious battle. However, the Danes inflicted more defeats on Alfred and Halfdan became the ruler of London 871–872 where he had coins made.
In 875, he joined his brothers in conquering the Kingdom of Northumbria. He was widely unpopular due to his alleged cruelty. He was expelled from York and died during a new Viking expedition in 877.
wn.com/Halfdan_Ragnarsson -
Henry of Huntingdon
Henry of Huntingdon (c. 1088 – c. 1154), the son of a canon in the diocese of Lincoln, was a 12th century English historian, the author of a history of England, Historia anglorum, "the most important Anglo-Norman historian to emerge from the secular clergy". He served as archdeacon of Huntingdon. The few details of Henry's life that are known originated from his own works and from a number of official records. He was brought up in the wealthy court of Robert Bloet of Lincoln, who became his patron.
At the request of Bloet's successor, Alexander of Lincoln, Henry began to write his Historia Anglorum, first published c. 1129, an account of the history of England from its beginnings up to the year 1154. The Historia stops after this date, the year it is assumed Henry died.
Little is known of Henry, an archdeacon in the Diocese of Lincoln who was born c. 1110 and died soon after 1154.[unreliable source?] No personal correspondence or anecdotes survived him and it seemed that no one considered him important enough to have written a memorial. His biography depends upon a few notices scattered through his own work and in a few places where he left his name in the course of his official duties. The identity of his mother is unknown. His father Nicholas, the first archdeacon of Huntingdon, was a clerk in holy orders, who had enough influence with the Bishop of Lincoln to secure the succession of his title for his son, a substantial inheritance for a man who had not yet reached thirty. Nicholas was canon of Lincoln for over thirty years until his death in 1110.
wn.com/Henry_of_Huntingdon -
Husmerae
The Husmerae were a tribe or clan in Anglo-Saxon England, possibly forming an early settlement of the Hwicce subkingdom. The Husmerae settled on the banks of the River Stour, prior to 736. They probably took their name from Usmere, a pool on the boundary of Wolverley whose name in preserved in Ismere House in Churchill, Worcestershire.
The tribe is mentioned only in the Ismere Diploma of 734, and subsequent charters relating to the same property until 964, when Usmere occurs on the boundary of Cookley in Wolverley. This charter was for the foundation of a coenubium (minster). That minster was probably at Kidderminster, quite probably occupying the site of the parish church there.
Although the Husmerae may have been of West Saxon origin, settling into the area some time after the West Saxon defeat of the Britons at the Battle of Dyrham in 577, the Ismere Diploma suggests that Husmerae is the ancient name for area, although uncertainty over its provenance leave the origins of the name open to question
wn.com/Husmerae -
Hwicce
Hwicce was a kingdom in the Heptarchy period of Anglo-Saxon England. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle the kingdom was established in 577, after the Battle of Deorham. After 628 the kingdom became a client or sub-kingdom of Mercia as a result of the Battle of Cirencester.
It was assessed at 7000 hides in the Tribal Hidage, giving it a similar sized economy to the kingdoms of Essex and Sussex. The exact boundaries of their kingdom are uncertain, though it is likely that they coincided with those of the old Diocese of Worcester, founded in 679–80, the early bishops of which bore the title Episcopus Hwicciorum. The kingdom would therefore have included Worcestershire except the northwestern tip, Gloucestershire except the Forest of Dean, the southwestern half of Warwickshire, the neighbourhood of Bath north of the Avon, plus small parts of Herefordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire and north-west Wiltshire.
Various historians and archaeologists have examined the Hwicce Kingdom, including Della Hooke and Stephen J. Yeates in his book The Tribe of Witches (2008).
wn.com/Hwicce -
Icelingas
The Kingdom of Mercia was an important state in the English Midlands from the 6th century to the 10th. For some two hundred years from the mid-7th century onwards it was the dominant member of the Heptarchy and consequently the most powerful of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. During this period its rulers became the very first English monarchs to assume such wide ranging titles as King of Britain and King of the English.
Spellings varied widely in this period, even within a single document, and a number of variants exist for the names given below. For example, the sound th was usually represented with the Old English letters ð or þ.
For the Continental predecessors of the Mercians in Angeln, see List of kings of the Angles. For their successors see List of English monarchs.
The traditional rulers of Mercia were known as the Iclings, descendants of the kings of the Angles. When the Iclings became extinct in the male line, a number of other families, labelled B, C and W by historians, competed for the throne.
wn.com/Icelingas -
Ivar the Boneless
Ivar Ragnarsson (Old Norse: Īvarr; died possibly 873) nicknamed the Boneless (inn beinlausi), was a Viking leader and by reputation also a berserker. By the late 11th century he was known as a son of the powerful Ragnar Lodbrok, ruler of an area probably comprising parts of modern-day Denmark and Sweden.
In the autumn of AD 865, with his brothers Halfdan Ragnarsson (Halfdene) and Ubbe Ragnarsson (Hubba), Ivar led the Great Heathen Army in the invasion of the East Anglian region of England. An accommodation was quickly reached with the East Anglians. The following year, Ivar led his forces north on horseback and easily captured York (which the Danes called Jorvik) from the Northumbrians who were at that time engaged in a civil war.
Ivar and the Danes succeeded in holding York against a vain attempt to relieve the city in AD 867.
Ivar is also attributed with the slaying of St. Edmund of East Anglia in AD 869. The story is first known from Abbo of Fleury's Latin Passion of King Edmund and Ælfric's Old English adaptation thereof. By their accounts, when Edmund refused to become the vassal of a pagan, he was killed in much the same way as Saint Sebastian was martyred. Ivar had Edmund bound to a tree, whereupon Vikings shot arrows into him until he died. According to later accounts, Edmund was shot in the nave of a church.
wn.com/Ivar_the_Boneless -
Kingdom of Lindsey
Lindsey or Linnuis (Old English Lindesege) is the name of a petty Anglo-Saxon kingdom, absorbed into Northumbria in the 7th century.
It lay between the Humber and the Wash, forming its inland boundaries from the course of the Witham and Trent rivers (with the inclusion of an area inside of a marshy region south of the Humber known as the Isle of Axholme), and the Foss Dyke between them. It is believed that Roman Lindum (Lincoln) was the capital of this kingdom, with continuity of the place-name suggesting continuity of settlement traditions: in 625, Bede recounts, the missionary Paulinus of York was received by the praefectus of Lindum. Place-name evidence indicates that the Anglian settlement known as Lindisfaras spread from the Humber coast. Compare Winta and Winteringham.
Its name means the 'island of Lincoln'. This derives from the fact that it was surrounded by water and very wet land and had Lincoln towards its south-west corner. In the period of Anglo-Saxon settlement in Great Britain beginning in about 450, the kingdom of Lindsey was one of the lesser kingdoms within the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. Although it has its own list of kings, at an early date it came under external influence. It was from time to time effectively part of Deira, the Northumbrian kingdom and particularly later, of Mercia. Lindsey's independence was gone well before the arrival of the Danish Settlers.
wn.com/Kingdom_of_Lindsey -
Lindisfaras
The Lindisfaras (or Lindesfaras) (Old English Lindisfaran) were an Anglian tribe who, in the 6th century, established the kingdom of Lindsey between the valleys of the rivers Humber and Witham, in the north of what is now Lincolnshire. They retained their administrative independence throughout the 7th century but, following the Battle of the Trent between the kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria, remained under Mercian control until the Viking invasion of the ninth century. According to D. P. Kirby, the Heathfeld Land of Yorkshire mentioned as part of the Lindisfaras' 7000 hides listed in the Tribal Hidage, was Hatfield Chase.
Lindisfarne in Northumbria derived its name, according to one place-name authority, from the Lindisfaras, so having the meaning "island [of the] travellers from Lindsey", indicating that the island was settled from Lindsey, or possibly that its inhabitants travelled there.
wn.com/Lindisfaras -
Magonsæte
Magonsæte was a minor sub-kingdom of the greater Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Mercia, thought to be coterminous with the Diocese of Hereford.
The British territory of Pengwern was conquered by Oswiu of Northumbria in 656, while he was overlord of the Mercians. Western Pengwern was then occupied by Anglian groups. One group based itself at the old Roman town of Magnis or Caer Magon, modern Kenchester near Hereford.
The sub-kingdom of the Western Hecani existed in the late 7th and early 8th centuries, of which three rulers are known: Merewalh, Mildfrith, and Merchelm. By the later 8th century, the region would seem to have been reincorporated into Mercia, perhaps as Westerna, becoming known as the Magonsæte by the 9th century.
wn.com/Magonsæte -
Meonwara
Meonwara or Meonsæte is the name of a people of probable Jutish ethnicity who lived in what is now known as the Meon Valley, an area in southern Hampshire, England, during the late 5th century and early 6th century. The name Meonwara simply means "People of the Meon" in Old English.
The land that the Meonwara Jutes settled was the valley of the River Meon and also part of southern Hampshire across the Solent from the Isle of Wight
The Anglo Saxon Chronicle records a series of landings between 449 and 514CE of Anglo Saxon people in this area. While the identity of those in the later landings are described as "West Saxons" those in the earlier landings are without description and generally considered to be the Jutes. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle the founders of Meonwara were Port and his two sons Bieda and Maegla. These were later followed by Wihtgar and his brother Stuf who are said to have colonised the Isle of Wight (the name Wight being traditionally thought to derive from Wihtgar, however the name Vectis is attested in the Roman period in Pliny and Diodorus, among others.).
wn.com/Meonwara -
Mercia
Mercia ( /ˈmɜrsiə/, /ˈmɜrʃə/) was one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. It was centred on the valley of the River Trent and its tributaries in the region now known as the English Midlands. The name is a Latinisation of the Old English Mierce or Myrce, meaning "border people".
Mercia's neighbours included Northumbria, Powys and the kingdoms of southern Wales, Wessex, Sussex, Essex and East Anglia.
The name Mercia is still in use today by a wide range of organisations, including military units, public, commercial and voluntary bodies; and occurs as a female given name.
Mercia's exact evolution from the Anglo-Saxon invasions is more obscure than that of Northumbria, Kent, or even Wessex. Also, Mercia developed an effective political structure and adopted Christianity later than the other kingdoms. Archaeological surveys show that Angles settled the lands north of the River Thames by the 6th century. The name Mercia is Old English for "boundary folk" (see Welsh Marches), and the traditional interpretation is that the kingdom originated along the frontier between the native Welsh and the Anglo-Saxon invaders. However, P. Hunter Blair argued an alternative interpretation: that they emerged along the frontier of Northumbria and the inhabitants of the Trent river valley.
wn.com/Mercia -
Middle Angles
The Middle Angles were an important ethnic or cultural group within the larger kingdom of Mercia in England in the Anglo-Saxon period.
It is likely that Angles broke into the Midlands from East Anglia and the Wash in the early 6th century. Those who established their control first came to be called Middil Engli (Middle Angles). Their territory was centred in modern Leicestershire and East Staffordshire, but probably extended as far as the Cambridgeshire uplands and the Chilterns. This gave them a strategically important place within both Mercia and England as a whole, dominating both the great land routes of Watling Street and Fosse Way, and the major river route of the River Trent, together with its tributaries, the Tame and Soar.
The Middle Angles were incorporated into the wider kingdom of Mercia, apparently well before the reign of Penda (c.626-655), who evidently felt safe enough to locate his base in their territory. He placed his eldest son, Peada, in charge of the Middle Angles as sub-king. Bede specifies the Middle Angles as the target of a four-man Christian mission accepted by Peada, who converted to Christianity, partly in order to wed the daughter of King Oswiu of Northumbria. This mission arrived in 653 and included St. Cedd. Peada's conversion and acceptance of baptism in Northumbria possibly indicates a continuing sense of disunity or local particularism within Mercia. It is unlikely that Peada could have pursued so different a course from his father, at the strategic and political centre of the Mercian kingdom, without local support among the Middle Angles.
wn.com/Middle_Angles -
Middle Saxons
The Middle Saxons or Middel Seaxe were a people whose territory later became, with somewhat contracted boundaries, the county of Middlesex, England. It included the early London settlement. The area was part of the Kingdom of Essex, but was ceded to Mercia in the 8th century.
wn.com/Middle_Saxons -
Normans
The Normans (in French: Normands) were the people who gave their name to Normandy, a region in northern France. They were descended from Norse Viking conquerors of the territory and the native population of Frankish and Gallo-Roman stock. Their identity emerged initially in the first half of the 10th century, and gradually evolved over succeeding centuries.
They played a major political, military, and cultural role in medieval Europe and even the Near East. They were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety. They quickly adopted the Romance language of the land they settled, their dialect becoming known as Norman or Norman-French, an important literary language. The Duchy of Normandy, which they formed by treaty with the French crown, was one of the great fiefs of medieval France. The Normans are famed both for their culture, such as their unique Romanesque architecture, and their musical traditions, as well as for their military accomplishments and innovations. Norman adventurers established a kingdom in Sicily and southern Italy by conquest, and a Norman expedition on behalf of their duke, William the Conqueror, led to the Norman Conquest of England. Norman influence spread from these new centres to the Crusader States in the Near East, to Scotland and Wales in Great Britain, and to Ireland.
wn.com/Normans -
North Mercians
The Southumbrians or 'Suðanhymbre' were the Anglo-Saxon people occupying northern Mercia. The term may not have been used by the Mercians, and it may have been coined by the Deiran or Bernician people as a territorial response to their own Kingdom of Northumbria. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle refers to King Coenred as having become the King of the Southumbrians in 702, two years before he became King of all the Mercians. The fact that Coenred was the son of Wulfhere, the Mercian King, implies that Southumbria was a sub-kingdom of Mercia.
More generally Southumbria is used by modern historians to refer conveniently to all of Anglo-Saxon England south of the River Humber, and not in Northumbria, especially in the period before England was unified.
wn.com/North_Mercians -
Osric of Deira
Osric (died 633 or 634) was a King of Deira (632–633 or 633–634) in northern England. He was a cousin of king Edwin of Northumbria, being the son of Edwin's uncle Æthelric of Deira. Osric was also the father of Oswine.
After Edwin was killed in battle against Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd and Penda of Mercia, Northumbria fell into disarray, with Eanfrith taking power in the sub-kingdom of Bernicia and Osric taking power in Deira. According to Bede, Osric was, like Eanfrith, a Christian who reverted to paganism upon coming to power.
Cadwallon continued his ruinous invasion of Northumbria, however. Bede says that Osric besieged Cadwallon "in a strong town", but Cadwallon successfully "sallied out on a sudden with all his forces, by surprise, and destroyed him [Osric] and all his army."
The year in which he and Eanfrith ruled was subsequently deemed so abhorrent because of their paganism that it was decided to add that year to the reign of the Christian Oswald of Bernicia, who defeated Cadwallon and came to rule both Bernicia and Deira, so as to ignore the brief reigns of Osric and Eanfrith.
wn.com/Osric_of_Deira -
Osric of Northumbria
Osric was king of Northumbria from the death of Coenred in 718 until his death on the 9th of May, 729. Symeon of Durham calls him a son of Aldfrith of Northumbria, which would make him a brother, or perhaps a half-brother, of Osred. Alternatively, he may have been a son of King Eahlfrith of Deira, and thus a first cousin of Osred.
Bede reports little of Osric's reign, but records that comets were seen at his death, a sign of ill omen. William of Malmesbury praises Osric for his decision to adopt Ceolwulf, brother of Coenred, as his heir.
wn.com/Osric_of_Northumbria -
Oswine of Deira
Oswine (or Osuine) (died 20 August 651) was a King of Deira in northern England. He succeeded King Oswald of Northumbria, probably around the year 644, after Oswald's death at the Battle of Maserfield. Oswine was the son of Osric.
His succession, perhaps the choice of the people of Deira, split the Kingdom of Northumbria. Oswiu was the successor of Bernicia to the north. After years of peaceful rule, Oswiu declared war on Oswine. Oswine refused to engage in battle, instead retreating to Gilling, where he was betrayed by a friend, and murdered by Oswiu’s soldiers.
Oswine was buried at Tynemouth, but was later forgotten. It is said that his burial place was made known by an apparition to a monk named Edmund, and his relics were translated to an honorable place in the Tynemouth Priory in 1065. He was culted as a Christian martyr because he had died "if not for the faith of Christ, at least for the justice of Christ".
The Anglican Parish Church of Wylam, Northumberland, England is dedicated to St Oswin. The Church was built in 1886 and it currently has a congregation of about 150. The Church has a ring of 6 Bells (in the Tower) and has regular Sunday services with ringing.
wn.com/Oswine_of_Deira -
Oswiu of Northumbria
Oswiu (c. 612 – 15 February 670), also known as Oswy or Oswig (Old English: Ōswīg), was a King of Bernicia. His father, Æthelfrith of Bernicia, was killed in battle, fighting against Rædwald, King of the East Angles and Edwin of Deira at the River Idle in 616. Along with his brothers and their supporters, Oswiu was then exiled until Edwin's death in 633.
Following the death of his brother Oswald, defeated by Penda at the Battle of Maserfield on 5 August 642, Oswiu became King of the Bernicians. He passed the next decade in obscurity as one of many kings subject to Penda. In 655 Penda invaded Bernicia, driving Oswiu before him. The details of the campaign are unclear, but at the Battle of the Winwæd Oswiu unexpectedly defeated and killed Penda. This victory was followed by Oswiu's short-lived imperium—he is traditionally counted as a Bretwalda—over much of Great Britain. He established himself as King of Mercia, setting up his son-in-law, Penda's son Peada as a subject king.
Oswiu's unchallenged domination of Britain lasted only a short time, ending when a revolt among the Mercians established Penda's son Wulfhere as their king. A negotiated settlement appears to have been preferred on both sides to prevent war. Divisions within the Northumbrian church led to the Synod of Whitby in 664, where Oswiu agreed to settle the Easter controversy by adopting the Roman dating. His later years were marred by conflict with his son Ealhfrith. Oswiu died in 670 and was succeeded by his son Ecgfrith.
wn.com/Oswiu_of_Northumbria -
Pencersæte
The Pencersaete or Pencersæte (dwellers of the Penk valley) were a tribe or clan in Anglo-Saxon England living in the valley of the River Penk in the West Midlands of England and remaining around Penkridge throughout the existence of the Kingdom of Mercia.
They took their name from a hill near Penkridge, Brythonic penno - head and cruc - tumulus or hill.
An Anglo-Saxon charter of 849 describes an area of Cofton Hackett in the Lickey Hills south of Birmingham as "the boundary of the Tomsæte and the Pencersæte",.
wn.com/Pencersæte -
Penda of Mercia
Penda (died 15 November 655) was a 7th-century King of Mercia, the Anglo-Saxon kingdom in what is today the English Midlands. A pagan at a time when Christianity was taking hold in many of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, Penda took over the Severn Valley in 628 following the Battle of Cirencester before participating in the defeat of the powerful Northumbrian king Edwin at the Battle of Hatfield Chase in 633.
Nine years later, he defeated and killed Edwin's eventual successor, Oswald, at the Battle of Maserfield; from this point he was probably the most powerful of the Anglo-Saxon rulers of the time, laying the foundations for the Mercian supremacy over the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. He repeatedly defeated the East Angles and drove Cenwalh the king of Wessex into exile for three years. He continued to wage war against the Bernicians of Northumbria. Thirteen years after Maserfield, he suffered a crushing defeat by Oswald's successor Oswiu and was killed at the Battle of the Winwaed in the course of a final campaign against the Bernicians.
wn.com/Penda_of_Mercia -
Picts
The Picts were a group of Late Iron Age and Early Mediaeval Celtic people living in ancient eastern and northern Scotland. There is an association with the geographical distribution of brochs, Brythonic place name elements, and Pictish stones. Picts are recorded from before the Roman conquest of Britain until the 10th century, when they merged with the Gaels. They lived to the north of the rivers Forth and Clyde, and spoke the extinct Pictish language, thought to have been related to the Brythonic languages spoken by the Britons to the south. They are assumed to have been the descendants of the Caledonii and other tribes named by Roman historians or found on the world map of Ptolemy. Pictland, also known as Pictavia, gradually merged with the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata to form the Kingdom of Alba (Scotland). Alba expanded, absorbing the Brythonic kingdom of Strathclyde and Bernician Lothian, and by the 11th century the Pictish identity had been subsumed into the "Scots" amalgamation of peoples.
wn.com/Picts -
Ragnall mac Gofraid
Ragnall mac Gofraid was a Norse-Gael King of the Isles of Scotland during the early eleventh century. Ragnall's Norse name was Røgnvaldr Guðrøðsson and he was titled rí na nInnsi meaning that he ruled over the Hebrides. It is also possible his territory included the Isle of Man.
Very little is known of his life save that he was the son of Gofraid mac Arailt, who died in 989 and that Ragnall himself died in Munster in 1004 or 1005. His presence in Munster may indicate an alliance with Brian Bóruma mac Cennétig against the growing strength in the western seas of Sigurd the Stout the Earl of Orkney & Mormaer of Caithness. Sigurd was a vassal of the King of Norway who appointed a jarl called Gilli to rule over the Western Isles in 990, the year following Gofraid's death and Sigurd resumed direct control of the isles following Ragnall's death. It is therefore possible that Ragnall's rule was either only over part of the territory of the Sudreyar or was wrested back from Sigurd in the year's following his father's death, or both.
wn.com/Ragnall_mac_Gofraid -
Ragnall ua Ímair
Ragnall (Old Irish: Ragnall ua Ímair,Old Norse: Rögnvaldr) (died 920 or 921) was a Norse emperor or overlord of northern Britain, including Northumbria, the entire Irish Sea region including the Isle of Man, south to Waterford and briefly much of the Irish province of Munster, and then returning to Britain, briefly York as distinct from Northumbria at this time. According to the majority of modern scholars, at his height he was the most powerful Norse ruler the Anglo-Celtic Isles had yet seen. Ragnall was one of the grandsons of Ímar, the dynasty known as the Uí Ímair or House of Ivar, along with his contemporary kinsmen Sihtric Cáech and Gofraid. Although once questioned, the identity between the Ragnall of the Irish Sea and Ragnald of northern Britain is no longer in doubt. He may or may not have ruled territory in western and northern Scotland including the Hebrides and Northern Isles, but contemporary sources are silent on this matter.
The Ímar from whom the Uí Ímair were descended is generally presumed to be that Ímar, "king of the Northmen of all Britain and Ireland", whose death is reported by the Annals of Ulster in 873. Whether this Ímar is to be identified with the leader of the Great Heathen Army, or with Ivarr the Boneless, is less certain. In the period between the death of Ímar and the expulsion of the Northmen and Norse-Gaels from Dublin in 902, it is not certain that any descendants of Ímar played a notable part in the politics of the region. Members of the kindred appear to have led armies against the Picts following their expulsion, but these were killed and the armies destroyed in 904 by Constantín son of Áed, the king of Alba.
wn.com/Ragnall_ua_Ímair -
Readingas
The Readingas (Old English Rēadingas) were a tribe or clan of early Anglo-Saxon England, whose territory adjoined that of the Sunningas to the east and that of the Basingas to the south. The name literally means means "Rēada's people" and later gave its name to the town of Reading.
wn.com/Readingas -
Snotingas
The Snotingas were an Anglian tribe who either took their name from a chieftain called 'Snot' or 'Snod', or from the word Snottenga, meaning 'caves'. The snotingas occupied the settlement of Snottengaham or Snodengaham (modern Nottingham).
wn.com/Snotingas -
Southumbrians
The Southumbrians or 'Suðanhymbre' were the Anglo-Saxon people occupying northern Mercia. The term may not have been used by the Mercians, and it may have been coined by the Deiran or Bernician people as a territorial response to their own Kingdom of Northumbria. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle refers to King Coenred as having become the King of the Southumbrians in 702, two years before he became King of all the Mercians. The fact that Coenred was the son of Wulfhere, the Mercian King, implies that Southumbria was a sub-kingdom of Mercia.
More generally Southumbria is used by modern historians to refer conveniently to all of Anglo-Saxon England south of the River Humber, and not in Northumbria, especially in the period before England was unified.
wn.com/Southumbrians -
Spaldingas
The Spaldingas ("dwellers of the Spald") were an Anglian tribe that settled in an area known as the spalda. This divided the fens and marshes of East Anglia in what is now the South Holland part of Lincolnshire. As well as establishing the town of Spalding, first mentioned in a charter by King Æthelbald of Mercia to the monks of Crowland Abbey in 716, they also gave their name to the village of Spaldington in east Yorkshire.
A tribe living in "Spalda" are mentioned in the Tribal Hidage (7th century). Eilert Ekwall regarded this name as etymologically obscure. He suggested that the tribe may have brought this name (Spaldas) from the Continent where there may have been a corresponding place-name. It would presumably be related to the unrecorded Anglo-Saxon spaldan (to cleave) (OHG spaltan) so the meaning of the noun would be "cleft" or "ravine". However, as there are no ravines in the fenland, all of the above should be treated with caution.
The Spaldingas appear to have retained their administrative independence into the 9th and 10th centuries, when Stamford formed one of the Five Boroughs of the Kingdom of York.[citation needed]
wn.com/Spaldingas -
Stoppingas
The Stoppingas was a tribe or clan of Anglo-Saxon England, based around Wootton Wawen and the valley of the River Alne in modern-day Warwickshire. The name of the tribe may have come from the personal name Stoppa, who could have been the tribe's founder or leader, or earliest common ancestor.
The Stoppingas formed part of the Saxon kingdom of the Hwicce, which was later conquered and absorbed by the kingdom of Mercia.
In the mid eighth century Æthelbald of Mercia gave a grant of land in the region of the Stoppingas to Æthelric, the son of King Oshere of the Hwicce, for the purpose of establishing a Minster in the territory. Such an institution was subsequently built at Wootton Wawen, and the later parochia of this minster probably represents the extent territory of the Stoppingas.
wn.com/Stoppingas -
Sumorsaete
The Sumorsaete were an Anglo-Saxon group living in what is now Somerset, presumably around the town of Somerton. They are evidently the source of the county's name. The group may have been established as early as the 577, when the Saxons conquered part of the area from the Britons, but they are not mentioned by name until 845. They may have been related to the obscure Glastening or Glestinga, who may be the source of the name Glastonbury.
The name Sumorsǣte is Old English and may be a shortened form of Sumortūnsǣte, meaning "the people living at or dependent upon Sumortūn", i.e. the modern town of Somerton. The origin of Somerton itself is unknown; it may mean 'The sea-lake enclosure' from the Old English sae, mere and tun or possibly "summer farmstead", from sumer and -tūn. The first known use of the name Somersæte was in 845, after the region fell to the Saxons. When King Alfred coined the future county motto 'Sumorsǣte ealle' in the 10th century, he referred to the people of Somerset as the Sumortūnsǣte.
wn.com/Sumorsaete -
Sweordora
The Sweordora were an Anglian tribe who, according to the Tribal Hidage (which assessed their territory at 300 hides) lived in the vicinity of Sword Point, Whittlesey Mere, Cambridgeshire (formerly Huntingdonshire), probably in the 6th Century.
wn.com/Sweordora -
Weorgoran
The Weorgoran were a tribe or clan in Anglo-Saxon England, possibly forming an early settlement of the Hwicce sub-kingdom. The name literally means "people of the winding river" in Old English, and the Weorgoran settled on or near the site of an earlier Roman settlement (possibly Vertis), establishing a new Anglo-Saxon settlement of Weorgoran ceaster (modern Worcester).
The Weorgoran are likely to have been of West Saxon origin, having settled into the area some time after the West Saxon defeat of the Britons at the Battle of Dyrham in 577 and before the settlement was given a bishop and a cathedral in 680.
wn.com/Weorgoran -
Wessex
The Kingdom of Wessex ( /ˈwɛsɨks/) or Kingdom of the West Saxons (Old English: Westseaxna rīce) was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom of the West Saxons in South West England, from the 6th century until the emergence of a united English state under the Wessex dynasty in the 10th century. It was to be an earldom after Canute the Great's conquest of 1016, from 1020 to 1066. After the Norman Conquest there was a dissolution of the English earldoms and Wessex was split among the followers of William the Conqueror.
wn.com/Wessex -
Westerne
The Westerne were an Anglo-Saxon tribe, probably in western England. They occur only in the Tribal Hidage. Little is known about them, not even precisely where they were. They may have absorbed the Celtic tribe, the Cornovii, and have based their territory on their Roman Civitas.
The tribe became part of the Kingdom of Mercia.
wn.com/Westerne -
Wilfrid
Wilfrid (originally spelled Wilfrith;c. 633 – c. 709) was an English bishop and saint. Born a Northumbrian noble, he entered religious life as a teenager and studied at Lindisfarne, at Canterbury, in Gaul, and at Rome; he returned to Northumbria in about 660, and became the abbot of a newly founded monastery at Ripon. In 664 Wilfrid acted as spokesman for the Roman "party" at the Council of Whitby, and became famous for his speech advocating that the Roman method for calculating the date of Easter should be adopted. His success prompted the king's son, Alhfrith, to appoint him Bishop of Northumbria. Wilfrid chose to be consecrated in Gaul because of the lack of what he considered to be validly consecrated bishops in England at that time. During Wilfrid's absence Alhfrith seems to have led an unsuccessful revolt against his father, Oswiu, leaving a question mark over Wilfrid's appointment as bishop. Before Wilfrid's return Oswiu had appointed Ceadda in his place, resulting in Wilfrid's retirement to Ripon for a few years following his arrival back in Northumbria.
wn.com/Wilfrid -
Wreocensæte
The Wreocensæte (Old English: Wrēocensǣte, Wrōcensǣte, Wrōcesǣte, and probably Wōcensǣte), sometimes anglicized as the Wrekinsets, were one of the peoples of Anglo-Saxon Britain. Their name approximates to "Wrekin-dwellers". It is also suggested that Wrexham also derived from Wreocensæte. This area would have been a mixed Anglo-Saxon-Celtic sub kingdom in which was probably of the first evidences of Anglo-Saxon-Celtic multiculturalism.
The boundaries of the kingdom are uncertain, but it was substantial as the Tribal Hidage lists it as 7000 hides, equal to the kingdoms of the East Saxons and South Saxons. The evidence suggests that the Wrekinset were the most northerly of the three large Mercian subject kingdoms facing Wales, with the Magonsæte to their south, and the Hwicce farthest south. The chief place was seemingly the former Roman Viroconium Cornoviorum (modern Wroxeter), the former civitas of the Cornovii and close to the hill fort known as The Wrekin. The kingdom may have covered much of modern Cheshire, Shropshire and into North East Wales, Wrexham, Denbighshire and Flintshire. The border between Wales and Wreocensæte would have been Offa's Dyke.
wn.com/Wreocensæte -
Wulfhere of Mercia
Wulfhere (died 675) was King of Mercia from the end of the 650s until 675. He was the first Christian king of all of Mercia, though it is not known when or how he converted from Anglo-Saxon paganism. His accession marked the end of Oswiu of Northumbria's overlordship of southern England, and Wulfhere extended his influence over much of that region. His campaigns against the West Saxons led to Mercian control of much of the Thames valley. He conquered the Isle of Wight and the Meon valley and gave them to King Æthelwealh of the South Saxons. He also had influence in Surrey, Essex, and Kent. He married Eormenhild, the daughter of King Eorcenberht of Kent.
Wulfhere's father, Penda, was killed in 655 at the Battle of Winwaed, fighting against Oswiu of Northumbria. Penda's son Peada became king under Oswiu's overlordship but was murdered a year later. Wulfhere came to the throne when Mercian nobles organized a revolt against Northumbrian rule in 658 and drove out Oswiu's governors.
By 670, when Oswiu died, Wulfhere was the most powerful king in southern Britain. He was effectively the overlord of Britain south of the Humber from the early 660s, although not overlord of Northumbria as his father had been. In 674, he challenged Oswiu's son Ecgfrith of Northumbria, but was defeated. He died, probably of disease, in 675. Wulfhere was succeeded as King of Mercia by his brother, Æthelred. Stephen of Ripon's Life of Wilfrid describes Wulfhere as "a man of proud mind, and insatiable will".
wn.com/Wulfhere_of_Mercia -
Æbbingas
Abingdon and Abingdon Abbey was founded in Saxon times, possibly the 7th century but its early history is confused by numerous legends, invented to raise its status and explain the place-name. The name seems to mean 'Hill of a man named Æbba, or a woman named Æbbe', possibly the saint to whom St Ebbe's Church in Oxford was dedicated (Æbbe of Coldingham or a different Æbbe of Oxford). However Abingdon stands in a valley and not on a hill. It is thought that the name was first given to a place on Boars Hill above Chilswell, and the name was transferred to its present site when the Abbey was relocated.
wn.com/Æbbingas -
Ælfwine of Deira
Ælfwine (c. 661–679) was the King of Deira from 670 to 679. He was a son of Oswiu of Northumbria and a brother of Ecgfrith of Northumbria.
After the succession of Ecgfrith as king of Northumbria in 670, he made Aelfwine king of the sub-kingdom of Deira. Aelfwine was still a boy at the time, and the title may have been intended to designate him as the heir of the childless Ecgfrith. He was, however, killed in battle against the Mercians at the Battle of the Trent in 679. Although his death could have led to an escalation of the war, further conflict was averted by the intervention of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Theodore, and King Æthelred of Mercia paid a weregild to Ecgfrith in compensation for Aelfwine's death. Bede describes Aelfwine as being about eighteen years old at the time of his death.
wn.com/Ælfwine_of_Deira -
Ælla of Northumbria
Ælla (or Ælle) (died 21 March 867) was king of Northumbria in the middle of the 9th century. Sources on Northumbrian history in this period are limited. Ælla's descent is not known and the dating of his reign is problematic. He is a major character in the saga Ragnarssona þáttr (The Tale of Ragnar's sons).
Ælla became king after Osberht was deposed. This is traditionally dated to 862 or 863, but may have been as late as 866. Almost nothing is known of Ælla's reign. Symeon of Durham states that Ælla had seized lands at Billingham, Ileclif, Wigeclif, and Crece, which belonged to the church. While Ælla is described in most sources as a tyrant, and not a rightful king, one source states that he was Osberht's brother.
The Great Heathen Army marched on Northumbria in the late summer of 866, seizing York on 21 November 866. Symeon of Durham, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Asser, and Æthelweard all recount substantially the same version of events in varying detail. Symeon's Historia Regum Anglorum gives this account of the battle on 21 March 867 where Osberht and Ælla met their deaths at the hands of the Vikings:
wn.com/Ælla_of_Northumbria -
Æthelstan
Æthelstan or Athelstan (Old English: Æþelstan, Æðelstān; c. 893/895 – 27 October 939) was the King of England from 924 or 925 to 939. He was the son of King Edward the Elder and his first wife, Ecgwynn. Æthelstan's success in securing the submission of Constantine II, King of Scots, at the Treaty of Eamont Bridge in 927 allowed him to claim the title of 'king of the English', and even "by wishful extension" 'king of Britain'. Victory over Scottish and Viking forces at the Battle of Brunanburh in 937 confirmed his prestige. His reign has been overlooked, overshadowed by the achievements of his grandfather, Alfred the Great, but he is now regarded as one of the greatest kings of the West Saxon dynasty. Æthelstan was the first king of a unified England from 927, and his reign was of fundamental importance to political developments in the 10th century.
The materials for a life of Æthelstan are very limited, and the first biography, by Sarah Foot, was only published in 2011. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in this period is principally devoted to military events, and as Æthelstan's achievements were mainly in the reconstruction of the church and government, it is largely silent during his reign apart from recounting his military triumphs. The main source for his life is the twelfth century chronicle of William of Malmesbury, but historians are cautious about accepting his testimony, much of which cannot be verified from other sources. David Dumville goes so far as to dismiss William's account entirely, regarding him as a "treacherous witness" whose account is unfortunately influential. However, Sarah Foot is inclined to accept Michael Wood's argument that William's chronicle draws on a lost life of Æthelstan, while cautioning that we have no means of discovering how far William 'improved' on the original.
wn.com/Æthelstan -
Æthelwold of Wessex
Æthelwold or Alwaldus (c. 868 – 902) was the younger of two known sons of King Æthelred of Wessex. His older brother, Æthelhelm, is only recorded as a beneficiary of King Alfred's will in the mid 880s, and probably died soon afterwards. When Æthelred died in 871, his sons were too young to be king, and he was succeeded by his younger brother, Alfred the Great.
After his brother's death, Æthelwold was the senior Ætheling (prince of the royal dynasty who was eligible for kingship), with a strong claim to succeed Alfred. In the only surviving charter which has Æthelwold's signature, he is listed above Alfred's eldest son, Edward the Elder, implying that he ranked above him. However, Alfred naturally favoured his own son, leaving the bulk of his property to Edward in his will, and giving him opportunities for command in battle once he was old enough.
On Alfred's death in 899, Æthelwold made a bid for the throne by seizing Wimborne Minster, symbolically important as his father's burial place. However, he was unable to gain sufficient support to meet Edward in battle, and sought refuge with the Danes of Northumbria, who, according to one version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, accepted him as king. Northumbrian coins were issued at this time in the name of 'Alwaldus', who is thought to have been Æthelwold. In 901 he sailed with a fleet to Essex, and in 902 he persuaded the Danes of East Anglia to wage war against Edward, joining them in a raid on Mercia and Wessex. Edward retaliated by ravaging the southern Danelaw, but when he withdrew the men of Kent refused to obey the order to retreat. They met the Danes at the Battle of the Holme, and although the Danes won they suffered the heavier losses, including Æthelwold.
wn.com/Æthelwold_of_Wessex -
Œthelwald of Deira
Œthelwald was a King of Deira (651–c. 655). He was the son of King Oswald of Northumbria, who was killed at the Battle of Maserfield in 642.
After Oswine of Deira was killed by Oswiu of Bernicia in 651, Œthelwald became king; it is uncertain whether Oswiu (who was Œthelwald's uncle) installed him as king or whether Œthelwald took the kingship in opposition to Oswiu. He subsequently allied himself with Oswiu's enemy, Penda of Mercia, and assisted Penda during his invasion of Northumbria in 655. However, when the armies of Oswiu and Penda met on 15 November at the Battle of the Winwaed, Œthelwald withdrew his forces. Penda was defeated and killed, perhaps in part because of this desertion, and afterward Œthelwald seems to have lost Deira to Alchfrith, who was installed there by the victorious Oswiu.
Œthelwald's fate is unknown, as nothing is formally recorded of him after the battle. Local tradition, however, held that he became a hermit in Kirkdale, North Yorkshire.
Although he allied himself with the pagan Penda, Œthelwald was a pious Christian and was remembered for his generosity towards St. Chad, to whom he granted land for a monastery.
wn.com/Œthelwald_of_Deira
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Northumbria University 2010 OFFICIAL SHORT FILM
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:36
- Updated: 19 Sep 2012
Northumbria University is establishing a contemporary model of excellence for British universities in the 21st century and its graduates enjoy one of the highest employment rates in international education. Research and enterprise supports high quality teaching and learning, and the institution delivered the greatest improvement of any uni in Britain in the last Research Assessment Exercise (2008). In eleven of the twelve fields assessed Northumbria is conducting "world leading" work. This year Northumbria is completely refurbishing its Students' Union, and building an amazing £30m indoor sports arena for the students, staff and people of Newcastle upon Tyne. Voted 'Best Student City' two years running, Newcastle is a fabulously welcoming and charismatic place, packed with great facilities. Students and academic staff from more than 140 countries live and work on some of the most cosmopolitan campuses in international higher education. Northumbria University delivers access to the professions and provides higher level University education for lawyers, healthcare practitioners, designers, architects and surveyors, business leaders, teachers and senior managers across the science, engineering and creative sectors. It has one of the largest postgraduate communities in Northern England, and a reputation for creativity and innovation. Jonathan Ive, who designed the iPod, studied here. Fashion programmes for 2010 now have a base in Islington London, as well as in Newcastle upon ...
http://wn.com/Northumbria_University_2010_OFFICIAL_SHORT_FILM
Northumbria University is establishing a contemporary model of excellence for British universities in the 21st century and its graduates enjoy one of the highest employment rates in international education. Research and enterprise supports high quality teaching and learning, and the institution delivered the greatest improvement of any uni in Britain in the last Research Assessment Exercise (2008). In eleven of the twelve fields assessed Northumbria is conducting "world leading" work. This year Northumbria is completely refurbishing its Students' Union, and building an amazing £30m indoor sports arena for the students, staff and people of Newcastle upon Tyne. Voted 'Best Student City' two years running, Newcastle is a fabulously welcoming and charismatic place, packed with great facilities. Students and academic staff from more than 140 countries live and work on some of the most cosmopolitan campuses in international higher education. Northumbria University delivers access to the professions and provides higher level University education for lawyers, healthcare practitioners, designers, architects and surveyors, business leaders, teachers and senior managers across the science, engineering and creative sectors. It has one of the largest postgraduate communities in Northern England, and a reputation for creativity and innovation. Jonathan Ive, who designed the iPod, studied here. Fashion programmes for 2010 now have a base in Islington London, as well as in Newcastle upon ...
Northumbria University- Student Accommodation: Claude Gibb
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:46
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
This film charts the first week of Harriet- a student moving into Claude Gibb, one of the student accommodation buildings at Northumbria University. Harriet (born and raised in the UAE) describes her thoughts and expectations on day one, then reflects on her first week at Uni on day 7. This film was produced by YourFilm in September 2011. The brief was to create a realistic account of the transition of moving into student halls. The plan was to track 3 students for their first 7 days, interviewing them regularly to document their experiences as well as shadow them.
http://wn.com/Northumbria_University_Student_Accommodation_Claude_Gibb
This film charts the first week of Harriet- a student moving into Claude Gibb, one of the student accommodation buildings at Northumbria University. Harriet (born and raised in the UAE) describes her thoughts and expectations on day one, then reflects on her first week at Uni on day 7. This film was produced by YourFilm in September 2011. The brief was to create a realistic account of the transition of moving into student halls. The plan was to track 3 students for their first 7 days, interviewing them regularly to document their experiences as well as shadow them.
- published: 15 Nov 2011
- views: 6956
- author: YourFilmUK
Northumbria's Pride
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:49
- Updated: 26 Dec 2012
I always wanted to write a song that brought together the best of my feelings about Northumbria. I hope you like it.
http://wn.com/Northumbria's_Pride
I always wanted to write a song that brought together the best of my feelings about Northumbria. I hope you like it.
- published: 07 Jul 2009
- views: 3426
- author: AndrewLobbMusic
Northumbria University
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:38
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Northumbria_University
Northumbria University Sport Central.flv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:30
- Updated: 24 Sep 2012
Brand new £30 million sports complex opened summer 2010! *3000 seat arena which can be converted to 3 sports halls for basketball, netball, volleyball and 5-a-side football *25m, six lane swimming pool with variable depth floating floor *training hall for indoor hockey, martial arts, fencing, cricket and golf *12m climbing wall with 18 different climbing routes *air conditioned fitness suite including roof-top garden and chill out area *aerobics studio *3 squash courts which can be converted for doubles matches *40m, four lane sprint track *dedicated strength and conditioning area
http://wn.com/Northumbria_University_Sport_Centralflv
Brand new £30 million sports complex opened summer 2010! *3000 seat arena which can be converted to 3 sports halls for basketball, netball, volleyball and 5-a-side football *25m, six lane swimming pool with variable depth floating floor *training hall for indoor hockey, martial arts, fencing, cricket and golf *12m climbing wall with 18 different climbing routes *air conditioned fitness suite including roof-top garden and chill out area *aerobics studio *3 squash courts which can be converted for doubles matches *40m, four lane sprint track *dedicated strength and conditioning area
- published: 25 Oct 2010
- views: 2099
- author: NorthumbriaINT
Northumbria University- 1st Semester
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:45
- Updated: 19 Dec 2012
A collection of videos i recorded and put together of my 1st semester of Northumbria University!!!
http://wn.com/Northumbria_University_1st_Semester
A collection of videos i recorded and put together of my 1st semester of Northumbria University!!!
- published: 16 Jan 2010
- views: 5590
- author: Sophie Milner
Northumbria Uni- Student Accommodation: Winn Studios
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:51
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
This film charts the first week of Ashvin- a student moving into Winn Studios, one of the student accommodation buildings at Northumbria University. Ashvin (born and raised in Malaysia) describes his thoughts and expectations on day one, then reflects on his first week at Uni on day 7. This film was produced by YourFilm in September 2011. The brief was to create a realistic account of the transition of moving into student halls. The plan was to track 3 students for their first 7 days, interviewing them regularly to document their experiences as well as shadow them.
http://wn.com/Northumbria_Uni_Student_Accommodation_Winn_Studios
This film charts the first week of Ashvin- a student moving into Winn Studios, one of the student accommodation buildings at Northumbria University. Ashvin (born and raised in Malaysia) describes his thoughts and expectations on day one, then reflects on his first week at Uni on day 7. This film was produced by YourFilm in September 2011. The brief was to create a realistic account of the transition of moving into student halls. The plan was to track 3 students for their first 7 days, interviewing them regularly to document their experiences as well as shadow them.
- published: 23 Nov 2011
- views: 6774
- author: YourFilmUK
Kathryn Tickell with Northumbrian Voices
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:28
- Updated: 19 Dec 2012
Live music, stories and songs... where the ordinary becomes extraordinary. Northumbrian Voices is based on interviews and recordings Kathryn has done over the years with family members and old shepherd musicians from whom she learnt tunes and songs, including mouth organ player Will Atkinson and fiddler Willie Taylor. Three generations of musicians perform in this reflection of immensely strong communities, their music and collective stories.
http://wn.com/Kathryn_Tickell_with_Northumbrian_Voices
Live music, stories and songs... where the ordinary becomes extraordinary. Northumbrian Voices is based on interviews and recordings Kathryn has done over the years with family members and old shepherd musicians from whom she learnt tunes and songs, including mouth organ player Will Atkinson and fiddler Willie Taylor. Three generations of musicians perform in this reflection of immensely strong communities, their music and collective stories.
- published: 22 Feb 2012
- views: 3445
- author: ParkRecords
Northumbrian Scenes & Songs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:34
- Updated: 21 Sep 2012
Northumbrian photographer and singer Michael Goonan shares some of his favourite scenes of the North East of England.
http://wn.com/Northumbrian_Scenes_Songs
Northumbrian photographer and singer Michael Goonan shares some of his favourite scenes of the North East of England.
- published: 17 Jan 2008
- views: 6020
- author: scenicphotos
Northumbrian Cottages
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:40
- Updated: 06 Oct 2011
What you can expect from a Northumbrian Cottage holiday. To book your holiday cottage just visit www.northumbrian-cottages.info/
http://wn.com/Northumbrian_Cottages
What you can expect from a Northumbrian Cottage holiday. To book your holiday cottage just visit www.northumbrian-cottages.info/
- published: 04 Jul 2011
- views: 2725
- author: NorthumbrianCottages
Northumbria Police - Language free - Hate crime
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:21
- Updated: 05 Mar 2012
Northumbria Police has produced its first ever package of short films, posters and leaflets without the use of any language or text. The specialist Language-Free Crime Prevention package of information is aimed at migrant communities and people whose first language is not English. It focuses on eight key topic areas - anti-social behaviour, knife crime, hate crime, suspicious behaviour leading onto more series crime such as terrorism, violent crime, internet safety, alcohol leading to vulnerability and driving in the UK. Some of the messages are informative such as you need a driving licence, MOT certificate and insurance to drive legally in the UK, others more complex, eg simple arguments can quickly escalate into more violent incidents, walk away and call police. With the help of funding from the Migration Impact Fund, design agency Beacon Creative, based in Gateshead and Newcastles Superkrush Films worked with Northumbria Police to produce the package.
http://wn.com/Northumbria_Police_Language_free_Hate_crime
Northumbria Police has produced its first ever package of short films, posters and leaflets without the use of any language or text. The specialist Language-Free Crime Prevention package of information is aimed at migrant communities and people whose first language is not English. It focuses on eight key topic areas - anti-social behaviour, knife crime, hate crime, suspicious behaviour leading onto more series crime such as terrorism, violent crime, internet safety, alcohol leading to vulnerability and driving in the UK. Some of the messages are informative such as you need a driving licence, MOT certificate and insurance to drive legally in the UK, others more complex, eg simple arguments can quickly escalate into more violent incidents, walk away and call police. With the help of funding from the Migration Impact Fund, design agency Beacon Creative, based in Gateshead and Newcastles Superkrush Films worked with Northumbria Police to produce the package.
- published: 24 May 2010
- views: 1549
- author: Northumbria Police
Northumbrian Piper Andy May
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:48
- Updated: 15 Dec 2012
Northumbrian Piper,Andy May,North Hero 2002,Peacocks Reel, One Horned Sheep, Bobby Shaftoe & Variations, The Sky Weeps, Piper In The Well.
http://wn.com/Northumbrian_Piper_Andy_May
Northumbrian Piper,Andy May,North Hero 2002,Peacocks Reel, One Horned Sheep, Bobby Shaftoe & Variations, The Sky Weeps, Piper In The Well.
- published: 27 Mar 2007
- views: 21342
- author: StephenDouglass
Northumbria Uni vs Newcastle at Kingston Park
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:21
- Updated: 28 Nov 2012
Northumbria rugby
http://wn.com/Northumbria_Uni_vs_Newcastle_at_Kingston_Park
Northumbria University International
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:20
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
Find out about Northumbria University's students, staff, courses, facilities and much more.
http://wn.com/Northumbria_University_International
Find out about Northumbria University's students, staff, courses, facilities and much more.
- published: 24 May 2010
- views: 2747
- author: NorthumbriaINT
Breakdancing at Northumbria University
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:55
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Breakdancers battled it out on the dancefloor yesterday as spectators packed in to Northumbria University to watch crews from all over the UK perform well-practiced routines.
http://wn.com/Breakdancing_at_Northumbria_University
Breakdancers battled it out on the dancefloor yesterday as spectators packed in to Northumbria University to watch crews from all over the UK perform well-practiced routines.
- published: 22 Feb 2009
- views: 2570
- author: nesundaysun
Charles Hazlewood rehearses the NYO for premiere of Kathryn Tickell's Northumbrian Fantasia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:56
- Updated: 10 May 2012
Conductor Charles Hazlewood working with the National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain on a new piece written for them by Kathryn Tickell, commissioned by The Sage Gateshead and to be premiered there on Thursday 12 April 2012. Tickets from here: thesagegateshead.org or call 0191 443 4661 to get 2 tickets for the price of 1!!
http://wn.com/Charles_Hazlewood_rehearses_the_NYO_for_premiere_of_Kathryn_Tickell's_Northumbrian_Fantasia
Conductor Charles Hazlewood working with the National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain on a new piece written for them by Kathryn Tickell, commissioned by The Sage Gateshead and to be premiered there on Thursday 12 April 2012. Tickets from here: thesagegateshead.org or call 0191 443 4661 to get 2 tickets for the price of 1!!
- published: 10 Apr 2012
- views: 620
- author: Zetland525
Northumbrian Chanter Reed Part One
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:33
- Updated: 05 Jun 2012
Part One of Northumbrian Chanter Reed Making Video By Colin Ross
http://wn.com/Northumbrian_Chanter_Reed_Part_One
Part One of Northumbrian Chanter Reed Making Video By Colin Ross
- published: 15 Mar 2007
- views: 12562
- author: StephenDouglass
DG300 Glider Wave Soaring over Northumbria
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:18
- Updated: 11 May 2012
http://wn.com/DG300_Glider_Wave_Soaring_over_Northumbria
Northumbria Uni - BY students, FOR students
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:20
- Updated: 23 Dec 2012
Northumbria University students took it upon themselves to create a short film to help answer any questions you might have and give you an insight into what life is like at Northumbria University. From the facilities, to the fantastic city the university is based in, these students have helped us to inform you of all the great things we have to offer here at the university. Thank you to the students who created this short film. If you would like to find out more information about the university and what we have to offer, please visit our website. www.northumbria.ac.uk
http://wn.com/Northumbria_Uni_BY_students,_FOR_students
Northumbria University students took it upon themselves to create a short film to help answer any questions you might have and give you an insight into what life is like at Northumbria University. From the facilities, to the fantastic city the university is based in, these students have helped us to inform you of all the great things we have to offer here at the university. Thank you to the students who created this short film. If you would like to find out more information about the university and what we have to offer, please visit our website. www.northumbria.ac.uk
- published: 08 Oct 2010
- views: 7594
- author: northumbriauni
Northumbrian Chanter Reed Part Two
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:32
- Updated: 25 May 2012
Northumbrian Chanter Reed Making by Colin Ross
http://wn.com/Northumbrian_Chanter_Reed_Part_Two
Northumbrian Chanter Reed Making by Colin Ross
- published: 16 Mar 2007
- views: 7627
- author: StephenDouglass
A short medley of tunes on D Northumbrian Pipes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:40
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
Richard Evans plays Swindon, Tweedside, Keelman o'er the Land and Lady's Well on a D set of Northumbrian Smallpipes
http://wn.com/A_short_medley_of_tunes_on_D_Northumbrian_Pipes
Richard Evans plays Swindon, Tweedside, Keelman o'er the Land and Lady's Well on a D set of Northumbrian Smallpipes
- published: 02 Nov 2009
- views: 5418
- author: evanspipes
NORTHUMBRIA POLICE v's IRA ON UNIVERSITY CHALLENGE
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:14
- Updated: 17 Jun 2012
Northumbria Police go head to head with the Provisional IRA
http://wn.com/NORTHUMBRIA_POLICE_v's_IRA_ON_UNIVERSITY_CHALLENGE
Northumbria Police go head to head with the Provisional IRA
- published: 06 Sep 2011
- views: 850
- author: dufferpad
Northumbrian Chanter Reed Part Three
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:14
- Updated: 25 May 2012
Northumbrian Chanter Reed Making by Colin Ross
http://wn.com/Northumbrian_Chanter_Reed_Part_Three
Northumbrian Chanter Reed Making by Colin Ross
- published: 17 Mar 2007
- views: 4756
- author: StephenDouglass
photo: US Navy / HMC Josh Ives
27 Dec 2012
Imperial adventures are nothing new in the Middle East. Neither is their glorification, as Peter O’Toole’s pained Lawrence of Arabia eternally reminds us. But for a decade or so now, things have been heating up, as if to coincide with climate change and fears of declining petroleum reserves ... The Belly for Belligerence? ... The question loomed over beltway intelligentsia like an ephemeral Gordian knot ... We’re All Hawks Now ... While George W ... ....(size: 9.3Kb)
photo: WN / Janice Sabnal
27 Dec 2012
Washington. Six people, including two young children, were left dead in weather-related accidents, as winter snowstorms complicated travel for many Americans in the Midwest and Northeast on Wednesday. Snow totals in parts of Indiana ranged from 6 to 12 inches, CNN reported. About 350 snowploughs were clearing roads throughout the city. New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo told residents they should avoid nonessential travel ... IANS ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
photo: AP / Khalil Hamra, File
26 Dec 2012
Cairo • The official approval of Egypt’s disputed, Islamist-backed constitution Tuesday held out little hope of stabilizing the country after two years of turmoil and Islamist President Mohammed Morsi may now face a more immediate crisis with the economy falling deeper into distress ... Join the Discussion. The battle over the constitution left Egypt deeply polarized at a time when the government is increasingly cash-strapped ... The U.S ... " ... ....(size: 5.7Kb)
photo: AP / K.M.Chaudary
27 Dec 2012
Large crowds of Pakistan People's Party (PPP) supporters are gathering to mark the fifth anniversary of the murder of ex-Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. Ms Bhutto died in a gun and bomb attack during her 2007 election campaign. Hundreds of thousands of people have set up camp near the Bhutto family's ancestral home in Sindh province ... He cannot contest an election until his 25th birthday. Show of strength ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)
BBC News
25 Dec 2012
When the Staffordshire Hoard went on display in 2009, more than 110,000 people visited museums in Birmingham and Stoke-on-Trent to see the 3,500 piece collection of Anglo-Saxon gold ... He said ... Continue reading the main story Island invaders ... Source ... "If you look at the concept of the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms - you've got Essex, Sussex, Kent, East Anglia, Northumbria and Wessex, all of which we still use on maps today ... He said ... ....(size: 4.9Kb)
Independent online (SA)
24 Dec 2012
London - A mother may have heard the voice of the man who raped her teenage daughter when she called her mobile to see why she had not come home. The woman rang the 15-year-old girl’s mobile and was alarmed to hear a strange man’s voice in the background. She immediately phoned the police ... She was later freed and took a taxi home ... Northumbria Police said the incident happened on waste ground ... The girl’s aunt said ... ....(size: 3.3Kb)
The Daily Telegraph Australia
24 Dec 2012
A MOTHER may have heard the voice of the man who raped her teenage daughter when she called her mobile to see why she had not come home. The woman rang the 15-year-old girl's mobile and was alarmed to hear a strange man’s voice in the background. She immediately phoned the police ... She was later freed and took a taxi home ... Northumbria Police said the incident happened on waste ground ... Picture. Nortumberia Police. The girl's aunt said ... ....(size: 3.3Kb)
BBC News
23 Dec 2012
Northumbria Police said the man was held following the death of David Charlton in South Shields on Friday ... ....(size: 0.6Kb)
Orange News
22 Dec 2012
Tweet. Police are hunting a man who raped a teenage girl in an attack that was overheard by her mother who had phoned her daughter ... The victim's aunt said the family is devastated ... Northumbria Police Detective Chief Inspector Gary Hetherington, who is leading the investigation, said his team will not rest until the man is caught ... .. Anyone with any information should call Northumbria Police on 101 or Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111 ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
Belfast Telegraph
22 Dec 2012
He was taken to hospital but died of his injuries, a Northumbria Police spokesman said ... ....(size: 0.4Kb)
BBC News
22 Dec 2012
Northumbria Police said a 25-year-old local man was found in the street with stab wounds ... ....(size: 0.5Kb)
BBC News
21 Dec 2012
A Northumbria Police spokesman said the victim, who suffered arm and leg injuries, had been discharged from hospital. ....(size: 0.7Kb)
noodls
21 Dec 2012
(Source. Avon and Somerset Police) ADDED. Today 14.01 (From top) Martin O'Neil, James Connors, Patrick Connors and John Smith.. Four men have been sentenced to a total of 20 years in prison for distraction burglaries. On Wednesday May 16, 2012 there were a number of distraction burglaries in north-east England ... The men were sentenced to. ... Superintendent Tim Walker, from Northumbria police added ... distributed by ... (noodl. 17044979) ....(size: 3.3Kb)
noodls
21 Dec 2012
(Source. Global Ports Investments plc) 21 Dec 2012. EGM and dividend record date announcement ... 3032 Limassol, Cyprus on 23 January 2013, at 10-00am Cyprus time for the purpose of considering and, if thought fit, passing the following resolutions.. 1 ... 2 ... Stylianou studied Accounting at the University of Northumbria at Newcastle, England and is a student member of the Institute of Association of Chartered Certified Accountants of UK (ACCA)....(size: 20.0Kb)
The Guardian
20 Dec 2012
Council's appeal for locals to be 'eyes and ears' on rough sleeping comes in week that a £1.25 minimum per alcohol unit is imposed. Out in the dark and cold ... The newly-elected Labour police commissioner for Northumbria, Vera Baird, says. ... This is why Northumbria Police recently ran their Your Kindness Could Kill campaign, which we supported, to encourage people to give to charities that support the homeless rather than to beggars ... ....(size: 7.6Kb)
BBC News
20 Dec 2012
Northumbria Police said sections of the A19 on Wearside and Tyneside were closed northbound, including at the Seaham turnoff where traffic is being diverted through Sunderland ... She said ... ....(size: 0.9Kb)
BBC News
19 Dec 2012
A 57-year-old man, who Northumbria Police said was was known to Mrs Farran, was arrested and bailed pending ......(size: 0.6Kb)
This article is about the medieval English kingdom. For the Old English dialect, see Northumbrian dialect. For the modern county, see Northumberland.
| Kingdom of Northumbria Norþanhymbra |
||||
|
||||
|
Flag |
||||
 |
||||
| Capital | Bamburgh (Bebbanburg), York (Eoferwic) | |||
| Language(s) | Old English (Englisc) | |||
| Government | Monarchy | |||
| King of Northumbria | ||||
| - 654—670 | Oswiu | |||
| - died 954 | Eric Bloodaxe | |||
| History | ||||
| - Established | 653 | |||
| - Disestablished | 954 | |||
Northumbria (Old English: Norþanhymbra / Norþhymbre) was a mediæval kingdom of the Angles, in what is now Northern England and South-East Scotland, becoming subsequently an earldom in a united Anglo-Saxon kingdom of England. The name reflects the approximate southern limit to the kingdom's territory, the Humber Estuary.
Northumbria was formed by Æthelfrith in central Great Britain in Anglo-Saxon times. At the beginning of the 7th century the two kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira were unified. (In the 12th century writings of Henry of Huntingdon the kingdom was defined as one of the Heptarchy of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.) At its greatest the kingdom extended at least from just south of the Humber, to the River Mersey and to the Forth (roughly, Sheffield to Runcorn to Edinburgh) – and there is some evidence that it may have been much greater (see map).
The later (and smaller) earldom came about when the southern part of Northumbria (ex-Deira) was lost to the Danelaw. The northern part (ex-Bernicia) at first retained its status as a kingdom but when it become subordinate to the Danish kingdom it had its powers curtailed to that of an earldom, and retained that status when England was reunited by the Wessex-led reconquest of the Danelaw. The earldom was bounded by the River Tees in the south and the River Tweed in the north (broadly similar to the modern North East England).
Much of this land was "debated" between England and Scotland, but the Earldom of Northumbria was eventually recognised as part of England by the Anglo-Scottish Treaty of York in 1237. On the northern border, Berwick-upon-Tweed, which is north of the Tweed but had changed hands many times, was defined as subject to the laws of England by the Wales and Berwick Act of 1746. The land once part of Northumbria at its peak is now divided by modern administrative boundaries:
- North East England includes Anglian Bernicia
- Yorkshire and the Humber includes Anglian Deira and Celtic Elmet
- North West England includes Cumbria, though Cumbria was more of a Northumbrian colony with its own client kings for most of its history in the Early Medieval era[citation needed]
- Scottish Borders, West Lothian, Edinburgh, Midlothian and East Lothian cover the extreme north
Northumbria is also used in the names of some regional institutions: particularly the police force (Northumbria Police, which covers Northumberland and Tyne and Wear) and a university (Northumbria University) based in Newcastle. The local Environment Agency office, located in Newcastle Business Park, also uses the term Northumbria to describe its patch. Otherwise, the term is not used in everyday conversation, and is not the official name for the UK and EU region of North East England.
Contents |
Kingdom (654–954)[link]
- See also: List of monarchs of Northumbria and Timeline of Northumbria
Northumbria was originally composed of the union of two independent kingdoms, Bernicia and Deira. Bernicia covered lands north of the Tees, while Deira corresponded roughly to modern-day Yorkshire. Bernicia and Deira were first united by Aethelfrith, a king of Bernicia who conquered Deira around the year 604. He was defeated and killed around the year 616 in battle at the River Idle by Raedwald of East Anglia, who installed Edwin, the son of Aella, a former king of Deira, as king.
Edwin, who accepted Christianity in 627, soon grew to become the most powerful king in England: he was recognized as Bretwalda and conquered the Isle of Man and Gwynedd in northern Wales. He was, however, himself defeated by an alliance of the exiled king of Gwynedd, Cadwallon ap Cadfan and Penda, king of Mercia, at the Battle of Hatfield Chase in 633.
King Oswald[link]
After Edwin's death, Northumbria was split between Bernicia, where Eanfrith, a son of Aethelfrith, took power, and Deira, where a cousin of Edwin, Osric, became king. Cumbria tended to remain a country frontier with the Britons. Both of these rulers were killed during the year that followed, as Cadwallon continued his devastating invasion of Northumbria. After the murder of Eanfrith, his brother, Oswald, backed by warriors sent by Domnall Brecc of Dál Riata, defeated and killed Cadwallon at the Battle of Heavenfield in 634.[citation needed]
Oswald expanded his kingdom considerably. He incorporated Gododdin lands northwards up to the Firth of Forth and also gradually extended his reach westward, encroaching on the remaining Cumbric speaking kingdoms of Rheged and Strathclyde. Thus, Northumbria became not only part of modern England's far north, but also covered much of what is now the south-east of Scotland. King Oswald re-introduced Christianity to the Kingdom by appointing St. Aidan, an Irish monk from the Scottish island of Iona to convert his people. This led to the introduction of the practices of Celtic Christianity. A monastery was established on Lindisfarne.
War with Mercia continued, however. In 642, Oswald was killed by the Mercians under Penda at the Battle of Maserfield. In 655, Penda launched a massive invasion of Northumbria, aided by the sub-king of Deira, Aethelwald, but suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of an inferior force under Oswiu, Oswald's successor, at the Battle of Winwaed. This battle marked a major turning point in Northumbrian fortunes: Penda died in the battle, and Oswiu gained supremacy over Mercia, making himself the most powerful king in England.
Religious union and eventual decline[link]
In the year 664 the Synod of Whitby was held to discuss the controversy regarding the timing of the Easter festival. Much dispute had arisen between the practices of the Celtic church in Northumbria and the beliefs of the Roman church. Eventually, Northumbria was persuaded to move to the Roman practice and the Celtic Bishop Colman of Lindisfarne returned to Iona.
Northumbria lost control of Mercia in the late 650s, after a successful revolt under Penda's son Wulfhere, but it retained its dominant position until it suffered a disastrous defeat at the hands of the Picts at the Battle of Dun Nechtain in 685; Northumbria's king, Ecgfrith (son of Oswiu), was killed, and its power in the north was gravely weakened. The peaceful reign of Aldfrith, Ecgfrith's half-brother and successor, did something to limit the damage done, but it is from this point that Northumbria's power began to decline, and chronic instability followed Aldfrith's death in 704.[citation needed]
In 867 Northumbria became the northern kingdom of the Danelaw, after its conquest by the brothers Halfdan Ragnarsson and Ivar the Boneless who installed an Englishman, Ecgberht, as a puppet king. Despite the pillaging of the kingdom, Viking rule brought lucrative trade to Northumbria, especially at their capital York. The kingdom passed between English, Norse and Norse-Gaelic kings until it was finally absorbed by king Eadred after the death of the last independent Northumbrian monarch, Erik Bloodaxe, in 954.
Ealdormanships and earldoms in Northumbria (954–1217)[link]
See also: Earl of Northumbria
After the English regained the territory of the former kingdom, Scots invasions reduced Northumbria to an earldom stretching from the Humber to the Tweed. Northumbria was disputed between the emerging kingdoms of England and Scotland. The land north of the Tweed was finally ceded to Scotland in 1018 as a result of the battle of Carham. Yorkshire and Northumberland were first mentioned as separate in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 1065.[1]
Norman invasion and partition of the earldom[link]
William the Conqueror became king of England in 1066. He realised he needed to control Northumbria, which had remained virtually independent of the Kings of England, to protect his kingdom from Scottish invasion. To acknowledge the remote independence of Northumbria and ensure England was properly defended from the Scots William gained the allegiance of both the Bishop of Durham and the Earl and confirmed their powers and privileges. However, anti-Norman rebellions followed. William therefore attempted to install Robert Comine, a Norman noble, as the Earl of Northumbria, but before Comine could take up office, he and his 700 men were massacred in the city of Durham. In revenge, the Conqueror led his army in a bloody raid into Northumbria, an event that became known as the harrying of the North. Ethelwin, the Anglo-Saxon Bishop of Durham, tried to flee Northumbria at the time of the raid, with Northumbrian treasures. The bishop was caught, imprisoned, and later died in confinement; his seat was left vacant.
Rebellions continued, and William's son William Rufus decided to partition Northumbria. William of St. Carilef was made Bishop of Durham, and was also given the powers of Earl for the region south of the rivers Tyne and Derwent, which became the County Palatine of Durham.[citation needed]
The remainder, to the north of the rivers, became Northumberland, where the political powers of the Bishops of Durham were limited to only certain districts, and the earls continued to rule as clients of the English throne. The city of Newcastle was founded by the Normans in 1080 to control the region by holding the strategically important crossing point of the river Tyne.[citation needed]
Subsequent history[link]
The Northumbrian region continued a history of revolt and rebellion against the government, as seen in the Rising of the North in Tudor times. A major reason was the strength of Catholicism in the area after the Reformation. Rural, thinly populated, and sharing a border with an often hostile Scotland, the region became a wild place where reivers raided across the border and outlaws took refuge from justice. However, after the union of the crowns of Scotland and England under King James VI and I peace was largely established. After the Restoration, many inhabitants of the Northumbrian region supported the Jacobite cause.
Flag[link]
The flag of the kingdom was "a banner made of gold and purple" (or red), first recorded in the 8th century as having hung over the shrine of King Oswald. This was later interpreted as vertical stripes. A modified version (with broken vertical stripes) can be seen in the coat of arms and flag used by Northumberland County Council.
Culture[link]
Northumbria during its "golden age" was the most important centre of religious learning and arts in the British Isles. Initially the kingdom was evangelized by Irish monks from the Celtic Church, based at Iona in modern Scotland, which led to a flowering of monastic life. Lindisfarne on the east coast was founded from Iona by Saint Aidan in about 635, and was to remain the major Northumbrian monastic centre, producing figures like Wilfrid and Saint Cuthbert. The nobleman Benedict Biscop had visited Rome and headed the monastery at Canterbury in Kent and his twin-foundation Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey added a direct Roman influence to Northumbrian culture, and produced figures such as Ceolfrith and Bede. Northumbria played an important role in the formation of Insular art, a unique style combining Anglo-Saxon, Celtic, Pictish, Byzantine and other elements, producing works such as the Lindisfarne Gospels, St Cuthbert Gospel, the Ruthwell Cross and Bewcastle Cross, and later the Book of Kells, which was probably created at Iona. After the Synod of Whitby in 664 Roman church practices officially replaced the Celtic ones but the influence of the Celtic style continued, the most famous examples of this being the Lindisfarne Gospels. The Venerable Bede (673–735) wrote his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (Ecclesiastical History of the English People, completed in 731) in Monkwearmouth-Jarrow, and much of it focuses on the kingdom.[2] The devastating Viking raid on Lindisfarne in 793 marked the beginning of a century of Viking invasions that severely checked all Anglo-Saxon culture, and heralded the end of Northumbria's position as a centre of influence, although in the years immediately following confident works like the Easby Cross were still being produced.
Northumbria has its own check or tartan, which is similar to many ancient tartans (especially those from Northern Europe, such as one found near Falkirk and those discovered in Jutland that date from Roman times (and even earlier).[3][4][5][6] Modern Border Tartans are almost invariably a bold black and white check, but historically the light squares were the yellowish colour of untreated wool, with the dark squares any of a range of dark grays, blues, greens or browns; hence the alternative name of "Border Drab". At a distance the checks blend together making the fabric ideal camouflage for stalking game.[7][8]
File:Northumbrian tartan.png
The design of the Northumbrian or Border Check is one of the earliest styles of Tartan in Northern Europe.
Language[link]
Apart from standard English, Northumbria has a series of closely related but distinctive dialects, descended from the early Germanic languages of the Angles, of which 80% of its vocabulary is derived,[9] and Vikings with a few Celtic and Latin loanwords. The Scots language began to diverge from early Northumbrian Middle English, which was called Ynglis as late as the early 16th century (until the end of the 15th century the name Scottis (modern form: Scots) referred to Scottish Gaelic). There are many similarities between Modern Scots dialects and those of Northumbria.
The major Northumbrian dialects are Geordie (Tyneside), Northern (north of the River Coquet), Western (from Allendale through Hexham up to Kielder), Southern or Pitmatic (the mining towns such as Ashington and much of Durham),[10] Mackem (Wearside), Smoggie (Teesside) and Tyke (Yorkshire). To an outsider's ear the similarities far outweigh the differences between the dialects. As an example of the difference in the softer South County Durham/Wearside the English 'book' is pronounced 'bewk', in Geordie it becomes 'bouk' while in the Northumbrian it is 'byuk'.
See also[link]
- History of Northumberland
- Northumbria's golden age
- Northumbrian music
- Northumbrian smallpipes
- Northumbrian tartan
- English of Northumbria
- Geordie dialect words
References[link]
- ^ E. Ekwal, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names: 4th Ed, OUP, 1960, ISBN 0-19-869103-3
- ^ Goffart, Walter. The Narrators of Barbarian History (A.D. 550–800): Jordanes, Gregory of Tours, Bede, and Paul the Deacon. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988. 238ff.
- ^ Cultural Heritage
- ^ J. P. Wild Britannia, Vol. 33, 2002 (2002)
- ^ J. P. Wild, The Classical Quarterly, New Series, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Nov., 1964)
- ^ Anglo-Saxon Thegn, 449–1066 A.D. By Mark Harrison, Osprey Publishing 1993, ISBN 1-85532-349-4; p. 17
- ^ A short history of the Tartan
- ^ The History of Scottish Tartans & Clans Tartans
- ^ North East dialect origins and the meaning of 'Geordie'
- ^ The Northumbrian Language Society
Further reading[link]
- Higham, N.J., The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350–1100 (1993) ISBN 0-86299-730-5
- Rollason, D., Northumbria, 500–1100: Creation and Destruction of a Kingdom (2003) ISBN 0-521-81335-2
External links[link]
- Lowlands-L, An e-mail discussion list for those who share an interest in the languages & cultures of the Lowlands
- Lowlands-L in Nothumbrian
- Northumbrian Association
- Northumbrian Language Society
- Northumbrian Small Pipes Encyclopedia
- Northumbrian Traditional Music
- Visit Northumberland – The Official Visitor Site for Northumberland
|
|||||||||||
|
|||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
http://wn.com/Northumbria
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Regno di Northumbria
http://cs.wn.com/Northumbrie
http://es.wn.com/Reino de Northumbria
http://ru.wn.com/Нортумбрия
http://nl.wn.com/Koninkrijk Northumbria
http://pt.wn.com/Reino da Nortúmbria
http://pl.wn.com/Nortumbria
http://fr.wn.com/Northumbrie
http://de.wn.com/Northumbria
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumbria
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 |
This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (December 2010) |
| Kathryn Tickell | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Background information | |
| Born | (1967-06-08) 8 June 1967 (age 45) Northumbria, England |
| Genres | English folk music |
| Occupations | Musician |
| Instruments | Northumbrian smallpipes, fiddle |
| Years active | 1986–present |
| Associated acts | The Kathryn Tickell Band |
| Website | www.kathryntickell.com |
Kathryn Tickell (born 8 June 1967) is an English player of the Northumbrian smallpipes and fiddle.[1] She has recorded over a dozen albums, and toured widely.
Contents |
Life and career[link]
Tickell took up the smallpipes aged nine, inspired by her family—especially her father Mike, who was heavily involved in the local traditional music scene—and by the music of an older generation of traditional musicians such as Willie Taylor, Will Atkinson, Joe Hutton, Richard Moscrop, Billy Pigg and Tom Hunter. By the time she turned thirteen in 1980, Kathryn had won all the traditional open smallpipes competitions, and was also making a name as an accomplished player of the Shetland fiddle style which she learned from the Shetland fiddle master Tom Anderson at Stirling University's traditional folk summer school.[2] Tickell has also incorporated the Border pipes into her traditional ensemble.[3] Her family is from the North Tyne Valley area of Northumberland.[1]
Her first album, On Kielder Side, was released in 1984. In the same year she was named the official piper for the Lord Mayor of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
Tickell turned professional in 1986. She has since toured Europe regularly and has recorded with international performers such as The Chieftains, The Boys of the Lough, and Sting.
In 1990 she formed the Kathryn Tickell Band. As of 2005, the band consisted of her father's stepson Peter Tickell (fiddle), Julian Sutton (melodeon), Ian Stephenson (guitar, acoustic bass guitar), and herself (Northumbrian pipes and fiddle).
Two ex-members of the north-eastern traditional music group the High Level Ranters have appeared on her albums: Tom Gilfellon on On Kielder Side and Alistair Anderson on Borderlands (1986). The latter album included to a tribute to Wark football team.
Several other pipers have appeared on her albums: Troy Donockley on Debatable Lands, Patrick Molard on The Gathering and Martyn Bennett on Borderlands. Debatable Lands included "Our Kate", a composition by Kathryn Tickell dedicated to Catherine Cookson. Jazz saxophonist Andy Sheppard wrote a piece with her in 2001. It was premiered at the opening of the Gateshead Millennium Bridge.
In 2002 Tickell became director of "Folkestra North", a project to develop young talented musicians, aged between 14 and 19.
In 2009, she was awarded The Queen's Medal for Music.
Discography[link]
- On Kielder Side (1984)
- From Sewingshields to Glendale (1986) compilation album with Alistair Anderson, Joe Hutton, Willy Taylor, Will Atkinson, Mike Tickell and others
- Borderlands (1987)
- Common Ground (1989)
- The Kathryn Tickell Band (1991)
- Signs (1993)
- The Gathering (1997)
- The Northumberland Collection (1998)
- Debatable Lands (1999)
- Ensemble Mystical (2000)
- Music for a New Crossing (2001)
- Back to the Hills (2002)
- Air Dancing (2004)
- The Sky Didn't Fall (2006)
- Strange But True (2006)
- Instrumental (2007)
- Durham Concerto (2008, with Jon Lord)
- What We Do (2008, with Peter Tickell)
References[link]
- ^ a b Du Noyer, Paul (2003). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Music (1st ed.). Fulham, London: Flame Tree Publishing. p. 282. ISBN 1-904041-96-5.
- ^ Lancasterukonline.net
- ^ Kathryntickell.com
External links[link]
|
||||||||||||||
|
|||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Tickell, Kathryn |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 8 June 1967 |
| Place of birth | Northumbria, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Kathryn_Tickell
Related pages:
http://nl.wn.com/Kathryn Tickell
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Tickell
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about Andy May, the media presenter. For the footballer, see Andy May (footballer).
Andy May (born 4 July 1987 in Shrewsbury), is a television and radio presenter and football commentator.
Contents |
Broadcasting career[link]
Andy is the UK Reporter and Producer for ESPN Star Sports - covering Premier League football and the Olympic games. He also presents a Spanish football programme, La Liga Weekly, for Sky Sports News Radio. Andy can also be seen and heard on Sky Sports News, Final Score, Radio France Internationale and Real Madrid TV.
In the past, Andy has presented and covered several different sports for the BBC. He fronted the 'Community Feature' on Match of the Day[1] and he is still the youngest journalist to have been on air on BBC Radio 1.
Andy began his broadcasting career with Takeover Radio - the children's radio station based in Leicester and aged fifteen, he was named as the 'best newcomer to professional radio under the age of twenty-five' by the Radio Academy.
Personal life[link]
A Leicester City fan, Andy regularly speaks about the foxes on Match of the Day Kickabout on BBC 2.
References[link]
- ^ MOTD community feature: Arsenal BBC Sport, 17 March 2010
External links[link]
- Official website
- Andy May Twitter
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | May, Andy |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 4 July 1987 |
| Place of birth | United Kingdom |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
 |
This biographical article related to British television is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
http://wn.com/Andy_May
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_May
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Charles Matthew Egerton Hazlewood (born 14 November 1966) is a British conductor and advocate for broadening access to orchestral music.[1] Renowned for his widespread presence across the BBC, he conducts orchestras around the world, making his debut with the Royal Concertgebouw in Amsterdam and the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment in London. Hazlewood lives on a farm in Somerset from where he hosts his own music festival "Orchestra in a Field".[2]
Contents |
Education and early career[link]
Hazlewood attended Christ's Hospital School in West Sussex where he was a chorister and organist. He later gained an organ scholarship to Keble College, Oxford in 1986, graduating in 1989. He made his London debut with his own chamber orchestra EOS in January 1991. Hazlewood's follow-up concert at the Queen Elizabeth Hall and its controversial presentation caused The Times' reviewer to leave during the interval, exclaiming "I could take no more." Hazlewood has persisted to expose orchestral music to a wider audience, and continued to cause some controversy in the British press.
He was nominated by the BBC in 1995 as the UK's sole representative in the European Broadcasting Union conducting competition in Lisbon, where he won first prize.
Conductor[link]
Hazlewood performed at Carnegie Hall for the first time in 2003, conducting the Orchestra of St. Luke's.[3] In 2009 he made his debut with the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra in Amsterdam, the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment in London and the Malmo Symphony Orchestra in Sweden.
From 2005 to 2009 Hazlewood was Principal Guest Conductor of the BBC Concert Orchestra with whom he has appeared several times at the BBC Proms in the Royal Albert Hall in London; in August 2006, he simultaneously presented live from the stage for TV.[4]
Hazlewood is music director of the contemporary music ensemble Excellent Device! (formerly EOS), formed in 1991, and its period instrument sister orchestra, Army of Generals. [1] The latter was formed by Hazlewood to record with him all the music for his BBC films.
Described by the BBC as "passionate about new work", in the past six years he has conducted over 50 world premieres.[5] Known for his eclecticism, he has also initiated several projects which explore common ground between different musical disciplines, such as Urban Classic, which created a new hybrid drawing together 5 Grime MC's and the BBC Concert Orchestra.[6] As well as his Orchestra in a Field festival which showcases orchestral music with a contemporary twist.[2] His interest in a wide variety of musical genres led to The Charles Hazlewood Show on BBC Radio 2 and a place on the judging panel of the popular music industry's creativity awards, the Mercury Music prize.[7]
Music Director[link]
Between 1995 and 2003 Hazlewood was Music Director of Broomhill Opera and Wilton's Music Hall in London; for them he conducted amongst others Britten's The Turn of the Screw (director Elijah Moshinsky), Puccini's Il Trittico (director Simon Callow) and Kurt Weill's The Silverlake in a new translation by Rory Bremner.
In 1999, Hazlewood and his collaborator, Mark Dornford-May were invited to create a new opera company in Cape Town. After auditioning in the townships and villages of South Africa, the mostly black lyric-theatre company DDK (Dimpho Di Kopane - Sotho for “combined talents”) was formed. Of the 40 members, only three had professional training. In January 2001, the company's debut of Bizet's Carmen opened to damning South African reviews, with one newspaper claiming it was preposterous for black South Africans to perform western opera. The Mysteries, for which Hazlewood devised the score which opened in London in 2003 to critical acclaim.[8] Hazlewood was music director and conductor for the company's film version of Carmen set in a township in South Africa (U-Carmen e-Khayelitsha) which won the 'Golden Bear' award for Best Film at the 2005 Berlin International Film Festival. Their subsequent film Son of Man featured a score created by Hazlewood in collaboration with the company.
Hazlewood was Music Director of DDK from 2000 to 2007. With the company he also conceived the music for the shows, Ibali Loo Tsotsi (The Beggar’s Opera);[9] and The Snow Queen, which premiered in New York in 2004.[10]
In 2009, Hazlewood conducted Kurt Weill's musical drama Lost in the Stars set in apartheid South Africa at the South Bank Centre.[11] In December 2009 he also appeared as himself in Sandi Toksvig's Christmas Cracker alongside comedian Ronnie Corbett.
Television[link]
Hazlewood's style as a communicator, described as engaging and enthusiastic, has made him a regular face on British television.[3][12] He has authored and conducted the music in landmark BBC films on Mozart, Beethoven, Tchaikovsky, and most recently a series exploring the birth of British music. He also appeared on the judging panel for the reality show Classical Star (BBC2 2007)[13] and has anchored the BBC Proms TV coverage since 2001.[14]
He authored and presented How Pop Songs Work (BBC Four, 2008) and a film with Damon Gough (aka Badly Drawn Boy) entitled Stripping Pop (BBC Three, 2003). [15]
His first TV appearance was as music director on Jonathan Miller's Opera Works (1996).
Radio[link]
Charles Hazlewood regularly performs and delivers musical analyses with the BBC orchestras for Radio 3's Discovering Music.
Hazlewood's eclectic radio show The Charles Hazlewood Show on Radio 2 has won three Sony Awards. The musical selections are "linked together in surprising and productive new ways, with Mozart, for example, followed by Ivor Cutler, then the Streets, then Handel".[16] Hazlewood has improvised music on the show with guests as diverse as Super Furry Animals, Scritti Politti, Billy Bragg, pianist Joanna MacGregor and the Guillemots.
Music in Somerset[link]
After adopting Somerset as his home, Hazlewood has been critical at the lack of professional orchestral performance in the county. He regularly involves local schoolchildren in his projects, holds regular workshops, advises young musicians, conducts amateur orchestras in the county, plays the organ in local churches and recently conducted at the re-opening of Bristol's Colston Hall.
Hazlewood's flagship project is the music festival "Orchestra in a Field" (formerly "Play the Field") held at his farm near Glastonbury and launched in 2009. The festival, backed by TV Dragon Deborah Meaden takes place over the August Bank holiday weekend at his farm in Somerset. The 2009 programme included a version of Holst’s The Planets where members of Hazlewood’s All Star band, featuring Will Gregory (Goldfrapp), Adrian Utley (Portishead), saxophonists Andy Sheppard and Jason Yarde, drummer Tony Orrell, keyboardist Graham Fitkin and harpist Ruth Wall improvised electronic responses to each orchestral planet from a separate stage across the parkland.[17] A recording of this concert was broadcast on BBC Radio 2 on 11 September 2009. [18]
Hazlewood conducted the National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain at the 2007 Glastonbury Festival, making history in performing the first ever symphony concert on the world-famous Pyramid Stage. The Charles Hazlewood All Stars – an ensemble dedicated to improvisation – was launched at Glastonbury Festival 2008.
Current projects[link]
In 2010 Hazlewood, members of his All Star band and period instrument orchestra, Army of Generals, launched a project based on music from The Beggar’s Opera, first heard at The Roundhouse in London and modernising many of the satirical songs of the original ballad opera of 1728, written by John Gay. Following 2009's Play the Field, Hazlewood is creating a similar event, Orchestra in a Field, at Glastonbury Abbey, due to take place in summer 2012. [19]
References[link]
- ^ Will Hodgkinson (12 July 2002). "Home Entertainment: Charles Hazlewood". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2002/jul/12/artsfeatures4. Retrieved 18 November 2009.
- ^ a b Orchestra in a Field Official Website
- ^ a b Will Hodgkinson (8 May 2008). "The Somerset Barnstormer". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/may/08/classicalmusicandopera.willhodgkinson. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
- ^ Charles Hazlewood on Speakers Corner
- ^ BBC Radio 3 presenters - Charles Hazlewood
- ^ "BBC Radio 3, Mixing It". November 2006. http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/mixingit/pip/0ajvh/. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
- ^ James MacMahon (10 September 2009). "Who judges the Mercury prize?". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/musicblog/2009/sep/10/mercury-prize-judges-revealed. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
- ^ Charles Spencer (28 February 2002). "Divine, defiant and dazzling". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/drama/3573853/Divine-defiant-and-dazzling.html. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
- ^ Rhoda Koenig (22 October 2002). "The Beggar's Opera, Wilton's Music Hall, London". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/the-beggars-opera-wiltons-music-hall-london-747396.html. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
- ^ Margo Jefferson (10 November 2004). "African and Western Worlds Collude Happily". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/10/arts/music/10jeff.html?pagewanted=all&position.
- ^ Edward Seckerson (30 June 2009). "Lost in the stars". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/classical/reviews/lost-in-the-stars-queen-elizabeth-hall-london-1724417.html. Retrieved 18 November 2009.
- ^ Mark Warman (7 May 2009). "Interview: Charles Hazlewood". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/5291551/Interview-Charles-Hazlewood.html. Retrieved 16 November 2009.
- ^ BBC Press Office, Classical Star Judges
- ^ BBC Press Office, The Proms 2008
- ^ Jonny Dee (5 January 2008). "Top of the Boffs". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/jan/05/popandrock1. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
- ^ Elisabeth Mahoney (4 May 2006). "Radio Review". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2006/may/04/radio.tvandradio. Retrieved 18 November 2009.
- ^ Will Hodgkinson (25 August 2009). "Play The Field: 'The Planets' can be as exciting as the Grateful Dead". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopfeatures/6055454/Play-the-Field-The-Planets-can-be-as-exciting-as-the-Grateful-Dead.html. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
- ^ "BBC Programmes: Friday Night Rediscovers The Planets". http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00mjkvg. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
- ^ The Roundhouse, Beggar's Opera Reborn
External links[link]
- Charles Hazlewood Official Website
- Orchestra in a Field Official Website
- Biography at his agent's website
- Charles Hazlewood on The Birth of British Music in The Guardian, May 2009
- Charles Hazlewood on Play The Field in The Guardian, August 2009
- Inside Charles Hazlewood's Diary, The Times, August 2009
- Charles Hazlewood and Badly Drawn Boy, Stripping Pop on Tiger Aspect Productions
Youtube videos[link]
- The Genius of Mozart part 1, BBC 2003
- The Genius of Beethoven part 1, BBC 2005
- Discovering Tchaikovsky part 1, BBC 2007
- The Birth of British Music, Handel, BBC 2009
- Charles Hazlewood All Starts at Glastonbury 2008
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Hazlewood, Charles |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 14 November 1966 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Charles_Hazlewood
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hazlewood
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
More Videos
Wiki Summary
Northumbria (Old English: Norþanhymbra / Norþhymbre) was a mediæval kingdom of the Angles, in what is now Northern England and South-East Scotland, becoming subsequently an earldom in a united Anglo-Saxon kingdom of England. The name reflects the approximate southern limit to the kingdom's territory, the Humber Estuary.
Northumbria was formed by Æthelfrith in central Great Britain in Anglo-Saxon times. At the beginning of the 7th century the two kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira were unified. (In the 12th century writings of Henry of Huntingdon the kingdom was defined as one of the Heptarchy of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.) At its greatest the kingdom extended at least from just south of the Humber, to the River Mersey and to the Forth (roughly, Sheffield to Runcorn to Edinburgh) – and there is some evidence that it may have been much greater (see map).
The later (and smaller) earldom came about when the southern part of Northumbria (ex-Deira) was lost to the Danelaw. The northern part (ex-Bernicia) at first retained its status as a kingdom but when it become subordinate to the Danish kingdom it had its powers curtailed to that of an earldom, and retained that status when England was reunited by the Wessex-led reconquest of the Danelaw. The earldom was bounded by the River Tees in the south and the River Tweed in the north (broadly similar to the modern North East England).
