Nennius was a Welsh monk of the 9th century. He has traditionally been attributed with the authorship of the Historia Brittonum, based on the prologue affixed to that work,^[1] This attribution is widely considered a secondary (10th century) tradition.^{[2][dead link]}

Nennius was a student of Elvodugus, commonly identified with the bishop Elfodd who convinced British ecclesiastics to accept the Continental dating for Easter, and who died in 809 according to the Annales Cambriae.

Nennius is believed to have lived in the area made up by present day Brecknockshire and Radnorshire counties in Powys, Wales.^[3] He lived outside the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, isolated by mountains in a rural society.^[4] Because of the lack of evidence concerning the life of Nennius he has become the subject of legend himself. Welsh traditions include Nennius with Elbodug and others said to have escaped the massacre of Welsh monks by Ethelfrid in 613.^[5] by fleeing to Scotland.

Authorship of Historia Brittonum[link]

Nennius was traditionally credited with having written the Historia Brittonum c. 830.^[6] The Historia Brittonum was highly influential, becoming a major contributor to the Arthurian legend. It also includes the legendary origins of the Picts, Scots, St. Germanus and Vortigern, and documents events associated with the Anglo-Saxon invasion of the 7th century as contributed by a Northumbrian document.^[7]

Evidence suggests that this medieval literature was a compilation of several sources, some of which are named by Nennius while others are not. Some experts say that this was not the first compiled history of the Britons and that it was largely based on Gildas' De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae written some two centuries before.^[8] Most other sources have not survived and therefore cannot be confirmed. The surviving manuscripts of the Historia Brittonum appear to be redacted from several lost versions: information about Nennius contained in the Prologue and in the Apology differs, the Prologue containing an expanded form of the Apology that is only found in editions copied during the 12th century, leading experts to believe that later versions of the document were altered.^[9] The largest known edition contains seventy-six sections including the Prologue and the Apology. The work was translated into Irish by Giolla Coemgin in c. 1071 and is the earliest example of the original Historia Britonum,^[10] but includes the author’s name, Nennius.^[11]

Originally written as a history of the Britons in an attempt to document a legitimate past, the Historia Brittonum contains stories of legend and superstition alike.^[12] The historical accuracy of the Historia Brittonum is at best questionable and serves more as historical fiction rather than a legitimate history of the Britons. Although, some historians argue that the Historia Brittonum gives good insight into the way 9th century Britons viewed themselves and their past.^[13] Nennius makes several attempts to trace the history of the Britons back to the Romans and Celts through his empirical observations of what he refers to as "The Marvels" or "Wonders of Britain".^[12] These include ruins, landmarks and other aspects of the British countryside that Nennius deems worthy of documentation. His explanation of the physical landmarks and ruins take on a very mystical interpretation despite Nennius being a Christian monk. Within the writing of Nennius is a sense of pseudo-nationalist pride attempting to legitimize the people of Britain and embellish the past through legend much as the Romans used the story of Romulus and Remus to legitimize the founding of Rome.^[14] One such example of Nennius stressing legend is in his accounts of Arthur and his twelve battles. The Historia Brittonum would come to be the basis on which later medieval authors such as Geoffrey of Monmouth would write the romantic histories of King Arthur.^[15]

Debate regarding his life and works[link]

The Prologue, in which Nennius introduces his purpose and means for writing the British History, first appears in a manuscript from the 12th century. The prologues of all other manuscripts, though only included marginally, so closely resemble this first prologue that William Newell claims they must be copies. "The preface has evidently been prepared by some one who had before him the completed text of the treatise. It appears in the first instance as a marginal gloss contained in a MS. of the twelfth century;' under ordinary conditions, the chapter would unhesitatingly be set aside as a forgery."^[16] He counters Zimmer's argument by reasoning that the Irishman responsible for the "superior" Irish translations might have added his own touches, further claiming that if a Latin version of the Historia had been available in the 12th century, it would have been replicated in that language, not translated.

David N. Dumville argues that the manuscript tradition and nature of the Prologue in particular fail to substantiate the claim that Nennius authored Historia Brittonum. In his argument against Zimmer, he cites a textual inconsistency in the Irish translation regarding a place called Beulan, concluding that "we must admit to ignorance of the name of [the Historia's] ninth-century author."^[17]

Associated historians and authors[link]

• Gildas - Sixth century historian who lived in South-west Britain. Wrote De Excidio, which focused largely on the history of Christian Britain but fails to give an in depth look of the Pagan period.^[18]
• Bede (the Venerable Bede) - Lived in Northumbria about half a century prior to Nennius. He wrote Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum (Ecclesiastical History of the English People) over many years (completed 731 or 732). It includes a geographical description of the British Isles and focuses on the history of the Anglo-Saxon Church from St. Augustine's 597 mission though his preamble covers earlier ages.
• William of Malmesbury - Early twelfth century historian. Recorded history of Britain by compiling both Anglo Saxon and Anglo Norman traditions. He was the first historian of England to make use of topography and ancient monuments as historical sources.
• Geoffrey Gaimar - Twelfth century Norman historian who wrote L'Estoire des Engleis. It was the first known Romance in vernacular verse written in England.

Notes[link]

1. ^ J. A. Giles (Translator), Nennius: The History of the Britons, in Six Old English Chronicles (1847)[1]
2. ^ e.g. David Dumville, quoted at: http://www.britishhistoryclub.com/bhc/sources/nennius_hb.html
3. ^ Lee, Sidney, ed. "Nennius." Dictionary of National Biography. XL. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1894. 218
4. ^ Gransden, Antonia. Historical Writing in England. Ithaca, New York: Cornell UP, 1974. 12
5. ^ Lee, Sidney, ed. "Nennius." Dictionary of National Biography. XL. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1894. 221
6. ^ Gransden, Antonia. Historical Writing in England. Ithaca, New York: Cornell UP, 1974. 6
7. ^ Marsh, Henry. Dark Age Britain: Some Sources of History. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books, 1970. 84
8. ^ Gransden, Antonia. Historical Writing in England. Ithaca, New York: Cornell UP, 1974. 7
9. ^ Lee, Sidney, ed. "Nennius." Dictionary of National Biography. XL. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1894. 218-19
10. ^ Lee, Sidney, ed. "Nennius." Dictionary of National Biography. XL. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1894. 219
11. ^ Gransden, Antonia. Historical Writing in England. Ithaca, New York: Cornell UP, 1974. 9
12. ^ ^{a b} Gransden, Antonia. Historical Writing in England. Ithaca, New York: Cornell UP, 1974. 11
13. ^ Marsh, Henry. Dark Age Britain: Some Sources of History. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books, 1970. 8
14. ^ Gransden, Antonia. Historical Writing in England. Ithaca, New York: Cornell UP, 1974. 8
15. ^ Marsh, Henry. Dark Age Britain: Some Sources of History. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books, 1970. 65
16. ^ Newell, William Wells. "Doubts Concerning the British History Attributed to Nennius." PMLA. 20.3 (1905): 622-72.
17. ^ Dumville, D. N. Histories and Pseudo-histories of the Insular Middle Ages. Aldershot: Variorum, 1990.
18. ^ Gransden, Antonia. Historical Writing in England. Ithaca, New York: Cornell UP, 1974.

• Nennius (c. 796), Todd, James Henthorn; Algernon, Herbert, eds., Leabhar Breathnach Annso Sis: The Irish Version of the Historia Britonum of Nennius, Dublin: The Irish Archaeological Society, 1848, http://www.archive.org/details/leabharbreathnac00nennuoft, retrieved 2008-08-10 

References[link]

• Gransden, Antonia (1974) Historical Writing in England. Ithaca, NY: Cornell U. P.
• Dumville, David N. (1975) Nennius and the "Historia Brittonum" in: Studia Celtica, 10/11 (1975/6), 78-95
• Chadwick, Nora K. (1958) "Early Culture and Learning in North Wales" in her: Studies in the Early British Church
• Christiane M.J. Kerboul-Vilhon (1999) Historia Brittonum, Nennius

External links[link]

Wikisource has original works written by or about: Nennius

• Works by Nennius at Project Gutenberg
• Historia Brittonum at the Avalon Project.
• Nennius and Historia Brittonum commentary from The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, Volume 1, 1907–21.
• The Wonders of Britain: The de mirabilibus britanniae section of the Historia Brittonum, with details

John Angus Mackenzie (Angus) Innes, (born 22 May 1939)^[1] was a Queensland politician and leader of the state Liberal Party.

Biography[link]

Innes was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Queensland in 1978 at a by-election to fill a vacancy created by the death of John Herbert. Campaigning heavily on opposition to the controversial street march legislation of then-premier Joh Bjelke-Petersen, Innes easily won the seat, relegating the ruling National Party to a distant fourth place.^[2]

Progressive by nature, Innes had little time for the conservative social policies of the National-dominated government, even though under the coalition agreement between the Nationals and the Liberals, he was nominally a part of the government. Innes became associated with a faction within the parliamentary Liberal party dubbed by the media as the "ginger group", who frequently criticised government policy. The Liberal leader at the time, Llew Edwards was more supportive of National party policy, and urged the unruly Liberal backbenchers to be "good coalitionists".^[3]

Innes did not agree with Edwards' assessment, and went as far as challenging him for the leadership of the party from the backbench. Edwards won, but only by twelve votes to ten, the growing power of the Ginger Group faction was plain for all to see. The group eventually took power a year later when Terry White became Liberal leader and Innes replaced Sam Doumany as deputy leader.^[4] This arrangement did not last long, however. When Bjelke-Petersen refused to appoint White and Innes to Cabinet, they tore up the coalition agreement. In the ensuing 1983 election, Bjelke-Petersen convinced many right-leaning Liberal voters that White and Innes might join forces with Labor. As a result, the Liberals were reduced to a rump of only eight members, including Innes. Two more defected to the Nationals, and Innes was deposed as deputy leader soon afterward.

Innes was reelected in 1986, helped by the fact that his National party opponent forgot to submit the required paperwork in time.^[5] In January 1988, he became leader of the Liberal party, taking over from William Knox.^[6] Innes was leader at the 1989 election, which saw the Australian Labor Party take power in Queensland for the first time in decades, and Innes retired from parliament soon afterwards.

References[link]