Jyväskylä (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈjyvæsˌkylæ]) is a city and municipality in Central Finland in the western part of the Finnish Lakeland. It is the largest city in central Finland and on the Finnish Lakeland. Jyväskylä is located on the northern coast of Lake Päijänne, 147 kilometres (91 mi) north-east of Tampere and 270 kilometres (170 mi) north of Helsinki. The hilly and forested terrain in Jyväskylä is surrounded by hundreds of lakes. The summers in Jyväskylä are warm and winters cold and snowy.
Elias Lönnrot, the compiler of the Finnish national epic Kalevala, gave the city a nickname "Athens of Finland". This nickname is used to describe the major role of Jyväskylä as an education centre and the first place in the world to provide education in Finnish.[6]
The works of the most famous Finnish architect Alvar Aalto can be seen throughout the city. The city hosts Neste Oil Rally Finland, which is part of the World Rally Championship. It is also home of the annual Jyväskylä Arts Festival.
As of 31 January 2012, Jyväskylä had a population of 131,997.[2] The city has been one of the most rapidly growing cities in Finland since World War II. The Jyväskylä sub-region includes Jyväskylä, Hankasalmi, Laukaa, Muurame, Petäjävesi, Toivakka and Uurainen.
Jyväskylä town square on early 20th century
Kirkkopuisto Park in early 1900s.
In Jyväskylä region, there are archeological findings from the Stone Age and cultivation had already started 3500 years ago. According to the oldest available taxation documents (maakirja) there were seven estates in the Jyväskylä region in 1539. One of them, the estate of Mattila, alone possessed the areas stretching from the village of Keljo to the villages of Vesanka and Palokka. The oldest estate in Jyväskylä that has been held continuously by the same family is the estate of Lahti which emerged when the estate of Mattila was split for two brothers in 1600.[7] The history of the estate of Lahti and the family of Lahti have had a significant impact on the development of Jyväskylä region. Lahdenrinne in the south-west corner of Jyväsjärvi lake belongs to the old heartland of the estate of Lahti.
The City of Jyväskylä was founded on 22 March 1837 by Czar Nicholas I of Russia and the infrastructure was essentially built from scratch. The original town was built between Lake Jyväsjärvi (which is connected to Lake Päijänne) and the Jyväskylä ridge (Harju), and consisted of most of the current grid-style city centre.
The establishment of schools in the 1850s and 1860s proved to be the most important step from the point of view of the later development of Jyväskylä. First three Finnish-speaking schools in the world were founded in Jyväskylä, the lycée in 1858, the teachers’ college in 1863, and the girls’ school in 1864. Well-trained teaching staff and pupils from different parts of the country changed the atmosphere of Jyväskylä irrevocably.[8]
In the early 20th century, the town expanded several times. Most of today's Jyväskylä was built after the Continuation war, when refugees from Karelia and other parts of the country moved to the city and housing was badly needed. Today, Jyväskylä is growing fast – by approx. 1,000 inhabitants/year.[citation needed]
Säynätsalo was consolidated with Jyväskylä in 1993. Jyväskylän maalaiskunta and Korpilahti, for their part, on January 1, 2009.
The second part of the city's name, kylä, means village. The first part of the city's name, jyväs, has been associated with Taxus, a genus of yews, and the Old Prussian word juwis. It has also been speculated that the word jyväs refers to the sun's reflection of the surface of the water.[9]
Current Finnish Minister of Education
Henna Virkkunen collected more votes in the municipal elections 2008 than any other candidate in the city.
The city council in Jyväskylä is the main decision making body in local level. Its 75 members are elected every fourth year in municipal elections. The city council elects the mayor. The current mayor is Markku Andersson. He is the former mayor of Lappeenranta.[10]
| Party |
2008 |
2008% |
2004% |
2000% |
| Social Democrats |
21 seats |
26,6% |
29,9% |
31,9% |
| National Coalition Party |
16 |
21,0% |
20,0% |
20,6% |
| Centre Party |
15 |
19,1% |
19,1% |
17,3% |
| Green League |
9 |
11,7% |
11,5% |
9,6% |
| Left Alliance |
6 |
8,5% |
9,0% |
11,4% |
| Christian Democrats |
4 |
5,8% |
6,3% |
6,9% |
| True Finns |
3 |
4,5% |
0,3% |
- |
| Communist Party |
1 |
2,4% |
3,5% |
1,9% |
| Swedish People's Party |
0 |
0,2% |
0,2% |
0,2% |
| Others |
0 |
0,1% |
0,1% |
0,2% |
The city of Jyväskylä, is divided into fourteen wards (suuralueet in Finnish, storområden in Swedish), which are further divided into 89 districts (see Districts of Jyväskylä). The ward division does not always follow district boundaries.
Innova Tower is a good landmark for locating the Jyväskylä city centre, which lies between the Innova tower, Harju hill and lake Jyväsjärvi.
This is a listing of the 14 wards of Jyväskylä by population as of November 2010[11]
- 1. Kantakaupunki (city centre), population 25.149
- 2. Kuokkala, population 16.904
- 3. Vaajakoski-Jyskä, population 14.588
- 4. Palokka-Puuppola, population 14.395
- 5. Kypärämäki-Kortepohja, population 10.537
- 6. Huhtasuo, population 8.691
- 7. Keltinmäki-Myllyjärvi, population 7.524
- 8. Keljo, population 5.494
- 9. Halssila, population 5.479
- 10. Tikkakoski-Nyrölä, population 5.401
- 11. Korpilahti, population 4.993
- 12. Lohikoski-Seppälänkangas, population 4.650
- 13. Säynätsalo, population 3.340
- 14. Kuohu-Vesanka, population 2.118
Palokkajärvi two kilometres north from the city centre is one of numerous lakes in Jyväskylä.
Jyväskylä is located in the Finnish Lakeland. There are even 328 lakes in the city. Lakes and rivers constitute 20,1% (295 km2) of the total area of the city. Biggest lakes are Päijänne, Leppävesi, Tuomiojärvi, Palokkajärvi, Luonetjärvi and Alvajärvi-Korttajärvi. The city centre is located on the shores of a small Jyväsjärvi.[12]
The landscape in Jyväskylä is hilly, forested and full of waters. The architect Alvar Aalto compared the hilly landscape of Jyväskylä to Toscana in Italy: "The slope of Jyväskylä ridge is almost like the mountain vineyards of Fiesole".[13]
Latitude is the principal influence on Jyväskylä's climate. Because of its northern location, winter is long, snowy, cold and dark. During midwinter the city receives daylight only five hours. Summers are mild and with the average daily maximum temperature being 22 °C (72 °F) in July. During summer Jyväskylä experiences long daylight and white nights i.e. midnight twilight.
| Climate data for Jyväskylä |
| Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Year |
| Average high °C (°F) |
−5.1
(22.8) |
−4.7
(23.5) |
0.4
(32.7) |
7.0
(44.6) |
14.8
(58.6) |
19.0
(66.2) |
21.8
(71.2) |
19.0
(66.2) |
13.0
(55.4) |
6.4
(43.5) |
0.3
(32.5) |
−3.3
(26.1) |
7.4
(45.3) |
| Average low °C (°F) |
−12
(10) |
−12.7
(9.1) |
−8.3
(17.1) |
−2.7
(27.1) |
2.7
(36.9) |
7.9
(46.2) |
10.9
(51.6) |
9.2
(48.6) |
4.7
(40.5) |
0.8
(33.4) |
−4.5
(23.9) |
−9.5
(14.9) |
−1.1
(30.0) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) |
45
(1.77) |
32
(1.26) |
36
(1.42) |
35
(1.38) |
44
(1.73) |
67
(2.64) |
84
(3.31) |
78
(3.07) |
55
(2.17) |
66
(2.6) |
54
(2.13) |
47
(1.85) |
643
(25.31) |
| Source: Climatological statistics for the normal period 1981–2010[14] |
Photo from Kärkistensalmi in Korpilahti.
The downtown seen from Harju.
Jyväskylä was founded in the Northern end of the lake Päijänne at the crossroads of three major waterways. Lakes control the cityscape.[8] The city grid plan from year 1833 by Jacob Leonard Boringh can be well recognised in the city centre.[15] Nevertheless, due to very rapid population growth the cityscape has gone through one of the most massive changes in all of Finland.[16]
Nowadays Jyväskylä is a city of modern architecture. The city has more buildings designed by one of the best known international functionalist architects Alvar Aalto than any other city in the world.[17]
The establishment of schools in the 1850s and 1860s proved to be the most important step from the point of view of the later development of Jyväskylä.[8] The headquarters of the University of Jyväskylä are considered to be Aalto's masterpieces. Later, a modern architect Arto Sipinen, a pupil of Aalto, has influenced in the cityscape since 1970s by designing most of the new university buildings in the city.
The outskirts of the city are mainly populated by student apartments and single family houses. Some of the most important buildings like Säynätsalo Town Hall designed by Aalto are located outside the city centre in Säynätsalo and Muuratsalo.
Consolidated areas Korpilahti, Jyväskylän maalaiskunta, Säynätsalo and also western parts of Jyväskylä are mainly countryside dominated by hilly forests and lakes.
A 360 degree panorama of Jyväskylä taken from the Horisontti building. From left to right: Lutakko with the city centre and Harju in the background, lake Jyväsjärvi, Kuokkala bridge with Kuokkala neighbourhood and Kuokkala water tower in the background, and Ylistönrinne campus.
Jyväskylä was the fastes growing Finnish city in 20th century. The population has continued to grow rapidly in 21st century.[18][19][20]
| Year |
1838 |
1850 |
1860 |
1900 |
1939 |
1952 |
1960 |
1970 |
1990 |
1997 |
2010 |
| Population of Jyväskylä |
189 |
 over 500 |
over 1,000 |
3,000 |
10,091 |
31,504 |
42,768 |
59,954 |
66,431 |
75,353 |
130,816 |
Finnish is the predominant language spoken in Jyväskylä. 96.7% of the population spoke Finnish as their mother language in 2010. The share of Swedish speaking was 0.2% and other languages was spoken by 3% of the population.
At the end of a year 2010, there were about 3100 foreigners in Jyväskylä. Biggest immigrant groups in Jyväskylä are from Afghans, Russians, Estonians and Iranians.[21]
Agora Center is a good example of the modern heart of the economy in Jyväskylä. It is a workplace for teachers, scientists and
information technology workers.
A street view in the downtown. Jyväskylä is the main commercial center of the Central Finland.
Because of excellent connections Jyväskylä was a busy market place even before first permanent settlements were founded in the current city centre. The establishment of Finland’s first three Finnish-speaking schools: the lycée in 1858, the teachers’ college in 1863, and the girls’ school in 1864 proved to be the most important steps from the point of view of the later development of Jyväskylä. Educational services became a heart of the economic growth of the city. In 1912 Wilhelm Schauman founded a plywood mill on the shores of Jyväsjärvi. Soon also other kind of forest based businesses opened factories and premises in the city. Thus, forest, pulp and paper became the second stronghold of the economy in Jyväskylä. Later the high quality education and paper machinery industry tempted information technology businesses to settle in the city.[8]
Nowadays main sources of livelihood in Jyväskylä are educational and health care services, paper machinery production, information technology and renewable energy. Most important private employers are paper machinery producer Metso ltd., retail trade company Keskimaa, real estate service company ISS and wind turbine gear manufacturer Moventas.[22] Biggest public employers are the City of Jyväskylä, Central Finland Health Care District, University of Jyväskylä and the Air Force Academy.
1% of the labour force work on the primary sector, 21% on the secondary sector, and 78% on the service sector of the economy.
In January 2012 the unemployment rate in Jyväskylä was 12.4%, which was higher than average in Finland (9,8% in 1/2012),[23] due to the high number of students and challenged industries.[24]
In 2011 Jyväskylä topped in an image evaluation research among businesses. The city reached the highest score of Finnish big cities in the research succeeding especially on availability of skilled work force, on commercial services, on transport connections and on geographical location.[25]
The Gross domestic product per capita in the city of Jyväskylä was 33.688 € in 2005. The self-sufficiency in workplaces exceeded 100% in the city raising the GDP per capita higher than the national average. The GDP per capita of the whole Jyväskylä region was 28.718 € in 2007. The regional GDP per capita is lower than the Finnish national average mainly due to high number of students and a relatively high unemployment rate.[26]
The University of Jyväskylä is the only university in Northern Europe with a faculty of sports. The faculty has been a key player to develop a strong sports culture in the city.
The city hosts the Neste Oil Rally Finland (formerly known as 1000 Lakes Rally). It is the biggest annually organised public event in the Nordic countries, gathering over 500,000 spectators every year. The rally has been held since 1951, first as a national competition, then from 1959 on as a European Rally Championship event and since the introduction of the World Rally Championship in 1973, as Finland's WRC event.
Ice hockey venue Synergia-areena, Hippos Finnish baseball stadium, swimming hall AaltoAlvari and many other main sport venues of the city are located in Hippos two kilometres away from the city centre. Matti Nykänen Ski Flying Hills are located next to the Laajavuori ski resort just few kilometres west from the city centre. Main football stadium lies on the slopes of Harju just next to the city centre. Killeri hippodrome on the western parts of the city serves different horse racing competitions. At winter time amateur ice skaters can practice their skills in Viitaniemi or on the lake Jyväsjärvi, which has a 3,5 kilometres long ice skating track.
The inventor of Finnish national sport pesäpallo, Lauri "Tahko" Pihkala studied and lived in Jyväskylä. The Upper secondary school of Jyväskylän Lyseo hosted the historic event of first pesäpallo match in world in September 1920.[27][28]
- JYP is the current Finnish Champion in ice hockey.
- Jyväskylän Jalkapalloklubi (FC JJK) plays in Veikkausliiga, the top division of Finnish football.
- JyPK, Jyväskylän Pallokerho is women's football team playing in the second tier of the Finnish football league system.
- FC Vaajakoski plays in Kakkonen, the third tier of the Finnish football league system.
- FC Blackbird plays in Kolmonen, the fourth tier of the Finnish football league system.
- Jyväskylän Seudun Palloseura (JPS) plays in the highest bandy division.
- Jyväskylä Track and Field Club (JKU) is one of the leading track and field clubs in Finland.
- Jyväskylän Kiri is the most successful Finnish baseball team in history. Currently they play in the top division Superpesis.
- Jyväskylän Saukot plays water polo in the Finnish top division both in men and women.
- Kampuksen Dynamo (KaDy) plays futsal in the Finnish top league.
- Kirittäret holds ten Finnish Championships in women's Finnish baseball league. Latest championship is from summer 2009.
- Jyväskylän seudun Jaguaarit plays in the top division of Finnish American football league.
- Happee plays floorball in the Finnish top division both in men's and women's league.
- Basketball Club Jyväskylä (BC Jyväskylä) plays basketball in the Finnish first division in men's league
- Hongikon Nuorisoseuran Urheilijat plays basketball in the Finnish top division in women's league
- Jyväskylä Freestyle Club is the main freestyle skiing club.
- Jyväskylä Ski Club (JHS) is one of the most well known cross-country skiing, ski-jumping, alpine skiing, snowboarding, Nordic combined and biathlon clubs in Finland.
- Meloiloa Canoe Club: plays canoe polo, and practices whitewater slalom, canoe racing, wildwater canoeing and marathon kayaking.
- Tavinsulka Canoe Tours: offers a wide variety of canoeing and kayaking programmes throughout the summers.
- Jyväskylä Rugby Club: plays rugby union (rugby) at the highest national league. Former national champions.
- Jyväskylän Fight Club: is the city's most successful martial arts and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu academy.
- Jigotai: is the biggest martial arts club in Central Finland. (judo, karate, kickboxing, t'ai chi, aikido etc.)
Functionalistic
Säynätsalo Town Hall by Alvar Aalto is open also for visitors interested in his architecture.
A German biplane
Stieglitz in the Aviation Museum of Central Finland.
The Alvar Aalto Museum and the Museum of Central Finland form a centre of culture in the immediate vicinity of the historical campus of the University of Jyväskylä. Both museums are designed by a functionalist Alvar Aalto. The Alvar Aalto Museum displays the artist's most important work and design. The Museum of Central Finland specializes in cultural history. It serves both as the town museum of Jyväskylä and the provincial museum of Central Finland.
One of architect Aalto's most significant works Säynätsalo Town Hall is located in Säynätsalo island.
The Craft Museum of Finland is a handicraft museum covering entire Finland. The Centre for Finnish National Costumes forms a part of the museum.
The Aviation Museum of Central Finland near the Jyväskylä Airport in Tikkakoski is exhibiting the aviation history of Finland.
The University of Jyväskylä Museum is specialized in history of the University and diversity of nature in Central Finland.
The biggest art museum in the city is Jyväskylä Art Museum located in the city centre. Another art museum centre – The Halonen building – near the main railway station consists of The Centre for Creative Photography, the Centre for Printmaking and Galleria Harmonia.
Also churches in the city are open for public, most notables of them being the Taulumäki Church and the Jyväskylä City Church.
The biggest theatre in the city is the Jyväskylä City Theatre designed by Alvar Aalto. It stands right in the centre of the city. Jyväskylä Workers' Theatre is located in Ainola on the Eastern side of the lake Jyväsjärvi. Huoneteatteri, founded on the aftermath of the II World War is the third remarkable theatre in Jyväskylä.
Members of
Agent M performing in Jyrock festival in 2007.
- Arctic and Fabulous Film Festival offers different forms and genres of Nordic film in the middle of most freezing winter season in February.
- Jyväskylä City's Birthday Week (last week of March) offers a number of concerts, theatre, exhibitions and debates around the city.
- Jyrock in April is an indie and alternative rock and pop festival.
- Yläkaupungin Yö in May is one of the biggest annual street festivals of the city.
- Sataman Yö is an annual pop music festival organised one week before the midsummer in the harbour of Jyväskylä.
- Jyväskylä Arts Festival in the middle of July accommodates musicians, bands, contemporary circus, comediens, mimes, physical theatre, storytellers and film makers. It is one of the most well known festivals in Finland.
- Neste Oil Rally Finland in the end of July is the biggest annually organised event in Nordic countries and a part of the WRC World Rally Championships.
- Athenis Finlandiae organised in August is a cultural festival combining elements from ancient history, arts and science.
- Finlandia Marathon in the beginning of September is a marathon festival designed for everybody from a top athlete to an amateur jogger. Time of Dance – the largest annual festival of Finnish contemporary dance is taking place in the end of September.
- The International Print Triennal Graphica Creativa is organised every three years since 1975. It was the very first international graphic art exhibition in Finland. The next triennal will be organised 2012.
- NLO is held every year at the last weekend of August. NLO (Naamalukko Open) is a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and ADCC submission fighting tournament. It has quickly grown into one of the biggest grappling events in Finland. Tournament is held by Jyväskylän Fiight Club and Proeliator Jiu-Jitsu.
Jyväskylä is a traditional education city. Including school children, and the students in high schools, vocational schools, the university of applied sciences and the universities, the number of students and pupils in the city reaches 45,000, boosting Jyväskylä's reputation as a "student city". Over 30% of the city population are students.[29] A number of firsts in Finnish education have taken place in Jyväskylä:
- Jyväskylä Lyceum (Finnish: Jyväskylän Lyseon lukio) is the world's first junior secondary school with Finnish as the language of instruction. It started its first term on October 1 in 1858. Lyceum is still existing and it is one of nine upper secondary schools in the city.
- The first Finnish-medium teacher training college (1863)
- The first Finnish-medium school for girls (1864)
- Finland's first Summer University (1914)
Due to this, among other things, the city has earned the nickname Athens of Finland.
The teacher training college later evolved into the College of Education (1934) and further into the multidisciplinary University of Jyväskylä (1966).
The University of Jyväskylä is one of the most popular universities in Finland. Almost 16,000 students are enrolled to study for a Bachelor's or Master's degree, and the university also offers PhD programs in most of its subjects. Historically, the university has excelled in the study of education, but in the last few decades it has also gained respect in the sciences. It is the only university in Finland offering university-level education in sports, training sports teachers and coaches. Its IT program is the largest in the country in terms of attendance.
JAMK University of Applied Sciences has 8.000 students. It has four different units: School of Business and Services Management, School of Health and Social Studies, School of Technology and Teacher Education College.[30] HUMAK University of Applied Sciences educates cultural management in Jyväskylä.
S81 passing Pumperinmäki at Jyväskylä. Jyväskylä is in the crossroads of main road and railway networks.
Steamboat S/S Suomi in Jyväskylä harbour.
Jyväskylä railway station is served by VR direct trains to Helsinki, Pieksämäki, Tampere, Turku, Vaasa and many other destinations in Finland. The station was extensively modernised in 2002.
Jyväskylä Airport is situated in Tikkakoski, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Jyväskylä. It has regular direct flights to Helsinki-Vantaa Airport. The airport serves also as a military and charter airport.
The city is on crossroads of many main roads of Finland. European route E75 passes the city from South to North and E63 from Southeast to Northwest.
Jyväskylä harbour is home for many passenger ships operating on lake Päijänne. On summer time there are direct ship connections to Lahti, Jämsä, Suolahti, Viitasaari and some other cities.
The public transportation system is operated by Jyväskylän liikenne and it is based on bus lines.
In 2009 the modal share of the city was dominated by cars (61%). Modal split of pedestrians 20 % and bicyclers 13 % is relatively high compared to other Finnish cities. Public transportation had 4 % modal share.[31]
- Alvar Aalto, Architect.
- Aino Aalto, Architect, designer.
- Lars Eikind, Former singer and bass player for Before the Dawn.
- Ilmari Hannikainen, Composer.
- Pekka Hannikainen, Composer.
- Tauno Hannikainen, Cellist, conductor.
- Mikko Ijäs, Visual artist and researcher.
- Arja Koriseva, Singer.
- Karhumäki brothers, Aviation pioneers.
- Aimo Lahti, Weapon designer.
- Eino Luukkanen, Fighter ace.
- Wivi Lönn, Architect.
- Pekka Kostiainen, Composer and choral conductor
- Sofi Oksanen, Contemporary writer.
- Teuvo Pakkala, Author, playwright.
- Timo Parvela, Author of juvenile fiction.
- Timo Rautiainen, Heavy metal singer, guitarist, song writer.
- Jack Smack, Guitarist for Private Line.
- Wallu Valpio, Media person.
- Laura Voutilainen, Pop singer.
- Minna Canth, writer, social activist, early women's right activist
- Otto Wille Kuusinen, member of Soviet Politburo, Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
- Mauri Pekkarinen, Senior centrist politician, minister in four different cabinets since 1991
- Matti Vanhanen, Prime Minister of Finland (2003–2010).
- Henna Virkkunen, Minister of Education (2008–).
- Väinö Voionmaa, Senator, Minister, Professor, member of Finnish Parliament
|
- Matti Heikkinen, cross-country skiing World Champion.
- Mikko Hirvonen, rally driver.
- Risto Jussilainen, Olympic medalist in ski jump.
- Minna Kauppi, orienteer seven-time World Champion.
- Samppa Lajunen, three-time Olympic gold medalist in Nordic combined.
- Irina Matilainen, world champion in aerobics.
- Tuuli Matinsalo, world champion in aerobics.
- Tommi Mäkinen, four-time World Rally Champion.
- Matti Nykänen, four-time Olympic gold medalist in ski jump.
- Lauri "Tahko" Pihkala, inventor of pesäpallo, Finnish baseball.
- Sirkka Polkunen, Olympic gold medalist in cross country skiing.
- Harri Rovanperä, rally driver.
- Jani Soininen, Olympic gold medalist in ski jump.
- Raimo Summanen, ice hockey player and coach.
- Jani Tanskanen, world champion in artistic gymnastics.
- Henri Toivonen, rally driver.
- Tarmo Uusivirta, boxer.
- Sinuhe Wallinheimo, ice hockey player.
- Sami Vatanen, ice hockey player.
|
Jyväskylä is twinned with:
-
-
Korpilahti was consolidated to Jyväskylä in 2009. Photo from Putkilahti village.
-
Sääksjärvi, one of the numerous lakes in the city
-
Lake Päijänne in Muuratsalo
-
-
-
Lake Tuomiojärvi west from the city centre
-
-
-
-
Neito statue by Oskar Raja-aho (1899–1932) in Kirkkopuisto
-
View from the Harju Stairs
-
-
Vesilinna tower on top of Harju
-
-
Kauppakatu street in the city centre in 2006
-
Markus Grönholm drives his Ford Focus WRC out of the service park at Paviljonki during Neste Rally Finland 2006.
-
A street view from Lutakko neighbourhood
-
Wooden terraced houses in Säynätsalo
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-
-
-
-
- ^ "Area by municipality as of 1 January 2011" (in Finnish and Swedish) (PDF). Land Survey of Finland. http://www.maanmittauslaitos.fi/sites/default/files/pinta-alat_2011_kunnannimenmukaan.xls. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
- ^ a b "Population by municipality as of 31 January 2012" (in Finnish and Swedish). Population Information System. Population Register Center of Finland. http://vrk.fi/default.aspx?docid=5919&site=3&id=0. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
- ^ "Population according to language and the number of foreigners and land area km2 by area as of 31 December 2008". Statistics Finland's PX-Web databases. Statistics Finland. http://pxweb2.stat.fi/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=060_vaerak_tau_107_fi&ti=V%E4est%F6+kielen+mukaan+sek%E4+ulkomaan+kansalaisten+m%E4%E4r%E4+ja+maa%2Dpinta%2Dala+alueittain++1980+%2D+2008&path=../Database/StatFin/vrm/vaerak/&lang=3&multilang=fi. Retrieved 29 March 2009.
- ^ "Population according to age and gender by area as of 31 December 2008". Statistics Finland's PX-Web databases. Statistics Finland. http://pxweb2.stat.fi/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=050_vaerak_tau_104_fi&ti=V%E4est%F6+i%E4n+%281%2Dv%2E%29+ja+sukupuolen+mukaan+alueittain+1980+%2D+2008&path=../Database/StatFin/vrm/vaerak/&lang=3&multilang=fi. Retrieved 28 April 2009.
- ^ "List of municipal and parish tax rates in 2011". Tax Administration of Finland. 29 November 2010. http://www.vero.fi/nc/doc/download.asp?id=7996;193801. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
- ^ Tervoja, Pia (August 2008). "Bene veniatis in urbem Jyväskylä". City of Jyväskylä. http://www3.jkl.fi/tiedotus/human_tech_city/index.php/2008-02/154. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
- ^ Berndtson, Nils (1983), "Lahden talon ja suvun varhaisista vaiheista", Keski-Suomen museon monistesarja 2/1983, Jyväskylän kaupunki, Finland: Keski-Suomen museo, pp. 1–23, ISSN 0357-8186
- ^ a b c d Jäppinen, Jussi; Voutilainen, Heli-Maija (2003). "Schools for non-Swedish Speakers". From Marketplace to a Wonderful Town - A Brief Introduction to the History of Jyväskylä. City of Jyväskylä. http://www3.jkl.fi/historia/short/1837_1880.shtml. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
- ^ Kosonen, Ilmari (28 February 2005). "Miten Sissoset muinoin saivat nimensä jousipuusta?". Saunan synty. Sissosten sukuseura ry.. http://www.sissoset.net/aineisto/nimi.htm. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
- ^ "Jyväskylän kaupunginjohtaja: Curriculum Vitae" (in Finnish). http://www.jyvaskyla.fi/hallinto/kaupunginjohtaja/cv. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
- ^ "Tietoja Jyväskylästä suuralueittain". Tietoja Jyväskylästä suuralueittain. City of Jyväskylä. 7 July 2011. http://www.jyvaskyla.fi/info/tietoja_jyvaskylasta/suuralueet. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
- ^ "Jyväskylä". Järviwiki. Finland's Environmental Administration. 2012. http://www.jarviwiki.fi/wiki/Jyväskylä. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
- ^ Nature and space: Aalto and Le Corbusier. Routledge. 2003. http://books.google.fi/books?id=YV9FzaIu5kYC&pg=PA38&lpg=PA38&dq=aalto+jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4+toscana&source=bl&ots=CXDpw_Arck&sig=49rqioAuQjabAUKQlETvShLE46M&hl=fi&ei=BjVCTOTkBN6XONT4-aYN&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
- ^ Finnish Meteorological Institute (2011). "Tilastoja Suomen ilmastosta - Climatological Statistics of Finland". Finnish Meteorological Institute. http://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/normal-period-1981-2010. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
- ^ Arja Liinamaa (16 March 2005). "Kaunis kaupunki selkeytyy". Jyväskylä lehti. City of Jyväskylä. http://www3.jkl.fi/tiedotus/lehti/index.php/2005-02/582. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
- ^ Liisa Harjula (March 2005). "Summary: Have you ever seen a beautiful town?". Väitös: Jyväskylän keskustan kaupunkirakenne hajosi 1950-70-luvuilla (Jäppinen). University of Jyväskylä. https://www.jyu.fi/ajankohtaista/arkisto/2005/03/tiedote-2009-10-01-09-25-38-780898. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
- ^ "Travel in Jyväskylä Region - Places to Visit". Jyväskylä Regional Tourist Information. 2012. http://jyvaskylanseutu.fi/travel/places_to_visit. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
- ^ "A short history of Jyväskylä". A short history of Jyväskylä. City of Jyväskylä. http://www3.jkl.fi/historia/lyhyt/1837_1880.shtml. Retrieved 2011-12-02.
- ^ "Jyväskylän kaupungin elinkeinoelämän vaikuttavuus 1990-luvulla". Jyväskylän kaupungin elinkeinoelämän vaikuttavuus 1990-luvulla. University of Jyväskylä. https://jyx.jyu.fi/dspace/bitstream/handle/123456789/8124/1867.pdf?sequence=1.
- ^ "Mouvement de la Population de Finlande en 1939". Official Finnish population statistics 1939. Finnish Government. http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/67319/vamu1919-1920.pdf.
- ^ "City of Jyväskylä: For immigrants". City of Jyväskylä. 2012. http://www.jkl.fi/international/living/forimmigrants. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
- ^ "Jyväskylä 2011". City of Jyväskylä. 2 December 2011. http://www.jyvaskyla.fi/info/tietoja_jyvaskylasta. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
- ^ Lauri Hiltunen (21 February 2012). "Keski-Suomen työllisyyskatsaus tammikuu 2012". Central Finland Centre for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment. http://www.ely-keskus.fi/fi/tiedotepalvelu/2012/Sivut/Keski-Suomentyollisyyskatsaustammikuu2012.aspx. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
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- ^ Anna Kivinen (2 December 2011). "Jyväskylän imago kestää edelleen". Keskisuomalainen. http://www.ksml.fi/uutiset/keski-suomi/jyvaskylan-imago-kestaa-edelleen/979945. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
- ^ Erkki Niemi (2 September 2009). "Faktoista tulevaisuudeksi - muutosten fundamentit; Aluetaloudet ja työssäkäyntialueet faktojen valossa". Statistics Finland. http://www.rakli.fi/attachements/2008-09-05T11-04-0765.pdf. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
- ^ Karhunen, Marjo; Kettunen, Marja; Villaume, Marie; Claudel, Stéphanie (28 May 2002). "Sports: Jyväskylä and Epinal". Epinal and Jyväskylä: Town History Project. Jyväskylä Lyceum. http://www.peda.net/verkkolehti/jkl/lyseo/townhistory?m=content&a_id=6. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
- ^ Esa Sironen (2001-2003). "Kun pesäpallosta tuli pesäpalloa". Pitkäpallosta playoffseihin. Suomalaisuuskeskus Finnica. http://www.finnica.fi/keski-suomi/urheilu/kuntuli.htm. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
- ^ "Tervetuloa opiskelemaan Jyväskylään". City of Jyväskylä. 2012. http://www.jyvaskyla.fi/palvelut/opiskelu/uusiopiskelija. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
- ^ "Creating Competence". JAMK University of Applied Sciences. 25 January 2011. http://www.jamk.fi/english/aboutus. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
- ^ Markku Kivari (31 May 2010). "Jyväskylän Seudun liikenne 2025". Regional Council of Central Finland. http://paikkatieto.airix.fi/tietopankki/jyvaskylanseutu/tekstit/Jyseli/LIPO_20100531.pdf. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
- ^ "Twin Cities". City of Jyväskylä. 2012. http://www.jyvaskyla.fi/hallinto/kansainvalinen_toiminta/networks/twin_cities. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
- ^ Terhi Saranen (31 August 2005). "Ystävänä kaupunki". Jyväskylä lehti. http://www3.jkl.fi/tiedotus/lehti/index.php/2005-05/669. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
|
|
|
| Municipalities |
|
|
|
| Former municipalities |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1. |
 Stockholm |
1,372,565 |
| 2. |
 Copenhagen |
1,199,224 |
| 3. |
 Helsinki |
1,061,798 |
| 4. |
 Oslo |
907,288 |
| 5. |
Gothenburg |
549,839 |
| 6. |
Malmö |
280,415 |
| 7. |
Turku |
253,332 |
| 8. |
Aarhus |
252,107 |
| 9. |
Bergen |
234,800 |
| 10. |
Stavanger |
221,616 |
|
| 11. |
Tampere |
215,337 |
| 12. |
 Reykjavik |
195,000 |
| 13. |
Odense |
167,615 |
| 14. |
Trondheim |
160,072 |
| 15. |
Oulu |
144,114 |
| 16. |
Uppsala |
140,454 |
| 17. |
Jyväskylä |
132,115 |
| 18. |
Fredrikstad |
126,971 |
| 19. |
Aalborg |
124,921 |
| 20. |
Västerås |
110,877 |
|
| 21. |
Örebro |
107,038 |
| 22. |
Linköping |
104,232 |
| 23. |
Lahti |
102,383 |
| 24. |
Drammen |
100,023 |
| 25. |
Kuopio |
97,610 |
| 26. |
Helsingborg |
97,122 |
| 27. |
Jönköping |
89,396 |
| 28. |
Kouvola |
87,548 |
| 29. |
Norrköping |
87,247 |
| 30. |
Skien |
86,923 |
|
| 31. |
Pori |
83,156 |
| 32. |
Lund |
82,800 |
| 33. |
Umeå |
79,594 |
| 34. |
Joensuu |
73,807 |
| 35. |
Lappeenranta |
72,156 |
| 36. |
Esbjerg |
71,576 |
| 37. |
Gävle |
71,033 |
| 38. |
Kristiansand |
67,547 |
| 39. |
Hämeenlinna |
67,293 |
| 40. |
Tromsø |
66,669 |
|
| 41. |
Borås |
66,273 |
| 42. |
Eskilstuna |
64,679 |
| 43. |
Södertälje |
64,619 |
| 44. |
Karlstad |
61,685 |
| 45. |
Täby |
61,272 |
| 46. |
Rovaniemi |
60,699 |
| 47. |
Randers |
60,656 |
| 48. |
Vaasa |
60,491 |
| 49. |
Seinäjoki |
58,836 |
| 50. |
Halmstad |
58,577 |
|
|
|
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