published: 12 Dec 2011
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![Old School Goth Rock Bands [Chapter A: Evolution]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121119111141im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/xA70hkz9Ekc/default.jpg "Some of the best (for me) *underground* old school (2nd wave) Goth Rock bands around. Traditional all the way up,with classic riffs,basslines and vocals. Check the names and get material for your ears ;-) *Each track it's about 1 minute. I wish i can put a big complete mix but we'ave some evil limitations* Old As Forever..to be continued. Bands : Dronning Maud Land www.discogs.com Catherines Cathedral www.discogs.com Wasteland www.discogs.com Burning Gates www.discogs.com Ding An Sich www.discogs.com Avaritia www.discogs.com Crudeness www.discogs.com Opened Paradise www.discogs.com Cassiopeia www.discogs.com Artica www.discogs.com Complicity www.discogs.com Nocturnal Sea www.discogs.com 13 Candles www.discogs.com")
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Portland, Oregon
Portland is a city located in the U.S. state of Oregon, near the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers. As of the 2010 Census, it had a population of 583,776, making it the 29th most populous city in the United States. Portland is Oregon's most populous city, and the third most populous city in the Pacific Northwest region, after Seattle, Washington and Vancouver, British Columbia. Approximately 2,260,000 people live in the Portland metropolitan area (MSA), the 23rd most populous in the United States.
Portland was incorporated in 1851 and is the county seat of Multnomah County. The city extends west into the Cedar Mill neighborhood in Washington County and south towards Lake Oswego in Clackamas County. With a commission-based government headed by a mayor and four other commissioners, the city and region are noted for strong land-use planning and investment in light rail, supported by Metro, a distinctive regional government. Because of its public transportation networks and efficient land use planning, Portland has been referred to as one of the most environmentally friendly, or "green", cities in the world.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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African American
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States that have ancestry from any of the native populations of Sub-Saharan Africa.
African Americans make up the single largest racial minority in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved Africans within the boundaries of the present United States. However, some immigrants from African, Caribbean, Central American or South American nations, or their descendants, may be identified or self-identify with the term.
African-American history starts in the 16th century with African slaves who quickly rose up against the Spanish explorer Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón and progresses to the present day, with Barack Obama as the 44th and current President of the United States. Between those landmarks there have been events and issues, both resolved and ongoing, including slavery, racism, Reconstruction, development of the African-American community, participation in the great military conflicts of the United States, racial segregation, and the Civil Rights Movement.
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Albert King
Albert King (April 25, 1923 – December 21, 1992) was an American blues guitarist and singer, and a major influence in the world of blues guitar playing.
One of the "Three Kings of the Blues Guitar" (along with B.B. King and Freddie King), Albert King stood 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) (some reports say 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)) and weighed 250 pounds (110 kg) and was known as "The Velvet Bulldozer". He was born Albert Nelson on a cotton plantation in Indianola, Mississippi. Although unrelated, Albert occasionally referred to himself as "B.B. King's half brother". During his childhood he would sing at a family gospel group at a church where his father played the guitar. One of 13 children, King grew up picking cotton on plantations near Forrest City, Arkansas, where the family moved when he was eight.
He began his professional work as a musician with a group called In The Groove Boys in Osceola, Arkansas. Moving north to Gary, Indiana and later St. Louis, Missouri, he briefly played drums for Jimmy Reed's band and on several early Reed recordings. Influenced by blues musicians Blind Lemon Jefferson and Lonnie Johnson, but also, interestingly enough, Hawaiian music, the electric guitar became his signature instrument, his preference being the Gibson Flying V which he named "Lucy". King earned his nickname "The Velvet Bulldozer" during this period as he drove one of them and also worked as a mechanic to make a living.
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Andrew Loog Oldham
Andrew Loog Oldham (born 29 January 1944 in Paddington, London) is an English producer, talent manager, impresario and author. He was manager and producer of The Rolling Stones from 1963, and was noted for his flamboyant style.
Oldham's father Andrew Loog was a United States Army Air Force lieutenant of Dutch descent who served with the Eighth Air Force. Loog was killed in June 1943 when his B-17 bomber was shot down over the English Channel: he was buried in Belgium. Oldham's Australian mother, with maiden name Oldham, was a nurse and comptometer operator.
Oldham attended the Aylesbury School for Boys, Cokethorpe School in Oxfordshire, St Marylebone Grammar School and Wellingborough School in Northamptonshire. A self-proclaimed hustler who spent teenage summers swindling tourists in French towns, Oldham's interest in the pop culture of the 1960s and the Soho coffeehouse scene led to working for Carnaby Street mod designer John Stephen and later as an assistant to then emerging fashion designer Mary Quant.
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Arlo Guthrie
Arlo Davy Guthrie (born July 10, 1947) is an American folk singer. Like his late father, Woody Guthrie, Arlo is known for singing songs of protest against social injustice. One of Guthrie's better-known works is "Alice's Restaurant Massacree", a satirical talking blues song about 18 minutes in length.
Arlo Guthrie was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of folk singer and composer Woody Guthrie and his wife Marjorie Mazia Guthrie. His sister is Nora Guthrie. His mother was a one-time professional dancer with the Martha Graham Company and founder of the Committee to Combat Huntington's disease, the disease that took Woody's life in 1967. His maternal grandmother was renowned Yiddish poet Aliza Greenblatt. His father was from a Protestant family and his mother was Jewish; Guthrie received religious training for his bar mitzvah from Rabbi Meir Kahane, who would go on to form the Jewish Defense League. "Rabbi Kahane was a really nice, patient teacher," Guthrie later recalled, "but shortly after he started giving me my lessons, he started going haywire. Maybe I was responsible." Guthrie attended Woodward School in Clinton Hill Brooklyn 1st through 8th grades and later graduated from the Stockbridge School, in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, in 1965, and briefly attended Rocky Mountain College. He received an Honorary Doctorate from Westfield State College, in 2008.
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Artie Kornfeld
Artie Kornfeld (born Arthur Lawrence Kornfeld, 9 September 1942, Brooklyn, New York) is an American musician, record producer and music executive. He is perhaps best known as the music promoter for the Woodstock Festival held in 1969.
Co-creator and sole promoter of Woodstock 1969, Artie Kornfeld was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1942. The man who would later be deemed "The Father of Woodstock" would go on to become one of the most respected composers, publishers, producers, managers, and promoters in the history of rock and roll.
Kornfeld is the son of a New York City policeman and his wife (Irving & Shirley). Brought up in the early 50s in Levittown, New York, Kornfeld's family constantly moved and he attended six different schools, learning the lessons of the world through the song lyrics played over the radio. Artie Kornfeld would soon live his American dream and become the guiding force to what is now known as "The Woodstock Generation".
Kornfeld got his first guitar in 1956 and learned a few chords that were pretty much universal at the time. He soon found himself with a record deal and on stage with Dion and the Belmonts with The Skyliners singing backup. Kornfeld would further his music career by attending Adelphi College and American University where he met Cass Elliot of the Mamas and the Papas.
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B.B. King
Riley B. King (born September 16, 1925), known by the stage name B.B. King, is an American songwriter, vocalist, and famed blues guitarist.
Rolling Stone magazine ranked him at No. 6 on its list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time. and No. 17 in in Gibson's Top 50 Guitarists of All Time. According to Edward M. Komara, King "introduced a sophisticated style of soloing based on fluid string bending and shimmering vibrato that would influence virtually every electric blues guitarist that followed." King was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987.
King was born in a small cabin on a cotton plantation outside of Berclair, Mississippi, to Albert King and Nora Ella Farr on September 16, 1925.
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Billy Cox
William "Billy" Cox (born October 18, 1941) is an American bassist, best known for performing with Jimi Hendrix. As of November 2008, Billy is the only surviving member of both The Jimi Hendrix Experience and the Band Of Gypsys. He recently was inducted into the Musician's Hall of Fame and continues to honor his friend, performing dates with the Experience Hendrix Tour.
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Billy Gibbons
William Frederick "Billy" Gibbons (born December 16, 1949) is an American musician, actor and car customizer, best known as the guitarist of the Texas blues-rock band ZZ Top. He is also the lead singer and composer for many of the band's songs. Gibbons is known for playing his Gretsch Billy Bo guitar and his famous 1959 Gibson Les Paul guitar known as Pearly Gates. Gibbons has a bass vocal range, spanning E♭1 to E♭5, one of the widest ranges in rock. He is noted for using an old five peso Mexican coin as a guitar plectrum and use of pinch harmonics in his solos.
Gibbons is a familiar fixture at the Sunset Marquis Hotel, producing studio sessions in the NightBird Recording Studio with actors Billy Bob Thornton and J. P. Shellnutt, along with musicians Jeff Beck, Jimmy Page, Jed Leiber, Joe "Backbeat" Fazzio, and Dwight Yoakam. Gibbons is also well known for his authentic preparations of Texas-style barbecue and Mexican cuisine and is frequently a guest chef around Hollywood, California serving his famous "Renegade Guacamole".
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Billy Sheehan
William "Billy" Sheehan (born on March 19, 1953, in Buffalo, New York) is an American bassist known for his work with Talas, Steve Vai, David Lee Roth, Mr. Big, and Niacin. Sheehan has won the "Best Rock Bass Player" readers' poll from Guitar Player Magazine five times for his "lead bass" playing style. Sheehan's repertoire includes the use of chording, two-handed tapping, right-hand "three-finger picking" technique and controlled feedback.
Billy Sheehan's first electric bass was a Hagström FB, which was soon sistered[clarification needed] by a Precision bass similar to Tim Bogert's. After acquiring the Precision bass, he removed the frets from the Hagström. Over the years, he heavily modified the Precision bass as well, adding a neck pickup and additional support for the bolt-on neck, which Sheehan considers its greatest weakness. The neck pickup was added for what Sheehan referred to as "super deep low end" modelled after Paul Samwell-Smith of the Yardbirds. The Gibson EB-0 type pickup in the neck and the original split Precision bass pickup each have their own separate output jacks on the bass itself, allowing for control of the tone via the bass. Sheehan also uses two amps to achieve his signature tone (as do Chris Squire of Yes and Doug Pinnick of King's X), one with full distortion and notch filtering to sound more guitar-like for solos, and one super-clean for the low end of the neck pickup. This bass has been retired, but he affectionately refers to it as "The Wife"."Gear article". Billysheehan.com. http://billysheehan.com/gear/instruments_34.html. Retrieved 2011-08-09. Sheehan's signature Yamaha bass is based on this Bass.
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Bo Hansson
Bo Hansson (April 10, 1943 – April 23, 2010) was a Swedish musician best known for his four instrumental albums released in the 1970s.
He spent his early life in a remote village in the pine forests of northern Sweden, but a change in his parents' fortunes forced a move to Stockholm and they were forced to leave the young Hansson behind, in the care of family friends. As a teenager he joined his parents in Stockholm, where he soon became interested in the burgeoning rock and roll scene and taught himself to play the guitar, before joining the band, Rock-Olga.
After the rock and roll craze gave way to jazz and blues in the late fifties, he joined 'Slim' Notini's Blues Gang as a guitarist. Hansson was able to move on and form his own blues group The Merrymen, who supported The Rolling Stones on an early Scandinavian tour.
In 1966, Hansson saw American jazz organist Jack McDuff perform at Stockholm's Gyllene Cirkeln Club, and was so captivated by the performance that he decided to leave The Merrymen to expand his musical horizons. Encouraged by fellow Merryman Bill Öhrström, he eventually acquired his own Hammond organ. Öhrström became an A&R man and producer at Polydor Sweden, and introduced Hansson to other musicians, one of whom was drummer Janne Carlsson. Hansson and Carlsson immediately hit it off and were signed by Polydor under the band name Hansson & Karlsson, playing up-tempo Hammond organ based music and releasing three albums between 1967 and 1969. They became immensely popular in their home country and some parts of Europe, and even reached the ear of Jimi Hendrix, who took time out from his tour to jam with the duo, along with George Clemons on drums and Georg Wadenius on guitar, at the Klub Filips in Stockholm in late 1967. Hendrix went on to record a Hansson song, "Tax Free".
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Bob Dylan
Bob Dylan (
/ˈdɪlən/), born Robert Allen Zimmerman on May 24, 1941, is an American singer-songwriter, musician and artist. He has been an influential figure in popular music and culture for five decades. Much of his most celebrated work dates from the 1960s when he was an informal chronicler and a seemingly reluctant figurehead of social unrest. A number of Dylan's early songs, such as "Blowin' in the Wind" and "The Times They Are a-Changin'", became anthems for the US civil rights and anti-war movements. Leaving his initial base in the culture of folk music behind, Dylan's six-minute single "Like a Rolling Stone" has been described as radically altering the parameters of popular music in 1965. However, his recordings employing electric instruments attracted denunciation and criticism from others in the folk movement.
Dylan's lyrics incorporated a variety of political, social, philosophical, and literary influences. They defied existing pop music conventions and appealed hugely to the then burgeoning counterculture. Initially inspired by the songs of Woody Guthrie,Robert Johnson, and Hank Williams, as well as the music and performance styles of Buddy Holly and Little Richard, Dylan has both amplified and personalized musical genres. His recording career, spanning fifty years, has explored numerous distinct traditions in American song—from folk, blues and country to gospel, rock and roll, and rockabilly to English, Scottish, and Irish folk music, embracing even jazz and swing.
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Brian Auger
Brian Auger (born 18 July 1939, London, England) is a jazz and rock keyboardist, who has specialized in playing the Hammond organ.
A jazz pianist, bandleader, session musician and Hammond B3 player, Auger has played or toured with artists such as Rod Stewart, Tony Williams, Jimi Hendrix, Sonny Boy Williamson, Led Zeppelin, Eric Burdon and others. He has incorporated jazz, early British pop, R&B, soul music and rock, and he has been nominated for a Grammy.
In 1965 Auger formed the group The Steampacket, along with Long John Baldry, Julie Driscoll, Vic Briggs and Rod Stewart. With Driscoll and the band, Trinity, he went on to record several hit singles, notably a cover version of David Ackles' "Road to Cairo" and Bob Dylan's "This Wheel's on Fire", which was featured on Dylan Covered. In 1969 Auger, Driscoll and Trinity appeared performing in the United States on the nationally telecast 33⅓ Revolutions Per Monkee.
In 1970 he formed Brian Auger's Oblivion Express, shortly after abandoning the abortive "Wassenaar Arrangement" jazz-fusion commune in a small suburb of The Hague. The Oblivion Express served to cultivate several musicians, including future The Average White Band drummers Robbie McIntosh and Steve Ferrone, as well as guitarist Jim Mullen. Likewise, in 1971 he produced and appeared on Mogul Thrash's only album. Two members of that band, Roger Ball and Malcolm Duncan, would also go on to form the Average White Band.
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Brian Epstein
Brian Samuel Epstein (
/ˈɛpstaɪn/; 19 September 1934 – 27 August 1967), was an English music entrepreneur; best known for being the manager of The Beatles, until his death. He also managed many other musical artists, such as Gerry & the Pacemakers, Billy J. Kramer and The Dakotas, Cilla Black, The Remo Four, and The Cyrkle. His management company was named NEMS Enterprises after his family's music stores, also called NEMS (North End Music Stores).
Epstein paid for The Beatles to record a demonstration tape in Decca's London studios, which resulted in Decca declining to sign the group to a contract. After approaching nearly all all the major recording companies and recording producers in London and being rejected, Epstein managed to secure an EMI recording contract under threat of withdrawing the sale of EMI's records at his NEMS music stores. NEMS was one of the biggest musical retail outlets in the North of England. Record producer George Martin offered a contract on behalf of EMI's small Parlophone label, only when informed of the economic threat to EMI by Epstein.
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Brian Jones
Lewis Brian Hopkins Jones (28 February 1942 – 3 July 1969), was an English musician and a founder member of the Rolling Stones.
Jones' main instruments were the guitar and the harmonica, but he played a wide variety of other musical instruments and was a talented multi-instrumentalist. His innovative use of traditional or folk instruments, such as the sitar and marimba, was integral to the changing sound of the band.
Originally the leader of the group, Jones' fellow bandmembers Mick Jagger and Keith Richards soon overshadowed him; especially after they became a successful songwriting team. He developed a serious drug abuse problem over the years and his role in the band steadily diminished. He was asked to leave the Rolling Stones in June 1969 and guitarist Mick Taylor took his place in the group. Jones died less than a month later by drowning in the swimming pool at his home on Cotchford Farm in East Sussex.
Original Stones bassist Bill Wyman stated about Jones: "...he formed the band. He chose the members. He named the band. He chose the music we played. He got us gigs ... Very influential, very important, and then slowly lost it - highly intelligent - and just kind of wasted it and blew it all away."
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Buddy Miles
George Allen Miles, Jr. (September 5, 1947 – February 26, 2008), known as Buddy Miles, was an American rock and funk drummer, most known as a founding member of The Electric Flag in 1967, then as a member of Jimi Hendrix's Band of Gypsys from 1969 through to January 1970.
George Allen Miles was born in Omaha, Nebraska on September 5, 1947. He was known as a child prodigy, originally playing drums in his father, George Miles, Sr.'s, jazz band, The Bebops, beginning at age 12. Miles Sr. had played upright bass with Duke Ellington, Count Basie, Charlie Parker and Dexter Gordon.
In his teens Miles Jr. was often seen hanging out as well as recording at the Universal Promotions Corporation (U.P.C.) recording studios, which later became Rainbow Recording Studios
Miles was given the nickname "Buddy" by his aunt after the drummer Buddy Rich.
Miles played in a variety of rhythm and blues and soul acts as a teenager, including Ruby & the Romantics, the Ink Spots, the Delfonics and Wilson Pickett. By 1967 he moved to Chicago where he formed the Electric Flag with guitarist Mike Bloomfield. Nick Gravenites was the vocalist on this (and also some other Bloomfield LP's). The blues-soul-rock band made their live debut at the Monterey Pop Festival in mid 1967 and released their debut Columbia album, A Long Time Comin', early the next year (1968). Miles sometimes sang lead vocals for the group in addition to playing drums. The group broke up after their second album An American Music Band (late 1968) and Miles formed The Buddy Miles Express, with Jim McCarty, later the guitarist for Cactus. A Greatest Hits album by The Electric Flag was issued in 1971 by Columbia. In 1974 The Electric Flag reformed briefly and released the Atlantic album The Band Kept Playing.
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Carlos Santana
Carlos Augusto Alves Santana (born July 20, 1947) is a Mexican and American rock guitarist. Santana became famous in the late 1960s and early 1970s with his band, Santana, which pioneered rock, Latin music and jazz fusion. The band's sound featured his melodic, blues-based guitar lines set against Latin and African rhythms featuring percussion instruments such as timbales and congas not generally heard in rock music. Santana continued to work in these forms over the following decades. He experienced a resurgence of popularity and critical acclaim in the late 1990s. In 2003, Rolling Stone magazine listed Santana at number 15 on their list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. He has won 10 Grammy Awards and 3 Latin Grammy Awards.
Santana was born in Autlán de Navarro, Jalisco, Mexico. Carlos learned to play the violin at age five and the guitar at age eight. His younger brother, Jorge Santana, would also become a professional guitarist. Young Carlos was heavily influenced by Ritchie Valens at a time when there were very few Latinos in American rock and pop music. The family moved from Autlán de Navarro to Tijuana In La Colonia Libertad, the city on Mexico's border with California, and then San Francisco. Carlos stayed in Tijuana but joined his family in San Francisco later and graduated from James Lick Middle School and Mission High School there. He graduated from Mission High in 1965. Carlos was accepted into the California State University, Northridge and Humboldt State University, but turned down both of the offers. Javier Bátiz, a famous guitarist from Tijuana, was said to have been Carlos's guitar teacher who taught him to play a different style of guitar soloing. After learning Javier Batiz's techniques, Santana would make them his own as well.
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Cherokee
The Cherokee (/ˈtʃɛrəkiː/; Cherokee: ᏣᎳᎩ Tsalagi) are a Native American people historically settled in the Southeastern United States (principally Georgia, the Carolinas and East Tennessee). Linguistically, they are part of the Iroquoian language family. In the 19th century, historians and ethnographers recorded their oral tradition that told of the tribe having migrated south in ancient times from the Great Lakes region, where other Iroquoian-speaking peoples were located. They began to have contact with European traders in the 18th century.
In the 19th century, white settlers in the United States called the Cherokee one of the "Five Civilized Tribes", because they had assimilated numerous cultural and technological practices of European American settlers. The Cherokee were one of the first, if not the first, major non-European ethnic group to become U.S. citizens. Article 8 in the 1817 treaty with the Cherokee stated Cherokees may wish to become citizen of the United States. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, the Cherokee Nation has more than 300,000 members, the largest of the 565 federally recognized Native American tribes in the United States.
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Chip Monck
Chip Monck (born Edward Herbert Beresford Monck) is a Tony Award nominated lighting designer, most famously serving as the Master of Ceremonies at the 1969 Woodstock Festival.
Born on March 5, 1939 in Wellesley, Massachusetts), to a mother from Nutley, New Jersey and a father from Liverpool, he acquired the nickname "Chip" at a summer camp in Winnipesaukee, New Hampshire. While Monck went to the South Kent School on Ice Hockey and Crew scholarships, he became more interested in welding and machinery, designing a potato harvester that he sold to McCormick. He began volunteering with a summer theater group at Wellesley College, learning the basics of theatrical lighting from Greg Harney. He began auditing classes at Harvard while working with the university's theater company.
Monck began working at the Greenwich Village nightclub The Village Gate in 1959, lighting comedians and Jazz and Folk artists, and living in the basement apartment under the club (Bob Dylan wrote A Hard Rain's A-Gonna Fall on Monck's IBM Selectric typwriter). He began an eight year long relationship with the Newport Folk Festival, and a nine year one with the Newport Jazz Festival, while continuing to work at the Gate. He became friends with Charles Altman of the Altman Lighting Co., repairing equipment and borrowing lighting instruments to improve the stage lighting of the Gate. He began lighting the stage of the Apollo Theater in Harlem.
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Chuck Berry
Charles Edward Anderson "Chuck" Berry (born October 18, 1926) is an American guitarist, singer and songwriter, and one of the pioneers of rock and roll music. With songs such as "Maybellene" (1955), "Roll Over Beethoven" (1956), "Rock and Roll Music" (1957) and "Johnny B. Goode" (1958), Chuck Berry refined and developed rhythm and blues into the major elements that made rock and roll distinctive, with lyrics focusing on teen life and consumerism and utilizing guitar solos and showmanship that would be a major influence on subsequent rock music.
Born into a middle class family in St. Louis, Missouri, Berry had an interest in music from an early age and gave his first public performance at Sumner High School. While still a high school student he served a prison sentence for armed robbery between 1944 and 1947. On his release, Berry settled into married life and worked at an automobile assembly plant. By early 1953, influenced by the guitar riffs and showmanship techniques of blues player T-Bone Walker, he was performing in the evenings with the Johnnie Johnson Trio. His break came when he traveled to Chicago in May 1955, and met Muddy Waters, who suggested he contact Leonard Chess of Chess Records. With Chess he recorded "Maybellene"—Berry's adaptation of the country song "Ida Red"—which sold over a million copies, reaching No. 1 on Billboard's Rhythm and Blues chart. By the end of the 1950s, Berry was an established star with several hit records and film appearances to his name as well as a lucrative touring career. He had also established his own St. Louis-based nightclub, called Berry's Club Bandstand. But in January 1962, Berry was sentenced to three years in prison for offenses under the Mann Act—he had transported a 14-year-old girl across state lines.
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Chuck D
Carlton Douglas Ridenhour (born August 1, 1960), better known by his stage name, Chuck D, is an American rapper, author, and producer. He helped create politically and socially conscious rap music in the mid-1980s as the leader of the rap group Public Enemy.
Ridenhour was born in Queens, New York. After graduating from Roosevelt Junior-Senior High School, he went to Adelphi University on Long Island to study graphic design. He is the son of Lorenzo Ridenhour.
Upon hearing Ridenhour's demo track "Public Enemy Number One", fledgling producer/upcoming music-mogul Rick Rubin insisted on signing him to his Def Jam label.
Their major label albums were: Yo! Bum Rush the Show (1987), It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back (1988), Fear of a Black Planet (1990), Apocalypse 91... The Enemy Strikes Black (1991), Greatest Misses (1992), and Muse Sick-n-Hour Mess Age (1994). They also released a full length album soundtrack for the film He Got Game in 1998. Ridenhour also contributed (as Chuck D) to several episodes of the PBS documentary series The Blues. He has appeared as a featured artist on many other songs and albums, having collaborated with artists such as Janet Jackson, Kool Moe Dee, The Dope Poet Society, Run-DMC, Ice Cube, Rage Against The Machine, Anthrax, John Mellencamp and many others. In 1990, he appeared on "Kool Thing", a song by the alternative rock band Sonic Youth. In 1993, he executive produced Got 'Em Running Scared, an album by Ichiban Records group Chief Groovy Loo and the Chosen Tribe.
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Chuck Jackson
Chuck Jackson (born July 22, 1937) is an R&B singer who was one of the first artists to record material by Burt Bacharach and Hal David successfully. He has performed with moderate success since 1961. His hits include "I Don't Want to Cry," "Any Day Now," "I Keep Forgettin'" and "All Over the World".
He was born on July 22, 1937, in Latta, South Carolina, but was raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Between 1957 and 1959, he was a member of The Del-Vikings, singing lead on the 1957 release "Willette." After leaving them, he was "discovered" when he opened for soul legend Jackie Wilson at the Apollo Theater. He signed a recording contract with Scepter Records. His first single, "I Don't Want to Cry", which he co-wrote, was his first hit (1961). The song charted on both the R&B and pop charts. In 1962, Jackson's recording of "Any Day Now", the Burt Bacharach-Bob Hilliard classic, became a huge hit,and his signature song. His popularity in the 1960s prompted him to buy up the time on his contract from Scepter and move to Motown Records. There he recorded a number of successful singles, "Honey Come Back." He later recorded for All Platinum and other labels, but with minimal success.
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Country Joe McDonald
Country Joe McDonald (born Joseph Allen McDonald; January 1, 1942) is an American musician who was the lead singer of the 1960s psychedelic rock group Country Joe and the Fish.
McDonald was born in Washington, D.C., At the age of 17, he enlisted in the United States Navy. After his enlistment, he attended Los Angeles City College for a year. In the early 1960s, he began busking on the famous Telegraph Avenue in Berkeley, California. His father, Worden McDonald, from Oklahoma, was of Scottish Presbyterian heritage (the son of a minister). His mother, Florence Plotnick, was the daughter of Russian Jewish immigrants and served for many years on the Berkeley city council. As of 2009, Country Joe still lives in Berkeley, California.
McDonald was married to Kathe Werrum from 1965 to 1966 and married Robin Menken a year after his divorce from Werrum. In 1968, Menken gave birth to the couple's first daughter, Seven Anne McDonald, in San Francisco. Seven, currently a columnist for LA Weekly, had a previous career as a TV child actor in the late 1970s and early 1980s, managed Johnny Depp's Viper Room nightclub and the alternative rock band Smashing Pumpkins in the 1990s , and wrote for Details, Elle and Harper's Bazaar magazines in the 1990s and 2000s. According to Ron Cabral's biography on Country Joe and the Fish, Seven was the subject of and inspiration behind the song Silver and Gold.
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Curtis Knight
Curtis Knight (b. Mont Curtis McNear, 9 May 1929, Fort Scott, Kansas - 29 November 1999) was an American musician who is known for his connection to Jimi Hendrix.
Knight was an artist in the 1960s Harlem music scene, usually fronting his own band "The Squires". This band gigged in clubs in New York City, and other surrounding areas. It was through Knight that Hendrix got involved with Ed Chalpin, a record producer who signed the future superstar to a contract which Hendrix soon forgot about and left for England to form "The Jimi Hendrix Experience".
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D. A. Pennebaker
Donn Alan Pennebaker (born July 15, 1925) is an American documentary filmmaker and one of the pioneers of Direct Cinema/Cinéma vérité. Performing arts and politics are his primary subjects.
Pennebaker (known as "Penny" to his friends) was born in Evanston, Illinois, the son of Lucille Levick (née Deemer) and John Paul Pennebaker, who was a commercial photographer. Pennebaker served in the Navy and later worked as an engineer, founding Electronics Engineering (the makers of the first computerized airline reservation system) before beginning his film career.
After falling under the influence of experimental filmmaker Francis Thompson, Pennebaker directed his first film, Daybreak Express, in 1953. Set to a classic Duke Ellington recording of the same name, the five-minute short of the soon-to-be-demolished Third Avenue elevated subway station in New York City is the earliest known example of Pennebaker's penchant for blending together documentary and experimental filmmaking techniques.
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Dave Mason
David Thomas "Dave" Mason (born 10 May 1946) is an English singer-songwriter, and guitarist from Worcester, who first found fame with the rock band Traffic. In his long career, Mason has played and recorded with many of the era's most notable rock musicians, including Jimi Hendrix, Delaney Bramlett, Michael Jackson, The Rolling Stones, Eric Clapton, George Harrison, Fleetwood Mac and Cass Elliot. Mason's best known song is "Feelin' Alright", recorded by Traffic in 1968 and later by many other performers, including Joe Cocker, who had a major hit with the song in 1969. For Traffic, he also wrote "Hole in My Shoe", a psychedelic pop song that became a hit in its own right. "We Just Disagree", Mason's 1977 solo hit written by Jim Krueger, has become a staple of Classic Hits and Adult Contemporary radio playlists.
Mason's tenure with Traffic was disjointed. He co-founded the group, but left following the recording of their debut album, Mr. Fantasy (1967), only to rejoin halfway through the sessions for their next album, Traffic (1968), after which he left again. Last Exit (1969), a compilation of odds and ends, features little material by Mason apart from his song "Just For You". Traffic later re-formed without Mason, although he briefly toured with the band in 1971 as captured on Welcome to the Canteen. Even during his brief spells with the group, Mason never quite fit in; Steve Winwood later recalled "We all [Winwood, Jim Capaldi, and Chris Wood] tended to write together, but Dave would come in with a complete song that he was going to sing and tell us all what he expected us to play. No discussion, like we were his backing group."
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David Bowie
David Bowie ( /ˈboʊ.i/ BOH-ee; born David Robert Jones on 8 January 1947) is an English musician, actor, record producer and arranger. A major figure for over four decades in the world of popular music, Bowie is widely regarded as an innovator, particularly for his work in the 1970s. He is known for his distinctive voice and the intellectual depth and eclecticism of his work.
Bowie first caught the eye and ear of the public in July 1969, when his song "Space Oddity" reached the top five of the UK Singles Chart. After a three-year period of experimentation he re-emerged in 1972 during the glam rock era with the flamboyant, androgynous alter ego Ziggy Stardust, spearheaded by the hit single "Starman" and the album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars. Bowie's impact at that time, as described by biographer David Buckley, "challenged the core belief of the rock music of its day" and "created perhaps the biggest cult in popular culture." The relatively short-lived Ziggy persona proved merely one facet of a career marked by continual reinvention, musical innovation and striking visual presentation.
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Dick Cavett
Richard Alva Cavett (English pronunciation: /ˈkævɨt/; born November 19, 1936) — known as Dick Cavett — is a former American television talk show host known for his conversational style and in-depth discussion of issues. Cavett appeared regularly on nationally broadcast television in the United States in five consecutive decades, the 1960s through the 2000s.
In recent years, Cavett has written a blog for the New York Times, promoted DVDs of his former shows, and hosted replays of his classic TV interviews with Groucho Marx, Katharine Hepburn, and others on Turner Classic Movies channel.
Cavett was born in Nebraska, but sources differ as to the specific town, locating his birthplace in either Gibbon, where his family lived, or nearby Kearney, the location of the nearest hospital. His mother Erabel "Era" (née Richards) and his father Alva B. Cavett both worked as educators. When asked by Lucille Ball on his own show about his heritage, he said he was "Scottish, Irish, English, and possibly partly French, and, and uh, a dose of German." He also mentioned that one grandfather "came over" from England, and the other from Wales. Cavett's grandparents all lived in Grand Island, Nebraska. His paternal grandparents were Alva A. Cavett and Gertrude Pinsch. His paternal grandfather was from Diller, Nebraska and his paternal grandmother was an immigrant from Aachen, Germany.[citation needed] His maternal grandparents were the Rev. R. R. and Etta Mae Richards. Rev. Richards was from Carmarthen, Wales and was a Baptist minister who served parishes across central Nebraska.[citation needed]
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Donald Verrilli
Donald Beaton Verrilli Jr. (born 1957) is Solicitor General of the United States. He was sworn in to the post on June 9, 2011. On June 6, 2011, the United States Senate confirmed Verrilli in a 72–16 vote. President Barack Obama had nominated Verrilli to the post on January 26, 2011. Verrilli first had served in the Obama administration as an Associate United States Deputy Attorney General. Until he became Solicitor General, he served as Deputy Counsel to the President.
Verrilli was born in New Rochelle, New York in 1957 to Donald and Rose Marie Verrilli. The family moved to Wilton, Connecticut, and Verrilli graduated from Wilton High School in 1975. He received his B.A. cum laude from Yale University (1979) and his J.D. from Columbia Law School (1983), where he was Editor-in-Chief of the Columbia Law Review and a James Kent Scholar. After graduating from law school, he was a clerk for federal Court of Appeals Judge J. Skelly Wright and for Supreme Court Justice William J. Brennan Jr.
Verrilli was a senior litigator with Jenner & Block, a U.S. law firm. He specialized in telecommunications, media and First Amendment law. In 2005, he represented the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) before the Supreme Court in MGM v Grokster. In 2007, he represented Viacom in the Viacom v. Google. During the same year, he also represented RIAA in Capitol v. Thomas and opposed the retrial of the case.
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Ed Cassidy
Ed "Cass" Cassidy (born May 4, 1923, Chicago) is an American drummer who was one of the founders of the rock group Spirit in 1967.
His family moved to Bakersfield, California, in 1931, and he started as a professional musician in 1937. He was in the Navy during World War II, and after his discharge worked at many jobs before becoming a full-time musician again. At one time in the late 1940s he played 282 consecutive one-nighters in 17 states. He worked in show bands, Dixieland combos, country and western bands, and on film soundtracks, as well as having a brief stint with the San Francisco Opera.
In 1950 he enrolled at college to get a musical teaching credential, but after about a year decided to leave and move to southern California to meet more jazz musicians and perhaps form a group of his own. During this period he performed together with many leading jazz musicians including Art Pepper, Julian Cannonball Adderley, Roland Kirk, Lee Konitz and Gerry Mulligan.
With Taj Mahal and Ry Cooder, he formed the Rising Sons in 1964. After that, he formed the Red Roosters in 1965, with his young stepson Randy California, Jay Ferguson and Mark Andes. Adding John Locke, they became Spirit in 1967. He sported a shaved head, which was unusual at that time; always wore black; and instead of the double-bass drum kit that was popular at the time, he used a single large parade bass drum turned sideways, with pedals on each side. He had a proclivity for playing extended drum solos with his bare hands instead of drumsticks, which influenced Led Zeppelin drummer John Bonham to do the same.
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Eddie Hazel
Edward Earl "Eddie" Hazel (April 10, 1950 – December 23, 1992) was a guitarist in early funk music in the United States who played lead guitar with Parliament-Funkadelic. Hazel was a posthumous inductee of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, inducted in 1997 with fifteen other members of Parliament-Funkadelic.
Born in Brooklyn, New York in 1950, Hazel grew up in Plainfield, New Jersey because his mother, Grace Cook, wanted her son to grow up in an environment without the pressures of drugs and crime that she felt pervaded New York City. Hazel occupied himself from a young age by playing a guitar, given to him as a Christmas present by his older brother. Hazel also sang in church. At age 12, Hazel met Billy "Bass" Nelson, and the pair quickly became close friends and began performing, soon adding drummer Harvey McGee to the mix.
In 1967, The Parliaments, a Plainfield-based doo wop band headed by George Clinton, had a hit record with "(I Wanna) Testify." Clinton recruited a backing band for a tour, hiring Nelson as bassist, who in turn recommended Hazel as guitarist. Hazel was in Newark, New Jersey working with George Blackwell and couldn't be reached. After Nelson returned from the tour, he tried to recruit Hazel. His mother at first vetoed the idea since Hazel was only seventeen, but Clinton and Nelson worked together to change her mind.
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Eddie Kramer
Edwin H. (Eddie) Kramer (born 1942 in Cape Town, South Africa) is an audio engineer and producer who has worked with, among others, Led Zeppelin, Triumph, Kiss (and solo Ace Frehley), Jimi Hendrix, The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, David Bowie, Spooky Tooth, Peter Frampton, Curtis Mayfield, Santana, Anthrax, Carly Simon, Loudness and Robin Trower. As a child Kramer studied classical piano, cello and violin. He attended the prestigious South African College of Music to learn classical piano, but formed an interest in jazz. He moved to England at 19, where he recorded local jazz groups in a home studio and installed hi-fi equipment as a hobby.
He started his career at Advision Sound Studios in 1962. He joined Pye Studios in 1963 where he recorded a variety of artists including Sammy Davis Jr., Petula Clark, The Kinks and The Searchers. He often went on the road with Bob Auger, PYE's chief engineer, to record a 90 piece symphony orchestra (using the PYE Mobile) demonstrating a versatility which Kramer possesses to this day.
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Edgar Winter
Edgar Holland Winter (born December 28, 1946) is an American musician. He is famous for being a multi-instrumentalist. He is a highly skilled keyboardist, saxophonist and percussionist. He often plays an instrument while singing. He was most successful in the 1970s with his band, The Edgar Winter Group, notably with their popular songs "Frankenstein" and "Free Ride". He has albinism.
Winter was born to John Winter II and Edith Winter on December 28, 1946, in Beaumont, Texas. Both he and his brother Johnny have albinism, and both were required to take special education classes in high school. Winter states, "In school I had a lot of friends. I wore a lot of white shirts to, like, blend in I guess. No one really gave me a hard time about being albino or taking special education classes. Then again, I wasn't really popular."
By the time Edgar Winter left his hometown of Beaumont, Texas, in the 1960s, he was already a proficient musician. A child prodigy who achieved international success early on, Edgar has found an audience in a number of major entertainment media, including music, film and television.
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Eire Apparent
Eire Apparent was a band from Northern Ireland, noted for launching the careers of Henry McCullough and Ernie Graham, and for having Jimi Hendrix play on, and produce, their only album.
The origins of the group stretch back to early '60s Belfast band Tony & The Telstars, which featured lead guitarist Rod Demick (born Roderick Demick, 1947, Prestatyn, Flintshire, North Wales), drummer Davy Lutton (born William David Lutton, 1946, Belfast), lead vocalist and guitarist George O'Hara and bassist Chris Stewart (born Eric Christopher Stewart, 1946, Belfast, Co Antrim). During 1965, Demick departed to join local R'n'B group The Wheels and Stewart joined German-based Irish band The Stellas. Their replacements included guitarist David "Tiger" Taylor, bassist Mike Niblett (from The Stellas) and apprentice auto mechanic Ernie Graham (born Ernest Harold Graham, 14 June 1946, Belfast) on rhythm guitar and backing vocals.
In late 1965 Lutton, O'Hara, Niblett and Graham formed pop outfit The People along with former Them keyboard player Eric Wrixon. They contributed two songs to the February 1966 compilation album Ireland's Greatest Sounds: Five Top Groups From Belfast's Maritime Club. In mid-1966 a "browned-off" Eric Wrixon announced the band were moving to England: "We hope it's forever... Nowhere, but nowhere, could be worse than Belfast." At the time they were using a stand-in guitarist in place of O'Hara and hoping to recruit Billy Harrison (ex-Them). Very soon afterwards Wrixon defected to another Belfast group resident on the Blackpool scene, The Wheels. Meanwhile, Mike Niblett and Chris Stewart had each swapped places and returned to their original bands. Guitarist Henry McCullough (formerly of The Sky Rockets Showband and Gene and The Gents) from Portstewart in Northern Ireland teamed up with The People in early 1967 and they quickly developed a strong reputation on the Blackpool and then (briefly) the Dublin music scenes.
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El-P
El-P (originally known as El Producto, born Jaime Meline, March 2, 1975) is an American hip hop artist and entrepreneur from Brooklyn, New York City. Originally a member of Company Flow, El-P has been a major driving force in alternative hip hop for over a decade. He is the co-founder, owner and CEO of the Definitive Jux record label. El-P is also a member of the Weathermen and art collective Cardboard City.
The son of jazz pianist Harry Keys (born Harry Meline), El-P became involved with the hip hop culture of New York City at an early age. After being expelled from several schools for problems with authority, Meline decided to pursue a career in music. At his 18th birthday party, he met Mr. Len, whom he had hired as a DJ for the night. The two quickly became friends and formed Company Flow in 1993. They released their first vinyl single, "Juvenile Techniques", in 1993. Bigg Jus later complemented the group and in 1996 the trio released its debut EP, Funcrusher. Subject to a major-label bidding war after the success of the EP, Company Flow waited until it could get a contract on its own terms. The group eventually signed with Rawkus Records, and released its debut full-length album, Funcrusher Plus (1997).
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Ellen McIlwaine
Ellen McIlwaine (born October 1, 1945, Nashville, Tennessee) is an American singer-songwriter and musician best known for her career as a slide guitarist.
Born in Nashville, McIlwaine was adopted by missionaries and raised in Kobe, Japan, giving her exposure to multiple languages and cultures. She attended the Canadian Academy school in Kobe, graduating in 1963. Her first experience in music was playing Ray Charles, Fats Domino and Professor Longhair songs on piano that she heard on Japanese radio. On moving to back to the United States she bought a guitar, beginning a stage career in Atlanta, Georgia in the mid-1960s.
In 1966, she had a stint in New York City's Greenwich Village where she opened every night at the Cafe Au Go Go, playing with a young Jimi Hendrix, and opening for Muddy Waters, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, and Big Joe Williams. She returned to Atlanta to form the band Fear Itself, a psychedelic blues-rock band.
After recording one album with Fear Itself, McIlwaine went solo, recording two albums for Polydor, Honky Tonk Angel (1972) and We the People (1973), the latter featuring a hit single, "I Don't Want to Play". Those albums, and most of her work since, have featured McIlwaine's approach to acoustic slide guitar.
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Elvis Presley
Elvis Aaron Presley (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977) was one of the most popular American singers of the 20th century. A cultural icon, he is widely known by the single name Elvis. He is often referred to as the "King of Rock and Roll" or simply "the King".
Born in Tupelo, Mississippi, Presley moved to Memphis, Tennessee, with his family at the age of 13. He began his career there in 1954, working with Sun Records owner Sam Phillips, who wanted to bring the sound of African American music to a wider audience. Accompanied by guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black, Presley was the most important popularizer of rockabilly, an uptempo, backbeat-driven fusion of country and rhythm and blues. RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker, who would manage the singer for over two decades. Presley's first RCA single, "Heartbreak Hotel", released in January 1956, was a number one hit. He became the leading figure of the newly popular sound of rock and roll with a series of network television appearances and chart-topping records. His energized interpretations of songs, many from African American sources, and his uninhibited performance style made him enormously popular—and controversial. In November 1956, he made his film debut in Love Me Tender.
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Eric Burdon
Eric Victor Burdon (born 11 May 1941) is an English singer-songwriter best known as a member and vocalist of rock band The Animals, and the funk rock band War and for his aggressive stage performance. He was ranked 57th in Rolling Stone's list - The 100 Greatest Singers of All Time.
Burdon was lead singer of The Animals, formed during 1962 in Newcastle, England. The original band was the Alan Price Combo which formed in 1958. They became the Animals shortly after Burdon joined the band. They combined electric blues with rock and in the USA were one of the leading bands of the British Invasion. Along with The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Dave Clark Five, and The Kinks, the group introduced British music and fashion. Burdon's powerful voice can be heard in The Animals singles "The House of the Rising Sun", "Sky Pilot", "Monterey", "I'm Crying", "Boom Boom", "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood", "Bring It On Home to Me", "Baby Let Me Take You Home", "It's My Life", "We Gotta Get out of This Place", "Don't Bring Me Down", and "See See Rider".
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Eric Clapton
Eric Patrick Clapton, CBE, (born 30 March 1945) is an English guitarist and singer-songwriter. Clapton is the only three-time inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: once as a solo artist, and separately as a member of The Yardbirds and Cream. Clapton has been referred to as one of the most important and influential guitarists of all time. Clapton ranked second in Rolling Stone magazine's list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" and fourth in Gibson's Top 50 Guitarists of All Time.
In the mid 1960s, Clapton departed from the Yardbirds to play blues with John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers. In his one-year stay with Mayall, Clapton gained the nickname "Slowhand". Immediately after leaving Mayall, Clapton formed Cream, a power trio with drummer Ginger Baker and bassist Jack Bruce in which Clapton played sustained blues improvisations and "arty, blues-based psychedelic pop." For most of the 1970s, Clapton's output bore the influence of the mellow style of J.J. Cale and the reggae of Bob Marley. His version of Marley's "I Shot the Sheriff" helped reggae reach a mass market. Two of his most popular recordings were "Layla", recorded by Derek and the Dominos, another band he formed and Robert Johnson's "Crossroads", recorded by Cream. A recipient of seventeen Grammy Awards, in 2004 Clapton was awarded a CBE for services to music. In 1998, Clapton, a recovering alcoholic and drug addict, founded the Crossroads Centre on Antigua, a medical facility for recovering substance abusers.
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Francis Scott Key
Francis Scott Key (August 1, 1779 – January 11, 1843) was an American lawyer, author, and amateur poet, from Georgetown, who wrote the lyrics to the United States' national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner".
Francis Scott Key was born to Ann Phoebe Penn Dagworthy (Charlton) and Captain John Ross Key at the family plantation Terra Rubra in what was Frederick County and is now Carroll County, Maryland. His father John Ross Key was a lawyer, a judge and an officer in the Continental Army. His great-grandparents were Philip Key and Susanna Barton Gardiner, both born in London, England, immigrated to Maryland in 1726.
He studied law at St. John's College, Annapolis, Maryland and also learned under his uncle Philip Barton Key.
During the War of 1812, Key, accompanied by the American Prisoner Exchange Agent Colonel John Stuart Skinner, dined aboard the British ship HMS Tonnant, as the guests of three British officers: Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane, Rear Admiral Sir George Cockburn, and Major General Robert Ross. Skinner and Key were there to negotiate the release of prisoners, one being Dr. William Beanes. Beanes was a resident of Upper Marlboro, Maryland and had been captured by the British after he placed rowdy stragglers under citizen's arrest with a group of men. Skinner, Key, and Beanes were not allowed to return to their own sloop: they had become familiar with the strength and position of the British units and with the British intent to attack Baltimore. As a result of this, Key was unable to do anything but watch the bombarding of the American forces at Fort McHenry during the Battle of Baltimore on the night of September 13–14, 1814.
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Frank Zappa
Frank Vincent Zappa (December 21, 1940 – December 4, 1993) was an American composer, singer-songwriter, electric guitarist, recording engineer, record producer and film director. In a career spanning more than 30 years, Zappa wrote rock, jazz, orchestral and musique concrète works. He also directed feature-length films and music videos, and designed album covers. Zappa produced almost all of the more than 60 albums he released with the band The Mothers of Invention and as a solo artist. While in his teens, he acquired a taste for percussion-based avant-garde composers such as Edgard Varèse and 1950s rhythm and blues music. He began writing classical music in high school, while at the same time playing drums in rhythm and blues bands; he later switched to electric guitar.
He was a self-taught composer and performer, and his diverse musical influences led him to create music that was often impossible to categorize. His 1966 debut album with The Mothers of Invention, Freak Out!, combined songs in conventional rock and roll format with collective improvisations and studio-generated sound collages. His later albums shared this eclectic and experimental approach, irrespective of whether the fundamental format was one of rock, jazz or classical. His lyrics—often humorously—reflected his iconoclastic view of established social and political processes, structures and movements. He was a strident critic of mainstream education and organized religion, and a forthright and passionate advocate for freedom of speech, self-education, political participation and the abolition of censorship.
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George Harrison
George Harrison,MBE (25 February 1943 – 29 November 2001) was an English musician and singer-songwriter who achieved international fame as lead guitarist of The Beatles. Often referred to as "the quiet Beatle", Harrison became over time an admirer of Indian culture and mysticism, and introduced it to the other Beatles, as well as their Western audience. Following the band's break-up he was a successful solo artist, and later a founding member of the Traveling Wilburys. Harrison was also a session musician and a film and record producer. He is listed at number 11 in Rolling Stone magazine's list of "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".
Although most of The Beatles' songs were written by Lennon and McCartney, Beatle albums generally included one or two of Harrison's own songs, from With The Beatles onwards. His later compositions with The Beatles include "Here Comes the Sun", "Something" and "While My Guitar Gently Weeps". By the time of the band's break-up, Harrison had accumulated a backlog of material, which he then released as the triple album All Things Must Pass in 1970, from which two hit singles originated: a double A-side single, "My Sweet Lord" backed with "Isn't It a Pity", and "What Is Life". In addition to his solo work, Harrison co-wrote two hits for former Beatle Ringo Starr, as well as songs for the Traveling Wilburys—the supergroup he formed in 1988 with Jeff Lynne, Bob Dylan, Tom Petty, and Roy Orbison.
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Gerardo Velez
Gerardo "Jerry" Velez (born August 15, 1947) is a Puerto Rican musician. Best known for performing with American psychedelic rock musician Jimi Hendrix at Woodstock Festival in August 1969, Velez is a veteran percussionist and drummer who has performed with many artists covering a number of different genres of music. He is also a common member of jazz fusion band Spyro Gyra.
Born in Puerto Rico on August 15, 1947, Velez began his musical career in The Bronx, New York. He notably joined Jimi Hendrix's band Gypsy Sun and Rainbows in July 1969, performed at the Woodstock Festival and at a small number of studio sessions, before Hendrix disbanded the group in favour of returning to the three-piece format of The Jimi Hendrix Experience. The band's performance at Woodstock was released on the live album Woodstock in 1994, followed by live album and video Live at Woodstock in 1999. For all Hendrix releases on which he appears, Velez was credited with the nickname Jerry.
Since performing with Jimi Hendrix, Velez has continued to record and tour with high-profile artists, including David Bowie, Elton John and Duran Duran. According to his official website, Gerardo Velez has been nominated for seven Grammy Awards and has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
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Ice-T
Tracy Marrow (born February 16, 1958), better known by his stage name Ice-T, is an American musician and actor. He was born in Newark, New Jersey, and moved to the Crenshaw district of Los Angeles when he was in the 7th grade. After graduating from high school, he served in the United States Army for four years. He began his career as a rapper in the 1980s and was signed to Sire Records in 1987, when he released his debut album Rhyme Pays, the first hip-hop album to carry an explicit content sticker. The next year, he founded the record label Rhyme Syndicate Records (named after his collective of fellow hip-hop artists called the Rhyme Syndicate) and released another album, Power.
He co-founded the heavy metal band Body Count, which he introduced in his 1991 album O.G.: Original Gangster. Body Count released its self-titled debut album in 1992. Ice-T encountered controversy over his track "Cop Killer", which was perceived to glamorize killing police officers. Ice-T asked to be released from his contract with Warner Bros. Records, and his next solo album, Home Invasion, was released later in the fall of 1993 through Priority Records. Body Count's next album was released in 1994, and Ice-T released two more albums in the late 1990s. Since 2000, he has portrayed NYPD Detective Odafin Tutuola on the NBC police drama Law & Order: Special Victims Unit.
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Ike & Tina Turner
Ike & Tina Turner were an American musical duo composed of the husband-and-wife team of Ike Turner and Tina Turner. The duo started as an offshoot splinter act from Ike Turner's The Kings of Rhythm before the name changed to the Ike & Tina Turner Revue. The duo was once considered "one of the hottest, most durable, and potentially most explosive of all R&B ensembles".
Their early works including "A Fool in Love", "It's Gonna Work Out Fine", "I Idolize You" and "River Deep - Mountain High" became high points in the development of soul music while their later works were cited for wildly interpretive re-arrangements of rock songs such as "I Want to Take You Higher" and "Proud Mary", the latter song for which they won a Grammy Award. They're also known for their often-ribald live performances, which were only matched by that of James Brown and The Famous Flames in terms of musical spectacle.
The duo was inducted to the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 1991.
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Jackie Wilson
Jack Leroy "Jackie" Wilson, Jr. (June 9, 1934 – January 21, 1984) was an American singer and performer. Known as "Mr. Excitement", Wilson was important in the transition of rhythm and blues into soul. He was considered a master showman, one of the most dynamic and influential singers and performers in R&B and rock history. Gaining fame in his early years as a member of the R&B vocal group Billy Ward and His Dominoes, he went solo in 1957 and recorded over 50 hit singles that spanned R&B, pop, soul, doo-wop and easy listening. During a 1975 benefit concert, he collapsed on-stage from a heart attack and subsequently fell into a coma that persisted for nearly nine years until his death in 1984. By this time, he had become one of the most influential artists of his generation.
A two-time Grammy Hall of Fame Inductee, Jackie Wilson was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987. In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked Jackie Wilson #69 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.
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Jaco Pastorius
John Francis Anthony Pastorius III (December 1, 1951 – September 21, 1987), known as Jaco Pastorius, was an American jazz musician, composer, and electric bass player.
His playing style was noteworthy for containing intricate solos in the higher register and for the "singing" quality he achieved on the fretless bass. His innovations also included the use of harmonics. Pastorius suffered from mental illness including a substance-related disorder, and was diagnosed with bipolar disorder in 1982. He died in 1987 at age 35 following a violent altercation at a Fort Lauderdale bar.
Pastorius was inducted into the Down Beat Jazz Hall of Fame in 1988, one of only six bassists to be so honored (and the only electric bass guitarist). He is one of the most influential electric bass players of all time.
John Francis Pastorius III was born December 1, 1951 in Norristown, Pennsylvania to Jack Pastorius (big band singer and drummer) and Stephanie Katherine Haapala Pastorius, the first of their three children, Jaco Pastorius was of Finnish, German, Swedish and Irish ancestry.
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James R. Hendrix
James R. Hendrix (August 20, 1925 – November 14, 2002) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II.
Hendrix was born and raised in Lepanto, Arkansas, the son of a sharecropper. He left school after the third grade to work in the fields. In 1944, at age 18, he was drafted into the U.S. Army and sent to basic training in Florida, the first time he had been more than a few miles from his hometown.
After training, Hendrix was sent to Europe as a private with the 53rd Armored Infantry Battalion, 4th Armored Division. After waiting out the invasion of Normandy aboard ship in the English Channel, his unit landed and joined the drive across France and into Belgium as part of General George Patton's Third Army.
On December 26, 1944, near Assenois, Belgium, Hendrix captured two enemy artillery guncrews, held off the fire of two machine guns until wounded comrades could be evacuated, and then rescued a soldier from a burning vehicle. For these actions, he was awarded the Medal of Honor nine months later, on September 1, 1945.
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Janis Joplin
Janis Lyn Joplin (January 19, 1943 – October 4, 1970) was an American singer and songwriter from Port Arthur, Texas. As a youth Joplin was ridiculed by her fellow students due to her unconventional appearance and personal beliefs. She later sang about her experience at school through her song "Ego Rock". Early in her life, Joplin cultivated a rebellious and unconventional lifestyle, becoming a beatnik poet. She began her singing career as a folk and blues singer in San Francisco, playing clubs and bars with her guitar and auto-harp.
Joplin first rose to prominence in the late 1960s as the lead singer of the psychedelic-acid rock band Big Brother and the Holding Company, and later as a solo artist with her more soulful and bluesy backing groups, The Kozmic Blues Band and The Full Tilt Boogie Band. She was one of the more popular acts at the Monterey Pop Festival and later became one of the major attractions to the Woodstock festival and the Festival Express train tour.
Janis Joplin only charted five singles in her life but her hits and other popular songs from throughout her short four year career include "Down On Me", "Bye, Bye Baby", "Coo Coo", "Summertime", "Piece of My Heart", "Turtle Blues", "Ball 'n' Chain", "Try (Just A Little Bit Harder)", "Maybe", "To Love Somebody", "Kozmic Blues", "Work Me, Lord", "Move Over", "Cry Baby", "A Woman Left Lonely" "Get It While You Can", "My Baby", "Trust Me", "Mercedes Benz", "One Night Stand", "Raise Your Hand" and her only number one hit, "Me and Bobby McGee".
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Jeff Baxter
Jeffrey Allen "Jeff Skunk" Baxter (born December 13, 1948 in Washington, D.C.) is an American guitarist, known for his stints in the rock bands Steely Dan and The Doobie Brothers during the 1970s. More recently, he has been working as a defense consultant and chairs a Congressional Advisory Board on missile defense.
While working at Manny's Music Shop in Manhattan in 1966, Baxter met guitarist Jimi Hendrix, who was just beginning his career as a frontman. For a short period during that year, Baxter was a member of a Hendrix-led band called Jimmy James and the Blue Flames, along with fellow Manny's employee Randy California. Jeff also worked as a guitar tech and amplifier repairman at the long-defunct "Jack's" Drum shop on 252 Boylston Street in Boston across from the frog pond.
Baxter graduated from the Taft School in Watertown, Connecticut and enrolled at the School of Public Communication (now College of Communication) at Boston University in September 1967, where he studied journalism while continuing to perform with local bands.
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Jeff Beck
Geoffrey Arnold "Jeff" Beck (born 24 June 1944) is an English rock guitarist. He is one of three noted guitarists to have played with The Yardbirds (Eric Clapton and Jimmy Page are the other two). Beck also formed The Jeff Beck Group and Beck, Bogert & Appice.
Much of Beck's recorded output has been instrumental, with a focus on innovative sound and his releases have spanned genres ranging from blues-rock, heavy metal, jazz fusion and an additional blend of guitar-rock and electronica. Although he recorded two hit albums (in 1975 and 1976) as a solo act, Beck has not established or maintained the sustained commercial success of many of his contemporaries and bandmates. Beck appears on albums by Mick Jagger, Kate Bush, Roger Waters, Donovan, Stevie Wonder, Les Paul, Zucchero, Cyndi Lauper, Brian May and ZZ Top. In 1988, he made a cameo appearance in the movie Twins.
He was ranked 5th in Rolling Stone's list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" and the magazine has described him as "one of the most influential lead guitarists in rock".MSNBC has called him a "guitarist's guitarist". Beck has earned wide critical praise and received the Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance six times and Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance once. He has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice: as a member of The Yardbirds (1992) and as a solo artist (2009).
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Jim Morrison
James Douglas "Jim" Morrison (December 8, 1943 – July 3, 1971) was the lead singer and lyricist of the rock band The Doors, as well as a poet. Following The Doors' explosive rise to fame in 1967, Morrison developed a severe alcohol and drug dependency that culminated in his death at the age of 27 in Paris. He is presumed to have died from a heroin overdose, but as no autopsy was performed, the events surrounding his death and the exact cause of it continue to be disputed by many to this day.
Morrison was well known for often improvising spoken word poetry passages while the band played live. Due to his wild personality and performances, he is regarded by critics and fans as one of the most iconic, charismatic and pioneering frontmen in rock music history. Morrison was ranked number 47 on Rolling Stone's list of the "100 Greatest Singers of All Time", and number 22 on Classic Rock Magazine's "50 Greatest Singers In Rock".
James Douglas Morrison was born in Melbourne, Florida, to future Rear Admiral George Stephen Morrison and Clara Morrison. Morrison had a sister, Anne Robin, who was born in 1947 in Albuquerque, New Mexico; and a brother, Andrew Lee Morrison, who was born in 1948 in Los Altos, California. He was of Irish and Scottish descent.
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Jimi Hendrix
James Marshall "Jimi" Hendrix (born Johnny Allen Hendrix; November 27, 1942 – September 18, 1970) was an American musician and singer-songwriter. He is widely considered to be the greatest electric guitarist in music history, and one of the most influential musicians of his era despite mainstream exposure limited to just three years. After initial success in Europe with his group The Jimi Hendrix Experience, he achieved fame in the United States following his 1967 performance at the Monterey Pop Festival. Later, he headlined the iconic 1969 Woodstock Festival and the 1970 Isle of Wight Festival. He often favored raw overdriven amplifiers with high gain and treble and helped develop the previously undesirable technique of guitar amplifier feedback.
Hendrix helped to popularize use of the wah-wah pedal in mainstream rock, which he often used to deliver tonal exaggerations in his solos, particularly with high bends, complex guitar playing, and use of legato. As a record producer, he also broke new ground in using the recording studio as an extension of his musical ideas. He was one of the first to experiment with stereophonic phasing effects for rock recording.[citation needed] He was influenced by blues artists such as B.B. King, Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Albert King and Elmore James,rhythm and blues and soul guitarists Curtis Mayfield and Steve Cropper, and the jazz guitarist Wes Montgomery. Hendrix began dressing and wearing a moustache like Little Richard when he performed and recorded in his band from March 1, 1964 through to the spring of 1965. In 1966, he stated, "I want to do with my guitar what Little Richard does with his voice".
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Joan Baez
Joan Chandos Baez ( /ˈbaɪ.ɛz/) (born January 9, 1941 as Joan Chandos Báez) is an American folk singer, songwriter, musician and a prominent activist in the fields of human rights, peace and environmental justice.
Baez has a distinctive vocal style, with a strong vibrato. Her recordings include many topical songs and material dealing with social issues.
Baez began her career performing in coffeehouses in Boston and Cambridge, and rose to fame as an unbilled performer at the 1959 Newport Folk Festival. She began her recording career in 1960, and achieved immediate success. Her first three albums, Joan Baez, Joan Baez, Vol. 2, and Joan Baez in Concert all achieved gold record status, and stayed on the charts for two years.
Baez has had a popular hit song with "Diamonds & Rust" and hit covers of Phil Ochs's "There but for Fortune" and The Band's "The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down". Other songs associated with Baez include "Farewell, Angelina", "Love Is Just a Four-Letter Word", "Joe Hill", "Sweet Sir Galahad" and "We Shall Overcome". She performed three of the songs at the 1969 Woodstock Festival, helped to bring the songs of Bob Dylan to national prominence, and has displayed a lifelong commitment to political and social activism in the fields of nonviolence, civil rights, human rights and the environment.
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Joe Cocker
John Robert "Joe" Cocker, OBE (born 20 May 1944) is an English rock and blues singer, who came to popularity in the 1960s, and is most known for his gritty voice, his idiosyncratic arm movements while performing, and his cover versions of popular songs, particularly those of the Beatles.
He is the recipient of several awards, including a 1983 Grammy Award for his #1 hit "Up Where We Belong", a duet he performed with Jennifer Warnes. He was ranked #97 on Rolling Stone's 100 greatest singers list.
Cocker was born on 20 May 1944 at 38 Tasker Road, Crookes, Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire. He is the youngest son of a civil servant, Harold Cocker, and Madge Cocker. According to differing family stories, Cocker received his nickname of Joe either from playing a childhood game called "Cowboy Joe" or from a local window cleaner named Joe.
Cocker's main musical influences growing up were Ray Charles and Lonnie Donegan. Cocker's first experience singing in public was at age 12 when his elder brother Victor invited him on stage to sing during a gig of his skiffle group. In 1960, along with three friends, Cocker formed his first group, the Cavaliers. For the group's first performance at a youth club, they were required to pay the price of admission before entering. The Cavaliers eventually broke up after a year and Cocker left school to become an apprentice gasfitter while he pursued a career in music.
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Joel Rosenman
Joel Rosenman (born 1942), conceived and co-created the Woodstock Festival in 1969. Rosenman thought of the idea for the three-day concert when he and business partner John Roberts evaluated a recording studio proposal brought forward by Michael Lang and Artie Kornfeld. The four went on to create the event; Rosenman and Roberts are the co-authors of Young Men with Unlimited Capital, also published as Making Woodstock, a non-fiction account of their exploits as producers of Woodstock.
Born the second of three children, Rosenman grew up on Long Island in the town of Cold Spring Harbor, New York. He attended Huntington High School from 1956 to 1959, graduating at age 16. Rosenman earned a B.A. in English from Princeton in 1963, where he was a member of all-male a cappella group the Princeton Footnotes, and a J.D. from Yale Law School in 1966. Throughout college and graduate school, he helped finance his studies by working as a professional musician, both as a solo artist and band member.
Following graduation from law school, Rosenman continued to perform in the New York City folk music scene of the 1960s, working at a law firm during the day. John Hammond, then head of A&R at Columbia Records, offered him a recording contract in 1967, but Rosenman opted instead for a career in writing and venture capital with friend, and then partner, John Roberts.
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John Coltrane
John William Coltrane (September 23, 1926 – July 17, 1967) was an American jazz saxophonist and composer. Working in the bebop and hard bop idioms early in his career, Coltrane helped pioneer the use of modes in jazz and later was at the forefront of free jazz. He organized at least fifty recording sessions as a leader during his recording career, and appeared as a sideman on many other albums, notably with trumpeter Miles Davis and pianist Thelonious Monk.
As his career progressed, Coltrane and his music took on an increasingly spiritual dimension. His second wife was pianist Alice Coltrane, and their son Ravi Coltrane is also a saxophonist. Coltrane influenced innumerable musicians, and remains one of the most significant tenor saxophonists in jazz history. He received many posthumous awards and recognitions, including canonization by the African Orthodox Church as Saint John William Coltrane. In 2007, Coltrane was awarded the Pulitzer Prize Special Citation for his "masterful improvisation, supreme musicianship and iconic centrality to the history of jazz."
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John Gilliland
John Sanford Gilliland, Jr. (October 18, 1935 – July 27, 1998) was an American radio broadcaster and documentarian best known for the Pop Chronicles music documentaries and as one of the original members of The Credibility Gap. He was born and died in his hometown of Quanah, Texas. He worked for a number of radio stations in Texas and California including KOGO in San Diego (1961-1965), KRLA 1110 in Los Angeles (1965-1970), and KSFO (AM) in San Francisco (1971-1978).
His radio career began in 1952 with KOLJ in his native Quanah, Texas. While attending Texas Christian University, he worked as a disc jockey at KCUL in Fort Worth. His shows were The House of Wax and The Man on the Beat. From 1959-1961 he worked for KLIF in Dallas. He also worked at KILT in Houston.
At the news department of KOGO in San Diego, Gilliland used the pseudonyms of John Land and Johnny Land.
In 1965, Gilliland came to the news department of KRLA radio in Los Angeles County, where he became one of the original members of The Credibility Gap which mixed topical humor along with their news broadcasts. Fellow founding member Richard Beebe said of him that
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John Hammond Jr.
John Paul Hammond (born November 13, 1942, New York City, United States) is an American blues singer and guitarist. The son of record producer John H. Hammond, he is sometimes referred to as "John Hammond, Jr.".
He is a son of the famed record producer and talent scout John Henry Hammond, Jr. and his first wife, Jemison McBride, an actress. He is a descendant of Cornelius Vanderbilt, founder of the prominent Vanderbilt family. He has a brother, Jason, and by his father's second marriage to Esme O'Brien Sarnoff, he has a stepsister, (Esme) Rosita Sarnoff. Hammond's middle name, Paul, is in honor of a friend of his father, the actor Paul Robeson. However, the younger Hammond was raised by his mother and only saw his father a few times a year while growing up.
He began playing guitar in high school, partially inspired by the album Jimmy Reed at Carnegie Hall. He attended Antioch College for one year, but dropped out to pursue a music career. By the mid-1960s he was touring nationally and living in Greenwich Village. He befriended and recorded with many electric blues musicians in New York, including Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton, The Hawks (later known as The Band), Dr. John and Duane Allman.
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John Sebastian
John Benson Sebastian (born March 17, 1944, in Greenwich Village, New York City) is an American singer, songwriter, guitarist and autoharpist. He is best known as a founder of The Lovin' Spoonful, a band inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2000. His tie-dyed denim jacket is prominently displayed there.
Sebastian's father, John Sebastian , was a noted classical harmonica player and his mother was a radio script writer. He is the godson of Vivian Vance (Ethel Mertz of I Love Lucy). He grew up surrounded by music and musicians, including Burl Ives and Woody Guthrie and hearing such players as Leadbelly and Mississippi John Hurt in his own neighborhood.
One of his first recording gigs was playing guitar and harmonica for Billy Faier's 1964 album The Beast of Billy Faier. He also recorded with Fred Neil on the Bleecker & MacDougal album and Tom Rush's self-titled album in 1965. He came up through the Even Dozen Jug Band and The Mugwumps, which split to form the Lovin' Spoonful and The Mamas & the Papas. Sebastian was joined by Zal Yanovsky, Steve Boone and Joe Butler in the Spoonful, which was named after "The Coffee Blues," a Mississippi John Hurt song. Sebastian also played autoharp on occasion.
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John Stafford Smith
John Stafford Smith (30 March 1750 – 21 September 1836) was a British composer, church organist, and early musicologist. He was one of the first serious collectors of manuscripts of works by Johann Sebastian Bach.
Stafford Smith is best known for writing the music for "The Anacreontic Song", which became the tune for the American patriotic song The Star-Spangled Banner following the War of 1812, and in 1931 was adopted as the national anthem of the United States of America.
John Stafford Smith was baptised in Gloucester Cathedral, England on 30 March 1750, the son of Martin Smith, organist of Gloucester Cathedral from 1743-1782. He attended the Gloucester cathedral school where he became a boy-singer. He furthered his career as a choir boy at the Chapel Royal, London and also studied under the famous Dr. William Boyce.
By the 1770s he had gained a reputation as a composer and organist. He was elected as a member of the select Anacreontic Society which boasted amongst its membership such persons as Samuel Johnson, James Boswell, Sir Joshua Reynolds and Henry Purcell.
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John Storyk
John Storyk, a registered architect and acoustician, is a founding partner of Walters-Storyk Design Group. He and the firm’s associates have provided design and construction supervision services for the professional audio and video recording community since the 1969 completion of Jimi Hendrix's Electric Lady Studios in New York City.
Storyk graduated from Princeton University in 1968.
Storyk's first major project was Jimi Hendrix's Electric Lady Studios. His subsequent career has seen the design and construction of over 3000 world-class audio recording studios, radio stations, video suites, entertainment facilities, clubs, concert halls and theaters. His work includes private studios for Alicia Keys, Whitney Houston, Bob Marley, Aerosmith, Greenday, Goo Goo Dolls, Jay-Z, R. Kelly and Bruce Springsteen.
Storyk is a member of the American Institute of Architects (AIA) and the Audio Engineering Society (AES). He is a frequent lecturer at schools throughout the nation and has established courses in acoustics at Ex'pression College for Digital Arts, San Francisco; Full Sail Center, Orlando; and Berklee College of Music, Boston, where he is currently adjunct professor of Acoustics and Studio Design.
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Johnny Hallyday
Jean-Philippe Smet better known by his stage name Johnny Hallyday (born 15 June 1943, Cité Malesherbes, Paris, France) is a French singer and actor. An icon in the French-speaking world since the beginning of his career, he was considered by some to have been the French Elvis Presley. He was married for 15 years to popular Bulgarian-French singer Sylvie Vartan. They formed the golden couple of the sixties and seventies in Europe. Johnny has completed 100 tours, had 18 platinum albums, and sold more than 110 million records. Hallyday announced his retirement from performing on 3 December 2007, saying that he will retire in 2009, after a farewell tour. Hallyday, though, announced in March 2012 that he would perform in Los Angeles on April 24 and in New York City on October 7.
Hallyday's father, Léon Smet (1908–1989), was Belgian, his mother Huguette Clerc (1920–2007) was French. Hallyday took his stage name from his aunt Desta's husband and dance partner Lee Hallyday, a pseudonym for Lee Ketcham, an expatriate Oklahoman, performer and MC at the Cafe de Paris when Johnny began his singing career. Johnny was raised by Desta and Lee from a very young age, with Lee being his first manager.
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Johnny Winter
John Dawson "Johnny" Winter III (born February 23, 1944) is an American blues guitarist, singer, and producer. Best known for his late 1960s and 1970s high-energy blues-rock albums and live performances, Winter also produced three Grammy Award-winning albums for blues legend Muddy Waters. Since his time with Waters, Johnny Winter has recorded several Grammy-nominated blues albums and continues to tour extensively. In 1988, he was inducted into the Blues Foundation Hall of Fame and in 2003, he was ranked 74th in Rolling Stone magazine's list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" He was born with albinism.
Johnny Winter, along with his brother Edgar Winter, were nurtured at an early age by their parents in musical pursuits. Both he and his brother, who were born with albinism, began performing at an early age. When he was ten years old, Winter appeared on a local children's show, playing ukelele and singing Everly Brothers songs with his brother.
His recording career began at the age of fifteen, when his band Johnny and the Jammers released "School Day Blues" on a Houston record label. During this same period, he was able to see performances by classic blues artists such as Muddy Waters, B.B. King, and Bobby Bland. In the early days Winter would sometimes sit in with Roy Head and the Traits when they performed in the Beaumont, Texas area, and in 1967, Winter recorded a single with the Traits: "Tramp" backed with "Parchman Farm" (Universal Records 30496). In 1968, he released his first album The Progressive Blues Experiment, on Austin's Sonobeat Records.
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Juma Sultan
Juma Sultan (born April 13, 1942, in Monrovia, California) is an American percussionist, best known for his brief stint playing with rock legend Jimi Hendrix.
Sultan performed in 1969 at Woodstock in Hendrix's band, Gypsy Sun and Rainbows and on the Dick Cavett show and at a special show in Harlem, New York several weeks later. He was interviewed extensively for the documentary films, Jimi Hendrix and Jimi Hendrix: Live at Woodstock. He also recorded with Archie Shepp, Noah Howard, Kalaparusha Maurice McIntyre, Sonny Simmons, Daoud Haroon, Asha Nan, Emmeretta Marks, Don Moore Band, and Sankofa. He currently plays in the African performance group, Sankofa, the band, Sons of Thunder, and with Thom Buchanan.
In 2006, Clarkson University in conjunction with Juma Sultan, received a grant from the National Endowment of the Arts to preserve Mr. Sultan's audio and video documentation of avant garde jazz during the 1960s and 1970s. The collection may be viewed at www.jumasarchive.org.
Juma is a Christian Minister affiliated with In His Name Ministries.
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Karl Ferris
Karl Ferris is an English photographer/designer, best known as one of the principal innovators of "psychedelic" photography. A photographer to the “British Rock Elite” - Eric Clapton, Cream, Donovan, The Hollies and Jimi Hendrix - Ferris was invited - as a style consultant and their personal photographer - to help create their public images. He was given an insider's access to the “Experience” that helped define the look of the 1960s and influence youth culture and lifestyles worldwide.
As a post World War II baby who grew up in Hastings, England in the 1950s, Ferris learned two things that would later affect his life - the first being the history of Hastings, which had been conquered by the Normans in 1066. This spawned an interest in this medieval period of history and young Karl would bicycle around Norman castles fantasizing about battles, knights, chivalry and heraldry. The second thing he learned was an appreciation of art, with some of his early paintings included in a show at the Hastings Museum. He later went on to study at Hastings College of Art, focusing on the Pre-Raphaelite style of painting which would later influence his psychedelic photography of the late 1960s.
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Keef Hartley
Keith "Keef" Hartley (8 April 1944 – 26 November 2011) was an English drummer and bandleader. He fronted his own eponymous band, known as the Keef Hartley Band or the Keef Hartley Big Band, and played at Woodstock. He was later a member of Dog Soldier, and variously worked with Rory Storm, The Artwoods and John Mayall.
Keith Hartley was born in Preston, Lancashire. His career began as the replacement for Ringo Starr as drummer for Rory Storm and the Hurricanes, a Liverpool-based band. Subsequently he played and recorded with The Artwoods, then achieved some notability as John Mayall's drummer (including his role as the only musician, other than Mayall, to play on Mayall's 1967 "solo" record The Blues Alone. He then formed The Keef Hartley (Big) Band, mixing elements of jazz, blues, and rock and roll; the group played at Woodstock in 1969.
They released five albums, including Halfbreed and The Battle of North West Six (characterised by a reviewer for the Vancouver Sun as "an amazing display of virtuosity"). After that Hartley released a 'solo' album (Lancashire Hustler, 1973) and then he formed Dog Soldier with Miller Anderson (guitar), Paul Bliss (bass), Derek Griffiths (guitar) and Mel Simpson (keyboards). They released an eponymous album in 1975, which had a remastered release in early 2011 on CD on the Esoteric label.
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Keith Richards
Keith Richards (born 18 December 1943) is an English musician and songwriter, and a founder member of The Rolling Stones. Rolling Stone magazine said Richards has created "rock's greatest single body of riffs", and has named him the 4th greatest guitarist of all time. Fourteen songs written by Richards and songwriting partner Mick Jagger, The Rolling Stones' lead vocalist, are listed among Rolling Stone magazine's "500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Richards' notoriety for illicit drug use stems in part from several drug busts during the late 1960s and 1970s.
Keith Richards is the only child of Bert Richards and Doris Dupree Richards. He was born at Livingston Hospital in Dartford, Kent. His father was a factory worker injured in World War II during the Normandy invasion.
Richards' paternal grandparents were socialists and civic leaders whose family originated from Wales. His maternal grandfather, Augustus Theodore Dupree, who toured Britain with a jazz big band, "Gus Dupree and his Boys", fostered Richards' interest in guitar.
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King Curtis
Curtis Ousley (February 7, 1934 – August 13, 1971), who performed under the stage name King Curtis, was an American saxophone virtuoso known for rhythm and blues, rock and roll, soul, funk and soul jazz. He was adopted, alongside with his adopted sister, Josephine Ousley Allen. They both grew up in Texas, together. Variously a bandleader, band member, and session musician, he was also a musical director and record producer. Adept at tenor, alto, and soprano saxophone, he was best known for his distinctive riffs and solos such as on "Yakety Yak", which later became the inspiration for Boots Randolph's "Yakety Sax" and his own "Memphis Soul Stew".
King Curtis started playing saxophone at the age of twelve in the Fort Worth area. Josephine, took interest in him, knowing that she was also into music and singing as well. He took interest in many musical genres including jazz, rhythm and blues, and popular music. As a student pursuing music he turned down college scholarships in order to join the Lionel Hampton Band. During his time with Lionel Hampton he was able to write and arrange music and learn guitar. In 1952 Curtis decided to move to New York and became a session musician, recording for such labels as Prestige, Enjoy, Capitol, and Atco. He recorded with Nat Adderley and Wynton Kelly,Buddy Holly and Andy Williams.
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Kirk Hammett
Kirk Lee Hammett (born November 18, 1962) is the lead guitarist and a songwriter in the heavy metal band Metallica and has been a member of the band since 1983. Before joining Metallica he formed and named the band Exodus. In 2003, Hammett was ranked 11th on Rolling Stone's list of The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. In 2009, Hammett was ranked number 15 in Joel McIver's book The 100 Greatest Metal Guitarists.
Hammett was born on November 18, 1962 in San Francisco to a Filipina mother Teofila "Chefela" Oyao and an Irish Merchant Marine father. He attended De Anza High School in Richmond, California. While attending De Anza High School he met Les Claypool of Primus and they remain close friends.
After purchasing a 1978 Fender Stratocaster copy, Hammett attempted to customize his sound with various guitar parts, eventually buying a 1974 Gibson Flying V. Hammett also took a job at Burger King as a youth before quitting once he saved enough money for his Marshall amplifier.
Hammett's musical interests eventually drew him into the fledgling thrash metal genre. In 1980, he formed the band Exodus with vocalist Paul Baloff, guitarist Gary Holt, bassist Geoff Andrews, and drummer Tom Hunting. He played on Exodus' 1982 Demo. Exodus was an influential band in the Bay Area thrash movement.
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Larry Lee
Lawrence H. "Larry" Lee, Jr. (March 7, 1943 – October 30, 2007) was an American singer, songwriter and guitarist from Memphis, Tennessee, best known for his work with Al Green and Jimi Hendrix.
Lee was an old friend of Jimi Hendrix and Billy Cox, they had all played together in various R&B acts, and in 1969 he joined Hendrix's new band Gypsy Sun and Rainbows as rhythm guitarist, occasionally playing alternating lead. The newly formed band was hired to play the Woodstock Music Festival for which Hendrix had been previously booked to play as the Jimi Hendrix Experience. Lee had only been back from the Vietnam war for two weeks, was unemployed when Hendrix called him and had only joined Gypsy Sun and Rainbows a week before the Woodstock concert.
At the concert Hendrix and Lee both wore white outfits and exotic headgear was much in evidence, Lee wore a distinctive green bandana that had long tassles hanging over his eyes, which at the time he thought was a statement of originality as he explains in the Woodstock DVD, whereas Billy Cox wore a multi coloured turban and Hendrix a bright pink bandana and large shining ear studs. Lee played a Gibson Les Paul guitar and sang his own composition 'Master Mind' as well as two Impressions numbers sung as a medley - 'Gypsy Woman' and 'Aware of Love', with Hendrix playing Curtis Mayfield style back up, he also took several solos and played some alternating lead ("weaving") with Hendrix.
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Les Claypool
Leslie Edward "Les" Claypool (born September 29, 1963) is an American musician and writer, best known as the lead vocalist and bassist in the band Primus. Claypool's playing style on the electric bass mixes tapping, flamenco-like strumming, whammy bar bends and slapping.
Claypool has also self produced and engineered his solo releases from his own studio "Rancho Relaxo". 2006 saw the release of a full-length feature film Electric Apricot written and directed by Claypool as well as a debut novel South of the Pumphouse.
Claypool was born September 29, 1963 in Richmond, California, but was raised in El Sobrante, California in a working class family with a history of working as auto mechanics. A close family friend, Rhys Hickman, taught him the basics of the slap bass technique, which he mastered throughout his educational period. His early education included Collins Elementary School and De Anza High School, where he was a personal friend of Kirk Hammett.
In 1986, after the death of Metallica bassist Cliff Burton, school friend Kirk Hammett encouraged Claypool to audition for Metallica as Burton's successor. In Metallica's Behind the Music, Claypool said that he jokingly asked the others if they wanted to "jam on some Isley Brothers tunes" during the audition, a reference to his little experience of the thrash metal scene. James Hetfield remarked that Claypool was not awarded the job because "he was too good" and "should do his own thing." Claypool would later admit that he wouldn't have fit in with the band and "would've looked like a freak". The bass slot was instead given to Jason Newsted, who played with Metallica until his departure in 2001. For several years before forming Primus, Claypool worked as a carpenter in El Sobrante. Claypool has cited Larry Graham, Chris Squire, Tony Levin, Geddy Lee, Paul McCartney, Geezer Butler, Bootsy Collins, Stanley Clarke, John Paul Jones, and Sting as his musical influences.
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Little Richard
Richard Wayne Penniman (born December 5, 1932), known by the stage name Little Richard, is an American singer, songwriter, musician, recording artist, and actor, considered key in the transition from rhythm and blues to rock and roll in the mid-1950s. He was also the first artist to put the funk in the rock and roll beat and contributed significantly to the early development of soul music. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame website entry on Penniman states that:
He claims to be "the architect of rock and roll", and history would seem to bear out Little Richard’s boast. More than any other performer – save, perhaps, Elvis Presley, Little Richard blew the lid off the Fifties, laying the foundation for rock and roll with his explosive music and charismatic persona. On record, he made spine-tingling rock and roll. His frantically charged piano playing and raspy, shouted vocals on such classics as "Tutti Frutti", "Long Tall Sally" and "Good Golly, Miss Molly" defined the dynamic sound of rock and roll.
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Lonnie Youngblood
Lonnie "Youngblood" (born Lonnie Thomas August 3, 1941 in Augusta, Georgia) is an American saxophonist and bandleader best remembered for playing with Jimi Hendrix. Youngblood's main influence is King Curtis, although his earliest influence was his mother's favorite artist Louis Jordan. In 1966 Youngblood played with Hendrix on some sessions with various singers for producer Johnny Brantley. Three of these sessions yielded the Youngblood singles "Goodbye, Bessie Mae"/ "Soul Food (That's What I Like)" and "Go Go Shoes" (Parts 1 & 2), and five singles by other artists. After Hendrix' death Brantley put together an LP from these sessions, including the two Youngblood singles, the other artists singles plus a couple of out-takes from these sessions, adding some new overdubs to "improve" the sound. All of the original vocals by the other artists were wiped, although they can be heard faintly in places, and there was no mention of them. None of the original artists were credited - apart from Youngblood - and the cover misleadingly featured a 1969 photo of Hendrix and Youngblood jamming on stage. The sleeve notes falsely claim that these were Hendrix earliest recordings made in 1964. This date has clearly been demonstrated to be false by earlyhendrix.com. He also worked from time to time in Curtis Knight & Hendrix' group Curtis Knight and the Squires. In 2010 Youngblood initiated a lawsuit against the Hendrix estate. MCA Records and film director Martin Scorsese for their unauthorised use of what he claimed was his composition "Georgia Blues" on the Jimi Hendrix album. "Martin Scorsese Presents The Blues."
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Love (band)
Love was an American rock group of the late 1960s and early 1970s. They were led by singer/songwriter Arthur Lee and lead guitarist Johnny Echols. One of the first racially diverse American pop bands, their music reflected different influences, combining elements of rock and roll, garage rock, folk and psychedelia.
Lee, who had lived in Los Angeles since the age of five, had been recording since 1963 with his bands, the LAG's and Lee's American Four. He had also produced a single, "My Diary", for Rosa Lee Brooks in 1964 which featured Jimi Hendrix on guitar. A garage outfit, The Sons Of Adam, which included future Love drummer Michael Stuart, also recorded a Lee composition, "Feathered Fish". However, after viewing a Byrds performance, Lee determined to join the newly minted folk-rock sound of the Byrds to his primarily rhythm and blues style. Soon after, he formed The Grass Roots with guitarist Johnny Echols (another Memphis native), bass guitarist John (Fleck) Fleckenstein and drummer Don Conka. Byrds roadie Bryan MacLean joined the band just before they changed their name to Love, spurred by the release of a single by another group called The Grass Roots. Fleckenstein went on to join the Standells in 1967.
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Max Yasgur
Max B. Yasgur (December 15, 1919 – February 9, 1973) was an American farmer, best known as the owner of the dairy farm in Bethel, New York at which the Woodstock Music and Art Fair was held between August 15 and August 18, 1969.
Yasgur was born in New York City to Russian Jewish immigrants Samuel and Bella Yasgur. He was raised on the family's farm and attended New York University, studying real estate law. By the late 1960s, he was the largest milk producer in Sullivan County, New York. His farm had 650 cows, mostly Guernseys.
At the time of the festival in 1969, Yasgur was married and had a son and daughter. His son, Sam Yasgur, was an assistant district attorney in Manhattan at the time of Woodstock.
After area villages Saugerties (located about 40 miles (64 km) from Yasgur's farm) and Wallkill declined to provide a venue for the festival, Yasgur leased one of his farm's fields for a fee that festival sponsors said was $50,000. Soon afterward he began to receive both threatening and supporting phone calls. Some of the calls threatened to burn him out. However, the helpful calls outnumbered the threatening ones. Opposition to the festival began soon after the festival's relocation to Bethel was announced. Signs were erected around town, saying, "Stop Max's Hippie Music Festival. No 150,000 hippies here. Buy no milk."
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Melanie Safka
Melanie Anne Safka-Schekeryk (born February 3, 1947) is an American singer-songwriter. Known professionally as simply Melanie, she is best known for her hits "Brand New Key", "Ruby Tuesday", "What Have They Done To My Song Ma" and "Lay Down (Candles in the Rain)".
Melanie was born and grew up in the Astoria neighborhood of Queens, New York City, New York. Melanie made her first public singing appearance at age four on the radio show Live Like A Millionaire, performing the song "Gimme a Little Kiss". She attended Red Bank High School in Red Bank, New Jersey, graduating in 1966. After school, her parents insisted she go to college, so she studied acting at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York, where she began singing in the folk clubs of Greenwich Village and signed her first recording contract.
Initially signed to Columbia Records in the United States, Melanie released two singles on the label. Subsequently she signed with Buddah Records and first found chart success in Europe in 1969 with "Bobo's Party" which reached Number 1 in France. Her debut album received rave reviews from Billboard which heralded her voice as "... wise beyond her years. Her non-conformist approach to the selections on this LP make her a new talent to be reckoned with."[citation needed]
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Mick Jagger
Sir Michael Philip "Mick" Jagger, (born 26 July 1943) is an English musician, singer, songwriter and actor, best known as the lead vocalist and a founder member of The Rolling Stones.
Jagger's career has spanned over fifty years. Allmusic has described Jagger as "one of the most popular and influential frontmen in the history of rock & roll". His distinctive voice and performance, along with Keith Richards' guitar style, have been the trademark of The Rolling Stones throughout the career of the band. In 1989, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with The Rolling Stones.
Jagger gained much press notoriety for admitted drug use and romantic involvements, and was often portrayed as a counterculture figure. In the late 1960s Jagger began acting in films (starting with Performance and Ned Kelly), to mixed reception. In 1985, Jagger released his first solo album, She's the Boss, and was knighted in 2003. In early 2009, he joined the eclectic supergroup SuperHeavy.
Jagger was born into a middle class family at Livingstone Hospital, in Dartford, Kent, England. His father, Basil Fanshawe ("Joe") Jagger (13 April 1913 – 11 November 2006), and his grandfather David Ernest Jagger were both teachers. His mother, Eva Ensley Mary (née Scutts; 6 April 1913 – 18 May 2000), born in New South Wales, Australia, was a hairdresser and an active member of the Conservative Party. Jagger is the elder of two sons (his brother Chris Jagger was born on 19 December 1947) and was raised to follow in his father's career path.
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Miles Davis
Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26, 1926 – September 28, 1991) was an American jazz musician, trumpeter, bandleader, and composer. Widely considered one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century, Miles Davis was, with his musical groups, at the forefront of several major developments in jazz music, including bebop, cool jazz, hard bop, modal jazz, and jazz fusion.
Miles Dewey Davis was born on May 26, 1926, to an affluent African American family in Alton, Illinois. His father, Dr. Miles Henry Davis, was a dentist. In 1927 the family moved to East St. Louis, Illinois. They also owned a substantial ranch in northern Arkansas, where Davis learned to ride horses as a boy.
Davis' mother, Cleota Mae (Henry) Davis, wanted her son to learn the piano; she was a capable blues pianist but kept this fact hidden from her son. His musical studies began at 13, when his father gave him a trumpet and arranged lessons with local musician Elwood Buchanan. Davis later suggested that his father's instrument choice was made largely to irk his wife, who disliked the trumpet's sound. Against the fashion of the time, Buchanan stressed the importance of playing without vibrato; he was reported to have slapped Davis' knuckles every time he started using heavy vibrato. Davis would carry his clear signature tone throughout his career. He once remarked on its importance to him, saying, "I prefer a round sound with no attitude in it, like a round voice with not too much tremolo and not too much bass. Just right in the middle. If I can’t get that sound I can’t play anything."Clark Terry was another important early influence.[citation needed]
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Mitch Mitchell
John Ronald "Mitch" Mitchell (9 July 1947 – 12 November 2008) was an English drummer, best known for his work in The Jimi Hendrix Experience.
Early in his career, Mitchell gained considerable musical experience touring and as a session musician. He also had an acting background, and had starred in a children's television programme, Jennings and Derbyshire, when he was a teenager. He became a musician through working for Jim Marshall at his drum shop on Saturdays while still at school. Pre-Experience bands included Frankie Reid and the Casuals (1962), Johnny Harris and the Shades, The Pretty Things, Bill Knight & The Sceptres, The Riot Squad, Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames, and The Who as a session drummer while the band was deciding on a replacement (Keith Moon) for Doug Sandom.
Mitchell auditioned for Hendrix's band in October 1966, beating out drummers including Aynsley Dunbar, was their other final choice. Mitchell won the job on the flip of a coin.
Mitchell was praised for his work with the Jimi Hendrix Experience on the songs "Manic Depression", "Stepping Stone", "Little Miss Strange", "Voodoo Child (Slight Return)", "Fire" and "Third Stone from the Sun". Mitchell came from a jazz background and like many of his contemporaries was influenced by Elvin Jones, Max Roach, and Joe Morello.
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Monika Dannemann
Monika Dannemann (24 June 1945 - 5 April 1996) was a German figure skater and painter, mainly known as the last girlfriend of guitarist/singer Jimi Hendrix and later the wife of German guitarist Uli Jon Roth.
In 1965 she participated in the German Figure Skating Championships representing the club Düsseldorfer EG. She came in 16th position.
Dannemann was first introduced to Hendrix in January 1969 after being invited to one of his German concerts. After that meeting, a relationship blossomed. She would later claim that Hendrix had asked her to marry him (confirmed by Jimi's father, Al Hendrix) and she would have done had he not died. Dannemann is known for being the last person to have seen Jimi Hendrix alive. On the evening of September 17 Hendrix took at least one amphetamine (known as a 'black bomber') at a party where he stayed for an hour. Hendrix then asked Dannemann for a sleeping pill. Dannemann's stated that on the morning of September 18, 1970, she found Hendrix in a coma at her basement flat at the "Samarkand Hotel". She called for an ambulance which arrived at 11:27. Some investigations later determined that Hendrix was still alive (albeit just) when emergency medical personnel arrived at the scene, although later investigations showed he was dead possibly hours before the paramedics arrival. Hendrix died at St. Mary Abotts hospital between 11:45 and 12:15. Hendrix took 9 Vesperax sleeping pills before his death; the recommended dose was 1/2 to 1 pill. Cause of death was barbiturate intoxication (he asphyxiated on his own vomit).
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Muddy Waters
McKinley Morganfield (April 4, 1913 – April 30, 1983), known as Muddy Waters, was an American blues musician, generally considered the "father of modern Chicago blues". He was a major inspiration for the British blues explosion in the 1960s, and was ranked No. 17 in Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.
Although in his later years Muddy usually said that he was born in Rolling Fork, Mississippi, in 1915, he was actually born at Jug's Corner in neighboring Issaquena County, Mississippi, in 1913. Recent research has uncovered documentation showing that in the 1930s and 1940s he reported his birth year as 1913 on both his marriage license and musicians' union card. A 1955 interview in the Chicago Defender is the earliest claim of 1915 as his year of birth, which he continued to use in interviews from that point onward. The 1920 census lists him as five years old as of March 6, 1920, suggesting that his birth year may have been 1914. The Social Security Death Index, relying on the Social Security card application submitted after his move to Chicago in the mid 1940s, lists him as being born April 4, 1915. Muddy's gravestone lists his birth year as 1915.
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Noel Redding
Noel Redding (25 December 1945 – 11 May 2003) was an English rock bassist best known for his work with The Jimi Hendrix Experience.
Born as David Noel Redding in Folkestone, he was selected by Chas Chandler to join Hendrix's band at its inception in 1966 and left in 1969. Although he played in other bands before, after, and even during his stint with the Experience, he never achieved a similar level of success and retired to Clonakilty, Ireland in 1972.
At age nine, Redding played violin at school and then mandolin and guitar. His first public appearances were at the Hythe Youth Club then at Harvey Grammar School where he was a student.
His first local bands were:
At 17 Redding went professional and toured clubs in Scotland and Germany with Neil Landon and the Burnettes(formed in late 1962) and The Loving Kind(formed in November 1965). In addition, The Lonely Ones reunited in September 1964, and Redding remained with them a year before taking his leave.
Redding was the first person to join the Jimi Hendrix Experience, and the first to leave. His final concert with them was in June 1969. With the band, he helped create the 3 landmark albums Are You Experienced, Axis: Bold as Love, and Electric Ladyland, as well as performing in some of Hendrix's most celebrated concerts. His playing style was distinguished by the use of a pick, a mid-range "trebly" sound, and in later years the use of fuzz and distortion effects through overdriven Sunn amps. His role in the band was that of a time-keeper. He would typically lay down a bass groove which Hendrix and drummer Mitch Mitchell would loosely play on top of. He wrote two album tracks, "Little Miss Strange" and "She's So Fine". He played the bass line on "Red House" using the bass strings on a normal six-string guitar.
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Paul McCartney
Sir James Paul McCartney, MBE, Hon RAM, FRCM (born 18 June 1942) is an English musician, singer-songwriter and composer. Formerly of the Beatles (1960–1970) and Wings (1971–1981), he has been described by Guinness World Records as "The Most Successful Composer and Recording Artist of All Time", with 60 gold discs and sales of over 100 million albums and 100 million singles. With John Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr, he gained worldwide fame as a member of the Beatles, and with Lennon formed one of the most celebrated songwriting partnerships of the 20th century. After leaving the Beatles, he began a solo career and later formed the band Wings with his first wife, Linda Eastman, and singer-songwriter Denny Laine.
According to the BBC, his Beatles song "Yesterday" has been covered by over 2,200 artists—more than any other song. Wings' 1977 release, "Mull of Kintyre", became one of the best-selling singles ever in the UK, and he is "the most successful songwriter" in UK chart history, according to Guinness. As a songwriter or co-writer, he is included on thirty-one number one titles on the Billboard Hot 100, and as of 2012 he has sold over 15.5 million RIAA certified units in the United States.
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Pete Townshend
Peter Dennis Blandford "Pete" Townshend (born 19 May 1945) is an English rock guitarist, vocalist, songwriter and author, known principally as the guitarist and songwriter for the rock group The Who, as well as for his own solo career. His career with The Who spans more than 40 years, during which time the band grew to be considered one of the most influential bands of the 1960s and 1970s, and, according to Eddie Vedder, "possibly the greatest live band ever."
Townshend is the primary songwriter for The Who, having written well over 100 songs for the band's 11 studio albums, including concept albums and the rock operas Tommy and Quadrophenia, plus popular rock and roll radio staples like Who's Next, and dozens more that appeared as non-album singles, bonus tracks on reissues, and tracks on rarities compilations like Odds & Sods. He has also written over 100 songs that have appeared on his solo albums, as well as radio jingles and television theme songs. Although known primarily as a guitarist, he also plays other instruments such as keyboards, banjo, accordion, synthesiser, bass guitar and drums, on his own solo albums, several Who albums, and as a guest contributor to a wide array of other artists' recordings. Townshend has never had formal lessons in any of the instruments he plays.
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Prince (musician)
Prince (born Prince Rogers Nelson; June 7, 1958) is an American singer, songwriter, musician, and actor. Prince has produced ten platinum albums and thirty Top 40 singles during his career. Prince founded his own recording studio and label; writing, self-producing and playing most, or all, of the instruments on his recordings. In addition, Prince has been a "talent promoter" for the careers of Sheila E., Carmen Electra, The Time and Vanity 6, and his songs have been recorded by these artists and others (including Chaka Khan, The Bangles, Sinéad O'Connor, and even Kim Basinger). He also has several hundred unreleased songs in his "vault".
Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Prince developed an interest in music at an early age, writing his first song at age seven. After recording songs with his cousin's band 94 East, seventeen-year-old Prince recorded several unsuccessful demo tapes before releasing his debut album, For You, in 1978. His 1979 album, Prince, went platinum due to the success of the singles "Why You Wanna Treat Me So Bad?" and "I Wanna Be Your Lover". His next three records, Dirty Mind (1980), Controversy (1981), and 1999 (1982) continued his success, showcasing Prince's trademark of prominently sexual lyrics and incorporation of elements of funk, dance and rock music. In 1984, he began referring to his backup band as The Revolution and released the album Purple Rain, which served as the soundtrack to his film debut of the same name.
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Questlove
Ahmir Khalib Thompson (born on January 20, 1971) known professionally as ?uestlove or Questlove (also known as BROther ?uestion, Questo, Brother Question or Qlove), is an American drummer, DJ, music journalist and record producer. He is best known as the drummer and joint frontman (with Black Thought) for the Grammy Award-winning band The Roots, which is now the in-house band for Late Night with Jimmy Fallon.
He has produced for artists such as Common, D'Angelo, Jill Scott, Erykah Badu, Bilal, Jay-Z, Nikka Costa and more recently, Al Green, Amy Winehouse and John Legend. He is a member of the production teams the Soulquarians, The Randy Watson Experience, and The Grand Wizzards.
Thompson was born in Philadelphia on January 20, 1971. His father was Lee Andrews of Lee Andrews & the Hearts, one of the great 50s doo-wop groups.[citation needed] His parents did not want to leave him with babysitters, so they took him on tour with them. He grew up in backstages of doo-wop shows. By the age of seven, Thompson began drumming on stage at shows, and by 13, had become a musical director.
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Randy California
Randy California (born Randy Craig Wolfe; February 20, 1951 – January 2, 1997) was a guitarist, singer and songwriter and one of the original members of the rock group Spirit, formed in 1967.
Randy was born into a musical family in Los Angeles and spent his early years studying varied styles at the family's Los Angeles folk club, the Ash Grove. Randy's uncle, Ed Pearl, was famous as the founder of the Ash Grove. He was 15 years old when his mother Bernice Pearl and new stepfather, Ed Cassidy (later to become a founding member of the band Spirit, with Randy), moved to New York City in the summer of 1966 because Cassidy had a number of jazz gigs lined up. It was there, at Manny's Guitars, that Randy met Jimi Hendrix. He played in Hendrix's band The Blue Flame that summer. California, Cassidy and Pearl lived in an apartment building in Forest Hills (Queens), New York called the Balfour, whose other residents included future Steely Dan co-founder Walter Becker, who cites California's blues-based guitar style as an influence on his own playing.
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Ravi Shankar
Ravi Shankar (Bengali: রবি শংকর; born Robindro Shaunkor Chowdhury on 7 April 1920), often referred to with the title Pandit, is an Indian musician and composer who plays the plucked string instrument sitar. He has been described as the most known contemporary Indian musician by Hans Neuhoff in Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart.
Shankar was born in Varanasi and spent his youth touring Europe and India with the dance group of his brother Uday Shankar. He gave up dancing in 1938 to study sitar playing under court musician Allauddin Khan. After finishing his studies in 1944, Shankar worked as a composer, creating the music for the Apu Trilogy by Satyajit Ray, and was music director of All India Radio, New Delhi, from 1949 to 1956.
In 1956, he began to tour Europe and America playing Indian classical music and increased its popularity there in the 1960s through teaching, performance, and his association with violinist Yehudi Menuhin and George Harrison of The Beatles. Shankar engaged Western music by writing concerti for sitar and orchestra and toured the world in the 1970s and 1980s. From 1986 to 1992 he served as a nominated member of the upper chamber of the Parliament of India. Shankar was awarded India's highest civilian honor, the Bharat Ratna, in 1999, and received three Grammy Awards. He continues to perform in the 2000s, often with his daughter Anoushka.
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Ray Sharpe
Ray Sharpe (born February 8, 1938, Fort Worth, Texas, United States) is an American R&B and rockabilly singer, guitarist, and songwriter.
He grew up influenced by country as well as blues music, and many of his recordings are classed as rockabilly – he was described by one record producer as "the greatest white-sounding black dude ever". His recording career started in Phoenix, Arizona in 1958, when Lee Hazlewood produced his single, "That's the Way I Feel" / "Oh, My Baby's Gone". His second record, "Linda Lu" / "Monkey’s Uncle" – both sides written by Sharpe, produced by Hazlewood, and featuring Duane Eddy and Al Casey on guitars – was much more successful, reaching #46 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1959. “Linda Lu” has subsequently been covered by many artists, including the Rolling Stones, Johnny Kidd And The Pirates, Flying Burrito Brothers, and Tom Jones.
Subsequent single releases on a variety of record labels were less successful. These included recordings made in 1966 with King Curtis, which featured Jimi Hendrix on guitar. However, Sharpe’s songs have been recorded by acts ranging from Roy Head and the Traits to Neil Young and J. B. Hutto, and he has continued to release records, as well as performing regularly in the Fort Worth area.
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Richie Havens
Richard P. "Richie" Havens (born January 21, 1941) is an African American folk singer and guitarist. He is best known for his intense, rhythmic guitar style (often in open tunings), soulful covers of pop and folk songs, and his opening performance at the 1969 Woodstock Festival.
Born in Brooklyn, Havens was the eldest of nine children. At an early age, he began organizing his neighborhood friends into street corner doo-wop groups and was performing with The McCrea Gospel Singers at 16. At age 20, Havens left Brooklyn, seeking artistic stimulation in Greenwich Village. "I saw the Village as a place to escape to, in order to express yourself," he recalls. "I had first gone there during the Beatnik days of the 1950s to perform poetry, then I drew portraits for two years and stayed up all night listening to folk music in the clubs. It took a while before I thought of picking up a guitar."[citation needed]
Havens' reputation as a solo performer soon spread beyond the Village folk circles. After cutting 2 records for Douglas Records, Havens signed on with Bob Dylan's manager Albert Grossman, and landed a record deal with the Verve Forecast label. Verve released Mixed Bag in 1967, which featured tracks like "Handsome Johnny" (co-written by Havens and future Oscar-winning actor Louis Gossett Jr.), "Follow", and a cover of Bob Dylan's "Just Like a Woman". By 1969, he had released five more albums. Something Else Again (1968) became Havens' first album to hit the Billboard chart and also pulled Mixed Bag back onto the charts.
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Rory Gallagher
William Rory Gallagher, /ˈrɔriː ˈɡæləhər/ GAL-ə-hər; 2 March 1948 – 14 June 1995, was an Irish blues-rock multi-instrumentalist, songwriter, and bandleader. Born in Ballyshannon, County Donegal, Ireland, and raised in Cork, Gallagher recorded solo albums throughout the 1970s and 1980s, after forming the band Taste during the late 1960s. A talented guitarist known for his charismatic performances and dedication to his craft, Gallagher's albums have sold in excess of 30 million copies worldwide. Gallagher received a liver transplant in 1995, but died of complications later that year in London, England at the age of 47.
Gallagher was born in Ballyshannon, Co. Donegal; his father, Daniel, was employed by the Irish Electricity Supply Board, who were constructing a hydro-electric power plant on the Erne River above the town. The family moved, first to Derry City, where his younger brother Dónal was born in 1949, and then to Cork, where the two brothers were raised, and where Rory attended the North Monastery School. Their father had played the accordion and sang with the Tir Chonaill Ceile Band whilst in Donegal; their mother Monica was a singer and acted with the Abbey Players in Ballyshannon. The Theatre in Ballyshannon where Monica once acted is now called the Rory Gallagher Theatre.
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Sam Cooke
Samuel Cook (January 22, 1931 – December 11, 1964), better known under the stage name Sam Cooke, was an American gospel, R&B, soul, and pop singer, songwriter, and entrepreneur. He is considered to be one of the pioneers and founders of soul music. He is commonly known as the King of Soul for his distinctive vocal abilities and influence on the modern world of music. His contribution in pioneering soul music led to the rise of Aretha Franklin, Bobby Womack, Al Green, Curtis Mayfield, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, and popularized the likes of Otis Redding and James Brown.
Cooke had 29 top-40 hits in the U.S. between 1957 and 1964. Major hits like "You Send Me", "A Change Is Gonna Come", "Cupid", "Chain Gang", "Wonderful World", and "Twistin' the Night Away" are some of his most popular songs. Cooke was also among the first modern black performers and composers to attend to the business side of his musical career. He founded both a record label and a publishing company as an extension of his careers as a singer and composer. He also took an active part in the American Civil Rights Movement.
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Seymour Stein
Seymour Stein (born 1942 in Brooklyn, New York) is an entrepreneur in the music industry who has been a part of the business since getting his first job as a clerk for Billboard magazine in 1958. Stein is a vice president of Warner Bros. Records and a co-founder of Sire Records.
In 1966 Stein and record producer Richard Gottehrer founded Sire Productions, which led to the formation of Sire Records, the label under which he signed pioneer artists such as the Ramones and Talking Heads in 1975, the Pretenders in 1980 and Madonna in 1982. Other acts signed by Sire include Depeche Mode, The Smiths, Ice-T, The Undertones and Echo & the Bunnymen.
Such was Stein's influence in signing and promoting the "New Wave" genre of music that he is sometimes credited with coming up with the name as an alternative to the term "punk", which he found derogative. The term had previously been used to refer to the French New Wave film movement of the 1960s.
To date, Stein remains the President of Sire Records and is also Vice President of Warner Bros. Records with which he has had a marketing and distribution deal from 1976 to 1994 and again since April 2003. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on March 14, 2005, under the lifetime-achievement category.
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Slim Harpo
Slim Harpo (February 11, 1924 – January 31, 1970) was an American blues musician. He was known as a master of the blues harmonica; the name "Slim Harpo" was derived from "harp," the popular nickname for the harmonica in blues circles.
Born James Moore in Lobdell, Louisiana, United States, the eldest in an orphaned family, he worked as a longshoreman and building worker during the late 1930s and early 1940s. He began performing in Baton Rouge bars under the name Harmonica Slim and later accompanied his brother-in-law, Lightnin' Slim, both live and in the studio.
Named Slim Harpo by producer J.D. "Jay" Miller, he started his own recording career in 1957. His solo debut was the Grammy Hall of Fame single "I'm a King Bee" backed with "I Got Love If You Want It."
Harpo recorded under A&R man J.D. "Jay" Miller, in Crowley, Louisiana for Excello Records based in Nashville, Tennessee, and enjoyed a string of popular R&B singles, including Rock & Roll Hall of Fame inductee "Rainin' In My Heart" (1961) and the number one Billboard R&B hit "Baby Scratch My Back" (1966). On these recordings he was accompanied by the regular stable of Excello musicians, including Lazy Lester.
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Spencer Davis
Spencer David Nelson Davies (born 17 July 1939) is a British musician and multi-instrumentalist, and the founder of the 1960s rock band, the Spencer Davis Group. Davis dropped the E in Davies and became Davis because in England and in the US his last name was pronounced "Daveys" and not Davis as in the Welsh pronunciation.
Davis was born in Swansea, in south Wales. His father served as a paratrooper. Influenced by his Uncle Herman's mandolin playing, Spencer Davis began learning to play harmonica and accordion at the age of six. He then attended Dynevor School, where he passed seven GCE O-level examinations. He moved to London when he was sixteen, and began working in the Civil Service as a clerical officer at the Post Office Savings Bank in Hammersmith and for HM Customs and Excise; but went back to his old school to study for A-levels in languages, becoming Head Boy in 1959. In 1960 he moved to Birmingham, to read German at the University of Birmingham. In music circles, Davis was later known as "Professor".
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Spirit (band)
Spirit was an American jazz/hard rock/progressive rock/psychedelic band founded in 1967, based in Los Angeles, California.
The original lineup of the group evolved from an earlier Los Angeles band, The Red Roosters, which included Randy California (guitars, vocals), Mark Andes (bass) and Jay Ferguson (vocals, percussion). With the addition of California's stepfather Ed Cassidy (drums), and keyboard player John Locke the new band was originally named the Spirits Rebellious (after a book by Khalil Gibran) but was soon shortened simply to Spirit. Randy California had also played with Jimi Hendrix (then known as Jimmy James) in Jimmy James and the Blue Flames in 1966.
Cassidy was instantly recognizable by his shaven head (hence his nickname "Mr. Skin") and his fondness for wearing black. He was around twenty years older than the rest of the group (born in 1923). His earlier career was primarily in jazz and included stints with Cannonball Adderley, Gerry Mulligan, Roland Kirk, Thelonious Monk and Lee Konitz. He was a founding member of Rising Sons with Taj Mahal and Ry Cooder.
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Stanley Clarke
Stanley Clarke (born June 30, 1951 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American jazz musician and composer known for his innovative and influential work on double bass and electric bass as well as for his numerous film and television scores. He is best known for his work with the fusion band Return to Forever, and his role as a bandleader in several trios and ensembles.
Clarke was born in Philadelphia. He was introduced to the bass as a schoolboy when he arrived late on the day instruments were distributed to students and acoustic bass was one of the few remaining selections. He is a graduate of Roxborough High School in Philadelphia. Having graduated from the Philadelphia Musical Academy, (which was absorbed into the University of the Arts in 1985), he moved to New York City in 1971 and began working with famous bandleaders and musicians including Horace Silver, Art Blakey, Dexter Gordon, Gato Barbieri, Joe Henderson, Chick Corea, Pharoah Sanders, Gil Evans and Stan Getz. He was an avid supporter of Scientology in his earlier musical productions, and referred to L. Ron Hubbard on most of his LP sleeves. His current association with Scientology is not known.
wn.com/Stanley_Clarke -
Steve Cropper
Steve Cropper (born Steven Lee Cropper, October 21, 1941, Dora, Missouri), also known as Steve "The Colonel" Cropper, is an American guitarist, songwriter and record producer. He is best known as the guitarist of the Stax Records house band, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, and has backed artists such as Otis Redding, Sam & Dave, Carla, Rufus Thomas and Johnnie Taylor, also acting as producer on many of these records. He later gained fame as a member of the Blues Brothers band.Rolling Stone lists him 36th on their list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time.Mojo ranks Cropper as the second-best guitarist ever.
When he was nine years old, Cropper moved with his family to Memphis, Tennessee. At the age of ten, he strummed his brother-in-law's Gibson guitar for the first time[citation needed]. Cropper received his first guitar by mail order at 14 and started playing with local musicians. His guitar heroes at the time included Lowman Pauling of the "5" Royales, as well as Chet Atkins, Chuck Berry, Tal Farlow, Jimmy Reed, and the guitarist of the Bill Doggett band, Billy Butler.
wn.com/Steve_Cropper -
Steve Winwood
Stephen Lawrence "Steve" Winwood (born 12 May 1948) is an English songwriter and musician whose genres include blue-eyed soul, R&B, rock, blues-rock, pop-rock, and jazz. A multi-instrumentalist, he plays the electric organ, synthesizers, bass, drums, guitar, mandolin, violin and other strings. A star performer for nearly 50 years, he has also done notable work as a producer.
In addition to his solo career, Winwood was a key member of The Spencer Davis Group, Traffic, Blind Faith and Go. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Traffic in 2004.
In 2005, Winwood was honoured as a BMI Icon at the annual BMI London Awards for his "enduring influence on generations of music makers." In 2008, Rolling Stone magazine ranked Winwood #33 in its 100 Greatest Singers of All Time. Winwood has won numerous Grammy Awards in the United States.
Stephen Lawrence Winwood was born in Handsworth, Birmingham, England. His father, Lawrence, a foundryman by trade, was a semi-professional musician, playing mainly the saxophone and clarinet. Young Winwood became interested in swing and Dixieland jazz as a boy and began playing drums, guitar, and piano. He first performed with his father and older brother Muff in the Ron Atkinson Band at the age of eight. Winwood was a choirboy at St John's Church Perry Barr and later admitted to having "sneaked a few plays" of the organ there. While he was still young the family moved from Handsworth to the semi-rural suburb of Kingstanding at the northern edge of the city.
wn.com/Steve_Winwood -
Tim Hardin
James Timothy "Tim" Hardin (December 23, 1941 – December 29, 1980) was an American folk musician and composer. He wrote the Top 40 hits "If I Were a Carpenter", covered by, among others, Bobby Darin, Joan Baez, Johnny Cash, The Four Tops, and Robert Plant; his song "Reason to Believe" has been covered by by many artists, including Rod Stewart (who had a chart hit with the song). Hardin is also known for his own recording career.
Hardin was born in Eugene, Oregon and attended South Eugene High School. He dropped out of high school at age 18 to join the Marine Corps. He spent part of 1959 in Vietnam as a military advisor.[citation needed] Hardin is said to have discovered heroin in Vietnam.
After his discharge he moved to New York City in 1961, where he briefly attended the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. He was dismissed because of truancy and began to focus on his musical career by performing around Greenwich Village, mostly in a blues style.
After moving to Boston in 1963 he was discovered by the record producer Erik Jacobsen (later the producer for The Lovin' Spoonful), who arranged a meeting with Columbia Records. In 1964 he moved back to Greenwich Village to record for his contract with Columbia. The resulting recordings were not released and Columbia terminated Hardin's recording contract.
wn.com/Tim_Hardin -
Tim Rose
Timothy Alan Patrick Rose (September 23, 1940 – September 24, 2002), best known professionally as Tim Rose, was an American singer-songwriter, who spent much of his life in London, England and had more success in Europe than in his native country. Known for his gruff voice, Rose was often compared to Ray Charles, Rod Stewart and Joe Cocker.[citation needed]
Rose was born in Washington, D.C., and raised by his mother Mary, who worked for the Army Corps of Engineers, his aunt, and his grandmother in an area known as South Fairlington Historic District, in Arlington, Virginia, where he was to meet Scott McKenzie, who lived nearby. Rose learned to play the banjo and guitar, and won the top music award in high school. Rose graduated from Gonzaga College Prep School, a noted Jesuit institution in DC, class of 1958. From there he joined the United States Air Force (in the Strategic Air Command), in the pre-Vietnam era, and was stationed in Kansas.[clarification needed] He later worked as a merchant marine on the S.S. Atlantic and in a bank, before becoming involved in the music industry.
wn.com/Tim_Rose -
Tommy Chong
Thomas B. Kin "Tommy" Chong (born May 24, 1938) is a Canadian-American comedian, actor, writer, director, activist, and musician who is well known for his stereotypical portrayals of hippie-era stoners. He is most widely known for his involvement in the marijuana-themed Cheech & Chong comedy movies with Cheech Marin, as well as playing the character Leo on Fox's That '70s Show.
Chong was born as Thomas B. Kin Chong at University Hospital in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. His mother was Lorna Jean (née Gilchrist), a waitress of Scots-Irish and French ancestry, and his father was Stanley Chong, a Chinese truck driver who emigrated to Canada from Guangdong province, China in the 1920s, where he first lived with his aunt in Vancouver. While he was still young, Chong's family moved to Calgary, Alberta to a conservative neighbourhood Chong refers to as the Dog Patch. He says that his father had "been wounded in World War II, and there was a veterans' hospital in Calgary. He bought a five-hundred dollar house in Dog Patch, and raised his family on fifty dollars a week." He later dropped out of Crescent Heights High School in Calgary, Alberta. “I dropped out of Crescent Heights High School when I was 16 but probably just before they were going to throw me out anyway,” Chong laughs as he reminisces about his early years. “I played guitar to make money. I was about 16 when I discovered that music could get you laid, even if you were a scrawny, long-haired, geeky-looking guy like me.”
wn.com/Tommy_Chong -
Vietnam War
The Vietnam War was a Cold War-era military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other anti-communist countries. The Viet Cong (also known as the National Liberation Front, or NLF), a lightly armed South Vietnamese communist-controlled common front, largely fought a guerrilla war against anti-communist forces in the region. The Vietnam People's Army (North Vietnamese Army) engaged in a more conventional war, at times committing large units into battle. U.S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery, and airstrikes.
The U.S. government viewed involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam as part of their wider strategy of containment. The North Vietnamese government and Viet Cong viewed the conflict as a colonial war, fought initially against France, backed by the U.S., and later against South Vietnam, which it regarded as a U.S. puppet state. American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina beginning in 1950. U.S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and tripling again in 1962. U.S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965. Operations spanned international borders, with Laos and Cambodia heavily bombed. American involvement in the war peaked in 1968, at the time of the Tet Offensive. After this, U.S. ground forces were gradually withdrawn as part of a policy known as Vietnamization. Despite the Paris Peace Accords, signed by all parties in January 1973, fighting continued.
wn.com/Vietnam_War -
Wes Montgomery
John Leslie "Wes" Montgomery (March 6, 1923 – June 15, 1968) was an American jazz guitarist. He is widely considered one of the major jazz guitarists, emerging after such seminal figures as Django Reinhardt and Charlie Christian and influencing countless others, including Pat Martino, George Benson, Russell Malone, Emily Remler, Kenny Burrell, Pat Metheny, Steve Howe, and Jimi Hendrix.
Montgomery was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. According to NPR Jazz Profiles "The Life and Music Of Wes Montgomery," the nickname "Wes" was a child's abbreviation of his middle name, Leslie. He came from a musical family; his brothers, Monk (string bass and electric bass) and Buddy (vibraphone and piano), were jazz performers. The brothers released a number of albums together as the Montgomery Brothers. Although he was not skilled at reading music, he could learn complex melodies and riffs by ear. Montgomery started learning the six string guitar at the relatively late age of 20 by listening to and learning the recordings of his idol, guitarist Charlie Christian, however he had played a four string tenor guitar since age twelve. He was known for his ability to play Christian's solos note for note and was hired by Lionel Hampton for this ability.
wn.com/Wes_Montgomery -
Wyclef Jean
Wyclef Jeanelle Jean (/ˈwaɪklɪf ˈʒɑːn/; Haitian Creole pronunciation: [wajklɛf ʒã]; born October 17, 1969) is a Haitian American musician, record producer, and politician. At age nine, Jean moved to the United States with his family and has spent much of his life in the country. He first received fame as a member of the acclaimed New Jersey hip hop group the Fugees.
On August 5, 2010, Jean filed for candidacy in the 2010 Haitian presidential election, although the Electoral Commission subsequently ruled him ineligible to stand as he had not met the requirement to have been resident in Haiti for five years.
Although his birth date was widely given as October 17, 1972, papers filed for his run as a candidate for the presidency of Haiti, disclosed that he was, in fact, born in 1969. Born in Croix-des-Bouquets, Haiti, the son of a Nazarene pastor, Wyclef moved with his family to Brooklyn, New York, when he was nine before moving again to northern New Jersey. Jean has cited reggae artist Bigga Haitian as one of his early influences, as well as neighborhood heroes MC Tiger Paw Raw and producer Lobster v. Crab. Jean graduated from Vailsburg High School in Newark, briefly attended Eastern Nazarene College in Massachusetts, and finished one semester at Five Towns College in New York. Jean has been a resident of Saddle River, South Orange, and North Caldwell, New Jersey. In 2009, Jean enrolled in the Berklee College of Music.
wn.com/Wyclef_Jean
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How to list an item for sale on Discogs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:55
- Updated: 06 Sep 2012
How to list an item for sale in the Discogs Marketplace.
http://wn.com/How_to_list_an_item_for_sale_on_Discogs
mfk acid house 10 min mix 2008-03-15
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Updated: 12 Oct 2012
mfk acid house 10 min mix 2008-03-15 www.discogs.com Beat Pirate, The - Are You On 1 Matey? www.discogs.com Jarvic 7 - The Fire Brigade www.discogs.com S'Express - Theme From S-Express www.discogs.com Rififi - Dr. Acid And Mr. House www.discogs.com Dux Dux - This Is A Sound www.discogs.com Rififi - Dr. Acid And Mr. House (New DeeJay Remixes) www.discogs.com Chimo Bayo - Asi Me Gusta A Mi (Tom Tom Remix) www.discogs.com Marquise De Sade - Pain And Pleasure www.discogs.com X-Ray Connection - Replay www.discogs.com Tom Tom - Replay
http://wn.com/mfk_acid_house_10_min_mix_2008-03-15
cd buy from Discogs.com - jackluminous
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:29
- Updated: 14 Aug 2012
I buy this cd from discogs.com user: jackluminous It dosnt play. He calls me a lyar. I send the cd back and he send me photos of cracked cd. This is a total ripoff!
http://wn.com/cd_buy_from_Discogscom_jackluminous
11 Real Love Eq Italy Version Discogs Watergate 03 Konrad Black
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:01
- Updated: 03 Oct 2012
http://wn.com/11_Real_Love_Eq_Italy_Version_Discogs_Watergate_03_Konrad_Black
Andrés - New For U
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:46
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
vinyl rip. buy it. www.discogs.com
http://wn.com/Andrés_New_For_U
Is Discogs A Front For Race Hate? - Is Race Hate Propogation Through Music Acceptable?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:56
- Updated: 30 Sep 2012
www.discogs.com Comment:- heartofmorpeth.com Is There A "Stranger On The Shore"? - If There Is Please Remember He/She Is Human! Surely in a civilised World Race Hate Has No Place! :- ONE WORLD, MANY TRIBES, MANY CREEDS, MANY CULTURES, MANY FAITHS, WHO ALL LIVE UNDER ONE SUN! END RACIAL HATE - END RACIAL PREJUDICE! I do not wish to promote any kind of racial intolerance or violence from this channel, however it would be fair to place up evidence of this, rather than merely making a statement, there is a fine line between logging information and promoting it. I must admit that there is an appearance that "Sickcogs" are using their site as a cover for the promotion of race hate and its defence. The music above is illegal in Europe and there have been prosecutions. The picture here shows what looks to be a young girl lying on the street unconscious, as has happened to many race hate victims, but before any debate if it were your son or daughter, how would you feel. This site is directly selling race hate propaganda, it could be supposed that the database is merely a front for its activities! It is my firm belief, that humans are entitled to live on this world free of harassment and attack. This came to my attention yesterday, on a website where I began to sell my records. In the forums was a discussion as to whether this site should sell and promote race hate music. The defense is that it is a database and in the interest of free speech, it should be allowed. I personally ...
http://wn.com/Is_Discogs_A_Front_For_Race_Hate?_Is_Race_Hate_Propogation_Through_Music_Acceptable?
Jamie Jones - 911
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:38
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
www.discogs.com
http://wn.com/Jamie_Jones_911
Discogs - Real Love EQ - Italy (Donato & Giorgio Gigli Version)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:27
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
WAG045_Discogs - Real LoveEp_2008_ A_Real Love EQ - Italy (Donato & Giorgio Gigli Version)_ Techno, Minimal
http://wn.com/Discogs_Real_Love_EQ_Italy_Donato_Giorgio_Gigli_Version
MDS Production Because I'm A Pro 12 at Discogs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:29
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
izhiphopdead.weebly.com
http://wn.com/MDS_Production_Because_I'm_A_Pro_12_at_Discogs
Old School Goth Rock Bands [Chapter A: Evolution]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:52
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Some of the best (for me) *underground* old school (2nd wave) Goth Rock bands around. Traditional all the way up,with classic riffs,basslines and vocals. Check the names and get material for your ears ;-) *Each track it's about 1 minute. I wish i can put a big complete mix but we'ave some evil limitations* Old As Forever..to be continued. Bands : Dronning Maud Land www.discogs.com Catherines Cathedral www.discogs.com Wasteland www.discogs.com Burning Gates www.discogs.com Ding An Sich www.discogs.com Avaritia www.discogs.com Crudeness www.discogs.com Opened Paradise www.discogs.com Cassiopeia www.discogs.com Artica www.discogs.com Complicity www.discogs.com Nocturnal Sea www.discogs.com 13 Candles www.discogs.com
http://wn.com/Old_School_Goth_Rock_Bands_Chapter_A_Evolution_
Jimi Hendrix - Raw Blues
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 142:33
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
Please see here www.discogs.com for notes, venue, dates etc. :) Disc 1: 01. Electric Church / Red House 02. Born Under A Bad Sign 03. Once I Had A Woman 04. Easy Blues 05. Mannish Boy 06. Villanova Junction Jam 07. Georgia Blues Disc 2: 01. Jam 292 02. Voodoo Chile 03. Strato Strut 04. Country Blues 05. Things I Used To Do 06. Bleeding Heart 07. Gettin My Heart Back Together 08. Belly Button Window 09. It's Too Bad 10. Villanova Junction Jam Enjoy!
http://wn.com/Jimi_Hendrix_Raw_Blues
Nujabes - Waiting For The Clouds (Feat. Substantial)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:52
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
Album: Spiritual State - Discogs: www.discogs.com - Label: Hyde Out Recordings - Catalog#: HPD13 - Released: 2011-12-03 - Style: Instrumental / Jazzy Hip-Hop / Cool Jazz
http://wn.com/Nujabes_Waiting_For_The_Clouds_Feat_Substantial
Biosphere - Inner Ohm
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:37
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
from "For Nihon" www.discogs.com Geir Jensen (Biosphere) Geir Jenssen from Tromsø in Norway was first introduced to us through the band Bel Canto (est.1985), and, from 1991 as Biosphere, a house-techno and ambient pioneer. Some of his projects have been to make music for the film Insomnia (dir Erik Skjoldbjærg) in 1997 and music for a play of Jules Verne for French radio in 2004 -Discogs
http://wn.com/Biosphere_Inner_Ohm
Yellow Magic Orchestra - Absolute Ego Dance
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:39
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
www.discogs.com www.discogs.com Originally released in 1979. Taken from the Solid State Survivor album. Listen to the whole album here:
http://wn.com/Yellow_Magic_Orchestra_Absolute_Ego_Dance
Levon Vincent - Man Or Mistress
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:43
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
NS-05 Support the artist www.discogs.com www.discogs.com Buy vinyl!
http://wn.com/Levon_Vincent_Man_Or_Mistress
16 Bit - Cobra
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:03
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
Artist: 16 Bit Album: Cobra Discogs: www.discogs.com Label: Southside Dubstars Catalog#: DUBSTARS 018 Released: 2009-06-00 Style: Dubstep Remember to buy if you like!
http://wn.com/16_Bit_Cobra
![Carbon Based Lifeforms - Hydroponic Garden [2003] . HQ](http://web.archive.org./web/20121119111141im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/f5ddAAYasgM/default.jpg "Carbon Based Lifeforms - Hydroponic Garden [2003] . HQ")
Carbon Based Lifeforms - Hydroponic Garden [2003] . HQ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 76:33
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
Album: Hydroponic Garden (2003) www.discogs.com
http://wn.com/Carbon_Based_Lifeforms_Hydroponic_Garden_2003_HQ
![Andy Moor - Zero Point One [Continuous Mix]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121119111141im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/OWRna3RWlL8/default.jpg "Andy Moor - Zero Point One [Continuous Mix]")
Andy Moor - Zero Point One [Continuous Mix]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 78:00
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
www.discogs.com highly anticipated album from Andy Moor. Enjoy! Full tracklist in the link above. No copyright infringement intended. Support the artists by buying yourself a copy.
http://wn.com/Andy_Moor_Zero_Point_One_Continuous_Mix_
Emanuel Top - Turkish Bazar
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:34
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
www.discogs.com
http://wn.com/Emanuel_Top_Turkish_Bazar
steffi - yours ft virginia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:42
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
www.discogs.com
http://wn.com/steffi_yours_ft_virginia
Trentemoller - Moan (Trentemoller Remix) . HQ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:26
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
WEB: Moan (2007) www.discogs.com
http://wn.com/Trentemoller_Moan_Trentemoller_Remix_HQ
Coil - Windowpane
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:12
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
www.discogs.com thresholdhouse.greedbag.com
http://wn.com/Coil_Windowpane
Subliminal Cuts - Le Voie Le Soleil
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:32
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
www.discogs.com
http://wn.com/Subliminal_Cuts_Le_Voie_Le_Soleil
Photo: AP / Hatem Moussa
18 Nov 2012
Israeli air strikes killed 16 Palestinians in Gaza on Saturday, prompting the Arab League to announce a visit to the battered enclave and a review of its Middle East peace policy. Egypt’s President...
Photo: WN / Ahmed Deeb
18 Nov 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling Israel's ongoing uprooting of hundreds of Palestinian olive trees in the West Bank, including possibly sabotaging Palestine's recent bid for state...
Photo: UN / UN
17 Nov 2012
GAZA CITY, Gaza Strip (AP) — Israel's new offensive against the Gaza Strip has turned into a political bonanza for the territory's Hamas rulers, while sidelining Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas,...
Photo: AP / Eyad Baba
17 Nov 2012
Israel's defence minister Ehud Barak more than doubled his call-up of army reservists last night (Friday night) as its cabinet and military chiefs convened to discuss a ground invasion of Gaza. With...
Photo: AP / Vahid Salemi
17 Nov 2012
Iran is set to double its uranium enrichment after completing a second underground facility, according to UN report. The move is likely to increase concern from Western nations over Iranian nuclear...
the news is by no means confirmation
17 Nov 2012
The Verge
the news is by no means confirmation Posted by hsuyrjdos on November 17, 2012 12:32 am 0 watch twilight breaking dawn part 2 online The much loved epic saga series Twilight, written by Stephanie Meyers has come to an end. This is the second installment of the final part of the series, and it ends...(size: 4.7Kb)
King Crimson - Asbury Park
03 Nov 2012
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Seven:Seven Presents Fred P (Black Jazz Consortium / New York U.S.A) tickets and listings
30 Oct 2012
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This article relies on references to primary sources or sources affiliated with the subject, rather than references from independent authors and third-party publications. Please add citations from reliable sources. (December 2010) |
| File:Discogs.Logo.png | |
| URL | Discogs.com |
|---|---|
| Commercial? | Partially |
| Type of site | Music |
| Registration | Optional |
| Available language(s) | English |
| Owner | Zink Media, Inc. |
| Created by | Kevin Lewandowski |
| Launched | October 2000 |
| Alexa rank |  1,952 (June 2012[update])[1] |
| Revenue | Advertisement, Marketplace Seller Fees |
| Current status | Active |
Discogs, short for discographies, is a website and database of information about audio recordings, including commercial releases, promotional releases, and bootleg or off-label releases. The Discogs servers, currently hosted under the domain name discogs.com, are owned by Zink Media, Inc., and are located in Portland, Oregon, USA. Discogs is one of the largest online databases of electronic music releases and of releases on vinyl media.
Contents |
History[link]
The discogs.com domain name was registered in August 2000, and Discogs itself was launched in November 2000 by programmer, DJ, and music fan Kevin Lewandowski originally as a database of electronic music.[2]
He was inspired by the success of community-built sites such as Slashdot, eBay, and Open Directory Project, and decided to use this model for a music discography database.
The site's original goal was to build the most comprehensive database of electronic music, organized around the artists, labels, and releases available in that genre. In 2003 the Discogs system was completely rewritten,[3] and in January 2004 it began to support other genres, starting with hip hop. Since then, it has expanded to include rock and jazz in January 2005 and funk/soul, Latin, and reggae in October of the same year. In January 2006 blues and non-music (e.g. comedy records, field recordings, interviews) were added. Classical music started being supported in June 2007, and in October 2007 the "final genres were turned on" - now adding support for the Stage & Screen, Brass & Military, Children's, and Folk, World, & Country music genres and indeed allowing capture of virtually every single kind of audio recording that has ever been released.
On 30 June 2004, Discogs published its last report, which included information about the number of its contributors. This report claims that Discogs has 15,788 contributors and 260,789 releases.[4] On the Discogs homepage there is information indicating the number of releases, labels, and artists presently in the database. In 2006 the number of releases in the database passed the 500,000 mark. On 25 July 2010 the database contained 2,006,878 releases, 1,603,161 artists and 169,923 labels.
On 20 July 2007 a new system for sellers was introduced on the site called Market Price History. It made information available to users who paid for a subscription —though 60 days information was free— access to the past price items were sold for up to 12 months ago by previous sellers who had sold exactly the same release. At the same time, the US$12 per year charge for advanced subscriptions was abolished, as it was felt that the extra features should be made available to all subscribers now that a better, some may say fairer, revenue stream had been found from sellers and purchasers. However, at the beginning of 2008, the Market Price History was also made free of charge for all users, still giving up to a 12 month view of historical sales data for any release.
API[link]
In mid-August 2007, Discogs data became publicly accessible via a RESTful, XML-based API and a license that allowed specially attributed use, but did not allow anyone to "alter, transform, or build upon" the data.[5][6][7] The license has since been changed to a public domain one. Prior to the advent of this license and API, Discogs data was only accessible via the Discogs web site's HTML interface and was intended to be viewed only using web browsers.[8] The HTML interface remains the only authorized way to modify Discogs data.[6]
On June 7, 2011 version 2 of the API was released.[9] Notable in this release was that a license key was no longer required, the default response was changed from Xml to Json, and the 5000 queries per day limit was removed (although a limit of 2000 image lookups per days was introduced)
On November 1, 2011 a major update to version 2 of the API was released.[10] This new release dropped support for Xml, data is always returned in Json format, however the monthly data dumps of new data are only provided in Xml format.
Contribution system[link]
The data in Discogs comes from submissions contributed by users who have registered accounts on the web site. The system has gone through 4 major revisions.
Version One (V1)[link]
All incoming submissions were checked for formal and factual correctness by privileged users called "moderators", or "mods" for short, who had been selected by site management. Submissions and edits wouldn't become visible or searchable until they received a single positive vote from a "mod". An even smaller pool of super-moderators called "editors" had the power to vote on proposed edits to artist & label data.
Version Two (V2)[link]
This version introduced the concept of "submission limits" which prevented new users from submitting more than 2-3 releases for moderation. The number of possible submissions by a user increased on a logarithmic scale. The purpose of this was two-fold: 1) it helped keep the submission queue fairly small and manageable for moderators, and 2) it allowed the new user to acclimatise themselves slowly with the many formatting rules and guidelines of submitting to Discogs. Releases required a number of votes to be accepted into the database - initially the number of votes required was from 4 different moderators but in time the amount was decreased to 3 and then 2.
Version Three (V3)[link]
V3 launched in August 2007. Submission limits were eliminated, allowing each user to submit an unlimited number of updates and new entries. New releases added to the database were explicitly marked as "Unmoderated" with a top banner, and updates to existing items, such as releases, artists, or labels, were not shown (or available to search engines or casual visitors) until they were approved by the moderators.[11]
Version Four (V4)[link]
This system launched on 10 March 2008. New submissions and edits currently take effect immediately. Any time a new release is added or old release edited, that entry becomes flagged as needing "votes" (initially, "review," but this term caused confusion). A flagged entry is marked as a full yellow bar across a release in the list views and, like version three, a banner on the submission itself — although, initially, this banner was omitted.
Any item can be voted on at any time, even if it isn't flagged. Votes consist of a rating of the correctness & completeness of the full set of data for an item (not just the most recent changes), as assessed by users who have been automatically determined, by an undisclosed algorithm, to be experienced & reliable enough to be allowed to cast votes. An item's "average" vote is displayed with the item's data.[12]
The ranking system has also changed in v4. In v3, rank points were only awarded to submitters when a submission was "Accepted" by moderator votes. While in v4, rank points are now awarded immediately when a submission is made, regardless of the accuracy of the information and what votes it eventually receives, if any.[13]
Software[link]
Tag editors[link]
- ASMT MP3 Tagger — single release tagger with Discogs support.
- foobar2000 — freeware media player & music management software with a plugin for Discogs support.
- Helium Music Manager — music management software with a plugin for Discogs support.
- Jaikoz - OSX/Windows/Linux spreadsheet-based tag editor with Discogs support
- MP3 Collection Organizer — batch tagger with Discogs support.
- Mp3tag — freeware tag editor with Discogs support (batch and spreadsheet interfaces).
- OrangeCD Catalog - music management software with Discogs support.
- Tagog — Linux audio file tagger with Discogs support.
- TagScanner — freeware tag editor with Discogs, FreeDB, TrackType.org support.
- TigoTago — spreadsheet-based tag editor with Discogs support.
- The GodFather — freeware tag editor with Discogs script support.
- The Tagger — MP3 and AAC formats tag editor for Mac OS X with Discogs support.
- Kid3 — Open-source project, tagger for all common music formats with Discogs support.
Other[link]
- MP3 Filenamer - Online MP3 file name generator, based on Discogs release data.
- Discogs Bar - Discogs navigation and search control toolbar for Firefox.
- Album Art Downloader - Discogs cover art downloads.
- WWW::Discogs - Perl module for interfacing with the Discogs API.
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "Discogs.com Site Info". Alexa Internet. http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/Discogs.com. Retrieved 2012-06-02.
- ^ Carnes, Richard (2010) "Discogs: Vinyl revolution", Resident Advisor, 26 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-15.
- ^ "What/Why v2.0?". discogs.com. Archived from the original on 22 June 2004. http://web.archive.org/web/20040622113527/http://hiphop.discogs.com/help-20guide.html. Retrieved 2 October 2008.
- ^ http://web.archive.org/web/20040629023053/http://www.discogs.com/
- ^ Kevin Lewandowski (August 2007). "Open Data + API (Discogs News forum post)". http://www.discogs.com/forums/topic?topic_id=141878. Retrieved 27 August 2007.
- ^ a b Kevin Lewandowski (August 2007). "Discogs Data License". http://www.discogs.com/help/license.html. Retrieved 27 August 2007.
- ^ Kevin Lewandowski (August 2007). "Discogs API Documentation". http://www.discogs.com/help/api. Retrieved 27 August 2007.
- ^ "Terms of service changes (forum thread)". 15 June 2005. http://www.discogs.com/forums/topic?topic_id=67418. Retrieved 27 August 2007.
- ^ "API v2.0". 7 June 2011. http://www.discogs.com/blog/333990-api-v2-0. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
- ^ "API v2.0 Improvements". 1 November 2011. http://www.discogs.com/blog/333985-api-v2-0-improvements. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
- ^ "Discogs News - Discogs Version 3 - Part 1". http://www.discogs.com/help/forums/topic/143297. Retrieved 16 February 2011.
- ^ Kevin Lewandowski (February 2008). "Restructuring of Moderation/Voting System". http://www.discogs.com/help/forums/topic/156385. Retrieved 17 March 2008.
- ^ Various (October 2008). "Fastest grown user". http://www.discogs.com/groups/topic/170041. Retrieved 29 August 2008.
External links[link]
Main sites[link]
- Discogs – official site
- Discogs Pivotal Tracker – ongoing site issues/bugs and future feature implementation
- Discogs wiki – Discogs own wiki site, for discussions on issues and future feature ideas
- Disbugs – ongoing site issues/bugs and feature requests (archive)
Other sites[link]
http://wn.com/Discogs
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Discogs
http://cs.wn.com/Discogs
http://es.wn.com/Discogs
http://ru.wn.com/Discogs
http://pt.wn.com/Discogs
http://pl.wn.com/Discogs
http://fr.wn.com/Discogs
http://de.wn.com/Discogs
http://nl.wn.com/Discogs
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
- This article is about the guitarist. For the band, see The Jimi Hendrix Experience. "James Hendrix" redirects here. For the American soldier, see James R. Hendrix.
| Jimi Hendrix | |
|---|---|
 Jimi Hendrix performing for Dutch television in 1967 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Johnny Allen Hendrix |
| Born | (1942-11-27)November 27, 1942 Seattle, Washington, US |
| Died | September 18, 1970(1970-09-18) (aged 27) Kensington, London, England |
| Genres | Psychedelic rock, hard rock, heavy metal, blues rock, acid rock |
| Occupations | Singer-songwriter, musician, producer, recording studio entrepreneur |
| Instruments | Guitar, vocals, bass, keyboards, percussion |
| Years active | 1963–1970 |
| Labels | RSVP, Track, Barclay, Polydor, Reprise, Capitol, MCA |
| Associated acts | Little Richard, The Isley Brothers, The Blue Flame, The Jimi Hendrix Experience, Gypsy Sun and Rainbows, Band of Gypsys, Curtis Knight |
| Website | www.jimihendrix.com |
| Notable instruments | |
 Jimi Hendrix's Signature |
|
James Marshall "Jimi" Hendrix (born Johnny Allen Hendrix; November 27, 1942[1][2] – September 18, 1970) was an American musician and singer-songwriter. He is widely considered to be the greatest electric guitarist in music history,[3][4][5] and one of the most influential musicians of his era despite mainstream exposure limited to just three years.[6][7][8] After initial success in Europe with his group The Jimi Hendrix Experience, he achieved fame in the United States following his 1967 performance at the Monterey Pop Festival. Later, he headlined the iconic 1969 Woodstock Festival and the 1970 Isle of Wight Festival. He often favored raw overdriven amplifiers with high gain and treble and helped develop the previously undesirable technique of guitar amplifier feedback.[9]
Hendrix helped to popularize use of the wah-wah pedal in mainstream rock, which he often used to deliver tonal exaggerations in his solos, particularly with high bends, complex guitar playing, and use of legato. As a record producer, he also broke new ground in using the recording studio as an extension of his musical ideas. He was one of the first to experiment with stereophonic phasing effects for rock recording.[citation needed] He was influenced by blues artists such as B.B. King, Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Albert King and Elmore James,[10][11][12][13] rhythm and blues and soul guitarists Curtis Mayfield and Steve Cropper, and the jazz guitarist Wes Montgomery. Hendrix began dressing and wearing a moustache like Little Richard when he performed and recorded in his band from March 1, 1964 through to the spring of 1965.[14][15][16] In 1966, he stated, "I want to do with my guitar what Little Richard does with his voice".[17]
Hendrix won several prestigious rock music awards during his lifetime, and many more posthumously. He was inducted into the US Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992 and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005. An English Heritage blue plaque was erected in his name on his former residence at Brook Street, London, in September 1997. A star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame was dedicated in 1994. In 2006, his debut US album, Are You Experienced, was inducted into the United States National Recording Registry, and Rolling Stone named Hendrix the top guitarist on its list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all-time in 2003.[18]
Early life[link]
He was born Johnny Allen Hendrix on November 27, 1942, in Seattle, Washington, the first of five children to James Allen "Al" Hendrix[19] (June 10, 1919, Vancouver, British Columbia – April 17, 2002, Renton, Washington) and Lucille Jeter (October 12, 1925, Seattle, Washington – February 2, 1958, Renton, Washington).[20]
Hendrix's ancestry was of mixed African American, European, and Native American origin. His paternal great grandfather was Bertran Philander Ross, a wealthy white grain dealer from Urbana, Ohio, who was of Irish, German, and English descent. Out of wedlock, Bertran Philander Ross and his slave Fanny Hendricks produced Jimi's paternal grandfather Ross Hendricks (Hendrix).[21] Jimi Hendrix was part Cherokee,[22] his paternal great-great grandmother being a Cherokee from Georgia.[23] His parents met at a dance in Seattle in 1941 when Lucille Jeter was 16. When she married Al Hendrix the next year, on March 13, 1942, she was pregnant. Since Al had been drafted into the United States Army due to World War II, he was shipped out three days later.[24][25] Al Hendrix completed his basic training at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, but was stationed in Alabama when his son was born. Because the commanding officer believed that he would go AWOL to Seattle in order to visit his new son, he was locked up in the stockade as a preventative measure, where he remained to receive the telegram informing him of his son's birth.[26] The baby that would grow up to become the guitarist Jimi Hendrix was born to a father who had six fingers on each hand.[27] Al Hendrix spent the war in the South Pacific Theater mostly in Fiji.[28] During the three years that he was away, Lucille struggled with raising her infant son who was neglected in favor of the nightlife scene.[29] Thus Hendrix was mostly cared for by family members and others during this period.
His father received an honorable discharge from the U.S. Army on September 1, 1945, and retrieved his son from a woman who was caring for him in Berkeley. Al legally changed his son's name to James Marshall Hendrix in memory of his late brother, Leon Marshall Hendrix.[30][31] He was known as "Buster" to friends and family, from birth.[32] After his return, Al reunited with Lucille. He found it difficult to gain steady employment after the Second World War, and the family was impoverished. Like Lucille, Al also struggled with alcohol and the couple had frequent fights. At one point a pimp named John Page who had a history with Lucille even tried to commandeer her out of a movie theater while she was with Al. Al objected and a fight ensued, spilling out into the street. Al had been an amateur boxer and stunned the pimp with a first punch, eventually winning the brawl and they never saw the pimp again.[33]
During the early years of Hendrix's life, the turmoil caused by his parent's fighting would sometimes cause him to withdraw and hide in a closet in their home.[33] They moved often, staying in cheap hotels and apartments around Seattle. Throughout his childhood Hendrix would periodically be dropped off to be cared for by relatives. This all left an imprint on him as a small child which would remain with him the rest of his life.[34] In addition to the instability of his home life, Hendrix in later years confided to two different girlfriends that he had been the victim of sexual abuse, although he never elaborated. In one instance while he was living in Harlem, Hendrix broke down crying as his girlfriend related the sexual abuse she had suffered as a child, telling her that the same thing had happened to him.[35]
Hendrix had two brothers, Leon and Joseph, and two sisters, Kathy and Pamela. Joseph was born with physical difficulties and was placed in foster care at age three. His two sisters were also both placed in foster care at a young age. Kathy was born blind and Pamela suffered lesser physical difficulties.
On December 17, 1951, when Hendrix was nine years old, his parents divorced. His mother developed cirrhosis of the liver and died on February 2, 1958, when the state of her liver caused her spleen to rupture.[36] On occasion, he was placed in the care of his paternal grandmother in Vancouver, British Columbia because of the unstable household, and his brother Leon was placed in foster care temporarily.[37] Hendrix was a shy and sensitive boy, deeply affected by the poverty and family disruption he experienced at a young age. Unusual for his era, Hendrix's high school had a relatively even ethnic mix of African, European, and Asian Americans.[38]
First guitar[link]
At age 15, around the time his mother died, he acquired his first acoustic guitar for US$5 from an acquaintance of his father. This guitar replaced both the broomstick he had been strumming in imitation, and a ukulele which his father had found while cleaning a garage.[39][40][41] Hendrix learned to play by practicing for several hours a day, watching others play, getting tips from more experienced players, and listening to records. In mid-1959, his father bought Hendrix a white Supro Ozark, his first electric guitar, but there was no available amplifier. According to fellow Seattle bandmates, he learned most of his acrobatic stage moves, a major part of the blues/R&B tradition, including playing with his teeth and behind his back, from a fellow young musician, Raleigh "Butch" Snipes, guitarist with local band The Sharps. Hendrix himself performed Chuck Berry's trademark "duck walk" on occasion.[42] Hendrix played in a couple of local bands, occasionally playing outlying gigs in Washington State and at least once over the border in Vancouver, British Columbia.[43]
Hendrix was particularly fond of Elvis Presley, whom he saw perform in Seattle in 1957.[44] Leon Hendrix claimed in an early interview that Little Richard appeared in his Central District neighborhood and shook hands with his brother, Jimi. This is unattested elsewhere and vehemently denied by his father.[30] He also claimed that Richard was visiting his mother there at the time, when Richard's mother actually lived in Los Angeles. Hendrix's early exposure to blues music came from listening to records by Muddy Waters and B.B. King which his father owned.[45] Another early impression came from the 1954 western Johnny Guitar, in which the hero carries no gun but instead wears a guitar slung behind his back.
Hendrix's first gig was with an unnamed band in the basement of a synagogue, Seattle's Temple De Hirsch. After too much wild playing and showing off, he was fired between sets. The first formal band he played in was The Velvetones, who performed regularly at the Yesler Terrace Neighborhood House without pay. He later joined the Rocking Kings, who played professionally at such venues as the Birdland. When his guitar was stolen (after he left it backstage overnight), Al bought him a white Silvertone Danelectro. He painted it red and had "Betty Jean" emblazoned on it—the name of his high school girlfriend.
Hendrix completed junior high at Washington Junior High School with little trouble but did not graduate from Garfield High School. Later he was awarded an honorary diploma, and in the 1990s a bust of him was placed in the school library. After he became famous in the late 1960s, Hendrix told reporters that he had been expelled from Garfield by racist faculty for holding hands with a white girlfriend in study hall. Principal Frank Hanawalt says that it was due to poor grades and attendance problems.[46]
In the Army[link]
Hendrix got into trouble with the law twice for riding in stolen cars. He was given a choice between spending two years in prison or joining the Army. Hendrix chose the latter and enlisted on May 31, 1961. After completing basic training at Fort Ord near Monterey in California, he was assigned to the 101st Airborne Division and stationed in Fort Campbell, Kentucky. His commanding officers and fellow soldiers considered him to be a subpar soldier: he slept while on duty, had little regard for regulations, required constant supervision, and showed no skill as a marksman. For these reasons, his commanding officers submitted a request that Hendrix be discharged from the military after he had served only one year. Hendrix did not object when the opportunity to leave arose.[47] He would later tell reporters that he received a medical discharge after breaking his ankle during his 26th parachute jump. The rock music journalist Charles Cross contended in his biography of Hendrix, Room Full of Mirrors (2005) that Hendrix feigned being homosexual—claiming to have fallen in love with a fellow soldier—in order to be discharged, but did not produce credible evidence to support this contention.
At the base recreation center, Hendrix met fellow soldier and bass player Billy Cox, and the two forged a loyal friendship that Hendrix would call upon from April 1969 until Billy's breakdown shortly before Hendrix's death. The two would often perform with other musicians at venues both on and off the base as a loosely organized band named the Casuals. As a celebrity in the UK, Hendrix mentioned his military service in three published interviews; one in 1967 for the film See My Music Talking (much later released under the title Experience), which was intended for TV to promote his recently released Axis: Bold as Love LP, in which he spoke very briefly of his first parachuting experience: "...once you get out there everything is so quiet, all you hear is the breezes-s-s-s..." This comment has later been used to claim that he was saying that this was one of the sources of his "spacy" guitar sound. The second and third mentions of his military experience were in interviews for Melody Maker in 1967 and 1969, where he spoke of his dislike of the army.[48] In interviews in the US, Hendrix almost never mentioned it, and when Dick Cavett brought it up in his TV interview, Hendrix's only response was to verify that he had been based at Fort Campbell.[49]
Career[link]
Early career[link]
After his Army discharge, Hendrix and Army friend Billy Cox moved to nearby Clarksville, Tennessee and undertook in earnest to earn a living with their existing band. Hendrix had already seen Butch Snipes play with his teeth in Seattle and now Alphonso 'Baby Boo' Young the other guitarist in the band, was featuring this gimmick.[50] Not to be upstaged, it was then that Hendrix learned to play with his teeth properly, according to Hendrix himself: "... the idea of doing that came to me in a town in Tennessee. Down there you have to play with your teeth or else you get shot. There's a trail of broken teeth all over the stage..."[51] They played mainly in low-paying gigs at obscure venues. The band eventually moved to Nashville's Jefferson Street, the traditional heart of Nashville's black community and home to a lively rhythm and blues scene.[52] After they moved to Nashville, upon learning there was already an established band by the name "The Casuals", they amended their name to the "King Kasuals".[53] While in Nashville, according to Cox and Larry Lee—who replaced Alphonso Young on guitar—they were basically the house band at Club del Morocco.[54] Hendrix and Cox shared a flat above Joyce's House of Glamor.[55] Hendrix's girlfriend at this time was Joyce Lucas. Bill 'Hoss' Allen's memory of Hendrix's supposed participation in a session with Billy Cox in November 1962, in which he cut Hendrix's contribution due to his over-the-top playing, has now been called into question; a suggestion has been made that he may have confused this with a later 1965 session by Frank Howard and the Commanders in which Hendrix participated.[56]
In December 1962, Hendrix visited his relatives in Vancouver, Canada, where as a child he had sometimes lived with his grandmother. It has been claimed that while there, he performed with future members of the Motown band Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers, including Tommy Chong (of later Cheech & Chong fame).[57] Chong, however, disputes this ever happened and that any such appearance is a product of Taylor's "imagination".[58] In early 1963, Hendrix returned to the South. For the next two years, Hendrix made a living performing on a circuit of venues throughout the South catering to black audiences. These were venues affiliated with the Theater Owners' Booking Association (TOBA), sarcastically known as "Tough on Black Asses" because the audiences were very demanding. The TOBA circuit was also widely known as the Chitlin' Circuit. In addition to performing in his own band, Hendrix performed with Bob Fisher and the Bonnevilles,[59] and in backing bands for various soul, R&B, and blues musicians, including Chuck Jackson, Slim Harpo, Tommy Tucker, Sam Cooke, and Jackie Wilson. The Chitlin' Circuit was where Hendrix refined his style.
Feeling he had artistically outgrown the circuit and frustrated at following the rules of bandleaders, Hendrix decided to try his luck in New York City and in January 1964 moved into the Hotel Theresa in Harlem,[60] where he soon befriended Lithofayne Pridgeon (known as "Faye",[61] who became his girlfriend) and the Allen twins, Arthur and Albert (now known as Taharqa and Tunde-Ra Aleem). The Allen twins became friends and kept Hendrix out of trouble in New York. The twins also performed as backup singers (under the name Ghetto Fighters) on some of his recordings, most notably the song "Freedom". Pridgeon, a Harlem native with connections throughout the area's music scene, provided Hendrix with shelter, support, and encouragement. In February 1964, Hendrix won first prize in the Apollo Theater amateur contest. Hoping to land a gig, Hendrix made the club circuit and sat in with various bands. Eventually, Hendrix was offered the guitarist position with The Isley Brothers' back-up band and he readily accepted.
First recordings[link]
Hendrix' first studio recording occurred in March 1964, when the Isley Brothers, with Hendrix as a member of the band, recorded the two-part single "Testify". Hendrix then went on tour with the Isley Brothers. "Testify" was released in June 1964, but did not make an impact on the charts. After touring as a member of the Isley Brothers until mid-late 1964,[62][63][64][65][66][67] Hendrix grew dissatisfied and left the band in Nashville. There, he found work with the tour's MC "Gorgeous" George Odell.
On March 1, 1964, Hendrix (then calling himself Maurice James) began recording and performing with Little Richard.[16] Hendrix would later (1966) say, "I want to do with my guitar what Little Richard does with his voice".[68] During a stop in Los Angeles while touring with Little Richard in 1965, Hendrix played a session for Rosa Lee Brooks on her single "My Diary". This was his first recorded involvement with Arthur Lee of the band Love.[69][70] While in L.A., he also played on the session for Little Richard's final single for Vee-Jay, "I Don't Know What You've Got, But It's Got Me".[71] He later made his first recorded TV appearance on Nashville's Channel 5 Night Train with "The Royal Company" backing up "Buddy and Stacy" on "Shotgun".[72] Hendrix clashed with Richard, over tardiness, wardrobe, and, above all, Hendrix's stage antics.[71] On tour they shared billing a couple of times with Ike & Tina Turner. It has been suggested that Hendrix left Richard and played with the Turners briefly before returning to Richard, but there is no firm evidence to support this. Hendrix mentioned playing with them, and Ike Turner shortly before his death claimed that he did, but this is emphatically denied by Tina. Months later, he was either fired or he left after missing the tour bus in Washington, D.C.[73] He then rejoined the Isley Brothers in the summer of 1965 and recorded a second single with them, "Move Over and Let Me Dance" backed with "Have You Ever Been Disappointed" (1965 Atlantic 45-2303).
Later in 1965, Hendrix joined a New York–based R&B band, Curtis Knight and the Squires, after meeting Knight in the lobby of the Hotel America, off Times Square, where both men were living at the time.[74] He performed on and off with them for eight months.[75] In October 1965, Hendrix recorded a single with Curtis Knight, "How Would You Feel" backed with "Welcome Home" (1966 RSVP 1120) and on October 15 he signed a three-year recording contract with entrepreneur Ed Chalpin, receiving 1% royalty. While the relationship with Chalpin was short-lived, his contract remained in force, which caused considerable problems for Hendrix later on in his career. The legal dispute has continued to the present day.[76] (Several songs (and demos) from the 1965–1966 Curtis Knight recording sessions, deemed not worth releasing at the time, were marketed as "Jimi Hendrix" recordings after he became famous.)[77] Aside from Curtis Knight and the Squires, Hendrix then toured for two months with Joey Dee and the Starliters.
In between performing with Curtis Knight in 1966, Hendrix toured and recorded with King Curtis. Hendrix recorded the two-part single "Help Me (Get the Feeling)" with Ray Sharpe and the King Curtis Orchestra (1966 Atco 45-6402) (the backing track was subsequently overdubbed by other vocalists with different lyrics and released as new songs).[78] Later in 1966, Hendrix also recorded with Lonnie Youngblood, a saxophone player who occasionally performed with Curtis Knight. The sessions produced two singles for Youngblood: "Go Go Shoes"/"Go Go Place" (Fairmount F-1002) and "Soul Food (That's What I Like)"/"Goodbye Bessie Mae" (Fairmount F-1022). Additionally, singles for other artists came out of the sessions: The Icemen's "(My Girl) She's a Fox"/ "(I Wonder) What It Takes" (1966 SAMAR S-111) and Jimmy Norman's "You're Only Hurting Yourself"/"That Little Old Groove Maker" (1966 SAMAR S-112). As with the King Curtis recordings, backing tracks and alternate takes for the Youngblood sessions would be overdubbed and otherwise manipulated to create many "new" tracks.[79] (Many Youngblood tracks without any Hendrix involvement would later be marketed as "Jimi Hendrix" recordings).[80] Also around this time in 1966, Hendrix got his first composer credits for two instrumentals "Hornets Nest" and "Knock Yourself Out", released as a Curtis Knight and the Squires single (1966 RSVP 1124).[81]
Hendrix, now going by the name Jimmy James, formed his own band, The Blue Flame, composed of Randy Palmer (bass), Danny Casey (drums), and a 15-year-old guitarist who played slide and rhythm named Randy Wolfe in June 1966.[82]
Since there were two musicians named "Randy" in the group, Hendrix dubbed Wolfe "Randy California" (as he had recently moved from there to New York City) and Palmer (a Tejano) "Randy Texas". Randy California would later co-found the band Spirit with his stepfather, drummer Ed Cassidy. It was around this time that Hendrix's only daughter Tamika was conceived with Diana Carpenter (also known as Regina Jackson), a teenage runaway and prostitute that he briefly stayed with. Her claim has not been recognized by the US courts where, after death, she may not have a claim on his estate even if she could legally prove he was her father, unless recognized previously as such by him or the courts.[83]
Hendrix and his new band played at several places in New York, but their primary venue was a residency at the Cafe Wha? on MacDougal Street in Greenwich Village. The street runs along "Washington (Square) Park" which appeared in at least two of Hendrix's songs. Their last concerts were at the Cafe au Go Go, as John Hammond Jr.'s backing group, billed as "The Blue Flame". Singer-guitarist Ellen McIlwaine and guitarist Jeff Baxter also claim to have briefly worked with Hendrix in this period.[84]
The Jimi Hendrix Experience[link]
Main article: The Jimi Hendrix Experience
Early in 1966 at the Cheetah Club on Broadway at 53rd Street, Linda Keith, the girlfriend of Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards, befriended Hendrix and recommended him to Stones' manager Andrew Loog Oldham and later, producer Seymour Stein. Neither man took a liking to Hendrix's music, and they both passed. She then referred Hendrix to Chas Chandler, who was ending his tenure as bassist in The Animals and looking for talent to manage and produce. Chandler liked the song "Hey Joe" and was convinced he could create a hit single with the right artist.
Impressed with Hendrix's version, Chandler brought him to London in September 1966 and signed him to a management and production contract with himself and ex-Animals manager Michael Jeffery. It was Chandler who came up with the spelling change of "Jimmy" to "Jimi".[85] Chandler then helped Hendrix form a new band, The Jimi Hendrix Experience, with guitarist-turned-bassist Noel Redding and drummer Mitch Mitchell, both English musicians.[86] Shortly before the Experience was formed, Chandler introduced Hendrix to Brian Auger, Eric Burdon, Pete Townshend and to Eric Clapton, who had only recently helped put together Cream. At Chandler's request, Cream let Hendrix join them on stage for a jam. Hendrix performed two songs, one of which was the song "Killing Floor". Hendrix and Clapton remained friends up until Hendrix's death. The first night Hendrix arrived in London, he began a relationship with Kathy Etchingham that lasted until February 1969. She later wrote an autobiographical book about their relationship and the sixties London scene in general.[87]
Hendrix sometimes had a camp sense of humour, specifically with the song "Purple Haze". A mondegreen had appeared, in which the line "'Scuse me while I kiss the sky" was misheard as "'Scuse me while I kiss this guy". In a few performances, Hendrix humorously used this, deliberately singing "kiss this guy" while pointing to Mitch or Noel, as he did at Monterey.[88] In the Woodstock DVD he deliberately points to the sky at this point,[89] to make it clear. A volume of misheard lyrics has been published, using this mondegreen itself as the title, with Hendrix on the cover.
UK success[link]
After his enthusiastically received performance at France's No. 1 venue, the Olympia theatre in Paris on the Johnny Hallyday tour, an on-stage jam with Cream, a showcase gig at the newly opened, pop-celebrity oriented nightclub Bag O'Nails and the all important appearances on the top UK TV pop shows Ready Steady Go! and the BBC's Top of the Pops, word of Hendrix spread throughout the London music community in late 1966. His showmanship and virtuosity made instant fans of reigning guitar heroes Eric Clapton and Jeff Beck, as well as Brian Jones and members of The Beatles and The Who, whose managers signed Hendrix to their new record label, Track Records.
Hendrix's first single was a cover of "Hey Joe", using Tim Rose's slower arrangement of the song including his addition of a female backing chorus. Backing this first 1966 "Experience" single was Hendrix's first songwriting effort, "Stone Free". Further success came in early 1967 with "Purple Haze" which featured the "Hendrix chord" and "The Wind Cries Mary". The three singles were all UK Top 10 hits and were also popular internationally including Europe, Australia, New Zealand and Japan (though failed to sell when released later in the US).
Onstage, Hendrix was also making an impression with sped up renderings of the B.B. King hit "Rock Me Baby" and Howlin' Wolf's hit "Killing Floor".
[edit] Are You Experienced
Main article: Are You Experienced
The first Jimi Hendrix Experience album, Are You Experienced, was released in the United Kingdom on May 12, 1967, and shortly thereafter internationally, outside of the United States and Canada. It contained none of the previously released (outside the United States and Canada) singles or their B sides ("Hey Joe"/"Stone Free", "Purple Haze"/"51st Anniversary" and "The Wind Cries Mary"/"Highway Chile"). Only The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band prevented Are You Experienced from reaching No. 1 on the UK charts.
At this time, the Experience extensively toured the United Kingdom and parts of Europe. This allowed Hendrix to develop his stage presence, which reached a high point on March 31, 1967, when, booked to appear as one of the opening acts on the Walker Brothers farewell tour, he set his guitar on fire at the end of his first performance, as a publicity stunt. This guitar has now been identified as the "Zappa guitar" (previously thought to have been from Miami), which has been partly refurbished.[clarification needed] Later, as part of this press promotion campaign, there were articles about Rank Theatre management warning him to "tone down" his "suggestive" stage act, with Chandler stating that the group would not compromise regardless.[90] On June 4, 1967, the Experience played their last show in England, at London's Saville Theatre, before heading off to America. The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper album had just been released on June 1 and two Beatles (Paul McCartney and George Harrison) were in attendance, along with a roll call of other UK rock stardom, including: Brian Epstein, Eric Clapton, Spencer Davis, Jack Bruce, and pop singer Lulu. Hendrix opened the show with his own rendering of "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band", rehearsed only minutes before taking the stage, much to McCartney's astonishment and delight.[91]
While on tour in Sweden in 1967, Hendrix jammed with the duo Hansson & Karlsson, and later opened several concerts with their song "Tax Free", also recording a cover of it during the Electric Ladyland sessions.[92] He played there frequently throughout his career, and his only son James Daniel Sundquist was born there in 1969 to a Swede, Eva Sundquist, recognized as such by the Swedish courts and paid a settlement by Experience Hendrix LLC.[93] He wrote a poem to a woman there (probably Sundquist). Sundquist had sent Hendrix roses on each of his opening nights in Stockholm, and began – according to the Swedish courts – a sexual relationship from then until conceiving Daniel with him, after his third visit in January 1969. Hendrix also dedicated songs to the Swedish-based Vietnam deserters organization in 1969.[94]
Months later, Reprise Records released the US and Canadian version of Are You Experienced with a new cover by Karl Ferris, removing "Red House", "Remember" and "Can You See Me" to make room for the first three single A-sides. Where the (Rest of the World) album kicked off with "Foxy Lady", the US and Canadian one started with "Purple Haze". Both versions offered a startling introduction to the Jimi Hendrix Experience, and the album was a blueprint for what had become possible on an electric guitar, basically recorded on four tracks, mixed into mono and only modified at this point by a "fuzz" pedal, reverb and a small bit of the experimental "Octavia" pedal on "Purple Haze", produced by Roger Mayer in consultation with Hendrix. A remix using the mostly mono backing tracks with the guitar and vocal overdubs separated and occasionally panned to create a stereo mix was also released, only in the US and Canada.
US success[link]
Although very popular in Europe at this time, The Jimi Hendrix Experience had yet to crack the United States.c Their first single there, "Hey Joe" c/w "51st Anniversary" (Reprise 0572, released May 1, 1967), failed to reach the Billboard chart.
Their chance came when Paul McCartney recommended the group to the organizers of the Monterey International Pop Festival. This proved to be a great opportunity for Hendrix, not only because of the large audience present at the event, but also because of the many journalists covering the event who wrote about him. The performances were filmed by D. A. Pennebaker and later shown in some movie theaters around the country in early 1969 as the concert documentary Monterey Pop, which immortalized Hendrix's iconic burning and smashing of his guitar at the finale of his performance.
The opening song was Hendrix's very fast arrangement of Howlin' Wolf's 1965 R&B hit "Killing Floor". He played this frequently from late 1965 through 1968, usually as the opener to his shows. The Monterey performance included an equally lively rendering of B.B. King's 1964 R&B hit "Rock Me Baby", Tim Rose's arrangement of "Hey Joe" and Bob Dylan's 1965 pop hit "Like a Rolling Stone". The set ended with The Troggs' "Wild Thing" and Hendrix repeating the act that had boosted his profile in the UK (and internationally) with him burning his guitar on stage,[95] then smashing it to bits and tossing pieces out to the audience. This show finally brought Hendrix to the notice of the US public. A large chunk of this guitar was on display at the Experience Music Project in Seattle, along with the other psychedelically painted Stratocaster that Hendrix smashed (but did not burn) at his farewell concert in England before he left for the US and Monterey.
At the time Hendrix was playing sets in the Scene club in NYC in July 1967, he met Frank Zappa, whose Mothers of Invention were playing the adjacent Garrick Theater, and he was reportedly fascinated by Zappa's recently purchased wah-wah pedal.[96] Hendrix immediately bought one from Manny's and starting using it right away on the sessions for both sides of his new single, and slightly later, on several jams recorded at Ed Chalpin's studio.[97]
Following the festival, the Experience played a series of concerts at Bill Graham's Fillmore replacing the original headliners Jefferson Airplane at the top of the bill. It was at this time that Hendrix became acquainted with future musical collaborator Stephen Stills, and reacquainted himself with Buddy Miles who introduced Hendrix to his future partner, Devon Wilson. She had a turbulent on/off relationship with him, right up to the night of his death, and was the only one of his partners to record with him. She died only six months after Hendrix under mysterious circumstances, apparently falling from an upper window in the Chelsea Hotel.
Following this very successful West Coast introduction, which also included two open air concerts (one of them a free concert in the "panhandle" of Golden Gate Park) and a concert at the Whisky a Go Go, they were booked as one of the opening acts for pop group The Monkees on their first American tour. The Monkees asked for Hendrix because they were fans,[98] but their (mostly early teens) audience sometimes did not warm to their act, and he quit the tour after a few dates. Chas Chandler later admitted that being thrown off the Monkees tour was engineered to gain maximum media impact and publicity for Hendrix,[99] similar to that gained from the manufactured Rank Theatre's indecency dispute on the earlier UK Walker Brothers tour. At the time, a story circulated claiming that Hendrix was removed from the tour because of complaints made by the Daughters of the American Revolution that his stage conduct was "lewd and indecent". This report was concocted by a journalist accompanying the tour, the Australian Lillian Roxon.
Meanwhile in Western Europe, where Hendrix was appreciated for his authentic blues as well as his hit singles and recognized for his avant-garde musical ideas, his wild-man image and musical gimmickry (such as playing the guitar with his teeth and behind his back) had faded; but they later plagued him in the US following Monterey. He became frustrated by the US media and audience when they concentrated on his stage tricks and best known songs.
[edit] Axis: Bold as Love
Main article: Axis: Bold as Love
The Jimi Hendrix Experience's second 1967 album, Axis: Bold as Love was his first recording made for stereo release and used panning and other stereo effects. It continued the style established by Are You Experienced. The opening track, "EXP", featured a stereo effect in which a sound emanating from Hendrix's guitar appeared to revolve around the listener, fading out into the distance from the right channel, then returning in on the left. This album marked the first time Hendrix recorded the whole album with his guitar tuned down one half-step, to E♭, which he used exclusively thereafter and was his first to feature the wah-wah pedal. A mishap almost delayed the album's pre-Christmas release: Hendrix lost the master tape of side one of the LP, leaving it in the back seat of a London taxi. With the release deadline looming, Hendrix, Chas Chandler and engineer Eddie Kramer had to remix most of side one in an overnight session, but they could not match the lost mix of "If 6 Was 9". They soon learned that bassist Noel Redding had a tape recording of this mix. The tape had to be smoothed out as it had gotten wrinkled.[100] Hendrix was disappointed that the album had to be finished so quickly and felt it could have been better, given more time. He was also somewhat disappointed in the album cover art work, which depicts Hendrix and his Experience bandmates as the various forms of Vishnu, incorporating a painting of them by Roger Law (from a photo-portrait by Karl Ferris). Hendrix remarked that it would have been more appropriate if the cover had highlighted his American Indian heritage.[101]
The album was released in the UK near the end of their first headlining tour there, after which the pace slowed briefly during the Christmas holidays. In January 1968 the group went to Sweden for a short tour, and after the first show Hendrix, reportedly after drinking and according to Hendrix his drink being spiked, went berserk and smashed up his hotel room in a rage, injuring his hand and culminating in his arrest. Then on the 6th in Denmark his famous hat was stolen.[102] The rest of the tour was uneventful, though Hendrix had to spend some time in Sweden waiting for his trial and eventual large fine.[103]
[edit] Electric Ladyland
Main article: Electric Ladyland
Hendrix's third recording, the double album Electric Ladyland (1968), was a departure from previous efforts. Following his third and penultimate French concert at the Paris Olympia, Hendrix flew to the US to start his first tour there, and after two months returned to his Electric Ladyland project at the newly opened Record Plant Studios with engineers Eddie Kramer and Gary Kellgren and initially Chas Chandler as producer.
As the album's recording progressed, Chas Chandler became so frustrated with Hendrix's perfectionism and with various friends and guests milling about the studio that he decided to sever his professional relationship with Hendrix. Chandler's departure had a clear impact on the artistic direction that the recording took.
Hendrix began experimenting with different combinations of musicians and instruments, and modern electronic effects. For example, Dave Mason, Chris Wood, and Steve Winwood from the band Traffic, drummer Buddy Miles and former Bob Dylan organist Al Kooper, among others, were involved in the recording sessions. He described how Hendrix went from a disciplined recording regimen to an erratic schedule, which often saw him beginning recording sessions in the middle of the night and with any number of guests.
Chandler also expressed exasperation at the number of times Hendrix would insist on rerecording particular tracks; the song "Gypsy Eyes" was reportedly recorded 43 times. This was also frustrating for bassist Noel Redding, who would often leave the studio to calm himself, only to return and find that Hendrix had recorded the bass parts himself during Redding's absence.
Electric Ladyland includes "Voodoo Chile (Slight Return)" as well as Hendrix's rendering of Bob Dylan's "All Along the Watchtower".[86]
Throughout the four years of his fame, Hendrix often appeared at impromptu jams with various musicians, such as B.B. King.[104] In March 1968, Jim Morrison of The Doors joined Hendrix onstage at New York's Scene Club. Albums of this Electric Ladyland-era bootleg recording were released under various titles, some falsely claiming the presence of Johnny Winter, who has denied, several times, being a participant at that jam session, and to ever having met Morrison.[105]
Breakup of Jimi Hendrix Experience[link]
After a year based in the US, Hendrix temporarily moved back to London and into his girlfriend Kathy Etchingham's rented Brook Street flat, next door to the Handel House Museum, in the West End of London. During this time The Jimi Hendrix Experience toured Scandinavia, Germany, and included a final French concert. They later performed two sold-out concerts at London's Royal Albert Hall on February 18 and 24, 1969, which were the last European appearances of this line-up of the Jimi Hendrix Experience. A Gold and Goldstein-produced film titled Experience was also recorded at these two shows, which, according to Experience Hendrix LLC, "Elements of these recordings are sure to be utilized when the official release of this material is finally made".[106]
Noel Redding felt increasingly frustrated by the fact that he was not playing his original and favored instrument, the guitar. In 1968, he decided to form his own band, Fat Mattress, which would sometimes open for the Experience (Hendrix would jokingly refer to them as "Thin Pillow").[citation needed] Redding and Hendrix would begin seeing less and less of each other, which also had an effect in the studio, with Hendrix playing many of the bass parts on Electric Ladyland.
Fruitless recording sessions at Olympic in London; Olmstead and the Record Plant in New York that ended on April 9, which only produced a remake of "Stone Free" for a possible single release, were the last to feature Redding. Hendrix then flew Billy Cox to New York and started recording and rehearsing with him on April 21 as a replacement for Noel.[107]
In a recorded interview by Nancy Carter on June 15 at his hotel in Los Angeles, Hendrix announced that he had been recording with Cox and that he would be replacing Noel as bass player in The Jimi Hendrix Experience.[108]
The last Experience concert took place on June 29, 1969 at Barry Fey's Denver Pop Festival, a three-day event held at Denver's Mile High Stadium that was marked by police firing tear gas into the audience as they played "Voodoo Chile (Slight Return)". The band escaped from the venue in the back of a rental truck which was partly crushed by fans trying to escape the tear gas. The next day, Noel Redding announced that he had quit the Experience.[109]
Gypsy Sun and Rainbows[link]
After the departure of Noel Redding from the group, Hendrix rented the eight-bedroom 'Ashokan House' in the hamlet of Boiceville[110] near Woodstock in upstate New York, where he spent some time in mid-1969. Manager Michael Jeffery, who had a house in Woodstock, arranged the stay, with hopes that the respite would produce a new album. To replace Redding as bassist, Hendrix had been rehearsing and recording with Billy Cox, his old and trusted Army buddy, since at least April 21.[111] Mitchell was unavailable to help fulfill Hendrix's commitments at this time, which include his first appearance on US TV – on the Dick Cavett show – where he was backed by the studio orchestra, and an appearance on The Tonight Show where he appeared with his new bass player Billy Cox, and session drummer Ed Shaughnessy sitting in for Mitchell.[112]
Woodstock[link]
Main article: Woodstock
Hendrix was advertised to play the Woodstock Music Festival, along with many of the other biggest rock groups of the time. It was to take place on rented farmland in Upper State New York from August 15–18, 1969. Although Hendrix's music had been written for a power trio of guitar, bass, and drums, he wanted to expand his sound so he added rhythm guitarist Larry Lee (another old friend from his R&B days), and Juma Sultan and Jerry Velez to play congas. After drummer Mitch Mitchell arrived, this new lineup rehearsed for less than two weeks before the festival and according to Mitchell never really meshed. In addition, although Woodstock would become famous and mythologized through the documentary film of the same name, by the time of his performance, Hendrix had been up for three days, and his band was short on sleep as well, contributing a rawness to their filmed performance.[113][114]
Before Hendrix even arrived at the festival he started to hear media reports that the crowds of kids showing up for the festival were swelling to biblical proportions, in addition to the emerging logistical problems being reported at the site. This gave Hendrix pause for concern since he did not like performing in front of very large crowds.[115] Since he was considered an important draw for the festival, and because of his manager's negotiations, Hendrix was getting paid more than the other performers, (US$18,000, plus US$12,000 for rights to film him). As the scheduled time slot of Sunday night at midnight drew closer, Hendrix indicated that he would rather wait and close the show. A substantial rainstorm that day had delayed the schedule of performers, so when Hendrix insisted on being the closing headliner, it pushed back the time when they finally hit the stage – which ended up being 8:30 am Monday morning. The audience which had peaked at an estimated 400,000 people during the festival, was now reduced to about 30–40,000 by that point; many of whom merely waited to catch a glimpse of Hendrix before leaving during his show.[115] This reflected the reality that by the third day attendees had been sleeping in muddy conditions with limited food.
Hendrix and his band were introduced by the festival MC, Chip Monck, as "The Jimi Hendrix Experience", but once on stage Hendrix clarified saying, "We decided to change the whole thing around and call it 'Gypsy Sun and Rainbows'. For short, it's nothin but a 'Band of Gypsys'"[116] He then launched into a two hour set, the longest of his career. Hendrix started off with a new song, "Message to Love". (His Woodstock set consisting of new material, along with his well-known hits).
Hendrix's psychedelic rendition of the U.S. national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner" occurred about 3/4 into their set (after which he morphed into "Purple Haze"). The song had actually been part of his set for a year and he had already performed it on at least three different occasions. During the number, Hendrix used feedback and sustain on his guitar to recreate the sound of wails and falling rockets. Although pundits quickly branded the song as a political manifesto against the Vietnam War, Hendrix himself never explained its meaning other than to say at a press conference three weeks later, "We're all Americans. . .it was like 'Go America!'. . .We play it the way the air is in America today. The air is slightly static, see".[117] The song would become "part of the sixties Zeitgeist" as it was captured forever in the Woodstock film;[118] Hendrix's image performing this number during the day wearing a blue-beaded white leather jacket with fringe and a red head scarf, has since been regarded as a defining moment of the 1960s.[115][119][120]
Hendrix performed "Hey Joe" as the encore to finish off their set which concluded the 3½ day Woodstock Music Festival. Upon leaving the stage, Hendrix collapsed from exhaustion.[121]
After Woodstock, this particular lineup of the band appeared on only two more occasions. The first was a street benefit in Harlem where, in a scenario similar to the festival, most of the audience had left and only a fraction remained by the time Hendrix took the stage. Within seconds of Hendrix arriving at the site two youths had stolen his guitar from the back seat of his car, although it was later recovered. The band's only other appearance was at the Salvation club in Greenwich Village, New York. After some studio recordings, Hendrix disbanded the group. Some of this band's recordings can be heard on the MCA Records box set The Jimi Hendrix Experience and on South Saturn Delta. Their final work together was a session on September 6.[122] Hendrix's September 9 appearance on TV's The Dick Cavett Show, backed by Cox, Mitchell and Juma Sultan, was credited as the "Jimi Hendrix Experience".[123]
Band of Gypsys[link]
In 1967, a contractual dispute arose in relation to an agreement Hendrix had entered into with producer Ed Chalpin in 1965.[124] The resolution for the dispute included Hendrix having to record an LP of new material for Chalpin company, which would not feature the Experience band, and would not be associated with the Experience band name. In addition, Chalpin was granted 2% of profits from Hendrix's back catalog sold in US. For the agreed upon album, Hendrix chose to record Band of Gypsys, a live album.[125]
Along with Billy Cox and drummer Buddy Miles (formerly with Wilson Pickett and The Electric Flag) with whom he had been jamming together since September, Hendrix wrote and rehearsed material which they then performed at a series of four concerts over two nights, New Year's Eve and New Year's Day at Fillmore East. The second night produced the material for the Band Of Gypsys LP, which was produced by Hendrix (under the name "Heaven Research").[citation needed]
The Band of Gypsys LP was the only official completely live LP released in Hendrix's lifetime. The band also released a single "Stepping Stone" which failed to sell, and recorded several studio songs slated for Hendrix's future LP. In 1999, the tapes from the four Fillmore concerts were remastered and additional tracks and edits were released as Live at the Fillmore East. Litigation with Chalpin ended in 2007 after the "singularly uncredible witness" was fined nearly US$900,000 for failure to abide by contractual limitations and failure to pay Experience Hendrix L.L.C. its court ordered royalties.
On January 26 and 27, 1970, Mitch Mitchell and Noel Redding flew into New York and signed contracts with Jeffery for the upcoming Jimi Hendrix Experience tour. The next day, a second and final Band of Gypsys appearance occurred at a twelve-act show in Madison Square Garden which was a benefit for the anti-Vietnam War Moratorium Committee, titled the "Winter Festival for Peace". Similar to Woodstock, set delays forced Hendrix to take the stage at an inopportune 3 am, only this time he was obviously in no shape to play. He played "Who Knows" before snapping a vulgar response at a woman who shouted a request for "Foxy Lady". He played a second song, "Earth Blues", he then told the audience: "That's what happens when earth fucks with space—never forget that".[126] He then sat down on the drum riser for a minute and then walked off stage. Various unverifiable assertions have been proffered to explain this bizarre scene. Buddy Miles claimed that manager Michael Jeffery dosed Hendrix with LSD in an effort to sabotage the current band and bring about the return of the Experience lineup,[127] but none of Hendrix's other close associates verifies his statement.
Cry of Love tour[link]
A week after the botched Band of Gypsys show, Hendrix, Mitch Mitchell and Noel Redding gave an interview to Rolling Stone for the upcoming tour dates as a reunited Jimi Hendrix Experience. But Redding never even got to rehearse, as Hendrix just continued to work with Billy Cox. Noel was not told he was not going to be playing until the pretour rehearsals. Fans refer to this final "Jimi Hendrix Experience" lineup as the "Cry of Love" band, named after The Cry of Love Tour to distinguish it from the original. Billy Cox has countered on several occasions that this lineup considered themselves "The Jimi Hendrix Experience" before they even went on tour and that any other title is bogus. All billing, adverts, tickets etc. on the tour used "Jimi Hendrix Experience" or occasionally, as previously, just "Jimi Hendrix".
Two of Hendrix's later recordings were the lead guitar parts on "Old Times Good Times" from Stephen Stills hit eponymous album (1970), and on "The Everlasting First" from Arthur Lee's new incarnation of Love, not so successful and aptly named LP False Start both tracks were recorded with these old friends on a fleeting and unexplained visit to London in March 1970, following Kathy Etchingham's marriage.[128]
He spent the next four months of 1970 working on his next LP tentatively titled First Rays of the New Rising Sun, recording during the week and playing live on the weekends. The Cry of Love tour, launched that April at the L.A. Forum, was partly undertaken to earn money to repay the Warner Bros. loan for completing his Electric Lady Studios. Performances on this tour featured Hendrix, Cox, and Mitchell playing new material alongside older audience favorites. The American leg of the tour included 30 performances and ended at Honolulu, Hawaii on August 1, 1970. A number of these shows were recorded and produced some of Hendrix's most memorable live performances. At one of them, the Second Atlanta International Pop Festival (1970), on July 4, Hendrix played to the largest American audience of his career.[129]
Electric Lady Studios[link]
In 1968, Hendrix and Jeffery had invested jointly in the purchase of the Generation Club in Greenwich Village. Their initial plans to reopen the club were scrapped when the pair decided that the investment would serve them much better as a recording studio. The studio fees for the lengthy Electric Ladyland sessions were astronomical, and Hendrix was constantly in search of a recording environment that suited him. In August 1970, Electric Lady Studios was opened in New York.
Designed by architect and acoustician John Storyk, the studio was made specifically for Hendrix, with round windows and a machine capable of generating ambient lighting in a myriad of colors. It was designed to have a relaxing feel to encourage Hendrix's creativity, but at the same time provide a professional recording atmosphere. Engineer Eddie Kramer upheld this by refusing to allow any drug use during session work.
Hendrix spent only two and a half months recording in Electric Lady, most of which took place while the final phases of construction were still ongoing. Following a recording/dubbing session on August 26, an opening party was held later that day.[130] He then boarded an Air India flight for London with Billy Cox, joining Mitch Mitchell to perform at the Isle of Wight Festival.
European tour[link]
The group then commenced the European leg of the tour. Longing for his new studio and creative outlets, the tour was a commitment that Hendrix was not eager to perform. In Aarhus, Hendrix abandoned his show after only two songs, remarking: "I've been dead a long time". In the months before Hendrix's death, a British music paper alleged that Hendrix had plans to join the band Emerson, Lake & Palmer.[131] On September 6, 1970, his final concert performance, Hendrix was greeted with some booing and jeering by fans at the Isle of Fehmarn Festival in Germany, due to his non-appearance at the end of the previous night's bill (due to the torrential rain and risk of electrocution). Several acts played after he left the stage; later, part of the stage was burnt during the first stage appearance of Ton Steine Scherben. Billy Cox quit the tour and headed home to Memphis, Tennessee, reportedly suffering paranoia after taking LSD or being given it unknowingly, earlier in the tour.[132] A live recording of the concert was later released as Live at the Isle of Fehmarn.
Hendrix returned to London, where he reportedly spoke to Chas Chandler, Eric Burdon, and others about leaving his manager, Michael Jeffery. Hendrix's last public performance was an informal jam at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club in Soho with Burdon and his latest band, War. Much of this was recorded on a Sony cassette recorder by Bill Baker, of Shepherds Bush, London, then aged 20, who was present throughout the entire performance. Two Hendrix tracks from this recording, "Mother Earth" and "Tobacco Road", were later included, without permission from Baker, on a bootleg LP, Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window?, produced in the mid-to-late 1970s, and on an audio tape of poor quality that went into circulation some years later. It was not until 2009, however, that the entire recording entered general circulation within the collecting community. This was remastered in California in December 2010 and includes tracks from the same night's performance by Eric Burdon's War. This is the last known recording of Jimi Hendrix, who died approximately 24 hours later.[133]
Death[link]
Early on September 18, 1970, Jimi Hendrix died in London. He had spent the latter part of the previous evening at a party and was picked up at close to 3:00 by girlfriend Monika Dannemann and driven to her flat at the Samarkand Hotel, 22 Lansdowne Crescent, Notting Hill. From autopsy data and statements by friends about the evening of September 17, it has been estimated that he died sometime after 3:00, possibly before 4:00, but also possibly later, though no estimate was made at the autopsy, or inquest.[134]
Dannemann claimed in her original testimony that after they returned to her lodgings the evening before, Hendrix, unknown to her, had taken nine of her prescribed Vesparax sleeping pills. The normal medical dose was a half to one tablet as stated in the literature, but Hendrix was unfamiliar with this very strong Belgian brand. According to surgeon John Bannister, the doctor who initially attended to him, Hendrix had asphyxiated in his own vomit, mainly red wine which had filled his airways.[135] Bannister's statement was made in January 1992 to Harry Shapiro, co-author of Electric Gypsy, a book which also featured accusations of malpractice by Monika Dannemann in regards to Bannister's not performing a tracheotomy on Hendrix. He appears to have been using the amount of wine in his system as a reason for not performing a tracheotomy. He was reprimanded for two counts of medical malpractice, and struck off the medical register on April 28, 1992 for fraud.[136] No one else at the time, the other two doctors, the ambulance men, or the police mentioned wine. The only mention of wine was by Monika much earlier, in Electric Gypsy (which Bannister had read), and that Hendrix had drunk some with food earlier that evening and also by Harvey at his, again, much earlier party, which were both several hours prior to death. The autopsy found very little alcohol in his system. The autopsy never mentioned wine, only vomited matter.[137]
Until her death, Dannemann publicly claimed that she had only discovered that her lover had been sick at 11:00 am, but he was breathing, though unconscious and unresponsive (The ambulance was called at 11:18 and arrived 11:27). And that Hendrix was alive when placed in the back of the ambulance at approximately 11:30, and that she rode with him on the way to the hospital.[138]
The ambulance crew later denied she was even there; additionally, Dannemann's comments about the timing of some events that morning often differed in places, varying from interview to interview.[139]
Police and ambulance statements reveal that there was no one but Hendrix in the flat when they arrived at 11:27 am, and not only was he dead when they arrived on the scene, but was fully clothed and had been dead for some time.[140]
Later, Dannemann claimed that former road managers Gerry Stickels and Eric Barrett had been present before the ambulance was called.[citation needed] and had removed some of Hendrix's possessions, including some of his most recent messages. Lyrics written by Hendrix, which were found in the apartment, led Eric Burdon to make a premature announcement on the BBC-TV program 24 Hours that he believed Hendrix had committed suicide. Burdon often claimed he had been telephoned by Dannemann after she discovered that Hendrix failed to wake up.[141]
In 1996, Monika Dannemann committed suicide shortly after being found guilty of contempt of court for repeating a libel against Kathy Etchingham, who had been a girlfriend of Hendrix in the 1960s.[142]
Allegations of murder[link]
A former Animals "roadie", James "Tappy" Wright, published a book in May 2009 claiming Hendrix's manager, Mike Jeffery, admitted to him that he had Hendrix killed because the rock star wanted to end his management contract.[143] John Bannister, one of the doctors who attended to him in 1970 stated in 2009 that it "sounded plausible".[144] Bannister was struck off the Medical register in 1992 for fraud.[144] In 2011 Bob Levine, Wright's long term business associate and Mike Jeffery's assistant manager in N.Y., said he knows that Wright made up these stories to sell his book, that Jeffery didn't have insurance on Hendrix, but that he merely countersigned the Warner Bros. policy that Warner's had taken out as standard practice.[145]
"There was a freak storm across Mallorca and all the phone lines were down. Somebody told Mike that Jimi had been trying to phone him. The first call that got through was to say Jimi was dead. Mike was terribly upset at the thought of Jimi not being able to get through to him." – Trixie Sullivan, secretary/assistant for Mike Jeffery[146]
Fashion[link]
Hendrix was well known for his unique sense of fashion and wardrobe and his Dylan-esque (c. 1966) hairstyle. A set of hair curlers was one of the few possessions that traveled with him to England when he was first discovered in 1966. When his first advance check arrived, Hendrix immediately took to the streets of London in search of clothing at famous boutiques like I Was Lord Kitchener's Valet and Granny Takes a Trip, both of which specialized in vintage fashion. He purchased at least two army dress uniform jackets including a (possibly antique) jacket styled in imitation of a Hussar's pelisse, adorned with tasseled ropes. A group of policemen once ordered him to remove the other, a Royal Veterinary Corps dress jacket, saying it was an offense to the men who had worn it.[147]
Many photographs of Hendrix show him wearing various scarves, rings, medallions, and brooches, and in the early days occasionally badges (pins or buttons) that professed his support for the hippie movement or his fascination with Bob Dylan. He initially wore a dark suit and plain silk shirts that progressively became "louder" and more psychedelically patterned. He later favored a bright blue velvet suit, then a bright red one, antique military dress jackets, a very broadly striped suit, psychedelically patterned silk jackets, various exotic waistcoats and brightly colored flared trousers. At Monterey, he wore a hand-painted silk jacket by Chris Jagger (Mick Jagger's brother) and a bright pink feather boa. In late 1967 he started to wear a wide-brimmed Western style hat (brand name "The Westerner").[148] It was adorned with a narrow purple band and various brooches, as shown in the original Jimi Plays Monterey film. This hat was stolen in 1968, and replaced later with another, crowned variously with a longer purple scarf, a star-like brooch in front and a set of silver bangles, sometimes with an angled feather, though he went hatless for protracted periods after this.
From late 1968 he began tying scarves to one leg and one arm, and in mid-1969 he gave up the hat for bandanas. He started wearing increasingly fantastic custom-made stage costume with long trailing sleeves, culminating in his African-styled "Fire Angel" outfit that he wore throughout most of his final "Cry Of Love" tour, until it began to come apart during the Isle of Wight concert. He appeared in this outfit only once more (in just the jacket) at the disastrous concert in Aarhus, Denmark. His only non-work-related vacation was a two-week trip to Morocco in July 1969 with friends Colette Mimram, Stella Benabou (the then-wife of producer Alan Douglas), and Deering Howe. Upon his return Hendrix decorated his Greenwich Village apartment with Moroccan objets d'art and fabrics. Mimram and Benabou created some of Hendrix's most memorable later attire, the shortened blue kimono-style jacket that he wore in three TV appearances and the white fringed jacket, ornamented with blue glass beads, he wore at the Woodstock Festival.[149]
Drug use and women[link]
File:Jimihendrix1969mug.jpg
His arrest photo in Canada. He was subsequently acquitted of the drug possession charges.
Hendrix is widely known for and associated with the use of psychedelic drugs, most notably lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), as were many other famous musicians and celebrities of that time. He supposedly had never taken psychedelic drugs until the night he met Linda Keith, but had smoked cannabis and drank alcohol previously. Amphetamines are also recorded as being used by Hendrix during tours. Hendrix was notorious among friends and bandmates for sometimes becoming angry and violent when he drank too much alcohol.[150] Kathy Etchingham spoke of an incident that took place in a London pub in which an intoxicated Hendrix beat her with a public telephone handset because he thought she was calling another man on the pay phone.[151] Carmen Borrero, another girlfriend, says she required stitches after he hit her with a bottle after drinking and becoming jealous.[152] Alcohol was also cited as the cause of Hendrix's 1968 rampage that badly damaged a Stockholm hotel room and led to his arrest. Paul Caruso's friendship with Hendrix ended in 1970 when Hendrix, while under the influence, punched him and accused him of stealing from him.[153]
On May 3, 1969, while checking through Canadian customs at Toronto Pearson International Airport, Hendrix was arrested when small amounts of heroin and hashish were found in his luggage. After being released on a CAN$10,000 cash bail the same day, only four hours before his show was to begin, (and being required to appear in court at a later date), the Experience were able to play their concert at Maple Leaf Gardens. In his trial defense, Hendrix claimed that the drugs were slipped into his bag by a fan without his knowledge. He was acquitted.[154]
By all accounts he had casual sex with many women.[155]
Gravesite[link]
The original gravestone of Jimi Hendrix, incorporated into the granite base of his memorial on which it is intended that a large brass statue will be installed.
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The memorial gravesite of Jimi Hendrix in Renton, Washington
Hendrix's body was returned to Seattle and he was interred in Greenwood Memorial Park, Renton, Washington. As the popularity of Hendrix and his music grew over the decades following his death, concerns began to mount over fans damaging the adjoining graves at Greenwood, and the growing, extended Hendrix family further prompted his father to create an expanded memorial site separate from other burial sites in the park. The memorial was announced in late 1999, but Al Hendrix's deteriorating health led to delays and he died two months before its scheduled completion in 2002. Later that year, the remains of Jimi Hendrix, his father Al Hendrix, and grandmother Nora Rose Moore Hendrix were moved to the new site. The headstone contains a depiction of a Fender Stratocaster guitar, the instrument he was most famous for using —– although the guitar is shown right-side up, rather than the way Hendrix played it, upside down (left-handed).
The memorial is a granite dome supported by three pillars under which Jimi Hendrix and other family members are interred. Hendrix's autograph is inscribed at the base of each pillar, while two stepped entrances and one ramped entrance provide access to the dome's center where the original Stratocaster adorned headstone has been incorporated into a statue pedestal. A granite sundial complete with brass gnomon adjoins the dome, along with over 50 family plots that surround the central structure, half of which are currently adorned with raised granite headstones.
To date,[when?] the memorial remains incomplete: brass accents for the dome and a large brass statue of Hendrix were announced as being under construction in Italy, but since 2002 no information as to the status of the project has been revealed to the public. A memorial statue of Jimi playing a Stratocaster stands near the corner of Broadway and Pine Streets in Seattle.
In May 2006, the city of Seattle honored Hendrix with the renaming of a park near Seattle's Colman School in the Central District.[156]
Recordings[link]
Hendrix's recordings were originally released in North America on Reprise Records (a division of Warner Communications) from 1967 until 1993 and were released internationally (outside of US and Canada) on Polydor Records. (Because it was recorded to settle a legal dispute, the Band of Gypsys album was released on Capitol Records in US and Canada.) British releases of all his albums up to and including The Cry Of Love were first issued on the independent label Track Records, which was originally created by the managers of The Who. The label was later absorbed by Polydor.
In 1994, the Hendrix family prevailed in its long standing legal attempt to gain control of Jimi's music, and subsequently licensed the recordings to MCA Records (later Universal Music) through the family-run company Experience Hendrix. In August 2009, Experience Hendrix announced that it had entered a new licensing agreement with Sony Music Entertainment's Legacy Recordings division which would take effect in 2010.
Unfinished work and posthumous releases[link]
Reports that Hendrix's tapes for a concept album Black Gold had been stolen and lost from the London flat, are incorrect. Hendrix gave those tapes to Mitch Mitchell at the Isle of Wight Festival three weeks prior to his death.[157] They are now in the possession of Experience Hendrix LLC.
Hendrix's unfinished album was partly released as the 1971 title The Cry of Love. The album was well received and charted in several countries. However, the album's producers, Mitchell and Kramer, would later complain that they were unable to make use of all the tracks they wanted. This was due to some tracks being used for 1971's Rainbow Bridge and 1972's War Heroes for contractual reasons.
Material from The Cry of Love was rereleased in 1997 as First Rays of the New Rising Sun, along with the rest of the tracks that Mitchell and Kramer wanted to include.
Many of Hendrix's personal items, tapes, and many pages of lyrics and poems are now in the hands of private collectors and have attracted considerable sums at the occasional auctions.[158] These materials surfaced after two employees, under the instructions of Mike Jeffery, removed items from Hendrix's Greenwich Village apartment following his death.
In 2010, Legacy Recordings and Experience Hendrix LLC launched the 2010 Jimi Hendrix Catalog Project, starting with the release of Valleys of Neptune in March.[159] Legacy has also released deluxe CD/DVD editions of the Hendrix albums Are You Experienced, Axis: Bold As Love, Electric Ladyland and First Rays of the New Rising Sun, as well as the 1968 compilation album Smash Hits.[159]
Legacy[link]
Musical[link]
Hendrix synthesized many styles in creating his musical voice and his guitar style was unique, later to be abundantly imitated by others. Despite his hectic touring schedule and notorious perfectionism, he was a prolific recording artist and left behind more than 300 unreleased recordings.
His career and death grouped him with Janis Joplin, Jim Morrison and Brian Jones as one of the 27 Club, a group including iconic 1960s rock stars who suffered drug-related deaths at the age of 27 within a two year period, leaving legacies in death that have eclipsed the popularity and influence they experienced during their lifetimes.
Musically, Hendrix did much to further the development of the electric guitar's repertoire, establishing it as a unique sonic source, rather than merely an amplified version of the acoustic guitar. Likewise, his feedback, wah-wah and fuzz-laden soloing moved guitar distortion well beyond mere novelty, incorporating other effects pedals and units specifically designed for him by his sound technician Roger Mayer (such as the Octavia and Uni-Vibe) with dramatic results.
Hendrix affected popular music with similar profundity; along with earlier bands such as The Who and Cream, he established a sonically heavy yet technically proficient bent to rock music as a whole, significantly furthering the development of hard rock and paving the way for heavy metal. He took blues to another level. His music has also had a great influence on funk and the development of funk rock especially through the guitarists Ernie Isley of The Isley Brothers and Eddie Hazel of Funkadelic, Prince, John Frusciante former member of the Red Hot Chili Peppers and Jesse Johnson of The Time. His influence even extends to many hip hop artists, including Questlove, Chuck D of Public Enemy, Ice-T (who covered "Hey Joe" with his heavy metal band Body Count), El-P and Wyclef Jean. Miles Davis was also deeply impressed by Hendrix and compared his improvisational skills with those of saxophonist John Coltrane,[160] and Davis would later want guitarists in his bands to emulate Hendrix.[161] Hendrix was ranked number 3 on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock behind Black Sabbath and Led Zeppelin.
Hendrix's guitar style also had significant influence upon ZZ Top guitarist Billy Gibbons,[162] fellow Texas guitar legend Stevie Ray Vaughan,[163] and later on Metallica guitarist Kirk Hammett and Pearl Jam's Mike McCready, among others. Hendrix's influence is also evident in the musical styles of many prominent bassists such as Stanley Clarke,[164] Jaco Pastorius,[165] Billy Sheehan,[166] and Les Claypool.[167]
Hendrix was ranked number 3 on VH1's list of the 100 Greatest Artists of Rock N' Roll, behind the Rolling Stones and the Beatles. He has been voted by Rolling Stone, Guitar World, and a number of other magazines and polls as the best electric guitarist of all time. Conversely and with some modesty, Hendrix when asked in a Rolling Stone interview, "How does it feel to be the greatest guitarist in the world?", Hendrix replied, "I don't know, go ask Rory Gallagher."[168][169]
In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked him number 6 on their list of the 100 greatest artists of all time.
Guitar World's readers voted six of Hendrix's solos among the top "100 Greatest" of all time: "Purple Haze" (70), "The Star-Spangled Banner" (52), "Machine Gun" (32), "Little Wing" (18), "Voodoo Child (Slight Return)" (11) and "All Along the Watchtower" (5).[170]
In 1992, Hendrix was posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.
Financial and legal[link]
When Al Hendrix died of congestive heart failure in 2002, his will stipulated that Experience Hendrix, LLC was to exist as a trust designed to distribute profits to a list of Hendrix family beneficiaries. Upon his death, it was revealed that Al had signed a revision to his will which removed Hendrix's brother Leon Hendrix as a beneficiary. A 2004 probate lawsuit merged Leon's challenge to the will with charges from other Hendrix family beneficiaries that Janie Hendrix, Al's adopted daughter, was improperly handling the company finances. The suit argued that Janie and a cousin of Jimi Hendrix (Robert Hendrix) paid themselves exorbitant salaries and covered their own mortgages and personal expenses from the company's coffers while the beneficiaries went without payment and the Hendrix gravesite in Renton went uncompleted.
Janie and Robert's defense was that the company was not profitable yet, and that their salary and benefits were justified given the work that they put into running the company. Leon charged that Janie bilked Al Hendrix, then old and frail, into signing the revised will, and sought to have the previous will reinstated.[171] The defense argued that Al willingly removed Leon from his will because of Leon's problems with alcohol and gambling. In early 2005, presiding judge Jeffrey Ramsdell handed down a ruling that left the final will intact, but replaced Janie and Robert's role at the financial helm of Experience Hendrix with an independent trustee.
On October 5, 2011 the U.S. Supreme Court heard arguments in a case Golan v. Holder concerning the 1994 U.S. federal law that protected foreign copyrights. At stake in the outcome of this case is whether previously unprotected foreign works could be suddenly copyrighted and withdrawn from public domain. In a hypothetical argument Justice John Roberts asked "what about Jimi Hendrix?" and if Hendrix's rendition of the "Star Spangled Banner" at Woodstock violated copyright protection or was protected under public domain. Solicitor General Donald Verrilli, who defended the 1994 law, stated "maybe Jimi Hendrix could claim fair use".[172] The music of the "Star Spangled Banner" was composed by an English musician, John Stafford Smith in the mid 1760s. The lyrics of the "Star Spangled Banner" were written by American Francis Scott Key in 1814 and the song became America's National anthem in 1931.[173]
The Jimi Hendrix Foundation[link]
In 1987, Leon Hendrix commissioned the James (Jimi) Marshall Hendrix Foundation. This foundation is based in Renton, Washington. Though run for some time by Jimi's brother Leon Hendrix, in August 2006 Leon asked a childhood friend of Jimi Hendrix – James (Jimmy) Williams, to take control of the Foundation.[174]
Guitar[link]
Fender Stratocaster[link]
Hendrix owned and used a variety of guitars during his career. However, his guitar of choice (and the instrument that became most associated with him), was the Fender Stratocaster. He started playing the model in 1966 and thereafter used it prevalently in his stage performances and recordings.
Hendrix bought many Stratocasters and gave some away as gifts. The original sunburst Stratocaster that Hendrix burnt at the Astoria in 1967, and that he kept as a souvenir, was given to Frank Zappa by a Hendrix roadie at the 1968 Miami Pop Festival; Zappa assumed it was the one Hendrix had played there.[175]
Hendrix used right-handed guitars, turned upside down and restrung for left-hand playing.[176] This had an important effect on his guitar sound: because of the slant of the Strat's bridge pickup, his lowest string had a bright sound while his highest string had a mellow sound, the opposite of the Stratocaster's intended design.[177] Heavy use of the tremolo bar necessitated frequent tuning; Hendrix often asked the audience for a "minute to tune up", as heard on many live bootlegs of his performances.
In addition to Stratocasters, Hendrix was also photographed playing Fender Jazzmasters, Duosonics, two different Gibson Flying Vs, a Gibson Les Paul, three Gibson SGs, a Gretsch Corvette he used at the 1967 Curtis Knight sessions and miming with a right-strung Fender Jaguar on the Top of the Pops TV show, as well as several other brands.[178] Hendrix borrowed a Fender Telecaster from Noel Redding to record "Hey Joe" and "Purple Haze",[179] used a white Gibson SG Custom for his performances on The Dick Cavett Show in the summer of 1969, and the Isle of Wight film shows him playing his second Gibson Flying V. While Jimi had previously owned a Flying V that he had painted with a psychedelic design, the Flying V used at the Isle of Wight was a unique custom left-handed guitar with gold plated hardware, a bound fingerboard and "split-diamond" fret markers that were not found on other 1960s-era Flying Vs.
On December 4, 2006, one of Hendrix's 1968 Fender Stratocaster guitars with a sunburst design was sold at a Christie's auction for US$168,000.[180]
Other instruments[link]
Hendrix owned a Coral electric sitar that later wound up in the possession of Peter Frampton, who used it on tour during David Bowie's 1987 world tour.[181]
Amplifiers and effects[link]
Hendrix was a catalyst in the development of modern guitar effects pedals. His high volume and use of feedback required robust and powerful amplifiers. For the first few rehearsals he used Vox and Fender amplifiers. Sitting in with Cream, Hendrix played through a new range of high-powered guitar amps being made by London drummer turned audio engineer Jim Marshall, and they proved perfect for his needs. Along with the Stratocaster, the Marshall stack and amplifiers were crucial in shaping his heavily overdriven sound, enabling him to master the use of feedback as a musical effect, and he created a "definitive vocabulary for rock guitar".[182]
While his mainstays were the Arbiter Fuzz Face and a Vox wah-wah pedal,[182] Hendrix experimented with guitar effects as well. He had a fruitful association with engineer Roger Mayer who later went on to make the Axis fuzz unit, the Octavia octave doubler and several other devices based on units Mayer had created or tweaked for Hendrix. The Japanese-made Uni-Vibe, designed to simulate the modulation effects of the rotating Leslie speaker, provided a rich phasing sound with a speed control pedal, and is heard on the Band of Gypsys track "Machine Gun", which highlights use of the Uni-Vibe, Octavia and Fuzz Face.
The Hendrix sound combined high volume and high power, feedback manipulation, and a range of cutting-edge guitar effects. He was also known for his trick playing, which included playing with only his right (fretting) hand and using his teeth or playing behind his back and between his legs. Hendrix had large hands and characteristically used his thumb to fret bass notes, leaving his fingers free to play melodic lines on top. A clear demonstration of this thumb technique can be witnessed in the Woodstock video; during the song "Red House" there are closeups of Hendrix's fretting hand.
Electric church[link]
"Electric Church" was a quasi-spiritual belief that electric music brings out emotions and creative ideas in people, and encourages spirituality. It was popularized by Jimi Hendrix.
On the Dick Cavett Show in 1969, Hendrix said that he designed his music so that it would be able to go "inside the soul of the person, and awaken some kind of thing inside, because there are so many sleeping people". Promoting his third album Electric Ladyland, Jimi Hendrix said "the influence the psychedelics have on one is truly amazing, and I only wish more people appreciated this belief and genre". When asked why he didn't name the album "Electric Church" instead of "Electric Ladyland", Hendrix said some ladies were "electric too".[183]
Hendrix made numerous allusions to the concept in his music, most famously in the song "Red House", in which he introduces his band by saying that he is about to present them all to the "Electric Church".
Discography[link]
Main articles: Jimi Hendrix discography and Jimi Hendrix posthumous discography
The Jimi Hendrix Experience[link]
Jimi Hendrix/Band of Gypsys[link]
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Posthumous studio albums[link]
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See also[link]
References[link]
- Notes
- ^ Shapiro, Harry; Glebbeek, Caesar (1990). Jimi Hendrix: Electric Gypsy. St. Martin's Press. p. 7. ISBN 0-312-13062-7.
- ^ Jimi Hendrix, electric gypsy. Google Books. 1995. ISBN 978-0-312-13062-6. http://books.google.com/?id=JB1W2dn31rwC&pg=PA693&lpg=PA693&dq=jimi+hendrix+%22birth+certificate%22#v=onepage&q=jimi%20hendrix%20%22birth%20certificate%22&f=false. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
- ^ "Hendrix Voted World's Best Guitarist". Sky News. August 7, 2002. http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Sky-News-Archive/Article/200806412071472. Retrieved April 11, 2009.
- ^ Bossy, Michel-André; Brothers, Thomas; McEnroe. John C. (2001). Artists, Writers, and Musicians: An Encyclopedia of People Who Changed the World. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-57356-154-9. http://books.google.com/?id=r0SOzr_0Ya4C&pg=PA85&dq=Jimi+Hendrix+widely+considered.
- ^ Burrell, Ian (August 28, 2003). "Hendrix hits top note again as best guitarist in history". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/hendrix-hits-top-note-again-as-best-guitarist-in-history-537325.html. Retrieved April 11, 2009.
- ^ Kincheloe, Joe L.; Horn, Raymond A. (2008). The Praeger handbook of education and psychology. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 849. ISBN 978-0-313-34057-4. http://books.google.com/?id=ZDRUDrFdSIsC&pg=PA848&dq=Jimi+Hendrix+widely+considered.
- ^ "Jimi Hendrix". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/261208/Jimi-Hendrix. Retrieved April 11, 2009.
- ^ Shore, Robert (September 4, 2008). "Music extra: jazz". Metro.co.uk. Associated Newspapers Ltd. http://www.metro.co.uk/metrolife/294536-music-extra-jazz. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
- ^ Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix, Musician. Backbeat Books. p. 92. ISBN 0-87930-764-1.
- ^ Egan, Sean (2002). "interview with Lonnie Youngblood". The Making of Are You Experienced. A Cappella books.
- ^ Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix, Musician. Backbeat Books. p. 39. ISBN 0-87930-764-1.
- ^ Blues CD, MCA, sleeve notes by Jeff Hannusch, p. 2.
- ^ A Film About Jimi Hendrix deluxe ed. DVD, Warner Bros. sp. feat: From The Ukelele to the Strat, Faye Pridgeon Interview.
- ^ White, Charles (2003), pp. 125–132. The Life and Times of Little Richard: The Authorised Biography. Omnibus Press.
- ^ White (2003), pp. 249–51.
- ^ a b "Little Richard Timeline". Inductees. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. http://rockhall.com/inductees/little-richard/timeline/.
- ^ White (2003), p. 228.
- ^ "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time". Rolling Stone. August 27, 2003. http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5937559/the_100_greatest_guitarists_of_all_time. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked him number 6 on their list of the 100 greatest artists of all time.[4]
- ^ Shapiro, Harry; Glebbeek, Caesar (1990). Jimi Hendrix: Electric Gypsy. St. Martin's Press. pp. 8–9. ISBN 0-312-13062-7.
- ^ Steven Roby (2002). Black Gold: The Lost Archives of Jimi Hendrix. Billboard Books. ISBN 0-8230-7854-X.
- ^ The Blood of Entertainers: The Life and Times of Jimi Hendrix's Paternal Grandparents | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed
- ^ "Being and Belonging – Indivisble – African-Native American Lives in the Americas". National Museum of the American Indian. http://www.nmai.si.edu/exhibitions/indivisible/being.html. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
- ^ Shapiro, Harry; Glebbeek, Caesar (1995 Updated edition). Jimi Hendrix: Electric Gypsy. St. Martin's Press. pp. 5–6, 13.. ISBN 0-312-13062-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=JB1W2dn31rwC&lpg=PP1&dq=jimi%20hendrix&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
- ^ Shapiro, Harry; Glebbeek, Caesar (1995 Updated edition). Jimi Hendrix: Electric Gypsy. St. Martin's Press. p. 12. ISBN 0-312-13062-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=JB1W2dn31rwC&lpg=PP1&dq=jimi%20hendrix&pg=PA12#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
- ^ Charles Cross (2005). Room Full of Mirrors: A Biography of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion, New York. p. 20. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6.
- ^ Shapiro, Harry; Glebbeek, Caesar (1995 Updated edition). Jimi Hendrix: Electric Gypsy. St. Martin's Press. p. 13. ISBN 0-312-13062-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=JB1W2dn31rwC&lpg=PP1&dq=jimi%20hendrix&pg=PA13#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
- ^ Charles Cross (2005). Room Full of Mirrors: A Biography of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion, New York. p. 17. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6.
- ^ Charles Cross (2005). Room Full of Mirrors: A Biography of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion, New York. p. 23. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6.
- ^ Charles Cross (2005). Room Full of Mirrors: A Biography of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion, New York. pp. 22–25. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6.
- ^ a b Hendrix, James A. (1999). My Son Jimi. AlJas Enterprises.
- ^ "Vital Event Index". BC Archives. http://search.bcarchives.gov.bc.ca/sn-6BB6A4/query/Deaths/find-adv%2B%20place%3D(vancouver)%20AND%20surname%3D(hendrix)%20%2B%2B%2B%2B. Retrieved January 16, 2008.
- ^ Hendrix, James A. (1999). My Son Jimi. AlJas Enterprises. p. 50.
- ^ a b Charles Cross (2005). Room Full of Mirrors: A Biography of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion, New York. p. 32. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6.
- ^ Charles Cross (2005). Room Full of Mirrors: A Biography of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion, New York. pp. 32,179,308. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6.
- ^ Charles Cross (2005). Room Full of Mirrors: A Biography of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion, New York. pp. 50,127. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6. http://books.google.com/books?ei=tFq5T4LBNIGC2wXS46SpCQ&id=ZSgUAQAAIAAJ&dq=jimi+hendrix+room+full+of+mirrors&q=childhood+sexual+abuse..#search_anchor.
- ^ Shapiro, H. & Glebbeek , C; Jimi Hendrix: Electric Gypsy.
- ^ Cross, Charles R. (2005). Room Full Of Mirrors: A Biography Of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion Books. pp. 33–41. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6.
- ^ Willix, Mary (1995). Jimi Hendrix, Voices from home. Creative Forces. p. 167. ISBN 0-9645064-0-8.
- ^ Hopkins, Jerry (1983). The Jimi Hendrix Experience. pp. 36–37.
- ^ J. A. Hendrix, 1999, My Son Jimi, p. 113.
- ^ Shapiro, Harry (1983). Jimi Hendrix. Electric Gypsy. W. Heinemann Ltd.. pp. 28–29. ISBN 0-312-13062-7.
- ^ Willix, Mary (1995). Jimi Hendrix. Voices From Home. Creative Forces Pub.. pp. 57, 63, 95, 137. ISBN 0-9645064-0-8.
- ^ Hendrix, James A.; Jas Obrecht (1999). My Son Jimi. AlJas Enterprises. p. 122. ISBN 0-9667857-1-1.
- ^ Deloria, Philip (2002). "Voodoo Child: Jimi Hendrix and the Politics of Race in the Sixties". In Inglis, Ian; Doyle, Michael William. Imagine Nation: The American Counterculture of the 1960s and 1970s. New York: Routledge. p. 192. ISBN 0-415-93039-1
- ^ J. A. Hendrix, 1999, My Son Jimi, p. 126.
- ^ Cross, Charles R. (2005). Room Full Of Mirrors: A Biography Of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion Books. pp. 73–74. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6.
- ^ "Jimi's Private Parts". The Smoking Gun. http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/0803051jimi1.html.
- ^ Roby, Steven (2002). Black Gold. Billboard Books. p. 15. ISBN 0-8230-7854-X.
- ^ Dick Cavett (September 9, 1969). Jimi Hendrix. The Dick Cavett Show (DVD). Universal Island.
- ^ Cross, Charles R. (2005). Room Full Of Mirrors: A Biography Of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion Books. p. 97. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6.
- ^ Melody Maker, January 3, 1969
- ^ "Climbing Aboard 'Night Train to Nashville'". Country Music Television. 2004. http://www.cmt.com/artists/news/1485999/03262004/hendrix_jimi.jhtml.
- ^ Prato, Greg. "Billy Cox. Biography". Allmusicguide.com. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070930035419/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p67012/biography. Retrieved February 12, 2008.
- ^ Woodstock DVD interview with Lee & Cox.
- ^ "A Film About Jimi Hendrix" DVD Cox interview.
- ^ Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix, Musician. Backbeat Books. pp. 42–43. ISBN 0-87930-764-1.
- ^ Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix, Musician. Backbeat Books. p. 44. ISBN 0-87930-764-1.
- ^ Kayce, Aaron (2007). "Tommy Chong: From Guitar to Bong". Harp. HarpMagazine.com. http://www.harpmagazine.com/articles/detail.cfm?article_id=6162. Retrieved September 24, 2007.
- ^ Caesar Glebeek (2005). Uni-Vibes #5. Warner Brothers. pp. 4–5.
- ^ Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix, Musician. Backbeat Books. p. 50. ISBN 0-87930-764-1.
- ^ Joe Boyd (1973). A Film About Jimi Hendrix. Warner Brothers.
- ^ Shapiro 1991, p. 82.
- ^ Brown 1992, p. 29.
- ^ Black 1999, p. 33.
- ^ Roby 2002, p. 31.
- ^ Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix, Musician. Backbeat Books. p. 54. ISBN 0-87930-764-1.
- ^ McDermott, John; Kramer, Eddie; Cox, Billy (2009). Ultimate Hendrix. Backbeat Books. p. 11. ISBN 0-87930-938-5.
- ^ White (2003), p. 132.
- ^ Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix, Musician. Backbeat Books. p. 55. ISBN 0-87930-764-1.
- ^ 45 record label composer credit, My Diary by Arthur Lee, Revis Records, 1964.
- ^ a b Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix, Musician. Backbeat Books. pp. 56–57. ISBN 0-87930-764-1.
- ^ Jimi Hendrix the studio log (2008 ed.) by Geldeart & Rodham, Jimpress, 2007, p. 21.
- ^ Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix, Musician. Backbeat Books. p. 57. ISBN 0-87930-764-1.
- ^ Shapiro and Glebeek, 1990, Electric Gypsy, p. 95.
- ^ Cross, Charles R. (2005). Room Full Of Mirrors: A Biography Of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion Books. p. 120. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6.
- ^ "BLABBERMOUTH.NET – JIMI HENDRIX Litigation Results In Contempt Order, Judgment Payment". Roadrunnerrecords.com. http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=70391. Retrieved March 2, 2010.
- ^ McDermott, John; Kramer, Eddie; Cox, Billy (2009). Ultimate Hendrix. Backbeat Books. p. 15. ISBN 0-87930-938-5.
- ^ Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix, Musician. Backbeat Books. p. 69. ISBN 0-87930-764-1.
- ^ McDermott, John; Kramer, Eddie; Cox, Billy (2009). Ultimate Hendrix. Backbeat Books. pp. 16–17. ISBN 0-87930-938-5.
- ^ Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix, Musician. Backbeat Books. p. 71. ISBN 0-87930-764-1.
- ^ Gary Geldeart & Steve Rodham (2008). Jimi Hendrix The Studio Log. Jimpress. pp. 22–24.
- ^ Hendrix's band, The Blue Flame, came to be mistakenly labeled as Jimmy James and the Blue Flames after Hendrix's rise to fame. The misnomer was repeated enough times to be considered a factoid. The only surviving advert for the band, however, billed them as The Blue Flame. Hendrix himself referred to the band as The Blue Flame in his 1969 interview with Nancy Carter, as did John Hammond. Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix, Musician. Backbeat Books. p. 77. ISBN 0-87930-764-1.
- ^ Vic Lewin & Tony Brown. "Jimi's Kids". Members.tripod.com. http://wallyrus.tripod.com/JimisKids.html. Retrieved March 2, 2010.
- ^ Steve Roby (2002). Black Gold. billboard books. pp. 53–56.
- ^ "Jimi Hendrix Biography | The Official Jimi Hendrix Site". Jimihendrix.com. http://www.jimihendrix.com/us/jimi. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
- ^ a b Gilliland, John (1969). "Show 53 – String Man. : UNT Digital Library" (audio). Pop Chronicles. Digital.library.unt.edu. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19835/m1/.
- ^ Kathy Etchingham and Andrew Crofts (1998). Through Gypsy Eyes. Orion.
- ^ American Landing DVD, Experience Hendrix, 2008.
- ^ Woodstock DVD, Experience Hendrix, 2005.
- ^ Melody Maker, (cover) 'Hendrix: 'Clean Act' Saturday April 8, 1967.
- ^ J McDemott with E Kramer (1992). Setting the record straight. Little Brown. p. 82.
- ^ "Sing Loffe Sing – The Curious Recording Career of Janne Carlsson". Vinyl Vulture. Archived from the original on December 31, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071231164328/http://www.vinylvulture.co.uk/features/loffe.php.
- ^ Cross, Charles R. (2005). Room Full Of Mirrors: A Biography Of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion Books. pp. 342–343. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6.
- ^ Astro Man box set, Alchemy Records, 2003.
- ^ Gilliland, John (1969). "Show 47 – Sergeant Pepper at the Summit: The very best of a very good year. [Part 3] : UNT Digital Library" (audio). Pop Chronicles. Digital.library.unt.edu. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19815/m1/.
- ^ Watson, Ben (1996). Frank Zappa: The Negative Dialectics of Poodle Play. St. Martin's Press. p. 88. ISBN 0-312-14124-6.
- ^ Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix, Musician. Backbeat Books. p. 177. ISBN 0-87930-764-1.
- ^ Potash, Chris (1996). The Jimi Hendrix Companion. Schirmer Books. p. 89.
- ^ McDermott, John; Kramer, Eddie (1992). Hendrix, Setting The Record Straight. Grand Central Publishing. p. 103. ISBN 0-446-39431-9.
- ^ McDermott, John; Kramer, Eddie; Cox, Billy (1995). Jimi Hendrix, Sessions. Little, Brown & Co.. pp. 45–46. ISBN 0-316-55546-0.
- ^ Jimpress edited by Steve Rodham, No. 65 1999, cover and p. 4.
- ^ Caesar Glebeek, Uni-Vibes, No. 24, 1996, p. 23.
- ^ Shapiro & Glebeek (1990). Electric Gypsy. William Heinemann Ltd.. pp. 238–240.
- ^ Glebbeek, Casar (May 5, 1994). "B.B. King On Jimi". Uni-Vibes No. 14. http://www.univibes.com/BBKing_on_Jimi.html. Retrieved September 22, 2010
- ^ Uni-Vibes No. 4, Caesar Glebeek, 1991, p. 30.
- ^ "Experience Hendrix – Letters & FAQs". http://www.jimihendrix.com/us/magazine/faqs/faqs%2C0041.html. Retrieved September 22, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ Gary Gealdart & Steve Rodham (2008). The Studio Log. p. 74.
- ^ Gary Gealdart & Steve Rodham (2008). From The Benjamin Franklin Studios Part 1. p. 318.
- ^ Bob Wyman. "Jimi Hendrix plays The Denver Pop Festival June 29, 1969". http://www.bobwyman.com/hendrix.html. Retrieved September 22, 2010.
- ^ Caesar Glebbeek (2004). Uni-Vibes. p. 23.
- ^ Gary Geldeart & Steve Rodham (2008). The Studio Log (2008 ed). p. 74.
- ^ Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix, Musician. Backbeat Books. p. 191. ISBN 0-87930-764-1.
- ^ Keith Shadwick (2003). Jimi Hendrix Musician. Backbeat books, London. pp. 193–196. ISBN 0-87930-764-1.
- ^ Charles Cross (2005). Room Full of Mirrors: A Biography of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion, New York. pp. 267–72. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6.
- ^ a b c Harry Shapiro; Caesar Glebbeek (1995). Jimi Hendrix, Electric Gypsy. Macmillan. pp. 384–85. ISBN 978-0-312-13062-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=JB1W2dn31rwC&pg=PA384. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
- ^ Charles Cross (2005). Room Full of Mirrors: A Biography of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion, New York. p. 270. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6.
- ^ Charles Cross (2005). Room Full of Mirrors: A Biography of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion, New York. p. 271. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6.
- ^ Cross, p. 272
- ^ Daley, Mark (2006). "Land of the Free. Jimi Hendrix: Woodstock Festival, August 18, 1969". In Inglis, Ian. Performance And Popular Music: History, Place And Time. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. p. 57. ISBN 0-7546-4057-4
- ^ As a side note: In 2010, when a federal court of appeals decided on whether online sharing of a music recording constituted "performance", they cited Hendrix in their decision stating: "Jimmy Hendrix memorably (or not, depending on one's sensibility) offered a 'rendition' of the Star-Spangled Banner at Woodstock when he performed it aloud in 1969". United States v. ASCAP(In re Application of RealNetworks, Inc. and Yahoo! Inc.), 627 F.3d 64 (2d Cir. 2010).
- ^ Charles Cross (2005). Room Full of Mirrors: A Biography of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion, New York. p. 272. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6.
- ^ The Studio Log, Gary Geldeart & Steve Rodham.
- ^ DVD The Dick Cavett Show, Experience Hendrix.
- ^ Lawrence, Sharon (January 20, 2005). Jimi Hendrix: the man, the magic .... Google Books. ISBN 978-0-06-056299-1. http://books.google.com/?id=x6Rk7XPmUzYC&pg=PA34&lpg=PA34&dq=%22ed+chalpin%22+hendrix&q=%22ed%20chalpin%22%20hendrix. Retrieved September 22, 2010.
- ^ Oscar J. Jordan III. "Jimi Hendrix and The Band of Gypsys or That's What Happens When Earth Fucks With Space". Soul-Patrol.com. http://www.soul-patrol.com/funk/jh_bog.htm. Retrieved September 22, 2010.
- ^ Roby, Steve (2002). Black Gold. Billboard Books. p. 159.
- ^ Roby, Steve (2002). Black Gold. Billboard Books. pp. 159–160.
- ^ Harry Shapiro & Caesar Glebbeek (1990). Electric Gypsy. p. 420.
- ^ Mankin, Bill (March 4, 2012). "We Can All Join In: How Rock Festivals Helped Change America". Like the Dew. http://likethedew.com/2012/03/04/we-can-all-join-in-how-rock-festivals-helped-change-america/. Retrieved March 18, 2012.
- ^ The Studio Log, Gary Geldeart & Steve Rodham 2008 ed. p. 110.
- ^ "Emerson, Lake & Palmer official website". emersonlakepalmer.com. Archived from the original on December 24, 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20051224183052/http://www.emersonlakepalmer.com/bio.html. Retrieved September 22, 2010.
- ^ Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix, Musician. Backbeat Books. p. 240. ISBN 0-87930-764-1.
- ^ Interview With Bill Baker: Taper Of Ronnie Scott's Club Jam 9-17-70
- ^ Tony Brown (pub. =). Hendrix The Final Days. p. 164.
- ^ The Final Days, Tony Brown excerpt quoted in http://woodstockhendrix.gobot.com/about.html
- ^ The Supreme Court Of New South Wales Court Of Appeal (pub. = April 30,). Bannister V Walton. p. 1.
- ^ Tony Brown (pub. =). Hendrix The Final Days. pp. 158–161.
- ^ Tony Brown (pub. =). Hendrix The Final Days. p. 135.
- ^ Cross, Charles R. (2005). Room Full Of Mirrors: A Biography Of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion Books. p. 334. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6.
- ^ Tony Brown (pub. =). Hendrix The Final Days. pp. 136–137.
- ^ Cross, Charles R. (2005). Room Full Of Mirrors: A Biography Of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion Books. p. 335. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6.
- ^ "A rock legend unto herself". The Independent (UK). May 1, 1996. http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/a-rock-legend-unto-herself-1345098.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ James Tapper (May 31, 2009). "Jimmy Hendrix 'was murdered' by his manager, claims roadie". Daily Mail (London). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1189805/Hendrix-murdered-manager-claims-roadie.html.
- ^ a b Hoyle, Ben (July 20, 2009). "Doctor who tried to resuscitate Jimi Hendrix says murder claim plausible". The Times (London). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article6719597.ece. Retrieved September 22, 2010.
- ^ Bosso, Joe (May 26, 2011). ""Jimi Hendrix was not murdered by his manager" says former business partner". musicradar.com (Florida). http://www.musicradar.com/news/guitars/jimi-hendrix-wasnt-murdered-by-his-manager-says-former-business-partner-453035. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
- ^ Shapiro, H. & Glebbeek, C (1995). Jimi Hendrix: Electric Gypsy. p. 468.
- ^ Etchingham, K. (1998). Through Gipsy Eyes. V. Gollancz. p. 71.
- ^ "EXHIBITIONS – Past Exhibitions". empsfm.org. http://www.empsfm.org/exhibitions/index.asp?categoryID=20&ccID=50. Retrieved September 22, 2010.
- ^ A film about Jimi Hendrix, from the ukelele to the strat.
- ^ Jimi Hendrix, Electric Gypsy. Hienemann. 1990.
- ^ Through Gypsy Eyes. Orion. 1998.
- ^ Uni-Vibes No. 32 |C Glebeek. 1999.
- ^ Experience Hendrix Vol3 No. 6. 2000.
- ^ "Hollywood Most Wanted". hollywoodmostwanted.com. Archived from the original on June 3, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080603074126/http://www.hollywoodmostwanted.com/jimihendrix.shtml. Retrieved September 22, 2010.
- ^ Dennis Hall, Susan G. Hall (2006). "American icons: an encyclopedia of the people, places, and things that have shaped our culture". Greenwood Publishing Group. p.326. ISBN 0-275-98429-X
- ^ "Jimi Hendrix Park". City of Seattle. http://www.seattle.gov/parks/park_detail.asp?ID=3121. Retrieved September 22, 2010.
- ^ Benjamin Franklin studios, Appendix C, The Black Gold Suite.
- ^ Shapiro, Harry; Caesar Glebeek (1990). Electric Gypsy. Heinemann. p. 481.
- ^ a b Prince, David J. "Jimi Hendrix Explores New 'Valleys'". billboard.com. January 11, 2010.
- ^ Davis, Miles; with Quincy Troupe (1989). Miles. The Autobiography. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 282–283. ISBN 0-330-31382-7.
- ^ Davis, with Troupe (1989), Miles, pp. 319–320; 374.
- ^ "mobilemusicmachine.com". http://www.mobilemusicmachine.com/billy.jpg. Retrieved September 24, 2010.
- ^ Vaughn, Stevie Ray (May 1989). "Emotion, Fire, Light, and Heavy Things". Guitar Player. http://www.tangledupinblues.com/jimihendrix.html. Retrieved September 24, 2010.
- ^ Stanley Clarke | AllMusic
- ^ Jaco Pastorius | AllMusic
- ^ Billy Sheehan | AllMusic
- ^ Les Claypool | AllMusic
- ^ "Rory Gallagher – "Notes From San Francisco" (2CD)". Releases. Blues Magazine. http://www.bluesmagazine.nl/rory-gallagher-notes-from-san-francisco. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
- ^ "Second Life Belfast Rory Gallagher Tribute 14th June 2010". Anniversary Tribute. NBMC Media. http://www.nbmcmedia.com/rory.html. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
- ^ "100 Greatest Guitar Solos (11–20)". Guitar World. http://guitar.about.com/library/bl100greatest.htm. Retrieved March 5, 2008.
- ^ The Leon Hendrix Experience. Seattle Weekly. http://www.seattleweekly.com/2009-03-04/music/the-leon-hendrix-project/. Retrieved March 4, 2009
- ^ Bravin, Jess (Thursday, October 6, 2011). "Copyright Law Challenged". The Wall Street Journal: p. B12.
- ^ "John Stafford Smith: Composer of the Star Spangled Banner". http://www.visit-gloucestershire.co.uk/gloucester/smith.htm.
- ^ The Jimi Hendrix Foundation mission statement. Retrieved September 6, 2011.
- ^ Uni-Vibes No. 27. 1997. pp. 31–39
- ^ Shapiro, Harry; Glebbeek, Caesar (1990). Jimi Hendrix. Electric Gypsy. London: William Heinemann Ltd.. pp. 37–38. ISBN 0-434-69523-8
- ^ Wilson, Tom (November 13, 2004). "Seven Fender Stratocaster Models That Pay Tribute to Jimi Hendrix". Modern Guitars Magazine. http://www.modernguitars.com/archives/000039.html#tribute. Retrieved September 23, 2007.
- ^ Shapiro, Harry; Glebbeek, Caesar (1990). Jimi Hendrix. Electric Gypsy. London: William Heinemann Ltd.. pp. 629–637. ISBN 0-434-69523-8
- ^ "Get That Tone: Are You Experienced era Jimi Hendrix". Gibson.com. June 24, 2008. http://www.gibson.com/en-us/Lifestyle/Features/getthattoneareyouexp/. Retrieved March 2, 2010.
- ^ "Hendrix guitar goes for $168K at auction". USA Today (AP). December 4, 2006. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2006-12-04-rock-auction_x.htm. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
- ^ Scott Isler, Musician Magazine, August 1987: p.70
- ^ a b Trynka, Paul (1996). Rock Hardware. Hal Leonard. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-87930-428-7. http://books.google.com/?id=HDrIjd5FQ8QC&pg=RA19. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
- ^ "Jimi Hendrix interview". Rolling Stone. March 12, 1968. http://www.rollingstone.com/archives/1968/mar12/hendrix014.html. Retrieved December 24, 2008. [dead link]
- Further reading
- Shapiro, Harry; Glebbeek, Cesar (1991). Jimi Hendrix – Electric Gypsy. St. Martin's Press. p. 722. ISBN 0-312-05861-6.
- Brown, Tony (1992). Jimi Hendrix – A Visual Documentary. Omnibus Press. p. 128. ISBN 0-7119-2761-8.
- Black, Johnny (1999). Jimi Hendrix – The Ultimate Experience. Thunder's Mouth Press. p. 256. ISBN 1-56025-240-5.
- Roby, Steven (2002). Black Gold – The Lost Archives of Jimi Hendrix. Billboard Books. p. 278. ISBN 0-8230-7854-X.
- Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix, Musician. Backbeat Books. p. 256. ISBN 0-87930-764-1.
- McDermott, John; Kramer, Eddie (1992). Hendrix, Setting The Record Straight. Grand Central Publishing. p. 364. ISBN 0-446-39431-9.
- McDermott, John; Kramer, Eddie; Cox, Billy (2009). Ultimate Hendrix. Backbeat Books. p. 256. ISBN 0-87930-938-5.
- McDermott, John; Kramer, Eddie; Cox, Billy (1995). Jimi Hendrix, Sessions. Little, Brown & Co.. p. 196. ISBN 0-316-87666-6.
- Whitburn, Joel (1988). Top R&B Singles 1942–1988. Record Research, Inc. p. 613. ISBN 0-89820-068-7.
- Charles R. Cross, Room Full Of Mirrors: A Biography Of Jimi Hendrix, 2005: ISBN 1-4013-0028-6
- Gary Geldeart & Steve Rodham, "From The Benjamin Franklin Studios 3rd Edition Parts 1, 2 & 3" 2008
- Curtis Knight, Jimi: An Intimate Biography of Jimi Hendrix, Praegar Publishers, New York, 1974. The book includes A Jimi Hendrix Discography, compiled by John McKellar.
- John Kruth, Bright Moments: The Life & Legacy of Rahsaan Roland Kirk, 2004: ISBN 1-56649-105-3
- Mark Lewisohn, The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions, Hamlyn 1988: ISBN 0-600-61207-4. See pp. 164–5 re Apple recording studio.
- Ken Matesich, Jimi Hendrix: A Discography, 1982
- David Stubbs, Jimi Hendrix: Voodoo Child: The Stories Behind Every Song, 2003
- Brad Tolinski and Ross Halfin, Classic Hendrix: The Ultimate Hendrix Experience, Genesis Publications 2004
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jimi Hendrix |
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Jimi Hendrix |
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Book: Jimi Hendrix |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- Official website
- The Jimi Hendrix Foundation
- Jimi Hendrix at MySpace
- Jimi Hendrix Exhibition – slideshow by The First Post
- "Jimi Hendrix: 'You never told me he was that good'" Ed Vulliamy, The Guardian
- Jimi Hendrix collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Works by or about Jimi Hendrix in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Hendrix, James Marshall |
| Alternative names | Hendrix, Jimi |
| Short description | American rock musician |
| Date of birth | (1942-11-27)November 27, 1942 |
| Place of birth | Seattle, Washington |
| Date of death | September 18, 1970(1970-09-18) |
| Place of death | London, England |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Yellow Magic Orchestra | |
|---|---|
.jpg) YMO after playing a 2008 concert in London |
|
| Background information | |
| Also known as | Yellow Magic Band, YMO, |
| Origin | Tokyo, Japan |
| Genres | Electronic, Dance, House, Avant-garde, Experimental, Synthpop, Worldbeat, New Wave, Techno |
| Years active | 1977–1983, 1992–1993, 2002–2004, 2007–present |
| Labels | Alfa Records (Japan) A&M Records Toshiba-EMI Restless Records Sony Music House (Japan) Commmons (Japan) |
| Members | |
| Haruomi "Harry" Hosono Yukihiro Takahashi Ryuichi Sakamoto |
|
| Past members | |
| Hideki Matsutake | |
Yellow Magic Orchestra (YMO) is a Japanese electronic music band consisting of principal members Haruomi Hosono (bass and keyboards and vocals), Yukihiro Takahashi (drums and lead vocals) and Ryuichi Sakamoto (keyboards and vocals).[1] The band's former "fourth member" was music programmer Hideki Matsutake.[2]
They are often considered influential innovators in the field of popular electronic music.[1][3] They helped pioneer synthpop[4][5] and ambient house,[1] helped usher in electronica,[6] anticipated the beats and sounds of electro music,[7] laid the foundations for contemporary J-pop,[8] and contributed to the development of house,[1][9] techno,[9][10] and hip hop.[6] More broadly, their influence is evident across many genres of popular music, including electronic dance,[3] ambient music,[1][11] chiptune, game music,[12] pop,[4][11] rock, and melodic music.[4]
Contents |
History[link]
Early years and formation (1976–1978)[link]
See also: Haruomi Hosono, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Yukihiro Takahashi, Hideki Matsutake, and Yellow Magic Orchestra (album)
Prior to the group's formation, Sakamoto had been experimenting with electronic music equipment at the Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music, which he entered in 1970, including synthesizers such as the Buchla, Moog, and ARP.[13] At around the same time, Hosono had been involved in the recording of several early electronic rock records, including Yōsui Inoue's folk pop rock album Kōri no Sekai (1973) and Osamu Kitajima's progressive psychedelic rock album Benzaiten (1974), both of which utilized synthesizers, electric guitars, electric bass, and in the latter, electronic drums and rhythm machines.[14][15]
Also around the same time, the band's future "fourth member" Hideki Matsutake was the assistant for the internationally successful electronic musician Isao Tomita. Much of the methods and techniques developed by both Tomita and Matsutake during the early 1970s would later be employed by Yellow Magic Orchestra.[2] Other early influences on the band included Kraftwerk and Giorgio Moroder.[1] The former was particularly an influence on Sakamoto, who heard the band in the mid-1970s and later introduced them to his fellow band members.[16] They were impressed with Kraftwerk's "very formalized" style but wanted to avoid imitating their "very German" approach. According to Sakamoto, they were "tired" of Japanese musicians imitating Western and American music at the time and so they wanted to "make something very original from Japan."[16] He described Kraftwerk's music as "theoretical, very focused, simple and minimal and strong," contrasting it with YMO's "very Japanese" approach of fusing many different styles of music like a "bento box."[13] Their alternative template for electronic pop was less minimalistic, made more varying use of synthesizer lines, introduced "fun-loving and breezy" sounds,[17] and placed a strong emphasis on melody.[16]
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A sample of "Firecracker" from the 1978 album Yellow Magic Orchestra. It was combined with the "Computer Game" track into a hit single called "Computer Game". It was later sampled by artists such as Afrika Bambaata and Jennifer Lopez.
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Sakamoto first worked with Hosono as a member of his live band in 1976, while Takahashi recruited Sakamoto to produce his debut solo recording in 1977 following the split of the Sadistic Mika Band. Hosono invited both to work on his exotica-flavoured album Paraiso, which included electronic songs produced using various electronic equipment such as the Yamaha CS-80 polyphonic synthesizer, Roland and ARP Odyssey synthesizers, the Yamaha CP-30 and Rhodes electric pianos, and electric guitar. The band was named "Harry Hosono and the Yellow Magic Band" and in late 1977 they began recording Paraiso, which was released in 1978.[18] The three worked together again for the 1978 electronic album Pacific, which included an early version of the song "Cosmic Surfin".[19] Hosono and Sakamoto also worked together alongside Hideki Matsutake in early 1978 for Hosono's experimental "electro-exotica" fusion album Cochin Moon, which fused electronic music with Indian music (reminiscent of Ravi Shankar and Bollywood music), including an early "synth raga" song "Hum Ghar Sajan".[20] The same year, Sakamoto released his own solo album, The Thousand Knives of Ryuichi Sakamoto, experimenting with a similar fusion between electronic music and traditional Japanese music in early 1978. Hosono also contributed to one of Sakamoto's songs, "Thousand Knives", in the album.[21] Thousand Knives was also notable for its early use of the microprocessor-based Roland MC-8 Microcomposer music sequencer, with Matsutake as its music programmer for the album.[22] Hosono, Sakamoto and Takahashi eventually collaborated again to form the Yellow Magic Orchestra and they began recording their self-titled album at a Shibaura studio in July 1978.[23]
The band was initially conceived as a one-off studio project by Hosono, the other two members being recruited session musicians—the idea was to produce an album fusing orientalist exotica with modern electronics, as a subversion of Orientalism and exoticization, while exploring similar themes such as Asianness. The album would eventually be called Yellow Magic Orchestra, as a satire of Japan's obsession with black magic at the time.[6] The album featured the use of computer technology (along with synthesizers) which, according to Billboard, allowed the group to create a new sound that was not possible until then.[24]
National and international success (1978–1983)[link]
See also: Yellow Magic Orchestra (album), Solid State Survivor, X∞Multiplies, BGM (album), Technodelic, Naughty Boys, and Service (album)
The band's 1978 self-titled album Yellow Magic Orchestra, with its cutting-edge production, was very popular, and the studio project grew into a fully fledged touring band and career for its three members. Following the release of the album Yellow Magic Orchestra, a live date at the Roppongi Pit Inn was seen by executives of A&M Records of the USA who were in the process of setting up a partnership deal with Alfa Records. This led to the YMO being offered an international deal, at which point (early 1979) the three members decided the group would be given priority over their solo careers. The most popular international hit from the album was "Firecracker", which would be released as a single the following year and again as "Computer Game", which became a success in the United States and Europe.[citation needed]
Following an advertising deal with Fuji Cassette, the group sparked a boom in the popularity of electronic pop music, called "Technopop" in Japan,[6][25] where they had an impact similar to that of The Beatles and Merseybeat in 1960s Britain.[6] For some time, YMO was the most popular band in Japan.[6] A testament to the influence of YMO on fashion is how many middle-aged Japanese businessmen still have the "Techno cut" haircut, modeled after the group.[citation needed] Successful solo act Akiko Yano (later married to Sakamoto) joined the band for its live performances in the late 1970s and early 1980s, but did not participate in the studio recordings. On the other hand, the YMO trio contributed to her own albums and became part of her live band, during these same years.[citation needed]
Making abundant use of new synthesizers, samplers, sequencers, drum machines, computers and digital recording technology as it became available, as well as utilizing cyberpunk-ish lyrics sung mostly in English, they extended their popularity and influence beyond Japan.[1][25][26]
Solid State Survivor, released in 1979, was YMO's pinnacle recording in Japan, winning the 1980 Best Album Award in the Japan Record Awards. It featured English lyrics by Chris Mosdell, whose sci-fi themes often depicted a human condition alienated by dystopic futures, much like the emerging cyberpunk movement in fiction at that time. One of the album's major singles, and one of the band's biggest international hits, was "Behind the Mask", which YMO had first produced in 1978 for a Seiko quartz wristwatch commercial,[27] and then for Solid State Survivor with lyrics penned by Chris Mosdell. The song was later revised by Michael Jackson, who added new lyrics in the early 1980s.[28] Jackson's version was never released until his first posthumous album, Michael, though his additional lyrics were included in later cover versions of the song by Greg Phillinganes, Eric Clapton,[29] and Ryuichi Sakamoto himself in his 1986 solo release Media Bahn Live.[citation needed]
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A sample of "Behind the Mask" from the 1979 album Solid State Survivor. It was a synthpop song originally produced in 1978 for a Seiko commercial. Cover versions were later performed by artists such as Michael Jackson and Eric Clapton.
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Their second album Solid State Survivor went on to sell over 2 million records worldwide.[30] By 1980, YMO had become the most popular group in Japan, where they were performing to sold out crowds. Their first live album Public Pressure set a record in Japan, topping the charts and selling 250,000 copies within two weeks, while their next studio album X∞Multiplies had 200,000 pre-orders before release.[25] The same year, their albums Solid State Survivor and X∞Multiplies held the top two spots on the Oricon charts for seven consecutive weeks, making YMO the only band in Japanese chart history to achieve this feat.[31]
They also had similar success abroad, performing to sold-out crowds during tours in the United States and Europe.[25] The single "Computer Game" had sold 400,000 copies in the United States[25] and reached No. 17 in the UK Charts. The group also performed "Firecracker" and "Tighten Up" live on the Soul Train television show. At around the same time, the 1980 song "Riot in Lagos" by YMO member Sakamoto pioneered the beats and sounds of electro music.[7][32] The band was particularly popular with the emerging hip hop community, which appreciated the group's electronic sounds, and in the Bronx where "Firecracker" was a success and sampled in the famous Death Mix (1983) by Afrika Bambaataa.[7][33] Meanwhile in Japan, YMO remained the best-selling music act there up until 1982.[34]
Breakup and brief reunion (1984–1993)[link]
See also: Technodon
The band had stopped working as a group by 1984, after the release of their musical motion picture Propaganda, the three members returning to their solo careers. The group were careful to avoid saying they had "split up", preferring to use the Japanese phrase meaning "spreading out" (散開, sankai?), and in fact the trio continued to play on each other's recordings and made guest appearances at live shows. Takahashi, in particular, would play YMO material in his concerts and as "lead singer" was arguably best placed to do so. Meanwhile, Sakamoto would gain international success for his work as a solo artist, actor, and film composer,[11] winning Grammy, Oscar and Golden Globe awards.[35]
The trio would eventually release a one-off reunion album, Technodon, and credited it to 'NOT YMO' (YMO crossed out with a calligraphy X) or YMO in 1993.[citation needed] Instead of traditional vocals, about half of it features field audio recordings and samples of authors and scientists reading their work.[citation needed] During their brief reunion in the early 1990s, they continued to experiment with new styles of electronic music, playing an instrumental role in the techno and acid house movements of the era.[9]
Post-breakup and reformation (1994–present)[link]
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This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2011) |
The early 2000s saw Hosono & Takahashi reunited in a project called Sketch Show. On a number of occasions Ryuichi Sakamoto has joined in on Sketch Show performances and recording sessions. He later proposed they rename the group Human Audio Sponge when he participates. Barcelona performance at Sonar festival and Wild Sketch Show DVDs chronicle these reunions, and include a tongue-in-cheek Japanese text only history of the group that spans to 2036.
The band have reunited in 2007 for an advertising campaign for Kirin Lager which lampooned their longevity and charted No.1 on various Japanese digital download charts (including iTunes Store chart) with the song "Rydeen 79/07", released on Sakamoto's new label commmons. Recently performing live as Human Audio Sponge; Hosono, Sakamoto and Takahashi did a live performance together as Yellow Magic Orchestra for the Live Earth, Kyoto event on July 7, 2007, which raised money and awareness of a "climate in crisis."
In August 2007, the band once again reformed, taking the name HASYMO or HAS/YMO, combining the names of Human Audio Sponge and Yellow Magic Orchestra. Their first single under this name, "Rescue", was written for the film Appleseed EX Machina. They released a new two song single titled "The City of Light/Tokyo Town Pages" on August 6, 2008. HASYMO played two live concerts in Europe in the summer of 2008, one at the Royal Festival Hall, London on June 15, as part of the Meltdown festival of music curated by Massive Attack and another in Gijon, Spain on the 19th. Although the primary YMO members (Yukihiro Takahashi, Haruomi Hosono, and Ryuichi Sakamoto) are effectively known as HASYMO and played both these concerts, these concerts were billed simply as "YMO" but featured only 4 YMO songs in each concert while the rest of the concert featured Sketch Show, HASYMO music and member's solo works.
In August 2009, the band played the World Happiness festival in Japan, featuring many Japanese artists. The band closed the night, and confirmed that "Yellow Magic Orchestra" is their official name, dropping the HASYMO title. They opened with a cover of "Hello, Goodbye" and performed old YMO songs along with their newer songs.[36]
In August 2010, YMO once again closed their World Happiness festival. They added classic songs from their back catalog into their set list. They also covered "Hello, Goodbye" and "Thank You (Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin)".[37] In January 2011, KCRW announced for their World Festival concert series that Yellow Magic Orchestra will perform at the Hollywood Bowl on June 26, 2011.[38] Not long after, a concert for June 27, 2011 at The Warfield was added.[39] It was announced in February that YMO will perform at the Fuji Rock festival in July and the World Happiness festival 2011 on August 7 where they will debut new songs.
Legacy[link]
In 1993, Johnny Black of Hi-Fi News, in a review for the record Hi-Tech/No Crime, described Yellow Magic Orchestra as "the most adventurous and influential electro-techno-dance technicians the world has produced" and further argued that "without them (and Kraftwerk) today's music would still sound like yesterday's music."[3] In 2001, Jason Ankeny of the Allmusic Guide to Electronica described Yellow Magic Orchestra as "a seminal influence on contemporary electronic music – hugely popular both at home and abroad" and placed them "second only to Kraftwerk as innovators of today's electronic culture."[40] In HMV Japan's list of top 100 Japanese musicians of all time, YMO were voted second place, behind only Southern All Stars, a pop-rock band who remain largely unknown outside of Japan.[41]
Innovations[link]
Yellow Magic Orchestra were pioneers in their use of synthesizers, samplers, sequencers, drum machines, computers, and digital recording technology in popular music,[1][25][26] during a time when these technologies were seen as novelties.[26] The band is considered "ahead of their time," for anticipating the global trend towards drum machines and sampling,[42] for having anticipated the "electropop boom" of the 1980s,[43] their "pro-technological viewpoint," their use of video game sounds and bleeps (as in 1978's "Computer Game", for example),[44] and for experimenting heavily with computers and electronic instruments.[45] Their approach to sampling music was a precursor to the contemporary approach of constructing music by cutting fragments of sounds and looping them using computer technology.[46] Their 1978 hit "Computer Game / Firecracker", for example, sampled Martin Denny's 1959 exotica melody "Firecracker"[6] and arcade game sounds from Space Invaders and Circus.[6][47] According to The Vinyl District magazine, they also released the first album to feature mostly samples and loops (1981's Technodelic).[45] The pace at which the band's music evolved has been compared to that of The Beatles during the 1960s, according to SF Weekly, from "zany exotica-disco spoofs" and "bleeps and blips" in the 1970s to "sensuous musique concrète perfected" in their 1983 albums Naughty Boys and Service.[16]
According to music writer Piero Scaruffi, YMO were pioneers of synthpop,[4] a genre development he believes to be "perhaps the single most significant event in melodic music since Mersey-beat" with its influence still evident in contemporary rock and pop music.[4] While their contemporaries in Düsseldorf, and later Detroit, were using synthesizer technology to create bleak dystopian music, YMO introduced a more "joyous and liberating" approach to electronic music, something that Sakamoto regards as "a Japanese thing."[6] In contrast to Kraftwerk's "robot pop"[48] which was more minimalistic and statuesque, YMO's template for electronic pop was less minimalistic and made more varying use of synthesizer lines, while introducing "fun-loving and breezy" sounds,[17] and with a strong focus on melody.[16] The band also drew from a wider range of influences than had been employed by Kraftwerk.[49] These influences on YMO included Japanese electronic music (such as Isao Tomita), European electronic music (such as Kraftwerk),[50] exotica (such as Martin Denny),[49] traditional Japanese music, experimental Chinese music (of the Cultural Revolution era),[16] Indian music (such as Ravi Shankar and Bollywood music),[20] disco (such as Giorgio Moroder),[1] video game samples (such as Space Invaders),[6][47] American rap,[51] British pop rock (such as The Beatles), Caribbean ska,[49] classical music,[13] animal sounds (such as the horse-running rhythms in 1979's "Rydeen"),[52] and noise.[53] Sakamoto referred to the band's fusion of many different sounds and styles as the musical equivalent to a Japanese bento box,[54] and has expressed that his "concept when making music is that there is no border between music and noise."[53]
For their album Yellow Magic Orchestra (1978), the band utilized a wide variety of electronic music equipment, including the Korg PS-3100 polyphonic synthesizer, Moog III-C and Minimoog monosynths, Polymoog and ARP Odyssey analog synthesizers, Oberheim Eight-Voice synthesizer, Fender Rhodes electric piano, Korg VC-10 vocoder, the electronic drum kits Yamaha Drums and Syn-Drums, and the Fender Bass electric bass.[23] It was also one of the earliest popular music albums to utilize the Roland MC-8 Microcomposer, which was programmed by Hideki Matsutake during recording sessions;[23] the other early popular music record to utilize it was Sakamoto's solo album Thousand Knives, where it was also programmed by Matsutake.[22] Roland called the MC-8 a "computer music composer" and it was the first stand-alone microprocessor-based music sequencer.[55][56][57] It also introduced features such as a keypad to enter note information and 16 KB of RAM which allowed a maximum sequence length of 5200 notes, a huge step forward from the 8–16 step sequencers of the era.[56] While it was commercially unsuccessful due to its high price,[56] the band were among the few bands at the time to utilize the MC-8, which they described as, along with its music programmer Hideki Matsutake, an "inevitable factor" in both their music production and live performances.[2] At the time, Billboard noted that the use of such computer-based technology in conjunction with synthesizers allowed Yellow Magic Orchestra to create new sounds that were not possible until then.[24] Yellow Magic Orchestra was also the first computer-themed music album, coming before Kraftwerk's Computer World (1981) by several years.[12] As a result of such innovations, YMO were credited at the time for having "ushered in the age of the computer programmer as rock star."[25]
They were also the first band to utilize the Roland TR-808 Rhythm Composer, one of the first and most influential programmable drum machines, as soon as it was released in 1980.[58] While the machine was initially unsuccessful due to its lack of digital sampling that the rival Linn LM-1 offered, the TR-808 featured various unique artificial percussion sounds,[58] including a deep bass kick drum,[59][60] "tinny handclap sounds,"[60] "the ticky snare, the tishy hi-hats (open and closed)," and "the spacey cowbell,"[58] which YMO utilized and demonstrated in their music, paving the way for the TR-808's mainstream popularity several years later,[58][59] after which it would be used for more hit records than any other drum machine[61] and continue to be widely used through to the present day.[58]
The band has been described as "the original cyberpunks"[62] and their early work has been described as "proto-techno" music.[63][64] "Technopolis" (1979) was a tribute to Tokyo as an electronic mecca, used the term "techno" in its title, and foreshadowed concepts that Juan Atkins and Rick Davis would later have with Cybotron.[49] The 1979 Solid State Survivor album also included several early computerized synth rock songs,[25][35] including a mechanized cover version of "Day Tripper" by The Beatles.[35] The 1980 song "Multiplies" was an early experiment in electronic ska.[49] The beats and sounds of electro music were pioneered by Sakamoto's 1980 song "Riot in Lagos".[7][32] "Rap Phenomena" from YMO's 1981 album BGM was an early attempt at electronic rap.[51] By the 1990s, YMO were also frequently cited as pioneers of ambient house music.[1]
Influence[link]
Yellow Magic Orchestra are considered pioneers in the field of popular electronic music, and continue to be remixed or sampled by modern artists,[1] including electronica acts Yamantaka Eye and LFO, jungle band 4hero, electrolatino artist Senor Coconut, ambient house pioneers The Orb and 808 State,[13] electronic music groups Orbital[65] and The Human League,[66] hip hop pioneer Afrika Bambaataa,[7] and mainstream pop musicians such as Michael Jackson, Quincy Jones, Greg Phillinganes,[65] Eric Clapton,[29] Mariah Carey, and Jennifer Lopez.[67]
YMO's success with music technology encouraged many others, with their influence strongly felt in the British electronic scene of the early 1980s in particular.[30] They influenced many early British synthpop acts, including Ultravox, John Foxx, Gary Numan, Duran Duran, Eric Clapton,[6] Depeche Mode,[1] Camouflage,[1][68] OMD, The Human League,[16] Visage,[69] and Art of Noise,[70] as well as American rock musicians such as Todd Rundgren.[6] They also influenced the New Romantic movement,[71] including British bands Duran Duran[6] and Japan, whose member Steve Jansen was influenced by drummer Takahashi,[72] while lead member David Sylvian was influenced by Sakamoto,[73] who would later collaborate with Sylvian.[72] YMO also popularized a style of live performance that eschewed human movement in favour of electronics such as rhythm boxes and samplers.[71] The band also influenced the heavy use of sampling and looping in popular music.[45]
The 1978 song "Behind the Mask" was an international hit covered by various later artists, most famously Michael Jackson.[65][74] Alongside Quincy Jones, Jackson produced a slightly more dance-funk version of the techno classic with additional lyrics, originally intended for his best-selling album Thriller (1982). Despite the approval of songwriter Sakamoto and lyricist Chris Mosdell, it was eventually removed from the album due to legal issues with YMO's management. Nevertheless, various cover versions were later performed by Greg Phillinganes, Eric Clapton, Orbital, and The Human League, among others, before Jackson's cover version eventually appeared on the posthumous Michael album in 2010.[65]
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A sample of the 1980 song "Riot in Lagos" by YMO member Ryuichi Sakamoto. This song is credited for having anticipated the beats and sounds of electro music.
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The band was popular with the emerging hip hop community, which appreciated the group's new electronic sounds, and in the Bronx where "Firecracker" was a success and sampled in the famous Death Mix by Afrika Bambaataa.[7][33] According to The Guardian, they "may have just invented hip-hop"; the hip-hop pioneer Afrika Bambaataa credited the band as an inspiration and once remarked that YMO invented hip hop music (in a half-joking manner).[6] Afrika Bambaataa's influential song "Planet Rock" was partly inspired by YMO.[75][76] The "terse videogame-funk" sounds of YMO's "Computer Game" would have a strong influence on the emerging electro and hip hop genres.[13] Sakamoto's "Riot in Lagos" was cited by Kurtis Mantronik as a major influence on his early electro hip hop group Mantronix;[77] he included both "Computer Game" and "Riot in Lagos" in his compilation album That's My Beat (2002) which consists of the songs that influenced his early career.[78] The song was also later included in Playgroup's compilation album Kings of Electro (2007), alongside later electro classics such as Hashim's "Al-Nafyish" (1983).[79] The 1980 release of "Riot in Lagos" was also listed by The Guardian in 2011 as one of the 50 key events in the history of dance music.[80] YMO's use of video game sounds and bleeps also had a particularly big influence on 1980s hip hop[81] and pop music.[16] Beyond electro acts, "Computer Game / Firecracker" was also sampled by a number of other later artists, including 2 Live Crew's "Mega-Mixx II" (1987),[82] " De La Soul's "Funky Towel" (for the 1996 film Joe's Apartment),[83] Jennifer Lopez's worldwide hit "I'm Real" (2001), and the original unreleased version of Mariah Carey's "Loverboy" (2001).[67]
YMO also had an impact on techno music,[10] including its pioneers Juan Atkins, Kevin Saunderson, and Derrick May,[84] who cited YMO as an important influence on their work alongside Kraftwerk.[85] YMO continued to influence later techno musicians such as Surgeon, μ-Ziq, and Cosmic Baby.[1] "Technopolis" (1979) in particular is considered an "interesting contribution" to the development of Detroit techno and the group Cybotron.[49] "Computer Game" (1978) also influenced Sheffield's bleep techno music; the Warp record, Sweet Exorcist's "Testone" (1990), defined Sheffield's techno sound by making playful use of sampled sounds from "Computer Game" along with dialogues from the film Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977).[86] "Computer Game" (1978) was later included in Carl Craig's compilation album Kings of Techno (2006).[87] Also in the 1990s, YMO had an impact on ambient house pioneers such as The Orb and 808 State,[13] as well as Ultramarine and other ambient/house artists.[1] This resulted in the release of the tribute remix album Yellow Magic Orchestra: Hi-Tech/No Crime in 1993,[1] by leading ambient, house and techno musicians at the time, including The Orb, 808 State, and Orbital.[88] The music YMO produced during their comeback in the early 1990s also played an instrumental role in the techno and acid house movements towards the end of the 20th century.[9] The band's use of oriental musical scales and video game sounds has continued to be an influence on 21st-century electronica acts such as Dizzee Rascal, Kieran Hebden,[6] and Ikonika.[89] In 2006, Senor Coconut paid tribute to the band with his Yellow Fever! album.[26]
The band has also been very influential in its homeland Japan, where they had become more popular than The Beatles during the late 1970s and 1980s.[6] Their albums Solid State Survivor and X∞Multiplies held the top two spots on the Oricon charts for seven consecutive weeks in 1980, making YMO the only band in Japanese chart history to achieve this feat.[31] Young fans of their music during this period became known as the "YMO Generation" (YMO世代, YMO Sedai?).[90] The band had a significant impact on Japanese pop music, which started becoming increasingly dominated by electronic and computer music due to YMO's influence.[50] YMO were one of the most important acts in Japan's "New Music" movement and paved the way for the emergence of contemporary J-pop in the 1980s.[8] They also inspired early ambient techno artists such as Tetsu Inoue,[91] and the classical music composer Joe Hisaishi.[92]
YMO also influenced many video game composers and had a major impact on the sounds used in much of the chiptune and video game music produced during the 8-bit and 16-bit eras.[12] As a result, several video game composers, including Shinji Hosoe and Nobuyoshi Sano, formed a parody band called "Oriental Magnetic Yellow" (OMY) in 1994, producing parody cover versions of various YMO records.[93] Various cover versions of "Kimi ni Mune Kyun" (1983) have also been produced by other artists,[82] including The Human League in 1993 ("YMO Versus The Human League")[66] and Asako Toki in 2006.[82] In 2009, a cover of "Kimi ni Mune Kyun" was used as the ending theme song for the anime series Maria Holic, sung by Asami Sanada, Marina Inoue, and Yū Kobayashi, the voice actresses of the main characters.
Discography[link]
| Releases | ||
|---|---|---|
| ↙Studio albums | 9 | |
| ↙Live albums | 13 | |
| ↙Compilation albums | 6 | |
| ↙Singles | 23 | |
Studio albums and variations[link]
- 1978 Yellow Magic Orchestra – Japan #17,[94] US #81[95]
- 1979 Solid State Survivor – Japan #1[94]
- 1980 ×∞ Multiplies (a.k.a. Zoshoku) – Japan #1,[94] US #177[96]
- 1981 BGM – Japan #2[94]
- 1981 Technodelic – Japan #4[94]
- 1983 Naughty Boys – Japan #1[94]
- 1983 Naughty Boys Instrumental – Japan #18[94]
- 1983 Service – Japan #5[94]
- 1993 Technodon – Japan #2[94]
Live albums[link]
- 1980 Public Pressure – Japan #1[94]
- 1984 After Service – Japan #2[94]
- 1991 Faker Holic (Transatlantic Tour 1979) – Japan #50[94]
- 1992 Complete Service (mixed by Brian Eno) – Japan #37[94]
- 1993 Technodon Live – Japan #12[94]
- 1993 Live At The Budokan 1980 – Japan #87[94]
- 1993 Live At Kinokuniya Hall 1978 – Japan #55[94]
- 1995 Winter Live 1981
- 1996 World Tour 1980 – Japan #59[94]
- 1997 Live At The Greek Theatre 1979
- 2008 Euymo – Yellow Magic Orchestra Live in London + Gijon 2008
- 2008 LONDONYMO - Yellow Magic Orchestra Live in London 15/6 08
- 2008 Gijonymo – Yellow Magic Orchestra Live in Gijon 19/6 08
Compilation albums[link]
- 1984 Sealed
- 1992 Technobible
- 1992 Kyoretsu Na Rhythm
- 2000 YMO Go Home! : The Best of Yellow Magic Orchestra, (compiled by Haruomi Hosono)
- 2001 One More YMO: The Best of YMO Live (compiled by Yukihiro Takahashi)
- 2003 UC YMO: Ultimate Collection of Yellow Magic Orchestra (compiled by Ryuichi Sakamoto)
- 2011 YMO (compiled by YMO)
Remix albums[link]
- 1992 Hi-tech/No Crime (Yellow Magic Orchestra Reconstructed) (UK compilation of remixes by British artists)
- 2000 YMO Remixes Technopolis 2000-00 (Japanese compilation of remixes by Japanese artists)
Original singles[link]
- "Firecracker" (1978, Japan;[97] 1979, US, UK)[98]
- "Yellow Magic (Tong Poo)" (1978, Japan;[97] 1979, UK)
- "Computer Game" (1979, US, Canada,[99] Europe[100]) – UK #17,[101] US #60[102]
- "Cosmic Surfin" (1979, US)[103]
- "La Femme Chinoise" (1979, Europe)[100] (Lyrics: Chris Mosdell)
- "Technopolis" (1979, Japan) – Japan #9[104]
- "Rydeen" (1980, Japan; 1982, UK) – Japan #15[104]
- "Behind the Mask" (1979, US; 1980, UK, Italy)[105] (Lyrics: Chris Mosdell)
- "Nice Age" (1980, UK, Netherlands) (Lyrics: Chris Mosdell)
- "Tighten Up (Japanese Gentlemen Stand Up Please)" (cover version of Archie Bell & the Drells hit; 1980, Japan, US, UK)[106] – Japan #43[104]
- "Cue" (1981, Japan, US)[107]
- "Mass" (1981, Japan)
- "Taiso" (1982, Australia, Japan)
- "Pure Jam" (1982, Spain)
- "Kimi ni Mune Kyun" (1983, Japan) – Japan #2[104]
- "The Spirit of Techno / Kageki na Shukujo" (1983, Japan)[108] – Japan #15[104]
- "Ishin Denshin (You've Got To Help Yourself)" (1983, Japan) – Japan #23[104]
- "Every Time I Look Around (I Hear The Madmen Call)" (1983, Holland)
- Reconstructions EP (1992, UK)
- "Pocketful of Rainbows" (1993, Japan) – Japan #13[104]
- "Be A Superman" (1993, Japan) – Japan #76[104]
- "Rescue / Rydeen 79/07" (2007, Japan) – Digital download release: March 10, 2007, CD release: August 22, 2007
- "The City of Light / Tokyo Town Pages" (2008, Japan)
- "Good Morning, Good Night" (2009, Japan) – by HASYMO
See also[link]
- Sketch Show (Takahashi & Hosono)
- Sadistic Mika Band (Takahashi & Mosdell)
- Happy End (band) (Hosono)
- Haruomi Hosono
- Ryuichi Sakamoto
- Yukihiro Takahashi
- Hideki Matsutake
- Chris Mosdell
- Akiko Yano
- Sandii & the Sunsetz
- Sheena & The Rokkets
- Susan (Japanese singer)
References[link]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Yellow Magic Orchestra at Allmusic. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
- ^ a b c Sound International, Issues 33–40. 1981. p. 147. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Sj5LAAAAYAAJ. Retrieved June 21, 2011.
- ^ a b c Johnny Black (1993), "Yellow Magic Orchestra: Hi Tech/No Crime", Hi-Fi News (Link House Publications) 38 (1–6): 93, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-zg9AQAAIAAJ, retrieved 2011-05-29
- ^ a b c d e Piero Scaruffi (2003), "The new wave of pop and synth pop", A history of rock music 1951-2000, iUniverse, p. 234, ISBN 0-595-29565-7, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=04KtwVkHNv0C&pg=PA234, retrieved 2011-05-26
- ^ Buckley, P. (2003), The Rough Guide to Rock, Rough Guides, London (pp. 1200-1201).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Lewis, John (July 4, 2008). "Back to the future: Yellow Magic Orchestra helped usher in electronica – and they may just have invented hip-hop, too". The Guardian. UK. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/jul/04/electronicmusic.filmandmusic11. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f David Toop (March 1996), "A-Z Of Electro", The Wire (145), http://www.thewire.co.uk/articles/210/, retrieved 2011-05-29
- ^ a b "New Music" (in Japanese). Who.ne.jp. Archived from the original on June 3, 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090603164729/http://idol.who.ne.jp/modules/page05/content/index.php?id=10. Retrieved 2011-06-13. (Translation)
- ^ a b c d "Ryuichi Sakamoto". UGO Networks. http://www.ugo.com/channels/music/features/bandsondemand/artist.aspx?artist=ryuichisakamoto&cat=electronica&full=Ryuichi%20Sakamoto. Retrieved 2011-05-27.
- ^ a b Bogdanov, Vladimir (2001). All music guide to electronica: the definitive guide to electronic music (4th ed.). Backbeat Books. p. 582. ISBN 0-87930-628-9. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GJNXLSBlL7IC&pg=PT582. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
- ^ a b c "Q&A With Ryuichi Sakamoto: Pop Pioneer And Producer And Award-Winning Soundtrack Composer", Billboard 108 (35): p. 72, August 31, 1996, ISSN 0006-2510, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vwcEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA72, retrieved 2011-05-29
- ^ a b c Daniel Robson (February 29, 2008). "YMCK takes 'chiptune' revolution major". The Japan Times. http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fm20080229a1.html. Retrieved 2011-06-11.
- ^ a b c d e f Dayal, Gheeta (07/07/2006). "Yellow Magic Orchestra". Groove. The Original Soundtrack. http://www.theoriginalsoundtrack.com/blog/archives/00000615.htm. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
- ^ 井上陽水 – 氷の世界 at Discogs (Translation)
- ^ Osamu Kitajima – Benzaiten at Discogs
- ^ a b c d e f g h Stout, Andrew (June 24 2011). "Yellow Magic Orchestra on Kraftwerk and How to Write a Melody During a Cultural Revolution". SF Weekly. http://blogs.sfweekly.com/shookdown/2011/06/yellow_magic_orchestras_ryuich.php. Retrieved June 30, 2011.
- ^ a b Bogdanov, Vladimir (2001). All music guide to electronica: the definitive guide to electronic music (4th ed.). Backbeat Books. p. 565. ISBN 0-87930-628-9. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GJNXLSBlL7IC&pg=PT516. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
- ^ Harry Hosono And The Yellow Magic Band – Paraiso at Discogs
- ^ Pacific at Discogs
- ^ a b Dominique Leone (July 19, 2005). "Hosono & Yokoo: Cochin Moon". Pitchfork Media. http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/4016-cochin-moon/. Retrieved 2011-05-26.
- ^ Ryuichi Sakamoto – Thousand Knives Of at Discogs
- ^ a b Ryuichi Sakamoto – Thousand Knives Of (CD) at Discogs
- ^ a b c Yellow Magic Orchestra – Yellow Magic Orchestra at Discogs
- ^ a b "Artists and producers strive for inroads overseas", Billboard 91 (20): p. 61, May 26, 1979, ISSN 0006-2510, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_iQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT61, retrieved 2011-05-29
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Computer rock music gaining fans". Sarasota Journal: 8. August 18, 1980. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7s4mAAAAIBAJ&sjid=h44EAAAAIBAJ&pg=4481,2128223. Retrieved 2011-05-25.
- ^ a b c d Paul Sullivan (01/09/2007). "Senor Coconut". clashmusic.com. http://www.clashmusic.com/feature/senor-coconut. Retrieved 2011-05-29.
- ^ "Yellow Magic Orchestra: UC YMO". Discogs. http://www.discogs.com/Yellow-Magic-Orchestra-UC-YMO/release/1282322. Retrieved 2011-05-29.
- ^ "Behind the Mask – Michael Jackson's rarest recording?". MetaFilter. http://www.metafilter.com/82928/Behind-the-Mask-Michael-Jacksons-rarest-recording. Retrieved 2011-03-27.
- ^ a b Adrian Thrills (December 9, 2010). "It's not Bad, but not good either! A track-by-track review of the 'new' Michael Jackson album". Daily Mail. UK. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/reviews/article-1337281/Its-Bad-good-A-track-track-review-new-Michael-Jackson-album.html. Retrieved 2011-05-30.
- ^ a b Phil Hardy, Dave Laing, Stephen Barnard (1987). Encyclopedia of Rock (2 ed.). Macdonald Orbis. p. 476. ISBN 0-356-14274-4. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tgcKAQAAMAAJ. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
- ^ a b "ポルノが24年ぶりの快挙達成！". Oricon. August 17, 2004. http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/ranking/5122/. Retrieved 2011-06-09. (Translation)
- ^ a b Broughton, Frank (2007). La historia del DJ / The DJ's Story, Volume 2. Ediciones Robinbook. p. 121. ISBN 84-96222-79-9. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1GMxP6mpRdgC&pg=PA121. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
- ^ a b Buckley, Peter (2003). The rough guide to rock. Rough Guides. p. 901. ISBN 1-84353-105-4. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ctjc6UWCm4C&pg=PT908. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
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- ^ Yellow Magic Orchestra – The Spirit Of Techno at Discogs
External links[link]
- YMO (Japanese)
- Official Facebook website
- Official MySpace website
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