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![Monza 2011 Race | Fernando Alonso Onboard [HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121222051637im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/LRudRafEeLM/default.jpg "Onboard with Fernando at Monza, Italy Enjoy)")
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Agrate Brianza
Agrate Brianza is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 20 km northeast of Milan.
wn.com/Agrate_Brianza -
Aicurzio
Aicurzio is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 25 km northeast of Milan.
wn.com/Aicurzio -
Albania
Albania (
i/ælˈbeɪniə/ al-BAY-nee-ə, Albanian: Shqipëri/Shqipëria; Gheg Albanian: Shqipnia), officially known as the Republic of Albania (Albanian: Republika e Shqipërisë pronounced Albanian pronunciation: [ɾɛpuˈblika ɛ ʃcipəˈɾiːs]), is a country in Southern Europe. It is bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, the Republic of Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south and southeast. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the west, and on the Ionian Sea to the southwest. It is less than 72 km (45 mi) from Italy, across the Strait of Otranto which links the Adriatic Sea to the Ionian Sea.
Albania is a member of the UN, NATO, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Council of Europe, World Trade Organisation, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and one of the founding members of the Union for the Mediterranean. Albania has been a potential candidate for accession to the European Union since January 2003, and it formally applied for EU membership on 28 April 2009.
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Albiate
Albiate is a town and commune in the province of Monza and Brianza. It lies 25 km north of Milan, at an altitude of 250 m above sea level where the last morenic hills of upper Lombardy meet the lombard plain. It borders on the communes of Seregno, Carate Brianza, Sovico, Triuggio, Lissone.
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Arcore
Arcore is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Milan.
Arcore borders the following municipalities: Usmate Velate, Camparada, Lesmo, Biassono, Vimercate, Villasanta, Concorezzo.
A notable resident is Silvio Berlusconi, the ex Italian Prime Minister.
Wikimedia Italia has its offices in the commune.
wn.com/Arcore -
Austria
Austria (i/ˈɒstriə/ or /ˈɔːstriə/; German: Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç] (
listen)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: 
Republik Österreich (help·info)), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.47 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,855 square kilometres (32,377 sq mi) and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft), and its highest point is 3,798 metres (12,461 ft). The majority of the population speak local Austro-Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, and German in its standard form is the country's official language. Other local official languages are Burgenland Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty when the vast majority of the country was a part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Austria became one of the great powers of Europe and, in response to the coronation of Napoleon I as the Emperor of the French, the Austrian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1804. In 1867, the Austrian Empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary.
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Bangladesh
Coordinates: 23°N 90°E / 23°N 90°E / 23; 90
Bangladesh (i/ˈbɑːŋɡlədɛʃ/ or i/bæŋɡləˈdɛʃ/ (Anglicized pronunciation); Bengali: বাংলাদেশ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh) is a sovereign state located in South Asia. It is bordered by India and Burma and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. The capital (and largest city) is Dhaka, located in central Bangladesh. The official state language is Bengali. The name Bangladesh means "Land of Bengal" or "Country of Bengal" the in the Bengali language, from Bangla "Bengal" and desh holding a dual meaning of "land" and "country" as English "country," German land, French pays, etc.
The borders of present-day Bangladesh were established with the partition of Bengal during the reign and demise of the British India. Its map was chartered by Sir Cyril Radcliffe during the creation of Pakistan and India in 1947, when the region became East Pakistan, part of the newly formed nation of Pakistan. Due to political exclusion and economic exploitation by the politically dominant West Pakistan, popular agitation grew against West Pakistan and led to the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, after the Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence on 26 March 1971. With the intervention of the Indian Army, the war came to an end on 16 December 1971 with the surrender of the Pakistan Army at Ramna Race Course.
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Barlassina
Barlassina is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 28 km north of Milan and 17 km south of Como .
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Bellusco
Bellusco is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 25 km northeast of Milan.
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Bernareggio
Bernareggio is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza e Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 25 km northeast of Milan.
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Besana in Brianza
Besana in Brianza is a town and comune in the province of Monza and Brianza, Lombardy, Italy. It received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree of February 16, 1971.
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Biassono
Biassono is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Milan.
Biassono borders the following municipalities: Lesmo, Arcore, Macherio, Lissone, Monza, Vedano al Lambro, Villasanta.
Biassono is noteworthy because of its location situated to the northwest of the Autodromo Nazionale Monza, constructed in the park of Monza's Royal Villa. It opened in 1922, making it the oldest Grand Prix venue that the FIA Formula One World Championship still uses for the annual Gran Premio d'Italia.[citation needed]
Biassono is crossed by the Lambro river in San Giorgio al Lambro, a small suburb of the municipality.
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Bollate
Bollate is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Milan in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 10 km northwest of Milan. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 37,556 and an area of 15.9 km².
The municipality of Bollate contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Cascina del Sole, Cassina Nuova, Castellazzo, and Ospiate. In 2004 the former frazione of Baranzate was detached to form a new Comune.
Bollate borders the following municipalities: Paderno Dugnano, Senago, Garbagnate Milanese, Arese, Cormano, Novate Milanese, Baranzate, Milan.
Bollate received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree on October 11, 1984.
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Bovisio-Masciago
Bovisio-Masciago (Buis e Masciagh in dialect of Brianza), is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 15 km north of Milan.
The City of Bovisio Masciago is located in the Po Valley, the foothills of the nearby hills of Brianza. It is located a few kilometers from Milan (easily accessible thanks to the Northern Railways of Milan), Como, Saronno and Monza. The city is crossed from north to south by the River Seveso. Bovisio is one of the 16 municipalities of the Park and one of three common Groane Oasis LIPU (Italian League for Bird Protection) of Cesano Maderno.
Bovisio Masciago borned in 1928, when the king of Italy Victor Emmanuel III, after consulting Italian Minister of the Interior Benito Mussolini, fused Bovisio and Masciago Milanese. The village was called "Bovisio", but people of Masciago protested; so, in 1947, the municipality was called Bovisio Masciago.
The name Bovisio should come from the Latin bovis otium and would like to show that in this place the Roman army took the supplies and animals. The confirmation of the Roman origins of Bovisio occurred in 1935 when it was discovered in its territory, a Gallo-Roman tomb containing various household items.
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Brazil
Brazili/brəˈzɪl/ (Portuguese: Brasil, IPA: [bɾaˈziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, listen (help·info)), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km (4,655 mi). It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile.
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until 1815, when it was elevated to the rank of kingdom and the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed. The colonial bond was in fact broken in 1808, when the capital of the Portuguese colonial empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, after Napoleon invaded Portugal.Independence was achieved in 1822 with the formation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The country became a presidential republic in 1889, when a military coup d'état proclaimed the Republic, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to the ratification of the first constitution in 1824. Its current Constitution, formulated in 1988, defines Brazil as a Federal Republic. The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.
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Briosco
Briosco is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 30 km north of Milan. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 5,676 and an area of 6.6 km².
Under the comune, lie two fraction: Capriano and the hystorical and cultural site of Fornaci. Briosco borders the following municipalities: Inverigo, Veduggio con Colzano, Renate, Besana in Brianza, Giussano, Carate Brianza, Verano Brianza.
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Brugherio
Brugherio is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 14 km northeast of Milan. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 32,724 and an area of 10.3 km².
The municipality of Brugherio contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Baraggia, Dorderio, Moncucco, and San Damiano.
Brugherio borders the following municipalities: Monza, Agrate Brianza, Carugate, Sesto San Giovanni, Cologno Monzese, Cernusco sul Naviglio.
Brugherio received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree on January 27, 1967.
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Bulciago
Bulciago is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Lecco in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 35 km northeast of Milan and about 14 km southwest of Lecco. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,811 and an area of 3.1 km².
Bulciago borders the following municipalities: Barzago, Cassago Brianza, Costa Masnaga, Cremella, Garbagnate Monastero, Nibionno.
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Bulgaria
Coordinates: 42°45′N 25°30′E / 42.75°N 25.5°E / 42.75; 25.5
Bulgariai/bʌlˈɡɛəriə/ (Bulgarian: България, IPA: [bɤ̞ɫˈɡarijɐ]), is a country located in Southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and the Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south and the Black Sea to the east. With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres (42,855 sq mi), Bulgaria is Europe's 14th-largest country. Its location has made it a historical crossroad for various civilisations and as such it is the home of some of the earliest metalworking, religious and other cultural artifacts in the world.
Prehistoric cultures began developing on Bulgarian lands during the Neolithic period. Its ancient history was marked by the presence of the Thracians, and later by the Greeks and Romans. The emergence of a unified Bulgarian ethnicity and state dates back to the First Bulgarian Empire, which dominated most of the Balkans and functioned as a cultural hub for Slavic peoples during the Middle Ages. With the downfall of the Second Bulgarian Empire in 1396, its territories came under Ottoman rule for nearly five hundred years. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 resulted in the Third Bulgarian State, recognised in 1908. The following years saw several conflicts with its neighbours, which prompted Bulgaria to align with Germany in both World Wars. In 1946 it became a Communist republic with a single-party system until 1989, when the Communist Party allowed multi-party elections. After 1990 Bulgaria transitioned to democracy and a market-based economy.
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Burago di Molgora
Burago di Molgora is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 20 km northeast of Milan.
Burago di Molgora borders the following municipalities: Vimercate, Ornago, Cavenago di Brianza, Agrate Brianza. Economy, traditionally based on agriculture, is now concentrated in middle- or small-size industries, tertiary and service companies. The city is the seat of Bburago, a toy car maker, and of Pasini Laboratorio chimico, producer of Crystal Ball.
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Busnago
Busnago is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 30 km northeast of Milan.
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Camparada
Camparada is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 25 km northeast of Milan.
Camparada borders the following municipalities: Casatenovo, Usmate Velate, Lesmo, Arcore.
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Canale Villoresi
Canale Villoresi is a canal in Italy; it was the brainchild of Lombardy engineer Eugenio Villoresi.
It originates from the River Ticino near the village of Somma Lombardo, and runs eastwards for 86 km to the Adda River.
Construction began in 1877, but Villoresi himself died two years later. The works were completed in 1890 by a consortium.
Irrigation was the canal's main reason for being but the addition of locks enabled cargoes of sand to be carried along it.
Media related to Canale Villoresi at Wikimedia Commons
Coordinates: 45°40′N 8°40′E / 45.667°N 8.667°E / 45.667; 8.667
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Caponago
Caponago is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 12 km northeast of Milan.
Caponago borders the following municipalities: Agrate Brianza, Cambiago, Pessano con Bornago, Carugate.
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Carate Brianza
Carate Brianza is a town and comune in the province of Monza and Brianza. The city lies at an altitude ranging from 230 and 300 m above sea level, on the Lambro river.
The history of Carate Brianza dates back to the Stone Age, as shown by a discovery made of carved rocks that are now preserved in the Archeological Museum of Milan.
The Lombard Queen Theodolinda built in this town a tower, which later was turned into the bell tower for the main church. After the 10th century, a wall was built around the town to protect it from barbarian attacks. The Middle Age was characterized by the spreading of the Christianity, so five churches were built and also a hospital.
During the 19th century a famous jurist and philosopher, Gian Domenico Romagnosi, lived in Carate.
Sights include the "Villa Cusani Confalonieri", originally built as a castle and that became municipal property when the family died out. Now you can find there a park and the public library.
The imposing church of Sant' Ambrogio e Simpliciano, built in the 19th century, is situated in the centre of the town, near the statue of Sant'Anatalone, which has been restored recently.
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Carnate
Carnate is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza, in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 25 km northeast of Milan.
Carnate borders the following municipalities: Osnago, Lomagna, Ronco Briantino, Usmate Velate, Bernareggio, Vimercate.
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Cavenago di Brianza
Cavenago di Brianza is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 25 km northeast of Milan.
Cavenago di Brianza borders the following municipalities: Ornago, Burago di Molgora, Basiano, Agrate Brianza, Cambiago.
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Ceriano Laghetto
Ceriano Laghetto is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 20 km northwest of Milan.
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Cesano Maderno
Cesano Maderno is a town and comune of c. 37,110 inhabitants in the province of Monza and Brianza, Lombardy, northern Italy. The town borders with the towns of Seveso in the North, in the South with Bovisio-Masciago, in the East with Desio and Seregno, and in the west with Ceriano Laghetto and Cogliate. It received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree on October 11, 1999.
The name of the Town maybe comes from the name "Cisius",and the attribute of "Maternus" may indicates that the first settlement in Cesano was inherited only by females from mothers. In the Middle Ages the city was feud of the Convent of Orona,in Milan. The Cesanesi were never happy of the Nuns because a part of the harvest was given as tribute to the Convent, because they were subject to the Nuns and the Cesanesi thought that the land was their, so they believed that they hadn't to pay any tribute. The biggest revolt of the town happened in the 1228, when Domenico Dall'Acqua, Cesanesi's Chief, destroyed the walls and the towers of the small town, but the Cesanesi were defeated by Milan's militia and they were forced to recognize the Nuns' domination and to rebuild the walls and the towers. Il Torrazzo is one of the towers which weren't destroyed. In the 16th century the town was given as feud to Antonio Carcassola, which sold the feud to Bartolomeo Arese in the 1538. The town was led by the Borromeo-Arese family until Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Lombardy. Then,the town was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy in the 1861,and in the 1869 the comune of Binzago was united to the town. Now the Town has 6 "frazioni" and a centre, which is Cesano. The six "frazioni" are Villaggio Snia, Binzago, Cascina Gaeta, Cassina Savina and Molinello. In the last years the small zone of Sacra Famiglia, which is between Cesano and Binzago, grew very quickly, and now has a parish but it isn't a "frazione".
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Cinisello Balsamo
Cinisello Balsamo is a comune (municipality) of c. 74,000 inhtabitans in the Province of Milan in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about 10 km northeast of Milan downtown. Cinisello Balsamo borders the following municipalities: Monza, Muggiò, Nova Milanese, Paderno Dugnano, Cusano Milanino, Sesto San Giovanni, Bresso.
The current comune was formed in 1928 by the union of Cinisello and Balsamo, and received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree on October 17, 1972.
Until the late 1920s, Cinisello and Balsamo, and there were two separate municipalities. By royal decree, on September 13, 1928, was arranged the merger, forming the current common. As a symbol, the emblem of the city now encompasses those of the two municipalities merged: the emblem of the pastoral and the sword on a red field in fact belong to Balsamo, the rampant crowned lion on a blue field belong to Cinisello.
Cinisello (from the Latin Cinis, "Ashes", through cinixellum, indicating the fertility of the land from the ashen color, but traditional, though not exactly confirmed - even if you have found Roman remains in the area - is the theory that "Cinisello" comes from "Cinisi Aelii", "Ash Elio", a Roman gens had here, probably, a branch of the Imperial Age) is the western part of the city. In another theory (also not exactly confirmed) resulting from studies done in the Historical Archive of Arms would be that both Cini, both Sello, were ancient and noble Houses from Trentino who settled in the area, providing their names to the same, which were decorated with the title of nobility with special merit achieved for works done in favor of the Fatherland. Balsamo (perhaps "the balsam tree", but it might just be the surname of a noble family and elders of the town in the Middle Ages) is the eastern half.
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Cogliate
Cogliate (Milanese dialect: San Dalmazi) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located 29 km northwest of Milan.
As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 7,835 and an area of 6.9 km².
Cogliate borders the following municipalities: Lentate sul Seveso, Rovello Porro, Misinto, Barlassina, Seveso, Saronno, Cesano Maderno, Ceriano Laghetto.
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Como
Como listen (help·info) (Lombard: Còmm; Latin: Comum) is a city and comune in Lombardy, Italy. It is the administrative capital of the Province of Como.
Its proximity to Lake Como and to the Alps has made Como a popular tourist destination and the city contains numerous works of art, churches, gardens, museums, theatres, parks and palaces: the Duomo (seat of Diocese of Como), the Basilica of Sant'Abbondio, the Villa Olmo, the public gardens with the Tempio Voltiano, the Teatro Sociale, the Broletto (the city’s medieval town hall) and the 20th century Casa del Fascio.
Como was the birthplace of many historically notable figures, including the (somewhat obscure) poet Caecilius who is mentioned by Catullus in the 1st century BCE, the far more substantial literary figures of Pliny the Elder and the Younger, Pope Innocent XI, the scientist Alessandro Volta, and Cosima Liszt, second wife of Richard Wagner and long-term director of the Bayreuth Festival.
The hills surrounding the current location of Como have been inhabited, since at least the Bronze Age, by a Celtic tribe known as the Orobii. Remains of settlements are still present on the wood covered hills to the South West of town.
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Concorezzo
Concorezzo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 20 km northeast of Milan. It received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree on September 25, 1989.
Concorezzo borders the following municipalities: Arcore, Vimercate, Monza, Villasanta, Agrate Brianza. In the 13th century it was one of the major centre of the Cathars in northern Italy, until they were annihilated by the podestà of Milan, Oldrado da Tresseno.
City Hall
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Cornate d'Adda
Cornate d'Adda is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 30 km northeast of Milan and 20 km from Monza.
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Correzzana
Correzzana is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about 25 km northeast of Milan.
Correzzana borders the following municipalities: Besana in Brianza, Casatenovo, Triuggio, Lesmo.
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Czech Republic
The Czech Republic (i/ˈtʃɛk/ CHEK;Czech: Česká republika, pronounced [ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka] ( listen), short form Česko Czech pronunciation: [ˈtʃɛskɔ]) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the north, Germany to the west, Austria to the south and Slovakia to the east. Its capital and largest city, with 1.3 million inhabitants, is Prague.
It is a pluralist multi-party parliamentary representative democracy, a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE, the Council of Europe and the Visegrád Group.
The Czech state, formerly known as Bohemia, was formed in the late 9th century as a small duchy around Prague, at that time under dominance of the powerful Great Moravian Empire (which reached its greatest territorial extent during the reign of Svatopluk I from the House of Mojmír). After the fall of the Empire in 907, the centre of power was transferred from Moravia to Bohemia, under the Přemyslids. During the rule of Přemyslid dukes/kings and their successors, the Luxembourgs, the country reached its greatest territorial extent (13th–14th century). Life in the country was significantly affected by the Hussite wars, during which it faced economic embargo and crusades from all over Europe. Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg monarchy as one of its three principal parts alongside the Archduchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary. The Bohemian Revolt (1618–20) led to the further centralization of the monarchy including forced recatholization and Germanization. During radical reforms in the 18th century the Bohemian Crown was even de facto abolished (1749). In the 19th century the Czech lands became the industrial powerhouse of the monarchy and the core of the Republic of Czechoslovakia which was formed in 1918, following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire after World War I.
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Desio
Desio is a town and comune in the Province of Monza and Brianza, Italy.
In 1277 it was the location of the battle between the Visconti and della Torre families for the rule of Milan. It is also known as the birthplace of Pope Pius XI and the Arsenal goalkeeper, Vito Mannone. Desio received the honorary title of city with a royal decree on February 24, 1924.
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Ecuador
Ecuador (i/ˈɛkwədɔr/ E-kwə-dawr), officially the Republic of Ecuador (Spanish: República del Ecuador [reˈpuβlika ðel ekwaˈðor], which literally translates to the "Republic of the Equator") is a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is one of only two countries in South America, (along with Chile), that do not have a border with Brazil. The country also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) west of the mainland.
The main spoken language in Ecuador is Spanish. Ecuador straddles the equator, from which it takes its name, and has an area of 275,830 km2 (106,500 sq mi). Its capital city is Quito, which was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in the 1970s for having the best preserved and least altered historic center in Latin America. The country's largest city is Guayaquil. The historic center of Cuenca, the third largest city in the country, was also declared a World Heritage Site in 1999, for being an outstanding example of a planned inland Spanish style colonial city in the Americas. Ecuador is also home—despite its size—to a great variety of species, many of them endemic, like those of the Galápagos islands. This species diversity makes Ecuador one of the 17 megadiverse countries in the world. The new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable Rights of Nature, or ecosystem rights.
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Egypt
Egypti/ˈiːdʒɪpt/ (Arabic: مصر, Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: [mɑsˤɾ] ; Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, Kīmi ; Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲏⲙⲉ, Kēme), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: جمهوريّة مصر العربيّة (help·info), is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Covering an area of about 1,010,000 square kilometers (390,000 sq mi), Egypt is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.
Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East. The great majority of its over 81 million people live near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large areas of the Sahara Desert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.
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Five Days of Milan
The Five Days of Milan was a major event in the Revolutionary Year of 1848 and the start of the First Italian War of Independence. On March 18, the city of Milan, rose, and in five days of street fighting drove Marshal Radetzky and his men from the city.
In 1848, the Milanese launched an anti-Austrian campaign as early as the first of January. On New Years Day the Milanese started to boycott gambling and tobacco products, which were Austrian monopolies and ensuered the Austrian Empire over 5 million lire a year.Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria, viceroy of Lombardy and Venetia, retaliated by ordering out police with cigars to provoke the crowd.
The boycott culminated in a bloody street battle on the third of January, when Austrian soldiers, in batches of 3 were being insulted and pelted with stones by an angry crowd. Now, the soldiers gathered together in groups of a dozen and charged the crowd with swords and bayonets, killing 5 and wounding another 59.
Radetzky was horrified at the doings of his troops and confined them to five days barracks. The protests were over, but two months later, when news reached Milan of the uprising in Vienna and the fall of Metternich, the Milanese took to the streets again, on 18 March.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Giussano
Giussano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 25 km north of Milan. As of 31 December 2009, it had a population of 24,363 and an area of 10.3 km².
The municipality of Giussano contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Paina, Birone, Robbiano, and Brugazzo.
Giussano borders the following municipalities: Inverigo, Carugo, Arosio, Briosco, Mariano Comense, Carate Brianza, Verano Brianza, Seregno.
Giussano received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree on October 22, 1987.
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Indianapolis
Indianapolis /ˌɪndiəˈnæpɵlɨs/ (abbreviated Indy /ˈɪndi/) is the capital of the US state of Indiana, and the county seat of Marion County, Indiana. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city's population is 829,718. It is Indiana's largest city and, as of the 2010 U.S. Census, is the 12th largest city in the U.S., the second largest city in the Midwest (behind Chicago), the second most populous state capital (after Phoenix, Arizona), and the most populous state capital east of the Mississippi River. Indianapolis is also one of the fastest growing regions in the United States.
For much of its history, Indianapolis has oriented itself around government and industry, particularly manufacturing. Today, Indianapolis has a much more diversified economy, contributing to the fields of education, health care, and finance. Tourism is also a vital part of the economy of Indianapolis, and the city plays host to numerous conventions and sporting events. Of these, perhaps the most well known is the annual Indianapolis 500 and the NHRA U.S. Nationals. Other major sporting events include the Brickyard 400 and the Men's and Women's NCAA Basketball Tournaments. 2012 marked the first time Indianapolis hosted the Super Bowl. Super Bowl XLVI was played at Lucas Oil Stadium, on February 5, 2012 in Downtown Indianapolis. Also held in Lucas Oil Stadium is the Drum Corps International World Championships, and the Music for All Bands of America Grand National Championships.
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Italian Grand Prix
The Italian Grand Prix (Gran Premio d'Italia) is one of the longest running events on the motor racing calendar. The first Italian Grand Prix motor racing championship took place on 4 September 1921 at Brescia. However, the race is more closely associated with the course at Monza, which was built in 1922 in time for that year's race, and has been the location for most of the races over the years.
The 1923 race included one of Harry A. Miller's rare European appearances with his single seat "American Miller 122" driven by Count Louis Zborowski of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang fame.
The Italian Grand Prix counted toward the European Championship from 1935 to 1938. It was designated the European Grand Prix seven times between 1923 and 1967, when this title was an honorary designation given each year to one grand prix race in Europe. The Italian Grand Prix was also one of the inaugural Formula One championship races in 1950, and has been held every year since then. The only other championship race for which this is true is the British Grand Prix.
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Italy
Italyi/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
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Lambro
For the genus, see Lambro (fungus).
The Lambro (Western Lombard: Lamber or Lambar) is a river of Lombardy, northern Italy, a left tributary of the Po.
The Lambro rises from the Monte San Primo (1,685 m) near the Ghisallo, in the province of Como, not far from Lake Como. After Magreglio it flows through the Vallassina and the comuni of Asso, Ponte Lambro and Erba, entering Lake Pusiano with the name of Lambrone. Later it passes through Brianza reaching Monza and crossing its famous park (where king Umberto I was assassinated by Gaetano Bresci) in two branches which join again before the river passes through the eastern part of Milan. At Melegnano it receives the waters of the Vettabbia and, at Sant'Angelo Lodigiano, those of its main tributary, the Lambro meridionale ("Southern Lambro"), almost doubling its discharge. The Lambro flows into the Po near Orio Litta.
At 5.8 m³/s the average discharge of the Lambro is relatively small, but it can be occasionally boosted to 40 m³/s or more by the Milanese water drains and dangerous floods are frequent in the rainy seasons. Also a name of Innocenti's popular three-wheeler commercial transport vehicle.
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Lazzate
Lazzate is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 25 km northwest of Milan. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 6,864 and an area of 5.3 km².
Lazzate borders the following municipalities: Bregnano, Cermenate, Lentate sul Seveso, Rovellasca, Misinto.
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Lecco
Lecco listen (help·info) is a city of c. 47,760 inhabitants in Lombardy, northern Italy, 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Milan, the capital of the province of Lecco. It lies at the end of the south-eastern branch of Lake Como (the branch named Lake of Lecco / Lago di Lecco). The Bergamo Alps rise to the north and east, cut through by the Valsassina of which Lecco marks the southern end.
The lake narrows to form the river Adda, so bridges were built to improve road communications with Como and Milan. There are four bridges crossing the river Adda in Lecco: the Azzone Visconti Bridge (1336–1338), the Kennedy Bridge (1956) and the Alessandro Manzoni Bridge (1985) and a railroad bridge.
Its economy used to be based on industry (iron manufacturers), but now it is mainly tertiary.
Archaeological finds demonstrate the presence of Celtic settlement in the area before the arrival of the Romans. The latter built a castrum here and made it an important road hub. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Lombards captured the town in the 6th century; they were followed by the Franks, who made Lecco the seat of a countship and, later, of a frontier Mark.
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Lentate sul Seveso
Lentate sul Seveso is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 25 km north of Milan.
Lentate sul Seveso borders the following municipalities: Mariano Comense, Carimate, Cermenate, Novedrate, Cabiate, Meda, Lazzate, Misinto, Barlassina, Cogliate. Sights include the Oratorio di Mocchirolo.
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Lesmo
Lesmo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 25 km northeast of Milan.
Lesmo borders the following municipalities: Casatenovo, Triuggio, Correzzana, Camparada, Arcore, Macherio, Biassono.
The town is currently administered by Lega Nord
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Limbiate
Limbiate is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 15 km north of Milan.
[1] - Demografic Stats
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Lissone
Lissone is a town and comune in the province of Monza and Brianza, Lombardy, Italy. Lissone is 18 kilometers far from Milan, that is the capital of the Region to whom the municipality belongs.
Lissone has a population of 42,474 inhabitants and a surface of 9 square kilometers thus showing a population density of 4,719 inhabitants per square kilometer. It rises 191 metres above the sea level.
The City hall is located in Gramsci Street 21, with phone number 0039-03973971.
The municipality of Lissone had a population of 32,177 inhabitants accordingly to the results of the national census made in 1991. After the national census made in 2001 the population was 34,450 inhabitants, thus showing during the years 1991 - 2001 a percentual variation of 7.06% inhabitants, principally due to the choice of the local administration to develop new buildings. The inhabitants were distributed in 12,690 families with an average of 2.71 people per family.
The town of Lissone is subdivided into several zones, called frazioni (administrative) and quartieri :
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Macherio
Macherio is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 20 km northeast of Milan. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 6,751 and an area of 3.2 km².
The municipality of Macherio contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Bareggia, Pedresse, and Belvedere.
Macherio borders the following municipalities: Triuggio, Lesmo, Sovico, Biassono, Lissone.
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Mantua
Mantua (Italian: Mantova [ˈmantova] ( listen); Emilian and Latin: Mantua) is a city and comune in Lombardy, Italy, and capital of the province of the same name. Mantua's historic power and influence under the Gonzaga family made it one of the main artistic, cultural, and especially musical hubs of Northern Italy and the country as a whole. Mantua is noted for its significant role in the history of opera, and the city is known for its architectural treasures and artifacts, elegant palaces, and medieval and Renaissance cityscape. It is the nearest town to the birthplace of the Roman writer Virgil. It is also the town to which Romeo was banished in William Shakespeare's Play Romeo and Juliet.
Mantua is surrounded on three sides by artificial lakes created during the 12th century. These receive the waters of the river Mincio, a tributary of the Po which descends from Lake Garda. The three lakes are called Lago Superiore, Lago di Mezzo, and Lago Inferiore ("Upper", "Middle", and "Lower Lake"). A fourth lake, Lake Pajolo, which once completed a defensive water ring of the city, dried up at the end of the 18th century.
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Meda, Lombardy
Meda is a city and comune with 23.001 inhabitants of the province of Monza and Brianza, located in the northern Italian region of Lombardy, close to Milan and Como. It is well-known as furniture centre.
Meda's history is linked to the history of its convent and of its foundation. From the latter's location on a mound (Latin: meta) stems the town's name.
According to legend, the Saints Aimo and Vermund, counts of Turbigo, were attacked by two wild boars while hunting. To save their lives, they swore to God that, if saved, they would built a convent right there. The convent was built around 780 near an old little church dedicated to St. Vittore. In order to be free from the control of the new priorate, the people of Meda built another church dedicated to St. Mary and St. Sebastian. The quarrels between the inhabitants and the convent ended on December 10, 1252, when the Prioress Maria da Besozzo gave up all her political, administrative and economic power on the village.
Later the municipal territory was held by the Visconti and Sforza families until, in the 16th century, it fell under the control of Spain and then of Napoleon. Meda later came under the power of the House of Habsburg and then, after the Second War of Italian Independence, became part of the Kingdom of Italy.
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Melzo
Melzo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Milan in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 20 km east of Milan. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 18,400 and an area of 9.7 km².
Melzo borders the following municipalities: Gorgonzola, Pozzuolo Martesana, Cassina de' Pecchi, Vignate, Truccazzano, Liscate.
Melzo received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree on Marc 14, 1952.
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Merate
Merate is a municipality of 14,872 inhabitants in the province of Lecco, Lombardy (northern Italy).
The name Melatum appeared for the first time in the 4th century; it may be derived from the Greek for black/gloomy/dark because of the presence of woods, or from the Italian for apple (mela): an important fruit from the region.
During the fighting between the Torriani and the Visconti families for the supremacy of Milan, Merate (in particular the castle) suffered considerable damage. It recovered during the 17th century after being decimated by the plague; finally becoming one of the richest towns of the region, after Lecco.
At the beginning of the 16th century an academic institute was constructed: at the end of the 18th century the young writer/poet Alessandro Manzoni studied at this school, and after his death the school took on his name.
After the unification of Italy Merate grew as an industrial centre with the development of the banking and textile industries. At the end of the 19th century it became one of the first Italian towns to have electricity, gas and piped drinking water.
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Mezzago
Mezzago is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza e Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 30 km northeast of Milan.
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Milan
Milan (Italian: Milano [miˈlaːno] ( listen); Lombard: [miˈlan]; Latin: Mediolanum) is the second-largest city in Italy and the capital of Lombardy as well as of the province of Milan. The city proper has a population of about 1.3 million, while its urban area is the 5th largest in EU and the largest in Italy with an estimated population of approximately 5 million. The growth of many suburbs and satellite settlements around the city proper, following the Italian economic miracle of 1950s–60s and massive commuting flows, suggest that socioeconomic linkages have expanded well beyond the boundaries of its administrative limits and its agglomeration, creating a region of approximately 9,3 million people. It has been suggested that the Milan metropolitan area is part of the so-called Blue Banana, the area of Europe with the highest population and industrial density. Its health care and education system is considered one of the best of Europe.
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Misinto
Misinto is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 25 km northwest of Milan.
Misinto borders the following municipalities: Lentate sul Seveso, Lazzate, Rovellasca, Rovello Porro, Cogliate.
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Moldova
Moldovai/mɒlˈdoʊvə/, officially the Republic of Moldova (Moldovan/Romanian: Republica Moldova pronounced [reˈpublika molˈdova]) is a landlocked state in Eastern Europe located between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. It declared itself an independent state with the same boundaries as the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1991 as part of the dissolution of the Soviet Union. On 29 July 1994, the new constitution of Moldova was adopted. A strip of Moldova's internationally recognized territory on the east bank of the river Dniester has been under the de facto control of the breakaway government of Transnistria since 1990.
The nation is a parliamentary republic with a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. Moldova is a member state of the United Nations, Council of Europe, WTO, OSCE, GUAM, CIS, BSEC and other international organizations. Moldova currently aspires to join the European Union, and has implemented the first three-year Action Plan within the framework of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP).
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Monza
Monza listen (help·info) (Lombard: Mùnscia; Latin: Moduetia) is a city and comune on the river Lambro, a tributary of the Po, in the Lombardy region of Italy some 15 km north-northeast of Milan. It is the capital of the Province of Monza and Brianza. It is best known for its Grand Prix motor racing circuit, the Autodromo Nazionale Monza.
On June 11, 2004 Monza was designated the capital of the new province of Monza and Brianza. The new administrative arrangement came fully into effect in summer 2009; previously, Monza was a comune within the province of Milan.
Monza is the third-largest city of Lombardy and the most important economic, industrial and administrative centre of the Brianza area, supporting a textile industry and a publishing trade.
Monza also hosts a Department of the University of Milan Bicocca, a Court of Justice and several offices of regional administration. Monza Park is one of the largest urban parks in Europe.
Monza is located in the high plains of Lombardy, between Brianza and Milan, at an altitude of 162 meters above sea level and is 15 kilometres (9 mi) from the capital of the region and about 40 km (25 mi) from Lecco and Como. Its territory is crossed from north to south by the river Lambro. At the entrance to the north in the center, between the streets Via Aliprandi and Via Zanzi, a fork of the river artificially created for defensive purposes in the early decades of the 14th century gives rise to Lambretto, which is joined to the main course Lambro at its exit to the south from the ancient circle of medieval walls (Monza) (now completely demolished). Another stream, which is also artificial, is the Canale Villoresi, constructed in the late 19th century.
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Monza Cathedral
The Duomo of Monza (Italian: Duomo di Monza) often known in English as Monza Cathedral is the main religious building of Monza, near Milan, in northern Italy. Unlike most duomos it is not in fact a cathedral, as Monza has always been part of the Diocese of Milan, but is in the charge of an archpriest who has the right to certain episcopal vestments including the mitre and the ring. The church is also known as the Basilica of San Giovanni Battista from its dedication to John the Baptist.
The basilica, which would in essence have been complete by 603 when heir to the Lombard throne Adaloald was baptised here by Secundus of Non, is believed to have been commissioned towards the end of the seventh century by the Lombard Queen of Italy, Theodelinda, as a royal chapel to serve the nearby palace. According to the legend she had made a vow to build a church dedicated to Saint John the Baptist, and when riding along the banks of the Lambro River, she was halted by a dove who told her Modo (Latin for "now"), to which she replied Etiam ("yes"). Monza itself was initially known as Modoetia.
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Morocco
Morocco (Arabic: المغرب al-Maghrib ; Berber: ⵍⵎⴻⵖⵔⵉⴱ / ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵔⵓⴽElmeɣrib / Amerruk), officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of about 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², including the disputed region of the Western Sahara, seen by and mostly administered by Morocco as the Southern Provinces. Morocco is part of the Maghreb region, in addition to Tunisia, Algeria, Mauritania, and Libya, with which it shares cultural, historical and linguistic ties.
Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive powers, including the power to dissolve the parliament. Executive power is exercised by the government but more importantly by the king himself. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Assembly of Representatives and the Assembly of Councillors. The king can also issue decrees called dahirs which have the force of law. The latest Parliamentary elections were held in November 25, 2011, and were considered by some neutral observers to be mostly free and fair. Voter turnout in these elections was estimated to be 43% of registered voters, but only about 25% of Moroccan adult citizens actually voted. The rest either chose not to vote or they were not registered as voters. The political capital is Rabat, but the largest city is Casablanca; other main cities include Marrakesh, Tetouan, Tangier, Salé, Fes, Agadir, Meknes, Oujda, Kenitra, and Nador.
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Muggiò
Muggiò is a city (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 15 km northeast of Milan. As of 2009, it had a population of 23,500 and an area of 5.5 km². It received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree on September 27, 1992. The municipality of Muggiò contains the frazione (subdivision) Taccona. Muggiò borders the following municipalities: Lissone, Desio, Monza, Nova Milanese, Cinisello Balsamo.
Villa Casati Stampa, which is now the town hall of Muggiò, is a neoclassical building designed 1798 by the famous Austrian architect Leopold Pollack. The house was built on a pre-existing sixteenth-century structure, At the centre of one of the longer sides of the villa Pollack inserted a cylindrical section with an elliptical base jutting out into the park; opposite this feature, but on the other side, he placed the entrance portico. The villa was crowned by an extensive park of more than twenty thousand square metres (nearly five acres), designed as an English landscaped garden, great attention being paid to a complementary relationship with the architectural design of the house itself. Today, the park has been transformed and laid out as a sports ground.
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Nova Milanese
Nova Milanese is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 13 km north of Milan.
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Ornago
Ornago is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 25 km northeast of Milan.
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Paderno Dugnano
Paderno Dugnano is a town and comune in the province of Milano, in Lombardy. It is bounded by other comuni of Senago, Varedo, Cusano Milanino, Cormano, Nova Milanese, Bollate, Novate Milanese, Cinisello Balsamo.
Following the unification of Italy, in 1861, a reorganization of the internal subdivisions of the country ensued. By decree of March 17, 1869, the comuni of Paderno, Dugnano, Incirano, Cassina Amata and Palazzolo Milanese were fused into a new comune called Paderno Milanese.
Other names for the comune were proposed (including Padergnano and Borgosole) through the 1880s. By decree of February 1, 1886, the comune's name was formally changed to the current name of Paderno Dugnano.
Paderno received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree on September 25, 1989.
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Philippines
The Philippines
i/ˈfɪlɨpiːnz/ FI-lə-peenz (Filipino: Pilipinas [ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs]), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (Filipino: Republika ng Pilipinas) is a sovereign country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
With an estimated population of about 98 million people, the Philippines is the 7th most populated Asian country and the 12th most populated country in the world. An additional 12.5 million Filipinos live overseas. Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelago's earliest inhabitants. They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples who brought with them influences from Malay, Hindu, and Islamic societies. Trade introduced Chinese cultural influences which remain to this day.
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Praha
Prague ( /ˈprɑːɡ/; Czech: Praha pronounced [ˈpraɦa] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic and fourteenth largest city in European Union. Situated in the north-west of the country on the Vltava river, the city is home to about 1.3 million people, while its metropolitan area is estimated to have a population of nearly 2.0 million. The city has a temperate oceanic climate with warm summers and chilly winters.
Prague has been a political, cultural, and economic centre of central Europe with waxing and waning fortunes during its 1,100 year existence. Founded during the Romanesque and flourishing by the Gothic and Renaissance eras, Prague was the seat of two Holy Roman Emperors and thus then also the capital of the Holy Roman Empire. It was an important city to the Habsburg Monarchy and its Austro-Hungarian Empire and after World War I became the capital of Czechoslovakia. The city played major roles in the Protestant Reformation, the Thirty Years' War, and in modern history generally as the principal conurbation in Bohemia and Moravia whose second city is Brno.
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Renate
Renate is a comune in the region of Lombardy within the province of Monza and Brianza.
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Romania
Romania (i/roʊˈmeɪniə/ roh-MAY-nee-ə; dated: Roumania; or Rumania;Romanian: România [romɨˈni.a] ( listen)) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and Moldova to the northeast and east, and Bulgaria to the south.
At 238,400 square kilometers (92,000 sq mi), Romania is the ninth largest country of the European Union by area, and has the seventh largest population of the European Union with over 19 million people. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest, the tenth largest city in the EU with about two million people.
The Kingdom of Romania emerged when the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were united under Prince Alexander Ioan Cuza in 1859. Independence from the Ottoman Empire was declared on 9 May 1877, and was internationally recognized the following year. At the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia united with the Kingdom of Romania. Greater Romania emerged into an era of progression and prosperity that would continue until World War II. By the end of the War, many north-eastern areas of Romania's territories were occupied by the Soviet Union, and Romania forcibly became a socialist republic and a member of the Warsaw Pact.
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Roncello
Roncello is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 25 km northeast of Milan.
Roncello borders the following municipalities: Bellusco, Busnago, Ornago, Trezzano Rosa, Basiano.
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Ronco Briantino
Ronco Briantino is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 30 km northeast of Milan.
Ronco Briantino borders the following municipalities: Merate, Robbiate, Osnago, Verderio Inferiore, Bernareggio, Carnate.
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Royal Villa of Monza
The Royal Villa (Italian: Villa Reale) is a historical building in Monza, northern Italy. It was originally built by Giuseppe Piermarini between 1777 and 1780 when Lombardy was part of Austrian Empire, for the Archduke Ferdinand of Austria. It lies on the banks of the Lambro, surrounded by the large Monza Park, one of the largest enclosed parks in Europe.
The palace complex includes the Cappella Reale, or the "Royal Chapel", the Cavallerizza (horse-shed), the Rotonda dell'Appiani, the Teatrino di Corte ("Small Court Theatre") and the Orangerie. The rooms at the first floor include grand salons and halls, and the Royal apartments of King Humbert I of Italy and of Queen Margherita of Savoy. In front of the palace are the Royal gardens, designed by Piermarini as English landscape gardens.
The Royal Villa was abandoned by the royal family in 1900, after the murder of King Humbert I near the entrance as he returned from an event.
Nowadays it is place of occasional exhibitions, without any permanent purposes.
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Segrate
Segrate is a town and comune (municipality) located in the Province of Milan in the Lombardy region of northern Italy. In December 2004 it had some 33,000 inhabitants.
In its area lies the airport of Milan Linate, the lake Idroscalo, the fair center of Novegro and the famous residential area Milano Due. Europark Idroscalo Milano (originally Lunapark Milano) is a popular amusement park that has been in existence since 1965.
Although it is a small town, Segrate hosts large structures such as the CILEA Interuniversity Consortium, among the most advanced supercomputing centers in Europe, and the San Raffaele Hospital. Segrate received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree on June 23, 1989.
Segrate is connected to Milan by the suburban train lines S5 and S6, with a total of four trains each hour.
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Seregno
Seregno is a town and comune of the new Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region of Lombardy. Its population number is (December 2010) around 43.163 inhabitants, making it the second city of the Province after Monza. Seregno received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree on January 26, 1979.
The city is located in the upper part of the Lombard plain, 10 km from Monza and only 20 km from Milan, capital of the Region. The current infrastructure system, with two longitudinal bisecting roads and a thick mesh of provincial and municipal roads and railways make Seregno also very close to all the major attractions of the area such as the lake districts, the Alps, the cities of Como, Lecco, Bergamo and Varese.
Seregno is positioned in the middle of one of the most economically productive areas in Italy with a high concentration of small and medium-sized enterprises. The total number of companies listed in Seregno is over 3,600, equal to about 6% of companies throughout the Province of Monza and Brianza territory. Seregno has a long-established tradition in industrial and craft production with excellence in the furniture sector, engineering industry, clothing and computer industries. A peculiarity of Seregno is the presence of a high number of bank agencies in relation to the resident population and businesses located within the city boundaries.
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Sesto San Giovanni
Sesto San Giovanni is a comune in the Milan metropolitan area, located in the province of Milan and region of Lombardy in Italy. Its railway station is the northernmost stop on the Milan Metro M1 line. The city is informally referred to as "Sesto". It has the honorary title of city, although it is small and de facto a suburb of Milan.
An unimportant agglomerate of buildings until the 19th century, Sesto San Giovanni grew during the end of the 19th century and in the early 20th century, becoming the site of several industries, including companies such as Falck, Campari, Magneti Marelli and Breda. In that period the population increased rapidly, from 5,000 inhabitants in 1880 to 14,000 in 1911. After World War II, Sesto became populated by many migrants from other parts of Italy, leading to an increased population of 95,000 inhabitants in 1981. Sesto used to be referred to as the Stalingrad of Italy, due to the strong historical presence of the Italian Communist Party and to its resistance to fascism it World War Two.
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Seveso
Seveso (in Lombard language: Séves) is a town and comune in the Province of Monza and Brianza, in the Region of Lombardy. The economy of the town has traditionally been based around the furniture industry.
Its name comes from the river of the same name which crosses the comune in a north-south direction.
Seveso received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree on June 18, 2003.
The town is situated 21 km to the north of Milan in the Brianza lowlands. The territory of the commume is highly urbanised, with the majority of inhabitants living in the town.
Seveso lies on the national trunk road Statale dei Giovi, which connects Milan to Como and on the Milan-Meda motorway. It is also serviced by the Milan–Asso railway line.
Neighbouring communes are Meda, Seregno, Barlassina, Cogliate, Cesano Maderno.
Seveso's origins date back to about the 3rd century BC, when certain areas around Brianza were used as military staging posts for the Roman conquest of Gaul. Towards 780, the monastery at Meda was founded, the jurisdiction of which extended to the territory of Seveso.
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Sondrio
Sondrio listen (help·info) (Latin: Sundrium, Italian: Sondrio, Lombard: Sùndri, Romansh: Sunder, archaic German: Sünders) is an Italian town and comune located in the heart of the Valtellina. Sondrio counts approximately 22,000 inhabitants and it is the administrative centre for the Lombard Province of Sondrio.
The area of Sondrio was populated in ancient times by the Ligures and, from the 5th century BC, by the Celts. Formerly an Ancient Roman military camp, today's Sondrio was founded by the Lombards: in their language Sundrium meant "Exclusive property", referring to the status of free men (arimanni) of the holders of the city and the surrounding land.
After the fall of the Lombard Kingdom in Italy, Sondrio became part of the Holy Roman Empire. The Capitanei of Vizzola, who controlled much of the Valtellina, had it in 1040 from the emperor Henry II. From 1310 to 1335 the city was involved in the war between the Guelph and Ghibelline factions of the nearby Como, and its war against Milan. After having resisted several attacks by the Comaschi, in 1335 Sondrio and Valtellina became part of the Visconti Milanese dominions.
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Sovico
Sovico is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 20 km northeast of Milan. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 7,329 and an area of 3.2 km².
Sovico borders the following municipalities: Triuggio, Albiate, Macherio, Lissone.
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Spain
Spain (i/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.
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Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (i/ʃriː ˈlɑːŋkə/, /sriːˈlɑːŋkə/, or /sriːˈlæŋkə/;Sinhala: ශ්රී ලංකාව, Tamil: இலங்கை), is a country off the southern coast of the Indian subcontinent in South Asia. Known until 1972 as Ceylon ( /sɨˈlɒn/, /seɪˈlɒn/, or /siːˈlɒn/), Sri Lanka is an island surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar, the Palk Strait, and lies in the vicinity of India and the Maldives.
As a result of its location in the path of major sea routes, Sri Lanka is a strategic naval link between West Asia and South East Asia. It was an important stop on the ancient Silk Road. Sri Lanka has also been a center of the Buddhist religion and culture from ancient times, being the nation where the Buddhist teachings were first written down as well as the oldest continually Buddhist country. Sri Lanka boasts a diverse range of cultures, languages and religions. The Sinhalese people form the majority of the population; Tamils, who are concentrated in the north and east of the island, form the largest ethnic minority. Other communities include Moors, Burghers, Kaffirs, Malays and the aboriginal Vedda people.
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Stadio Brianteo
Stadio Brianteo is a multi-purpose stadium in Monza, Italy. The stadium has a capacity of 18,568 people.
It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of A.C. Monza Brianza 1912.
Michael Jackson performed, on two consecutive nights, at the stadium during his Dangerous World Tour on July 6–7, 1992.
Elton John performed at Brianteo during his world tour, in 1992
Coordinates: 45°34′58″N 9°18′29″E / 45.58278°N 9.30806°E / 45.58278; 9.30806
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Sulbiate
Sulbiate is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 25 km northeast of Milan.
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Trezzo sull'Adda
Trezzo sull'Adda is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Milan in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 30 km northeast of Milan on the Adda River.
The Naviglio Martesana canal starts from the Adda in Trezzo's territory.
Trezzo sull'Adda borders the following municipalities: Cornate d'Adda, Bottanuco, Capriate San Gervasio, Busnago, Grezzago, Vaprio d'Adda.
Trezzo received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree on 8 July, 2008.
Trezzo's main attraction is the massive castle which belonged to the powerful Visconti family in the 14th century. Protected by the Adda on two sides, it had a 42 m-high square tower on the third one. Its fortified bridge (see Trezzo sull'Adda Bridge) was 72 m long, the longest bridge span for several centuries, built on three different levels, passing 25 meters over the waters.
Due to its strategic position, the castle was contested first by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa and Milan, in the 12th century, and later by the Visconti and the Torriani families. The castle was destroyed or burnt several times, but was rebuilt on each occasion. The last reconstruction dates from 1370. It was commissioned by Bernabò Visconti, who was later imprisoned there until his death.
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Triuggio
Triuggio is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 25 km northeast of Milan.
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Tunisia
Tunisia (USi/tuːˈniːʒə/ two-NEE-zhə or UK /tjuːˈnɪziə/ tew-NIZ-iə; Arabic: تونس Tūnis pronounced [ˈtuːnɪs]), officially the Republic of Tunisia (Arabic: الجمهورية التونسية al-Jumhūriyyah at-Tūnisiyyah), is the northernmost country in Africa. It is an Arab Maghreb country and is bordered by Algeria to the west, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Its area is almost 165,000 square kilometres (64,000 sq mi), with an estimated population of just under 10.7 million. Its name is derived from the capital Tunis located in the northeast.
Tunisia is the smallest country in North Africa. The south of the country is composed of the Sahara desert, with much of the remainder consisting of particularly fertile soil and 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) of coastline.
Tunisia has relations with both the European Union—with whom it has an association agreement—and the Arab world. Tunisia is also a member of the Arab Maghreb Union, the Arab League, and the African Union. Tunisia has established close relations with France in particular, through economic cooperation, industrial modernization, and privatisation programs.
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Ukraine
Ukraine (i/juːˈkreɪn/ yew-KRAYN; Ukrainian: Україна, transliterated: Ukrayina, [ukrɑˈjinɑ]; Russian: Украина; Crimean Tatar: Ukraina) is a country in Central and Eastern Europe. Ukraine borders the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after the Russian Federation.
According to a popular and well established theory, the medieval state of Kievan Rus was established by the Varangians in the 9th century as the first historically recorded East Slavic state which emerged as a powerful nation in the Middle Ages until it disintegrated in the 12th century. By the middle of the 14th century, Ukrainian territories were under the rule of three external powers—the Golden Horde, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Kingdom of Poland. After the Great Northern War (1700–1721) Ukraine was divided between a number of regional powers and, by the 19th century, the largest part of Ukraine was integrated into the Russian Empire with the rest under Austro-Hungarian control. A chaotic period of incessant warfare ensued, with several internationally recognized attempts at independence from 1917 to 1921, following World War I and the Russian Civil War. Ukraine emerged from its own civil war, and on December 30, 1922 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic became one of the founding republics of the Soviet Union. The Ukrainian SSR's territory was enlarged westward during the civil war shortly before, and after World War II, and further south in 1954 with the Crimea transfer. In 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one of the founding members of the United Nations.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Usmate Velate
Usmate Velate is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 25 km northeast of Milan.
Usmate Velate borders the following municipalities: Casatenovo, Lomagna, Camparada, Carnate, Arcore, Vimercate.
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Varedo
Varedo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza, in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 15 km north of Milan.
Varedo borders the following municipalities: Desio, Bovisio-Masciago, Limbiate, Nova Milanese, Paderno Dugnano.
[1] - Demografic Stats
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Vedano al Lambro
Vedano al Lambro is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 15 km northeast of Milan.
Vedano al Lambro is popular because it is a border municipality of the motor-car racing track, where every year on September, takes place the competition well known as Gran Premio d'Italia of Formula 1 Championship.
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Veduggio con Colzano
Veduggio con Colzano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 30 km north of Milan.
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Verano Brianza
Verano Brianza is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 25 km north of Milan. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 8,968 and an area of 3.5 km².
Verano Brianza borders the following municipalities: Briosco, Giussano, Carate Brianza.
Italian astronaut, Paolo Nespoli was born here.
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Verona
Verona (Italian pronunciation: [veˈroːna] ( listen); Venetian Verona (pron. Veròna); German Bern, Dietrichsbern or Welschbern) is a city in the Veneto, northern Italy, with approx. 265,000 inhabitants and one of the seven chef-lieus of the region. It is the second largest city municipality in the region and the third of northeast Italy. The metropolitan area of Verona covers an area of 1,426 km2 (550.58 sq mi) and has a population of 714,274 inhabitants. It is one of the main tourist destinations in northern Italy, owing to its artistic heritage, several annual fairs, shows, and operas, such as the lyrical season in the Arena, the ancient amphitheatre built by the Romans.
The city has been awarded World Heritage Site status by UNESCO because of its urban structure and architecture.
The precise details of Verona's early history remain a mystery. The origin of the name Verona is also unknown. One theory is it was a city of the Euganei, who were obliged to give it up to the Cenomani (550 BC). With the conquest of the Vaecame Roman (about 300 BC) Verona became a Roman colonia in 89 BC, and then a municipium in 49 BC; Verona had the franchise in 59.
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Villasanta
Villasanta is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 20 km northeast of Milan.
Villasanta borders the following municipalities: Arcore, Biassono, Monza, Concorezzo.
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Vimercate
Vimercate is a city and comune in the province of Monza and Brianza, Lombardy, northern Italy. It is 25 kilometres from Milan and 10 from Monza.
The city was originally founded by the Romans on the banks of the river Molgora.
The area of Oreno has maintained its medieval look with an 11th century monastery, Saint Michael's Church and the stately homes Villa Gallarati-Scotti and Borromeo.
The town is looking towards the future thanks to new developments such as the Torri Bianche skyscrapers which host a 16 screen cinema, a shopping arcade and many county offices plus the new Central Bus Station designed by Mario Botta in 1998, which serves the area and has many facilities.
On the east side of the city rises the "Centro Scolastico Omnicomprensivo", a scholastic centre, which is known for the quality and high standards of the "Licei" (High Schools). Particularly renowned is the Scientific and Classic Liceo "Antonio Banfi". Within the communal borders there are many parks, used for concerts and shows.
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Adaloald
Adaloald (602 – 626) was the Lombard king of Italy from 616 to 626. Son and heir of King Agilulf and his Catholic queen Theodelinda, he was baptised shortly after his birth in 602. He was an associate king, raised on the shield by the warriors at his father's request, when still young. Upon becoming sole king as a teen, he reigned under his mother as regent.
Adaloald went insane and lost the support of the nobles. He was deposed in 626 by Arioald, a Lombard noble from Turin and husband of the king's sister Gundeberga, who was hostile to the Catholic Church. Adaloald died mysteriously in Ravenna shortly after.
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Adriano Galliani
Adriano Galliani (born 30 July 1944) is an Italian entrepreneur who has been serving as vice-president and C.E.O. of Italian football club Associazione Calcio Milan since 1986. During his tenure as CEO, Milan have won five European Cup/UEFA Champions League titles and eight Serie A titles among other achievements and in the process have seen their players win six Ballon d'Or awards. He is famous for making high profile transfers to Milan at cut prices, such as Robinho and Zlatan Ibrahimović from Manchester City and FC Barcelona, respectively.
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Agilulf
Agilulf (died 616) called the Thuringian, was a duke of Turin and king of the Lombards from 591 until his death.
A relative of his predecessor Authari, he was selected king on the advice of the Christian queen and widow of Authari, Theodelinda, whom he then married. Although he assumed the royal dignity at the beginning of November 590, he was raised on the shield -- the ceremonial investment of his title -- by Lombard warriors in Milan in May 591.
He was baptised to appease his wife and his nation followed suit, though they adopted the Arian denomination, not the Roman faith. In 603, under the influence of his wife, he abandoned Arianism for Catholicism, and had his son Adaloald baptised. He and his wife built and endowed the cathedral of Monza, where the Iron Crown of Lombardy is still preserved and where Agilulf's crown, dedicated to St John, exists, bearing the inscription rex totius Italiae, meaning "king of all Italy", as Agilulf evidently saw himself.
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Alessandro Manzoni
Alessandro Francesco Tommaso Manzoni (7 March 1785 – 22 May 1873) was an Italian poet and novelist. He is famous for the novel The Betrothed (orig. Italian: I Promessi Sposi) (1827), generally ranked among the masterpieces of world literature. The novel is also a symbol of the Italian Risorgimento, both for its patriotic message and because it was a fundamental milestone in the development of the modern, unified Italian language.
Manzoni was born in Milan, Italy, on 7 March 1785. Pietro, his father, aged about fifty, belonged to an old family of Lecco, originally feudal lords of Barzio, in the Valsassina. The poet's maternal grandfather, Cesare Beccaria, was a well-known author, and his mother Giulia had literary talent as well. The young Alessandro spent his first two years of life in cascina Costa in Galbiate and he was wet-nursed by Caterina Panzeri, as attested by a memorial plate affixed in the place. In 1792 his parents broke their marriage and his mother began a relationship with the highbrow Carlo Imbonati, moving to England and later to Paris. For this reason, their son was brought up in several religious institutes. Alessandro Manzoni was a slow developer, and at the various colleges he attended he was considered a dunce. At fifteen, however, he developed a passion for poetry, and wrote two sonnets of considerable merit. Upon the death of his father in 1805, he joined the freethinking household of his mother at Auteuil, and spent two years mixing with the literary set of the so-called "ideologues", philosophers of the 18th-century school, among whom he made many friends, notably Claude Charles Fauriel. There too he imbibed the anti-Catholic creed of Voltairianism.
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Antonio Di Pietro
Antonio Di Pietro (born October 2, 1950) is an Italian politician. He was a Member of the European Parliament, an Italian Senator, and Minister of the Prodi Government. He was a prosecutor in the team known in Italy as Mani Pulite (Clean Hands) in the early 1990s.
Born into a poor rural family from Montenero di Bisaccia (Molise), as a very young man Di Pietro would go to Germany to work in the morning in a factory and in the afternoon in a sawmill in order to pay for his studies. Back in Italy, he graduated from night school with a degree in law in 1978 and was admitted to serve as a police officer. After a few years, he started a judicial career as a prosecutor.
In February 1991, Di Pietro began investigating Milan's politicians and business leaders for corruption and kickbacks. Together with other well-known magistrates such as Francesco Saverio Borrelli, Ilda Boccassini, Gherardo Colombo, and Piercamillo Davigo, he worked on the Mani Pulite ("Clean Hands") team, which investigated political corruption. As part of this team, he investigated hundreds of local and national politicians, all the way up to the most important national political figures, including Bettino Craxi. The Italian press named the investigation "Tangentopoli" ("Bribesville").
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Austria
Austria (i/ˈɒstriə/ or /ˈɔːstriə/; German: Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç] ( listen)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich (help·info)), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.47 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,855 square kilometres (32,377 sq mi) and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft), and its highest point is 3,798 metres (12,461 ft). The majority of the population speak local Austro-Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, and German in its standard form is the country's official language. Other local official languages are Burgenland Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty when the vast majority of the country was a part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Austria became one of the great powers of Europe and, in response to the coronation of Napoleon I as the Emperor of the French, the Austrian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1804. In 1867, the Austrian Empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Costantino Nivola
Costantino Nivola (Orani, Sardinia, Italy; July 5, 1911 - Long Island, New York, USA; May 6, 1988) was an Italian sculptor. He is the grandfather of actor Alessandro Nivola.
Nivola was born and grew up in Orani, a small village in Sardinia. Nivola's family was very poor. As a young adolescent, he worked as an apprentice stonemason in the local building industry.
In Sassari, with the painter Mario Delitala, also from Orani, Nivola had his artistic start, and soon the two worked together for the decoration of some spaces in the local university.He then moved to the Italian mainland, and in 1931 entered the ISIA, the state institute for Artistic Industry in Monza, near Milan. His first official exhibitions are recorded in this period; among many works, notably he produced some xylography, a form of art that would have remained a characteristic expression of Sardinia.
Nivola started then frequenting France (and Paris in particular, where he met Emilio Lussu during his clandestinity), establishing contacts with artists from other countries. Supposedly here he first met his wife, Ruth Guggenheim.
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Daniele Massaro
Daniele Massaro (born May 23, 1961 in Monza) is a former Italian football (soccer) forward. He was a member of the Italian squad that won the FIFA World Cup held in Spain in 1982.
Massaro made a name for himself at A.C. Milan. He scored two goals in the Champions League Final of 1994 against FC Barcelona, which Milan won 4–0. He was also Milan’s top scorer in Serie A in 1993/1994 season, helping them to the title. Surprisingly capped only 15 times for Italy, his international career actually spanned more than a decade (1982–94); he played for Italy at the 1994 FIFA World Cup.
On leaving AC Milan in 1995, he also played for a year in the J-League of Japan with the Shimizu S-Pulse.
He was also the captain of the Italian Beach Soccer National Team for a couple of years.
Along with Franco Baresi and Roberto Baggio, Massaro missed a penalty kick against Brazil in the 1994 World Cup in the shootout which cost Italy the title. Massaro also missed a one-on-one opportunity in the same match.
He currently works at AC Milan, in the public relations department, as a PR manager.
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Ernesto Ambrosini
Ernesto Ambrosini (September 29, 1894 – November 4, 1951) was an Italian athlete who competed mainly in the 3000 metre steeple chase.
He competed for Italy in the 1920 Summer Olympics held in Antwerp, Belgium in the 3000 metre steeple chase where he won the bronze medal.
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Fabrizio Barbazza
Fabrizio Barbazza (born 2 April 1963) is an Italian former Formula One driver who raced for the AGS and Minardi teams.
Barbazza was born in Monza, Lombardy. After a career in motorcross in his teens, he began racing Formula Monza in 1982. The following year he moved into Italian Formula 3 series, and in 1984 finished sixth in the series. In 1985 he won four races and finished third in the championship. He then went to the United States and entered the American Racing Series, where he won four races and the title in his first attempt. After that he entered CART in 1987 and finished third at Indianapolis, becoming CART's Rookie of the Year. In 1990 he was hired as a driver in Formula 3000, which led to a chance at Formula One, in the AGS team in early 1991. Barbazza failed to qualify for any race and in 1993 joined the Minardi team, scoring points twice in his first four races. In 1995, while racing a Ferrari 333SP sports prototype at the Road Atlanta circuit, he was involved in an accident with Jeremy Dale, which resulted in heavy head and chest injuries which left him in critical condition, in a coma and on artificial respiration. Although he fully recovered, he didn't return to racing. Instead he started a go-kart circuit in Monza and began designing crash barriers.
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Filippo Galli
Filippo Galli (born May 19, 1963 in Monza) is a former Italian football player with A.C. Milan who played as a Right back but was often called on to fill in at any defensive position. He was a member of AC Milan first squad coaching staff, as a technical assistant of former manager Leonardo Araújo.
He played for AC Milan from 1983 to November 1996, when he was sold to Reggiana, another Serie A team. After two seasons with Reggiana, he moved to Brescia and successively, at the age of 38, spent a season at Watford whilst Gianluca Vialli was manager, scoring once against Walsall. He retired in 2004, aged 41, after two seasons with minor Serie C club Pro Sesto. Currently he is the responsible of the A.C. Milan youth system.
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Fiorenzo Magni
Fiorenzo Magni (born December 7, 1920) is an Italian former professional road racing cyclist.
He was born in Vaiano, province of Prato (Tuscany). He was the "third man" of the golden age of Italian cycling, at the time of the great rivalry between Fausto Coppi and Gino Bartali. The highlights of his career were his three overall wins in the 1948, 1951 and 1955 Giro d'Italia, and the three consecutive wins (record) at the Ronde van Vlaanderen (1949, 1950 and 1951).
During the 12th stage of the 1950 Tour de France, while he was wearing the yellow jersey, he was forced to retire from the race (together with all the other Italian riders) by Bartali, captain of the Italian team, who had been threatened and assaulted by some French supporters accusing him to have caused Jean Robic's fall.
WD = Withdrew DSQ = Disqualified
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First World War
World War I (WWI), which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939 (World War II), and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; but, as Austria–Hungary had taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war). These alliances both reorganised (Italy fought for the Allies), and expanded as more nations entered the war. Ultimately more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, largely because of enormous increases in lethality of weapons, thanks to new technology, without corresponding improvements in protection or mobility. It was the sixth-deadliest conflict in world history, subsequently paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in the nations involved.
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Francesco Antonioli
Francesco Antonioli (born 14 September 1969) is an Italian footballer and goalkeeper who currently plays for Cesena. He is currently the oldest Footballer in the Serie A.
Grown as a player in the ranks of AC Milan, Antonioli was brought to the starting lineup at the start of the 1992–93 season. However, a string of mistakes, including a dreadful fumble in the Milan derby which gifted Luigi de Agostini a soft goal, allowed Sebastiano Rossi to reclaim his starting spot.
Joining Bologna in 1995, he was the undisputed first-choice (except in 1997–98, where he backed up Giorgio Sterchele). In 1999 he joined Roma for 10 billion Italian lire and In 2001, he won a Scudetto with AS Roma.
In the summer of 2003, Antonioli joined U.C. Sampdoria on a free transfer. In 2006–07, with Luca Castellazzi's emergence between the posts, Antonioli left for former club Bologna on another free transfer.
He leads Bologna won Serie A promotion again in mid-2008.
After the end of 2008–09 season, he was released and replaced by U21 internationals Emiliano Viviano. Antonioli then joined Serie B newcomer A.C. Cesena in July and the club sent the former first choice Nicola Ravaglia to lower division. He was the first choice ahead Michele Tardioli. Antonioli was also protagonist of the club's second consecutive promotion in 2010, thus having another chance of top flight football at the age of 41 in the 2010–11 Serie A season. The team survived from relegation battle by finished 15th and he was offered a new 1-year contract.
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Gaetano Bresci
Gaetano Bresci (Italian pronunciation: [ɡaeˈtano ˈbrɛʃʃi]; November 10, 1869 – May 22, 1901) was an Italian American anarchist who assassinated King Umberto I of Italy. Bresci was the first European regicide not to be executed, as capital punishment in Italy had been abolished since 1889.
Bresci was born at Coiano, near Prato, Tuscany, and emigrated from Italy to the United States, making his living as a weaver in Paterson, New Jersey, which had a large Italian-American community. He was one of the founders of La Questione Sociale, the Italian language anarchist paper published in Paterson. According to Emma Goldman:
he was a skillful weaver, considered by his employers as a sober, hard-working man, but his pay averaged only fifteen dollars a week. He had a wife and child to support; yet he managed to donate weekly contributions to the paper. He had even saved a hundred and fifty dollars, which he lent to the group at a critical period of La Questione Sociale. His free evenings and Sundays he used to spend in helping with the office work and in propaganda. He was beloved and respected for his devotion by all the members of his group.
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Gianni Bugno
Gianni Bugno (born February 14, 1964 in Brugg, Switzerland) is a former Italian professional road racing cyclist.
Bugno was a versatile rider, able to do well in different types of races. He won numerous stages in the Tour de France, and the Milan – San Remo classic in 1990. In 1991 he won the Clásica de San Sebastián, and in 1994 he won the Ronde van Vlaanderen.
Bugno's greatest success was the double victory in the World Championship. In 1991 he beat Steven Rooks of the Netherlands and Miguel Indurain of Spain, and in 1992 finished ahead of Laurent Jalabert of France and Dmitri Konyshev of Russia.
Bugno's performance in the Grand Tours, however, was over-shadowed by Miguel Indurain. Bugno's victory in the Giro d'Italia in 1990 is considered one of the most dominant performances in that race - he led from start to finish. While he won the Giro in 1990, he finished second to Indurain in the Tour de France in 1991 and third behind Indurain and Claudio Chiappucci in 1992. In a battle in the 1992 Tour, Indurain kept his calm despite Chiappucci's attack in the Alps; Bugno had to chase and cracked in the final parts of the stage. Indurain was quoted as saying that Bugno was his biggest threat in the Tour.
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Giuseppe Arcimboldo
Giuseppe Arcimboldo (Italian pronunciation: [dʒuˈzɛppe artʃimˈbɔldo]; also spelled Arcimboldi) (1527 – July 11, 1593) was an Italian painter best known for creating imaginative portrait heads made entirely of such objects as fruits, vegetables, flowers, fish, and books – that is, he painted representations of these objects on the canvas arranged in such a way that the whole collection of objects formed a recognizable likeness of the portrait subject.
His father, Biagio Arcimboldo, was an artist. Like his father, Giuseppe Arcimboldo started his career as a designer for stained glasses and frescoes at local cathedrals when he was 21 years old.
In 1562 he became court portraitist to Ferdinand I at the Habsburg court in Vienna, and later, to Maximilian II and his son Rudolf II at the court in Prague. He was also the court decorator and costume designer. King Augustus of Saxony, who visited Vienna in 1570 and 1573, saw Arcimboldo's work and commissioned a copy of his "The Four Seasons" which incorporates his own monarchic symbols.
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Giuseppe Piermarini
Giuseppe Piermarini (18 July 1734 – 18 February 1808) was an Italian architect who trained with Luigi Vanvitelli at Rome and designed the Teatro alla Scala, Milan (1776–78), which remains the work by which he is remembered. Indeed, "il Piermarini" serves as an occasional euphemism for the celebrated opera house. Piermarini was appointed professor in the Academy of Fine Arts of Brera, better known as Brera Academy, Milan, when it was formally founded in 1776.
Piermarini was born at Foligno, then part of the Papal States. He was Vanvitelli's collaborator at Caserta, 1765-1769, when he removed to Milan. From his Milan base he reorganized the University of Pavia (1770) and the palazzo for the Accademia di Scienze e Belle Lettere, or Accademia Virgiliana, at Mantua (1773). He designed the interior of the Maria Teresa Hall of the Biblioteca Braidense in Milan
With the Habsburg decision permanently to install an archduke at Milan, Piermarini was commissioned to reconstruct the ducal palace adjoining the cathedral as an appropriate city residence and to construct a wholly new country seat near Monza.
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Gundeberga
Gundeberga or Gundeperga, queen of the Lombards, (591-..) was the daughter of Theodelinda and her first husband, the Lombard king Authari. She married Arioald, who was king of the Lombards from 626 until his death in 636.
As her mother was the daughter of duke Garibald I of Bavaria, Gundeberga is considered part of the Bavarian Dynasty of Lombard royalty.
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Innocent II
Pope Innocent II (died 24 September 1143), born Gregorio Papareschi, was pope from 1130 to 1143, and was probably one of the clergy in personal attendance on the antipope Clement III (Guibert of Ravenna).
Papareschi came from a Roman family, probably of the rione Trastevere.
Pope Paschal II made him a cardinal deacon. In this capacity, he accompanied Pope Gelasius II when he was driven into France. He was selected by Pope Calixtus II for various important and difficult missions, such as the one to Worms for the conclusion of the Concordat of Worms, the peace accord made with Holy Roman Emperor Henry V in 1122, and also the one to France in 1123 that made peace with King Louis VI.
In 1130, as Pope Honorius II lay dying, the cardinals decided to entrust the election to a commission of eight men led by papal chancellor Haimeric, who had his candidate Cardinal Gregory Papareschi hastily elected as Pope Innocent II. He was consecrated on 14 February, the day after Honorius' death. The other cardinals announced that Innocent had not been canonically elected and chose Cardinal Pietro Pierleoni, a Roman whose family were the enemy of Haimeric's supporters, the Frangipani; Pierleoni took the name Pope Anacletus II. Anacletus' mixed group of supporters were powerful enough to take control of Rome while Innocent was forced to flee north. Based on a simple majority of the entire college of cardinals, Anacletus was the canonically elected pope, and Innocent was the anti-Pope. However, the legislation of Pope Nicholas II (in the famous decree of 1059) pre-empted the choice of the majority of the cardinal priests and cardinal deacons. This rule was changed by the Second Lateran council of 1139.
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Lombards
The Lombards or Langobards (Latin: Langobardī), were a Germanic tribe who from 568 to 774 ruled a Kingdom in Italy.
The Lombard historian Paul the Deacon wrote in the Historia Langobardorum that the Lombards descended from a small tribe called the Winnili, dwelling in southern Scandinavia (Scadanan), who had migrated southward to seek new lands. In the 1st century AD they formed part of the Suebi, in northwestern Germany. By the end of the 5th century they had moved into the area roughly coinciding with modern Austria north of the Danube river, where they subdued the Heruls and later fought frequent wars with the Gepids. The Lombard king Audoin defeated the Gepid leader Thurisind in 551 or 552; his successor Alboin eventually destroyed the Gepids at the Battle of Asfeld in 567.
Following this victory, Alboin decided to lead his people to Italy, which had become severely depopulated after the long Gothic War (535–554) between the Byzantine Empire and the Ostrogothic Kingdom there. The Lombards were joined by numerous Saxons, Heruls, Gepids, Bulgars, Thuringians, and Ostrogoths, and their invasion of Italy was almost unopposed. By late 569 they had conquered all the principal cities north of the Po River except Pavia, which fell in 572. At the same time, they occupied areas in central Italy and southern Italy. They established a Lombard Kingdom in Italy, later named Regnum Italicum ("Kingdom of Italy"), which reached its zenith under the eighth-century ruler Liutprand. In 774, the Kingdom was conquered by the Frankish King Charlemagne, and integrated into his Empire. However, Lombard nobles continued to rule parts of the Italian peninsula well into the 11th century, when they were conquered by the Normans, and added to their Kingdom of Sicily. Their legacy is apparent in the regional appellation, Lombardy.
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Marco Castoldi
Marco Castoldi better known by his stage name Morgan (born in Milano, Italy on 23 December 1972) is an Italian singer, musician and multi-instrumentalist. He is also a judge for three years in the Italian version of The X Factor winning the first three series through acts he mentored, Aram Quartet (series 1 - 2008), Matteo Becucci (series 2 - 2008-9) and Marco Mengoni (in series 3 - 2009).
He is also a founding member of Bluvertigo, an Italian band formed in 1992. Bluvertigo's first name was "Golden Age" and other founding members included Andy (Andrea Fumagalli) and Marco Pancaldi.
Their first album was released in 1995, Acidi e basi, followed in 1997 by Metallo non metallo and in 1999 by Zero: they were later called "la trilogia chimica" ("the chemical trilogy") because every title has a reference to chemistry and the initial letters (AB-MN-Z) are respectively the first, the central and the last ones of the alphabet. Their latest album is Pop Tools, a compilation released in 2001. In 2003 Morgan released his first solo album: Le canzoni dell'appartamento.
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Marco Monti
Marco Angelo Monti (born 2 July 1967) is an Italian former footballer who played for numerous clubs, including Internazionale, Lazio, Atalanta, Reggiana, Ravenna and Lecco.
Monti is currently working at Internazionale as a youth team coach alongside a technical director role. He was also featured in the television programme Football's Next Star, a football reality show aimed at British and Irish youth players competing to win a contract with Internazionale.
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Massimo Brambilla
Massimo Brambilla (born 4 March 1973 in Vimercate, Milan) is a former Italian football player.
Grew up in the football academy of Monza, which begins in the first team in 1990–91, disputed the championship Serie C1, and the year after conquering the promotion in Serie B. Stays at Monza two more seasons and a half, two disputed championship series B and series in mid-season C1, when in January 1995 is taken from Reggiana (then in Serie A), so decided to leave his city to go back to play in football that matters.
Reggiana dispute with the mid season, the team relegated to lower division and is purchased from Parma. In the 1995–96 season dispute maximum 26 meetings in league and the next season is always at Parma, but in January, after only 9 attendance, great bench, is purchased outright from Bologna, whose dispute with an excellent second half of season, Collecting 14 presences and the 7th place finish in Serie A.
In the summer of 1997 arrives in Bologna and Roberto Baggio remains somewhat on the sidelines collecting only 2 lengths of the game. In October and then submit to the Turin door that has strong ambitions to go back in Serie A, and the first season in mesh grenade dispute Brambilla 26 matches by putting off 2 goals. In the championship final, however, suffers a serious accident that also affect the following season, which plays only partly disputed the last 11 meetings, but still contributing to recapture the league after 3 years from del Toro.
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Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte (French: Napoléon Bonaparte [napoleɔ̃ bɔnɑpaʁt]) (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the latter stages of the French Revolution. As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1815. His legal reform, the Napoleonic Code, has been a major influence on many civil law jurisdictions worldwide, but he is best remembered for his role in the wars led against France by a series of coalitions, the so-called Napoleonic Wars. He established hegemony over most of continental Europe and sought to spread the ideals of the French Revolution, while consolidating an imperial monarchy which restored aspects of the deposed Ancien Régime. Due to his success in these wars, often against numerically superior enemies, he is generally regarded as one of the greatest military commanders of all time and his campaigns are studied at military academies throughout much of the world.
Napoleon was born in Corsica to parents of noble Genoese ancestry, and trained as an artillery officer in mainland France. He rose to prominence under the French First Republic and led successful campaigns against the First and Second Coalitions arrayed against France. In 1799, he staged a coup d'état and installed himself as First Consul; five years later the French Senate proclaimed him emperor. In the first decade of the 19th century, the French Empire under Napoleon engaged in a series of conflicts—the Napoleonic Wars—involving every major European power.
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Paul the Deacon
Paul the Deacon (c. 720s – 13 April probably 799), also known as Paulus Diaconus, Warnefred, Barnefridus and Cassinensis, (i.e. "of Monte Cassino"), was a Benedictine monk and historian of the Lombards.
An ancestor named Leupichis entered Italy in the train of Alboin and received lands at or near Forum Julii (Cividale del Friuli). During an invasion the Avars swept off the five sons of this warrior into Pannonia, but one, his namesake, returned to Italy and restored the ruined fortunes of his house. The grandson of the younger Leupichis was Warnefrid, who by his wife Theodelinda became the father of Paul.
Born between 720 and 735 in Friuli in Italy to this possibly noble Lombard family, Paul received an exceptionally good education, probably at the court of the Lombard king Ratchis in Pavia, learning from a teacher named Flavian the rudiments of Greek. It is probable that he was secretary to the Lombard king Desiderius, a successor of Ratchis; it is certain that this king's daughter Adelperga was his pupil. After Adelperga had married Arichis II, duke of Benevento, Paul at her request wrote his continuation of Eutropius.
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Pierluigi Casiraghi
Pierluigi Casiraghi (born 4 March 1969) is an Italian former footballer who played as a striker. Since retirement he has become a football manager.
Casiraghi was born in Monza, Lombardy, and began his career with his home-town side, A.C. Monza, in 1985. The side were relegated to Serie C in his first season, but he helped them achieve promotion back to Serie B in 1988. He moved to Serie A giants Juventus in 1989, having scored 28 goals in 94 games for Monza.
His goalscoring record in Turin was modest, achieving a best tally of 8 goals in 24 appearances in the 1990-1 season and a total of 20 in 98 games for the club. While at Juventus, he helped the side win two UEFA Cups (in 1990 and 1993) and one Italian Cup, also in 1990. He scored in the first leg of the 1990 UEFA Cup Final to help them beat Fiorentina. He earned his first international cap for Italy during his spell with Juventus.
He signed for Lazio in 1993 and scored 41 goals in a five-year spell. His most successful season was in 1996-7, when he scored 14 goals in 28 Serie A games. With Lazio, he won another Italian Cup, in 1998. He found his opportunities limited in his final season, with manager Sven-Göran Eriksson preferring Alen Bokšić and Roberto Mancini in attack and sought a move away.
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Rothari
Rothari (or Rothair), of the house of Arodus, was king of the Lombards from 636 to 652; previously he had been duke of Brescia. He succeeded Arioald, who was an Arian like himself, and was one of the most energetic of Lombard kings. Fredegar relates (Chronicle, 71) that at the beginning of his reign he put to death many insubordinate nobles, and that in his efforts for peace he maintained very strict discipline.
Rothari conquered Genoa in 641 and the rest of Byzantine Liguria in 643. He conquered all remaining Byzantine territories in the lower valley of the Po, including Oderzo (Opitergium) in 641. According to Paul the Deacon, "Rothari then captured all the cities of the Romans which were situated upon the shore of the sea from the city of Luna in Tuscany up to the boundaries of the Franks." (IV.xlv)
With these quick conquests, he left the Byzantines with only the Ravennan marshes in northern Italy. The exarch of Ravenna, Plato, tried to regain some territory, but his invading army was defeated by Rothari on the banks of the Scultenna (the Panaro) near Modena, with the loss of 8,000 men, in 642. However, he recaptured Oderzo at same year. Oderzo finally was razed again by Grimoald in 667.
wn.com/Rothari -
St. John the Baptist
John the Baptist (Hebrew: יוחנן המטביל, Yoḥanan ha-mmaṭbil, Arabic: يحيى بن زكريا Yahya ibn Zakariya, Aramaic: ܝܘܚܢܢ Yoḥanan, Greek: Ὁ Ἅγιος/Τίμιος Ἐνδοξος Προφήτης, Πρόδρομος καὶ Βαπτιστής Ἰωάννης Ho Hágios/Tímios Endoxos, Profḗtēs, Pródromos, kaì Baptistḗs Ioánnes) (c. 6 BC – c. AD 30-36) was an itinerant preacher and a major religious figure mentioned in the Canonical gospels and the Qur'an. He is described in the Gospel of Luke as a relative of Jesus who led a movement of baptism at the Jordan River. Some scholars maintain that he was influenced by the Essenes, who were semi-ascetic, expected an apocalypse, and practiced rituals corresponding strongly with baptism, although there is no direct evidence to substantiate this. John is regarded as a prophet in Christianity, Islam, the Bahá'í Faith, and Mandaeism.
Most biblical scholars agree that John baptized Jesus at "Bethany beyond the Jordan," by wading into the water with Jesus from the eastern bank. John the Baptist is also mentioned by Jewish historian Josephus, in Aramaic Matthew, in Pseudo-Clementine, and in the Qur'an. Accounts of John in the New Testament appear compatible with the account in Josephus. There are no other historical accounts of John the Baptist from around the period of his lifetime.
wn.com/St._John_the_Baptist -
Stefano Mauri
Stefano Mauri (born 8 January 1980 in Monza) is an Italian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Serie A club Lazio. An attacking midfielder/winger, his key attributes are dribbling and passing. He is predominantly left-footed but is also skilled with his right.
Mauri started his career at 16 years of age with Brugherio. Two years later he moved to Meda, where he spent three years between Serie C2 and Serie D.
In 2001, he joined Modena, and in September 2002, he made his Serie A debut in a 3–0 loss to Milan. With the gialloblù, Mauri spent two good seasons before moving on to Brescia.
At Brescia, he played another good season with 30 appearances and seven goals. In 2004, he joined Udinese on a co-ownership deal. He spent two seasons at the Stadio Friuli, yet he lost his place as a regular starter in the second season.
In 2006, Mauri moved south to Rome where he joined Lazio. He made his Biancoceleste debut in a Coppa Italia match against Inter and continued to establish himself as a regular, becoming a key player in a high-flying Lazio team.
wn.com/Stefano_Mauri -
Theodelinda
Theodelinda, queen of the Lombards, (c. 570-628) was the daughter of duke Garibald I of Bavaria.
She was married first in 588 to Authari, king of the Lombards, son of king Cleph. Authari died in 590. Theodelinda was allowed to pick Agilulf as her next husband and Authari's successor in 591. She thereafter exerted much influence in restoring Nicene Christianity (the mainstream, later split in 1054 by the East-West Schism in Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy) to a position of primacy in Italy against its rival, Arian Christianity.
After the conversion of Agilulf to the Catholic faith, she started building churches in Lombardy and Tuscany, among them the cathedral of Monza and the first Baptistery of Florence. They were all dedicated to Saint John the Baptist.
The famous treasure of Monza contains the Iron Crown of Lombardy and the theca persica, enclosing a text from the Gospel of John, sent by Pope Gregory I (590-604) to her for her son Adaloald. Another of the gifts of this pope to the Lombard queen was a cruciform encolpion (reliquary) containing a portion of the True Cross.
wn.com/Theodelinda -
Theodoric the Great
Theoderic the Great (Gothic: Þiudareiks; Latin: Flāvius Theodericus; Greek: Θευδέριχος, Theuderikhos; Old English: Þēodrīc; Old Norse: Þjōðrēkr, Þīðrēkr; 454 – August 30, 526) was king of the Ostrogoths (471–526), ruler of Italy (493–526), regent of the Visigoths (511–526), and a viceroy of the Eastern Roman Empire. His Gothic name Þiudareiks translates into "people-king" or "ruler of the people".
A son of King Theodemir, an Amali nobleman, Theoderic was born in Pannonia, after his people had defeated the Huns at the Battle of Nedao. Growing up as a hostage in Constantinople, Theoderic received a privileged education, and succeeded his father as leader of the Pannonian Ostrogoths in 471 AD. Settling his people in lower Moesia, Theoderic came in conflict with Thracian Ostrogoths led by Theoderic Strabo, whom he eventually supplanted, uniting the peoples in 484.
Subsequently, Byzantine Emperor Zeno gave him the title of Patrician and the office of Magister militum (master of the soldiers), and even appointed him as Roman Consul. Trying to achieve further aims, Theoderic frequently ravaged the provinces of the Eastern Roman Empire, eventually threatening Constantinople itself. In 488, Emperor Zeno ordered Theoderic to overthrow the German usurper Odoacer, who had established himself as King of Italy. After a victorious three-year long war, Theoderic killed Odoacer with his own hands, settled his 100,000 to 200,000 people in Italy, and founded a Kingdom based in Ravenna. Although promoting separation between the Arian Ostrogoths and the Roman population, Theoderic stressed the importance of racial harmony. Seeking to restore the glory of Ancient Rome, he ruled Italy in its most peaceful and prosperous period since Valentinian, until his death in 526. Memories of his reign made him a hero of Germanic legend as Dietrich von Bern.
wn.com/Theodoric_the_Great -
Umberto I
Umberto I or Humbert I (Italian: Umberto Ranieri Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio di Savoia, English: Humbert Ranier Charles Emmanuel John Mary Ferdinand Eugene of Savoy; 14 March 1844 – 29 July 1900), nicknamed the Good (in Italian il Buono), was the King of Italy from 9 January 1878 until his death. He was deeply loathed in far-left circles, especially among anarchists, because of his conservatism and support of the Bava-Beccaris massacre in Milan. He was killed by anarchist Gaetano Bresci two years after the incident.
The son of Victor Emmanuel II and Archduchess Adelaide of Austria, Umberto was born in Turin, which was then capital of the kingdom of Sardinia, on 14 March 1844, his father's 24th birthday. His education was entrusted to, amongst others, Massimo Taparelli, marquis d'Azeglio and Pasquale Stanislao Mancini.
From March 1858 he had a military career in the Sardinian army, beginning with the rank of captain. Umberto took part in the Italian Wars of Independence: he was present at the battle of Solferino in 1859, and in 1866 commanded the XVI Division at the Villafranca battle that followed the Italian defeat at Custoza.
wn.com/Umberto_I -
Umberto I of Italy
Umberto I or Humbert I (Italian: Umberto Ranieri Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio di Savoia, English: Humbert Ranier Charles Emmanuel John Mary Ferdinand Eugene of Savoy; 14 March 1844 – 29 July 1900), nicknamed the Good (in Italian il Buono), was the King of Italy from 9 January 1878 until his death. He was deeply loathed in far-left circles, especially among anarchists, because of his conservatism and support of the Bava-Beccaris massacre in Milan. He was killed by anarchist Gaetano Bresci two years after the incident.
The son of Victor Emmanuel II and Archduchess Adelaide of Austria, Umberto was born in Turin, which was then capital of the kingdom of Sardinia, on 14 March 1844, his father's 24th birthday. His education was entrusted to, amongst others, Massimo Taparelli, marquis d'Azeglio and Pasquale Stanislao Mancini.
From March 1858 he had a military career in the Sardinian army, beginning with the rank of captain. Umberto took part in the Italian Wars of Independence: he was present at the battle of Solferino in 1859, and in 1866 commanded the XVI Division at the Villafranca battle that followed the Italian defeat at Custoza.
wn.com/Umberto_I_of_Italy -
Valentino Giambelli
Valentino Giambelli (born 8 March 1928) is an ex Italian Footballer and businessman, chairman of A.C. Monza Brianza 1912 from 1980 to 2000.
During the Second World War, Giambelli worked as a laborer at the Magneti Marelli of Sesto San Giovanni, and work breaks, playing football in the field company, to be noticed by some scout of the A.C. Pro Sesto.
After the war, and after the junior teams, played for a year in Olginatese (the Olginate team), just outside Lecco. In 1949, went to Pro Lissone, and then finish in Monza Soccer team with whom he won the championship of the C series coming to Serie B.
Giambelli remained 5 years in Monza, but at the age of 27 years decided to discontinue football career and to use the degree of surveyor dedicated to the construction.
wn.com/Valentino_Giambelli -
Vittorio Brambilla
Vittorio Brambilla (November 11, 1937 - May 26, 2001) was a Formula One driver from Italy who raced for the March, Surtees and Alfa Romeo teams. Particularly adept at driving in wet conditions, his nickname was "The Monza Gorilla", due to his often overly aggressive driving style and sense of machismo.
Born in the town of Monza itself, Brambilla began racing motorcycles in 1957 and won the Italian national 175 cc title in 1958. Before becoming a mechanic he also raced go-karts. His older brother, Ernesto ("Tino"), was also a racing driver.
He returned to racing in 1968, in Formula 3 and won the Italian championship in 1972; by the time he was already racing Formula 2, where he won several races and bought his way into Formula 1. Brambilla was 2nd to Jacky Ickx in a 1970 2-heat Formula Two race at the Salzburg Ring in Salzburg, Austria. He drove a March BMW to 4th place in Hockenheim, in a 1973 Formula Two race. There were two 10-lap heats covering 168.7 miles (271.50 km). Brambilla won the City of Enna Cup, the 5th 1973 event in the European automaker's championship for 2,000 cc cars. He averaged 121 miles per hour (195 km/h) over 180 miles (290 km). He drove an Abarth-Osella. Brambilla captured the pole for the Monza 4-hour auto race in a BMW 3.5 CSL.
wn.com/Vittorio_Brambilla -
Vittorio Emanuele II
Victor Emanuel II (Vittorio Emanuele Maria Alberto Eugenio Ferdinando Tommaso; 14 March 1820 – 9 January 1878) was king of Sardinia from 1849 until, on 17 March 1861, he assumed the title King of Italy to become the first king of a united Italy since the 6th century, a title he held until his death in 1878. The Italians gave him the epithet Father of the Fatherland (Italian: Padre della Patria).
Victor Emanuel was born the eldest son of Charles Albert of Sardinia and Maria Theresa of Austria. His father was King of Sardinia. He lived for some years of his youth in Florence and showed an early interest in politics, the military, and sports. In 1842 he married his cousin Adelaide of Austria. He was styled as the Duke of Savoy prior to becoming King of Sardinia.
He took part in the First Italian War of Independence under his father, fighting in the front line at the battles of Pastrengo, Santa Lucia, Goito and Custoza.
wn.com/Vittorio_Emanuele_II
Monza, Lydia Filmography
- La maîtresse du président (2009)
- La passion selon Didier (2009)
- Vérités assassines (2007)
- Tombé du ciel (2006)
- Bien dégagé derrière les oreilles (2005)
- Dalida (2005)
Monza, Paul Filmography
Monza, Nino Filmography
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- De dag is helder
- Wie danst er nog?
- Attica!
- Engeland
- Tanken in Luxemburg
- De shuld van de deejay
- Conquistadores
- Lobby
- Solaris
- Wenen in Wenen
- Naar het bal
- Als ze swingt
- Bijna niets
- Als spraaktechniek faalt / Swing Machinery
- Dood aan alle meisjes
- Hulp Via India
- Een soort van vrede
- Naar men zegt
- Rijkdom
- Vertrouwd hart
- Alles half
- We noemen dat een mooie dag
- Fantoompijn
- Als techniek faalt
- Shangri-La
- Naïviteit
- Van God los
- Zijn naam veel te luid
- De ogen van Jenny
- Parvenu
- De stad kan zo koud zijn
- Tegenstand
- Scheiding kerk en staat
- Alleen te zijn en hoe er mee om te gaan
- Reden tot zang
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F1 Monza Lap Record
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:28
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
Rubens Barrichello (Ferrari) makes lap record in qualifing lap in Monza 2004 1:20.089
http://wn.com/F1_Monza_Lap_Record
Rubens Barrichello (Ferrari) makes lap record in qualifing lap in Monza 2004 1:20.089
Monza - Oval (1966)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:49
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
Monzapolis. Racing on Monza oval track. Video probably from the movie "Grand Prix" 1966.
http://wn.com/Monza_Oval_1966
Monzapolis. Racing on Monza oval track. Video probably from the movie "Grand Prix" 1966.
- published: 21 Sep 2006
- views: 111448
- author: AJ1964
F1 - Ligier Matra - Monza 1978
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:52
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Onboard footage of the 1978 Ligier Matra, one of the best sounds Formula One cars ever produced. Lap at Monza by Jacques Laffite.
http://wn.com/F1_Ligier_Matra_Monza_1978
Onboard footage of the 1978 Ligier Matra, one of the best sounds Formula One cars ever produced. Lap at Monza by Jacques Laffite.
- published: 18 Sep 2007
- views: 203856
- author: nolanbowling
Historic GT & Touring Cars Monza 2011 - CRASH and More!!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:20
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
HD Video By NM2255: Italian Historic Car Championship at Monza Circuit!! De Tomaso Pantera Lancia Beta Montacarlo Porsche 911 RSR Porsche 935 Turbo BMW 2002 Schnitzer and More!! "Like" my Facebook page: www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Historic_GT_Touring_Cars_Monza_2011_CRASH_and_More!!
HD Video By NM2255: Italian Historic Car Championship at Monza Circuit!! De Tomaso Pantera Lancia Beta Montacarlo Porsche 911 RSR Porsche 935 Turbo BMW 2002 Schnitzer and More!! "Like" my Facebook page: www.facebook.com
- published: 27 Mar 2011
- views: 23514
- author: NM2255
Monza Speed Day 04/03/2012 - Tunnel Sound, Burnouts, Accelerations!!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:39
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
LIST OF THE CARS IN THE VIDEO: Fiat Punto GT Alfa Romeo 75 Turbo Honda Civic Type R Renault Clio RS Honda Civic Type R Chevrolet Corvette C3 Honda Integra Type R Ferrari F355 Berlinetta w/ Challenge Exhaust Skoda Felicia Subaru Impreza WRX Sti BMW M6 Coupè Mitsubishi Lancer EVO 10 Ford Focus RS BMW 1-Series Coupè Ford Focus ST Mitsubishi LAncer EVO 7 Alfa Romeo 155 Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4 Spyder Citroen Saxo Volkswagen Golf GTI Ferrari 360 Modena w/ Supersprint Exhaust Subaru Forester Opel Corsa OPC Ford Escort Cosworth RS Shelby Cobra 427 Mitsubishi Lancer EVO 8 Westfield Nissan Skyline GTR R34 Radical SR3 LM Speed Day "All Style" 4 Marzo 2012 - Autodromo di Monza Link To My Channel: www.youtube.com THANKS FOR WATCHING AND SUBSCRIBE!!!
http://wn.com/Monza_Speed_Day_04_03_2012_Tunnel_Sound,_Burnouts,_Accelerations!!
LIST OF THE CARS IN THE VIDEO: Fiat Punto GT Alfa Romeo 75 Turbo Honda Civic Type R Renault Clio RS Honda Civic Type R Chevrolet Corvette C3 Honda Integra Type R Ferrari F355 Berlinetta w/ Challenge Exhaust Skoda Felicia Subaru Impreza WRX Sti BMW M6 Coupè Mitsubishi Lancer EVO 10 Ford Focus RS BMW 1-Series Coupè Ford Focus ST Mitsubishi LAncer EVO 7 Alfa Romeo 155 Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4 Spyder Citroen Saxo Volkswagen Golf GTI Ferrari 360 Modena w/ Supersprint Exhaust Subaru Forester Opel Corsa OPC Ford Escort Cosworth RS Shelby Cobra 427 Mitsubishi Lancer EVO 8 Westfield Nissan Skyline GTR R34 Radical SR3 LM Speed Day "All Style" 4 Marzo 2012 - Autodromo di Monza Link To My Channel: www.youtube.com THANKS FOR WATCHING AND SUBSCRIBE!!!
- published: 05 Mar 2012
- views: 848893
- author: 19Bozzy92
Codemasters F1 2012, 3 lap race at Monza, Xbox360 version by Inside Sim Racing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:06
- Updated: 03 Dec 2012
www.insidesimracing.tv presents a first look at F1 2012 for the Xbox 360 by Codemasters. In this video we run a 3 lap race against the AI drivers at Monza Italy. The video is done picture in picture and switches from In-Car view as well as the TV camera view to show the game off best. This is our first race in the game and some of the driving is not the best. The driving is being done in the 2012 Red Bull car driven by Sebastian Vettel. The AI drivers are the real drivers from the F1 season Hamilton, Alonzo, Webber and Raikkonen. To see all of our F1 2012 videos please visit our F1 2012 page here: www.insidesimracing.tv
http://wn.com/Codemasters_F1_2012,_3_lap_race_at_Monza,_Xbox360_version_by_Inside_Sim_Racing
www.insidesimracing.tv presents a first look at F1 2012 for the Xbox 360 by Codemasters. In this video we run a 3 lap race against the AI drivers at Monza Italy. The video is done picture in picture and switches from In-Car view as well as the TV camera view to show the game off best. This is our first race in the game and some of the driving is not the best. The driving is being done in the 2012 Red Bull car driven by Sebastian Vettel. The AI drivers are the real drivers from the F1 season Hamilton, Alonzo, Webber and Raikkonen. To see all of our F1 2012 videos please visit our F1 2012 page here: www.insidesimracing.tv
- published: 04 Sep 2012
- views: 49436
- author: SRTMedia
Monza 2011 Race | Fernando Alonso Onboard [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:44
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
Onboard with Fernando at Monza, Italy Enjoy)
http://wn.com/Monza_2011_Race_|_Fernando_Alonso_Onboard_HD_
Onboard with Fernando at Monza, Italy Enjoy)
- published: 31 Mar 2012
- views: 90346
- author: MagicLardra
F1 Track Simulator - Mark Webber at Monza
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:20
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
Red Bull Racing driver Mark Webber explains the ins and outs of the Formula One track in Monza ahead of the Italian Grand Prix this weekend. redbullracing.com
http://wn.com/F1_Track_Simulator_Mark_Webber_at_Monza
Red Bull Racing driver Mark Webber explains the ins and outs of the Formula One track in Monza ahead of the Italian Grand Prix this weekend. redbullracing.com
- published: 08 Sep 2010
- views: 32409
- author: redbull
Monza Speed Day 26/02/2012 - Tunnel Sound, Burnouts, Accelerations!!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:00
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
LIST OF THE CARS IN THE VIDEO: Fiat Uno Turbo Lotus 2-Eleven Fiat Punto GT Corvette Z06 Akrapovic Exhaust BMW 1 Series Coupè Toyota MR2 Ferrari 308 Lotus Exige S2 Subaru Impreza WRX Sti Mercedes SL55 AMG Nissan GT-R R35 Alfa Romeo 75 Nissan GT-R R35 2011 Opel Corsa OPC Ford Escort Cosworth RS Mini Cooper S Ferrari F355 Lamborghini Gallardo LP560 Spyder Mitsubishi Lancer Evo 7 Citroen Saxo VTS BMW M3 E46 Chevrolet Camaro Asso Exhaust Fiat Cinquecento Mitsubishi Lancer EVO 10 Renault Megane RS Ford Focus RS Milltek Exhaust Ford Sierra Cosworth Ferrari 360 Modena Supersprint Exhaust Lotus Exige S1 Mitsubishi Lancer EVO 9 Toyota Supra Ferrari F430 Spider Lamborghini Gallardo LP560 Lamborghini Gallardo Fiat Ritmo Speed Day "Italian Style" 26 Febbraio 2012 -- Autodromo di Monza Link To My Channel: www.youtube.com THANKS FOR WATCHING AND SUBSCRIBE!!!
http://wn.com/Monza_Speed_Day_26_02_2012_Tunnel_Sound,_Burnouts,_Accelerations!!
LIST OF THE CARS IN THE VIDEO: Fiat Uno Turbo Lotus 2-Eleven Fiat Punto GT Corvette Z06 Akrapovic Exhaust BMW 1 Series Coupè Toyota MR2 Ferrari 308 Lotus Exige S2 Subaru Impreza WRX Sti Mercedes SL55 AMG Nissan GT-R R35 Alfa Romeo 75 Nissan GT-R R35 2011 Opel Corsa OPC Ford Escort Cosworth RS Mini Cooper S Ferrari F355 Lamborghini Gallardo LP560 Spyder Mitsubishi Lancer Evo 7 Citroen Saxo VTS BMW M3 E46 Chevrolet Camaro Asso Exhaust Fiat Cinquecento Mitsubishi Lancer EVO 10 Renault Megane RS Ford Focus RS Milltek Exhaust Ford Sierra Cosworth Ferrari 360 Modena Supersprint Exhaust Lotus Exige S1 Mitsubishi Lancer EVO 9 Toyota Supra Ferrari F430 Spider Lamborghini Gallardo LP560 Lamborghini Gallardo Fiat Ritmo Speed Day "Italian Style" 26 Febbraio 2012 -- Autodromo di Monza Link To My Channel: www.youtube.com THANKS FOR WATCHING AND SUBSCRIBE!!!
- published: 26 Feb 2012
- views: 51900
- author: 19Bozzy92
Blancpain Endurance Monza, Italy 14 April 2012: Full Weekend Highlights | GT World
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 51:59
- Updated: 03 Dec 2012
Blancpain Endurance Watch Again Monza, Italy 14 April 2012: Qualifying and Race | GT World The Official YouTube channel of the FIA GT1 World Championship. Watch live races, exclusive driver interviews and all behind the scenes action. The FIA GT1 World Championship is a world championship...
http://wn.com/Blancpain_Endurance_Monza,_Italy_14_April_2012_Full_Weekend_Highlights_|_GT_World
Blancpain Endurance Watch Again Monza, Italy 14 April 2012: Qualifying and Race | GT World The Official YouTube channel of the FIA GT1 World Championship. Watch live races, exclusive driver interviews and all behind the scenes action. The FIA GT1 World Championship is a world championship...
- published: 18 Apr 2012
- views: 5537
- author: gt1world
Monza Speed Day 13/11/2011 - Tunnel Sound, Accelerations, Burnouts!!!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:27
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
LIST OF THE CARS: Ferrari 360 Modena w/ Supersprint Exhaust Porsche 997 Turbo Audi A3 Ford Escort Cosworth RS Audi TT RS Mitsubishi Lancer EVO 9 Citroen Saxo Volkswagen Corrado Mitsubishi Lancer EVO 7 Mitsubishi Lancer EVO 6 Subaru Impreza STi WRX Fiat Coupè Fiat Punto GT BMW M3 E46 Ferrari 458 Italia Fiat Punto GT Mini Cooper S Ford Focus RS Volkswagen Golf GTI TVR T350 Nissan Silvia Fiat Abarth 500 Fiat Punto GT Subaru Impreza WRX Audi S3 Opel Corsa OPC Opel GT Honda Civic Type R Volkswagen Golf R32 Toyota Celica GT-Four Fiat Punto GT Renault Clio Williams Mitsubishi Lancer EVO 9 Subaru Impreza WRX Fiat Ritmo Alfa Romeo 1300 Juniors Mercedes-Benz SL55 AMG Caterham Seven Volkswagen Scirocco Ferrari 208 GTS Volkswagen Beattle Aftermarket Fiat Abarth 500 Fiat Coupè Subaru Impreza WRX STi Audi R8 V8 BMW M3 E30 Lotus Elise S2 Subaru Impreza WRX Ferrari 360 Modena Mitsubishi Lancer EVO 10 Autodromo di Monza -- "Cabrio & Coupè Style" Speed Day 13 Novembre 2011-11-13 Link To My Channel: www.youtube.com THANKS FOR WATCHING AND SUBSCRIBE!!!
http://wn.com/Monza_Speed_Day_13_11_2011_Tunnel_Sound,_Accelerations,_Burnouts!!!
LIST OF THE CARS: Ferrari 360 Modena w/ Supersprint Exhaust Porsche 997 Turbo Audi A3 Ford Escort Cosworth RS Audi TT RS Mitsubishi Lancer EVO 9 Citroen Saxo Volkswagen Corrado Mitsubishi Lancer EVO 7 Mitsubishi Lancer EVO 6 Subaru Impreza STi WRX Fiat Coupè Fiat Punto GT BMW M3 E46 Ferrari 458 Italia Fiat Punto GT Mini Cooper S Ford Focus RS Volkswagen Golf GTI TVR T350 Nissan Silvia Fiat Abarth 500 Fiat Punto GT Subaru Impreza WRX Audi S3 Opel Corsa OPC Opel GT Honda Civic Type R Volkswagen Golf R32 Toyota Celica GT-Four Fiat Punto GT Renault Clio Williams Mitsubishi Lancer EVO 9 Subaru Impreza WRX Fiat Ritmo Alfa Romeo 1300 Juniors Mercedes-Benz SL55 AMG Caterham Seven Volkswagen Scirocco Ferrari 208 GTS Volkswagen Beattle Aftermarket Fiat Abarth 500 Fiat Coupè Subaru Impreza WRX STi Audi R8 V8 BMW M3 E30 Lotus Elise S2 Subaru Impreza WRX Ferrari 360 Modena Mitsubishi Lancer EVO 10 Autodromo di Monza -- "Cabrio & Coupè Style" Speed Day 13 Novembre 2011-11-13 Link To My Channel: www.youtube.com THANKS FOR WATCHING AND SUBSCRIBE!!!
- published: 13 Nov 2011
- views: 84159
- author: 19Bozzy92
Blancpain Endurance Watch Again Monza, Italy 14 April 2012: Qualifying and Race | GT World
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 210:07
- Updated: 03 Dec 2012
Blancpain Endurance Watch Again Monza, Italy 14 April 2012: Qualifying and Race | GT World The Official YouTube channel of the FIA GT1 World Championship. Watch live races, exclusive driver interviews and all behind the scenes action. The FIA GT1 World Championship is a world championshi...
http://wn.com/Blancpain_Endurance_Watch_Again_Monza,_Italy_14_April_2012_Qualifying_and_Race_|_GT_World
Blancpain Endurance Watch Again Monza, Italy 14 April 2012: Qualifying and Race | GT World The Official YouTube channel of the FIA GT1 World Championship. Watch live races, exclusive driver interviews and all behind the scenes action. The FIA GT1 World Championship is a world championshi...
- published: 16 Apr 2012
- views: 32837
- author: gt1world
FIA GT Onboard Race highlights from Monza, Porsche 997 RSR
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:34
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
Race highlights from round 4 of the FIA GT championship 2007 at Monza in Italy. Car: #99 Tech 9 Porsche 997 RSR Drivers: Sean Edwards and Leo Machitski www.seanedwards.eu
http://wn.com/FIA_GT_Onboard_Race_highlights_from_Monza,_Porsche_997_RSR
Race highlights from round 4 of the FIA GT championship 2007 at Monza in Italy. Car: #99 Tech 9 Porsche 997 RSR Drivers: Sean Edwards and Leo Machitski www.seanedwards.eu
- published: 13 Aug 2007
- views: 42866
- author: seanedwards000
Ronnie Peterson Monza Italy 1978
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:59
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
The horrible crash from the Italian GP 1978 10th september, where the swedish driver Ronnie Peterson suffered injuries. He died the day after, september 11th 1978. Clip from the swedish television. Kraschen från Italiens GP 1978 där Ronnie fick svåra skador och avled dagen efter, den 11:e september 1978. Clip från SVT. Clip de la television sueca mostrando la partida del Gran Premio de Italia, 10 de septiembre 1978. Un gran choque ocurre y el piloto sueco Ronnie Peterson sufre heridas graves y muere el día despues 11 de septiembre 1978.
http://wn.com/Ronnie_Peterson_Monza_Italy_1978
The horrible crash from the Italian GP 1978 10th september, where the swedish driver Ronnie Peterson suffered injuries. He died the day after, september 11th 1978. Clip from the swedish television. Kraschen från Italiens GP 1978 där Ronnie fick svåra skador och avled dagen efter, den 11:e september 1978. Clip från SVT. Clip de la television sueca mostrando la partida del Gran Premio de Italia, 10 de septiembre 1978. Un gran choque ocurre y el piloto sueco Ronnie Peterson sufre heridas graves y muere el día despues 11 de septiembre 1978.
- published: 15 Jul 2007
- views: 1177574
- author: Chaffe123
Closest F1 finish ever, 1971 Italian GP Monza
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:24
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
First 5 cars separated by a bees dick!! classic race. www.australianautosportcommunity.com
http://wn.com/Closest_F1_finish_ever,_1971_Italian_GP_Monza
First 5 cars separated by a bees dick!! classic race. www.australianautosportcommunity.com
- published: 12 Jan 2010
- views: 58662
- author: AACForums
Caterham R500 Monza
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:17
- Updated: 28 Nov 2012
More videos www.youtube.com CLASH supports : Mattia Merli Mattia Merli and Clash work together to bring you some great videos. If you want more, spread the word and share the video ! About the director Mattia Merli: "Has wheels? Has an engine? Than I will shoot it!! Born and raised in Italy where is impossible to ignore the motorsport culture, my goal is to transmit the feeling, the passion, the thrill beneath a motorsport event. It doesn't matter of which instrument you choose to shoot, the important is to GO OUT AND SHOOT!!"
http://wn.com/Caterham_R500_Monza
More videos www.youtube.com CLASH supports : Mattia Merli Mattia Merli and Clash work together to bring you some great videos. If you want more, spread the word and share the video ! About the director Mattia Merli: "Has wheels? Has an engine? Than I will shoot it!! Born and raised in Italy where is impossible to ignore the motorsport culture, my goal is to transmit the feeling, the passion, the thrill beneath a motorsport event. It doesn't matter of which instrument you choose to shoot, the important is to GO OUT AND SHOOT!!"
- published: 08 Aug 2012
- views: 6937
- author: Clashproduction
F1 Monza 2006 - Q3 - Kimi Raikkonen steals pole from Schumi by -0.002 of a second!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:21
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
Enjoy Kimi Raikkonen at his best!
http://wn.com/F1_Monza_2006_Q3_Kimi_Raikkonen_steals_pole_from_Schumi_by_-0002_of_a_second!
F1 2012 - Monza Onboard Hotlap
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:06
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
If you liked the video pls let a like The Hot Lap video, featuring in-game footage, stars D Ricciardo putting in a perfect lap at Monza. Commentary is supplied by former Formula One Test Driver, Sky Sports Analyst and Codemasters' Technical Consultant Anthony Davidson, providing unique insight on where to gain extra speed and how to handle motorsport's most responsive cars around one of the most exciting and demanding circuits in the world.
http://wn.com/F1_2012_Monza_Onboard_Hotlap
If you liked the video pls let a like The Hot Lap video, featuring in-game footage, stars D Ricciardo putting in a perfect lap at Monza. Commentary is supplied by former Formula One Test Driver, Sky Sports Analyst and Codemasters' Technical Consultant Anthony Davidson, providing unique insight on where to gain extra speed and how to handle motorsport's most responsive cars around one of the most exciting and demanding circuits in the world.
- published: 08 Sep 2012
- views: 1713
- author: iMartish
rFactor2 '66 Brabham at Monza
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:28
- Updated: 27 Nov 2012
rFactor2 1966 Brabham BT20 at Brianza (not 10K). not good laps. I love GPL. but... no good mirrors :( My Rig: -Logitech G25 steering wheel controller -Logitech MOMO Force steering wheel on G25 (for more thick section size. connected only 2 buttons and paddles) -Z1SimWheel.com LCD Box w/Touch Panel mounted on G25 body www.z1simwheel.com -GiddyUp FP1 Pedal system -TCRJAPAN shift knob for G25 H shifter -self made Ex-Switch box -self made aluminum frame cockpit -very cheap bucket seat PC spec: -CORSAIR CMPSU-750TX -ASRock 990FX Extreme4 -AMD Phenom II X6 1100T BE, turbo off @4.0GHz -Zalman CNPS9900 MAX -DDR3-1333 4GBx2 -Radeon HD6970 + Radeon HD5450, PCIEx16+x16 -19" + 22" + 19" monitors --1280x1024 + 1650x1050 + 1280x1024 for desktop --1024x768 + 1440x900 + 1024x768 for SoftTH 1.09 -Windows 7 x64 Enterprise -Creative HS-1000 USB headset.
http://wn.com/rFactor2_'66_Brabham_at_Monza
rFactor2 1966 Brabham BT20 at Brianza (not 10K). not good laps. I love GPL. but... no good mirrors :( My Rig: -Logitech G25 steering wheel controller -Logitech MOMO Force steering wheel on G25 (for more thick section size. connected only 2 buttons and paddles) -Z1SimWheel.com LCD Box w/Touch Panel mounted on G25 body www.z1simwheel.com -GiddyUp FP1 Pedal system -TCRJAPAN shift knob for G25 H shifter -self made Ex-Switch box -self made aluminum frame cockpit -very cheap bucket seat PC spec: -CORSAIR CMPSU-750TX -ASRock 990FX Extreme4 -AMD Phenom II X6 1100T BE, turbo off @4.0GHz -Zalman CNPS9900 MAX -DDR3-1333 4GBx2 -Radeon HD6970 + Radeon HD5450, PCIEx16+x16 -19" + 22" + 19" monitors --1280x1024 + 1650x1050 + 1280x1024 for desktop --1024x768 + 1440x900 + 1024x768 for SoftTH 1.09 -Windows 7 x64 Enterprise -Creative HS-1000 USB headset.
- published: 21 Jun 2012
- views: 7734
- author: shupop
1999 World Superbike Monza - Edwards vs. Fogarty
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:32
- Updated: 15 Nov 2012
The greatest finish to a World Superbike race, along with Phillip Island '99 and Assen '96. Two fiercely competitive riders on one of the world's best tracks. The usual enthusiastic commentary from Keith Huewen and Julian Ryder.
http://wn.com/1999_World_Superbike_Monza_Edwards_vs_Fogarty
The greatest finish to a World Superbike race, along with Phillip Island '99 and Assen '96. Two fiercely competitive riders on one of the world's best tracks. The usual enthusiastic commentary from Keith Huewen and Julian Ryder.
- published: 10 Nov 2007
- views: 180320
- author: ChiliFan06
WSBK 1998 Monza - Race 1 - Akira Yanagawa Crash + Fire
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:58
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
WSB 98 Round 3 - Race 1 Originally captured by dvdraceservice
http://wn.com/WSBK_1998_Monza_Race_1_Akira_Yanagawa_Crash_+_Fire
WSB 98 Round 3 - Race 1 Originally captured by dvdraceservice
- published: 26 May 2008
- views: 131432
- author: WSBArchives
Jay Leno's Garage: 1932 Alfa Romeo Monza Replica
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 16:25
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
Subscribe NOW to Jay Leno's Garage: full.sc Get an up-close look at the 2300-series race car that broke Bugatti's lucky streak back in the day. Check out the Official Jay Leno's Garage Site for more: www.jaylenosgarage.com Get more Jay Leno's Garage Jay Twitter: twitter.com Jay Facebook: www.facebook.com Get more NBC: NBC Twitter: twitter.com NBC Facebook: facebook.com Can you believe this car, exquisitely recreated by Pur Sang of Argentina, arrived at the garage in pieces? Get an up-close look at the 2300-series race car that broke Bugatti's lucky streak back in the day. Jay Leno's Garage: 1932 Alfa Romeo Monza Replica
http://wn.com/Jay_Leno's_Garage_1932_Alfa_Romeo_Monza_Replica
Subscribe NOW to Jay Leno's Garage: full.sc Get an up-close look at the 2300-series race car that broke Bugatti's lucky streak back in the day. Check out the Official Jay Leno's Garage Site for more: www.jaylenosgarage.com Get more Jay Leno's Garage Jay Twitter: twitter.com Jay Facebook: www.facebook.com Get more NBC: NBC Twitter: twitter.com NBC Facebook: facebook.com Can you believe this car, exquisitely recreated by Pur Sang of Argentina, arrived at the garage in pieces? Get an up-close look at the 2300-series race car that broke Bugatti's lucky streak back in the day. Jay Leno's Garage: 1932 Alfa Romeo Monza Replica
- published: 25 Apr 2012
- views: 41592
- author: JayLenosGarage
Ferrari 599XX ONBOARD RIDE at Monza
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:29
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Facebook: on.fb.me Twitter: www.twitter.com Car Blog: www.shmee150.co.uk My Vlogs bit.ly ------------------------------------------ INFO BELOW! ------------------------------------------ Camera: Sony CX700 amzn.to Location: Monza, Italy I had the incredible experience of riding in the passenger seat of a Ferrari 599XX, a car with an epic 720hp V12 and just 1430kg to carry around that laps Fiorano 10 seconds faster than an Enzo. Just listen to the roar of the ultimate 7-figure toy! This particular car is #8 and currently available for sale through The Car Finders on.fb.me Thanks for watching, Tim
http://wn.com/Ferrari_599XX_ONBOARD_RIDE_at_Monza
Facebook: on.fb.me Twitter: www.twitter.com Car Blog: www.shmee150.co.uk My Vlogs bit.ly ------------------------------------------ INFO BELOW! ------------------------------------------ Camera: Sony CX700 amzn.to Location: Monza, Italy I had the incredible experience of riding in the passenger seat of a Ferrari 599XX, a car with an epic 720hp V12 and just 1430kg to carry around that laps Fiorano 10 seconds faster than an Enzo. Just listen to the roar of the ultimate 7-figure toy! This particular car is #8 and currently available for sale through The Car Finders on.fb.me Thanks for watching, Tim
- published: 11 May 2012
- views: 33601
- author: Shmee150
photo: AP / Carolyn Kaster
20 Dec 2012
Obama held a White House news conference on Wednesday to announce that Vice President Joe Biden will lead an interagency effort to craft new gun policies. The group is expected to offer its proposals in January. “We know this is a complex issue that stirs deeply held passions and political divides,” Obama said. “But the fact that this problem is complex can no longer be an excuse for doing nothing.” ... WAKE-UP CALL ... ....(size: 6.1Kb)
photo: AP / Fahd al-Bakoush
20 Dec 2012
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Three senior U.S. State Department officials were asked to resign after an official inquiry harshly criticized their offices for failing to provide adequate security at the U.S. mission in Benghazi, Libya, before it came under attack in September, a U.S. official said on Wednesday ... State Department officials declined to comment on the matter, saying it was a personnel issue ... Joint Chiefs of Staff ... facilities....(size: 5.4Kb)
photo: AP / Pablo Martinez Monsivais
19 Dec 2012
WASHINGTON. US President Barack Obama backs a new bill to revive an assault weapons ban and other new gun laws, the White House said Tuesday, fleshing out his nascent response to a shocking school massacre. Obama also called an ardently pro-gun senator who has shifted his position on firearms laws since Friday's carnage in Connecticut and has begun meeting top cabinet officials to consider his options, his spokesman Jay Carney said ... ....(size: 4.9Kb)
photo: AP / Mohammad Hannon
19 Dec 2012
US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton has said she accepts the findings of an independent panel that faulted the State Department over the deadly September attack on the US mission in Benghazi, Libya. An inquiry into the attack on the US mission, which saw the US ambassador and three other US citizens killed, found that the State Department security arrangements there were "grossly inadequate" ... 390 Source. ... Share ... Jaws ... Anaheim....(size: 19.2Kb)
photo: AP / Alfred de Montesquiou
21 Dec 2012
UNITED NATIONS -- The U.N. Security Council on Thursday authorized military action to wrest northern Mali from the control of al-Qaida-linked extremists, but it demanded progress first on political reconciliation, elections and training African troops and police ... Instead, it set out benchmarks to be met before the start of offensive operations, starting with progress on a political roadmap to restore constitutional order ... U.N ... On Nov ... ....(size: 3.1Kb)
Formula1 Blog
22 Dec 2012
Its coming to the end of the world, er, year and in the penultimate. Fastlap of 2012 we pull out all the stops,. With Frantic, Tom, MIE and Rapierman we pick our Heroes and Villains. across the world of Motorsport and moments that stood out in 2012 (And. push Skype to breaking point.) ... competitive…” ... Previous. Ferrari ... Name * ... UAN ... June 27, 2010 Hamilton’s ‘Crash Kid’ Monza move..no ‘petulant’ labels?....(size: 7.9Kb)
Formula1 Blog
22 Dec 2012
The one thing about Ferrari’s Luca di Montezemolo is that when he pays a compliment, someone is usually on the other end of that stick ... Luca was quoted by the Gazzetta dello Sport. ... “Sebastian is a potential Ferrari driver for the future.” ... If he were to choose, he’d pick Sebastian. ... ... Previous ... Name *. Email * ... June 27, 2010 Hamilton’s ‘Crash Kid’ Monza move..no ‘petulant’ labels?....(size: 10.0Kb)
NZ Herald
21 Dec 2012
Fernando Alonso came out with A-stars all round, his best season at Ferrari according to chairman Luca di Montezemolo ... First in the line of fire was the architect of it all, Bernie Ecclestone ... One of those changes is new leadership ... Bernie is always upset when I say this but listen, today, if you have a girlfriend, say 20-years-old, with low-fare airlines you can go around the world for less money than a long weekend in Monza ... ....(size: 6.9Kb)
Independent online (SA)
21 Dec 2012
Fernando Alonso came out with top marks all round, his best season at Ferrari according to chairman Luca di Montezemolo ... First in the line of fire was the architect of it all, Bernie Ecclestone ... One of those changes was new leadership ... “Bernie is always upset when I say this but listen, today, if you have a girlfriend, say 20-years-old, with low-fare airlines you can go around the world for less money than a long weekend in Monza....(size: 7.8Kb)
Belfast Telegraph
21 Dec 2012
Fernando Alonso came out with A-stars all round, his best season at Ferrari according to chairman Luca di Montezemolo ... First in the line of fire was the architect of it all, Bernie Ecclestone ... One of those changes is new leadership ... “Bernie is always upset when I say this but listen, today, if you have a girlfriend, say 20-years-old, with low-fare airlines you can go around the world for less money than a long weekend in Monza....(size: 7.1Kb)
noodls
21 Dec 2012
(Source. McLaren Group Limited) ... In a season of firsts, the 2012 season marked the competitive debut of the McLaren 12C GT3, with 23 examples campaigning in 14 different series with 13 McLaren GT customer teams ... European triple crown weekend for McLaren GT. A weekend of particular highlight for McLaren GT during 2012 came when the Vodafone McLaren Mercedes team crossed the line to take victory in Monza, Italy ... ENDS. Notes to editors.....(size: 8.7Kb)
Formula1 Blog
21 Dec 2012
Ferrari’s Luca di Montezemolo has been making news of late with his public jab at Formula One boss Bernie Ecclestone ... Intriguingly, Ecclestone tacked on his public commentary about Ferrari suggesting that 12 teams in F1 is too many and ideally 10 teams would be the limit so long as one of them is Ferrari ... Someone else will come ... June 27, 2010 Hamilton’s ‘Crash Kid’ Monza move..no ‘petulant’ labels? ... ....(size: 11.6Kb)
noodls
20 Dec 2012
(Source. Leinster Rugby). Leo Cullen leads an all-Ireland qualified XV for the trip to Belfast in a selection which mixes youth and experience ... Byrne features on a replacements bench alongside the likes of Isaac Boss and Rhys Ruddock ... Canada - No coverage this weekend. Our bases in London (Porterhouse Covent Garden), New York (Madhatter Saloon), Dubai (McGettigans) and Christchurch (Monza Sports Bar) will all be showing the game live ... 15....(size: 3.8Kb)
noodls
20 Dec 2012
(Source. Magners League - Celtic Rugby Ltd). Leo Cullen leads an all-Ireland qualified XV for the trip to Belfast in a selection which mixes youth and experience ... Byrne features on a replacements bench alongside the likes of Isaac Boss and Rhys Ruddock ... Our bases in London (Porterhouse Covent Garden), New York (Madhatter Saloon), Dubai (McGettigans) and Christchurch (Monza Sports Bar) will all be showing the game live ... LEINSTER.. 15 ... 14 ... 13....(size: 3.8Kb)
Formula1 Blog
20 Dec 2012
Our frequent reader and F1B friend Paul Kiefer has offered another “Marbles” fan Op-Ed for you and this time he looks back on a season of ups adn downs. Thanks Paul~ Editor. 2012. The Roller Coaster Ride. The year 2012 held such great promise ... He suffered a mechanical breakdown, first in Valencia, then in Monza ... Previous ... Name * ... June 27, 2010 Hamilton’s ‘Crash Kid’ Monza move..no ‘petulant’ labels?....(size: 11.6Kb)
Formula1 Blog
20 Dec 2012
Caterham F1 have been going through changes of late and while I’ve enjoyed following the Tweets and missives of Mike Gascoyne, I’m challenged as to his actual role these days at the Caterham car company ... Now the team have announced that Sporting Director Steve Nielsen has departed as well ... Previous. Marbles ... Name *. Email * ... June 27, 2010 Hamilton’s ‘Crash Kid’ Monza move..no ‘petulant’ labels? ... ....(size: 8.8Kb)
Formula1 Blog
20 Dec 2012
How about another night race in AsiaPac? That’s what Formula One boss Bernie Ecclestone seems to think as he told the Wall Street Journal about a possible race in Thailand.. “They say (it will be held in) 2014 and I say 2015. It is serious and it is good,” ... Just my humble opinion ... Previous. Marussia signs Chilton ... Name * ... June 27, 2010 Hamilton’s ‘Crash Kid’ Monza move..no ‘petulant’ labels? ... ....(size: 9.6Kb)
Formula1 Blog
20 Dec 2012
Formula One has released a nice Q&A with Sebastian Vettel and like other news sources, I was intrigued by a couple of comments. “As a team member I want us to be as successful in 2013 as we have been this year and the two previous years,” Vettel told the Formula 1 website ... Indeed it is in his nature ... ... Previous ... Rik ... June 27, 2010 Hamilton’s ‘Crash Kid’ Monza move..no ‘petulant’ labels? ... ....(size: 9.9Kb)
For other uses, see Monza (disambiguation).
| Monza | |
|---|---|
| — Comune — | |
| Comune di Monza | |
 |
|
 Monza
|
|
| Coordinates: 45°35′N 9°16′E / 45.583°N 9.267°E / 45.583; 9.267Coordinates: 45°35′N 9°16′E / 45.583°N 9.267°E / 45.583; 9.267 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Lombardy |
| Province | Monza and Brianza (MB) |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Roberto Scanagatti (PD) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 33.03 km2 (12.75 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 162 m (531 ft) |
| Population (April 30, 2009) | |
| • Total | 121,466 |
| • Density | 3,700/km2 (9,500/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Monzesi |
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) |
| • Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) |
| Postal code | 20900 |
| Dialing code | 039 |
| Patron saint | St. John the Baptist, St. Gerard of Dyers |
| Saint day | June 24, June 6 |
| Website | Official website |
Monza listen (help·info) (Lombard: Mùnscia; Latin: Moduetia) is a city and comune on the river Lambro, a tributary of the Po, in the Lombardy region of Italy some 15 km north-northeast of Milan. It is the capital of the Province of Monza and Brianza. It is best known for its Grand Prix motor racing circuit, the Autodromo Nazionale Monza.
On June 11, 2004 Monza was designated the capital of the new province of Monza and Brianza. The new administrative arrangement came fully into effect in summer 2009; previously, Monza was a comune within the province of Milan.
Monza is the third-largest city of Lombardy and the most important economic, industrial and administrative centre of the Brianza area, supporting a textile industry and a publishing trade.
Monza also hosts a Department of the University of Milan Bicocca, a Court of Justice and several offices of regional administration. Monza Park is one of the largest urban parks in Europe.
Contents |
Geography and topography[link]
Monza is located in the high plains of Lombardy, between Brianza and Milan, at an altitude of 162 meters above sea level and is 15 kilometres (9 mi) from the capital of the region and about 40 km (25 mi) from Lecco and Como. Its territory is crossed from north to south by the river Lambro. At the entrance to the north in the center, between the streets Via Aliprandi and Via Zanzi, a fork of the river artificially created for defensive purposes in the early decades of the 14th century gives rise to Lambretto, which is joined to the main course Lambro at its exit to the south from the ancient circle of medieval walls (Monza) (now completely demolished). Another stream, which is also artificial, is the Canale Villoresi, constructed in the late 19th century.
Quality of life[link]
Climate[link]
Monza has the typical submediterranean climate of the Po valley, with cool, short winters and warm summers; temperatures are very similar to Milan and vary from about 2 °C (36 °F) in January, the coldest month, to about 23 °C (73 °F) in July, the warmest.[1] Precipitation is abundant, with a slight maximum in fall and a slight minimum in winter and summer; despite this, normally, the area of the city doesn't suffer drought in any season.
Monza Park[link]
Monza Park and the gardens of the Royal Palace are of notable interest. This park is one of the principal historic parks in Europe, and one of the biggest enclosed by walls. It has an area of approximately 685 hectares and is located in the northern part of the city, between the towns of Lesmo, Villasanta, Vedano al Lambro and Biassono. With the gardens of Villa Reale in Monza Park constitutes an invaluable natural, historical, and architectural monument.
Royal Villa[link]
The Royal Villa is one of the most important monuments of the city. The villa was built during the period of Austrian rule in the Duchy of Milan, as a symbol of luxury and magnificence of the Habsburg court. It was commissioned by the Empress Maria Theresa of Austria and dedicated to her fourth son, the Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, who at that time resided in Milan, as governor of Lombardy. He wanted a Villa outside the city in which to spend the summer season and hunt. Work began in 1777 under the guidance of Giuseppe Piermarini and it consists of a central body and two wings that branch off at right angles. From the gardens of the Royal Villa it is possible to access Monza Park.
History[link]
 |
This section may require copy editing for grammar. You can assist by editing it. (March 2012) |
Origins in the Bronze Age[link]
Late 19th-century finds of funerary urns show that the human presence in the area dates back at least to the Bronze Age, when people would have lived in settlements of pile dwellings raised above the rivers and marshes.
The Roman period[link]
During the 3rd century BCE, the Romans subdued the Insubres, Gauls who had crossed the Alps and settled around Mediolanum (now Milan). A gallo-celtic tribe, who also seem to have been Insubres, then founded a village on the Lambro, of which the ruins of a bridge remain. Standing in a place where young people practised sports, the bridge was named ‘Arena’ and its remains can be seen near today’s Ponte dei Leoni (Lions Bridge).
During the Roman Empire the town was known as Modicia.
The Lombards[link]
The Lombard invasion of Italy was an important event in Monza's history and the Lombard king Autari married Theodelinda, daughter of the Bavarian ruler Garibald I.
The new queen ordered the construction near the River Lambro of an oraculum, a sort of little church, that today is part of the basilica of Saint John. Paul the Deacon, an 8th century historian of the Lombards, tells us about this, writing: "[...] Theudelinda regina basilicam costruxerat, qui locus supra Mediolanum duodecim milibus abest, [...]" ("Theodelinda built a queen basilica, whose position is twelve miles from Milan"). There is also an important legend that Theodelinda, asleep while her husband was hunting, saw in a dream a dove who told her : "Modo", Latin for "here", in order to say that she should build the oraculum in that place, and the queen answered "etiam", meaning "yes". So from the two words "modo" and "etiam", following the legend, would have derived "Modoetia", the medieval name of Monza.
Middle Ages[link]
In the Middle Ages, the commune of Monza was sometimes independent, sometimes subject to Milan and the Visconti. The Glossary of Monza probably dates to the early decades of the 10th century. With Berengar I of Italy (850-924), Duke of Friuli, and then become king of Italy in 915, even emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, Monza returns to take back the lost importance after the death of Queen Teodolinda. Berengar, been emperor with the Iron Crown, the Imperial Headquarters chooses as Monza and the city government issued several decrees to the empire itself. There is also constructing a castrum fortified against the incursions of the Hungarians. Under his reign, Monza could enjoy a certain independence: it has its own system of weights and measures, could also seizing the property and mark the deeds with their signatures. Berengar was very generous with donating numerous works to his Monza Cathedral, including the famous Cross, and giving large benefits to its 32 canons and other churches. Monza hosted the walled city, in 980, Ottone II from Germany. In 1000 his son, Ottone III became the protector of Monza and all his possessions: Bulciago, Cremella, Lurago, Locate and Garlate. The economic power of the city and its prestige as the seat of coronation affirmed during the 10th century will be firmly established over the next two centuries, prompting the rivalry of Milan will try with various vicissitudes, and to subdue. In 11th century, in 1018, Ariberto of Intimiano (970-1045), Lord of Monza, was consecrated bishop of Milan, so the city lost its independence from the powerful and too close to Milan. These are the years that they see the struggles between the Emperor Corrado II, and Ariberto. When he died, leaving Ariberto important donations to the Church and clergy Monza. In Twelventh century, it is estimated that the city of Monza counted about seven thousand inhabitants. Agriculture constitutes the main activity, although the craft began to grow in importance. In 1128, at Monza in the Church of San Michele, Corrado III of Swabia, the Hohenstaufen family, is crowned King of Italy by the Archbishop of Milan, Anselmo Pusterla. In the third decade of the century, was born in Monza St. Gerard of Dyers, founder of a hospital. In 1135 Corrado III must give their kingdom to Lothar III (according to another numbering, Lothar II). In the same year Pope Innocent II takes the Church under the protection of Monza apostolic and confirms the property and privileges. The following year, Lothair guarantees the independence of the clergy Monza from Milan: Monza regains its autonomy, which is not only limited to the feudal government of lands and goods, but also extended to the spiritual power: while it is denied to other, the archpriest of Monza has confirmed the authority to order the clergy of his church (year 1150) and of course, this autonomy was never absolute, not being able to untie completely by the bishop of Milan. Frederick I Barbarossa happens to his uncle Conrad III of Swabia and twice in the city of Monza in 1158 and 1163. In this period the city returns to take on great importance and regains its independence from Milan, a city very hostile to the emperor. Frederick declares Monza as his property and also gives the "Curraria" (Ie the right to levy customs on the streets), the right usually granted only to the city of "home room". During the period of the struggle against Milan and other cities of the League, Monza is primarily an administrative center for the Barbarossa. Monza Independence lasted until 1185 when the Barbarossa ended The League with the peace of Constance, must leave the city of Milan to the dominance that the subjects again and takes possession of the Treasury of the Cathedral. In 1185 Henry VI, son of Barbarossa, was crowned king at Monza, on the occasion of his marriage to Constance of Altavilla, heir to the Norman Kingdom. In the 13th century, The City of Monza has its distinctive symbol in the Arengario. The town hall destined to clash in spirit to the Duomo, the center of religious power is built in the late 13th century. Another place is called the typical thirteenth Pratum magnum, a large open area destined to the market (equivalent to today's Piazza Trento e Trieste). As early as the 12th century Monza was a fortified place, with the free city had come to change the very structure of the medieval city. In fact, agricultural activity was joined by the craftsmanship of the shoes, and large farms outside the city walls, was developing the processing of wool. During this period, the City is again linked to the political choices, to Milan in 1221 that supports Monza, where the mayor had been excommunicated by the Archbishop of Milan, Enrico from Settala. In 1242, to help Milan who were fighting against Frederick II, the archpriest of Monza Alberich from Oreno, agrees to commit the treasures of the city, but unfortunately at the time of their return is missing a golden cup heavy magnum said. To support a second war against Frederick II, the Milanese borrow a cup of gold Monza; for its return is necessary to resort to excommunication, which was imposed in 1254: the cup is returned, but the missing gems of seventeen, as shown an inventory of 1275. Monza is increasingly linked to events in Milan and to share their stories and their enemies: in 1255 the city was sacked by the Ghibellines in 1259 and Ezzelino Romano tries to seize the castle of Monza, but it is rejected and the village is put on fire. It was fate, however, that the treasure of the basilica still pass from hand to hand as a pledge as security for loans received: in 1273 is held at the Humble of St. Agatha (the present church Carrobiolo) in Monza in 1311 and is engaged in some bankers that safety will transfer to Avignon. Among the members of the delegation was also Martino Aliprandi, a resident of Milan, but belonging to an important family of Monza. Only in 1319 the treasure will be returned to Monza, thanks to Matteo I Visconti, former Vicar and Lord Imperial of Milan. Monza remains involved in the struggles between the Della Torre and the Visconti. It is manned by soldiers in Milan in 1275. After the decisive victory of Visconti's at the Battle of Desio in 1277 is occupied by Archbishop Ottone Visconti and the Marquis of Monferrato, Guglielmo (1278) and the following year the town was declared a possession of the mayor and the people of Milan.
From the 14th century to 17th century[link]
The year 1300, the first Jubilee in history of Christianity, sees the beginning of the reconstruction of the cathedral, promoted by Matteo Visconti. The new Emperor Henry VII, in 1311, is not the iron crown at Monza (alienated by Torriani), and you pack a special crown to be crowned king of the Romans. In 1312, Monza adheres to the Ghibelline faction. Enrico Aliprandi, a member of the eminent family of Monza, adheres to the faction of the Torriani, many enlisted soldiers under his command, and Lord of Monza is acclaimed by the people in 1322. In the same year, Luchino Visconti and Francesco Garbagnate demolish the walls Monza to keep it to defend itself against attacks from the side of Milan. In 1325 Galeazzo I, conquered the city after a long siege, puts his hand to new great works of defense: the bifurcation of the River Lambro (the Lambretto) and the construction of a castle, the third in Monza. The first building consisted of a high tower forty-two meters, became a place of terrible prison (the prison of the ovens). The Castle of Monza was later expanded so much that you had to knock down a church (St. Mary of Ingino), and two other towers were built along the River Lambro. In 1327 the same Galeazzo I is locked up in the ovens of Monza by order of Emperor Louis of Bavaria and will be released next year. In April 1329, Pinalla Aliprandi, with a handful of knights Visconti, regaining Monza, occupied by the troops of Louis IV the Bavarian. Azzone Visconti grants that Monza is again surrounded by walls: the work beginning in 1333 and lasting until 1381. Martino Aliprandi is Chief of Monza from 1334 to 1336, where by the construction of the walls and the fortification of the fortress. In 1354 Pope Innocent VI proclaimed the undisputed right to impose in the Cathedral of Monza, the Crown of Italy, the Crown of Iron. In 1380 Gian Galeazzo Visconti donated the castle to his wife Catherine of Monza, then you will die in 1404, his son Giovanni Maria imprigionatavi. An outbreak of plague spreads in 1402. In 1407 Estorre Visconti was proclaimed Lord of Monza and it minted its own coinage, the death of Giovanni Maria Visconti (1412) was acclaimed Duke of Milan, contending that the succession to Filippo Maria Visconti, but must then repair the Castle of Monza, where is besieged: hit in the leg by a stone thrown by a siege, died from the effects of the fracture in the first days of January 1413. In 1500, King Louis XII of France, defeated and took prisoner Ludovico il Moro, occupying the Duchy of Milan and Monza following the events. With the battle of Pavia (1525) the French are defeated by the imperial forces of Charles V, and Francesco Sforza II is returned to the Duchy of Milan. In Italy the power of Spain is now predominant.
In 1526 in Monza there is a new siege. Antonio de Leyva, governor of Milan and commander of the imperial troops, in 1527, sacked the city. In the same year, the explosion of a mine causes semidistruzione the Castle of Monza.
Antonio de Leyva becomes Lord of Monza in 1529. He devoted himself to the government regulating ecclesiastical affairs, controlling taxes and duties and shutting doors. In 1530 Charles V, after the Congress of Bologna (1529–1530), is crowned with the Iron Crown.
Francesco Sforza died without heirs in 1535, then opens the question of succession to the throne of the Duchy of Milan.
Between 1537 and 1557 the estate is governed by Luigi de Leyva.
Marianna de Leyva belongs to the family or Sister Virginia, historical figure that inspired Alessandro Manzoni for the figure of the Nun of Monza. The 1630 sees the plague still raging, which causes a profound demographic and economic crises. In 1648, Monza and its territory will become the property of the Milanese family of Durini. The Duchy of Milan, Monza and therefore, remain subject to the Spanish crown until the early 18th century. Undoubtedly was the economic decline of the region (and in general all over Italy), especially in the 17th century.
Coat of Arms of the Families[link]
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Aliprandi
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Visconti
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Della Torre (Torriani)
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Sforza
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Hasbsburg from Spain
.svg)
18th century[link]
At the end of the War of Spanish Succession (1713), the Duchy of Milan is assigned to the House of Habsburg of Austria. This historical period is a season of rebirth of the city, with a considerable development of agriculture and crafts. They built the Villa Reale. The Empress Maria Theresa, it built for his son Ferdinand, Governor of Milan, the Villa Reale (1777–1780). The choice of Monza was due not only to the beauty of the landscape, to its strategic position and the fact of being easily connected to Vienna as well as for its proximity to Milan. The construction is completed in three years by the architect Giuseppe Piermarini from Foligno. At the conclusion of the Italian campaign of Napoleon Bonaparte (1796), the Duchy of Milan was sold to the French Republic and then entered the Cisalpine Republic (which, in 1802, will become the Italian Republic).
19th century[link]
Disliked by the French as a symbol of aristocratic power, the Royal Villa is sold to be demolished, but the protests of citizens will receive salvation even if the abandonment causes the degradation of the complex. Two-thirds of the gold and silver treasures of the famous Duomo of Monza are delivered to the mint of Milan, which turns them into coins to meet the military expenses. Bonaparte also takes possession of the treasures of the Basilica and the Chapter Library books that are transferred to the National Library in Paris. Instead, the Iron Crown is left provisionally in Monza. In 1805, the Italian Republic became the Kingdom of Italy with its capital Milan. On May 26, 1805, the Iron Crown was in Milan for the coronation of Napoleon Bonaparte, who only puts on his head, uttering the famous phrase "God gave it to me, woe to anyone who touches it." Napoleon also established the Order of the Iron Crown. Monza received the title of Imperial City. The Viceroy of Italy, Eugene de Beauharnais was appointed in August 1805 he settled in the Villa of Monza. The building was restored back to life a new and brilliant period, on this occasion, took the name of Villa Reale. In 1807 the Castle was finally demolished in Monza, with its stone wall is built the fence of the park from Beauharnais wanted to complement the Villa Reale. In the fall of the First Empire (1815), Austria was annexed by the Italian territories in the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia them with their own oppressive government officials: Monza is included in the province of Milan. The Monzesi asking for the restitution of all the treasures that Napoleon had taken from Monza. Promoter of the request was the Dean Monsignor Prugnola: March 2, 1816, the city back in the possession of the books of the Treasury and Chapter Library. The return codes and also handsomely bound, but is missing from the treasury of the Crown Agilulf, stolen and melted in Paris. By decree of the Emperor Francis I of Austria in the year 1816 Monza officially became a city. In 1818 the Archduke Ranieri, Viceroy of the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia reuses the Villa of Monza. The next Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria had himself crowned King of Lombardy and Venetia in Milan with the Iron Crown (September 6, 1838), with the opportunity to extend various benefits to the city. New roads are opened, including the way of King Ferdinand (now Via Vittorio Emanuele), in 1842 the Bridge of Lions is erected near the old Roman bridge Arena; installed gas lighting at night. In 1841 was inaugurated the first railway in northern connecting Milan and Monza. The craft of wool is decaying and becoming more important than the felt hat industry and connected. The first rail road built in North Italy was the Milan and Monza Rail Road opened for service on August 17, 1840. During the Five Days of Milan (22–23 March 1848) also rose Monza chasing the Austrian garrison regiment Geppert. Monza The Patriots, who joined the Lecco, then fought in Milan Porta Tosa (now Port Victoria). Driven out the Austrians, in Monza formed a "City Guard" at which women give the banner Monza. After the first war of Independence, the return of the Austrians in 1849, the General Radetzky and then the Archduke Maximilian (brother of Emperor Franz Joseph, then Emperor of Mexico) settled in the Villa Reale. The thing that mattered most was, as usual, the treasure of the basilica, which was taken by General Radetzky and brought to Mantua in 1849, but returned in the same year. In 1859, at the end of the second war of independence, the whole of Lombardy was freed by the Austrians and enters the Kingdom of Sardinia. But the treasure and the Iron Crown, after a stop in Verona, by the Austrians had been transferred to Vienna, all solemnly back at Monza only at the conclusion of the third war of independence, December 6, 1866. And the Iron Crown at Monza has remained there permanently, with two exceptions: in 1878, when, in Rome, ii was placed on the coffin of Vittorio Emanuele II and during the two world wars when it was made secure in the Vatican. In 1861, after the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy, the city had about 25,000 inhabitants. In 1862, Giuseppe Garibaldi's visit to Monza. On the death of the hero, after twenty-five years after his visit, Monza will dedicate a monument by the sculptor Bazzaro, in the homonymous square. In 1868, King Vittorio Emanuele II creates the Order of the Crown of Italy whose sign appears in the Iron Crown. In 1870 comes into operation the Public Library, housed at first in various municipal offices (later, in 1938, transformed the seminary will be transferred in the ancient Palazzo degli Studi). On August 22, 1891 was opened the first hospital dedicated to St. Gerard of Dyers, patron of the city with St. John the Baptist, thanks to the large donation by King Umberto I.
At December 31, 1895 had about 37,500 inhabitants Monza stable, with "internal roads 31" length of about 42 km. Around these streets there was the campaign that produced wheat, corn, fodder, potatoes, oats, rye and vegetables in general. Other source of wealth was the breeding of silkworms (the silkworms) which were processed for spinning cocoons of Brianza. On 17 August 1899 founded the Catholic weekly "The Citizen" (director of the lawyer. Filippo Meda), still in operation.
The anarchist Gaetano Bresci, who had left from United States, arrived on July 27, 1900 at Monza, and took lodgings at a house. As the royal park, near the Royal Villa was open to the public, he went there to inquire into the habits of the King Umberto I. He obtained information that the king would go to the gym for an meeting on the evening of Sunday 29. That evening at 22.30 or so, Bresci shot the king who had stood on the carraige and waved to the crowd. To conmemorate the spot and atone for the crime, his successor Vittorio Emanuele III ordered the construction of an Expiatory Chapel on Via Matteo da Campione.
20th century[link]
At the beginning of the century Monza counts 41,200 inhabitants; in 1911 is counted among the eight most industrialized centers of Italy. The main activities are those related to the processing of cotton, the mechanics of the hat factories and industries. The First World War (1915–1918) also involved Monza as the other cities of Italy, at the end of the war the city has decided to recall its six hundred grandiose monument to the fallen (1932) by sculptor E. Pancera, located in the square Trento and Trieste (the Old Market Square). Between the two world wars, the city's industrial structure did not undergo substantial changes, while recording significant increases in production volumes. The building development was resulting in significant and sometimes messy and in 1925 he tried to impose order on urban development with a specific plan. Were torn down the old buildings that looked like an obstacle, it was modified the old Market Square in Piazza Trento e Trieste in front of which was built the new City Hall, designed by architect Brusconi. Inside the park are built the Autodromo (1922) and a golf course (1925). The Second World War, between 1940 and 1945, meant for Monza bombing, destruction and civilian casualties, and, after 1943, the Nazi occupation. The Monza events were significant in particular for the partisan resistance. In 1943 was founded the Anti-Fascist Action Front spearheaded by Gianni Citterio. In 1945, with the city in the garrison of German troops, some Monza tried to weave relations with the German command to the population to avoid reprisals and obtained an armistice from zero hours of April 25, while discussing the latest agreements reached ' Order of capitulation to the Germans who then left the city. On April 25 the new city administration took office. After the war, Monza counted eighty-five fallen partisans, including Gianni Citterio (gold medal), Ferdinando Tacoli (silver medal) and Elisa Sala. In the second half of the century the city experienced a significant increase in population and a subsequent building development. With the development of various activities occurring problems related to traffic and links to nearby towns, especially with Milan.
21st century[link]
File:Provincia di Monza e della Brianza-Stemma.png
The symbol of provincial logo adopted in 2009
At the beginning of the century Monza had about 120,000 inhabitants. The University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza set up its campus for the Faculty of Medicine and Science organization. For the economic importance and its surroundings, the city became the capital of the Province of Monza and Brianza (June 11, 2004). In the spring of 2009 completes the controversial relocation of the Piazza Trento e Trieste (the ancient medieval Pratum magnum). With the opportunity is brought to light part of the course of the canal once used by craftsmen weavers. In 1996 the association of "Committee San Fruttuoso", launched the idea of a tunnel instead of Viale Lombardia (SS36), one of the busiest streets in Europe, six-lane through the houses. The province responded with a proposed partial burial discovered, raised ramps and interchanges, the project immediately returned to the sender. From 1996 to 2008, it spent twelve years full of surprises. The modern idea of a tunnel coalesces first civil society, mayors and former mayors, local politicians and even the world without distinction of party. The Province proposes remedies and the artificial tunnel. Anas, Region and other government agencies will try several times but without success, to clear this. In 2008, the Minister of Infrastructures, Antonio Di Pietro, accepted to agrees to approve the project for the burial of the SS36 between Monza and Cinisello Balsamo. The work began in January 2009 with some preliminary and will be completed in September 2013 (maybe). The project is fully funded (230 million euros) from State, regional, provincial and municipalities of Monza, Cinisello Balsamo and Muggiò ALSI and Spa (South Lambro Spa water - the water purifier Monza and Brianza).
The Simble[link]
The medieval coat of arms[link]
The oldest coat of arms used by the town of Monza is a celestial shield,which depicts a crescent moon red with a white semi-circle to the chin. The coat of arms, goes back to 13th century. If it finds a representation in miniature of the cover placed on the Code of Statutes of the City is still preserved in the Chapter Library of the Duomo of Monza. According to the interpretation of the historic Bonincontro Morigia, which refers to the medieval symbolism, the moon is a symbol of imperial power, reflected in the white sun that is related to the papal power.
The actual coat of arms[link]
The coat of arms bearing the motto and the iron crown was originally granted a seal, according to the Morigia, by Otto III, at the time of his coronation in 996 at Monza. It was later recognized by decree of May 6, 1835 Emperor of Austria Ferdinand I of Austria was confirmed in almost identical form by a decree of 1933. In 2003 it was redesigned so that it was a version used uniformly by all municipal offices.
Main sights[link]
In the course of its history Monza withstood thirty-two sieges, but the Porta d'Agrate is all that remains of its original walls and fortifications. Nearby is the nunnery in which the nun of Monza was enclosed in Manzoni's I Promessi Sposi.
Monza is famous for its Romanesque-Gothic Duomo of Saint John. There Theodelinda's centrally-planned Greek-cross oraculum ("chapel of prayer") from c. 595 (its foundations remaining under the crossing of nave and transept) was enlarged at the close of the 13th century by enclosing the former atrium within the building. The fine black and-white marble arcaded façade was erected in the mid-14th century by Matteo da Campione. The campanile was erected in 1606 to designs by Pellegrino Tibaldi. In the frescoed Chapel of Theodelinda is the Iron Crown of Lombardy, supposed to contain one of the nails used at the Crucifixion. The treasury also contains the crown, fan and gold comb of Theodelinda, and, as well as Gothic crosses and reliquaries, a golden hen and seven chickens, representing Lombardy and her seven provinces. Though the interior has suffered changes, there is a fine relief by Matteo da Campione representing a royal Lombard coronation, and some 15th-century frescoes with scenes from the life of Theodelinda.
The historical centre also include:
- the church of Santa Maria in Strada, with a rich terra-cotta façade of 1393
- the Broletto or Arengario, the 14th-century palace of the civic commune, raised on an arcade of pointed arches, with a tall square machiolated tower terminating in a sharp central cone.
- the church of San Pietro Martire
- the memorial Cappella Espiatoria, built in 1900 in memory of the assassinated King Umberto I of Italy
- Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie (15ht century)
- Oratory of St. Gregory (17th century)
- church of Santa Maria al Carrobiolo (16th century)
Nearby, the Villa Reale (royal palace) originally built by Giuseppe Piermarini in 1777 for the archduke Ferdinand of Austria, lies on the banks of the Lambro, surrounded by Monza Park, one of the largest enclosed parks in Europe.
Other villas includes the Mirabello, Mirabellino, Durini, Crivelli Mesmer, Prata, Archinto Pennati, Calloni and Villa Carminati-Ferrario.
Culture and education[link]
Libraries[link]
There are at least seven libraries:
- Civica Library, Padre Reginaldo Giuliani 1/a, road
- Library of boys, Trento e Trieste 6 square
- Saint Gerard Library, Lecco 12 road
- Cederna Library, Zuccoli 16 road
- Triante Library, Monte Amiata 60 road
- S. Rocco Library, Zara 9 road
- Park of Monza Library, Villa Mirabello
University[link]
There are two departments of the University of Milan Bicocca located in Monza: the faculty of Medicine and Surgery and the Faculty of Sociology.
Museums[link]
The Duomo's (Cathedral) Museum collection keep treasures from the time of Queen Theodolinda, including the Hen with chicks, the Cross of Agilulf, and the famous Iron Crown.
Theatres and cinemas[link]
Are: Teatro Manzoni (Manzoni Theatre); Teatro Villoresi (Villoresi Theatre); Teatro Binario 7 (Binario 7 Theatre), Sala San Carlo; AreaOdeon; Cinema Capitol; Cinema Metropol; Cinema Teodolinda
Economy[link]
Tourism and Events[link]
- F1 Grand Prix, at the beginning of September
- Feast of St. Gerard of Dyers, on June 6
Sport[link]
Monza is internationally known for the Autodromo Nazionale Monza motor racing circuit, home to the Italian Grand Prix, and previously to the Alfa Romeo team. The circuit is inside the "Parco di Monza", a park that is double the size of New York's Central Park.
Monza is also known for the "Villa Reale", a Habsburg family residence built in 1777.
The professional football club A.C. Monza Brianza 1912 play, currently in Serie C1, at the Stadio Brianteo.
The professional volleyball club Acqua Paradiso Gabeca Monza Brianza play, currently in Serie A1, at the PalaIper.
In 2006 Monza hosted the World Cyber Games tournament.
In July 2005 and July 2008, Monza hosted the "International Gran Galà Marching Show Bands" at Stadio Brianteo (with the USA band Blue Devils, 11 times WMSB Champion of the World).[citation needed]
Transport[link]
Rail[link]
Monza railway station is the most important railway junction in the Brianza area. Every few minutes, trains travel between Monza and Milano via the Suburban Railway (Line S9) and via local trains that connect Monza to Lecco, Como/Chiasso (CH) and Bergamo/Brescia. Also some EuroCity trains stop in Monza. In early 2008, work began on the expansion of Subway Line MM1 from Milano/Sesto San Giovanni to Monza Bettola. Monza railway station is located in Enrico Arosio Road.
Roads[link]
Monza can be reached through the following motorways: A4-E64 (Turin-Milan-Venice), A52 (North Ring of Milan), A51 (East Ring of Milan). State road (SS.36 – Nuova Valassina) connect the city to Lecco and Sondrio. A 2 km long tunnel will be added by around September 2011 and will alleviate traffic problems that are happening in the city. The center is off limits to cars and other motorized vehicles.
Notable People[link]
- Theodoric the Great, (454–526), King of Ostrogoths
- Agilulf, (c.550–616) King of Lombardy
- Theodelinda, (c.570–628), Queen of Lombardy
- Gundeberga, (c.591–652), Queen of Lombardy and Italy
- Adaloald, (602–626), King of Lombardy and Italy
- Rothari, (606–652), King of Lombard and Italy
- Berengar I of Italy, (c. 845–924) King of Italy
- St. Gerard of Dyers, (c. 1134 or 1140–1207) Saint
- Bonincontro Morigia, (14th century) historical writer
- Giuseppe Arcimboldo, (1527–1593) painter
- Carlo Amati, (1776–1852) architect
- Paolo Mantegazza, (1831–1910) neurologist, physiologist and anthropologist
- Mosè Bianchi, (1840–1904) painter
- Luigi Talamoni, (1848–1926) priest and blessed
- Emilio Borsa, (1857–1931) painter
- Gerolamo Gaslini, (1877–1964) olear industrialist and philanthropists
- Ernesto Ambrosini, (1894–1951) atlethe
- Costantino Nivola, (1911–1988) painter and sculptor
- Fiorenzo Magni, (1920) cyclist
- Valentino Giambelli, (1928) footballer and builder
- Vittorio Brambilla, (1937–2001) F1 racer
- Adriano Galliani, (1944) footbal manager
- Daniele Massaro, (1961) footballer
- Filippo Galli, (1963) footballer
- Fabrizio Barbazza, (1963) F1 racer
- Gianni Bugno, (1964) cyclist
- Marco Monti, (1964) footballer and youth coach
- Davide Van De Sfroos, (1965) singer
- Francesco Antonioli, (1969) footballer
- Pierluigi Casiraghi, (1969) footballer
- Marco Castoldi, (1972) singer
- Massimo Brambilla (1973), footballer
- Stefano Mauri, (1980) footballer
Gallery of Notable People[link]
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Agilulf, King of Lombardy
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Theodelinda, Queen of Lombardy
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St. Gerard of Dyers, Saint
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Giuseppe Arcimboldo, painter
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Paolo Mantegazza, neurologist, physiologist and anthropologist
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Magni Fiorenzo.jpg
Fiorenzo Magni, cyclist
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Vittorio Brambilla, F1 racer
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Adriano Galliani, footbal manager
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Gianni Bugno, cyclist
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Davide Van de Sfroos singer
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Marco Castoldi, singer
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Stefano Mauri, footballer
.jpg)
.jpg)
Demography[link]
This city is the third place of Lombardy for number of population, with 122.712 citizens (58.744 males; 63.968 females). In Monza, the regular immigrants are 13.238, with 121 different nationalities.
Surnames[link]
The five most common surnames in 2011 in the city are [1]:
- Villa
- Colombo
- Sala
- Brambilla
- Galbiati
Immigration[link]
[2] – Demografic Stats
Twin cities[link]
Indianapolis, United States
Praha, Czech Republic
Location[link]
 |
Lissone, Desio, Seregno | Villasanta, Vedano al Lambro, Arcore | Vimercate, Cornate d'Adda, Merate | |
| Muggiò, Limbiate, Varedo |  |
Concorezzo, Agrate Brianza, Trezzo sull'Adda | ||
 Monza East |
||||
 |
||||
| Cinisello Balsamo, Paderno Dugnano, Bollate | Milan, Sesto San Giovanni, Segrate | Brugherio, Cernusco sul Naviglio, Melzo |
References[link]
Bibliography[link]
- AA.VV. Biographyc Dizionary of Italians. Rome, 1960 (Aliprandi Pinalla).
- AA.VV. Church of St. Mark in Milan. Milan, 1998. Pag. 56–57 (Aliprandi Martino).
- Il Duomo di Monza, 1300–2000, VII Centenary of foundation. Silvana Ed., 1999.
Gallery[link]
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The Duomo
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Villa Reale (The Royal Palace)
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Chain's bridge in the Monza Park
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Church San Pietro Martire
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Statue of King Vittorio Emanuele II
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Teodolinda's Tower
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Fontana Giovinetta
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Church of St. Gerard
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Statue of Mosé Bianchi
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Church Santa Maria degli Angeli
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Piazza Indipendenza
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Piazza Castello
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Lion of Frette Palace
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Villa Torneamento
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Piazza Roma (Rome Square)
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The War Memorial in Piazza Trento and Trieste
_02.JPG)
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Monza |
- City of Monza
- Monza Transportation
- Province of Monza and Brianza
- Official website of the University of Milano-Bicocca
- Official website of Saint Gerard Hospital, nationally relevant with very high specialization
http://wn.com/Monza
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Monza
http://cs.wn.com/Monza
http://id.wn.com/Monza
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http://ru.wn.com/Монца
http://nl.wn.com/Monza (stad)
http://pl.wn.com/Monza
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monza
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the Formula One driver. For other people named Fernando Alonso, see Fernando Alonso (disambiguation).
This name uses Spanish naming customs; the first or paternal family name is Alonso and the second or maternal family name is Díaz.
 Alonso at the 2012 Bahrain Grand Prix. |
|
| Born | (1981-07-29) 29 July 1981 (age 30) Oviedo, Asturias, Spain |
|---|---|
| Formula One World Championship career | |
| Nationality |  Spanish |
| 2012 team | Ferrari |
| 2012 car # | 5 |
| Races | 184 (183 starts) |
| Championships | 2 (2005, 2006) |
| Wins | 28 |
| Podiums | 76 |
| Career points | 1,162 |
| Pole positions | 20 |
| Fastest laps | 19 |
| First race | 2001 Australian Grand Prix |
| First win | 2003 Hungarian Grand Prix |
| Last win | 2012 Malaysian Grand Prix |
| Last race | 2012 Monaco Grand Prix |
| 2011 position | 4th (257 pts) |
Fernando Alonso Díaz (born 29 July 1981[1]) is a Spanish Formula One racing driver and a two-time World Champion, who is currently racing for Ferrari.
On 25 September 2005, he won the Formula One World Driver's Championship title at the age of 24 years and 58 days, at the time making him the youngest Formula One World Drivers' Champion. After retaining the title the following year, Alonso also became the youngest double Champion at the time. Nicknamed El Nano, a typical pseudonym for Fernando in Asturias, his place of birth, Alonso acts as a Goodwill Ambassador for UNICEF.[2]
Contents |
Personal and early life[link]
Fernando Alonso was born in Oviedo, Asturias in northern Spain. His mother worked in a department store and his father was employed as a mechanic in an explosives factory near Oviedo.[3] Alonso has an older sister, Lorena. Alonso's father José Luis, an amateur kart racer, wanted to pass on his passion to his children. He built a kart, originally meant for eight-year-old Lorena, but unlike her three-year-old brother, she showed no interest in the sport.[3]
Alonso married Raquel del Rosario, lead singer of Spanish pop band El Sueño de Morfeo,[4] on 17 November 2006.[5] They announced their intention to divorce in December 2011.[6]
They lived in Oxford, England until they moved their residence to Switzerland in 2006. Alonso owned a house in Mont-sur-Rolle, near Lake Geneva from 2006 to 2010, and in February 2010 he moved house to Lugano in order to be closer to his new Formula One employer Ferrari. It is highly common for Formula One stars to take up residence in Switzerland to reduce their tax bills. In the winter of 2010–11, Alonso moved back to Oviedo in order to be closer to friends and family, costing him an estimated £50 million in tax.[7]
He is an avid card tricks fan and usually demonstrates various tricks during the race weekend.[8] He is also interested in other sports, like cycling, football and tennis. Alonso has hinted at running a cycling team in the 2011 edition of the Tour de France with Alberto Contador leading the team.[9]
In addition to Spanish, he speaks English and Italian.[10]
Early career[link]
As a child, Alonso participated in karting competitions around Spain, supported by his father, who also doubled as his mechanic. His family lacked the financial resources needed to develop a career in motorsport, but his victories attracted sponsorship and the required funds. Alonso won four Spanish championships back-to-back in the junior category, between 1993 and 1996 and the Junior World Cup in 1996. He won the Spanish and Italian Inter-A titles in 1997 and in 1998 won the Spanish Inter-A title again as well as finishing second in the European Championship.[11]
Former Minardi F1 driver Adrián Campos gave Alonso his first test in a race car in October 1998. After three days of testing at the Albacete circuit, Alonso had matched the lap times of Campos' previous driver Marc Gené.[12] Campos signed Alonso to race for him in the 1999 Spanish Euro Open MoviStar by Nissan series.[13] In his second race, again at Albacete, Alonso won for the first time. He took the championship by one point from championship rival Manuel Giao by winning and setting fastest lap at the last race of the season. Alonso also tested for the Minardi Formula One team, lapping 1.5 seconds faster than the other drivers at the test.[13]
The following season Alonso moved up to Formula 3000, which was often the final step for drivers before ascending to Formula One. Alonso joined Team Astromega and was the youngest driver in the series that year by eleven months.[13] Alonso did not score a point until the seventh race of the year, but in the final two rounds he took a second place and a victory, enough for him to end the season fourth overall behind Bruno Junqueira, Nicolas Minassian and Mark Webber.[13]
Formula One career[link]
2001: Minardi[link]
Alonso was the third-youngest driver ever to start a Formula One race when he made his debut with Minardi at the Australian Grand Prix. The team was in its first season under the control of new owner Paul Stoddart and their new car, the PS01, was neither fast nor reliable. However Alonso's qualifying performance was good, outqualifying team-mate Tarso Marques by 2.6 seconds on début. At the fourth round at Imola he outqualified both Benettons, a feat he repeated later in the season.[13]
Notable performances over the season earned him some attention from the faster teams. It was reported in September 2001 by some of the European press that Sauber were looking to replace outgoing Kimi Räikkönen with Alonso although he was facing competition for the seat from Felipe Massa and then Jaguar test driver André Lotterer.[14] A month later it was confirmed that Massa was going to take the vacant Sauber seat for 2002.[15]
In September, his manager Flavio Briatore had begun planning to place Alonso at Benetton. Briatore considered promoting Alonso for 2002, in place of his race driver Jenson Button, but instead chose to take Alonso on as Renault test driver for 2002.[13] At the final round of the season at Suzuka he finished eleventh—five places outside the points but ahead of Heinz-Harald Frentzen's Prost, the BAR of Olivier Panis, the two Arrows and his team-mate Alex Yoong.[13] Four years later, his team boss from the Minardi days, Paul Stoddart, described his race as "53 laps of qualifying".[16] He scored no points in the season; his best finish being tenth at the German Grand Prix.
2002–2006: Renault[link]
- 2002–2003
Alonso became test driver for Renault in 2002 (Renault having taken over the Benetton team) and did 1,642 laps of testing that year. In 2003 Briatore dropped Button and put Alonso in the second seat alongside Jarno Trulli.[13] Briatore was criticised by the British media for the decision, but technical director Mike Gascoyne later insisted to F1 Racing that the decision was correct, since the team had been impressed with Alonso's work rate and talent during his season as test driver.
The Spaniard became the youngest driver to achieve a Formula One pole position at the Malaysian Grand Prix. Alonso had a 180 mph crash at the Brazilian Grand Prix, the result of missing the double yellow flags and Safety Car boards brought out by Mark Webber's earlier crash and colliding with the debris.[17] The race was red-flagged. He finished second at his home grand prix two races later, and at the time became the youngest driver to win a Formula One race at the Hungarian Grand Prix. He finished the year sixth in the championship, with 55 points and four podiums.
- 2004
Alonso remained with Renault for the 2004 season, scoring podiums in Australia, France, Germany and Hungary. At Indianapolis he suffered a high-speed accident while running in third place after a tyre deflated. In France he took pole position and finished second, running Michael Schumacher close for victory. Towards the end of the year teammate Jarno Trulli's performances deteriorated and he dropped Renault boss Flavio Briatore as his manager. Trulli's relationship with the team deteriorated to the extent that he signed for Toyota from 2005 onwards, and he was replaced for the final three races of the season by former world champion Jacques Villeneuve. Alonso ended the year fourth in the championship standings with 59 points.
- 2005
_qualifying_at_USGP_2005.jpg)
For the 2005 season, Alonso was joined at Renault by Italian driver Giancarlo Fisichella. At the first race in Australia Alonso started near the back due to rain in qualifying but fought his way to third. He won the next two races in Malaysia and Bahrain from pole position, and took a third win in the San Marino Grand Prix after a 13-lap battle with Michael Schumacher.
McLaren's improving form saw Räikkönen win in Spain and Monaco while Alonso finished second and fourth, respectively. Räikkönen was on course to win the European Grand Prix at the Nürburgring when his car's front-right suspension failed (due to a flat spot on the tyre caused by Räikkönen locking his wheels under braking while passing Jacques Villeneuve) on the last lap, giving victory to Alonso.
Alonso failed to score in the Canadian and United States Grands Prix. He crashed out of the former, and in the latter all the Michelin runners withdrew due to safety concerns over their tyres. Alonso took his third pole position and fifth win at the French Grand Prix. He followed this with pole position a week later at the British Grand Prix, where he finished second behind Montoya. McLaren's Kimi Räikkönen led the German Grand Prix until his car's hydraulics failed. Alonso went on to win the race.
Alonso qualified sixth in the Hungarian Grand Prix but finished 11th after a collision with the Toyota of Ralf Schumacher. As the season entered its final stages Alonso finished second in three consecutive races, collecting vital championship points. Räikkönen won in Turkey and Belgium, but was fourth at Monza after engine trouble in qualifying, meaning Alonso's lead had been reduced by only one point.
Alonso sealed the title by finishing third in Brazil while Montoya won from Räikkönen. The Spaniard became the youngest Drivers' Champion at the age of 24 years and 59 days old, breaking Emerson Fittipaldi's record. He also ended the five-year dominance of Michael Schumacher.
Commenting on his victory, he said: "I just want to dedicate this championship to my family, and all my close friends who have supported me through my career. Spain is not a country with an F1 culture, and we had to fight alone, every step of the way, to make this happen. A huge thank-you should also go to the team as well – they are the best in Formula One, and we have done this together. It will say that I am world champion, but we are all champions – and they deserve this." In the May 2007 issue of F1 Racing, Alonso said that the 2005 Brazilian Grand Prix was his greatest race. He said, "It was a dream come true and a very emotional day. In the last few laps I leaped, thinking I could hear noises from the engine- from everywhere! But all was okay and I can remember my relief when I crossed the finish line."
The Japanese and Chinese Grands Prix saw Alonso and Renault abandon the conservative style evident in Brazil when he was still chasing the drivers' title. Starting from 16th on the grid, he eventually finished third behind Räikkönen and Fisichella. The Chinese Grand Prix saw Renault and Alonso win to claim the first Constructors' Championship for the Renault F1 team.
In 2005, he was awarded with the Sports Prince of Asturias Award.[18]
- 2006
Alonso won the first race of the 2006 season in Bahrain, overtaking Michael Schumacher after coming out of the pit lane with 18 laps left, after starting fourth. He qualified seventh at the Malaysian Grand Prix due to a fuelling error[19][20] but finished second to team mate Giancarlo Fisichella. He won the Australian Grand Prix after overtaking leader Jenson Button's Honda.
After poor qualifying at San Marino, Alonso was unable to pass Michael Schumacher in an encounter that echoed their battle the previous year. Schumacher beat Alonso again in the European Grand Prix after the Spaniard started on pole, but Alonso hit back, becoming the first Spaniard to win the Spanish Grand Prix. Alonso took pole position for the Monaco Grand Prix after Schumacher was penalised by the stewards for "deliberately [stopping] his car on the circuit in the last few minutes of qualifying", denying his rivals, Alonso included, the opportunity of recording fastest qualifying lap.[21] Alonso won the race.
He extended his winning streak to four races with victories in Britain and Canada. Both wins came from pole position, and the British round was his first win, pole and fastest lap hat trick. He also became the first driver in history to finish first or second in the first nine races of the season, a record equalled by Sebastian Vettel in 2011.[citation needed] Schumacher's fight back began at Indianapolis where the German won and Alonso was fifth. Schumacher won the French Grand Prix, with Alonso in second, and the Spaniard was fifth in the German Grand Prix.[22] That cut Alonso's championship lead to 11 points.
Alonso incurred a penalty for an infraction in practice at the Hungarian Grand Prix which left him 15th on the grid.[23] Schumacher started 11th after receiving a similar penalty.[24] Alonso looked set for an unlikely win as he overtook most of the field, including Schumacher around the outside of turn five, as he showed prowess in the wet conditions, but he crashed out of the race when a wheel nut fell off his car following a pit stop. Schumacher scored one point after Robert Kubica was disqualified.[25]
Alonso finished second in Turkey, holding back third-placed Schumacher to claim two vital points, but he lost a lot of ground after a controversial Italian Grand Prix. He suffered a puncture during qualifying that damaged bodywork at the back of his car. He qualified fifth but was later punished[26] by the stewards for impeding Felipe Massa's Ferrari,[27] and he started the race from tenth. In the race he rose to third place before an engine failure forced him to retire. Schumacher won the Grand Prix and cut Alonso's Championship lead to two points.
At the following round in China, Alonso took pole position during a wet qualifying session but finished second to Schumacher in the race. The result tied Alonso and Schumacher on points in the drivers championship. At the Japanese Grand Prix, the Ferraris of Schumacher and Massa qualified first and second, more than half a second faster than the Renaults in fifth and sixth. But during the race Alonso rose to second and took the win after Schumacher's engine failed. It gave him a ten point advantage over Schumacher, needing only one point from the final round to retain the title. Second place in the Brazilian Grand Prix on 22 October gave Alonso the championship. With Schumacher finishing fourth, the final difference was 13 points. Alonso thus became the youngest double champion in the sport's history. Renault also clinched the Constructors' Championship with a 5-point gap over Ferrari.
2007: McLaren[link]
On 19 December 2005, Alonso announced that he would be moving to McLaren for 2007.[28] His contract with Renault was set to expire on 31 December 2006. However, on 15 December 2006, Alonso was allowed by Flavio Briatore and the Renault F1 Team to test for one day for McLaren at Jerez, as a result of his successes with Renault. Driving an unbranded MP4-21 and wearing a plain white helmet and overalls, Alonso completed 95 laps.[29] Lewis Hamilton was chosen as his partner for the season. McLaren were reported to be paying Alonso £ 20 million (approx $ 39 million c. 2007) in 2007. Alonso debuted with the new McLaren car on 15 January 2007, in the streets of Valencia.
On 8 April 2007 in his second race for the team, Alonso secured his first win for McLaren, and the team's first since 2005, by leading the majority of the Malaysian Grand Prix. A difficult drive at Bahrain's Sakhir circuit a week later, saw him finishing fifth behind his rookie team mate who took a podium finish. In the fourth race of the year in Spain, his home grand prix, he qualified second, but suffered a first lap collision with Felipe Massa which caused some damage to his car and dropped him to fourth, before finishing third. On 27 May, Alonso secured his second victory for McLaren at Monaco, scoring pole position, fastest lap and the race win and in the process lapping the entire field up to 3rd position. At the Nürburgring he took his third win of the year in a dramatic race affected by intermittent rain showers, overtaking Massa for the lead with just four laps remaining. After the controversy at the Hungarian Grand Prix (see below), however, relations between Alonso and his team declined. It was reported in the media that he was no longer on speaking terms with Hamilton,[30] and it was speculated that he might leave McLaren at the end of the season.[31] On 7 August 2007 The Times reported that McLaren would let Alonso leave the team at the end of the season if he wished, two years earlier than his contract allowed.[32] Alonso went on to finish third in the driver's championship, level on points with team-mate Hamilton and just one point behind World Champion Kimi Räikkönen (the closest 1–2–3 in WDC history).
As part of the espionage controversy between McLaren and Ferrari, the former were found guilty of breaching the Article 151c of the FIA's sporting regulations but went unpunished due to a lack of evidence. However, following the acquisition of new evidence by the FIA, a new hearing was held on 13 September. The new evidence consisted largely of email traffic between Alonso and test driver Pedro de la Rosa.[33] The FIA's World Motor Sport Council report following the hearing stated that Alonso and de la Rosa had obtained and used confidential Ferrari technical data and sporting strategy information from senior McLaren engineer Mike Coughlan via Ferrari employee Nigel Stepney, including during test sessions. Both drivers were spared sanctions in exchange for providing evidence.
On 2 November 2007, after a turbulent year with McLaren, it was announced that McLaren and Alonso had mutually agreed to terminate his contract and that he would be free to join any team for 2008 without paying McLaren any compensation.[34]
2008–2009: Return to Renault[link]
Alonso was linked with several teams for the 2008 season after his split with McLaren. Renault, Red Bull, Toyota and Honda were all suggested in the media. Renault's Flavio Briatore stated that he would welcome Alonso's return to the French team. On 10 December 2007, Alonso signed a two-year contract to drive for Renault alongside Brazilian driver Nelson Piquet, Jr. for around £25 million.[35][36]
In the first two rounds of the 2008 season, the Renault was not as competitive as it had previously been. Alonso finished fourth and eighth in Australia and Malaysia respectively, fuelling rumours that Alonso would leave the team because he was disappointed with his Renault and was either moving to BMW Sauber, Honda or Toyota. BMW boss Mario Theissen was keen to get Alonso to replace Nick Heidfeld in order to get the team their first win. Honda rumours started when Alonso said in an interview that he felt there was something about Honda and he wanted to drive for them in 2009 and switching to Ferrari in 2010. Toyota said they were eager to give a top driver their seat. But the most likely place that Alonso would go was to replace Felipe Massa at Ferrari in 2009, especially in light of the general belief that there was an "out clause" in Fernando Alonso's contract with Renault which would give him the freedom to move to another team for the next season should he be able to secure a deal. However Ferrari president Luca Cordero di Montezemolo stated that Massa's seat in the team was secure and would stay that way until the end of his contract in 2010.[37] Räikkönen was also given a two-year contract extension to partner Massa until the end of 2010,[38] essentially closing the door on Alonso for a possible move to Ferrari. In 2008, Alonso denied the "out clause" rumour.
In the Bahrain Grand Prix, Lewis Hamilton ran into the back of Alonso's Renault, heavily damaging the rear wing of the Spaniard's car, as well as his own nosecone. Stewards did not seek to investigate the incident but critics alleged he braked (or did not accelerate as expected) in front of Hamilton causing Hamilton to crash into him.[39] The telemetry data from Alonso's car proved these accusations to be wrong.[40] Hamilton himself stated "I was behind him, and I moved to the right, and he moved to the right and that was it – a racing incident I guess".[41] It was later revealed by McLaren that Hamilton's front wing, which was damaged when he hit Alonso earlier in the race, had broken seconds before the impact and has been identified as the cause of the crash. Alonso started the Spanish Grand Prix with promising pace, qualifying on the front row in second place behind Kimi Räikkönen even though he had a light fuel load. He was running in fifth place when his engine blew on lap 35. He praised his team after finishing sixth in the Turkish Grand Prix, as he was behind the more competitive BMW cars at the end, and said that the result "confirms the progress we have made, and is thanks to the hard work of everyone in the team".[citation needed]
Alonso failed to score in the next two races, finishing tenth at the Monaco Grand Prix, after puncturing a tyre against the barrier and a collision with Nick Heidfeld and retiring from the Canadian Grand Prix after crashing into the wall on lap 45, having qualified fourth. Alonso had been keeping pace with the BMW Saubers, who would eventually go on to record their maiden win with Robert Kubica after pitlane dramas plagued both Ferrari and McLaren. In France, Alonso qualified behind the two Ferraris in third, aided by Lewis Hamilton's grid penalty for the pit-lane accident in Canada. However, he was on a light fuel load, and his task was made much harder by being beaten by the slower Toyota of Jarno Trulli at the start. He then faded back to seventh and towards the end of the race while catching Mark Webber's Red Bull he ran wide at the Adelaide hairpin and slipped behind team-mate Piquet, Jr. to finish eighth.
Alonso finished sixth at Silverstone, saying that he had used up all of his available tyres for the unpredictable wet conditions, and that by using practically slick tyres towards the end, he lost a lot of time in certain places on the track. Despite qualifying fifth at the German Grand Prix, he finished in eleventh after spinning off whilst battling with the Williams of Nico Rosberg. In the Hungarian Grand Prix, he finished in fourth place having started seventh, aided by Lewis Hamilton's early puncture and Felipe Massa's engine failing in the closing stages.
In the European Grand Prix, Alonso performed strongly in all three practice sessions and the first round of qualifying. However, he failed to make it through the second round of qualifying, starting 12th. During the opening lap of the race, Alonso was hit by Kazuki Nakajima in the rear wing of his car and sustained unrepairable damage to his gearbox, and was forced to retire from the race. In Belgium, Alonso ran in the top five for most of the race, but when heavy rain fell towards the end of the race, he gambled on pitting for wet tyres with one lap to go. He dropped four places, but a fast final lap saw him reclaim the lost spots, passing Kubica and Sebastian Vettel at the final corner. In the Italian Grand Prix, Alonso achieved his second consecutive fourth place, and allowed Renault to equal Toyota for fourth in the constructors standings.
| 30x30px | For further information on the investigation, see Renault Formula One crash controversy. |
Alonso claimed his first victory and podium of the season by winning the Singapore Grand Prix. After performing strongly in practice, a fuel pressure problem in the second part of qualifying forced him to park the car, causing him to qualify 15th. In the race he started with a light fuel load on soft tyres, and pitted early when he realised that this would not be successful. However, team-mate Piquet crashed bringing out the safety car, which eliminated the lead of the frontrunners. When they pitted after the pit lane was reopened, they rejoined behind those who had already stopped. This moved Alonso up among top six, and he ultimately won the race, earning the 20th win and 50th podium of his career. In September 2009, after being dropped by Renault, Piquet said that the crash had been intentional and had been requested by Flavio Briatore and Pat Symonds. Alonso was declared to be innocent by the subsequent FIA investigation.
Alonso carried his good form into the Japanese Grand Prix, for which he qualified fourth.[42] Running on a two stop strategy Alonso won his second successive race, finishing ahead of Kubica and Räikkönen. In the last 2 races in China and Brazil, Alonso scored a fourth and a second place respectively. In the last eight races of the season Alonso scored 48 points, which was more than any other driver (over the same period Massa scored 43 points and Hamilton scored 40 points). He finished the season fifth overall with 61 points, while also enabling Renault to finish fourth in the constructors standings with 80 points, ahead of fifth-placed Toyota.
On 5 November, Flavio Briatore confirmed that Renault had agreed a two year extension on Alonso's original contract, ending speculation about a supposed move to Ferrari, and a Renault contract "out-clause".
- 2009
The new Renault R29 car did not meet up to Alonso's expectations at the start of the year, after it performed poorly in winter testing, despite the fact that there were no major reliability issues. For the second consecutive year, Nelson Piquet, Jr. would be his team-mate.
In the Australian Grand Prix he avoided a first lap accident and benefited from the late safety car in the closing stages, deployed for Robert Kubica and Sebastian Vettel's collision, to finish fifth. Although pleased to score points, he was "disappointed" at how his KERS system worked during the race. He did not score points in Malaysia (eleventh) or China (ninth, after he qualified in second), finishing over a minute behind the race winner on both occasions.
He finished eighth in the Bahrain Grand Prix, despite struggling with a broken drinks bottle during the race, which resulted in him collapsing with dehydration during a post-race TV interview. In Spain he spent most of the race in sixth despite an exciting battle with Mark Webber early on, before capitalising on Felipe Massa backing off with fuel conservation worries on the last lap, and going on to finish fifth. In Monaco, he benefited from the retirements of Heikki Kovalainen and Sebastian Vettel to score two points for seventh after a steady performance from ninth on the grid.
He failed to score any points in Turkey, as he was unable to keep pace with the frontrunners, and struggled on to finish tenth, while in Britain, he lost places at the start, and got stuck behind Nick Heidfeld early on. Despite some good fights, especially with former teammate Lewis Hamilton, the poor pace of his car meant he was always likely to struggle for points and finished in 14th, two places behind team-mate Piquet. At the Nurburgring, Alonso lost places at the first corner, before getting stuck in traffic. However, he went on to finish seventh, and was catching the two Brawn cars of Jenson Button and Rubens Barrichello towards the end. For the last stint, he was the fastest man on the track, half a second quicker than the leaders, which resulted in the fastest lap of the race.
In Hungary, he took his only pole position of the season (on a short fuel load), and led for the first stint of the race until his retirement, when his pit-crew fitted a wheel incorrectly. After replacing the wheel, Alonso retired with a fuel pump problem. In Valencia, he finished in sixth place, describing it was the best he could do, after his team appealed successfully over a one-race ban suspended for the race after the pit-stop incident in Hungary. However, his fastest race lap was slower than new team-mate Romain Grosjean, replacing the sacked Piquet, despite Grosjean spending most of the race towards the back.
Alonso was forced to retire in Belgium in a near repeat of the front tyre incident in Hungary, although this time the tyre was damaged after contact with Adrian Sutil's Force India on the first lap. This led to a chaotic pit stop when a replacement tyre could not be fitted properly and his team chose to retire him on safety grounds to avoid a further sanction following the Hungarian incident. At Monza he finished fifth, passing McLaren's Heikki Kovalainen during the race, despite again complaining about the car's KERS system, particularly after getting away from the grid poorly.
He finished in a strong third place in Singapore, admitting that it was a great result, "allowing to put behind us the past few weeks". However, this was his and Renault's only podium of 2009, a year after the Crashgate saga. Alonso controversially dedicated his podium afterwards to recently departed team boss Flavio Briatore, saying "he is part of the success we had today".[43]
In Japan, he was penalised five grid places for failing to slow down for yellow flags after Sébastien Buemi crashed, scattering debris onto the track. The R29's pace was again disappointing, when he could only manage to climb up to 10th from 16th place on the grid, despite a late safety car period after Jaime Alguersuari crashed heavily. Alonso said that his race was pretty much decided in qualifying, although he admitted that his car seemed to be fairly competitive. In Brazil however, he retired on the first lap when Adrian Sutil and Jarno Trulli collided, and Alonso was unable to avoid the out-of-control Force India, which had spun onto the wet grass, terminally damaging a sidepod on the Spaniard's car, forcing him to retire.
He admitted that he had wanted to end his successful period at Renault on a high at the final race of the year in Abu Dhabi. However, he spent the whole race towards the back of the grid, and finished 14th after qualifying in 16th. After the race, he paid tribute to Renault, saying that he wanted "to thank the entire team for everything that we have achieved together",[citation needed] and wanted to concentrate on the positives during his time with Renault, which had included winning the 2005 and 2006 world championship titles. He finished ninth in the drivers standings overall, scoring all of Renault's 26 points during the season. As a result, Renault only finished eighth in the constructors ahead of two other teams, Force India and Toro Rosso.
2010–: Switch to Ferrari[link]
2010[link]
After much speculation,[44] on 30 September 2009, Alonso was confirmed to be replacing Kimi Räikkönen at the Ferrari team, partnering Felipe Massa,[45] a move known as "the worst-kept secret in F1".[46] His contract covers three seasons (2010–2012),[47] with speculated options until the end of 2014. Though his contract is said to have been signed as early as July 2008,[46] Alonso confirmed only having a Summer-2009 agreement with Ferrari for a 2011 start, which was later changed to 2010.[48] Ferrari and Räikkönen, whom Alonso will replace, had agreed to end their contract one year early.[47][49] Though it was reported that Alonso's contract was worth €25-million per season,[50] Ferrari released a statement that cast doubts over the salary offered, stating that "the numbers talked about have absolutely nothing to do with reality."[51] Ferrari also cast doubt on "the arrival of technicians" with Alonso.[51]
At the first race in Bahrain, Alonso qualified third behind team mate Massa and pole sitter Sebastian Vettel. At the start, Alonso got ahead of Massa to move up to second and later on in the race, leader Vettel had an engine problem and dropped to fourth and Alonso won the race, becoming the fifth man to win on his debut for Ferrari after Juan Manuel Fangio in 1956, Mario Andretti in 1971, Nigel Mansell in 1989, and Kimi Räikkönen in 2007. Team mate Massa came second taking a 1–2 for Ferrari and Alonso's former McLaren team mate Lewis Hamilton came through to finish third.[52]
In the Australian Grand Prix, Alonso qualified third behind the two Red Bull cars of Sebastian Vettel and Mark Webber. At the start, on a damp track, Alonso was tipped into a spin by eventual race winner Jenson Button, and rejoined last. Alonso charged back to fourth and then held off late race attacks from Lewis Hamilton and Mark Webber to finish fourth, only two seconds behind teammate Felipe Massa.
In China, Alonso qualified third again, behind Vettel and Webber. Alonso jumped the start, for which he was later given a drive-through penalty, which dropped him down to 15th, over a minute behind race leader Nico Rosberg. With the help of a safety car which bunched the field together, and due to a series of overtaking manoeuvres, Alonso finished fourth. During the race, one of his overtaking maneuvers was on team-mate Massa as the two entered the pit lane to change to intermediate tyres when the rain came. This aggressive overtaking, in which Massa had to put two wheels on the grass to avoid a collision, and then had to wait behind Alonso during Alonso's stop which cost him a few places, raised questions that all was not well between the Ferrari teammates. However, both drivers quickly quashed the speculation, saying that the overtaking did not affect the relationship between the drivers at all, and that they are as friendly as they were before.[citation needed]
The first European round was in Spain where Alonso qualified fourth behind the Red Bulls and former McLaren team mate Hamilton. Alonso ran fourth until the final 15 laps of the race, when he first was elevated to third after Vettel suffered brake problems which forced him to go for an extra pit stop, and then gained another place when Hamilton's tyre failed on the penultimate lap. He finished second, thus getting his first podium after the win in Bahrain. In Monaco, Alonso crashed his car in practice and was unable to take part in qualifying. He started 24th and last but charged up to sixth. On the last lap, Michael Schumacher passed him under the safety car to take the place, but was then penalized for the overtaking, giving sixth back to Alonso.
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For the Canadian Grand Prix, Alonso qualified fourth and was promoted to third after Mark Webber's penalty for a gearbox change. He finished third after a racelong battle with the McLarens and Red Bulls, getting only his second podium after his win in Bahrain. In the next round in Valencia, Alonso secured fourth on the grid in qualifying. During the race, he was right on the gearbox of Lewis Hamilton's McLaren when the Safety Car was deployed following Mark Webber's somersaulting crash after rear-ending Heikki Kovalainen. After a brief hesitation, Hamilton drove past the Safety Car, while Alonso and Massa took up position behind it. This allowed the McLaren driver (and several other drivers) to secure a significant advantage, and following their pitstops, the Ferrari drivers found themselves at the tail end of the field. Alonso was heard over the team radio insisting that Ferrari take up the matter with race director Charlie Whiting. The FIA stewards did ultimately award Hamilton a drive-through penalty, but the significant delay between the offence and the verdict (due to a delay in securing aerial footage of Hamilton's pass on the Safety Car) and the relatively short length of the pitlane at Valencia, meant that Hamilton was able to re-emerge from the pits without losing position. Finishing the race in eighth position, Alonso criticised the FIA for 'manipulating' the race result, a statement which he later moderated. Ferrari were equally critical of the FIA's stewarding of the event.[citation needed]
At the British Grand Prix at Silverstone, Alonso lined up third on the grid. However, clutch problems at the start caused his Ferrari to bog down and Alonso had dropped several positions by the time the pack reached the first corner. Alonso attempted to stage a fightback, and while attempting to pass Robert Kubica's Renault down the outside at Vale, was forced on to the grass as Kubica closed the door on him. Alonso rejoined the track ahead of Kubica, and maintained track position ahead of the Pole. Alonso was heard on the radio explaining to his team that Kubica had forced him on to the grass, while Kubica informed his team that Alonso had illegally passed him by cutting the chicane. After some delay, the stewards awarded Alonso a drive-through penalty for failing to yield the position back to Kubica. The situation was further exacerbated by the untimely deployment of the Safety Car owing to debris on the track, which bunched the field up, and caused Alonso to drop to the tail of the pack once he served his penalty. Alonso crossed the line in fourteenth place, a minute behind race winner Mark Webber, setting the fastest lap of the race on the final lap, having changed tyres after a puncture. More accusations followed after the race, with Ferrari alleging that the FIA had not responded to their requests for clarification, and the FIA insisting that they had requested Ferrari to give back Alonso's position to Kubica and thus obviate the need for an inquiry.[citation needed]
For the German Grand Prix at Hockenheim, Alonso missed pole position by 0.002 seconds to Vettel, with Massa qualifying third. In the race, Vettel made a poor start and attempted to compensate by squeezing Alonso towards the pitwall. Seizing this opportunity, Massa overtook both of them, and entered the first corner with Alonso and Vettel in second and third places. Alonso then controversially overtook Massa and they crossed the line in that order to give Ferrari a 1–2 finish. For the Hungarian Grand Prix, Alonso qualified in third place, behind the two Red Bulls of Vettel and Webber. As the lights went out, he passed Webber into second place, and then drew alongside Vettel on the outside going into the first corner. Alonso lost out to Webber at the pitstops, but got ahead of Vettel when the latter was given a drive-through penalty. He was able to hold off Vettel and finish the race in second place. After a promising start in Belgium, qualifying yielded a disappointing grid position of tenth place. When the race started, things went from bad to worse as Alonso was torpedoed from behind by Rubens Barrichello's sliding Williams. Alonso recovered to eighth before spinning out of the race in the closing stages.
At the Italian Grand Prix, Alonso claimed pole position ahead of Jenson Button, but trailed Button by the first corner. Alonso and Massa pursued the McLaren until it pitted. Alonso pitted the next lap, with a quicker stop allowing Alonso to return to the track wheel to wheel with Button, and narrowly edged him out into the first corner. He pulled clear to claim his 24th career win, his third of the season, and Ferrari's first win at Monza since 2006. As an added bonus, Alonso also claimed the fastest lap of the race, resulting in a hat-trick (pole, win and fastest lap). At the Singapore Grand Prix, Alonso took pole position ahead of Vettel, the McLarens of Hamilton and Button and the second Red Bull of championship leader Webber. When the lights went out, Alonso made a solid start and led Vettel into the first corner. Alonso soaked up pressure from Vettel for the entire race and crossed the line less than 0.3 seconds ahead of the Red Bull. Once more, Alonso set the fastest lap of the race in the closing stages. In Japan, Alonso finished third, behind Vettel and Webber, then won in Korea after Vettel retired with engine failure. He also scored his fifth fastest lap of the year, enough to give him the 2010 DHL Fastest Lap Award after a countback with Lewis Hamilton.[53]
In Abu Dhabi, Alonso entered the event with an eight-point lead, and qualified third. At the start of the race he lost a place to Button and then a strategic error by his team meant that Alonso spent the rest of the race stuck behind Vitaly Petrov, and lost out on world championship honours to Sebastian Vettel.[54]
2011[link]
Alonso started the season with a fourth place in Australia, finishing half a minute behind race-winner Sebastian Vettel. He followed that up with sixth and seventh places in Malaysia and China, being outperformed by team-mate Massa in both races. He took his first podium of the season with third at the Turkish Grand Prix, having run second for a time and was only passed by Mark Webber on lap 51 of 58. Prior to his home race in Spain, he extended his contract with Ferrari for a further four years, until the end of 2016.[55] In Spain, Alonso qualified third, and took the race lead into the first turn. However, he was overtaken by the Red Bulls in the first set of pit stops, and eventually finished fifth, one lap down. In Monaco, after qualifying fourth, Alonso was running strongly in third place behind Vettel – who was on heavily worn tyres – and Button, and was promoted to second when Button pitted after being unable to pass Vettel. A multi car crash then resulted in a red flag situation, allowing Vettel and Alonso to change to fresh tyres for the restart, with Alonso finishing the race in second.
Alonso was forced to retire in Canada after contact with Button left his car beached on a kerb. He bounced back to finish second in Valencia. At the British Grand Prix, controversial blown diffuser systems were temporarily banned, which was perceived to give Ferrari an advantage over its rivals. Alonso was running second to Vettel in the race, until a mistake from the Red Bull mechanics in a pit stop gave Alonso the lead, which he maintained until the end of the race to take his first victory of the season. Alonso finished second in Germany after a race-long battle with eventual winner Lewis Hamilton, and Mark Webber. He took his fourth successive podium by finishing third in Hungary, before finishing fourth in Belgium, after being overtaken by Webber and Button in the closing stages. Alonso took the lead of the Italian Grand Prix in the first corner, but was later passed by Vettel and Button. He was able to defend third place from Hamilton at the end of the race to take another podium. Alonso finished second to Button in Japan, and added a third place in India and second in Abu Dhabi. Alonso closed the season with fourth in Brazil to finish fourth in the Drivers' Championship, losing third place to Webber by one point, after Webber won the race.
2012[link]
Having signed a contract extension during the 2011 season, Alonso remains with Ferrari for the 2012 season.[55] Ferrari appeared to be struggling for pace in pre-season testing; in qualifying for the Australian Grand Prix, Alonso lost the rear of his car at turn one during the second part of qualifying and his car became beached in the gravel, and ultimately lined up twelfth on the grid. He drove a strong race to finish 5th. At the next race in Malaysia, the Ferrari's lack of pace was again demonstrated with Alonso qualifying ninth. However, in the race, which started in wet conditions, Alonso drove strongly, taking the lead on lap 16. Sauber's Sergio Pérez began to quickly catch Alonso, despite a slow pit stop, and looked to be close to passing Alonso, until he ran wide, giving Alonso an unexpected first win of the season. Alonso finished third in the Monaco Grand Prix putting him into the lead of the Drivers' Championship this season ahead of Sebastian Vettel, the 2011 champion, and Vettel's team-mate at Red Bull, Mark Webber, who won at Monaco.
Controversies[link]
- At the 2003 European Grand Prix, David Coulthard and McLaren managing director Martin Whitmarsh accused Alonso of giving Coulthard a brake test. This was in relation to a passage of racing towards the end of the race when Coulthard was trying to overtake Alonso, who was holding him up. Coulthard swerved off the track and into retirement during an attempted overtake. After talking to the drivers and viewing telemetry and video data, the FIA stewards decided that the incident did not warrant any "further judicial action".[56]
- At the 2006 Hungarian Grand Prix, Alonso was involved in an incident in which he brake tested Red Bull Racing test driver Robert Doornbos in the second free practice session. The stewards decided that Alonso's actions were "unnecessary, unacceptable and dangerous", and awarded him a one second time penalty to be applied to his fastest lap time in each of the qualifying sessions.[23]
- After a separate incident from the same race, when Michael Schumacher was asked whether he thought Alonso deliberately slowed down so that Schumacher had to pass him under red flags in practice, Schumacher replied, "You said that, I didn't."[57]
- In the 2006 Italian Grand Prix, after stewards ruled Alonso had potentially blocked Felipe Massa in Saturday qualifying and relegated him five places on the starting grid, Alonso stated "I love the sport, love the fans coming here – a lot of them from Spain but I don't consider Formula One like a sport any more".[26]
- In the qualifying for the 2007 Hungarian Grand Prix, while both McLarens were in the pits, Alonso remained stationary in the McLaren pit for a few seconds. This delayed the then provisional pole sitter and team-mate Lewis Hamilton long enough to prevent him from getting another 'hot lap' in. Alonso then went on to claim pole.[58] McLaren boss Ron Dennis later said the team had got "out of sequence" when Hamilton did not as agreed allow Alonso past earlier in the qualifying session. He added that Alonso was "under the control of his engineer" when he was waiting in the pit lane.[59] However, Alonso was subsequently given a five-place grid penalty[60] and his McLaren team were docked the 15 constructors' World Championship points they would have earned in the race.[61]
- As a result of this investigation, it emerged that some team members within McLaren, among them Alonso, were aware of confidential information belonging to the Ferrari team. This information was commented on to Alonso by McLaren test driver Pedro de la Rosa who had also received information from McLaren chief designer Mike Coughlan. The email contained text suggesting that Alonso was surprised by the data and doubted its authenticity. According to the "spygate" related email exchanges between Alonso and de la Rosa, it was clear that Alonso knew about Ferrari's pit strategies in the Australian Grand Prix and Bahrain Grand Prix. Alonso finished 2nd and 5th respectively in those races.[62] Ron Dennis told the FIA about the case during the Hungarian Grand Prix. Amid media allegations that Alonso threatened Dennis with reporting the team to FIA himself if he was not given number one driver status, Ron Dennis stated in a televised interview that there had been an argument, and that Alonso had said something in the heat of the moment but immediately apologised. This was when Dennis found out about Ferrari data and immediately informed the FIA. Pitlane sources have suggested, from published FIA stewards data, that an argument involving reporting the McLaren team to the FIA was prompted by the fact that there was no stewards' investigation regarding the qualifying pitlane incident until Anthony and Lewis Hamilton made a formal complaint on the Saturday evening; costing Alonso a five-place grid penalty and loss of Constructors' Points for the team. FIA then revealed that it had had knowledge of the Spygate case thanks to a slip made by Coughlan.[63]
- In what became known in the media as "Crashgate", Renault allegedly ordered Alonso's teammate Nelson Piquet, Jr. to crash at the 2008 Singapore Grand Prix, causing a safety-car incident at a moment where Alonso would get tremendous benefit from his race strategy, putting him towards the front of the field, and giving him a fighting chance to win the race, after a number of opponents (Felipe Massa, Robert Kubica and Kimi Räikkönen to name a few) suffered. However, the FIA confirmed that no evidence had shown that Alonso had knowledge of the plan, and neither did many of the personal mechanics of both drivers.[64]
- In the 2010 German Grand Prix at Hockenheim, Alonso became involved in a controversy with team-mate Massa, as Ferrari were accused of using team orders during the race. The incident started when Massa was leading the race and Ferrari engineer Rob Smedley said "Fernando is faster than you. Can you confirm you understood that message?".[65] Shortly after this, Massa slowed down and was overtaken by Alonso in what appeared to be team orders. Shortly after the race notable people of the senior personnel in Ferrari, Massa and Alonso were summoned to the stewards. The matter was then referred to the FIA World Motor Sport Council. and Ferrari were given a $100,000 fine but the result of the race was unchanged.[66][67]
- In the 2010 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, Alonso was seen gesticulating furiously at Vitaly Petrov on the slowing down lap in front of TV cameras, and initially it seemed that he had blamed the young Russian for costing him the world crown as he ended up being unable to find a way past the Renault driver while race winner Sebastian Vettel was crowned world champion. However, Alonso denied accusations that he had accused Petrov of denying him the title.[68]
Fan phenomenon: Alonsomanía[link]
Alonsomanía is the fan phenomenon about Alonso. In 2005 his success fuelled an increase in interest in Formula One in Spain.[69][70] On 25 September 2005, a huge party began in Alonso's home town of Oviedo when he became the country's first Formula One World Champion and the youngest in the sport's history at the time. Alonso's fans are recognized by the light blue and yellow Asturias flags[69] which are coincidentally the same colors used by the Mild Seven Renault team between 2002 and 2006. After his championship win, a widely-visited exhibition of Alonso's racing gear was held in Oviedo.[71]
Racing record[link]
Career summary[link]
| Season | Series | Team | Races | Wins | Poles | F/Laps | Podiums | Points | Position |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1999 | Euro Open by Nissan | Campos Motorsport | 15 | 6 | 9 | 4 | 8 | 164 | 1st |
| 2000 | International Formula 3000 | Team Astromega | 9 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 17 | 4th |
| 2001 | Formula One | European Minardi F1 Team | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23rd |
| 2002 | Formula One | Mild Seven Renault F1 Team | Test Driver | ||||||
| 2003 | Formula One | Mild Seven Renault F1 Team | 16 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 55 | 6th |
| 2004 | Formula One | Mild Seven Renault F1 Team | 18 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 59 | 4th |
| 2005 | Formula One | Mild Seven Renault F1 Team | 19 | 7 | 6 | 2 | 15 | 133 | 1st |
| 2006 | Formula One | Mild Seven Renault F1 Team | 18 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 14 | 134 | 1st |
| 2007 | Formula One | Vodafone McLaren Mercedes | 17 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 12 | 109 | 3rd |
| 2008 | Formula One | ING Renault F1 Team | 18 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 61 | 5th |
| 2009 | Formula One | ING Renault F1 Team | 17 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 26 | 9th |
| 2010 | Formula One | Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro | 19 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 10 | 252 | 2nd |
| 2011 | Formula One | Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro | 19 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 257 | 4th |
| 2012 | Formula One | Scuderia Ferrari | 6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 76 | 1st* |
* Season in progress.
Complete International Formula 3000 results[link]
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
| Year | Entrant | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | DC | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | Team Astromega | IMO 9 |
SIL EX |
CAT 15 |
NÜR Ret |
MON 8 |
MAG Ret |
A1R 6 |
HOC Ret |
HUN 2 |
SPA 1 |
4th | 17 |
Complete Formula One results[link]
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
| Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | WDC | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 | European Minardi F1 Team | Minardi PS01 | European (Cosworth) 3.0 V10 | AUS 12 |
MAL 13 |
BRA Ret |
SMR Ret |
ESP 13 |
AUT Ret |
MON Ret |
CAN Ret |
EUR 14 |
FRA 17 |
GBR 16 |
GER 10 |
HUN Ret |
BEL Ret |
ITA 13 |
USA Ret |
JPN 11 |
23rd | 0 | |||
| 2003 | Mild Seven Renault F1 Team | Renault R23 | Renault RS23 3.0 V10 | AUS 7 |
MAL 3 |
BRA 3 |
SMR 6 |
ESP 2 |
AUT Ret |
MON 5 |
CAN 4 |
EUR 4 |
FRA Ret |
GBR Ret |
GER 4 |
HUN 1 |
ITA 8 |
USA Ret |
JPN Ret |
6th | 55 | ||||
| 2004 | Mild Seven Renault F1 Team | Renault R24 | Renault RS24 3.0 V10 | AUS 3 |
MAL 7 |
BHR 6 |
SMR 4 |
ESP 4 |
MON Ret |
EUR 5 |
CAN Ret |
USA Ret |
FRA 2 |
GBR 10 |
GER 3 |
HUN 3 |
BEL Ret |
ITA Ret |
CHN 4 |
JPN 5 |
BRA 4 |
4th | 59 | ||
| 2005 | Mild Seven Renault F1 Team | Renault R25 | Renault RS25 3.0 V10 | AUS 3 |
MAL 1 |
BHR 1 |
SMR 1 |
ESP 2 |
MON 4 |
EUR 1 |
CAN Ret |
USA DNS |
FRA 1 |
GBR 2 |
GER 1 |
HUN 11 |
TUR 2 |
ITA 2 |
BEL 2 |
BRA 3 |
JPN 3 |
CHN 1 |
1st | 133 | |
| 2006 | Mild Seven Renault F1 Team | Renault R26 | Renault RS26 2.4 V8 | BHR 1 |
MAL 2 |
AUS 1 |
SMR 2 |
EUR 2 |
ESP 1 |
MON 1 |
GBR 1 |
CAN 1 |
USA 5 |
FRA 2 |
GER 5 |
HUN Ret |
TUR 2 |
ITA Ret |
CHN 2 |
JPN 1 |
BRA 2 |
1st | 134 | ||
| 2007 | Vodafone McLaren Mercedes | McLaren MP4-22 | Mercedes FO 108T 2.4 V8 | AUS 2 |
MAL 1 |
BHR 5 |
ESP 3 |
MON 1 |
CAN 7 |
USA 2 |
FRA 7 |
GBR 2 |
EUR 1 |
HUN 4 |
TUR 3 |
ITA 1 |
BEL 3 |
JPN Ret |
CHN 2 |
BRA 3 |
3rd | 109 | |||
| 2008 | ING Renault F1 Team | Renault R28 | Renault RS27 2.4 V8 | AUS 4 |
MAL 8 |
BHR 10 |
ESP Ret |
TUR 6 |
MON 10 |
CAN Ret |
FRA 8 |
GBR 6 |
GER 11 |
HUN 4 |
EUR Ret |
BEL 4 |
ITA 4 |
SIN 1 |
JPN 1 |
CHN 4 |
BRA 2 |
5th | 61 | ||
| 2009 | ING Renault F1 Team | Renault R29 | Renault RS27 2.4 V8 | AUS 5 |
MAL 11 |
CHN 9 |
BHR 8 |
ESP 5 |
MON 7 |
TUR 10 |
GBR 14 |
GER 7 |
HUN Ret |
EUR 6 |
BEL Ret |
ITA 5 |
9th | 26 | |||||||
| Renault F1 Team | SIN 3 |
JPN 10 |
BRA Ret |
ABU 14 |
|||||||||||||||||||||
| 2010 | Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro | Ferrari F10 | Ferrari 056 2.4 V8 | BHR 1 |
AUS 4 |
MAL 13 |
CHN 4 |
ESP 2 |
MON 6 |
TUR 8 |
CAN 3 |
EUR 8 |
GBR 14 |
GER 1 |
HUN 2 |
BEL Ret |
ITA 1 |
SIN 1 |
JPN 3 |
KOR 1 |
BRA 3 |
ABU 7 |
2nd | 252 | |
| 2011 | Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro | Ferrari 150° Italia | Ferrari 056 2.4 V8 | AUS 4 |
MAL 6 |
CHN 7 |
TUR 3 |
ESP 5 |
MON 2 |
CAN Ret |
EUR 2 |
4th | 257 | ||||||||||||
| Scuderia Ferrari | GBR 1 |
GER 2 |
HUN 3 |
BEL 4 |
ITA 3 |
SIN 4 |
JPN 2 |
KOR 5 |
IND 3 |
ABU 2 |
BRA 4 |
||||||||||||||
| 2012 | Scuderia Ferrari | Ferrari F2012 | Ferrari 056 2.4 V8 | AUS 5 |
MAL 1 |
CHN 9 |
BHR 7 |
ESP 2 |
MON 3 |
CAN | EUR | GBR | GER | HUN | BEL | ITA | SIN | JPN | KOR | IND | ABU | USA | BRA | 1st* | 76* |
* Season in progress.
See also[link]
Books[link]
- Actis, Raquel (2003) (in Spanish). Fernando Alonso: El Principe de la Formula 1. Nuevas Ediciones del Motor. ISBN 978-84-607-9784-5.
- Seara, Victor (2004) (in Spanish). Fernando Alonso: Una Estrella en El Mundo de la Formula 1. La Esfera de los Libros. ISBN 978-84-9734-182-0.
- Actis, Raquel; Luis Criado (2005) (in Spanish). Fernando Alonso: La Lucha por la Superacion. Cultural. ISBN 978-84-609-7818-3.
- Viaplana, Josep (2005) (in Spanish). El nuevo rey-Campeón Fernando Alonso. Ediciones B. ISBN 978-84-666-1798-7.
- Brian, Rodrigo Castillo; Javier del Arco de Izco, Antonio Lobato (2005) (in Spanish). Los 100 Mejores Pilotos de Fórmula 1: De Nino Farina a Fernando Alonso, 1950–2005. Cahoba Promociones y Ediciones. ISBN 978-84-9832-056-5.
- Camus, Martine (2006) (in French). Fernando Alonso: Le Sacre de la Jeunesse. Chronosports. ISBN 978-2-84707-108-5.
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- ^ a b "Fernando Alonso to stay at Ferrari until 2016". Formula1.com (Formula One Administration). 19 May 2011. http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/5/12043.html. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
- ^ "The Coulthard-Alonso incident". Grand Prix. 1 July 2003. http://www.grandprix.com/ns/ns11426.html. Retrieved 16 January 2007.
- ^ "Schumi hints at foul play". GPUpdate.net. 5 August 2006. http://www.gpupdate.net/en/f1-news/126543/schumi-hints-at-foul-play/. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
- ^ "Hungarian Grand Prix 2007 – Qualifying". news.bbc.co.uk. 5 August 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/6929333.stm. Retrieved 6 August 2007.
- ^ "Dennis: Hamilton triggered incident". autosport.com. 4 August 2007. http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/61368. Retrieved 6 August 2007.
- ^ "Alonso demoted to sixth in Hungary". autosport.com. 4 August 2007. http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/61370. Retrieved 4 August 2007.
- ^ "Alonso punished for Hamilton move". British Broadcasting Corp.. 4 August 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/6929333.stm. Retrieved 4 August 2007.
- ^ "Dennis tipped off FIA about evidence". 14 September 2007. http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/62376. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
- ^ Elizalde, Pablo (19 September 2007). "Transcript highlights Dennis/Alonso row". http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/62548. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
- ^ Gorman, Edward (16 September 2009). "Flavio Briatore exits as Renault capitulates on race-fix claims". The Times (London: Times Newspapers Ltd.). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/formula_1/article6836959.ece. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
- ^ Smedley, Rob (Engineer) (25 July 2010). Formula 1: The German Grand Prix. Hockenheimring, Baden-Württemberg, Germany: BBC. Event occurs at 02:00:40–02:00:50.
- ^ Vesty, Marc (25 July 2010). "Fernando Alonso leads Ferrari one-two in German GP". BBC Sport (BBC). http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/8852780.stm. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
- ^ Rae, Richard (25 July 2010). "Ferrari fined $100,000 but result stands". BBC Sport (BBC). http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/8852918.stm. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
- ^ Young, Byron (15 November 2010). "Alonso accused of Petrov gestures". Daily Mirror. http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/motorsport/2010/11/15/fernando-alonso-accused-of-giving-vitaly-petrov-the-finger-after-losing-f1-world-title-115875-22718216/. Retrieved 15 November 2010.
- ^ a b "India's premier sports portal". Sify.com. http://sify.com/sports/motorsport/fullstory.php?id=13736476. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
- ^ "SI.com – Racing – Alonso bides his time ahead of Schumacher duel – Friday May 6, 2005 1:45 pm". Sports Illustrated. 6 May 2005. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2005/racing/05/06/bc.sport.motor.racing/. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
- ^ "Alonso gets Spain's top sporting award". Rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/sports/2005/oct/22alonso.htm. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Fernando Alonso |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Fernando Alonso |
- Fernando Alonso's official site
- Profile – from Formula 1 official website
- Profile – from Scuderia Ferrari official website
- FAster Inside with Fernando Alonso (Spanish)
- Career statistics
- Fernando Alonso statistics
- Fernando Alonso at the Internet Movie Database
- Fernando Alonso at the Notable Names Database
- Fernando Alonso on Twitter
- Fernando Alonso on Facebook
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Alonso Díaz, Fernando |
| Alternative names | Alonso, Fernando |
| Short description | Spanish Formula One driver. |
| Date of birth | 29 July 1981 |
| Place of birth | Oviedo, Asturias, Spain |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Fernando_Alonso
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Fernando Alonso
http://es.wn.com/Fernando Alonso
http://ru.wn.com/Алонсо, Фернандо
http://cs.wn.com/Fernando Alonso
http://pt.wn.com/Fernando Alonso
http://pl.wn.com/Fernando Alonso
http://it.wn.com/Fernando Alonso
http://id.wn.com/Fernando Alonso
http://nl.wn.com/Fernando Alonso
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Alonso
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 |
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2010) |
| Day 26 | |
|---|---|
| Origin | New York City, New York, United States |
| Genres | R&B |
| Years active | 2007–present |
| Labels | Bad Boy (2007-2009) Atlantic (2010-present) |
| Associated acts | Danity Kane, Donnie Klang, Diddy |
| Website | Official site |
| Members | |
| Robert Curry Brian Andrews Willie Taylor Michael "Butta" McCluney |
|
| Past members | |
| Qwanell "Que" Mosley | |
Day26 is an American male R&B music group formed on August 26, 2007 by Sean "Diddy" Combs in a handpicked selection at the end of MTV's Making the Band 4. The group consists of Robert Curry, Brian Andrews, Willie Taylor, and Michael McCluney. The moniker is a tribute to the day when Andrews, McCluney, Curry, and Taylor went from unknowns to stars. The group released their first album, Day26, on March 25, 2008, one week after their then label mates and Making the Band 3 winners Danity Kane released Welcome to the Dollhouse. The album's first single, "Got Me Going", was released on the finale of Making the Band 4. The album went on to debut at number one on the billboard charts.
Contents |
Career[link]
Making the Band 4 returned to MTV for another season and followed Day26, Danity Kane and Donnie Klang on the Making The Band tour. Season 3, Part 2 of Making The Band 4 debuted on February 12, 2009. The season followed Day26 as they recorded their second album, Forever in a Day, which was released April 14, 2009.
[edit] 2007–2008: Formation of group and Day26
Day26 was founded on the Making the Band 4 Season 1 finale on August 26, 2007. Brian Andrews, Michael McCluney, Qwanell Mosley, Robert Curry, and Willie Taylor were chosen to be a part of Diddy's brand new all-male R&B music group, while fellow cast member Donnie Klang was chosen as a solo artist for Bad Boy Records. The name Day 26 was selected from the day that they were picked which was August 26, 2007.
After being signed as a group to Bad Boy, Day 26 began another season of Making the Band with label mates Danity Kane and Donnie Klang. Upon this season, Day 26's debut single "Got Me Going" was released to download in January 2008. "Got Me Going" eventually peeked at #79 on the Billboard Hot 100. Day 26 later released their self-titled album Day26 on March 25, 2009. The next week, the album debuted at #1 on Billboard 200 selling 200,000 copies. This is the third feat. at #1 for Bad Boy winners. Album production includes Mario Winans, Danja, Bryan-Michael Cox, The Runners, and upon many others. The second single "Since You've Been Gone" was released on June 9, 2008. The song failed to reach Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at #52 on Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. A third single was planned, but was scrapped due to low album sales, and production on their next album. Overall, the album sold 387,000 copies.
On August 19, 2008, Day26 returned with another season of Making the Band. This season involved in Making the Band 4 - The Tour, which resolved to the break-up of Danity Kane.
[edit] 2009-present: Forever in a Day and departure of Qwanell Mosley
 |
This section is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this section to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (June 2011) |
Upon album release of their second studio album "Forever in a Day", season 3 of Making the Band 4 re-aired in February 2009. This time, the season focused around getting the album finished and also the personal problems of Qwanell. The production resulted a promo release of the song "Stadium Music" which later was up for discussion as the second official release for the album. The first official single "Imma Put It on Her", was released to iTunes on March 31, 2009. The single peaked at #79 on the Billboard Hot 100. The video for the second hit single "Stadium Music" premiered on May 29, 2009, on 106 & Park. Day26 won the BET Award for Best Group at the 2009 BET Awards.
On June 7, Day26 performed at Hot 97's Summer Jam with Willie's cousin Jeremih.
On June 12, Qwanell confirmed via his official Twitter that "Your Heels" would be the next single released from the album, with a video being shot on June 29.[1]
On August 25, they released a video album entitled Forever in Your Eyes consisting of music videos to eight of the songs from Forever in a Day. The album was released as a digital download only, exclusively to iTunes.
On November 24, 2009, Willie announced that Day26 were leaving Bad Boy for Atlantic Records.
On December 1, 2009, Que confirmed that Day26 had asked him to leave the group, and he was later removed from the group. He stated that all he wanted was an audit, and new management, but the group simply did not agree and was forced to remove him from the group. Que also stated that he did not want to leave.
It has been confirmed that the group has begun working on their third studio album solely on Atlantic Records, and did not move with Bad Boy to Interscope Records. On June 14, 2010, member Brian Andrews confirmed that the third album title will be called "A New Day", release date is not yet confirmed. According to Day26's Facebook page and day26online.com a new album will be released in 2011.[dated info] On June 15, 2011, the group released their first buzz single for their upcoming album entitled "Let It Go" featuring Roscoe Dash.
On October 15, 2011, the group planned to release a single called "Make It To The Bed," but was pushed back to a later date. According to Day26's official Twitter, new music "and more" would be released on October 26, 2011.
On October 26, 2011, the official website of Day26 was open. Day26Online.com - which included their first single "Made Love Lately" and a trailer to a web series "A New Day."
Discography[link]
Studio albums[link]
| Title | Details | Peak chart positions |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| US [2] |
US R&B [3] |
||
| Day26 |
|
1 | 1 |
| Forever in a Day |
|
2 | 1 |
| A New Day |
|
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Singles[link]
| Year | Title | Chart Positions | Album | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| U.S. 100 | R&B | U.S. Pop | |||
| 2008 | "Got Me Going" | 79 | 30 | 75 | Day26 |
| "Since You've Been Gone" | — | 52 | — | ||
| 2009 | "Imma Put It on Her" (featuring Diddy & Yung Joc)[4] | 79 | 29 | — | Forever in a Day |
| "Stadium Music" | — | — | — | ||
| 2011 | "Let It Go" | — | — | — | A New Day |
| "Made Love Lately" | — | 75 | — | ||
Video albums[link]
| Year | Title |
|---|---|
| 2009 | Forever In Your Eyes
|
Awards and nominations[link]
- American Music Awards
- 2009, Favorite R&B/Hip-Hop Band Duo or Group (Nominated)
- BET Awards
- 2009, Best Group (Won)
- 2008, Best Group (Nominated)
- Image Awards
- 2010, Outstanding Duo or Group (Nominated)
- Teen Choice Awards
- 2008, Choice Breakout Group (Nominated)
- Online Hip Hop Awards
- 2008, Digital Download of the Year (R&B) for "Got Me Going" (Won)
- Urban Music Awards
- 2009, Best Music Video: Imma Put It On Her (Nominated)
- 2009, Best Male Act (Nominated)
Music videos[link]
- Got Me Going
- Since You've Been Gone
- Imma Put It On Her
- Stadium Music
- Girlfriend
- Truth Is A Lie
- So Good
- Then There's You
- Perfectly Blind
- Just Getting Started
- Made Love Lately
References[link]
- ^ Q's official Twitter
- ^ "Day26 Album & Song Chart History - Billboard 200". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/day26/chart-history/975393?f=305&g=Albums. Retrieved February 25, 2011.
- ^ "Day26 Album & Song Chart History - R&B/Hip-Hop Albums". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/day26/chart-history/975393?f=333&g=Albums. Retrieved February 25, 2011.
- ^ http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R%26B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&pageNumber=Top+11-50&g=Singles
External links[link]
| Preceded by Danity Kane |
Making the Band winners 2007 |
Most recent |
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http://wn.com/Day26
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Day26
http://de.wn.com/Day26
http://it.wn.com/Day26
http://pt.wn.com/Day26
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day26
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the racing driver. For the ice hockey player, see Ronnie Pettersson. For the motorcycle speedway rider, see Ronni Pedersen.
 Peterson in 1971 |
|
| Born | (1944-02-14)14 February 1944 Örebro, Sweden |
|---|---|
| Died | 11 September 1978(1978-09-11) (aged 34) Milan, Italy |
| Formula One World Championship career | |
| Nationality |  Swedish |
| Active years | 1970 – 1978 |
| Teams | March inc. non-works, Tyrrell, Lotus |
| Races | 123 |
| Championships | 0 |
| Wins | 10 |
| Podiums | 26 |
| Career points | 206 |
| Pole positions | 14 |
| Fastest laps | 9 |
| First race | 1970 Monaco Grand Prix |
| First win | 1973 French Grand Prix |
| Last win | 1978 Austrian Grand Prix |
| Last race | 1978 Italian Grand Prix |
Bengt Ronnie Peterson (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈrɔni ˈpɛtɛʂon]; 14 February 1944 – 11 September 1978) was a Swedish racing driver. He was a two-time runner-up in the FIA Formula One World Drivers' Championship.
Peterson began his motor racing career in kart racing, traditionally the discipline where the majority of race drivers begin their careers in open-wheel racing. After winning a number of karting titles, including two Swedish titles in 1963 and 1964, he moved on to Formula Three, where he won the Monaco Grand Prix Formula Three support race for the 1969 Grand Prix. Later that year he won the European Formula Three Championship and moved up into Formula One, racing for the March factory team. In his three-year spell with the team, he took six podiums, most of which were scored during the 1971 Formula One season in which he also finished as runner-up in the Drivers' Championship.
After seeing out his three-year contract at March, Peterson joined Colin Chapman's Team Lotus in 1973, partnering defending champion Emerson Fittipaldi. During his first two seasons with Lotus, Peterson took seven victories, scoring a career-best 52 points in 1973. After a poor 1975 season, Peterson moved back to March and scored his final victory for the team at the 1976 Italian Grand Prix. After spending 1977 with Tyrrell, he moved back to Lotus for the 1978 season as "number two" driver to Mario Andretti. Peterson scored two wins, at the South African and Austrian Grand Prix races, and would finish second in the Drivers' Championship standings despite a fatal first-lap accident at Monza during the Italian Grand Prix.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Peterson was born in Almby in the vicinity of Örebro, Sweden. He developed his driving style at a young age while competing in karting, and rapidly worked his way up to the pinnacle of European karting before switching to cars.
Formulas Three and Two[link]
After his karting years, Peterson entered Formula Three racing in the Svebe, a 1L, Brabham-derived Formula car he co-designed with his father Bengt (who was a baker) and Sven Andersson.
Superb results from the outset quickly attracted the attention of the ambitious Tecno company from Italy, who signed him up in 1968. The pairing produced some fine results, and he won the 1969 Formula Three Championship.
Even after his elevation to F1 status Peterson still drove in lower echelon racing series (which was common at the time), winning the 1971 European Formula Two Championship driving for March.
Formula One[link]
Early years[link]
Peterson made his Grand Prix debut in a March 701 for Colin Crabbe's works-supported Antique Automobiles Racing Team at the 1970 Monaco Grand Prix. The limited budget of Crabbe's privateer team allowed only minimal testing, but Peterson qualified 12th out of 16 cars in the race. He was 10 places behind Jackie Stewart and Chris Amon, both on the front row of the grid in their newer specification 701s, but only just behind the more experienced Jo Siffert in the second works March. Peterson was the only March driver to finish the race, in seventh place.[1] In 1971 Peterson moved up to the full March works team, and made an instant impression. Five Formula One Grand Prix second places earned him the position of runner-up to Jackie Stewart in that year's World Championship. Peterson stayed at March until 1973, when he signed for John Player Team Lotus to partner Emerson Fittipaldi.
1973–1976[link]
Peterson's first Grand Prix win was at the 1973 French Grand Prix, held at Paul Ricard, in a Lotus 72. There were three more wins that year, in Austria, Italy and the United States, but poor reliability restricted him to only third place in the World Championship at season's end.
1974 yielded three more victories: the French and Italian Grands Prix, as well as the Monaco Grand Prix, the premier event of Formula One.
1975 was a bad year for Lotus. The Lotus 76 proved a failure, and he reverted to driving the 72F.
Peterson drove the first two races of 1976 in the Lotus 77 before rejoining March Engineering. Driving the March 761, he won the Italian Grand Prix.
1977–1978[link]
 |
This section may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (September 2007) |
In 1977, he raced for Tyrrell, driving the six-wheel Tyrrell P34B. His only podium finish was a third place at the Belgian Grand Prix.
Peterson surprised many by leaving Tyrrell to return to John Player Team Lotus for 1978. He won the 1978 South African Grand Prix, with a last-lap victory over Patrick Depailler, as well as the Austrian Grand Prix, in the innovative 'ground effect' Lotus 79. His teammate Mario Andretti won the Drivers' Championship with Peterson acting effectively as the Team "No. 2" with the pair scoring four 1–2 wins, all with Mario at the lead. Both of Peterson's wins occurred when Andretti encountered trouble, with Mario winning once when Peterson failed to finish (not including the Italian Grand Prix). Many times Peterson followed Andretti closely home, leading to speculation that 'Team Orders' were in place.
Throughout the 1970s Peterson had the reputation of being the fastest driver in F1 in terms of raw speed.[citation needed] During the 1978 season Andretti would frequently post the faster qualifying time. Perhaps refusing to believe the American could beat Peterson in a head to head contest, many came to believe that team orders extended even to qualifying. Another view, held by some contemporary observers, was that while Peterson may have in fact been the outright quicker of the two, it was Andretti's considerable car development skills that brought the recalcitrant Lotus 78 and 79 to full potential, and Peterson's seeming deference to Andretti was a tacit acknowledgement of this.[citation needed] To his credit, Peterson refused to contribute to any controversy, and on numerous occasions dismissed the speculation by stating that Andretti had simply turned the faster time.[citation needed]
Death[link]
The 1978 Italian Grand Prix at Monza started badly for Peterson. In practice he damaged his Lotus 79 race car beyond immediate repair and bruised his legs in the process. Team Lotus had a spare 79, but it had been built for Andretti, and the taller Peterson did not fit comfortably inside. The team's only other car was a type 78, the previous year's car, which had been dragged around the F1 circuit that season with minimal maintenance.
At the start of the race, the race starter threw the green light before the field was ready. The cars from fourth row onwards (Peterson started from the third) were rolling when the green light came on and got a jump on those ahead, resulting in an accordion effect as the cars approached the chicane, bunching them tightly together. The front four, Andretti, Villeneuve, Jabouille and Lauda, were far enough ahead to avoid any drama, but Peterson had made a poor start from fifth and was immediately passed by Alan Jones, Jacques Laffite and John Watson.
Jody Scheckter and Riccardo Patrese, starting 10th and 12th, had moved to the right across the line that separated the Grand Prix front straight from the approach to the old Monza banking. While Scheckter's Wolf was able to rejoin the track well ahead of the bunching pack, Patrese moved back in just ahead of James Hunt, who feinted left and collided with Peterson, with Vittorio Brambilla, Carlos Reutemann, Hans-Joachim Stuck, Patrick Depailler, Didier Pironi, Derek Daly, Clay Regazzoni and Brett Lunger all involved in the ensuing melee.
Peterson's Lotus went into the barriers hard and caught fire before bouncing back into the middle of the track. He was trapped in the burning wreck, but Hunt, Regazzoni and Depailler managed to free him before he received more than minor burns. He was dragged free and laid in the middle of the track fully conscious, his severe leg injuries obvious to all. Hunt later said he stopped Peterson from looking at his legs to spare him further distress.
At the time there was more concern for Brambilla, who was hit on the head by a flying wheel and was slumped comatose in his car (he later recovered and drove on in F1 until 1980). Peterson's life was not seen to be in any danger. The injured drivers were taken to hospital in Milan and the race was restarted when the track had been cleaned up.
At the hospital, Peterson's X-rays showed he had seven fractures in one leg and three in the other. After discussion with him, the surgeons decided to operate to stabilize the bones. Unfortunately, during the night, bone marrow went into Peterson's bloodstream through the fractures, forming fat globules on his major organs including lungs, liver and brain. By morning he was in full renal failure and was declared dead a few hours later. The cause of death was given as fat embolism.[2]
Teammate Mario Andretti clinched the championship at the race.[3] "It was so unfair to have a tragedy connected with probably what should have been the happiest day of my career", Andretti said, "I couldn't celebrate, but also, I knew that trophy would be with me forever. And I knew also that Ronnie would have been happy for me".[3]
Peterson ran a total of 123 Grand Prix races during his career, winning ten of them.[citation needed]
Peterson's widow Barbro (née Edwardsson) never got over his death and committed suicide on 19 December 1987. She was buried alongside Ronnie in the Peterson family grave in Örebro.[4] She and Ronnie had a daughter named Nina Louise (named after Jochen Rindt's wife) who was born in November 1975.[4][5] There is a statue of Ronnie Peterson in Örebro, by Richard Brixel. The official Ronnie Peterson museum was officially opened by Nina Peterson in Örebro on 31 May 2008, but it closed in October 2009 because it was unable to secure government funding.[6]
Complete World Championship results[link]
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
| Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | WDC | Pts. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | Antique Automobiles Racing Team | March 701 | Cosworth V8 | RSA | ESP | MON 7 |
BEL NC |
NC | 0 | |||||||||||||
| Colin Crabbe Racing | NED 9 |
FRA Ret |
GBR 9 |
GER Ret |
AUT | ITA Ret |
CAN NC |
USA 11 |
MEX | |||||||||||||
| 1971 | STP March Racing Team | March 711 | Cosworth V8 | RSA 10 |
ESP Ret |
MON 2 |
NED 4 |
GBR 2 |
GER 5 |
AUT 8 |
ITA 2 |
CAN 2 |
USA 3 |
2nd | 33 | |||||||
| Alfa Romeo V8 | FRA Ret |
|||||||||||||||||||||
| 1972 | STP March Racing Team | March 721 | Cosworth V8 | ARG 6 |
RSA 5 |
9th | 12 | |||||||||||||||
| March 721X | ESP Ret |
MON 11 |
BEL 9 |
|||||||||||||||||||
| March 721G | FRA 5 |
GBR 7 |
GER 3 |
AUT 12 |
ITA 9 |
CAN DSQ |
USA 4 |
|||||||||||||||
| 1973 | John Player Team Lotus | Lotus 72D | Cosworth V8 | ARG Ret |
BRA Ret |
RSA 11 |
3rd | 52 | ||||||||||||||
| Lotus 72E | ESP Ret |
BEL Ret |
MON 3 |
SWE 2 |
FRA 1 |
GBR 2 |
NED 11 |
GER Ret |
AUT 1 |
ITA 1 |
CAN Ret |
USA 1 |
||||||||||
| 1974 | John Player Team Lotus | Lotus 72E | Cosworth V8 | ARG 13 |
BRA 6 |
MON 1 |
SWE Ret |
NED 8 |
FRA 1 |
GBR 10 |
AUT Ret |
ITA 1 |
CAN 3 |
USA Ret |
5th | 35 | ||||||
| Lotus 76 | RSA Ret |
ESP Ret |
BEL Ret |
GER 4 |
||||||||||||||||||
| 1975 | John Player Team Lotus | Lotus 72E | Cosworth V8 | ARG Ret |
BRA 15 |
RSA 10 |
ESP Ret |
MON 4 |
BEL Ret |
SWE 9 |
NED 15 |
FRA 10 |
GBR Ret |
GER Ret |
AUT 5 |
ITA Ret |
USA 5 |
13th | 6 | |||
| 1976 | John Player Team Lotus | Lotus 77 | Cosworth V8 | BRA Ret |
11th | 10 | ||||||||||||||||
| March Engineering | March 761 | RSA Ret |
ESP Ret |
BEL Ret |
MON Ret |
SWE 7 |
FRA 19 |
GBR Ret |
GER Ret |
AUT 6 |
NED Ret |
ITA 1 |
CAN 9 |
USA Ret |
JPN Ret |
|||||||
| Theodore Racing | USW 10 |
|||||||||||||||||||||
| 1977 | Elf Team Tyrrell | Tyrrell P34B | Cosworth V8 | ARG Ret |
BRA Ret |
RSA Ret |
USW Ret |
ESP 8 |
MON Ret |
BEL 3 |
SWE Ret |
FRA 12 |
GBR Ret |
GER 9 |
AUT 5 |
NED Ret |
ITA 6 |
USA 16 |
CAN Ret |
JPN Ret |
14th | 7 |
| 1978 | John Player Team Lotus | Lotus 78 | Cosworth V8 | ARG 5 |
BRA Ret |
RSA 1 |
USW 4 |
MON Ret |
BEL 2 |
ITA Ret |
2nd | 51 | ||||||||||
| Lotus 79 | ESP 2 |
SWE 3 |
FRA 2 |
GBR Ret |
GER Ret |
AUT 1 |
NED 2 |
USA |
CAN |
References[link]
Journals[link]
- Henry, Alan (October 2008). "My Mate Ronnie". Motor Sport 48 (10): 58–64.
Internet[link]
- Nyberg, R. & Diepraam, M. 2000. Super Swede. 8W, January 2000.
Citations[link]
- ^ Lawrence, Mike (1989) The Story of March ; Four guys and a telephone Aston Publishing Ltd. p.36 ISBN 0-946627-24-X
- ^ http://www.motorsportmemorial.org/focus.php?db=ct&n=313
- ^ a b Larry Schwartz. "Super Mario had speed to burn". ESPN. http://www.espn.go.com/classic/biography/s/andretti_mario.html. Retrieved 2007-07-12.
- ^ a b The Official Ronnie Peterson Website
- ^ Formula 1 complete - all access F1 - Peterson, Ronnie
- ^ http://www.ronniepetersonmuseum.com
External links[link]
| Sporting positions | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Reine Wisell |
Swedish Formula Three Champion 1968-1969 |
Succeeded by Torsten Palm |
| Preceded by Jean-Pierre Jaussaud |
Monaco Formula Three Race Winner 1969 |
Succeeded by Tony Trimmer |
| Preceded by Clay Regazzoni |
European Formula Two Champion 1971 |
Succeeded by Mike Hailwood |
| Preceded by Brian McGuire |
Formula One fatal accidents 10 September 1978 |
Succeeded by Patrick Depailler |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Peterson, Ronnie |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 14 February 1944 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | 11 September 1978 |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Ronnie_Peterson
Related pages:
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http://fr.wn.com/Ronnie Peterson
http://nl.wn.com/Ronnie Peterson
http://pt.wn.com/Ronnie Peterson
http://de.wn.com/Ronnie Peterson
http://it.wn.com/Ronnie Peterson
http://pl.wn.com/Ronnie Peterson
http://cs.wn.com/Ronnie Peterson
http://id.wn.com/Ronnie Peterson
http://es.wn.com/Ronnie Peterson
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Peterson
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 Räikkönen at the 2010 Rally Bulgaria |
|
| Born | (1979-10-17) 17 October 1979 (age 32) Espoo, Finland |
|---|---|
| Formula One World Championship career | |
| Nationality |  Finnish |
| 2012 team | Lotus-Renault |
| 2012 car # | 9 |
| Races | 163 (162 starts) |
| Championships | 1 (2007) |
| Wins | 18 |
| Podiums | 64 |
| Career points | 630 |
| Pole positions | 16 |
| Fastest laps | 36 |
| First race | 2001 Australian Grand Prix |
| First win | 2003 Malaysian Grand Prix |
| Last win | 2009 Belgian Grand Prix |
| Last race | 2012 Monaco Grand Prix |
| World Rally Championship record | |
|---|---|
| Active years | 2009–2011 |
| Teams | Citroën Junior Team, ICE 1 Racing |
| Rallies | 21 |
| Championships | 0 |
| Rally wins | 0 |
| Podiums | 0 |
| Stage wins | 1 |
| Total points | 59 |
| First rally | 2009 Rally Finland |
| Last rally | 2011 Wales Rally GB |
Kimi-Matias Räikkönen (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈkimi ˈmɑtiɑs ˈræikːønen]; born 17 October 1979 in Espoo) is a Finnish racing driver. He drives in Formula One for Lotus in 2012. After nine seasons racing in Formula One, in which he took the 2007 Formula One World Drivers' Championship, he competed in the World Rally Championship from 2010–2011.
Räikkönen entered Formula One as a regular driver for Sauber-Petronas in 2001. Having previously only raced in very junior open-wheel categories, he was given his Super Licence from the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) after a performance delivery promise by his team boss, Peter Sauber.[1] He joined McLaren Mercedes in 2002, and became a title contender by finishing runner-up in the 2003 and 2005 championships to Michael Schumacher and Fernando Alonso, respectively. Räikkönen's 2003 and 2005 seasons were plagued by severe unreliability from his McLaren cars.
Räikkönen switched to Ferrari in 2007, becoming the highest paid driver in motor sport with an estimated wage of $51 million per year.[2] In turn his move to Ferrari saw him secure his first Formula One World Drivers' Championship, beating McLaren drivers Lewis Hamilton and Fernando Alonso by one point, as well as becoming one of the very few drivers to win in their first season at Ferrari. In 2008, he equalled the record for fastest laps in a season for the second time. After one more year in the sport, he left the Ferrari F1 team to drive a Citroën C4 WRC for the Citroën Junior Team in the World Rally Championship for 2010. Along with rallying, Räikkönen has turned his attention towards NASCAR,[3] and made his debut for Kyle Busch Motorsports in the Camping World Truck Series.
In 2008, Räikkönen was among the two Formula One drivers who made it into the Forbes magazine's The Celebrity 100 list, the other being Fernando Alonso. He is 36th on Forbes magazine's The Celebrity 100 list of 2008, and 41st on the previous year.[4] On the same list, as of 2008, he is listed as the 26th highest paid celebrity overall and the 5th highest paid sportsman behind Tiger Woods, David Beckham, Michael Jordan and Phil Mickelson. In 2009, Räikkönen was listed as the equal 2nd highest paid athlete in the world, behind Woods.[5] Räikkönen has signed a 2 year deal with Lotus starting with the 2012 Formula One season.
Contents |
Career[link]
Early career (until 2000)[link]
Räikkönen had a long line of success in karting from the age of ten. His first race outside Finland was in Monaco when he was 15 years old. During the race, the steering wheel broke, but he continued, informing his mechanic by frantically waving the steering wheel in the air on the home straight. Räikkönen's next Monaco race was also memorable; he was thrown on the wrong side of the safety fence in a first lap collision, but continued driving until running out of road. Undeterred, he lifted his kart back on to the track and continued to race. His mechanic thought Räikkönen had retired, but he eventually caught up with the other competitors and finished third.[6] In 1998 he was 1st in the Nordic (karting) Championship at Varna in Norway. In 1999, Räikkönen placed second in the European Formula Super A championship, and also competed in the Formula Ford Euro Cup. By the age of twenty, he had won the British Formula Renault winter series of 1999, winning the first four races of the year. In 2000, he won seven out of ten events in the Formula Renault UK Championship. Combined, over these two series of Formula Renault, he won 13 out of 23 events – a 56% win rate.
Sauber (2001)[link]
On the basis of these results, Peter Sauber gave the Finn a test with the Sauber Formula One team in September 2000 at the Mugello Circuit.[7] After further tests in Jerez and Barcelona, Sauber signed Räikkönen for the 2001 season. However, some critics (including FIA president Max Mosley) voiced concerns over granting an F1 Super Licence to such an inexperienced driver; Räikkönen had only 23 car races to his credit. He was nevertheless granted his license and scored a championship point in his debut at the 2001 Australian Grand Prix. Räikkönen was asleep 30 minutes before the race.[8]
Räikkönen had a solid debut year, achieving four points-scoring finishes and eight finishes in the top eight. Completing the year with 9 points, Räikkönen, along with teammate Nick Heidfeld, helped Sauber to what was then its best result of fourth place in the constructors' championship.
McLaren (2002–2006)[link]
Räikkönen, long linked to Sauber's engine supplier Ferrari, instead sufficiently impressed McLaren to earn a race seat in Ron Dennis's team for 2002, taking the seat left vacant by double-world champion, mentor and fellow Finn Mika Häkkinen.
2002[link]
Räikkönen scored a third-place podium finish in his first race with McLaren, the 2002 Australian Grand Prix. Although McLaren suffered many Mercedes engine failures in 2002, Räikkönen scored 24 points and four podiums, and held his own against teammate David Coulthard. Räikkönen came close to winning his first Grand Prix in France, but went off track at the Adelaide hairpin with a handful of laps to go, because of oil from the blown engine of Allan McNish's Toyota on the circuit.[9] He finished the race second. He finished the season in sixth place, one place behind his team mate; together they achieved a solid third place for McLaren in the constructors' championship.
2003[link]
At the opening Australian Grand Prix, Räikkönen qualified 15th in the spare car. In the race he took the lead before being caught speeding in the pitlane, after a software glitch in the car's electronic system. Räikkönen held off Michael Schumacher to finish 3rd. In Malaysia, Räikkönen won his first race[9] after starting from 7th on the grid. During the next round in Brazil, Räikkönen was declared the winner after the race was stopped on lap 55. According to the rules the winner is decided by the race order as of two laps before the race stopped, i.e. lap 53. However a week later, evidence emerged that Giancarlo Fisichella was on lap 56 when the race stopped, therefore the winner was decided by the order at lap 54. This granted the win to Fisichella, with Räikkönen 2nd.
As other teams improved their cars, McLaren, who were still using the 2002 chassis, began to falter in terms of race speed. However, Räikkönen finished 2nd at Imola. At the Spanish Grand Prix, Räikkönen made a mistake in qualifying and had to start from the back of the grid, and at the start, he collided with Antônio Pizzonia, who was stuck on his grid position owing to a launch control problem, causing Räikkönen to retire from the race.
The next few races came down more to strategy rather than speed. While having engine problems, Räikkönen successfully defended his 2nd position from Rubens Barrichello in Austria. He came extremely close to winning in Monaco, but lost by less than a second to Juan Pablo Montoya. Starting from the pitlane in Canada after he went off track during qualifying with understeer, Räikkönen finished 6th, more than a minute adrift of race winner Michael Schumacher.
At the European Grand Prix, Räikkönen took pole, and controlled the race from the start until his engine failed on lap 25. Title rival Michael Schumacher finished 5th taking 4 points advantage from Räikkönen. Räikkönen finished 4th in France behind Schumacher but finished one point ahead of him with a 3rd place finish at the British Grand Prix. Räikkönen failed to finish the German Grand Prix after being involved in an accident at the first corner with Ralf Schumacher and Rubens Barrichello. Räikkönen finished 2nd at the next race, the Hungarian Grand Prix.
Before the Italian Grand Prix, the FIA were tipped-off by rivals Ferrari about a tyre-illegality in the Michelin tread width.[citation needed] Michelin were forced to bring in narrower tyres and it seemed as if they had lost the advantage they had been enjoying over Bridgestone all season. McLaren also announced that they would see out the season with old the MP4-17D chassis and would not bring out the MP4-18 as had been planned. Räikkönen eventually finished 4th in the race, losing five championship points to race winner Michael Schumacher.
Räikkönen took pole at the United States Grand Prix, but Michael Schumacher won the race with Räikkönen finishing 2nd. With one race to go, Schumacher only needed one point to win the championship. Räikkönen would need to win the next race with Schumacher not scoring any points. After qualifying 8th in Japan, Räikkönen finished 2nd while Michael Schumacher just slipped into the points to win his 6th World Championship. Montoya's retirement during the race also meant that Räikkönen finished 2nd in the championship, just two points behind Schumacher. The team also narrowly lost second place in the constructors' championship, finishing third, two points behind runners-up Williams, and 12 points behind Ferrari. Mathematically, Williams or McLaren could have won the championship at the very last race. The 2003 season was one of the closest in recent years.
2004[link]
The 2004 season began with Räikkönen only claiming a single point in the first seven races. His McLaren, especially the Mercedes engine, suffered repeated breakdowns, allowing him to complete just two of the first seven events. After seven rounds Räikkönen had only one point to Michael Schumacher's 60. In Canada, Räikkönen made 5 pit-stops but was classified 5th since the Williams-BMWs and the two Toyotas were disqualified. At the United States Grand Prix, Räikkönen finished 6th.
At the French Grand Prix, McLaren rolled out the new MP4-19B. Räikkönen finished 7th behind his team-mate, David Coulthard. At Silverstone, Räikkönen took pole and went on to finish second behind Michael Schumacher. Following on from this encouraging display, the McLarens qualified on the 2nd row of the grid in Germany. Both cars got off to a good start, however Räikkönen lost his rear wing on lap 13 of the race while following race leader Michael Schumacher. He retired again from the Hungarian Grand Prix after starting from 10th place on the grid, again on lap 13. At the Belgian Grand Prix, Räikkönen qualified 10th, but took the lead on lap 11 and held on to it to take McLaren's only win of the season. He also took the fastest lap. The next weekend at Monza, Räikkönen again retired on lap 13, this time owing to electrical problems. At the next race in China, he finished 3rd, only 1.4 seconds behind race winner Rubens Barrichello.
At the Japanese Grand Prix, Räikkönen was shunted by Felipe Massa on the first lap of the race, which caused him handling problems. He later managed to make up some ground: he finished 6th, 2.5 seconds behind Alonso. At the last race of the season, the Brazilian Grand Prix, he overtook pole sitter Barrichello, even before they had reached Curva De Sol. Räikkönen later battled Montoya for the lead and finished 1 second behind him in 2nd. Räikkönen ended the year seventh, with 45 points, only one behind sixth placed Jarno Trulli, and four podiums.
Despite the disappointment of the 2004 season, Räikkönen was still seen as one of the rising stars of the sport, along with BAR's Button, Renault's Alonso and 2005 McLaren teammate Montoya. Many pundits predicted 2005 to be filled with great on-track battles from a resurgent team. He was also referred to by Ross Brawn and Jean Todt as a driver whom Ferrari might consider in the future. In early November 2004, Räikkönen announced his intention to create a racing team with his manager Steve Robertson, to be entitled Räikkönen Robertson Racing (otherwise known as "Double R"), which would compete in Formula Three in 2005.
2005[link]
Räikkönen's start to the 2005 season season was less than perfect. The car was reported to be too soft on its Michelin tyres, with the result that it was not generating enough heat to post competitive qualifying times.[10] The best qualifying position that a McLaren driver could manage in the first 3 races was 6th. Räikkönen compounded this by stalling on the grid of the first race of the season, the Australian Grand Prix, and ending the race with just a point. He looked set for a podium in Malaysia until a faulty tyre valve failed and dropped him out of the points. Bahrain saw him achieve his first podium of the season with a third place behind Renault's Alonso and the Toyota of Jarno Trulli.
Räikkönen then achieved three consecutive poles in San Marino, Spain, and a win after a safety car strategy call by Neil Martin at Monaco. An almost certain win was denied at Imola after a driveshaft failure, but he won the other two races, putting him within 22 points of leader Alonso. He registered strong, comfortable wins at Barcelona, beating local boy Alonso and at Monte Carlo, never dropping his lead in both races. At the European Grand Prix, Räikkönen flat-spotted his right front tyre while lapping Jacques Villeneuve. The resultant vibrations caused his suspension to fail while he led on the final lap, sending him into the tyre wall and handing a further ten points to his rival Alonso. Changing a tyre would have given him a relatively safe third place. However, tyre changes were only allowed in 2005 in cases where a "punctured or damaged tyre" could be changed for "clear and genuine safety reasons"[11] and there was no precedent for whether the stewards would consider a flat-spotted tyre dangerous enough. This incident, in part, resulted in a rules clarification allowing teams to change a flat-spotted tyre without punishment.[12]
Alonso's first major mistake of the 2005 season handed the Canadian Grand Prix to Räikkönen. The following weekend saw all the Michelin teams, including McLaren, withdraw from the United States Grand Prix for safety reasons. At the French Grand Prix, Räikkönen suffered a ten-place grid-penalty following the replacement of his new specification Mercedes Benz engine which failed in Friday practice. Räikkönen, putting in what Ron Dennis called his best ever qualifying lap,[13] qualified 3rd (demoted to 13th) with a significant fuel load. He finished 2nd behind Fernando Alonso. A week later at the British Grand Prix, Räikkönen suffered another Mercedes engine failure due to an oil leak; his 2nd place qualifying place became 12th. He claimed 3rd place in the race.
In Germany, Räikkönen was comfortably in the lead having dominated all weekend, but suffered a hydraulics failure, handing victory and a further 10 points to Alonso. It was his third retirement while leading a race during the season. On all three occasions, it was championship rival Alonso who took advantage to win. Significantly, at the opening of the Hungarian Grand Prix, though saying he was very comfortable at McLaren, Räikkönen raised the possibility that he might leave McLaren when his contract expired in 2006 if reliability issues were not solved.[14] He told a news conference, "We need to work in a better way just to make sure that the car is very reliable."[citation needed] However he went on to take the chequered flag with a convincing victory over Michael Schumacher, albeit after McLaren teammate Montoya retired with driveshaft failure while leading.
Räikkönen won the Hungarian Grand Prix from the most handicapped qualifying position, having had to do his qualifying run first on the notoriously dusty and dirty track because of his early retirement a week earlier at Hockenheim. No other driver had previously managed this feat. Räikkönen then became the first ever winner of the Turkish Grand Prix. Two weeks later at the Italian Grand Prix, Räikkönen's pole position was taken from him as he received another 10-position grid penalty for an engine change. It would emerge that he had 5 laps of fuel more than teammate Montoya and 6 more than Alonso during qualifying – and still managed to outpace them.[citation needed] During the race, Räikkönen was forced to take an extra stop when his left-rear tyre delaminated, which dropped him down to 12th. He recovered, but spun his car after pushing too hard while chasing Giancarlo Fisichella. He eventually finished fourth.
He went on to win, for the second year in a row, in Belgium at Spa-Francorchamps. The following race, the Brazilian Grand Prix, saw Alonso clinch the Drivers' Championship, after finishing third behind Montoya and Räikkönen. In the penultimate race of the year, at the Suzuka Circuit in Japan, Räikkönen took his 7th victory of the season after starting 17th on the grid (as rain, and an engine failure for Räikkönen, had mixed up the qualifying grid). The win was secured when he overtook Renault driver Fisichella (who had started third on the grid, and had led most of the race) on the final lap – which Formula One journalist Peter Windsor thought the most impressive move of the race.[15]
Räikkönen received the F1 Racing "Driver of the Year" accolade,[16] and the Autosport "International Racing Driver of the Year" award.[17]
2006[link]
In Bahrain, Räikkönen suffered electronic problems during Friday practice and a spectacular rear suspension breakage during the first qualifying session, which forced him back to 22nd place on the grid. Nevertheless he drove through the field, ending third behind Alonso and Michael Schumacher. In Malaysia, Räikkönen was hit from behind by Red Bull Racing's Christian Klien on the first lap. The impact caused a left rear suspension failure resulting in Räikkönen retiring from the race.
Having started the year clearly behind Renault, McLaren improved in Australia, where Räikkönen finished second after flat spotting a tyre and losing a wing end-plate, which caused him to fall off the pace somewhat around the midpoint of the race. Chasing down Alonso during the final stages of the race, he set the fastest lap of the race on the final lap, finishing only 1.8 seconds behind the Spaniard. At the San Marino Grand Prix, a bad choice of strategy and a mistake from Räikkönen in qualifying (8th) saw the McLarens get caught in traffic in the early part of the race allowing Michael Schumacher and Alonso to get away at the front. Räikkönen eventually finished 5th, with team mate Montoya ahead in 3rd place. McLaren team boss Ron Dennis blamed what he deemed to be Räikkönen's poor performance for the team's failure to finish in the top two in the race.[18]
At the Spanish Grand Prix, Räikkönen qualified 9th. However, he managed to get up to 5th place on the first lap of the race. He retained this position for most of the race, finishing in 5th place. A few days after the Spanish Grand Prix, he admitted that he had no chance of winning the 2006 Championship.[19] In Monaco, Räikkönen qualified third. During the race he got up to 2nd and kept pace with Alonso, however he retired during a safety car period after a failed heat shield led to a wiring loom inside the car catching fire. After the retirement he was seen on live TV walking along the Monaco sidewalks with his helmet still on to the harbour and climbing aboard a yacht.
The British Grand Prix at Silverstone saw Räikkönen qualify second behind Alonso and in front of Michael Schumacher. The running order was Alonso, Räikkönen, Schumacher until the second set of pitstops where Räikkönen was demoted to third by Schumacher, a position he held until the end of the race. In Canada, Räikkönen achieved another podium. In the United States Grand Prix, his teammate punted him out in an expensive seven car accident. The French Grand Prix saw Räikkönen qualify his car in sixth. His teammate was now former test driver Pedro de la Rosa in place of Montoya. Räikkönen ended the race in fifth. In Germany, Räikkönen qualified on pole. After a battle with Jenson Button, he finished the race for the first time in his career, ending in third place. Another pole came in Hungary, but he collided with Vitantonio Liuzzi after 25 laps, causing his fourth retirement of the season.
A first turn incident with Scott Speed at the Turkish Grand Prix led to an exploded tyre and suspension damage. After a tyre change, Räikkönen's race ended half way into the next lap when he crashed into the barrier at turn 4 because of a loss of rear grip. Räikkönen qualified on pole for the Italian Grand Prix by 2 thousandths of a second from Michael Schumacher. He led the early part of the race until the first pitstops where he was passed by Schumacher. He stayed in second place for the rest of the race. After the race, Schumacher announced that he would retire at the end of the season. Later, Ferrari announced that he would be replaced in the 2007 season by Räikkönen.[20]
The Chinese Grand Prix saw another retirement for Räikkönen due to throttle problems. His last two Grands Prix, in Japan and Brazil, did lead to 2 finishes, but he missed the podium on both occasions. Räikkönen ended his time at McLaren-Mercedes with a fifth place in the World Drivers' Championship, with McLaren placing third in the World Constructors' Championship at the end of a winless year.
Räikkönen's British Formula Three Championship team Räikkönen Robertson Racing claimed their first major success, with British driver Mike Conway winning the 2006 British F3 International Series title and the prestigious Macau Grand Prix.
Ferrari (2007–2009)[link]
After the 2006 Italian Grand Prix, Ferrari announced that Räikkönen had signed a three-year contract with Scuderia Ferrari for the 2007–2009 seasons. Räikkönen said after the move that he was very happy with this change of events but wished McLaren the best of luck in the future. He became the team mate to Brazilian Felipe Massa, who had been driving for Ferrari since 2006. Following the retirement of Michael Schumacher and his new deal with Ferrari, Räikkönen was estimated to be the highest paid driver in F1, with a base salary reportedly worth US $51M annually.[2]
2007[link]
Räikkönen started the season in Australia by taking pole position, setting the fastest lap and becoming the first driver since Nigel Mansell in 1989 to win his first Grand Prix with Ferrari. In 2010 Fernando Alonso matched this achievement at the 2010 Bahrain Grand Prix. This was the first time in his career that he had managed the hat-trick of pole position, fastest lap and race victory.
At the Malaysian Grand Prix, Räikkönen was passed by Lewis Hamilton at the start and remained behind him for the rest of the race, finishing third. In Bahrain, Räikkönen started from third but was passed by McLaren driver Fernando Alonso. He eventually regained 3rd position from Alonso and finished the race 3rd. At the Spanish Grand Prix, Räikkönen retired after only 10 laps with an electrical problem. This took him down to fourth position in the Championship, behind team-mate Felipe Massa. At the Monaco Grand Prix, Räikkönen struck a barrier in qualifying and broke his right front suspension. He started 16th and finished 8th.
In Canada, Räikkönen qualified fourth and finished fifth, Räikkönen's team-mate Massa was disqualified.[21] At the United States Grand Prix, Räikkönen qualified fourth, finished fourth and recorded fastest lap of the race. With ten races in the season left, Räikkönen was 26 points behind leader Lewis Hamilton in the Drivers' Championship.
In France, Räikkönen qualified third, but overtook Hamilton at the first corner of the race. He subsequently ran second, behind team-mate Massa, for much of the Grand Prix, but overtook the Brazilian during the pit-stops and took his second victory of the season. This was the 11th victory of his Formula One career, as well as Ferrari's first 1–2 win of the 2007 season.[22] At the British Grand Prix, Räikkönen qualified in second place, just missing the pole by running wide in the last corner. In the race, he again took the lead through pit stops, first overtaking Lewis Hamilton midway through the race and then putting in fast laps as Fernando Alonso pitted for the second time in the closing stages to pass him. Räikkönen led to the end of the race.[23]
At the European Grand Prix, Räikkönen captured his second pole position of the season, but retired from the race, run in heavy rain, with a problem with the hydraulics of the car. In Hungary, Räikkönen qualified his car in fourth place, but started from third after Fernando Alonso was penalised. In the race he overtook Nick Heidfeld at the start and pressured Hamilton until the end, but had to settle for second, being 0.7s behind Hamilton. He set the fastest lap time on the last lap of the race, commenting after the race: "I was so bored behind Hamilton, I wanted to see how quick I could have been." In Turkey, Räikkönen missed pole position after making a mistake in the final sector of his fast lap, which left him third on the grid. On race day, he overtook Hamilton in the first corner and took second place, which he kept to the end of the race.
At Monza's third practice session, Räikkönen crashed into the tyre wall before entering the Ascari chicane. He qualified in fifth place, and raced in the Ferrari reserve car while suffering from a neck problem. The Ferrari team employed an unusual one-stop strategy, which left him third after Hamilton passed him late in the race on fresh tyres.[24] At Spa-Francorchamps, Räikkönen's favourite circuit,[25] he secured pole position again and took his fourth victory of the season. Massa finished second, Alonso third and Hamilton fourth. This was also Räikkönen's third consecutive Spa win, which placed him among six other drivers with three or more Spa wins.
At the Fuji Speedway in Japan, the only new track on the 2007 calendar, Räikkönen qualified in third position, while Hamilton took pole and Alonso second. In an extremely wet race, which saw the first 19 laps run behind the safety car, both Räikkönen and team-mate Massa were badly affected by having to change to extreme wet tyres during the early stages, because the FIA's tyre-rule notification arrived late at Ferrari.[26] Towards the end of the race, Räikkönen moved through the field to third place, but could not pass his fellow countryman Heikki Kovalainen for second.
At the Chinese Grand Prix in Shanghai, Räikkönen dominated the whole weekend with fastest laps in the free-practice sessions. In qualifying, Hamilton took pole position with a lighter fuel load, while Räikkönen qualified second and Massa third. There was light rainfall at the beginning of the race which prompted the cars to start on intermediate tyres. After the first round of pit stops Hamilton lost grip as his tyres suffered graining, and Räikkönen overtook him. Hamilton retired after sliding into a gravel trap in the pit lane. Räikkönen took his fifth win of the season, that revived his title hopes before the last race of the season. This was also the 200th race win and 600th podium in Ferrari's Formula One history. Räikkönen moved to seven and three points behind Hamilton and Alonso in the Drivers' Championship, respectively, going into the last race in Brazil, the first three-way title battle in the final race of the season since 1986.
Räikkönen took the 2007 Formula One Drivers' title with victory in the Brazilian Grand Prix at Interlagos, in an incident-packed race. Massa had taken pole, followed by Hamilton, Räikkönen, and Alonso. At the start of the race Räikkönen passed Hamilton on the outside and lined up behind Massa. Alonso shortly afterwards passed Hamilton, who fell progressively down the order. Räikkönen eventually overtook Massa, who was already eliminated from contention for the Driver's Championship in the Japanese Grand Prix. Massa's strategy for the second round of pit stops ensured Räikkönen kept the lead. Räikkönen went on to take the chequered flag, which handed him the crown by a single point from Hamilton and Alonso. Championship leader Hamilton eventually finished the race in seventh place, while defending champion Alonso managed third.
While Räikkönen had only one point more than Alonso and Hamilton at the end of the season, he had the most victories (six compared to four by each McLaren driver).[27]
Räikkönen's Drivers' championship was briefly put into doubt when race stewards began an investigation after identifying possible fuel irregularities in the cars of Nico Rosberg, Robert Kubica and Nick Heidfeld following post-race inspection. Their disqualification and a race reclassification would have seen Hamilton lifted from seventh to fourth in the race result.[28][29][30] However the race stewards decided that no sanctions would be given, meaning the results would stand.[31] McLaren appealed against the decision,[32] however the FIA Court of Appeal rejected their appeal on 16 November 2007 thus confirming Räikkönen as the champion.[33]
2008[link]
After a disappointing first race for Ferrari in Australia where Räikkönen eventually finished eighth after starting 15th on the grid owing to a mechanical problem in qualifying, he won his first race of the 2008 season at the Malaysian Grand Prix, finishing ahead of Robert Kubica and Heikki Kovalainen. His victory in Kuala Lumpur came on the fifth anniversary of his maiden victory at the same track. In Bahrain, Räikkönen qualified in fourth on the grid. He moved up to second place by the third lap and finished in that position, behind his team-mate Felipe Massa. He also secured the lead in the championship.
In Spain, Räikkönen took the 15th pole of his career and his first of the 2008 season. He managed to take his second race win of the season and the fastest lap of the race. Räikkönen overtook Mika Häkkinen in the list of total number of fastest laps and also in terms of podium finishes, making him the highest ranked Finnish driver in these statistics.
At the Turkish Grand Prix, Räikkönen qualified in fourth place. Despite damaging his front wing in the early stages after a collision with fellow Finn Heikki Kovalainen, Räikkönen was still able to set the fastest lap and finish in third place.
In Monaco, Räikkönen qualified in second behind teammate Felipe Massa. Räikkönen stayed second behind Massa until he was given a drive-through penalty for an infringement by the team on his car and dropped down to sixth. He was set for fifth until an incident with Adrian Sutil, when Räikkönen lost control on the damp track after exiting the tunnel, and hit Sutil's car in the rear. Räikkönen's car was not badly damaged and he was able to finish in ninth after replacing his front wing, also setting the fastest lap in the process.[34] After the race, Mike Gascoyne, the Chief Technology Officer of Force India announced they were filing official protests with the stewards over the incident, demanding a ban for Räikkönen.[35] However, the stewards decided not to penalise him.
In Canada, Räikkönen qualified third. In the race, he set the fastest lap during the first stint while catching up with Robert Kubica who was in second place. The safety car was deployed when Adrian Sutil's car broke down in a dangerous position. Both he and Kubica jumped ahead of race leader Lewis Hamilton when they pitted during the safety car period. As there was a red light at the end of the pitlane, Räikkönen and Kubica stopped alongside each other and waited for the signal to allow them back on to the circuit. Hamilton failed to notice the red light and hit the rear of Räikkönen's Ferrari, eliminating both cars.
Räikkönen went on to take his 16th pole position in France, which was the 200th pole for Scuderia Ferrari.[36] Räikkönen dominated the race as he set the fastest lap and had a six second lead until a bank exhaust failure some half way through the race reduced his engine's power. He gave up the lead to his teammate Massa, but was far enough ahead of Toyota's Jarno Trulli, to secure second place and eight points.[37]
Räikkönen qualified third at the British Grand Prix.[38] Before the race, Räikkönen pushed noted photographer Paul-Henri Cahier to the ground as he lined up a close-up shot. Raikkönen's manager Steve Robertson claimed the driver was provoked by Cahier touching him with his lens and standing on his belongings, but Cahier disputed this version of events.[39][40] The race was in wet conditions and Räikkönen stayed third at the first corner behind Hamilton and Kovalainen. He kept pace and got up to second when Kovalainen spun. He then chased after Hamilton, and set the fastest lap as he drew up directly behind the McLaren. During the first pitstop, Ferrari did not change the intermediates on his car in the hope that the track would become dry. However, the track was hit by another shower, and Räikkönen rapidly lost pace, and dropped down to sixth before finally pitting for new tyres. He finished fourth, a lap down.
At the German Grand Prix, Räikkönen qualified sixth and dropped down a place at the first corner. He was running fifth when the safety car came out after a crash involving Timo Glock. His teammate Felipe Massa was ahead of him on the track, and as a result, Räikkönen was forced to wait behind Massa when the pitlane opened. This dropped him down to 12th, but he eventually finished in sixth.
At the Hungarian Grand Prix, Räikkönen again qualified sixth. He lost a position to Alonso at the beginning of the race but managed to finish third owing to Hamilton's tyre puncture, passing Alonso during the pitstops and Massa's retirement after an engine failure.
During the European Grand Prix, Räikkönen qualified fourth and lost a place at the start to Kovalainen. He stayed fifth until the second round of pitstops when he exited before the fuel hose was properly disengaged from his car and left one of the mechanics with a fractured toe.[41] Two laps later, he suffered a similar engine failure to Massa in the previous race; a connecting rod in his engine broke and he was forced to retire.[42]
At the Belgian Grand Prix, Räikkönen again qualified fourth. He passed Kovalainen and Massa at the start to be second, and took the lead from Hamilton on the second lap. He pulled away, setting the fastest lap of the race and built a five second gap. He looked set to win but owing to a late-race rain shower, Hamilton closed right up to him and tried to pass him at the final chicane with two laps to go. Hamilton cut the chicane and rejoined ahead of Räikkönen. He let Räikkönen take the place back. Hamilton then repassed him for the lead. The two battled on for the rest of the lap, with Räikkönen retaking the lead when the two stumbled upon spinning backmarker Nico Rosberg, forcing Hamilton onto the grass. Räikkönen spun at the next corner and fell behind Hamilton again. While trying to catch up, he lost control of the car, smashed into a wall and retired.
At the Italian Grand Prix, which was held in extremely wet conditions, Räikkönen qualified 14th. He stayed in 14th position for the first two stints. He climbed to ninth position in the third and last stint in which he also set the fastest lap of the race.
In Singapore, the first night-time event in Formula One history, Räikkönen qualified third behind Massa and Hamilton. He remained in this position for most of the early laps. On lap 14, Nelson Piquet, Jr.'s Renault hit the wall at turn 17 and the safety car was deployed. Both Ferrari drivers pitted during the safety car period, with Räikkönen queued behind Massa in a busy pitlane. Ferrari released Massa before the fuel hose was disconnected from the car, which compromised Räikkönen who rejoined in 16th. Räikkönen managed to climb to fifth place, but on lap 57, while attacking Timo Glock, he hit the wall after pushing too hard at turn 10 and retired.[43][44] He set the fastest lap of the race as his tenth of the season. This equalled Michael Schumacher's 2004 record of ten fastest laps in a Formula One season.[45]
At the Japanese Grand Prix at the Fuji Speedway circuit, Räikkönen qualified second on the grid, behind Hamilton, and took the lead at the start. Closing up to turn 1, Hamilton attempted to pass on the inside, braked late and went wide,[46] forcing Räikkönen to also go wide.[47] Räikkönen lost out heavily and went down to seventh position. He gained places after a collision between Hamilton and Massa, Kovalainen's hydraulic failure and an overtaking manoeuvre on Jarno Trulli. He eventually finished third, behind Renault's Fernando Alonso and BMW Sauber's Robert Kubica.[48] This result meant that it was impossible for Räikkönen to retain his Drivers' Championship title for the second year.[49]
In China, Räikkönen qualified second behind Hamilton. At the start he stayed second with his teammate and now Ferrari's world championship contender, Massa, behind him in third place. However, with Räikkönen out of the running for the world championship he let Massa through into second place on lap 49, to help the latter gain two additional points in his pursuit of Hamilton in the world championship race.[50]
At the Brazilian Grand Prix, Räikkönen qualified third and finished third, behind Massa and Alonso. As Kubica failed to score, he finished third in the championship.
Räikkönen also won the DHL Fastest Lap Award for the second year in a row. He set 10 fastest laps throughout the season.
2009[link]
At the start of the 2009 season in the Australian Grand Prix, Räikkönen qualified in ninth place. The pace of the Ferraris and McLarens in particular was significantly slower than the likes of the Brawn, Red Bull and other outfits who were struggling to keep up with them in 2008. In the race, both Ferraris were running well before Räikkönen hit a barrier. He was forced to make an unscheduled pit stop on lap 43 and subsequently retired with differential failure.
In Malaysia, Räikkönen topped the time sheet in the second practice session.[51] Räikkönen was ninth in qualifying. Sebastian Vettel and Rubens Barrichello's ten and five-place penalties respectively meant that he was promoted to 7th. During the race, rain was predicted and the team took a gamble to change Räikkönen to full wet tyres while the track was still dry. The gamble did not pay off, and Räikkönen fell down the field. By the time the race was stopped on the 33rd lap due to torrential rain, Räikkönen was classified 14th.
Räikkönen's season did not get any better in Round 3 in China where he qualified in 8th place. In the wet race, he and Lewis Hamilton had duels early on, with Hamilton having to overtake Räikkönen three times to get the job done. Räikkönen complained about power loss from the engine from near the start and of a lack of grip after his one and only pit-stop. This meant that he could only finish 10th. In Bahrain, Räikkönen secured 6th place and Ferrari's first points of the year, but was disappointed by the team's performance. He retired from the Spanish Grand Prix due to a hydraulics failure after qualifying from the back of the grid.
At the Monaco Grand Prix, Räikkönen secured 2nd place in qualifying, Ferrari and Räikkönen's best qualifying of the year so far. He admitted that he was still disappointed because he missed out on pole narrowly to the Brawn of Jenson Button. Räikkönen lost out to Rubens Barrichello at the start of the race, dropping back to 3rd. He maintained this position until the chequered flag.
At the Turkish Grand Prix, Räikkönen qualified sixth, but damaged his front wing on the first lap. He could only finish ninth, out of the points. At the British Grand Prix, Räikkönen qualified ninth but a good start saw him move up to fifth. However, he dropped to eighth during the pit stops because of traffic and remained until the finish.
At the German Grand Prix, Räikkönen qualified ninth after a damp session. In the race however he collided with the Force India of Adrian Sutil like in the previous year in Monte Carlo, as the German was emerging from a pitstop. While Sutil managed to recover back to the pits to replace a nosecone, Raikkonen was forced to retire a few laps later with radiator damage as a result of the incident.
At the Hungarian Grand Prix, Räikkönen took his and Ferrari's best finish of the season in 2nd, after making a great start from 7th. After the first corner Räikkönen was in 4th place, but when Fernando Alonso retired after his early first stop, Räikkönen moved up to 3rd. Räikkönen overtook Webber for 2nd place at the first round of pit stops when Räikkönen and Webber pitted on the same lap. Räikkönen had a clean pit-stop, whereas Webber had a problem and was released into the path of the Ferrari. Räikkönen and Webber avoided collision, and Webber had to slot in behind Räikkönen. On his second pit stop, Räikkönen had a problem with an exhaust pipe. However, having built quite a gap between him and Webber, he held on to take 2nd place.
At the European Grand Prix, he qualified 6th. He jumped to 4th at the start of the race. He then moved up to 3rd after the second pit stops jumping Heikki Kovalainen for the last podium place, and stayed in that position until the end of the race, claiming his second straight podium.
At the Belgian Grand Prix, he qualified 6th, jumping to 2nd at the start of the race. After the safety car was removed, he passed Giancarlo Fisichella to take the race lead and led all the way to the chequered flag for his first race win in 25 races, and the first and only one for Ferrari in 2009.[52] It was Räikkönen's fourth victory in the last five Belgian Grands Prix, bolstering his reputation as "The King of Spa".[53]
Räikkönen continued his good form at the Italian Grand Prix, qualifying and finishing 3rd, after Lewis Hamilton's last-lap crash. It was his 4th consecutive podium finish.
Singapore saw the end of a great run for Räikkönen where he only finished 10th after qualifying 12th.
In Japan, Räikkönen came very close to another podium, finishing fourth. He had qualified fifth and was not able to gain a place at the start of the race, as he was on hard tyres. He put on softs for his second stint and was able to close in on Nick Heidfeld at about three quarters of a second every lap. He overtook the German after the BMW Sauber came out of the pits. However, an accident involving Toro Rosso's Jaime Alguersuari brought out the safety car on lap 44, which kept the field stationary for a further five laps. Despite Lewis Hamilton suffering a KERS failure, Räikkönen's car did not have the grip necessary and was not able to overtake the third-placed McLaren at the restart. He went wide in an attempt to overtake Hamilton but recovered without losing a further place to Nico Rosberg.
In Brazil, Räikkönen qualified 5th and finished 6th. His race was already ruined when Mark Webber swerved into his path, damaging the Ferrari's front wing. At the pit stop while having the wing changed, fuel dripping from the fuel rig stuck on Kovalainen's car caused the Ferrari to briefly burst in flames as the two cars were exiting their pit stops. For the rest of the race even with his eyes burning from fuel, Räikkönen used his strategy to move up the order and eventually finished in sixth place.
In Abu Dhabi, the last race of the season, Räikkönen qualified 11th with an uncompetitive car. He lost a place at the start of the race to Kamui Kobayashi. For the rest of the race, Räikkönen struggled and finished 12th, out of the points.
Leaving Formula One[link]
Near the end of the 2009 season, Ferrari announced that Räikkönen would be leaving the team, despite having a contract to race for them in 2010. He would be replaced by Fernando Alonso.[54] He was expected to return to McLaren alongside Lewis Hamilton but negotiations with the team failed. Räikkönen was linked to Mercedes GP but the team eventually signed Michael Schumacher and Nico Rosberg. Toyota F1, before it pulled out of Formula One, offered Räikkönen a driving contract to replace Timo Glock in 2010. The BBC reported that he refused the contract owing to wanting to drive a race-winning car, not to mention Toyota not offering a large enough salary.[55]
On 17 November 2009, his manager Steve Robertson confirmed that Räikkönen would not drive in Formula One in the 2010 season.[56] But during 2010 itself, rumours emerged once again about another possible Räikkönen comeback this time with the Renault team in 2011. This followed a resurgence in Renault's form, and the fact that the Russian Vitaly Petrov had yet to be re-signed like team-mate Robert Kubica. Team principal Éric Boullier claimed he had been contacted by Räikkönen in connection with a possible return, but said that although he was flattered by Räikkönen's alleged display of interest:
"I would have to speak personally with him first, look him in the eyes to see if I see enough motivation there for him to return to F1. It doesn't make sense to hire somebody, even a former world champion, if you cannot be sure that his motivation is still 100%. Why should you invest in somebody who leaves you guessing?"
However Räikkönen angrily shot down the suggestion that he would race, claiming that Renault had simply used his name for "their own marketing purposes".[57][58]
Rallying[link]
Räikkönen made his rally debut at the Arctic Lapland Rally, which ran from 23 to 24 January 2009, driving a Tommi Mäkinen Racing-prepared Abarth Grande Punto S2000. He finished in 13th place.[59] Räikkönen made his WRC debut in the 2009 Rally Finland, which took place between 30 July and 2 August, starting just four days after his 2nd place finish in the Hungarian Grand Prix.[60] He was running third in group N and 15th overall before crashing out in Väärinmaja, last stage of Saturday.[61]
On 4 December 2009, it was announced that Räikkönen would shift from Formula 1 to the World Rally Championship for the 2010 season as a full-time driver for the Citroën Junior Team,[62] and that he would be driving a Red Bull-sponsored Citroën C4 WRC with his co-driver, Kaj Lindström. As members of the team, the pair were scheduled to participate in 12 of 13 rallies in the 2010 WRC calendar, the exception being Rally New Zealand.
On 3 April 2010, Räikkönen scored his first WRC points when he finished eighth in the Jordan Rally. Consequently, he became the second driver after Carlos Reutemann to score championship points in both Formula One and the World Rally Championship.[63] In the next WRC event, the Rally of Turkey, Räikkönen improved his best result with a fifth place finish, 6m 44.3s off the winner, Sébastien Loeb. This result saw him beat established and more experienced drivers in the field.
In the 2010 Rally Finland, the retired four-time World Rally Champion Juha Kankkunen entered the race and said that if Räikkönen cannot beat him then he might as well go back to Formula One. Kankkunen finished eighth and Räikkönen 25th due to car trouble. He finished seventh in the Rallye Deutschland, his second ever asphalt rally, while notching up his first ever career stage win, the last stage of the rally.
On 18 September 2010, Räikkönen achieved his first rally win when he participated in the Rallye Vosgien 2010 in France. He won all six stages in the asphalt rally.[64] Räikkönen could not start in the Rally Catalunya because he crashed during the shakedown, leaving the roll cage damaged, and the team did not have enough time to repair it. Subsequently Räikkönen decided to not take part in the rally at all, even when he could by super rally rules. The reason was stated to be saving the car.[65]
Räikkönen entered the 2011 World Rally Championship season under his own team, ICE 1 Racing. He drives a Citroën DS3 WRC.[66] He finished eighth in the opening round, Rally Sweden. Skipping the Mexico event, he next competed in Rally Portugal and finished seventh.
NASCAR[link]
It was reported on 29 March 2011 that Räikkönen would try his hand at NASCAR starting in the Camping World Truck Series sometime in the summer of 2011 with an eye on also running in the Nationwide and Sprint Cup Series.[67] On 2 April Räikkönen signed a deal with Toyota team Kyle Busch Motorsports to run a limited schedule in the Camping World Truck Series. An earlier report claimed that Räikkönen's entry was related with Foster Gillett, however, Kyle Busch rejected the claim.[citation needed]
On 20 May, Räikkönen debuted in the North Carolina Education Lottery 200 at Charlotte Motor Speedway with a strong finish of 15th, though he started the day with tough practice sessions and qualified only at 31 out of 37 cars. His race craft was well-received by team crew chief Rick Ren and his teammate Kyle Busch. Räikkönen went on to race in the Nationwide Series at the same track on 28 May driving for Joe Nemechek. He finished 27th after having debris stuck under his car and getting a penalty for speeding in the pitlane.[68]
Return to F1[link]
Lotus (2012–)[link]
In the week before the 2011 Singapore Grand Prix, several news sources reported that Räikkönen was eyeing a return to Formula One for the 2012 season with Williams F1 after he was spotted at the team's headquarters in Grove, Oxfordshire.[69] Several reports went so far as to suggest that Räikkönen had entered preliminary negotiations with the team.[70][71] However, the team refused to comment on the reports, with driver Rubens Barrichello dismissing them as rumour and speculation.[72] On 29 November 2011, it was announced that Räikkönen would be returning to Formula 1 in 2012, signing a two-year contract with Lotus.[73]
2012[link]
Räikkönen began the season by qualifying 17th for the Australian Grand Prix after making a mistake on his last flying lap. However he recovered his weekend during the race the next day, as he made a good start to move up to twelfth, before making it into the top ten. He took three places on the last lap of the race, to finish in seventh place.[74] At the 2012 Chinese Grand Prix he was 14th after running 2nd before being overtaken by 10 cars in the space of one lap, thanks to a mistake in tyre strategy expecting Pirelli tyres to last longer in the last stint. At the 2012 Bahrain Grand Prix he finished second starting from 11th position on the grid. It was his first podium and his best finish of this comeback. Three weeks later, Räikkönen finished third at the 2012 Spanish Grand Prix, after having qualified in fifth place, which had been promoted to fourth as a result of a penalty given to Lewis Hamilton.
Personal life[link]
Räikkönen married Jenni Dahlman, a Finnish model and former Miss Scandinavia, on 31 July 2004. They currently live in Baar, Switzerland. His older brother, Rami Räikkönen, is a rally driver and a national junior-class champion, who also competes in the Finnish Formula 3 Championship; their father Matti was a road builder.[75]
Räikkönen's hobbies include snowboarding and ice hockey.[76] During his spare time he can often be seen watching his hometown ice hockey team Espoo Blues play. He has also competed in several different kinds of motorsport events. In March 2007, while his Formula One rivals were in Australia preparing for the season opener, Räikkönen competed in a snowmobile race in Finland under the pseudonym "James Hunt", referring to the 1976 world champion whose "playboy" lifestyle has been compared with Räikkönen's own.[77] Räikkönen won the Enduro Sprint race by over 20 seconds with his Lynx.[78] Later in the year, he and two friends entered a powerboat race in the Finnish harbour city of Hanko while wearing gorilla suits. Again, he raced under the name "James Hunt".[79] They then won a prize for the best-dressed crew.[80]
In August 2008, it was announced that Räikkönen would appear on a set of Finnish postage stamps. The stamps, which were released to commemorate the Finnish postal service's 370th anniversary, feature images of him racing and on the podium, with the words "F1 World Champion '07 Kimi Räikkönen".[81]
In 2011, Räikkönen founded his own Motocross World Championship team, Ice 1 Racing.[82] The team consists of MX1 rider Toni Eriksson and MX2 rider Ludde Söderberg and is managed by seven-time enduro world champion Kari Tiainen. The Ice 1 Racing team also supports six junior riders competing in the Finnish national championship.
Räikkönen is known for his dislike of giving media interviews, and frequently answers questions in a blunt and monosyllabic manner. A notable incident occurred in the build-up to the 2006 Brazilian Grand Prix when then-ITV pundit Martin Brundle asked Räikkönen why he didn't bother to watch a ceremony where legendary footballer Pelé presented Michael Schumacher with a lifetime achievement award. Räikkönen replied (on live TV) "I was having a shit".
Helmet[link]
Räikkönen's helmet, designed by UffeDesigns, manufactured by Arai (2001-2006,2012) and Schuberth (2007-2009), almost never changed from team to team (letting only some elements like the insignia on top, that shaped after the rune that means "protection". The insignia was painted in white during his time racing for Sauber and Mclaren until 2005, and red from 2006 with McLaren and during his time with Ferrari. His helmet has also always featured a V design running on the circle top -representing a bird flying – and the inscription "Iceman"). In his debut race, his helmet was predominantly blue with white and silver details. When he joined McLaren in 2002 the design was left intact, only making the top circle all blue (rather than blue and silver) and with some black details on the chin area. In 2003–2005 his helmet was blue and white with some red and silver parts, red details were added on the rune symbol that was added to the M design. In 2006 his helmet was the same, only changing the blue to black with red and white lines on it. When racing for Ferrari Raikkonen's helmet changed radically: it was white with the middle part black and red with tribals and a black circle with the rune design in the top, in 2008 black paisley motifs were added in the red areas. He retained this design in some rallies, although the helmet style was significantly different for this discipline.
In WRC and NASCAR he used a blue Stilo helmet with Red Bull's logo, silver and white accents (to resemble Red Bull's can design and Raikkonen's Sauber helmet lines), the rune symbol and the M insignia (in white and red) and with the inscription "Iceman".
In his return to Formula 1, he sported a black helmet with a white diagonal line crossing from each side until the angles of the visor and a thicker red diagonal line beneath the white line and a red number 9 in a corner of the white line (to allude to his car number), a white circle in the top with black edged designs (similar to horns) on the upper front. the algiz rune in the top became black and in the back of the helmet there is the inscription "Iceman" written in red letters.From Australian Grand Prix, there are more details added on top of the helmet.Manufacturer of his helmet for 2012 season is Arai.
Results and records[link]
Career summary[link]
| Season | Series | Team Name | Races | Wins | Poles | F/Laps | Podiums | Points | Position |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1999 | European Formula Ford | ? | 2 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 5th |
| Formula Ford Festival | Continental Racing Van Diemen | 1 | 0 | 0 | ? | ? | N/A | NC | |
| Formula Renault 2000 UK Winter Championship | Manor Motorsport | 4 | 4 | 4 | ? | ? | 40 | 1st | |
| Formula Renault 2000 UK | Haywood Racing | 4 | 0 | 0 | ? | ? | ? | ? | |
| 2000 | Formula Renault 2000 Eurocup | ? | 2 | 2 | 2 | ? | ? | 62 | 7th |
| Formula Renault 2000 UK | Manor Motorsport | 10 | 7 | 6 | ? | ? | 316 | 1st | |
| 2001 | Formula One | Sauber | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 10th |
| 2002 | Formula One | McLaren | 17 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 24 | 6th |
| 2003 | Formula One | McLaren | 16 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 10 | 91 | 2nd |
| 2004 | Formula One | McLaren | 18 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 45 | 7th |
| 2005 | Formula One | McLaren | 19 | 7 | 5 | 10 | 12 | 112 | 2nd |
| 2006 | Formula One | McLaren | 18 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 65 | 5th |
| 2007 | Formula One | Ferrari | 17 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 12 | 110 | 1st |
| 2008 | Formula One | Ferrari | 18 | 2 | 2 | 10 | 9 | 75 | 3rd |
| 2009 | Formula One | Ferrari | 17 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 48 | 6th |
| World Rally Championship | Tommi Mäkinen Racing | 1 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | NC | |
| 2010 | World Rally Championship | Citroën Junior Team | 11 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 25 | 10th |
| 2011 | World Rally Championship | Ice 1 Racing | 9 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 34 | 10th |
| NASCAR Camping World Truck Series | Vision Aviation Racing | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | N/A | NC | |
| NASCAR Nationwide Series | NEMCO Motorsports | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | N/A | NC | |
| 2012 | Formula One | Lotus | 6 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 51 | 6th* |
* Season in progress.
Complete Formula One results[link]
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
| Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | WDC | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 | Sauber Petronas | Sauber C20 | Petronas 01A 3.0 V10 | AUS 6 |
MAL Ret |
BRA Ret |
SMR Ret |
ESP 8 |
AUT 4 |
MON 10 |
CAN 4 |
EUR 10 |
FRA 7 |
GBR 5 |
GER Ret |
HUN 7 |
BEL Ret |
ITA 7 |
USA Ret |
JPN Ret |
10th | 9 | |||
| 2002 | West McLaren Mercedes | McLaren MP4-17 | Mercedes FO 110M 3.0 V10 | AUS 3 |
MAL Ret |
BRA 12 |
SMR Ret |
ESP Ret |
AUT Ret |
MON Ret |
CAN 4 |
EUR 3 |
GBR Ret |
FRA 2 |
GER Ret |
HUN 4 |
BEL Ret |
ITA Ret |
USA Ret |
JPN 3 |
6th | 24 | |||
| 2003 | West McLaren Mercedes | McLaren MP4-17D | Mercedes FO 110M/P 3.0 V10 | AUS 3 |
MAL 1 |
BRA 2 |
SMR 2 |
ESP Ret |
AUT 2 |
MON 2 |
CAN 6 |
EUR Ret |
FRA 4 |
GBR 3 |
GER Ret |
HUN 2 |
ITA 4 |
USA 2 |
JPN 2 |
2nd | 91 | ||||
| 2004 | West McLaren Mercedes | McLaren MP4-19 | Mercedes FO 110Q 3.0 V10 | AUS Ret |
MAL Ret |
BHR Ret |
SMR 8 |
ESP 11 |
MON Ret |
EUR Ret |
CAN 5 |
USA 6 |
7th | 45 | |||||||||||
| McLaren MP4-19B | FRA 7 |
GBR 2 |
GER Ret |
HUN Ret |
BEL 1 |
ITA Ret |
CHN 3 |
JPN 6 |
BRA 2 |
||||||||||||||||
| 2005 | West McLaren Mercedes | McLaren MP4-20 | Mercedes FO 110R 3.0 V10 | AUS 8 |
MAL 9 |
BHR 3 |
SMR Ret |
ESP 1 |
MON 1 |
EUR 11 |
CAN 1 |
USA DNS |
FRA 2 |
GBR 3 |
GER Ret |
HUN 1 |
TUR 1 |
ITA 4 |
BEL 1 |
BRA 2 |
JPN 1 |
CHN 2 |
2nd | 112 | |
| 2006 | Team McLaren Mercedes | McLaren MP4-21 | Mercedes FO 108S 2.4 V8 | BHR 3 |
MAL Ret |
AUS 2 |
SMR 5 |
EUR 4 |
ESP 5 |
MON Ret |
GBR 3 |
CAN 3 |
USA Ret |
FRA 5 |
GER 3 |
HUN Ret |
TUR Ret |
ITA 2 |
CHN Ret |
JPN 5 |
BRA 5 |
5th | 65 | ||
| 2007 | Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro |
Ferrari F2007 | Ferrari 056 2.4 V8 | AUS 1 |
MAL 3 |
BHR 3 |
ESP Ret |
MON 8 |
CAN 5 |
USA 4 |
FRA 1 |
GBR 1 |
EUR Ret |
HUN 2 |
TUR 2 |
ITA 3 |
BEL 1 |
JPN 3 |
CHN 1 |
BRA 1 |
1st | 110 | |||
| 2008 | Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro |
Ferrari F2008 | Ferrari 056 2.4 V8 | AUS 8 |
MAL 1 |
BHR 2 |
ESP 1 |
TUR 3 |
MON 9 |
CAN Ret |
FRA 2 |
GBR 4 |
GER 6 |
HUN 3 |
EUR Ret |
BEL 18 |
ITA 9 |
SIN 15 |
JPN 3 |
CHN 3 |
BRA 3 |
3rd | 75 | ||
| 2009 | Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro |
Ferrari F60 | Ferrari 056 2.4 V8 | AUS 15 |
MAL 14 |
CHN 10 |
BHR 6 |
ESP Ret |
MON 3 |
TUR 9 |
GBR 8 |
GER Ret |
HUN 2 |
EUR 3 |
BEL 1 |
ITA 3 |
SIN 10 |
JPN 4 |
BRA 6 |
ABU 12 |
6th | 48 | |||
| 2012 | Lotus F1 Team | Lotus E20 | Renault RS27-2012 2.4 V8 | AUS 7 |
MAL 5 |
CHN 14 |
BHR 2 |
ESP 3 |
MON 9 |
CAN | EUR | GBR | GER | HUN | BEL | ITA | SIN | JPN | KOR | IND | ABU | USA | BRA | 6th* | 51* |
* Season in progress.
Complete WRC results[link]
| Year | Entrant | Car | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | WDC | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2009 | Tommi Mäkinen Racing | Fiat Grande Punto S2000 | IRE | NOR | CYP | POR | ARG | ITA | GRC | POL | FIN Ret |
AUS | ESP | GBR | NC | 0 | |
| 2010 | Citroën Junior Team | Citroën C4 WRC | SWE 29 |
MEX Ret |
JOR 8 |
TUR 5 |
NZL | POR 10 |
BUL 11 |
FIN 25 |
DEU 7 |
JPN Ret |
FRA Ret |
ESP DNS |
GBR 8 |
10th | 25 |
| 2011 | ICE 1 Racing | Citroën DS3 WRC | SWE 8 |
MEX | POR 7 |
JOR 6 |
ITA | ARG | GRE 7 |
FIN 9 |
DEU 6 |
AUS WD |
FRA Ret |
ESP Ret |
GBR Ret |
10th | 34 |
Complete NASCAR results[link]
(key) (Bold - Pole position awarded by time. Italics - Pole position earned by points standings. * – Most laps led.)
NASCAR Nationwide Series[link]
| Year | Team | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | NNWC | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2011 | NEMCO Motorsports | Toyota | DAY | PHO | LVS | BRI | CAL | TXS | TAL | NSH | RIC | DAR | DOV | IOW | CHA 27 |
CHI | MIC | ROA | DY2 | KTY | NHA | NS2 | LOR | IO2 | GLN | MON | BR2 | ATL | RI2 | CH2 | DV2 | KAN | CA2 | TX2 | PH2 | HOM | – 1 | – 1 |
- 1 Ineligible for Nationwide championship points.
Formula One records and achievements[link]
- In 2005 Räikkönen equalled the record of wins in a single season without winning the World Title (7), shared with four time World Champion Alain Prost, who initially set the record in 1984 and matched it in 1988, and also with Michael Schumacher, in 2006.
- In the 2005 and 2008 seasons, he equalled Michael Schumacher's record of 10 fastest race laps in a season, set in 2004.
- He currently holds the third highest record for total fastest laps at 36.
- In 2008, Räikkönen scored six consecutive fastest race laps (in Spain, Turkey, Monaco, Canada, France and Britain), equalling Alberto Ascari's record for the most consecutive fastest laps in a single season and placing him one behind Ascari's overall record of seven consecutive fastest laps (which were split across two seasons: six in 1952 and one in 1953).
- He was the first driver to win on his Ferrari debut since Nigel Mansell at the 1989 Brazilian Grand Prix and the first to win, set the fastest lap and pole position on his Ferrari debut since Juan Manuel Fangio at the 1956 Argentine Grand Prix. His replacement Fernando Alonso also won on his Ferrari debut at the 2010 Bahrain Grand Prix, setting the fastest lap on the way; however Alonso only qualified 3rd.
- Following Michael Schumacher's retirement at the end of 2006, Räikkönen was the highest paid driver in Formula One, with a reputed base salary of $51 m per year.[2]
- The 2007 Chinese Grand Prix saw Räikkönen give Scuderia Ferrari their 200th Formula One GP win, as well as their 600th podium (along with team-mate Felipe Massa who finished in 3rd).
- At the 2008 French Grand Prix Räikkönen gave Ferrari their 200th pole position.
- Räikkönen is the second driver to win the World Championship after being third in the drivers standings before the final race. Giuseppe Farina, the first F1 World Champion, was the first to do this in 1950, beating Juan Manuel Fangio by three points and Luigi Fagioli by six points. Sebastian Vettel repeated this feat in 2010, when he won the championship at the 2010 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix.
- Räikkönen is the third Ferrari driver after Juan Manuel Fangio and Jody Scheckter to win the world title in their first year with the team.
- Räikkönen is the third Finnish driver to win the World Championship, after Keke Rosberg and Mika Häkkinen. He is also the most successful Finnish Formula One driver in terms of points, podium finishes and fastest laps.
- Räikkönen also holds the record for the most wins in a debut year with Ferrari with 6, beating Alain Prost's previous record of 5 from 1990.
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "Formula 1 : Biography Kimi Raikkonen — F1-Live.com". http://en.f1-live.com/f1/en/drivers/raikkonen.shtml.
- ^ a b c "Forumula1.net – Raikkonen is F1's highest paid driver". http://www.forumula1.net/2006/f1/f1-news/raikkonen-is-f1s-highest-paid-driver/.
- ^ Another Formula One Driver Changes Lanes and Makes His Nascar Debut, The New York Times 21 May 2011
- ^ "Forbes 100 Celebrities 2008 – No. 36 Kimi Raikkonen". 11 June 2008. http://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/53/celebrities08_Kimi-Raikkonen_53XE.html.
- ^ Badenhausen, Kurt (17 June 2009). "The World's Highest-Paid Athletes". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2009/06/17/top-earning-athletes-business-sports-top-earning-athletes.html. Retrieved 13 September 2009.
- ^ Kulta, Heikki. "Hyvää kannatti odottaa kauan" (in Finnish). Turun Sanomat. http://www.turunsanomat.fi/f1/?ts=1,3:2001:0:0,4:34:621:1:2007-10-22;4:35:0:0:0;4:36:0:0:0,104:34:493566,1:0:0:0:0:0:. Retrieved 21 October 2007.
- ^ Tremayne, David. "Cool as Ice: Kimi Raikkonen". Formula One Magazine (official). December 2003. Page 63.
- ^ Maurice Hamilton (9 March 2008). "Hamilton, Maurice – "No fuss, just fast". The Guardian 2008-03-09". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/mar/09/motorsports.formulaone2. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
- ^ a b Tremayne, David. "Cool as Ice: Kimi Raikkonen". Formula One Magazine (official). December 2003. Page 58.
- ^ "Autosport.com – The 2005 Teams Review". http://www.autosport.com/journal/article.php/id/328.
- ^ "BBC Sport – Coulthard condemns F1 tyre rules". BBC News. 30 May 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/4592713.stm. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
- ^ "Pitpass.com – FIA clarifies tyre ruling". http://www.pitpass.com/fes_php/pitpass_news_item.php?fes_art_id=25355.
- ^ Garside, Kevin (4 July 2005). "Telegraph – Alonso puts smile on French faces". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=/sport/2005/07/04/smfrgp04.xml. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
- ^ "ITV – Kimi: Don't take me for granted". http://www.itv-f1.com/News_Article.aspx?PO_ID=33631.
- ^ "ITV – Peter Windsor's Chinese GP Preview". http://www.itv-f1.com/Feature.aspx?Type=Windsors_Wisdom&PO_ID=34324.
- ^ "Awards of F1 Racing magazine". McLaren. 23 November 2005. http://www.kimicentral.net/content/view/19/30/. Retrieved 28 March 2007.
- ^ "Raikkonen pips Alonso to British award". Reuters. 6 December 2005. http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/411317/636352. Retrieved 28 March 2007.
- ^ "McLaren downplay Ferrari victory". news.bbc.co.uk. 24 April 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/4937146.stm. Retrieved 1 June 2007.
- ^ "Sporting Lige – Schumacher: Title Race Open". http://www.sportinglife.com/formula1/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=formula1/06/05/19/manual_140547.html.
- ^ "Formula1.com – Ferrari confirm Raikkonen, Massa for '07". http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2006/9/4933.html.
- ^ Benson, Andrew (8 July 2007). "Canadian Grand Prix". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/6739373.stm. Retrieved 19 July 2007.
- ^ Croft, David (10 June 2007). "French GP". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/6258728.stm. Retrieved 19 July 2007.
- ^ Benson, Andrew (1 July 2007). "British Grand Prix 2007". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/6282190.stm. Retrieved 19 July 2007.
- ^ "Home of Sport: Formula One: News: Räikkönen to race with stiff, sore neck". http://www.homeofsport.com/f1/news/item.aspx?id=20113.
- ^ "Belgian Grand Prix – selected driver quotes". http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2007/9/6796.html.
- ^ "F1 – Grandprix.com – Japanese GP > Team Quotes". http://www.grandprix.com/race/r783sunquotes.html.
- ^ Benson, Andrew (21 October 2007). "Raikkonen the playboy king". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/7055633.stm. Retrieved 22 November 2007.
- ^ "End of Season Drama will Raikkonen take Victory after all?". Forumula1.net. 21 October 2007. http://www.forumula1.net/2007/f1/f1-news/end-of-season-drama-will-raikkonen-take-victory-after-all/. Retrieved 21 October 2007.
- ^ "Inquiry casts doubt on F1 title". BBC Sport. 21 October 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/7055644.stm. Retrieved 21 October 2007.
- ^ "Investigation throws title into doubt". OverDrive. 21 October 2007. http://www.odmotoring.com/index.php?display=racing&id=514. Retrieved 21 October 2007.
- ^ "Raikkonen title confirmed – Yahoo! Eurosport UK". http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/21102007/58/raikkonen-title-confirmed.html.
- ^ "F1 teams escape fuel punishment". BBC. 22 October 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/7055644.stm. Retrieved 22 October 2007. "McLaren has said it plans to appeal to the FIA, the sport's governing body."
- ^ "McLaren lose Brazilian GP appeal". BBC. 16 November 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/7099263.stm. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
- ^ Benson, Andrew (25 May 2008). "Hamilton wins Monaco after crash". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/7419319.stm. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
- ^ "Force India want Raikkonen banned". Planet F1. 25 May 2008. http://www.planet-f1.com/story/0,18954,3213_3609378,00.html.
- ^ "Räikkönen on Ferrari's 200th pole – France". Autosport. 21 June 2008. http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/68489.
- ^ "Third win of the season for Massa". F1 Live. 22 June 2008. http://en.f1-live.com/f1/en/headlines/news/detail/080622160456.shtml.
- ^ "A tough day for Raikkonen and Massa". F1 Live. 5 July 2008. http://en.f1-live.com/f1/en/headlines/news/detail/080705172836.shtml. Retrieved 7 July 2008.
- ^ "Kimi branded 'arrogant' after grid fracas". ITV. 8 July 2008. http://www.itv-f1.com/news_article.aspx?id=43301. Retrieved 1 September 2008.
- ^ "Raikkonen loses his cool at Silverstone 2008". Youtube. 7 July 2008. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S6e3bDs2lgw. Retrieved 1 September 2008.
- ^ "Ferrari boss defends pit stop actions". GPUpdate.net. 25 August 2008. http://www.gpupdate.net/en/f1-news/196700/ferrari-boss-defends-pit-stop-actions/. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
- ^ "Raikkonen engine problem same as Massa's". GPUpdate.net. 26 August 2008. http://www.gpupdate.net/en/f1-news/196779/raikkonen-engine-problem-same-as-massa-s/. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
- ^ "Singapore disaster for Ferrari". F1live.com. 28 September 2008. http://en.f1-live.com/f1/en/headlines/news/detail/080928193627.shtml. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
- ^ "Singapore GP – Sunday – Race Incidents". F1-Grandprix.com. 28 September 2008. http://www.grandprix.com/race/r800raceincidents.html. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
- ^ "2008 Formula 1 Singtel Singapore Grand Prix". Formula1.com. 28 September 2008. http://www.formula1.com/races/in_detail/singapore_801/circuit_diagram.html. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
- ^ "Hamilton and Kovalainen left Fuji empty handed". F1live.com. 12 October 2008. http://en.f1-live.com/f1/en/headlines/news/detail/081012104703.shtml. Retrieved 17 October 2008.
- ^ "Alonso takes second win in a row at Fuji". Autosport. http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/71342.
- ^ "Fantastic Fernando takes Fuji". F1live.com. 12 October 2008. http://en.f1-live.com/f1/en/headlines/news/detail/081012081723.shtml. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
- ^ "Raikkonen drops out championship hunt". F1live.com. 13 October 2008. http://en.f1-live.com/f1/en/headlines/news/detail/081013102335.shtml. Retrieved 14 October 2008.
- ^ "Kimi – After you Felipe". SkySports.com. 19 October 2008. http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12433_4356666,00.html. Retrieved 20 October 2008.
- ^ "Raikkonen tops Malaysia practice". BBC Sport (BBC). 3 April 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/7980532.stm. Retrieved 3 April 2009.
- ^ "F1 News: Raikkonen wins again as Fisichella stars". autosport.com. 30 August 2009. http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/78173. Retrieved 13 September 2009.
- ^ "Belgian GP factfile – Feature – F1 | ITV Sport". Itv-f1.com. 26 August 2009. http://www.itv-f1.com/Feature.aspx?Type=General&id=46697. Retrieved 13 September 2009.
- ^ "Ferrari confirm capture of Alonso". BBC Sport. 30 September 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/8280566.stm. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
- ^ "Raikkonen agrees rallying switch". BBC News. 4 December 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/8394585.stm. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
- ^ "Raikkonen to take a sabbatical in 2010". Autosport. http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80187.
- ^ "News > Angry Raikkonen rules out F1 return with Renault". Motorsport.com. 5 October 2010. http://www.motorsport.com/news/article.asp?ID=390017&FS=F1. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
- ^ "Kimi Raikkonen rejects claims of F1 return at Renault". BBC News. 6 October 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/9065307.stm. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
- ^ "Raikkonen and Hakkinen to contest Arctic Lapland Rally". http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2009/1/8819.html.
- ^ Raikkonen to make rally debut, BBC News, 29 June 2009 21:52 GMT (accessed 30 June 2009)
- ^ "Raikkonen rolls out of rally". autosport.com (Haymarket Publishing). 1 August 2009. http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/77494.
- ^ Kimi Raikkonen signs with Citröen junior rally team AUSmotive.com, 4 December 2009
- ^ "Räikkönen teki suomalaista moottoriurheiluhistoriaa!" (in Finnish). MTV3. 3 April 2010. http://www.mtv3.fi/urheilu/ralli/uutiset.shtml/arkistot/ralli/2010/04/1092971. Retrieved 3 April 2010.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "Raikkonen Crashes Out of Catalunya during Shakedown". autoevolution. http://www.autoevolution.com/news/raikkonen-crashes-out-of-catalunya-during-shakedown-25482.html. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
- ^ "World Rally Championship – News – Huge entry for World Rally Championship opener". Wrc.com. http://www.wrc.com/news/huge-entry-for-world-rally-championship-opener/?fid=14024. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
- ^ "NASCAR News: Raikkonen to compete in NASCAR". autosport.com. http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/90331. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
- ^ Ryan, Nate (28 May 2011). "Kimi Raikkonen is 27th in challenging Nationwide debut". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/sports/motor/nascar/2011-05-28-Kimi-Raikkonen-27th-in-NASCAR-Nationwide-debut_N.htm. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
- ^ Benson, Andrew (22 September 2011). "BBC Sport – Kimi Raikkonen chases F1 return with Williams in 2012". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/formula_one/15024539.stm. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
- ^ "Raikkonen poised to return to F1 with Williams- James Allen on F1 – The official website". Jamesallenonf1.com. http://www.jamesallenonf1.com/2011/09/raikkonen-poised-to-return-to-f1-with-williams/. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
- ^ "Kimi and Williams F1 «". Joesaward.wordpress.com. 23 September 2011. http://joesaward.wordpress.com/2011/09/23/kimi-and-williams-f1/. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
- ^ "autosport.com". autosport.com. http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/94718. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
- ^ "Raikkonen to return to Formula 1". BBC News. 29 November 2011. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/formula_one/15934329.stm.
- ^ Strang, Simon (18 March 2012). "Raikkonen says qualifying mistakes cost him the chance of racing much closer to the front". Autosport (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/98172. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
- ^ Srini. "Raikkonen's biography". http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/5068609.html?fr=qrl3.
- ^ Marx, Jens. "Cool Raikkonen becomes a Tifosi favourite". Bangkok Post. http://www.bangkokpost.com/sportsplus/sportsplus.php?id=122854. Retrieved 23 October 2007.
- ^ Benson, Andrew (21 October 2007). "Raikkonen the playboy king". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/7055633.stm. Retrieved 23 October 2007.
- ^ "Raikkonen wins in the snow". Autosport. http://www.autosport.com/news/grapevine.php/id/57244. Retrieved 23 October 2007.
- ^ Baker, Andrew (22 October 2007). "Kimi Raikkonen has the last word". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=A1YourView&xml=/sport/2007/10/22/smbake222.xml. Retrieved 23 October 2007.
- ^ Baldwin, Alan (2 August 2007). "Raikkonen questioned about day out as a gorilla". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idUSHAR26992720070802. Retrieved 25 December 2007.
- ^ "Kimi gets Finnish stamp of approval". ITV-F1. 14 August 2008. http://www.itv-f1.com/news_article.aspx?id=43630.
- ^ "ICE1RACING". Ice1racing.fi. http://www.ice1racing.fi/. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
Bibliography[link]
- Nevalainen, Petri (22 October 2008). Jäämies – Kimi Räikkösen henkilökuva (The Iceman – a portrait of Kimi Räikkönen). Helsinki: Ajatus Kirjat. p. 224. ISBN 978-951-20-7805-9.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kimi Räikkönen |
- Kimi Räikkönen official website
- Formula One DataBase: Kimi Räikkönen
- Kimi Räikkönen at the Internet Movie Database
- Kimi Räikkönen at the Notable Names Database
- [2]
| Sporting positions | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Antônio Pizzonia |
British Formula Renault UK series champion 2000 |
Succeeded by Carl Breeze |
| Preceded by Fernando Alonso |
Formula One World Champion 2007 |
Succeeded by Lewis Hamilton |
| Awards and achievements | ||
| Preceded by Michael Schumacher |
Lorenzo Bandini Trophy 2004 |
Succeeded by Fernando Alonso |
| Preceded by Jenson Button |
Autosport International Driver of the Year 2005 |
Succeeded by Fernando Alonso |
| Preceded by None |
DHL Fastest Lap Award 2007–2008 |
Succeeded by Sebastian Vettel |
|
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Räikkönen, Kimi |
| Alternative names | Räikkönen, Kimi Matias |
| Short description | Formula One and World Rally Championship driver |
| Date of birth | 17 October 1979 |
| Place of birth | Espoo, Finland |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Kimi_Räikkönen
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http://ru.wn.com/Райкконен, Кими
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Wiki Summary
Monza listen (help·info) (Lombard: Mùnscia; Latin: Moduetia) is a city and comune on the river Lambro, a tributary of the Po, in the Lombardy region of Italy some 15 km north-northeast of Milan. It is the capital of the Province of Monza and Brianza. It is best known for its Grand Prix motor racing circuit, the Autodromo Nazionale Monza.
On June 11, 2004 Monza was designated the capital of the new province of Monza and Brianza. The new administrative arrangement came fully into effect in summer 2009; previously, Monza was a comune within the province of Milan.
Monza is the third-largest city of Lombardy and the most important economic, industrial and administrative centre of the Brianza area, supporting a textile industry and a publishing trade.
Monza also hosts a Department of the University of Milan Bicocca, a Court of Justice and several offices of regional administration. Monza Park is one of the largest urban parks in Europe.
Monza is located in the high plains of Lombardy, between Brianza and Milan, at an altitude of 162 meters above sea level and is 15 kilometres (9 mi) from the capital of the region and about 40 km (25 mi) from Lecco and Como. Its territory is crossed from north to south by the river Lambro. At the entrance to the north in the center, between the streets Via Aliprandi and Via Zanzi, a fork of the river artificially created for defensive purposes in the early decades of the 14th century gives rise to Lambretto, which is joined to the main course Lambro at its exit to the south from the ancient circle of medieval walls (Monza) (now completely demolished). Another stream, which is also artificial, is the Canale Villoresi, constructed in the late 19th century.
