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Aalto Theatre
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Amsterdam
Amsterdam (; Dutch ) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, with an urban population of 1,364,422 and a metropolitan population of 2,158,372. The city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. It comprises the northern part of the Randstad, the sixth-largest metropolitan area in Europe, with a population of approximately 6.7 million.
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Baghdad
Baghdad (, , ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is coterminous. Having a population estimated between 7 and 7.5 million, it is the largest city in Iraq and the second largest city in the Arab World (after Cairo, Egypt).
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Bandung
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Bangalore
Bangalore , known as Bengaluru (), is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. Bangalore is nicknamed the Garden City and was once called a pensioner's paradise. Located on the Deccan Plateau in the south-eastern part of Karnataka, Bangalore is India's third most populous city and fifth-most populous urban agglomeration. As of 2009, Bangalore was inducted in the list of Global cities and ranked as a "Beta World City" alongside Geneva, Copenhagen, Boston, Cairo, Riyadh, Berlin, to name a few, in the studies performed by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network in 2008.
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Bangkok
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Beijing
{| style="float:right;"
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Bergen
Bergen () is the second largest city in Norway with a population of as of , . Bergen is the administrative centre of Hordaland county. Greater Bergen or Bergen Metropolitan Area as defined by Statistics Norway, has a population of as of , .
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Berlin
Berlin (; ) is the capital city of Germany and one of sixteen states of Germany. With a population of 3.4 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the eighth most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany, it is the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Area, comprising 5 million people from over 190 nations. Geographically embedded in the European Plains, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one third of the city's territory is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes.
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Bogotá
http://wn.com/Bogotá -
Brussels
Brussels (, pronounced ; , pronounced ), officially the Brussels Region or Brussels-Capital Region (, Dutch: ), is the de facto capital city of the European Union (EU) and the largest urban area in Belgium. It comprises 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels proper, which is the constitutional capital of Belgium, the seat of the French Community of Belgium and of the Flemish Community.
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Cairo
Cairo (; , literally "The Vanquisher" or "The Conqueror") is the capital of Egypt, the largest city in Africa and the Arab World, and one of the most densely populated cities in the world. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a center of the region's political and cultural life. Even before Cairo was established in the 10th century, the land composing the present-day city was the site of national capitals whose remnants remain visible in parts of Old Cairo. Cairo is also associated with Ancient Egypt due to its proximity to the Great Sphinx and the pyramids in adjacent Giza.
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Chennai
Chennai (Tamil: ), formerly known as Madras (Tamil: AKA ), is the capital city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Chennai is the fourth most populous metropolitan area and the fifth most populous city in India. Located on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal, Chennai city had a population of 4.34 million in the 2001 census within the area administered by the Corporation of Chennai and an extended Metropolitan Population of 6.5 million. The urban agglomeration of metropolitan Chennai has an estimated population over 8.2 million people.
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Chicago
Chicago ( or ) is the largest city in the state of Illinois. With over 2.8 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous city in the country. Its metropolitan area, commonly named "Chicagoland," is the 26th most populous in the world, home to an estimated 9.7 million people spread across the U.S. states of Illinois, Wisconsin, and Indiana. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County.
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Copenhagen
Copenhagen (, , , or ; or ) is the capital and largest city of Denmark, with an urban population of 1,181,239 (2010) and a metropolitan population of 1,894,521 (2010). Copenhagen is situated on the islands of Zealand and Amager. With around 2.7 million inhabitants within a 50 km radius, Copenhagen is one of the most densely populated areas in Northern Europe.
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Cork (city)
Cork (, , from corcach, meaning "swamp") is the second largest city in the Republic of Ireland and the island of Ireland's third most populous city. It is the principal city and administrative centre of County Cork and the largest city in the province of Munster. Cork has a population of 119,418, while the addition of the suburban areas contained in the county brings the total to 190,384. Metropolitan Cork has a population of approximately 274,000, while the Greater Cork area is about 380,000.
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Counter-Reformation
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Delhi
Delhi, known locally as Dilli (, , {{Lang-ur| '), and by the official name National Capital Territory of Delhi''' (NCT), is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest metropolis by population in India. It is the eighth largest metropolis in the world by population with more than 12.25 million inhabitants in the territory and with nearly 22.2 million residents in the National Capital Region urban area (which also includes Noida, Gurgaon, Greater Noida, Faridabad and Ghaziabad). The name Delhi is often also used to include some urban areas near the NCT, as well as to refer to New Delhi, the capital of India, which lies within the metropolis. The NCT is a federally administered union territory.
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Dhaka
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Dongguan
Dongguan (, ; Cantonese: Dung1 gun2; old spelling Tung-kuan) is a prefecture-level city in central Guangdong province, People's Republic of China.
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Dublin
http://wn.com/Dublin -
Düsseldorf (region)
http://wn.com/Düsseldorf_(region) -
East Rand
The East Rand is the name of the urban eastern part of the Witwatersrand that is functionally merged with the Johannesburg conurbation. This area became settled by Europeans after a gold-bearing reef discovered in 1886 and sparked the gold rush that gave rise to the establishment of Johannesburg.
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Essen City Hall
The City Hall of Essen () is one of the tallest town halls in Europe.
http://wn.com/Essen_City_Hall -
Essen Hauptbahnhof
is the Hauptbahnhof for the city of Essen in western Germany. It is situated south of the old town centre, next to the A 40 motorway.
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Essen-Nordviertel
The Nordviertel is the most northern borough of the city district Stadtbezirk I Stadtmitte/Frillendorf/Huttrop.
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Essen-Werden
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Finland
Finland (pronounced ), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden on the west, Norway on the north and Russia on the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
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Florence
Florence ( , ; alternative obsolete spelling: Fiorenza, Latin: Florentia) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the province of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany, with 367,569 inhabitants (1,500,000 in the metropolitan area).
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Folkwang University
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Foshan
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France
{{Infobox Country
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Genoa
Genoa ( , ; in Genoese and Ligurian: Zena, ; in Latin and, archaically, in English: Genua) is a city and an important seaport in northern Italy, the capital of the Province of Genoa and of the region of Liguria. The city has a population of about 610,000 and the urban area has a population of about 900,000. Genoa's Metropolitan Area has a population of about 1,400,000. It is also called la Superba ("the Superb one") due to its glorious past. Part of the old city of Genoa was inscribed on the World Heritage List (UNESCO) in 2006 (see below). The city's rich art, music, gastronomy, architecture and history, made it 2004's EU Capital of culture.
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Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
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Glasgow
Glasgow ( (); (pronounced )) is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom. The city is situated on the River Clyde in the country's west central lowlands. A person from Glasgow is known as a Glaswegian, which is also the name of the local dialect.
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Greater Buenos Aires
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Guangzhou
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Guimarães
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Gütersloh (district)
http://wn.com/Gütersloh_(district) -
Hamburg
Hamburg (; , local pronunciation Low German/Low Saxon: Hamborg ) is the second-largest city in Germany and the eighth-largest city in the European Union. The city is home to over 1.8 million people, while the Hamburg Metropolitan Region (including parts of the neighboring Federal States of Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein) has more than 4.3 million inhabitants. The port of Hamburg is the third-largest port in Europe (third to Port of Antwerp and Rotterdam), and the eighth largest in the world.
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Hamilton, Ontario
:For Hamilton Township in Northumberland County, see Hamilton, Ontario (township)
http://wn.com/Hamilton_Ontario -
Harz
The Harz is the highest mountain range in northern Germany and its rugged terrain extends across parts of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. The name Harz derives from the Middle High German word Hardt or Hart (mountain forest). The legendary Brocken is the highest summit in the Harz with a height of above sea level. The Wurmberg () is the highest peak located entirely within Lower Saxony.
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Heinsberg (district)
http://wn.com/Heinsberg_(district) -
Helsinki
Helsinki (; , ) is the capital and largest city in Finland. It is in the southern part of Finland, in the region of Uusimaa/Nyland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, by the Baltic Sea. The population of the city of Helsinki is (), making it the most populous municipality in Finland by a wide margin. Helsinki is located some east of Stockholm, Sweden, west of St. Petersburg, Russia and north of Tallinn, Estonia. Helsinki has close connections with these three cities.
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Ho Chi Minh City
http://wn.com/Ho_Chi_Minh_City -
Hong Kong
Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
http://wn.com/Hong_Kong -
Höxter (district)
http://wn.com/Höxter_(district) -
Incheon
Incheon (), officially the Incheon Metropolitan City, is South Korea's third largest metropolis, after Seoul and Busan. As the largest seaport on the west coast and home to the country's largest airport, Incheon International Airport, Incheon is South Korea's most important transport hub. In the 21st century, Incheon has transformed into a global business hub centered around the high-tech and futuristic Songdo International City, which is home to South Korea's tallest building, the 305m supertall Northeast Asia Trade Tower.
http://wn.com/Incheon -
Israel
http://wn.com/Israel -
Istanbul
Istanbul (), historically known as Constantinople(See Names of Istanbul for further information) is the largest city in Turkey and 5th largest city proper in the world with a population of 12.8 million, also making it the second largest metropolitan area in Europe by population, and the largest metropolitan city proper. Istanbul is also a megacity, as well as the cultural, economic, and financial centre of Turkey. The city covers 39 districts of the Istanbul province. It is located on the Bosphorus Strait and encompasses the natural harbour known as the Golden Horn, in the northwest of the country. It extends both on the European (Thrace) and on the Asian (Anatolia) sides of the Bosphorus, and is thereby the only metropolis in the world that is situated on two continents. Istanbul is a designated alpha world city.
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Jakarta
Jakarta (; Indonesian: ), officially the Special Capital Territory of Jakarta, is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Located on the northwest coast of Java, it has an area of and a 2010 census count population of 9,580,000. Jakarta is the country's economic, cultural and political centre. It is the most populous city in Indonesia and in Southeast Asia, and is the twelfth-largest city in the world. The metropolitan area, Jabodetabek, is the second largest in the world. Jakarta is listed as a global city in the 2008 Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) research. The city's name is derived from the Old Javanese word "Jayakarta" which translates as "victorious deed", "complete act", or "complete victory".
http://wn.com/Jakarta -
Johannesburg
Johannesburg (, ) also known as Jozi, '''Jo'burg or eGoli''', is the largest city in South Africa. Johannesburg is the provincial capital of Gauteng, the wealthiest province in South Africa, having the largest economy of any metropolitan region in Sub-Saharan Africa.. The city is one of the 40 largest metropolitan areas in the world, and is also the world's largest city not situated on a river, lake, or coastline.
http://wn.com/Johannesburg -
Karachi
Karachi (: , {{lang-ur|) is the largest city, main seaport and financial centre of Pakistan, and the capital of the province of Sindh. With an estimated population of about 18 million, Karachi is one of the world's largest cities in terms of population, the 13th largest urban agglomeration, the 4th largest metropolitan area in the world, and the 2nd largest city within the Organisation of the Islamic Conference. It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, and trade and is home to Pakistan's largest corporations, including those involved in textiles, shipping, automotive industry, entertainment, the arts, fashion, advertising, publishing, software development and medical research. The city is a major hub of higher education in South Asia and the wider Islamic world.
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Kettwig
http://wn.com/Kettwig -
Kinshasa
http://wn.com/Kinshasa -
Kleve (district)
Kleve (district) or Kreis Kleve (Cleves in former English use) is a Kreis (local-government district) in northwestern North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Neighbouring districts are Borken, Wesel, and Viersen in Germany, and the Dutch provinces of Limburg and Gelderland.
http://wn.com/Kleve_(district) -
Kobe
http://wn.com/Kobe -
Kolkata
Kolkata (Bengali: ; ), is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. Kolkata is the cultural capital of India and the commercial capital of Eastern India. It is located in eastern India on the east bank of the Hooghly River. The Kolkata metropolitan area including suburbs has a population exceeding 15 million, making it the third most populous metropolitan area in India and one of the most populous urban areas in the world. The city is also classified as the eighth largest urban agglomeration in the world.
http://wn.com/Kolkata -
Kraków
http://wn.com/Kraków -
Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur (translated as: "muddy confluence," "muddy estuary," and "muddy city"; in English; Malay , locally or even , and often abbreviated as K.L.) is the capital and largest city of Malaysia. The city proper, making up an area of , has an estimated population of 1.6 million in 2006. Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as the Klang Valley, is an urban agglomeration of 7.2 million. It is the fastest growing metropolitan region in the country, in terms of population as well as economy.
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Kyoto
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Lagos
http://wn.com/Lagos -
Lahore
Lahore ({{lang-pa|, {{lang-ur|, ) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. The city lies along the Ravi River and is situated approximately from Wagah (the only road border crossing between India and Pakistan). Historically the main city of the undivided Punjab, Lahore has been a center of Muslim heritage since the Data Durbar is located here. It is often called the Garden of Mughals because of its rich Mughal heritage. It successively served as provincial/regional capital of the empires of the Shahi kingdoms in the 11th century, the Ghaznavids in the 12th century, the Ghurid State in the 12th and 13th century, the Mughal Empire in the 16th century, the Sikh Empire in the early 19th century, and it was the capital of the Punjab region under the British Raj in the mid 19th and early 20th century. Mughal structures such as the Badshahi Mosque, the Lahore Fort, Shalimar Gardens, and the mausolea of Jehangir and Nur Jehan are popular tourist attractions for the city. Lahore is also home to many British colonial structures built in the Mughal-Gothic style, such as the Lahore High Court, the General Post Office (GPO), the Lahore Museum, and many older universities including the University of the Punjab. Lahore is often referred to as the cultural heart of Pakistan, as it is the center of Pakistani arts, films and intelligentsia.
http://wn.com/Lahore -
Lima
http://wn.com/Lima -
Lippe
http://wn.com/Lippe -
Liverpool
Liverpool () is a city and metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England, along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary. It was founded as a borough in 1207 and was granted city status in 1880. Liverpool is the fourth largest city in the United Kingdom (third largest in England) and has a population of 435,500, and lies at the centre of the wider Liverpool Urban Area, which has a population of 816,216.
http://wn.com/Liverpool -
London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
http://wn.com/London -
Los Angeles
Los Angeles ( ; , Spanish for "The Angels") is the second most populous city in the United States, the most populous city in the state of California and the western United States, with a population of 3.83 million within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Los Angeles extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of over 14.8 million and it is the 14th largest urban area in the world, affording it megacity status. The metropolitan statistical area (MSA) is home to nearly 12.9 million residents while the broader Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside combined statistical area (CSA) contains nearly 17.8 million people. Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated and one of the most multicultural counties in the United States. The city's inhabitants are referred to as "Angelenos" ().
http://wn.com/Los_Angeles -
Luxembourg (city)
http://wn.com/Luxembourg_(city) -
Madrid
http://wn.com/Madrid -
Maribor
Maribor () (German: ) is the second largest city in Slovenia with 106,308 inhabitants as of 2008. Maribor lies on the river Drava at the meeting point of the Pohorje mountain, the Drava Valley, the Drava Plain, and the Kozjak and Slovenske gorice hill ranges. Maribor's coat of arms features a white dove flying downwards above a white castle with two towers and a portcullis on a red shield.
http://wn.com/Maribor -
Metro Manila
http://wn.com/Metro_Manila -
Mettmann (district)
Mettmann is a Kreis (district) in the middle of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Neighboring are the Ennepe-Ruhr and the
http://wn.com/Mettmann_(district) -
Mexico City
http://wn.com/Mexico_City -
Moltkeviertel
http://wn.com/Moltkeviertel -
Moscow
Moscow ( or ; ; see also ) is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the world, a global city. Moscow is the most populous city on the continent of Europe and the seventh largest city proper in the world, a megacity. The population of Moscow (as of 1 January 2010) is 10,563,038.
http://wn.com/Moscow -
Mumbai
Mumbai (; , ', ), previously known as Bombay' (), is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the second most populous city in the world, with a population of approximately 14 million. The official language of Mumbai is Marathi. But many other languages are also widely used, particularly the Mumbaiian Hindi''. Along with the neighbouring urban areas, including the cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane, it is one of the most populous urban regions in the world. Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. As of 2009, Mumbai was named an Alpha world city. Mumbai is also the richest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South or Central Asia.
http://wn.com/Mumbai -
Museum Folkwang
Museum Folkwang is a major collection of 19th and 20th century art in Essen, Germany. The museum was established in 1922 by merging the Essener Kunstmuseum, which was founded in 1906, and the private Folkwang Museum of the collector and patron Karl Ernst Osthaus in Hagen, founded in 1901.
http://wn.com/Museum_Folkwang -
Nagoya
is the third-largest incorporated city and the fourth most populous urban area in Japan.
http://wn.com/Nagoya -
Nazi Germany
http://wn.com/Nazi_Germany -
Netherlands
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Netherlands -
Nizhny Novgorod
Nizhny Novgorod (), colloquially shortened as Nizhny, is the fourth largest city in Russia, ranking after Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Novosibirsk. Population: 1,311,252 (Russian Census (2002)); It is the economic and cultural center of the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region, and also the administrative center of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and Volga Federal District.
http://wn.com/Nizhny_Novgorod -
Oberbergischer Kreis
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http://wn.com/Oberbergischer_Kreis -
Osaka
http://wn.com/Osaka -
Paderborn (district)
http://wn.com/Paderborn_(district) -
Prague
http://wn.com/Prague -
Pécs
http://wn.com/Pécs -
Reykjavík
http://wn.com/Reykjavík -
Rhein-Erft-Kreis
http://wn.com/Rhein-Erft-Kreis -
Rhein-Kreis Neuss
http://wn.com/Rhein-Kreis_Neuss -
Rhein-Sieg-Kreis
The Rhein-Sieg-Kreis is a Kreis (district) in the south of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Neighboring districts are Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis, Oberbergischer Kreis, Altenkirchen, Neuwied, Ahrweiler, Euskirchen, Rhein-Erft-Kreis, the urban district of Cologne. Nearly completely surrounded by the district is the city of Bonn.
http://wn.com/Rhein-Sieg-Kreis -
Rhine–Herne Canal
http://wn.com/Rhine–Herne_Canal -
Riga
Riga (, ) is the capital and largest city of Latvia, a major industrial, commercial, cultural and financial centre of the Baltics, and an important seaport, situated on the mouth of the Daugava. With 706,413 inhabitants (2010) it is the largest city of the Baltic states and third-largest in the Baltic region, behind Saint Petersburg and Stockholm (counting residents within the city limits). Riga's territory covers and lies between above sea level, on a flat and sandy plain.
http://wn.com/Riga -
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ("River of January", ; ), commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, 6th largest in the Americas and 26th in the world.
http://wn.com/Rio_de_Janeiro -
Rotterdam
Rotterdam (; Dutch ) is a city and municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland, situated in the west of the Netherlands. The municipality is the second largest in the country, with a population of 603,425 as of March 2010.
http://wn.com/Rotterdam -
Ruhr
http://wn.com/Ruhr -
Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
http://wn.com/Russia -
RWE Tower
The RWE Tower in Essen is the highest building in the Ruhr area, and one of the highest buildings in Germany. The world's first ecological building, and is used by RWE AG. As it shows the cultural and industrial change of the region, it is an important landmark in Essen.
http://wn.com/RWE_Tower -
Salamanca
http://wn.com/Salamanca -
San Sebastián
http://wn.com/San_Sebastián -
Santiago
Santiago is the Spanish name for Saint James, son of Zebedee, one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus.
http://wn.com/Santiago -
Sarajevo
http://wn.com/Sarajevo -
Seoul
{{Infobox settlement
http://wn.com/Seoul -
Shanghai
http://wn.com/Shanghai -
Shenzhen
http://wn.com/Shenzhen -
Sibiu
Sibiu (; ; ) is an important city in Transylvania, Romania with a population of 154,548. It straddles the Cibin River, a tributary of the river Olt. It is the capital of Sibiu County and is located some 282 km north-west of Bucharest. Between 1692 and 1791 it was the capital of the Principality of Transylvania.
http://wn.com/Sibiu -
Stockholm
http://wn.com/Stockholm -
São Paulo
http://wn.com/São_Paulo -
Taipei
http://wn.com/Taipei -
Tallinn
Tallinn is the capital and largest city of Estonia. It occupies an area of with a population of 411,196. It is situated on the northern coast of the country, on the banks of the Gulf of Finland, south of Helsinki, west of Saint Petersburg.
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Tampere
Tampere (; Swedish: Tammerfors or ) is a city in southern Finland. It is the most populous inland city in any of the Nordic countries. The city has a population of {{Formatnum: , growing to approximately 300,000 people in the conurbation and over 340,000 in the metropolitan area. Tampere is the third most-populous municipality in Finland, after the Greater Helsinki municipalities of Helsinki and Espoo. In 2007, the entire Pirkanmaa region had around 470,000 residents, of which 230,000 were employed, and a turnover of 25 billion euros.
http://wn.com/Tampere -
Tehran
http://wn.com/Tehran -
Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv-Yafo (Hebrew: , lit. "Spring Hill"-Jaffa; , ''Tall 'Abib''), usually referred to as Tel Aviv, is the second-largest city in Israel, with an estimated population of 393,900. The city is situated on the Israeli Mediterranean coastline, with a land area of . It is the largest and most populous city in the metropolitan area of Gush Dan, home to 3.2 million people as of 2008. The city is governed by the Tel Aviv-Yafo municipality, headed by Ron Huldai. Residents of Tel Aviv are called Tel Avivians.
http://wn.com/Tel_Aviv -
Thessaloniki
http://wn.com/Thessaloniki -
Third Reich
http://wn.com/Third_Reich -
Tianjin
(; ; Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is a metropolis in Northeastern China and one of the five national central cities. It is governed as a direct-controlled municipality, one of four such designations, and is thus under direct administration of the central government, and borders Hebei Province and Beijing Municipality, bounded to the east by the Bohai Gulf portion of the Yellow Sea. In terms of urban population, it is the sixth largest city of the People's Republic of China, and its urban land area ranks 5th in the nation, only after Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen.
http://wn.com/Tianjin -
Tokyo
http://wn.com/Tokyo -
Toronto
http://wn.com/Toronto -
Turku
Turku (; ; ) is a city situated on the southwest coast of Finland at the mouth of the Aura River. It is located in the region of Finland Proper. It is believed that Turku came into existence during the end of the 13th century which makes it the oldest city in Finland. Turku quickly became the most important city in Finland and retained that status for hundreds of years until Finland became part of the Russian Empire in 1809 and the capital of the Grand Duchy of Finland was transferred to Helsinki in 1812. After that Turku continued to be the most populous city in Finland until the end of the 1840s. Today Turku remains a regional capital and is an important location for business and culture.
http://wn.com/Turku -
Umeå
http://wn.com/Umeå -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
http://wn.com/United_Kingdom -
Venlo
Venlo () is a municipality and a city in the southeastern Netherlands. It is situated in the province of Limburg.
http://wn.com/Venlo -
Viersen (district)
http://wn.com/Viersen_(district) -
Villa Hügel
http://wn.com/Villa_Hügel -
Vilnius
Vilnius (, see also other names) is the capital of Lithuania, and its largest city, with a population of 560,190 (850,324 together with Vilnius County) as of 2010. is the seat of the Vilnius city municipality and of the Vilnius district municipality. It is also the capital of Vilnius County.
http://wn.com/Vilnius -
Warendorf (district)
http://wn.com/Warendorf_(district) -
Werden Abbey
Werden Abbey () was a Benedictine monastery in Essen-Werden (Germany), situated on the Ruhr.
http://wn.com/Werden_Abbey -
Wesel (district)
Wesel () is a Kreis (district) in the northwestern part of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Neighboring districts are Borken, Recklinghausen, district-free cities Bottrop, Oberhausen, Duisburg and Krefeld, districts Viersen, Cleves.
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Wrocław
http://wn.com/Wrocław -
Yokohama
http://wn.com/Yokohama -
Zeche Carl
Zeche Carl (Carl Mine) is a cultural centre set up by Essen Council in a former coal mine.
http://wn.com/Zeche_Carl
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Altfrid
Saint Altfrid (or Altfrid of Hildesheim) (died 15 August 874) was a leading figure in Germany in the ninth century. A Benedictine monk, he became Bishop of Hildesheim, and founded Essen Abbey. He was also a close royal adviser to the East Frankish King Louis the German.
http://wn.com/Altfrid -
Bavarians
http://wn.com/Bavarians -
Beijing
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http://wn.com/Beijing -
Benito Mussolini
http://wn.com/Benito_Mussolini -
Bructeri
http://wn.com/Bructeri -
Chatti
The Chatti (also Chatthi or Catti) were an ancient Germanic tribe whose homeland was near the upper Weser. They settled in central and northern Hesse and southern Lower Saxony, along the upper reaches of the Weser River and in the valleys and mountains of the Eder, Fulda and Weser River regions, a district approximately corresponding to Hesse-Kassel, though probably somewhat more extensive. According to Tacitus , among them were the Batavians, until an internal quarrel drove them out, to take up new lands at the mouth of the Rhine.
http://wn.com/Chatti -
Frankish Empire
http://wn.com/Frankish_Empire -
Franz Hengsbach
http://wn.com/Franz_Hengsbach -
Guangzhou
http://wn.com/Guangzhou -
Gustav Heinemann
Gustav Walter Heinemann, GCB (b. July 23, 1899, in Schwelm - d. July 7, 1976, in Essen) was a German politician. He was Mayor of the city of Essen from 1946 to 1949, West German Minister of the Interior from 1949 to 1950, Minister of Justice from 1966 to 1969 and President of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1969 to 1974.
http://wn.com/Gustav_Heinemann -
Hong Kong
Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
http://wn.com/Hong_Kong -
Liudger
http://wn.com/Liudger -
Ludger
http://wn.com/Ludger -
Marsi (Germanic)
The Marsi () were a small Germanic tribe settled between the Rhine, Rur and Lippe rivers in northwest Germany.
http://wn.com/Marsi_(Germanic) -
Otto von Bismarck
http://wn.com/Otto_von_Bismarck -
Ottonian Emperors
http://wn.com/Ottonian_Emperors -
Paul von Hindenburg
Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg (), known universally as Paul von Hindenburg (; 2 October 1847 – 2 August 1934) was a German field marshal, statesman, and politician, and served as the second President of Germany from 1925 to 1934.
http://wn.com/Paul_von_Hindenburg -
Rudolph I of Germany
http://wn.com/Rudolph_I_of_Germany -
Saxons
The Saxons () were a confederation of Old Germanic tribes. Their modern-day descendants are generally considered ethnic Germans, Dutch or English. They are primarily found in Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein, Saxony-Anhalt, Westphalia, Drenthe, Overijssel and England (the state of Saxony is not inhabited by Saxon descendants, and was so-named because it came to be ruled by Saxon feudal dynasty).
http://wn.com/Saxons -
Shanghai
http://wn.com/Shanghai -
Tianjin
(; ; Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is a metropolis in Northeastern China and one of the five national central cities. It is governed as a direct-controlled municipality, one of four such designations, and is thus under direct administration of the central government, and borders Hebei Province and Beijing Municipality, bounded to the east by the Bohai Gulf portion of the Yellow Sea. In terms of urban population, it is the sixth largest city of the People's Republic of China, and its urban land area ranks 5th in the nation, only after Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen.
http://wn.com/Tianjin
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Essen - Germany
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:12
- Updated: 29 Sep 2012
Essen is a city in the central part of the Ruhr area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Located on the River Ruhr, its population of approximately 579000 (as of June 30, 2008) makes it either the 7th- or 8th-largest city in Germany. For the year 2010, Essen is the European Capital of Culture on behalf of the whole Ruhr area. Formerly one of Germany's most important coal and steel centres and historically linked to the centuries-old Krupp family iron works, the city has developed a strong tertiary sector of industry and (sometimes together with nearby Düsseldorf) claims to be the "desk of the Ruhr area".[2] It is home to 13 of the 100 largest German corporations and seat to several of the region's authorities. In 1958, the city was chosen to serve as the seat to a Roman Catholic diocese (often referred to as Ruhrbistum or diocese of the Ruhr). In early 2003, the universities of Essen and the nearby city of Duisburg (both established in 1972) were merged into the University of Duisburg-Essen with campuses in both cities and a university hospital in Essen. ( source Wikipedia )
http://wn.com/Essen_Germany
Essen - Germany
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:34
- Updated: 14 Aug 2012
Snapshots of Essen City in Germany
http://wn.com/Essen_Germany
City: Essen | euromaxx
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:46
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
We visit this Ruhr Valley city which becomes a European Capital of Culture for 2010. It was once renowned for its industry,but has now transformed its factories into cultural treasures. On top of that Essen has big parks,impressive architecture and is a mecca for shopping. The old factories now house such creative establishments as the Design Center NRW.
http://wn.com/City_Essen_|_euromaxx
Mahlzeit - Krank vom Essen.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 43:35
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
Mahlzeit - Krank vom Essen. Reportage
http://wn.com/Mahlzeit_Krank_vom_Essen
Essen Motor Show 2011 (english subtitled)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:30
- Updated: 15 May 2012
Het Sodom en Gomorra onder de autobeurzen: Essen heeft een discutabele reputatie. Keihard autonieuws is er weinig, maar toch kijk je er je ogen uit, aan bloot, bling-bling en blèrpijpen.
http://wn.com/Essen_Motor_Show_2011_english_subtitled
Верка Сердючка - Essen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:30
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
Клип Верки Сердючки на песню "Essen" (Альбом "DOREMI doredo"). Music video by Verka Serduchka performing "Essen" (Album "DOREMI doredo"). (C) 2008 mamamusic
http://wn.com/Верка_Сердючка_Essen
Wir sind was wir essen ! Dokumentation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 51:50
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
Dieser Film dient ausschließlich zu Bildungszwecken. Alle Rechte sind Arte-TV vorbehalten.
http://wn.com/Wir_sind_was_wir_essen_!_Dokumentation
Julian Heun: Eis essen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:47
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
GREND SLAM IX
http://wn.com/Julian_Heun_Eis_essen
Was essen wir wirklich Teil 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:38
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
Wenige große Konzerne beherrschen den Markt. Vor allem die Produktion von Fleisch ist einer starken Konzentration ausgesetzt: Gab es 1970 noch Tausende von Schlachthöfen in den USA, waren es 2008 gerade noch 13, aus denen ein Großteil des Fleisches kommt. 1970 bestimmten die fünf größten Fleischverarbeiter in den USA 25 Prozent des Marktes - 2008 bestimmten die vier größten mehr als 80 Prozent.
http://wn.com/Was_essen_wir_wirklich_Teil_1
Kerb guided trolleybus & tram at Essen's Berliner Platz stn (2)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:30
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
Kerb guided trolleybus & tram at Essen's Berliner Platz station More information on the 'dual-mode-bus' demonstration system which saw buses sharing part of the underground light rail system can be found here citytransport.info
http://wn.com/Kerb_guided_trolleybus_tram_at_Essen's_Berliner_Platz_stn_2
Unser täglich Essen - Fast Food
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 48:06
- Updated: 24 Jul 2012
SpaceTom, SpaceWeb, Adam Schwarz, Doku - Unser Essen - guten appetit - Fast Food
http://wn.com/Unser_täglich_Essen_Fast_Food
Vegan Essen in Deutschland | euromaxx
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:15
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
In Deutschland ist der Veganismus längst kein Randphänomen mehr. Er spricht immer breiter werdende Bevölkerungsschichten an.Auberginenterrine, Tomaten-Kokos-Gazpacho, Seitan-Ragout in Orangensauce -- solche und ähnliche Gerichte finden sich seit den letzten Jahren immer häufiger auf den Speisekarten in deutschen Großstädten. Mit rund sechs Millionen Vegetariern und 600 000 Veganern zählt Deutschland zu den fleischlosesten Ländern Europas. Dabei verzichten hierzulande immer mehr Menschen nicht nur auf Fleisch, sondern auch auf Ei- und Milchprodukte. Wie schon zuvor der Vegetarismus, entwickelt sich nun auch der Veganismus immer mehr zu einem neuen Lifestyle, der für frische, hochwertige Zutaten und eine gesunde und bewusste Lebensweise steht. Insgesamt zählt der deutsche Vegetarier-Bund landesweit derzeit 29 vegane Restaurants. Vor allem in Berlin boomen vegane Restaurants, angefangen mit Imbiss-Buden und veganen Dönerläden bis hin zu gehobenen Restaurants, wie dem ‚La Mano Verde' oder dem ‚Kopps'. Euromaxx trifft einen veganen Koch und läßt sich im ersten veganen Supermarkt Europas die neusten Produkte erklären.
http://wn.com/Vegan_Essen_in_Deutschland_|_euromaxx
Rory Gallagher - Live at Rockpalast - Grugahalle Essen 1977
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 85:20
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
01 - Messin' with the kid 02 - I take what I want 03 - A garbage man 04 - Moonchild 05 - Secret agent 06 - Calling card 07 - Out on the western plain 08 - Barley and Grape Rag 09 - Tattoo'd lady 10 - Souped-up Ford 11 - Bullfrog Blues 12 - Bought and sold
http://wn.com/Rory_Gallagher_Live_at_Rockpalast_Grugahalle_Essen_1977
Fleet Foxes - White Winter Hymnal (2008) Essen, Germany
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:05
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
Fleet Foxes Rockpalast Grugahalle Essen, Germany 22 november 2008 Setlist : 01. Sun giant 02. Sun it rises 03. Drops in the river 04. English house 05. White Winter Hymnal 06. Ragged wood 07. Your protector 08. Crayon angels 09. Oliver James 10. He doesn't know why 11. Mykonos 12. Blue Ridge Mountains
http://wn.com/Fleet_Foxes_White_Winter_Hymnal_2008_Essen,_Germany
Jonathan Safran Foer - "Tiere Essen" Warum Vegetarismus? / ORF2 Kulturmontag 16.8.10
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:59
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
Please sign our petition to reform the WWF: www.thepetitionsite.com The WWF must act as a lobby for nature and people, not for enterprises! Jonathan Safran Foer über sein Buch "Tiere Essen", das ab sofort erhältlich ist und über die Hintergründe. ORF2 Kulturmontag, 16.8.2010 Erfahren Sie mehr über das Thema "Vegetarismus" und über die Auswirkungen des Fleischkonsums auf unsere Gesellschaft und die Umwelt unter animalright.org Gibt es News zum Thema? Schauen Sie doch mal vorbei: animalright.org Übermäßiger Fleischkonsum bringt nicht nur unvorstellbares Tierleid mit sich: Auch Gesellschafts- und Umweltprobleme entstehen durch das Essen von Tieren. Wenn Sie nicht vegetarisch leben möchten, reduzieren Sie doch Ihren Fleischkonsum! Schon das wäre hilfreich für Tier, Umwelt und Mensch! Jonathan Safran Foer - "Tiere essen": Verlag: Kiepenheuer & Witsch ISBN: 3-462-04044-8 Seiten: 352 + zahlreiche Quellenangaben und Links Erscheinungsdatum: 19.08.2010 Preis: ca 20 Euro
http://wn.com/Jonathan_Safran_Foer_Tiere_Essen_Warum_Vegetarismus?_ORF2_Kulturmontag_16810
Glutamat und Aspartam - Gifte im Essen - Gesundheit
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:07
- Updated: 03 Sep 2012
Ausschnitt aus dem Frühstücks TV. Nur bewusster Einkauf kann einen vor diesen umstrittenen Substanzen bewahren. In Schweden ist Glutamat (noch) verboten. Aspartam steht im Verdacht, Gehirntumore auszulösen.
http://wn.com/Glutamat_und_Aspartam_Gifte_im_Essen_Gesundheit
Megadeth-Peace Sells live @ Essen, Germany HQ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:16
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
Megadeth performs Peace Sells in Essen, Germany 1988
http://wn.com/Megadeth-Peace_Sells_live_@_Essen,_Germany_HQ
Ollas ESSEN, estética y buen gusto.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:49
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
www.isabelgonzalezessen.com.ar Cocinar con ollas essen, nos da una vida más saludable, menos aceite, ahorro de gas, puedes cocinar para la familia y los amigos en menos tiempo, oportunidades para trabajar en essen. Isabelgonzalezessen@gmail.com
http://wn.com/Ollas_ESSEN,_estética_y_buen_gusto
Essen Motor Show 2010: girls, girls, girls moto24tv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:27
- Updated: 08 Oct 2012
auta.moto24.tv [PL] Essen Motor Show 2009. Zwróciliśmy uwagę nie tylko na auta ;) [ENG] Essen Motor Show is not only tuning cars ;) [FR] Essen Motor Show ce n'est pas seulement de belles voitures [IT] Durante Essen Motor Show abbiamo incontrato anche le belle ragazze Essen Motor Show 2009:
http://wn.com/Essen_Motor_Show_2010_girls,_girls,_girls_moto24tv
Extra 3 - Gesundes Essen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:51
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
...
http://wn.com/Extra_3_Gesundes_Essen
Comerciales: Corporativo ESSEN 1998
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:16
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Estimados señores: a petición de mucha gente que me preguntó sobre estas fantásticas ollas les presento el video que utilizaron el año 1998. Si desea más info de ellos por favor darle una vuelta a www.essen.com.ar y http
http://wn.com/Comerciales_Corporativo_ESSEN_1998
Essen aus dem Müllcontainer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:52
- Updated: 11 Sep 2012
VIENNA Online hat sich dem Thema Containern angenommen und darüber berichtet. Was dabei heraus gekommen ist, seht ihr hier.
http://wn.com/Essen_aus_dem_Müllcontainer
Interview mit Jonathan Safran Foer / PETA / Tiere essen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:27
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
Der Autor Jonathan Safran Foer ("Tiere essen") im Interview mit PETA Deutschland eV über das System der Massentierhaltung und die größten Mythen der Fleischindustrie.
http://wn.com/Interview_mit_Jonathan_Safran_Foer_PETA_Tiere_essen
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This article is about the city in Germany. For other places with the same name, see Essen (disambiguation).
| Essen | ||
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 Essen
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Location of the city of Essen within North Rhine-Westphalia
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|---|---|---|
| Coordinates | 51°27′3″N 7°0′47″E / 51.45083°N 7.01306°E / 51.45083; 7.01306Coordinates: 51°27′3″N 7°0′47″E / 51.45083°N 7.01306°E / 51.45083; 7.01306 | |
| Administration | ||
| Country | Germany | |
| State | North Rhine-Westphalia | |
| Admin. region | Düsseldorf | |
| District | Urban district | |
| City subdivisions | 9 districts, 50 boroughs | |
| Lord Mayor | Reinhard Paß (SPD) | |
| Governing parties | SPD / CDU | |
| Basic statistics | ||
| Area | 210.32 km2 (81.21 sq mi) | |
| Elevation | 116 m (381 ft) | |
| Population | 574,635 (31 December 2010)[1] | |
| - Density | 2,732 /km2 (7,076 /sq mi) | |
| - Urban | 5.302.179 | |
| Other information | ||
| Time zone | CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) | |
| Licence plate | E | |
| Postal codes | 45001–45359 | |
| Area codes | 0201, 02054 (Kettwig) | |
| Website | www.essen.de | |
Essen (German pronunciation: [ˈɛsən]; Latin: Assindia) is a city in the central part of the Ruhr area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Located on the River Ruhr, its population of approximately 579,000 (as of 30 June 2008 (2008 -06-30)[update]) makes it the 9th-largest city in Germany. For the year 2010, Essen was the European Capital of Culture on behalf of the whole Ruhr area.
Until the 1970s, Essen had been one of Germany's most important coal and steel centres. Historically linked to the centuries-old Krupp family iron works, the city has since developed a strong tertiary sector of the economy, so it is sometimes called "desk of the Ruhr area" (together with nearby Düsseldorf). Essen is home to 13 of the 100 largest German corporations and seat to several of the region's authorities.
In 1958, the city was chosen to serve as the seat to a Roman Catholic diocese (often referred to as Ruhrbistum or diocese of the Ruhr). In early 2003, the universities of Essen and the nearby city of Duisburg (both established in 1972) were merged into the University of Duisburg-Essen with campuses in both cities and a university hospital in Essen.
Essen was the fifth-largest city in Germany (after Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, and Cologne) between 1929 and 1988, until it was surpassed by Frankfurt on the Main.
Contents |
Geography[link]
General[link]
 Oberhausen |
 Bottrop |
 Gladbeck1 |
 Gelsenkirchen |
 Mülheim an der Ruhr |
 (Map of districts and boroughs) |
 Bochum |
|
 Ratingen² |
 Heiligenhaus² |
 Velbert² |
 Hattingen³ |
| 1 Recklinghausen district 2 Mettmann district 3 Ennepe-Ruhr district |
|||
Essen is located in the centre of the Ruhr area, one of the largest urban areas in Europe (see also: megalopolis), comprising 11 independent cities and 4 districts with some 5.3 million inhabitants. The city limits of Essen itself are 87 km (54 mi) long and border 10 cities, 5 of them independent and 5 kreisangehörig (i.e., belonging to a district), with a total population of approximately 1.4 million.
The city extends over 21 km (13 mi) from north to south and 17 km (11 mi) from west to east, mainly north of the River Ruhr, which forms the Lake Baldeney reservoir in the boroughs of Fischlaken, Kupferdreh, Heisingen and Werden. The lake, a popular recreational area, dates from 1931–1933, when some thousands of unemployed coal miners dredged it with primitive tools . Generally, large areas south of the River Ruhr (including the suburbs of Schuir and Kettwig) are quite green and are often quoted as examples of rural structures in the otherwise relatively densely populated central Ruhr area.
The lowest point can be found in the northern borough of Karnap at 26.5 m (86.9 ft), the highest point in the borough of Heidhausen (202.5 m/664 ft). The average elevation is 116 m (381 ft).
City districts[link]
Essen comprises 50 boroughs which in turn are grouped into nine suburban districts (called Stadtbezirke) often named after the most important boroughs. Each Stadtbezirk is assigned a Roman numeral and has a local body of nineteen members with limited authority. Most of the boroughs were originally independent municipalities but were gradually annexed from 1901 to 1975. This long-lasting process of annexation has led to a strong identification of the population with "their" boroughs or districts and to a rare peculiarity: The borough of Kettwig, located south of the Ruhr River, and which was not annexed until 1975, has its own area code. Additionally (allegedly due to relatively high church tax incomes), the Archbishop of Cologne managed to keep Kettwig directly subject to the Archdiocese of Cologne, whereas all other boroughs of Essen and some neighboring cities constitute the Diocese of Essen.
- For a list of all boroughs of the city, see the section Boroughs of Essen below.
Climate[link]
Essen is one of the warmest cities in Germany. It has a temperate-oceanic climate with relatively cool winters and mild summers. Its average annual temperature is 10 °C (50 °F): 13.3 °C (56 °F) during the day and 6.7 °C (44 °F) at night. The average annual precipitation is 934 millimetres (37 in). The coldest month of the year is January, when the average temperature is 2.4 °C (36 °F). The warmest months are July and August, with an average temperature of 18 °C (64 °F).
| Climate data for Essen | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 4.5 (40.1) |
5.5 (41.9) |
9.1 (48.4) |
12.7 (54.9) |
17.6 (63.7) |
19.9 (67.8) |
22.2 (72.0) |
22.3 (72.1) |
18.3 (64.9) |
13.7 (56.7) |
8.2 (46.8) |
5.6 (42.1) |
13.3 (55.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 2.4 (36.3) |
2.9 (37.2) |
6.0 (42.8) |
8.9 (48.0) |
13.4 (56.1) |
15.8 (60.4) |
18.0 (64.4) |
18.0 (64.4) |
14.7 (58.5) |
10.7 (51.3) |
5.9 (42.6) |
3.6 (38.5) |
10.0 (50.0) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 0.2 (32.4) |
0.3 (32.5) |
2.9 (37.2) |
5.0 (41.0) |
9.1 (48.4) |
11.6 (52.9) |
13.7 (56.7) |
13.7 (56.7) |
11.1 (52.0) |
7.6 (45.7) |
3.6 (38.5) |
1.6 (34.9) |
6.7 (44.1) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 84.5 (3.327) |
58.1 (2.287) |
78.2 (3.079) |
61.0 (2.402) |
72.2 (2.843) |
92.8 (3.654) |
81.2 (3.197) |
78.8 (3.102) |
78.0 (3.071) |
75.1 (2.957) |
81.1 (3.193) |
93.1 (3.665) |
934.1 (36.776) |
| Avg. precipitation days | 14.1 | 10.5 | 13.6 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 12.0 | 10.4 | 9.9 | 11.2 | 10.9 | 13.6 | 14.1 | 142.5 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 43.4 | 78.3 | 102.3 | 147.0 | 192.2 | 183.0 | 186.0 | 182.9 | 135.0 | 111.6 | 57.0 | 40.3 | 1,459 |
| Source: World Meteorological Organization (UN),[2] Hong Kong Observatory[3] for data of sunshine hours | |||||||||||||
History[link]
Origin of the name[link]
In German-speaking countries, the name of the city Essen often causes confusion as to its origins, because it is commonly known as the German infinitive of the verb for the act of eating, and/or the German noun for food. Although scholars still dispute the interpretation of the name,[4] there remain a few noteworthy interpretations. The oldest known form of the city's name is Astnide, which changed to Essen by way of forms such as Astnidum, Assinde, Essendia and Esnede. The name Astnide may have referred either to a region where many ash trees were found or to a region in the East (of the Frankish Empire).[5] The Old High German word for fireplace, Esse, is also commonly mentioned due to the industrial history of the city, but is highly unlikely since the old forms of the city name originate from times before industrialization.
Early history[link]
The oldest archaeological find, the Vogelheimer Klinge, dates back to 280,000 – 250,000 BC. It is a blade found in the borough of Vogelheim in the northern part of the city during the construction of the Rhine–Herne Canal in 1926.[6] Other artifacts from the Stone Age have also been found, although these are not overly numerous. Land utilization was very high – especially due to mining activities during the Industrial Age – and any more major finds, especially from the Mesolithic era, are not expected. Finds from 3,000 BC and onwards are far more common, the most important one being a Megalithic tomb found in 1937. Simply called Steinkiste (Chest of Stone), it is referred to as "Essen's earliest preserved example of architecture".[7]
Essen was part of the settlement areas of several Germanic peoples (Chatti, Bructeri, Marsi), although a clear distinction among these groupings is difficult.
The Alteburg castle in the south of Essen dates back to the 1st or 2nd century BC, the Herrenburg to the 8th century AD.
8th–12th centuries[link]
Around 845, Saint Altfrid (around 800–874), the later Bishop of Hildesheim, founded an abbey for women (coenobium Astnide) in the centre of present-day Essen. The first abbess was Altfrid's relative Gerswit (see also: Essen Abbey). In 799, Saint Liudger had already founded Benedictine Werden Abbey on its own grounds a few kilometers south. The region was sparsely populated with only a few smallholdings and an old and probably abandoned castle. Whereas Werden Abbey sought to support Liudger's missionary work in the Harz region (Helmstedt/Halberstadt), Essen Abbey was meant to care for women of the higher Saxon nobility. This abbey was not an abbey in the ordinary sense, but rather intended as a residence and educational institution for the daughters and widows of the higher nobility; led by an abbess, the members other than the abbess herself were not obliged to take vows of chastity.
Around 852, construction of the collegiate church of the abbey began, to be completed in 870. A major fire in 946 heavily damaged both the church and the settlement. The church was rebuilt, expanded considerably, and is the foundation of the present Essen Cathedral.
The first documented mention of Essen dates back to 898, when Zwentibold, King of Lotharingia, willed territory on the western bank of the River Rhine to the abbey. Another document, describing the foundation of the abbey and allegedly dating back to 870, is now considered an 11th century forgery.
In 971, Mathilde II, granddaughter of Emperor Otto I, took charge of the abbey. She was to become the most important of all abbesses in the history of Essen. She reigned for over 40 years, and endowed the abbey's treasury with invaluable objects such as the oldest preserved seven branched candelabrum, and the Golden Madonna of Essen, the oldest known sculpture of the Virgin Mary in the western world. Mathilde was succeeded by other women related to the Ottonian emperors: Sophia, daughter of Otto II and sister of Otto III, and Teophanu, granddaughter of Otto II. It was under the reign of Teophanu that Essen, which had been called a city since 1003, received the right to hold markets in 1041. Ten years later, Teophanu had the eastern part of Essen Abbey constructed. Its crypt contains the tombs of St. Altfrid, Mathilde II, and Teophanu herself.
13th–17th centuries[link]
In 1216, the abbey, which had only been an important landowner until then, gained the status of a princely residence when Emperor Frederick II called abbess Elisabeth I Reichsfürstin (Princess of the Empire) in an official letter. In 1244, 28 years later, Essen received its town charter and seal when Konrad von Hochstaden, the Archbishop of Cologne, marched into the city and erected a city wall together with the population. This proved a temporary emancipation of the population of the city from the princess-abbesses, but this lasted only until 1290. That year, King Rudolph I restored the princess-abbesses to full sovereignty over the city, much to the dismay of the population of the growing city, who called for self-administration and imperial immediacy. The title free imperial city was finally granted by Emperor Charles IV in 1377. However, in 1372, Charles had paradoxically endorsed Rudolph I's 1290 decision and hence left both the abbey and the city in imperial favour. Disputes between the city and the abbey about supremacy over the region remained common until the abbey's dissolution in 1803. Many lawsuits were filed at the Reichskammergericht, one of them lasting almost 200 years. The final decision of the court in 1670 was that the city had to be "duly obedient in dos and don'ts" to the abbesses but could maintain its old rights—a decision that did not really solve any of the problems.
In 1563, the city council, with its self-conception as the only legitimate ruler of Essen, introduced the Protestant Reformation. The Catholic abbey had no troops to counter this development.
Thirty Years' War[link]
During the Thirty Years' War, the Protestant city and the Catholic abbey opposed each other. In 1623, princess-abbess Maria Clara von Spaur, Pflaum und Valör, managed to direct Catholic Spaniards against the city in order to initiate a Counter-Reformation. In 1624, a "re-Catholicization" law was enacted, and churchgoing was strictly controlled. In 1628, the city council filed against this at the Reichskammergericht. Maria had to flee to Cologne when the Dutch stormed the city in 1629. She returned in the summer of 1631 following the Bavarians under Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim, only to leave again in September. She died 1644 in Cologne.
The war proved a severe blow to the city, with frequent arrests, kidnapping and rape. Even after the Peace of Westphalia from 1648, troops remained in the city until 9 September 1650.
Industrialisation[link]
The first historic evidence of the important mining tradition of Essen date back to the 14th century, when the princess-abbess was granted mining rights. The first silver mine opened in 1354, but the indisputably more important coal was not mentioned until 1371, and coal mining only began in 1450.
At the end of the 16th century, many coal mines had opened in Essen, and the city earned a name as a centre of the weapons industry. Around 1570, gunsmiths made high profits and in 1620, they produced 14,000 rifles and pistols a year. The city became increasingly important strategically.
Resident in Essen since the 16th century, the Krupp family dynasty and Essen shaped each other. In 1811, Friedrich Krupp founded Germany's first cast-steel factory in Essen and laid the cornerstone for what was to be the largest enterprise in Europe for a couple of decades. The weapon factories in Essen became so important that a sign facing the main railway station welcomed visitor Benito Mussolini to the "Armory of the Reich" in 1937.[8] The Krupp Works also were the main reason for the large population growth beginning in the mid-19th century. Essen reached a population of 100,000 in 1896. Other industrialists, such as Friedrich Grillo, who in 1892 donated the Grillo Theatre to the city, also played a major role in the shaping of the city and the Ruhr area in the late 19th and early 20th century.
First World War[link]
Riots broke out in February 1917 following a breakdown in the supply of flour. There were then strikes in the Krupp factory.[9]
Second World War[link]
As a major industrial centre, Essen was a target for allied bombing. Over 270 air raids were launched against the city, destroying 90% of the centre and 60% of the suburbs.[10] On 5 March 1943 Essen was subjected to one of the heaviest air-raids of the war. 461 people were killed, 1,593 injured and a further 50,000 residents of Essen were made homeless.[11] On 13 December 1944 three British airmen were lynched.[12]
See also: Krupp and Bombing of Essen in World War II
The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Essen in April 1945. The US 507th Parachute Infantry Regiment of the 17th Airborne Division, acting as regular infantry and not in a parachute role, entered the city unopposed and captured it on 10 April 1945.[13]
Under British occupation[link]
After the successful invasion of Germany by the allies, Essen was assigned to the British Zone of Occupation. On 8 March 1946, a German Army Officer and a civilian were hanged for the lynching of three British Airmen in December 1944.
Twenty-first century[link]
Although no weaponry is produced in Essen any more, old industrial enterprises such as ThyssenKrupp and RWE remain large employers in the city. Foundations such as the Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach-Stiftung still promote the well-being of the city, for example by supporting a hospital and donating €55 Million for a new building for the Museum Folkwang, one of the Ruhr area's major art museums.
Politics[link]
Historical development[link]
The administration of Essen had for a long time been in the hands of the princess-abbesses as heads of the Imperial Abbey of Essen. However, from the 14th century onwards, the city council increasingly grew in importance. In 1335, it started choosing two burgomasters, one of whom was placed in charge of the treasury. In 1377, Essen was granted imperial immediacy [14] but had to abandon this privilege later on. Between the early 15th and 20th centuries, the political system of Essen underwent several changes, most importantly the introduction of the Protestant Reformation in 1563, the annexation of 1802 by Prussia, and the subsequent secularization of the principality in 1803. The territory was made part of the Prussian Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg from 1815–22, after which it became part of the Prussian Rhine Province until its dissolution in 1946.
During the German Revolution of 1918–19, Essen was the home of the Essen Tendency (Essener Richtung) within the Communist Workers' Party of Germany. In 1922 they founded the Communist Workers' International. Essen became one of the centres of resistance to Social Democracy and the Freikorps alike.
During the Nazi era (1933–1945), mayors were installed by the Nazi Party. After World War II, the military government of the British occupation zone installed a new mayor and a municipal constitution modeled on that of British cities. Later, the city council was again elected by the population. The mayor was elected by the council as its head and as the city's main representative. The administration was led by a full time Oberstadtdirektor. In 1999, the position of Oberstadtdirektor was abolished in North Rhine-Westphalia and the mayor became both main representative and administrative head. In addition, the population now elects the mayor directly.
City council[link]
The last local elections took place on 30 August 2009. As a result, Reinhard Paß (SPD) was elected Lord Mayor and the following political parties gained seats in the city council:
| SPD (Social Democrats) |
CDU (Christian Democrats) |
GRÜNE (Greens) |
FDP Alternative Essen (Liberals) |
The Left (Left-wing) |
Essener Bürgerbündnis (Independent) |
REP (National Conservatives) |
NPD (National Democratics) |
Essen steht AUF (MLPD) (Marxist-Leninists) |
Total |
| 31 | 26 | 9 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 82 |
The city is governed by a coalition of SPD and CDU.
Coat of arms[link]
The coat of arms of the city of Essen is a heraldic peculiarity. Granted in 1886, it is a so-called Allianzwappen (arms of alliance) and consists of two separate shields under a single crown. Most other coats of arms of cities show a wall instead of a crown. The crown, however, does not refer to the city of Essen itself, but instead to the secularized ecclesiastical principality of Essen under the reign of the princess-abbesses. The dexter (heraldically right) escutcheon shows the double-headed Imperial Eagle of the Holy Roman Empire, granted to the city in 1623. The sinister (heraldically left) escutcheon is one of the oldest emblems of Essen and shows a sword that people believed was used to behead the city's patron Saints Cosmas and Damian. People tend to connect the sword in the left shield with one found in the Cathedral Treasury. This sword, however, is much more recent.[15] A slightly modified and more heraldically correct version of the coat of arms can be found on the roof of the Handelshof hotel near the main station.
International relations[link]
- Grenoble, France (since 1974)[16][17]
- Nizhny Novgorod, Russia (since 1991)[16]
- City of Sunderland, United Kingdom (since 1949)[16]
- Tampere, Finland (since 1960)[16]
- Tel Aviv, Israel (since 1991)[16]
The City of Monessen, PA, situated along the Monongahela River, was named after the river and Essen.[18]
Industry and infrastructure[link]
Major companies based in Essen[link]
Essen is seat to several large companies, among them the ThyssenKrupp industrial conglomerate which is also registered in Duisburg and originates from a 1999 merger between Duisburg-based Thyssen AG and Essen-based Friedrich Krupp AG Hoesch-Krupp. The largest company registered only in Essen is Germany's second-largest electric utility RWE AG. Essen also hosts parts of the corporate headquarters of Schenker AG, the logistics division of Deutsche Bahn. Other major companies include Germany's largest construction company Hochtief AG, as well as Aldi Nord, Evonik Industries, Arcandor AG, Medion AG and Deichmann, Europe's largest shoe retailer. With Eon-Ruhrgas, Germany's largest gas company also has its seat in Essen. The Coca-Cola Company had also originally established their German headquarters in Essen (around 1930), where it remained until 2003, when it was moved to the capital Berlin.
Fairs[link]
The city's fair grounds, Messe Essen, host some 50 trade fairs each year. With around 530.000 visitors each year, Essen Motor Show, the top international car tuning fair, is by far the largest event held there. Other important fairs open to the consumers include SPIEL, the world's biggest consumer fair for gaming and also occasion of the presentation of the Essen Feather and of the Deutscher Spiele Preis, Techno-Classica (vintage cars) and one of the leading fairs for equestrian sports, Equitana, held every two years. Important fairs restricted to professionals include Security (security and fire protection), IPM (gardening) and E-World (energy and water).
Media[link]
The Westdeutscher Rundfunk has a studio in Essen, which is responsible for the central Ruhr area. Each day, it produces a 30-minute regional evening news magazine (called Lokalzeit Ruhr), a 5-minute afternoon news programme, and several radio news programmes. A local broadcasting station went "on-the-air" in the late 1990s. The WAZ Media Group is one of the most important (print) media companies in Europe and publishes the Ruhr area's two most important daily newspapers, Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung (WAZ; 580,000 copies) and Neue Ruhr/Rhein Zeitung (NRZ; 180,000 copies). In Essen, the WAZ Group also publishes the local Borbecker Nachrichten (at times Germany's largest local newspaper) and Werdener Nachrichten, both of which are formerly independent weekly newspapers for parts of Essen. Additionally, Axel Springer run a printing facility for their boulevard-style daily paper Bild in Essen.
Education[link]
One renowned educational institution in Essen is the Folkwang University, a university of the arts founded in 1927, which is headquartered in Essen and has additional facilities in Duisburg, Bochum and Dortmund.
The University of Duisburg-Essen, which resulted from a 2003 merger of the universities of Essen and Duisburg, is one of Germany's "youngest" universities. One of its primary research areas is urban systems (i.e., sustainable development, logistics and transportation), a theme largely inspired by the highly urbanised Ruhr area. Other fields include nanotechnology, discrete mathematics and "education in the 21st century". Another university in Essen is the private Fachhochschule für Oekonomie und Management, a university of applied sciences with over 6,000 students and branches in 15 other major cities throughout Germany.
Medicine[link]
Essen offers a highly diversified health care system with more than 1,350 resident doctors and almost 6,000 beds in 13 hospitals, including a university hospital. The university hospital dates back to 1909, when the city council established a municipal hospital; although it was largely destroyed during World War II, it was later rebuilt, and finally gained the title of a university hospital in 1963. It focuses on diseases of the circulatory system (West German Heart Centre Essen), oncology and transplantation medicine, with the department of bone marrow transplantation being the second-largest of its kind in the world.
Transport[link]
Streets and motorways[link]
The road network of Essen consists of over 3,200 streets, which in total have a length of roughly 1,600 km (994 mi).
Three Autobahnen touch Essen territory, most importantly the Ruhrschnellweg (Ruhr expressway, A 40), which runs directly through the city, dividing it roughly in half. In a west-eastern direction, the A 40 connects the Dutch city of Venlo with Dortmund, running through the whole Ruhr area. It is one of the arterial roads of the Ruhr area (> 140,000 vehicles/day) and suffers from heavy congestion during rush hours, which is why many people in the area nicknamed it Ruhrschleichweg (Ruhr crawling way). A tunnel was built in the 1970s, when the then-Bundesstraße was upgraded to motorway standards, so that the A 40 is hidden from public view in the inner-city district near the main railway station.
In the north, the A 42 briefly touches Essen territory, serving as an interconnection between the neighboring cities of Oberhausen and Gelsenkirchen and destinations beyond.
A segment of the A 52 connects Essen with the more southern region around Düsseldorf. On Essen territory, the A 52 runs from the southern boroughs near Mülheim an der Ruhr past the fairground and then merges with the Ruhrschnellweg at the Autobahndreieck Essen-Ost junction east of the city center.
With the A 40/A 52 in the southern parts of the city and the A 42 in the north, there is a gap in the motorway system often leading to congestion on streets leading from the central to the northern boroughs. An extension of the A 52 to connect the Essen-Ost junction with the A 42 to close this gap is considered urgent;[19] it has been planned for years but not yet been realized – most importantly due to the high-density areas this extension would lead through, resulting in high costs and concerns with the citizens.
Public transport[link]
As with most communes in the Ruhr area, local transport is carried out by a local, publicly-owned company for transport within the city, the DB Regio subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn for regional transport and Deutsche Bahn itself for long-distance journeys. The local carrier, Essener Verkehrs-AG (EVAG), is a member of the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr (VRR) association of public transport companies in the Ruhr area, which provides a uniform fare structure in the whole region. Within the VRR region, tickets are valid on lines of all members as well as DB's railway lines (except the high-speed InterCity and Intercity-Express networks) and can be bought at ticket machines and service centers of EVAG, all other members of VRR, and DB.
EVAG operates 3 U-Stadtbahn, 7 tram and 59 bus lines (16 of these serving as Nacht Express late-night lines only), with a total length of 29 kilometres (18 mi), 83 kilometres (52 mi) and 459 km (285 mi), respectively.[20] One tram line and a few bus lines coming from neighboring cities are operated by these cities' respective carriers. The U-Stadtbahn, which partly runs on used Docklands Light Railway stock, is a mixture of tram and full underground systems with 20 underground stations for the U-Stadtbahn and additional 4 underground stations used by the tram. Two lines of the U-Stadtbahn are completely intersection-free and hence independent from other traffic, and the U 18 line leading from Mülheim main station to the Berliner Platz station at the gates of the city center partly runs above ground amidst the A 40 motorway. Essen Stadtbahn is integrated in the Rhine-Ruhr Stadtbahn network.
On the same motorway, a long-term test of a guided bus system is being held since 1980. Many EVAG rail lines meet at the main station but only a handful of bus lines. However, all but one of the Nacht Express bus lines originate from / lead to Essen Hauptbahnhof in a star-shaped manner. All EVAG lines, including the Nacht Express lines, are closed on weekdays from 1:30 a.m. to 4:30 a.m.
Of the Rhein-Ruhr S-Bahn net's 13 lines, 5 lines lead through Essen territory and meet at the Essen Hauptbahnhof main station, which also serves as the connection to the Regional-Express and Intercity-Express network of regional and nationwide high-speed trains, respectively. Following Essen's appointment as European Capital of Culture 2010, the main station, which is classified as a station of highest importance and which had not been substantially renovated over decades, will be redeveloped with a budget of € 57 million until early 2010.[21] Other important stations in Essen, where regional and local traffic are connected, are the Regionalbahnhöfe (regional railway stations) in the boroughs of Altenessen, Borbeck, Kray and Steele. Further 20 S-Bahn stations can be found in the whole urban area.
Aviation[link]
Together with the neighbouring city of Mülheim an der Ruhr and the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Essen maintains Essen/Mülheim Airport (IATA: ESS, ICAO: EDLE). While the first flights had already arrived in 1919, it was officially opened on 25 August 1925. Significantly expanded in 1935, Essen/Mülheim became the central airport of the Ruhr area until the end of the Second World War, providing an asphalted runway of 1,553 m (5,095 ft), another unsurfaced runway for gliding and destinations to most major European cities. It was heavily damaged during the war, yet partly reconstructed and used by the Allies as a secondary airport since visibility is less often obscured than at Düsseldorf Airport. The latter then developed into the large civil airport that it is now, while Essen/Mülheim now mainly serves occasional air traffic (some 33,000 passengers each year),[22] the base of a fleet of airships and Germany's oldest public flight training company. Residents of the region around Essen typically use Düsseldorf Airport (~ 20 driving minutes) and occasionally Dortmund Airport for both domestic and international flights.
Landmarks[link]
Zollverein Industrial Complex[link]
Main article: Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex
The Zollverein Industrial Complex is the city's most famous landmark. For decades, the coal mine (current form mainly from 1932, closed in 1986) and the coking plant (closed in 1993) ranked among the largest of their kinds in Europe. Shaft XII, built in Bauhaus style, with its characteristic winding tower, which over the years has become a symbol for the whole Ruhr area, is considered an architectural and technical masterpiece, earning it a reputation as the "most beautiful coal mine in the world".[23] After UNESCO had declared it a World Heritage Site in 2001, the complex, which had lain idle for a long time and was even threatened to be demolished, began to see a period of redevelopment. Under the direction of an agency borne by the land of North Rhine-Westphalia and the city itself, several arts and design institutions settled mainly on the grounds of the former coal mine; a redevelopment plan for the coking plant is to be realised.
On the grounds of the coal mine and the coking plant, which are both accessible free of charge while paid guided tours (some with former Kumpels) are also available, several tourist attractions can be found, most importantly the Design Zentrum NRW/Red Dot Design Museum. The Ruhrmuseum, a museum dedicated to the history of the Ruhr area, which had been existing since 1904, will open its gates as one of the anchor attractions in the former coal-washing facility in autumn 2009.
Essen Minster and treasury[link]
The former collegiate church of Essen Abbey and nowadays cathedral of the Bishop of Essen is a Gothic hall church made from light sandstone. The first church on the premises dates back to between 845 and 870; the current church was constructed after a former church had burnt down in 1275. However, the important westwork and crypt have survived from Ottonian times. The cathedral is located right in the centre of the city, which evolved around it. It is not spectacular in appearance and the adjacent church St. Johann Baptist, which is located directly within the pedestrian precinct, is often mistakenly referred to as the cathedral. The cathedral treasury, however, ranks amongst the most important in Germany since only few art works have been lost over the centuries. The most precious exhibit, located right within the cathedral, is the Golden Madonna of Essen (around 980), the oldest known sculpture of the Madonna and the oldest free-standing sculpture north of the Alps. The Madonna is commonly referred to as Essen sein Schatz or Essen its treasure, to translate literally. Other exhibits include the alleged child crown of Emperor Otto III, the eldest preserved seven-branched Christian candelabrum and several other art works from Ottonian times.
Old Synagogue[link]
Opened in 1913, the then-New Synagogue served as the central meeting place of Essen's pre-war Jewish community. The building ranks as one of the largest and most impressive testimonies of Jewish culture in pre-war Germany. In post-war Germany, the former house of worship was bought by the city, used as an exhibition hall and later rededicated as a cultural meeting centre and house of Jewish culture.
Villa Hügel[link]
Main article: Villa Hügel
Built in 1873 by industrial magnate Alfred Krupp, the 269-room mansion (8,100 m2/87,190 sq ft) and the surrounding park of 28 ha (69.2 acres) served as the Krupp family's representative seat. The city's land register solely lists the property, which at times had a staff of up to 640 people, as a single-family home.[24] At the time of its construction, the villa featured some technical novelties and peculiarities, such as a central hot air heating system, own water- and gas works and electric internal and external telegraph- and telephone systems (with a central induction alarm for the staff). The mansion's central clock became the reference clock for the whole Krupp enterprise; every clock was to be set with a maximum difference of half a minute. It even acquired its own railway station, Essen Hügel, which is still a regular stop. The Krupp family had to leave the Gründerzeit mansion in 1945, when it was annexed by the allies. Given back in 1952, Villa Hügel is now seat of the Alfried Krupp von Bohlen and Halbach Foundation (major shareholder of Thyssen-Krupp) and was opened for concerts and sporadic yet high profile exhibitions.
Kettwig and Werden[link]
In the south of the city, the boroughs of Kettwig and Werden exceptionally stand for towns once of their own, which have been annexed in the mid-20th century and which have largely preserved their pre-annexation character. While most of the northern boroughs were heavily damaged during the Second World War and often lost their historic town centres; the more southern parts got off more lightly.
In Werden, St. Ludger founded Werden Abbey around 799, 45 years before St. Altfrid founded the later cornerstone of the modern city, Essen Abbey. The old church of Werden abbey, St. Ludgerus, was designated a papal basilica minor in 1993, while the main building of the former abbey today is the headquarters of the Folkwang University of music and performing arts.
Kettwig, which was annexed in 1975, much to the dismay of the population that still struggles for independence,[25] was mainly shaped by the textile industry. The most southern borough of Essen is also the city's largest (with regard to area) and presumably greenest.
Other important cultural sites[link]
- Museum Folkwang: One of the Ruhr area's major art collections, mainly from the 19th and 20th centuries. Major parts of the museum have recently been rebuilt and expanded according to plans by David Chipperfield & Co. The Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation is the sole funder of the €55 million project which was completed in early 2010. After its re-opening, it also hosts the collection of the Deutsches Plakat Museum (more than 340 000 exhibits).
- Aalto Theatre: Opened in 1988 (according to plans dating back to 1959), the asymmetric building with its deep indigo interior is home to the acclaimed Essen Opera and Ballet.
- Saalbau: Home of the Essen Philharmonic Orchestra, completely renovated in 2003/2004. Critics have repeatedly voted the Essen Philharmonic as Germany's Orchestra of the Year.[26]
- Colosseum Theater: Situated in a former Krupp factory building at the fringe of the central pedestrian precinct, the Collosseum Theatre has been home to several musical theatre productions since 1996.
- Zeche Carl, a former coal mine now a Cultural Centre and venue for Rock concerts and home of Offener Kanal Essen.
Other sites[link]
- Gartenstadt Margarethenhöhe: Founded by Margarethe Krupp in 1906, the garden city with its 3092 units in 935 buildings on an area of 115 ha (284.2 acres) (of which 50 ha are woodland) is considered the first of its kind in Germany. All buildings follow the same stylistic concept, with slight variations for each one. Although originally designed as an area for the lower classes with quite small flats, the old part Margarethenhöhe I has developed into a middle class residential area and housing space has become highly sought after. A new part, Margarehenhöhe II, was built in the 1960s and 1970s but is architecturally inferior and especially the multi-storey buildings are still considered social hot spots.
- Moltkeviertel (Moltke Quarter): from 1908 on, following reformative plans of the city deputy Robert Schmidt, this quarter was developed just south-east of the city centre. Large green zones, forming broad urban ventilation lanes and incorporating sporting and playing areas and high quality architecture – invariably in the style of Reform Architecture, combine to create a unique example worldwide of modern town planning. It reflects reformative ideas and dates from the early part of the 20th century. The Moltkeviertel continues to be a much sought-after area for residential, educational, health care and small-scale commercial purposes. On the Moltkeplatz, the quarter's largest square, an ensemble of high quality contemporary art is maintained and cared for by local residents.
- Grugapark: With a total area of 70 ha (173.0 acres), the park near the exhibition halls is one of the largest urban parks in Germany and, although entry is not free of charge, one of the most popular recreational sites of the city. It includes the city's botanical garden, the Botanischer Garten Grugapark.
- Lake Baldeney: The largest of the six reservoirs of the River Ruhr, situated in the south of the city, is another popular recreational area. Swimming in the lake is forbidden but it is actively used for sailing, rowing and ship tours. The hilly and only lightly developed forest area around the lake, from which the Kettwig area is easily reachable, is also popular with hikers.
Notable people[link]
- For a comprehensive list of people who were born or acted/lived in Essen, see this article in the German Wikipedia.
Honorary citizens[link]
The city of Essen has been awarding honorary citizenships since 1879 but has (coincidentally) discontinued this tradition after the foundation of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949. A notable exception was made in 2007, when Berthold Beitz, the president of the Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation received honorary citizenship for his long lasting commitment to the city.[27] The following list contains all[28] honorary citizens of the city of Essen:
- 1879 Otto von Bismarck – Chancellor of Germany
- 1888 Friedrich Hammacher – Politician, lawyer and economist
- 1895 Johann Heinrich Peter Beising – Roman catholic theologian
- 1896 Friedrich Alfred Krupp – Industrialist (spouse of Margarethe Krupp, see below)
- 1901 Heinrich Carl Sölling – Tradesman and benefactor
- 1906 Erich Zweigert – Lord Mayor from 1886 till 1906
- 1912 Margarethe Krupp – benefactress (spouse of Friedrich Alfred Krupp, see above)
- 1917 Paul von Hindenburg – Generalfeldmarschall and army leader, later President of Germany
- 1948 Viktor Niemeyer – Councilman (posthumous recognition)
- 2007 Berthold Beitz – president of the Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation
Today, the highest award of the city is the Ring of Honour, which Berthold Beitz, for example, had already received in 1983. Other bearers of the Ring of Honour include Essen's former Lord Mayor and later President of Germany, Gustav Heinemann, as well as Franz Cardinal Hengsbach, the first Bishop of Essen.
Sport[link]
The biggest association football clubs in Essen are Rot-Weiss Essen (Red-White Essen) and Schwarz-Weiß Essen (Black-White Essen). Rot-Weiss Essen is playing in the fourth tier of the German football league system, Regionalliga West, and Schwarz-Weiß Essen in the fifth tier, Oberliga Nordrhein-Westfalen. Other football clubs are BV Altenessen, TuS Helene Altenessen, SG Essen-Schönebeck.
Footnotes[link]
- ^ "Amtliche Bevölkerungszahlen" (in German). Landesbetrieb Information und Technik NRW. 31 December 2010. http://www.it.nrw.de/statistik/a/daten/amtlichebevoelkerungszahlen/index.html.
- ^ "Weather Information for Essen". http://www.worldweather.org/016/c01345.htm.
- ^ "Climatological Information for Essen, Germany" – Hong Kong Observatory
- ^ Stadt Essen. "Origin of place names" (in German). Essen.de. http://www.essen.de/Deutsch/Rathaus/Aemter/Ordner_41/Stadtarchiv/geschichte/Geschichte_Namensdeutung.asp. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
- ^ Paul Derks: Der Ortsname Essen, in: Essener Beiträge 103 (1989/90), pp. 27–51
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Detlef Hopp: Essen vor der Geschichte – Die Archäologie der Stadt bis zum 9. Jahrhundert, in Borsdorf (Ed.): Essen – Geschichte einer Stadt, 2002, p. 32
- ^ "NRW 2000 – Epoche des Nationalsozialismus – Einleitung – Hitler und Mussolini besuchen die "Waffenschmiede des Reiches" und die Krupp-Werke Essen". Nrw2000.de. 25 September 1937. http://www.nrw2000.de/ns/hitler_mussolini.htm. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
- ^ 'Auszug aus der Zusammenstellung der Monatsberichte der stellv. Generalkommandos an das preußische Kriegsministerium betr. die allgemeine Stimmung im Volke (Excerpt from the Compilation of Monthly Reports of the Deputy Commanding Generals to the Prussian War Ministry Concerning the Morale of the Population). 3 March 1917, no. 230/17 g. B. 6., Generallandesarchiv Karlsruhe, Abt. 456, vol. 70. Reprinted in Wilhelm Deist, Militär und Innenpolitik im Weltkrieg 1914–1918 (Military and Domestic Policy in the World War, 1914–1918). 2 volumes. Düsseldorf: Droste, 1970, vol. 2, pp. 666–67.
- ^ Essen, Germany – Transatlantic Cities Network, German Marshall Fund of the United States accessed 3 April 2010
- ^ Essen – History, eurotravelling.net, accessed 3 April 2010
- ^ The Essen Lynching Case, University of the West of England, accessed 3 April 2010
- ^ Stanton, Shelby, World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946 (Revised Edition, 2006), Stackpole Books, p. 97.
- ^ History of Essen (in German)
- ^ "Origin of the sword in the Essen Cathedral Treasury". Regesta-imperii.adwmainz.de. http://regesta-imperii.adwmainz.de/regesten/regshow.php?pk=8837&offset=0&bandanzeige=1. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f "Städtepartnerschaften". Essen City Council. http://www.essen.de/deutsch/rathaus/aemter/ordner_15/staedtepartnerschaften/startseite_partnerstaedte.asp. Retrieved 10 April 2011.
- ^ Jérôme Steffenino, Marguerite Masson. "Ville de Grenoble – Coopérations et villes jumelles". Grenoble.fr. Archived from the original on 14 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071014074034/http://www.grenoble.fr/jsp/site/Portal.jsp?page_id=92. Retrieved 29 October 2009.
- ^ Harvath, Les (18 March 2007). "School colors glimpse history". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_497856.html. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
- ^ Bundesverkehrswegeplan 2003, p. 124
- ^ http://www.evag.de/fileadmin/downloads/geschaeftsberichte/Kleine_EVAG_Statistik_2008.pdf
- ^ Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Affairs[dead link]
- ^ According to RVV-Verkehrsstatistik 2007 (RVV Traffic Statistics 2007).
- ^ "European Route of Industrial Heritage". En.erih.net. http://en.erih.net/index.php?anchor=66&pageId=40. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
- ^ Official Villa Hügel Web Page[dead link]
- ^ "Official Site of the State Parliament of North Rhine-Westphaila". Landtag.nrw.de. http://www.landtag.nrw.de/portal/WWW/Webmaster/GB_II/II.2/Suche/Landtag_Intern/Suchergebnisse_Landtag_Intern.jsp?&w=native(%27(id%3D%27%27LI970215%27%27)%27)&order=native(%27ID(1)%2FDescend+%27)&view=detail. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
- ^ "Pressetext – Oper". Opernwelt. 28 September 2009. http://www.opernwelt.de/de/Jahrbuch/pressetext/index.html. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
- ^ "Speech by Mayor Wolfgang Reiniger (German)" (PDF). http://krupp-guertel.essen.de/Projekte/Rede_OB_fuer_Ehrenbuerger_Beitz_09_05_07.pdf. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
- ^ Stadt Essen. "Honorary Citizens of Essen". Essen.de. http://www.essen.de/deutsch/rathaus/aemter/ordner_41/stadtarchiv/ehrenbuerger/ehrenbuerger.asp. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Essen |
- Official city website
- Essen, 2010 European Capital of Culture Guide
- Essen City Panoramas – Panoramic Views and virtual Tours
- Pictures from Kettwig
- World Cities Images. Germany. Essen
- Memorials in Essen at sites-of-memory.de
- ConRuhr – Academic Liaison Office for Universities of Duisburg-Essen, Dortmund, Bochum
- List of Hotels in Essen (English)
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| Rory Gallagher | |
|---|---|
 Gallagher, at the Manchester Apollo in 1982 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | William Rory Gallagher |
| Also known as | Liam Rory Gallagher |
| Born | (1948-03-02)2 March 1948 Ballyshannon, County Donegal, Ireland |
| Died | 14 June 1995(1995-06-14) (aged 47) London, England |
| Genres | Blues, blues-rock, hard rock, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, jazz, folk, skiffle |
| Occupations | Musician, songwriter, bandleader, producer |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, bass, mandolin, saxophone, sitar, harmonica, banjo, dulcimer, dobro |
| Years active | 1963–1995 |
| Labels | Polydor, Chrysalis, Buddah, Castle |
| Associated acts | Taste |
| Website | www.rorygallagher.com |
| Notable instruments | |
| 1961 Sunburst Fender Stratocaster | |
William Rory Gallagher, 
/ˈrɔriː ˈɡæləhər/ GAL-ə-hər; 2 March 1948 – 14 June 1995,[1][2] was an Irish blues-rock multi-instrumentalist, songwriter, and bandleader. Born in Ballyshannon, County Donegal, Ireland,[3] and raised in Cork, Gallagher recorded solo albums throughout the 1970s and 1980s, after forming the band Taste during the late 1960s. A talented guitarist known for his charismatic performances and dedication to his craft, Gallagher's albums have sold in excess of 30 million copies worldwide.[4][5] Gallagher received a liver transplant in 1995, but died of complications later that year in London, England at the age of 47.[6]
Contents |
Biography[link]
Gallagher was born in Ballyshannon, Co. Donegal; his father, Daniel, was employed by the Irish Electricity Supply Board, who were constructing a hydro-electric power plant on the Erne River above the town. The family moved, first to Derry City, where his younger brother Dónal was born in 1949, and then to Cork, where the two brothers were raised, and where Rory attended the North Monastery School. Their father had played the accordion and sang with the Tir Chonaill Ceile Band whilst in Donegal; their mother Monica was a singer and acted with the Abbey Players in Ballyshannon. The Theatre in Ballyshannon where Monica once acted is now called the Rory Gallagher Theatre.
Both sons were musically inclined and encouraged by their parents: at age nine, Gallagher received his first guitar from them. He built on his burgeoning ability on ukelele in teaching himself to play the guitar and perform at minor functions. After winning a talent contest when he was twelve, Gallagher began performing in his adolescence with both his acoustic guitar, and an electric guitar he bought with his prize money. However, it was his purchase three years later of a 1961 Fender Stratocaster for £100 that became his primary instrument most associated with him for the span of his lifetime.[7]
Gallagher was initially attracted to skiffle after hearing Lonnie Donegan on the radio. Donegan frequently covered blues and folk performers from the United States. He relied entirely on radio programs and television. Occasionally, the jazz programs from the BBC would play some blues numbers, and he slowly found some song books for guitar, where he found the names of the actual composers of blues pieces. While still in school, playing songs by Buddy Holly and Eddie Cochran, he discovered his greatest influence in Muddy Waters. Subsequently, Gallagher began experimenting with folk, blues, and rock music. Unable to find or afford record albums, Gallagher stayed up late to hear Radio Luxembourg and AFN where the radio brought him his only exposure to the actual songwriters and musicians whose music moved him most.[8] Influences he discovered, and cited as he progressed, included Woody Guthrie, Big Bill Broonzy, and Lead Belly. Initially, Gallagher struck out after just an acoustic sound.[7] Singing and later using a brace for his harmonica, Gallagher taught himself to play slide guitar. Further, throughout the next few years of his musical development, Gallagher began learning to play alto saxophone, bass, mandolin, banjo, and the coral sitar with varying degrees of proficiency.[9] By his mid-teens, he began experimenting heavily with different blues styles.[10]
Gallagher began playing after school with Irish showbands, while still a young teenager. In 1963,[11] he joined one named Fontana, a sextet playing the popular hit songs of the day.[12] The band toured Ireland and the United Kingdom, earning the money for the payments that were due on his Stratocaster guitar. Gallagher began to influence the band's repertoire, beginning its transition from popular music, skirting along some of Chuck Berry's songs and by 1965, he had successfully molded Fontana into "The Impact", with a change in their lineup into an R&B group that played gigs in Ireland and Spain until disbanding in London.[9] Gallagher left with the bassist and drummer to perform as a trio in Hamburg, Germany.[11] In 1966, Gallagher returned to Ireland and, experimenting with other musicians back home in Cork, decided to form his own band.
Taste[link]
Having completed a musical apprenticeship in the showbands, and influenced by the increasing popularity of beat groups during the early 1960s, Gallagher formed "The Taste", which was later renamed simply, "Taste", a blues rock and R&B power trio, in 1966.[13] Initially, the band was composed of Gallagher and two Cork musicians, Norman Damery and Eric Kitteringham, however, by 1968, they were replaced with two musicians from Belfast, featuring Gallagher on guitar and vocals, drummer John Wilson, and bassist Richard McCracken.[13] Performing extensively in the United Kingdom, the group played regularly at the Marquee Club, supporting both Cream at their Royal Albert Hall farewell concert, and the blues supergroup Blind Faith on a tour of North America. Managed by Eddie Kennedy, the trio released the albums Taste and On The Boards, and two live recordings, Live Taste and Live at the Isle of Wight.[13] The latter appeared long after the band's break-up, which occurred shortly after their appearance at the 1970 Isle of Wight Festival.[14]
Solo career[link]
After the break-up of Taste, Gallagher toured under his own name, hiring former Deep Joy bass player Gerry McAvoy to play on Gallagher's self-titled debut album, Rory Gallagher.[15] It was the beginning of a twenty-year musical relationship between Gallagher and McAvoy; the other band member was drummer Wilgar Campbell.[13] The 1970s were Gallagher's most prolific period. He produced ten albums in that decade, including two live albums, Live in Europe and Irish Tour '74. November 1971 saw the release of his album, Deuce.[15] In the same year he was voted Melody Maker's International Top Musician of the Year, ahead of Eric Clapton.[16] However, despite a number of his albums from this period reaching the UK Albums Chart, Gallagher did not attain major star status.[13]
Gallagher played and recorded what he said was "in me all the time, and not just something I turn on ...". Though he sold over thirty million albums worldwide, it was his marathon live performances that won him greatest acclaim.[14] He is documented in the 1974 film Irish Tour '74, directed by Tony Palmer. During the heightened periods of political unrest in Ireland, as other artists were warned not to tour, Gallagher was resolute about touring Ireland at least once a year during his career, winning him the dedication of thousands of fans, and in the process, becoming a role model for other aspiring young Irish musicians. Gallagher himself admitted in several interviews that at first there were not any international Irish acts until Van Morrison, Gallagher, and later, Phil Lynott and Thin Lizzy grew popular during the 1970s. The line-up which included Rod de'Ath on drums and Lou Martin on keyboards, performed together between 1973 and 1978. However, he eventually dropped down to just bass, guitar and drums, and his act became a power trio. Other releases from that period include Against the Grain, Calling Card, Photo-Finish and Top Priority.[15] Gerry McAvoy has stated that the Gallagher band performed several TV and radio shows across Europe, including Beat-Club in Bremen, Germany and the Old Grey Whistle Test.[17] He recorded two Peel Sessions, both in February 1973 and containing the same tracks, but only the first was broadcast.[18] Along with Little Feat and Roger McGuinn, Gallagher performed the first Rockpalast live concert at the Grugahalle, Essen, Germany in 1977.[19]
Gallagher collaborated with Jerry Lee Lewis[20] and Muddy Waters[21] on their respective London Sessions in the mid 1970s. He played on Lonnie Donegan's final album.[15] He was David Coverdale's second choice (after Jeff Beck) to replace Ritchie Blackmore in Deep Purple. Gallagher chose to perform in his own band.
In the 1980s he continued recording, producing Jinx, Defender, and Fresh Evidence. After Fresh Evidence, he embarked on a tour of the United States. In addition he played with Box of Frogs which was a band formed in 1983 by former members of The Yardbirds, who released their first album in 1984. Former Yardbirds guitarists Jeff Beck and Jimmy Page also guested on their first and second albums, respectively. Becoming obsessive over details and plagued by self-doubt, Gallagher nevertheless retained a loyal fanbase. During this period he stated "I agonize too much".[13]
An album of unreleased studio tracks and a San Francisco 1979 concert will be released in June 2011.[dated info][22]
Band lineup[link]
Rory Gallagher (guitar, vocals)
1970–1972: Gerry McAvoy (bass guitar), Wilgar Campbell (drums)
1972–1976: Gerry McAvoy (bass), Lou Martin (piano, keyboards), Rod de'Ath (drums)
1976–1981: Gerry McAvoy (bass), Ted McKenna (drums)
1981–1991: Gerry McAvoy (bass), Brendan O'Neil (drums) + frequent guest: Mark Feltham (harmonica)
1992–1994: David Levy (bass), Jim Levaton (keyboards), John Cooke (keyboards), Richard Newman (drums) + frequent guest: Mark Feltham (harmonica)
Guitars and equipment[link]
Gallagher's Stratocaster[link]
File:Drnxh RG SC1961.jpg
Gallagher's Stratocaster on display in Dublin in 2007
Gallagher was always associated with his well-worn sunburst 1961 Stratocaster (Serial Number 64351), which his brother Donal has officially retired.
It was reputedly the first in Ireland, and was ordered from Fender by Jim Connolly, a showband member performing with The Irish Showband. Connolly ordered a cherry red Stratocaster through Crowley's music shop in Cork in 1963. When Fender shipped a sunburst Stratocaster instead, it went on sale as a second-hand instrument, which Gallagher bought for just shy of £100 at Crowley's Music Store on Cork's McCurtain Street. Note: the shop was at 10 Merchants Quay at the time of purchase.
The guitar was extensively modified by Gallagher. The tuning pegs are odd (5 Sperzel pegs and one Gotoh), and all of these have been found to be replacements. Second, it is thought[citation needed] that the nut has been replaced and interchanged a number of times. Third, the scratchplate was changed during Gallagher's time with Taste.
The pickups —none of which are original— were also changed. The final modification was that of the wiring: Gallagher disconnected the bottom tone pot and rewired it so he had just a master tone control along with the master volume control. He also installed a 5-way selector switch in place of the vintage 3-way one.
The most notable effect that the years of touring have had on the guitar is the almost complete removal of its original sunburst finish.[23] Although the Strat was left abandoned in a rainy ditch for days after being stolen, this is not believed to have caused any of the effect. All of the wear was caused by Rory's playing, not misuse.
It also had a period of time of having a replacement neck, with the original neck bowing due to the amount of moisture it absorbed during continuous touring. The neck was taken off and left to settle, and was eventually reunited with the Strat after returning to its correct shape. Other quirks include a 'hump' in the scratch plate which moves the neck pickup closer to the neck on the bass side, and a replacement of all of the pickups, though this replacement was due to damage rather than the perception of a tonal inadequacy.
One final point of interest is that one of the clay double-dot inlays at the 12th fret fell out and was replaced with a plastic one, which is why it's whiter than the other clay inlays.
On Friday the 21st and Saturday the 22nd of October 2011, Rory's brother Donal brought the guitar out of retirement in order to allow Joe Bonamassa to perform with it on his two nights at the London Hammersmith Apollo. Joe opened both night's performances with his rendition of Cradle Rock using Rory's Stratocaster. Photos and video of the performance can be seen on the official Rory Gallagher website.[24]
Amplifiers and effects[link]
Gallagher used various makes and models of amplifiers during his career. In general, however, he preferred smaller 'combo' amplifiers to the larger, more powerful 'stacks' popular with rock and hard rock guitarists. To make up for the relative lack of power on stage, he would often link several different combo amps together.
When Gallagher was with Taste, he used a single Vox AC30 with a Dallas Rangemaster treble booster plugged into the 'normal' input. Examples of this sound can be heard on the Taste albums, as well as the album Live in Europe. Brian May, of the band Queen, has admitted in interviews that as a young man, he was inspired to use a Vox AC30 and treble booster setup after meeting Gallagher and asking him how he got his sound. The British company, Flynn Amps, now makes a Rory Gallagher Signature Hawk Treble Booster pedal based on Gallagher's original unit. Gallagher also used Ibanez Tube Screamers, an MXR Dyna Comp, and various Boss effects, often using a Flanger and Octaver.
In the early to mid 1970s, Gallagher began to use Fender amplifiers in conjunction with a Hawk booster, most notably a Bassman and a Twin, both 1950s vintage. An example of this sound can be heard on the Irish Tour '74 album. He also had a Fender Concert amplifier.
In the mid to late 1970s, when Gallagher was moving towards a hard rock sound, he experimented with Ampeg VT40 and VT22 amps. He also began using Marshall combos. During this period and beyond, Gallagher used different combinations of amps on stage to achieve more power and to blend the tonal characteristics of different amps including Orange amplification.
Not that well known is his use of various German amplifiers. He Used Stramp 2100a amps, which can be seen in his appearances on the German Beat Club program. Another company that hand built amplifiers for Gallagher was PCL Vintage Amp. The company is located in St. Wendel in the Saarland and they still produce high quality audio and guitar equipment.[25]
Death[link]
According to sources close to Rory, including his brother Donal, Rory had a great fear of flying. He also had a great deal of trust in doctors and medicine. Combinations of prescription medication and alcohol use resulted in severe liver damage.[26] Despite this he continued touring. By the time of his final performance on 10 January 1995 in the Netherlands, he was visibly sick. His cause of death was complications from a liver transplant, that became necessary and was nearly successful; his health, however, quickly worsened due to a Staphylococcus (MRSA) infection, and he died in London on 14 June 1995.[15] He was unmarried and had no children.
Gallagher was buried in St Oliver's Cemetery, on the Clash Road just outside Ballincollig near Cork City, Ireland. His headstone is a replica of an award he received in 1972 for International Guitarist of the Year.
Legacy[link]
In 2003, Wheels Within Wheels, a collection of acoustic tracks, was released posthumously by Gallagher's brother Donal Gallagher. Collaborators on this album included Bert Jansch, Martin Carthy, The Dubliners and Lonnie Donegan.
Many modern day musicians, including The Edge from U2, Slash[27] of Guns N' Roses, Johnny Marr of the Smiths,[28] Davy Knowles,[29] Janick Gers of Iron Maiden,[30] Glenn Tipton of Judas Priest,[31] Vivian Campbell of Def Leppard,[32] Gary Moore[33] and Joe Bonamassa,[34][35] cite Gallagher as an inspiration in their formative musical years.
Brian May, lead guitarist of Queen, relates: "so these couple of kids come up, who's me and my mate, and say 'How do you get your sound Mr. Gallagher?' and he sits and tells us. So I owe Rory Gallagher my sound."[36] In 2010, Gallagher was ranked #42 on Gibson.com’s List of their Top 50 Guitarists of All Time.[37] Gallagher was also listed on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time, ranked at 57th place.[38]
Tributes[link]
- On 25 October 1997 a tribute sculpture to Gallagher was unveiled in the newly renamed Rory Gallagher Place (formerly St. Paul's St. Square) in his hometown of Cork. The sculptor was a childhood friend of Gallagher, Geraldine Creedon.[39] The two grew up together in the McCurtain Street area of the city. The band who played at the unveiling of the statue was the Dave McHugh band, who formed Ireland's first tribute to Gallagher, 'Aftertaste' in 1995.
- There is a Rory Gallagher Corner at Meeting House Square in Temple Bar, Dublin, where a life-size bronze statue in the shape of his Stratocaster has been installed. Some of those who attended the unveiling include The Edge of U2 and the Lord Mayor of Dublin.
- In 2004 the Rory Gallagher Music Library was opened in Cork.[40]
- In 2006 a plaque was unveiled at the Ulster Hall in Belfast.[41][42]
- A street in Ris-Orangis, a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, was renamed Rue Rory Gallagher.[43]
- New York City-based Celtic rock band Black 47 paid tribute to Rory Gallagher on their 1996 major-label release, "Green Suede Shoes." The track titled "Rory" features vocalist/guitarist Larry Kirwan delivering a passionate and heart-felt tribute to Rory Gallagher's talent and unrealized stardom. The song lauds his musical prowess and potential greatness
- "Hey Rory, you're off to London
- Playing with a band called Taste ...
- On your night you could even leave Hendrix in the dust",
the awe that a young Kirwan felt towards Gallagher
- "Hero came back to Dublin
- ... long hair flyin'
- Blue denims dripping with sweat
- Bolts of lightenin' in your fingers
- Pride of bein' the best"
and expressing dismay at the loss of such a talent.[44][45]
- Flynn Amps manufacture a Rory Gallagher signature Hawk pedal, cloned from Gallagher's 1970s pedal.[46]
- On 2 June 2010, a life-sized bronze statue of Gallagher was unveiled in the town centre of Ballyshannon.[47] An award-winning[48] annual Blues festival is held in his honour at the same location.
Discography[link]
Main article: Rory Gallagher discography
- Rory Gallagher – 1971 (BPI: 100,000)
- Deuce – 1971 (BPI: 100,000)
- Blueprint – 1973 (BPI: 100,000)
- Tattoo – 1973 (BPI: 100,000)
- Irish Tour '74 – 1974
- Against the Grain – 1975 (BPI: 100,000) Rolling Stone review
- Calling Card – 1976 (BPI: 60,000) Rolling Stone review
- Photo-Finish – 1978 (BPI: 60,000)
- Top Priority – 1979 (BPI: 60,000)
- Jinx – 1982 (BPI: 60,000)
- Defender – 1987 (BPI: 60,000)
- Fresh Evidence – 1990 (BPI: 60,000)[15]
- Wheels Within Wheels – 2003
- Notes from San Francisco – 2011 (an unreleased studio album from 1978, packaged with a live album from 1979)
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "Rory Gallagher's birth certificate". Flickr. http://www.flickr.com/photos/24788065@N02/4171904529. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
- ^ "Rory Gallagher". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p4333/biography. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
- ^ Grossman, Stefan (March 1978). "Rory Gallagher: Irish Guitar Star With Roots in American Blues and Rock". Magazine (Guitar Player magazine). http://sites.google.com/site/halloffamerorygallagher/gp2. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ "Extract from Riding Shotgun biography — Prologue: Can't Believe It's True". Ridingshotgun.co.uk. http://www.ridingshotgun.co.uk/extract.html. Retrieved 11 March 2010.
- ^ "The A-Z of Irish Music: G — Rory Gallagher Biography". Irish Connections. http://www.irishconnectionsmag.com/archives/v3i3/g.htm. Retrieved 11 March 2010.
- ^ Stanton, Scott. (2003). The Tombstone Tourist: Musicians. Simon & Schuster. p. 319. ISBN 0-7434-6330-7.
- ^ a b Minhinnet, Ray (July 21, 2005). "Rory Gallagher: A Previously Unpublished Interview". Modern Guitar Magazine. http://www.modernguitars.com/archives/000931.html. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
- ^ Gallagher, Rory (1991). "Rory Gallagher 2nd Interview 1991 Audio". Radio interview. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGoTiOl2J8M. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
- ^ a b Hunter, Stephen (4 January 2000). "Won't See His Like Again". This is a re-print of The Archive — Journal of the Northside Folklore Project, Issue 4, Jan 2000 pp.5–8 converted from PDF to HTML.. pp. 5–8. http://www.rory.de/cork/shunter/article.html. Retrieved 3 December 2009.
- ^ "Rory Gallagher – 1976 interview, Part 1". WDR Studio Hall L Cologne, Grugahalle, Essen. Germany: The Complete Rockpalast Collection. 1976. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eSmi3SdApNc. Retrieved 4 December 2009.
- ^ a b "Gallagher biography". RoryGallagher.com official website. http://www.rorygallagher.com/#/story. Retrieved 2010-09-28.
- ^ "Irish Showband & Beat- Group Members List". francis k. 2001-2010. http://www.irishshowbands.net/directory.htm.
- ^ a b c d e f Roberts, David (1998). Guinness Rockopedia (1st ed.). London: Guinness Publishing Ltd.. pp. 168–169. ISBN 0-85112-072-5.
- ^ a b Buckley, Peter (ed.) (2003). The Rough Guide To Rock, pp. 409–10. Rough Guides Ltd. ISBN 1-84353-105-4.
- ^ a b c d e f Strong, Martin C. (2000). The Great Rock Discography (5th ed.). Edinburgh: Mojo Books. pp. 369–370. ISBN 1-84195-017-3.
- ^ "Defender of the blues". Innerviews.org. http://www.innerviews.org/inner/rory.html. Retrieved 11 March 2010.
- ^ McAvoy, Gerry; Chrisp (3 June 2005). Riding Shotgun: 35 Years on the Road with Rory Gallagher and Nine Below Zero. Pete. Kent: SPG Triumph. p. 82. ISBN 0-9550320-1-6.
- ^ The Peel Sessions BBC Radio 1 retrieved 26 February 2011
- ^ "Rockpalast Night 23.-24.July 1977: Rory Gallagher 2.3.1948–14.6.1995". Rockpalast Archiv. September 1977. http://www.rockpalastarchiv.de/rn1_e.html. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
- ^ Roberts, David (1998). Guinness Rockopedia (1st ed.). London: Guinness Publishing Ltd.. p. 242. ISBN 0-85112-072-5.
- ^ Russell, Tony (1997). The Blues: From Robert Johnson to Robert Cray. Dubai: Carlton Books Limited. p. 67. ISBN 1-85868-255-X.
- ^ http://www.rorygallagher.com/#/news/2011/03/notes_from_san_francisco
- ^ "Rory's Strat". Biography piece. YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fxWi_FPa9Qw. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
- ^ "Joe Bonamassa Plays Rory's Stratocaster". Rorygallagher.com. http://www.rorygallagher.com/#/news/2011/10/joe_bonamassa_plays_rorys_stratocaster. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
- ^ http://pcl-vintageamp.de/bilder_history/rory_gallagher_lenz.jpg
- ^ Quigley, Maeve. September 2010 "Booze didn't kill my brother Rory, it was the drugs to help his fear". http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4161/is_20020414/ai_n12839691/?tag=content;col1=25 September 2010.
- ^ "Slash Discusses Rory Gallagher". Eagle rock web and a video commentary from Slash about Rory Gallagher. World News Entertainment. 2010. http://www.eagle-rock.com/artist/CF286B/Rory+Gallagher. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
- ^ "Rory Gallagher - March 2, 1948 - June 14, 1995". Bluesnexus.com. http://www.bluesnexus.com/bio.php?id=214. Retrieved 2011-02-10.
- ^ "Davy Knowles". Performing-musician.com. http://www.performing-musician.com/pm/jan10/articles/davyknowles.htm. Retrieved 2011-02-10.
- ^ "Janick Gers Biography". Angelfire.com. 1957-01-27. http://www.angelfire.com/rock3/ironmaidengr/Biographies/janick_gers_biography.htm. Retrieved 2011-02-10.
- ^ "Official Website". Glenn Tipton. http://www.glenntipton.co.uk/musical-influences.asp. Retrieved 2011-02-10.
- ^ Richardson, Clyde (September 2005). "An Interview with: Vivian Campbell". Mchicagomusicguide.com. http://www.chicagomusicguide.com/interview_campbell.htm. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
- ^ "Guitarists talk about Rory Gallagher.". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3T_mZtj1aOI. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
- ^ "Blues In Britain » Joe Bonamassa Interview". Blueprint-blues.co.uk. 2010-06-02. http://www.blueprint-blues.co.uk/joe-bonamassa-interview. Retrieved 2011-02-10.
- ^ Minhinnett, Ray (2005-07-21). "Rory Gallagher: A Previously Unpublished Interview". Modernguitars.com. http://www.modernguitars.com/archives/000931.html. Retrieved 24 October 2008.
- ^ "Dvdverdict.com". Dvdverdict.com. 2009-04-15. http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/rorygallagher.php. Retrieved 2011-07-17.
- ^ "Top 50 Guitarists of All Time – 50 to 41". Gibson guitar's list of the 50 greatest guitarists of all time (# 42). Gibson.com. 2010-05-24. http://www.gibson.com/en-us/Lifestyle/Features/Top-50-Guitarists-524/. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
- ^ "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time". Rolling Stone Magazine's list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. Jann S. Wenner. 2012. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-guitarists-20111123/rory-gallagher-19691231. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
- ^ "Rory Gallagher Tribute to be unveiled in Cork City Ireland". www.cork-guide.ie. http://www.cork-guide.ie/newsinfo/rory_gallagher.html. Retrieved 20 January 2010.
- ^ "The Rory Gallagher Music Library". Cork City Council. October 2004. http://www.corkcity.ie/news/archivednews2004/mainbody,4266,en.html. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
- ^ "Belfast City Council. News. Belfast to pay tribute to Rory Gallagher". Belfastcity.gov.uk. http://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/news/news.asp?id=672. Retrieved 2011-05-30.
- ^ http://www.hotpress.com/store/images/adm/2/2902/2902224_2902224.jpg
- ^ Auzias, Dominique; Labourdette, Jean-Paul (2008). Le Petit Futé Paris Spectacles: Edition 2008. Paris: Petit Futé. p. 37. ISBN 978-2-7469-1908-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=Tz4tNFC2TRwC&pg=PA37&dq=%22Rue+Rory+Gallagher%22+paris+Ris-Orangis&client=firefox-a&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22Rue%20Rory%20Gallagher%22%20paris%20Ris-Orangis&f=false.
- ^ "Larry Kirwan of Black 47: Rory Gallagher". Black47theband.blogspot.com. 2010-03-10. http://black47theband.blogspot.com/2010/03/rory-gallagher.html. Retrieved 2011-02-10.
- ^ "Black 47:Rory Lyrics - LyricWiki - Music lyrics from songs and albums". Lyrics.wikia.com. http://lyrics.wikia.com/Black_47:Rory. Retrieved 2011-02-10.
- ^ "Flynn Amps — Rory Gallagher Hawk Booster". Flynn Amps. http://www.flynnamps.co.uk/hawk.html. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
- ^ Clancy, Paddy (2010-06-03). "Statue of rock icon Rory Gallagher unveiled". The Irish Times (Irish Times Trust). http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2010/0603/1224271744791.html. Retrieved 2010-06-03.
- ^ "Electric Picnic tops Irish Festival Awards". RTÉ Ten (Raidió Teilifís Éireann). 2 February 2012. http://www.rte.ie/ten/2012/0202/festivals.html. Retrieved 2 February 2012. "Best Medium Festival: Rory Gallagher Tribute Festival"
External links[link]
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Gallagher, Rory |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Critically acclaimed Blues rock musician from Ireland |
| Date of birth | 2 March 1948 |
| Place of birth | Ballyshannon, Ireland |
| Date of death | 14 June 1995 |
| Place of death | London, England |
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This article is about the American writer. For the Australian media personality, see John Safran.
| Jonathan Safran Foer | |
|---|---|
 Jonathan Safran Foer at the Brooklyn Book Festival, September 2007 |
|
| Born | Washington, D.C. |
| Occupation | novelist, short story writer |
| Nationality | United States |
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|
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Jonathan Safran Foer is an American author best known for his novels Everything Is Illuminated (2002) and Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close (2005). In 2009, he published a work of nonfiction titled Eating Animals.[2]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Jonathan Safran Foer was born in Washington, D.C., the son of Albert Foer, a lawyer and President of the American Antitrust Institute, and Esther Safran Foer, a child of Holocaust survivors who was born in Poland and is now the Director of the Sixth & I Historic Synagogue.[3] Foer is the middle son in this tight-knit Jewish family; his older brother, Franklin, is the former editor of The New Republic and his younger brother Joshua is a freelance journalist. Foer was a "flamboyant" and sensitive child who, at the age of 8, was injured in a classroom chemical accident that resulted in "something like a nervous breakdown drawn out over about three years," during which "he wanted nothing, except to be outside his own skin."[3]
Foer attended Georgetown Day School and Princeton University. In 1995, while a freshman at Princeton, Safran Foer took an introductory writing course with author Joyce Carol Oates,[4] who took an interest in his writing, telling him that he had "that most important of writerly qualities, energy."[5] Foer later recalled that "she was the first person to ever make me think I should try to write in any sort of serious way. And my life really changed after that."[5] Oates served as the advisor to Safran Foer's senior thesis, an examination of the life of his maternal grandfather, the Holocaust survivor Louis Safran. For his thesis, Foer received Princeton's Senior Creative Writing Thesis Prize.
After graduating from Princeton, Foer attended briefly the Mount Sinai School of Medicine before dropping out to pursue his writing career.[6]
Career[link]
Foer graduated from Princeton in 1999 with a degree in philosophy,[3] and traveled to Ukraine to expand his thesis. In 2001, he edited the anthology A Convergence of Birds: Original Fiction and Poetry Inspired by the Work of Joseph Cornell, to which he contributed the short story, "If the Aging Magician Should Begin to Believe." His Princeton thesis grew into a novel, Everything Is Illuminated, which was published by Houghton Mifflin in 2002. The book earned him a National Jewish Book Award and a Guardian First Book Award.[7] Foer shared the PEN/Robert Bingham Award with fellow authors Will Heinrich and Monique Truong in 2004. In 2005, Liev Schreiber wrote and directed a film adaptation of the novel, which starred Elijah Wood.
Foer's second novel, Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close, was published in 2005. In the novel, Foer used 9/11 as a backdrop for the story of 9-year-old Oskar Schell, who learns how to deal with the death of his father in the World Trade Center. Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close used many nontraditional writing techniques known as visual writing. It follows multiple but interconnected storylines, is peppered with photographs of doorknobs and other such oddities, and ends with a 14-page flipbook. Foer's use of these techniques resulted in both glowing praise[8] and excoriation[9] from critics. Despite diverse criticism, the novel sold briskly and was translated into several languages. In addition, Warner Bros. and Paramount turned the novel into a film, produced by Scott Rudin,[10] directed by Stephen Daldry ( Billy Elliot, The Reader ).[11]
In 2005, Foer wrote the libretto for an opera titled Seven Attempted Escapes From Silence, which premiered at the Berlin State Opera on September 14, 2005.[12]
Foer has been an occasional vegetarian (some years vegetarian, some years omnivore, occasionally vegan) since the age of 10,[13] and in 2006 he recorded the narration for the documentary This is Kosher..., a harsh exposé of the kosher certification process that advocates vegetarianism. In his childhood, teen, and college years of vegetarianism, he called himself vegetarian but still often ate animals. Foer writes he is now a vegetarian. He does not mention being vegan in his writings. Foer published his first book of non-fiction, Eating Animals, on November 2, 2009.[14] Foer said that he had long been "uncertain about how I felt [about eating meat]" and that the birth of his first child inspired "an urgency because I would have to make decisions on his behalf."[13] The book intersperses a personal narrative with a more "broad argument" about vegetarianism.[13]
In spring 2008, Foer taught writing for the first time as a visiting professor of fiction at Yale University.[15] He is currently a professor in the Graduate Creative Writing Program at New York University[16] and published his third novel, Tree of Codes, in November 2010. In March 2012, The New American Haggadah, edited by him and translated by Nathan Englander, was released to mixed reviews.
Personal life[link]
In June 2004, Foer married writer Nicole Krauss. They live in Park Slope in Brooklyn, New York, and have two children.[13] Foer is the brother of Franklin Foer, former editor of The New Republic, and writer Joshua Foer.
Awards[link]
In 2000, Foer was awarded the Zoetrope: All-Story Fiction Prize, in 2003 he won the New York Public Library's Young Lions Fiction Award, and in 2007 he was included in Granta's Best of Young American Novelists 2.[17] In Spring 2007, Foer stayed at the American Academy in Berlin as a Holtzbrinck Fellow.[18]
Criticism[link]
In spite of his success, Foer is viewed by some as a polarizing figure in modern literature, due to his frequent use of modernist literary devices. Harry Siegel of the New York Press, titled an article on Foer "Extremely Cloying and Incredibly False," highlighting the flaws in his style: "Foer is supposed to be our new Philip Roth, though his fortune-cookie syllogisms and pointless illustrations and typographical tricks don't at all match up to or much resemble Roth even at his most inane."[19]
Works[link]
Novels[link]
- Everything Is Illuminated (2002)
- Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close (2005)
- Tree of Codes (2010)
Non-fiction books[link]
- Eating Animals (2009)
Short stories[link]
- "The Very Rigid Search" (excerpted from Everything Is Illuminated) (The New Yorker, June 18, 2001)
- "If the Aging Magician Should Begin to Believe" (included in A Convergence of Birds)
- "A Primer for the Punctuation of Heart Disease" (The New Yorker, June 10, 2002)
- "The Sixth Borough" (became part of Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close; also featured in the collection "Noisy Outlaws, Unfriendly Blobs, and Some Other Things That Aren't as Scary, Maybe, Depending on How You Feel About Lost Lands, Stray Cellphones, Creature from the Sky, Parents Who Disappear in Peru, a Man Named Lars Farf, and One Other Story We Couldn't Quite Finish, So Maybe You Could Help Us Out."[20])
- "Cravings"
- "About the Typefaces Not Used in This Edition" (The Guardian, December 2, 2002)
- "Room After Room" (included in Granta's Best of Young American Novelists 2,"Granta 97" published in 2007)
- "Rhoda" (published in The Book of Other People, 2008)
- "Here We Aren't, So Quickly" (The New Yorker, June 14 & 21, 2010)
- "Too Near Real" (published in ' '[(New Jersey Noir)]' ' 2011
Other[link]
- "Imagining Giovanni's Gift", Review of Contemporary Fiction Vol. 20 (Spring 2000)
- "The Proximity of Brad to Bradford: A Brief Introduction to the Lifework of Bradford Morrow", Review of Contemporary Fiction Vol. 20 (Spring 2000)
- A Convergence of Birds: Original Fiction and Poetry Inspired by the Work of Joseph Cornell (2001), Editor and contributor
- Sock Monkeys: 200 Out of 1,863 (2002), Contributor: "Il Fait Plus Froid Ailleurs"
- Lost Tribe: Jewish Fiction from the Edge (2003), Contributor: "The Very Rigid Search"
- The Future Dictionary of America (2004), Co-editor, with Dave Eggers, Nicole Krauss, and Eli Horowitz
- The Fixer, by Bernard Malamud (2004), Introduction.
- Masters of American Comics edited by John Carlin (2005), Contributor: "Breakdownable"
- The Unabridged Pocketbook of Lightning (2005), collects "A Primer for the Punctuation of Heart Disease" and an excerpt from Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close
- "A Beginner's Guide to Hanukkah", The New York Times (December 22, 2005) Op-ed piece
- Joe, photographs by Hiroshi Sugimoto, designed by Takaaki Matsumoto (2006) Text by Foer
- "My Life as a Dog", The New York Times (November 27, 2006) Op-ed piece
- The Diary of Petr Ginz, edited by Chava Pressburger (2007), Contributor: "What We Say We Are"
- The Street of Crocodiles and Other Stories, by Bruno Schultz (Penguin Classics Edition 2008), Forward
- "La Vie on Pose", Vogue December 2008
- Ron Arad: No Discipline (MoMA 2009), Contributor: "You Look Up Escape Artist"
References[link]
 |
This article uses bare URLs for citations. Please consider adding full citations so that the article remains verifiable. Several templates and the Reflinks tool are available to assist in formatting. (Reflinks documentation) (February 2012) |
- ^ Epstein, Jennifer. "Creative writing program produces aspiring writers, The Daily Princetonian, 2004-12-06. Retrieved on 2008-10-30.
- ^ "Jonathan Safran Foer". Fantasticfiction.co.uk. http://www.fantasticfiction.co.uk/f/jonathan-safran-foer/. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
- ^ a b c Solomon, Deborah. "The Rescue Artist", The New York Times, 2005-02-27. Retrieved on 2008-05-24.
- ^ Nash, Margo. "Learning to Write From the Masters", The New York Times, 2002-12-01. Retrieved on 2008-10-29.
- ^ a b Birnbaum, Robert. "Jonathan Safran Foer: Author of Everything is Illuminated talks with Robert Birnbaum", IdentityTheory.com, 2006-05-26. Retrieved on 2008-10-29.
- ^ Hartocollis, Anemona. "Getting Into Med School Without Hard Sciences", The New York Times, 2010-07-29. Retrieved on 2010-07-30.
- ^ Gibbons, Fiachra. Gibbons, Fiachra (2002-12-04). "First journey ends with Guardian book prize". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2002/dec/04/guardianfirstbookaward2002.awardsandprizes. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
- ^ Kirn, Walter. Kirn, Walter (2005-04-03). "'Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close': Everything Is Included". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/03/books/review/0403cover-kirn.html. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
- ^ Siegel, Harry. "Extremely Cloying & Incredibly False". 2005-04-20. http://www.nypress.com/article-11418-extremely-cloying-incredibly-false.html.
- ^ "Press Release for Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close". Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006. http://www.houghtonmifflinbooks.com/booksellers/press_release/extremelyloud/. Retrieved 2007-02-08.
- ^ "Stephen Daldry to Bring Safran Foer's Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close to the Screen". Heyuguys.co.uk. 2010-04-01. http://www.heyuguys.co.uk/2010/04/01/stephen-daldry-to-bring-safran-foers-extremely-loud-and-incredibly-close-to-the-screen/. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
- ^ Quinn, Emily. "Opera With Libretto by Novelist Jonathan Safran Foer Will Premiere in Berlin in September", Playbill, 2005-07-25. Retrieved on 2009-05-24.
- ^ a b c d "Interview with Jonathan Safran Foer", The Young and Hungry, 2009-05-03. Retrieved on 2009-05-24.
- ^ Amazon.com listing for Eating Animals. Retrieved on 2009-05-24.
- ^ "Famed Author to Teach Fiction". [1]. http://yaledailynews.com/articles/view/21880. Retrieved 2007-10-19.
- ^ "Jonathan Safran Foer". New York University. http://cwp.fas.nyu.edu/object/cwp.faculty.jonathansafranfoer. Retrieved 2009-03-25.
- ^ "Jonathan Safran Foer | Granta Best of Young American Novelists 2". Granta. 2007. http://www.bestyoungnovelists.com/Jonathan-Safran-Foer. Retrieved 2008-07-30.
- ^ "American Academy Project: Haggadah". http://www.americanacademy.de/home/fellows/detailansicht/person//fellow/jonathan%20safran_foer/11/detail/.
- ^ ""Extremely Cloying & Incredibly False: Why the Author of Everything Is Illuminated is a Fraud and a Hack" by Harry Siegel". New York Press. 2005-04-20. http://www.nypress.com/article-11418-extremely-cloying-incredibly-false.html. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
- ^ Scieszka, Jon. "Noisy Outlaws, Unfriendly Blobs, and Some Other Things . . .: That Aren't as Scary, Maybe, Depending on How You Feel About Lost Lands, Stray ... So Maybe You Could Help Us Out (Mcsweeneys) (9781932416350): Nick Hornby, Neil Gaiman, Jon Scieszka, Jonathan Safran Foer, Editors of McSweeney's, Lemony Snicket: Books". Amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/dp/1932416358. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jonathan Safran Foer |
- Jonathan Safran Foer's Eating Animals Site for Foer's new book
- Authortrek page on Foer; includes numerous links to articles, interview and information.
- Who is Augustine? Exploratory site for Jonathan Safran Foer's 'Everything Is Illuminated' (Novel)
- Jonathan Safran Foer 'Bookweb' on literary website The Ledge, with suggestions for further reading.
- "Who in the world is JSF?" - interview with the St. Petersburg Times of Tampa Bay, Florida.
- Author interview in Guernica Magazine (Guernicamag.com)
- "Something happened" - Guardian Unlimited article
- "Author Podcast Interview" - interview with Paula Shackleton BookBuffet.com
- "The Foer questions: Literary wunderkind turns 35"
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Foer, Jonathan Safran |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Novelist |
| Date of birth | February 21, 1977 |
| Place of birth | Washington, D.C. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
