- published: 16 Sep 2011
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- Wikipedia Media help
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Acquanegra Cremonese
Acquanegra Cremonese is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 70 km southeast of Milan and about 12 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,232 and an area of 9.2 km².
Acquanegra Cremonese borders the following municipalities: Crotta d'Adda, Grumello Cremonese ed Uniti, Sesto ed Uniti, Spinadesco.
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Agnadello
Agnadello (local dialect: Agnadel) is a comune and village in the province of Cremona, lombardy, northern Italy. It was the location of the battle of Agnadello in which Louis XII of France defeated the Venetians on 14 May 1509.
wn.com/Agnadello -
Annicco
Annicco is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 60 km southeast of Milan and about 20 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,956 and an area of 19.3 km².
The municipality of Annicco contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Grontorto and Barzaniga.
Annicco borders the following municipalities: Cappella Cantone, Casalmorano, Grumello Cremonese ed Uniti, Paderno Ponchielli, Sesto ed Uniti, Soresina.
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Aquileia
{{For the Titular Archbishop of Aquileia}}
Aquileia (Friulian: Acuilee/Aquilee/Aquilea, Venetian: Aquiłeja/Aquiłegia, Slovene: Oglej) is an ancient Roman city in Italy, at the head of the Adriatic at the edge of the lagoons, about 10 km from the sea, on the river Natiso (modern Natissa), the course of which has changed somewhat since Roman times. Today, the city is small (about 3,500 inhabitants), but it was large and prominent in Antiquity, and is one of the main archeological sites of Northern Italy.
Aquileia was founded as a colony by the Romans in 180/181 BC along the Natissa River, on land south of the Julian Alps but about 8 miles north of the lagoons. Presumably named from an indigenous word Akylis, the colony served as a frontier fortress at the north-east corner of transpadane Italy and was intended to protect the Veneti, faithful Roman allies, during the Illyrian Wars and act as a buttress to check the advance of other warlike people, such as the hostile Carni and Histri tribes. In fact, Aquileia was founded on a site not far from where Gaulish invaders had attempted to settle in 183 BC.
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Azzanello
Azzanello is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 60 km southeast of Milan and about 20 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 702 and an area of 11.1 km².
Azzanello borders the following municipalities: Borgo San Giacomo, Casalmorano, Castelvisconti, Genivolta, Villachiara.
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Bagnolo Cremasco
Bagnolo Cremasco is a comune in the province of Cremona, in Lombardy.
wn.com/Bagnolo_Cremasco -
Bergamo
Bergamo
listen (help·info) (Lombard: Bèrghem listen (help·info); Latin: Bergomum) is a town and comune in Lombardy, Italy, about 40 km northeast of Milan. The comune is home to over 120,000 inhabitants. It is served by the Orio al Serio Airport, which also serves the Province of Bergamo, and to a lesser extent the metropolitan area of Milan. The foothills of the Alps begin immediately north of the town.
Bergamo occupies the site of the ancient town of Bergomum, founded as a settlement of the Celtic tribe of Cenomani. In 49 BC it became a Roman municipality, containing circa 10,000 inhabitants at its peak. An important hub on the military road between Friuli and Raetia, it was destroyed by Attila in the 5th century.
From the 6th century Bergamo was the seat of one of the most important Lombard duchies of northern Italy, together with Brescia, Trento and Cividale del Friuli: its first Lombard duke was Wallaris. After the conquest of the Lombard Kingdom by Charlemagne, it became the seat of a county under one Auteramus (died 816).
wn.com/Bergamo -
Bonemerse
Bonemerse is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 80 km southeast of Milan and about 4 km southeast of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,203 and an area of 5.9 km².
Bonemerse borders the following municipalities: Cremona, Malagnino, Pieve d'Olmi, Stagno Lombardo.
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Bordolano
Bordolano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 70 km southeast of Milan and about 15 km north of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 591 and an area of 8.1 km².
Bordolano borders the following municipalities: Casalbuttano ed Uniti, Castelvisconti, Corte de' Cortesi con Cignone, Quinzano d'Oglio.
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Brescia
Brescia ([ˈbreʃʃa] (
listen); Lombard: Brèsa [ˈbrɛsa]; Latin: Brixia) is a city and comune in the region of Lombardy in northern Italy. It is situated at the foot of the Alps, between the Mella and the Naviglio, with a population of around 197,000. It is the second largest city in Lombardy, after the capital, Milan. Brescia is known as the Lioness of Italy (Leonessa d'Italia) after ten days of popular uprising that took place in the city in the Spring of 1849 against Austrian rule.
The city is the administrative capital of the Province of Brescia, one of the largest in Italy, with about 1,200,000 inhabitants. The ancient city of Brixia, Brescia has been an important regional centre since pre-Roman times and a number of Roman and medieval monuments are preserved, among the latter the prominent castle. The city is at the centre of the third-largest Italian industrial area, concentrating on mechanical and automotive engineering and machine tools, as well as the Beretta arms firm. Its companies are typically small or medium-sized enterprises, often with family management. The financial sector is also a major employer, and the tourist trade benefits from the proximity of Lake Garda, Lake Iseo and the Alps.
wn.com/Brescia -
Ca' d'Andrea
Ca' d'Andrea is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 90 km southeast of Milan and about 20 km east of Cremona.
Ca' d'Andrea borders the following municipalities: Cappella de' Picenardi, Cingia de' Botti, Derovere, San Martino del Lago, Torre de' Picenardi, Voltido.
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Calvatone
Calvatone is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 110 km southeast of Milan and about 35 km east of Cremona. Its territory is crossed by the Oglio River.
The two Battles of Bedriacum were fought nearby in 69 AD.
wn.com/Calvatone -
Camisano, Lombardy
Camisano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 45 km east of Milan and about 40 km northwest of Cremona.
Camisano borders the following municipalities: Barbata, Casale Cremasco-Vidolasco, Casaletto di Sopra, Castel Gabbiano, Isso, Ricengo.
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Campagnola Cremasca
Campagnola Cremasca is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 40 km east of Milan and about 40 km northwest of Cremona.
Campagnola Cremasca borders the following municipalities: Capralba, Casaletto Vaprio, Crema, Cremosano, Pianengo, Sergnano.
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Capergnanica
Capergnanica is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 40 km southeast of Milan and about 35 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,801 and an area of 6.8 km².
The municipality of Capergnanica contains the frazione (subdivision) Passarera.
Capergnanica borders the following municipalities: Casaletto Ceredano, Chieve, Credera Rubbiano, Crema, Ripalta Cremasca.
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Cappella Cantone
Cappella Cantone is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about 60 km southeast of Milan and about 20 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 548 and an area of 13.2 km².
Cappella Cantone borders the following municipalities: Annicco, Castelleone, Grumello Cremonese ed Uniti, Pizzighettone, San Bassano, Soresina.
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Capralba
Capralba is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 40 km east of Milan and about 45 km northwest of Cremona.
Capralba borders the following municipalities: Campagnola Cremasca, Caravaggio, Casaletto Vaprio, Misano di Gera d'Adda, Pieranica, Quintano, Sergnano, Torlino Vimercati, Vailate.
wn.com/Capralba -
Casaletto Ceredano
Casaletto Ceredano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 40 km southeast of Milan and about 40 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,098 and an area of 6.5 km².
Casaletto Ceredano borders the following municipalities: Abbadia Cerreto, Capergnanica, Cavenago d'Adda, Chieve, Credera Rubbiano.
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Casaletto di Sopra
Casaletto di Sopra is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 50 km east of Milan and about 35 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 568 and an area of 8.6 km².
Casaletto di Sopra borders the following municipalities: Barbata, Camisano, Fontanella, Offanengo, Ricengo, Romanengo, Soncino, Ticengo.
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Casaletto Vaprio
Casaletto Vaprio is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 35 km east of Milan and about 45 km northwest of Cremona.
Casaletto Vaprio borders the following municipalities: Campagnola Cremasca, Capralba, Cremosano, Quintano, Trescore Cremasco.
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Casalmaggiore
Casalmaggiore is a comune in the province of Cremona, Lombardy, northern Italy, located across the Po River. It was the birthplace of Italian composers Ignazio Donati and Andrea Zani (1696-1757).
Sights include the Duomo (Cathedral) and the Bijoux Museum.
Archaeological findings in 1970 proved that the area was inhabited from the Bronze Age, although the town most likely was founded by the Romans as Castra Majora ("Main Military Camp"). Around the year 1000 it was a fortified castle in the House of Este lands; in the 15th century it was under the Republic of Venice. On July 2, 1754, it obtained the status of city with an imperial decree. After a period under the Austrians, it became part of the newly unified Kingdom of Italy in 1861.
wn.com/Casalmaggiore -
Casalmorano
Casalmorano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 60 km southeast of Milan and about 20 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,710 and an area of 12.2 km².
Casalmorano borders the following municipalities: Annicco, Azzanello, Casalbuttano ed Uniti, Castelvisconti, Genivolta, Paderno Ponchielli, Soresina.
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Castel Gabbiano
Castel Gabbiano is a comune in the north of the Province of Cremona, in Lombardy, Italy.
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Casteldidone
Casteldidone is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 110 km southeast of Milan and about 30 km east of Cremona.
Casteldidone borders the following municipalities: Casalmaggiore, Martignana di Po, Piadena, Rivarolo del Re ed Uniti, Rivarolo Mantovano, San Giovanni in Croce.
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Castelleone
Castelleone is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about 50 km southeast of Milan and about 30 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 9,088 and an area of 45.0 km².
Castelleone borders the following municipalities: Cappella Cantone, Fiesco, Gombito, Izano, Madignano, Ripalta Arpina, San Bassano, Soresina, Trigolo.
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Castelverde
Castelverde (Lombard: Castegnìn) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 70 km southeast of Milan and about 8 km northwest of Cremona.
Castelverde borders the following municipalities: Casalbuttano ed Uniti, Cremona, Olmeneta, Paderno Ponchielli, Persico Dosimo, Pozzaglio ed Uniti, Sesto ed Uniti.
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Castelvisconti
Castelvisconti is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 60 km southeast of Milan and about 20 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 359 and an area of 9.7 km².
Castelvisconti borders the following municipalities: Azzanello, Bordolano, Borgo San Giacomo, Casalbuttano ed Uniti, Casalmorano, Quinzano d'Oglio.
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Cathedral of Cremona
The Duomo di Cremona (English: Cremona Cathedral), dedicated to Santa Maria Assunta (Our Lady of the Assumption), is a church in Cremona, Lombardy, northern Italy and the episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cremona. Its bell tower is the famous Torrazzo, symbol of the city and tallest pre-modern tower in Italy.
Also annexed is the Baptistery, another important medieval monument.
Originally built in Romanesque style, the church was restored and extended with Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque elements. The church was begun in 1107, but the works were damaged and halted after an earthquake in 1117. Construction were resumed in 1129, and the edifice was probably finished in 1160-1170. The main altar, dedicated to the city's patron saints St. Archelaus and St. Irnerius, was consecrated in 1196.
The current façade was probably built in the 13th and the early 14th century. In the same period the arms of the transept were also added: the northern in 1288 and the southern in 1348.
The main façade, together with the annexed Baptistery, is one of the most important monuments of Romanesque art in Europe. It has a portico with a narthex in the middle, to which a Renaissance loggia with three niches was added in 1491. This is surmounted by a large rose window, flanked by two orders of loggette ("small loggias").
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Cathedral of Parma
Coordinates: 44°48′12″N 10°19′52″E / 44.80333°N 10.33111°E / 44.80333; 10.33111
Parma Cathedral (Duomo) is a cathedral church in Parma, Emilia-Romagna (Italy). It is an important Italian Romanesque cathedral: the dome, in particular, is decorated by a highly influential illusionistic fresco by Renaissance painter Antonio da Correggio.
The construction was begun in 1059 by bishop Cadalo, later antipope with the name of Honorius II, and was consecrated by Paschal II in 1106. A basilica existed probably in the 6th century, but was later abandoned; another church had been consecrated in the rear part of the preceding one in the 9th century by the count-bishop Guibodo. The new church was heavily damaged by an earthquake in 1117 and had to be restored. Of the original building, remains can be seen in the presbytery, the transept, the choir and the apses, and in some sculpture fragments. The wide façade was completed in 1178: it has three loggia floors and three portals, whose doors were sculpted by Luchino Bianchino in 1494. Between the central and the right doors is the tomb of the mathematician Biagio Pelacani, who died in 1416.
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Cella Dati
For other uses of the word Dati, see Dati (disambiguation).
Cella Dati is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 90 km southeast of Milan and about 15 km east of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 609 and an area of 19.1 km².
Cella Dati borders the following municipalities: Cingia de' Botti, Derovere, Motta Baluffi, Pieve San Giacomo, San Daniele Po, Sospiro.
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Chieve
Chieve is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 40 km southeast of Milan and about 40 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,801 and an area of 6.3 km².
Chieve borders the following municipalities: Abbadia Cerreto, Bagnolo Cremasco, Capergnanica, Casaletto Ceredano, Crema, Crespiatica.
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Cicognolo
Cicognolo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 90 km southeast of Milan and about 14 km northeast of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 867 and an area of 7.0 km².
Cicognolo borders the following municipalities: Cappella de' Picenardi, Pescarolo ed Uniti, Pieve San Giacomo, Vescovato.
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Cingia de' Botti
Cingia de' Botti is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 100 km southeast of Milan and about 20 km southeast of Cremona.
Cingia de' Botti borders the following municipalities: Ca' d'Andrea, Cella Dati, Derovere, Motta Baluffi, San Martino del Lago, Scandolara Ravara.
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Como
Como listen (help·info) (Lombard: Còmm; Latin: Comum) is a city and comune in Lombardy, Italy. It is the administrative capital of the Province of Como.
Its proximity to Lake Como and to the Alps has made Como a popular tourist destination and the city contains numerous works of art, churches, gardens, museums, theatres, parks and palaces: the Duomo (seat of Diocese of Como), the Basilica of Sant'Abbondio, the Villa Olmo, the public gardens with the Tempio Voltiano, the Teatro Sociale, the Broletto (the city’s medieval town hall) and the 20th century Casa del Fascio.
Como was the birthplace of many historically notable figures, including the (somewhat obscure) poet Caecilius who is mentioned by Catullus in the 1st century BCE, the far more substantial literary figures of Pliny the Elder and the Younger, Pope Innocent XI, the scientist Alessandro Volta, and Cosima Liszt, second wife of Richard Wagner and long-term director of the Bayreuth Festival.
The hills surrounding the current location of Como have been inhabited, since at least the Bronze Age, by a Celtic tribe known as the Orobii. Remains of settlements are still present on the wood covered hills to the South West of town.
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Corte de' Frati
Corte de' Frati is a town and comune in the province of Cremona, in Lombardy.
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Counter-Reformation
The Counter-Reformation (also the Catholic Revival or Catholic Reformation) was the period of Catholic revival beginning with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War, 1648 which is sometimes considered a response to the Protestant Reformation. The Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort, composed of four major elements:
Such reforms included the foundation of seminaries for the proper training of priests in the spiritual life and the theological traditions of the Church, the reform of religious life by returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focusing on the devotional life and a personal relationship with Christ, including the Spanish mystics and the French school of spirituality. It also involved political activities that included the Roman Inquisition.
Pope Paul III (1534–1549) initiated the Council of Trent (1545–1563), a commission of cardinals tasked with institutional reform, addressing contentious issues such as corrupt bishops and priests, indulgences, and other financial abuses. Paul had been appointed Pope as a genuine convert to and lover of Catholicism, in the hope that he would represent a movement away from what had become a Papal Monarchy and caused struggles of power in the years preceding - epitomised with the Sack Of Rome 1527. Paul had proposed a General Church Council as early as 1536 but was unable to hold it until 1545 due to vulnerability of the Papacy - support of the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V was needed, but he was occupied with the Hapsburg-Valois Conflict in Milan until the Peace of Crépy 1544. This fundamental political weakness is historically considered the reason which the outcomes of Trent were so conservative - the papacy could not afford to surrender power, and that power was held up by church abuses.
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Credera Rubbiano
Credera Rubbiano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 45 km southeast of Milan and about 35 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,647 and an area of 14.4 km².
Credera Rubbiano borders the following municipalities: Capergnanica, Casaletto Ceredano, Cavenago d'Adda, Moscazzano, Ripalta Cremasca, Turano Lodigiano.
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Crema, Lombardy
Crema is a town and comune in the province of Cremona, in the region of Lombardy in northern Italy. It is built along the river Serio at 43 km from Cremona. It is also the seat of a Catholic Bishop, who gave to Crema the title of city. Crema's main economic activities traditionally relate to agriculture and cattle breeding, but Its manufactures include now cheese, iron products and cotton and wool textiles. Inhabitants are called cremaschi, singular cremasco.
Crema's origins have been linked to the Lombard invasion of he 6th century CE, the name allegedly deriving from the Lombard term Krem meaning "little hill", though this is doubtful since it does not lie significantly above the surrounding countryside. Other linguistic roots may suggest an older origin, in particular the Indo-European root meaning a boundary (cf. Ukraine, crêt). Other authorities trace its foundation back to the 4th century CE, when Milan was capital of the Western Roman Empire. According to another version, it was instead an even more ancient Celtic or Etruscan settlement.
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Cremona
Cremona listen (help·info) is a city and comune in northern Italy, situated in Lombardy, on the left bank of the Po River in the middle of the Pianura Padana (Po valley). It is the capital of the province of Cremona and the seat of the local City and Province governments. The city of Cremona is especially noted for its musical history and traditions, including some of the earliest and most renowned luthiers, such as Guarneri and Stradivari and several members of the Amati family.
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Cremosano
Cremosano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 35 km east of Milan and about 45 km northwest of Cremona.
Cremosano borders the following municipalities: Campagnola Cremasca, Casaletto Vaprio, Crema, Trescore Cremasco.
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Crotta d'Adda
Crotta d'Adda is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 60 km southeast of Milan and about 15 km west of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 667 and an area of 13.0 km².
Crotta d'Adda borders the following municipalities: Acquanegra Cremonese, Castelnuovo Bocca d'Adda, Cornovecchio, Grumello Cremonese ed Uniti, Maccastorna, Meleti, Monticelli d'Ongina, Pizzighettone, Spinadesco.
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Derovere
Derovere is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 90 km southeast of Milan and about 15 km east of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 356 and an area of 9.9 km².
Derovere borders the following municipalities: Ca' d'Andrea, Cappella de' Picenardi, Cella Dati, Cingia de' Botti, Pieve San Giacomo.
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Dovera
Dovera is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 30 km southeast of Milan and about 45 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 3,629 and an area of 20.5 km².
Dovera borders the following municipalities: Boffalora d'Adda, Corte Palasio, Crespiatica, Lodi, Monte Cremasco, Pandino, Spino d'Adda.
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Drizzona
Drizzona is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 100 km southeast of Milan and about 25 km east of Cremona.
Drizzona borders the following municipalities: Canneto sull'Oglio, Isola Dovarese, Piadena, Torre de' Picenardi, Voltido.
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Duchy of Milan
The Duchy of Milan was a constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire, in what is now northern Italy. Created in 1395, when it included twenty-six towns and a wide rural area lying between the hills of Montferrat and the Venetian Lagoon, the Duchy was conquered by the Austrians during the 18th century War of the Spanish Succession, and in 1714 it was ceded to Austria by the Treaty of Baden. It remained an Austrian possession until 1796, when it was conquered by a French army under Napoleon Bonaparte, and ceased to exist a year later as the result of the Treaty of Campo Formio, when Austria ceded it to the new Cisalpine Republic.
After the defeat of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna of 1815 restored many other states which he had destroyed, but the Duchy of Milan was not among them. Instead, its former territory became part of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, with the Emperor of Austria as its king. In 1866 what was left of this kingdom was annexed by the new Kingdom of Italy.
The Duchy of Milan (Ducatus Mediolani), was created 1 May 1395, when Gian Galeazzo Visconti, Lord of Milan, purchased a diploma for 100,000 Florins from King Wenceslaus. It was this diploma that installed, Gian Galeazzo as Duke of Milan and Count of Pavia. At its foundation the duchy included 26 towns and spanned from the hills of Montferrat to the Lagoons of Venice, and included all the former towns of the Lombard League.
During the rule of the Visconti and Sforza, the duchy had to defend its territory against the Swiss, the French and the Venetians, until the Betrayal of Novara in 1500 when the duchy passed to the French-claim of Louis XII.
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Fiesco, Lombardy
Fiesco is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 50 km southeast of Milan and about 30 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 911 and an area of 8.1 km².
Fiesco borders the following municipalities: Castelleone, Izano, Salvirola, Trigolo.
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Formigara
Formigara is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 50 km southeast of Milan and about 25 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,116 and an area of 12.7 km².
Formigara borders the following municipalities: Camairago, Castiglione d'Adda, Gombito, Pizzighettone, San Bassano.
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Gabbioneta-Binanuova
Gabbioneta-Binanuova is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 90 km southeast of Milan and about 15 km northeast of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 979 and an area of 15.7 km².
Gabbioneta-Binanuova borders the following municipalities: Grontardo, Ostiano, Pescarolo ed Uniti, Pessina Cremonese, Scandolara Ripa d'Oglio, Seniga.
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Genivolta
Genivolta is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 60 km east of Milan and about 25 km northwest of Cremona.
Genivolta borders the following municipalities: Azzanello, Casalmorano, Cumignano sul Naviglio, Soncino, Soresina, Villachiara.
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Genoa
Genoa
/ˈdʒɛnoʊ.ə/ (Italian: Genova [ˈdʒɛːnova] (
listen); Genoese and Ligurian Zena [ˈzeːna]; Latin and, archaically, English Genua) is the capital of Liguria and the sixth largest city in Italy, with a population of 608,676 within its administrative limits on a land area of 243.6 km2 (94 sq mi). The urban zone of Genoa extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of 718,896. The urban area of Genoa has a population of 800,709. In the metropolitan area live between 859,000 and 1.4 million or 1.5 million people. Genoa is one of Europe's largest cities on the Mediterranean Sea and the largest seaport in Italy.
Genoa has been nicknamed la Superba ("the Superb one") due to its glorious past and impressive landmarks. Part of the old town of Genoa was inscribed on the World Heritage List (UNESCO) in 2006 (see below). The city's rich art, music, gastronomy, architecture and history, allowed it to become the 2004's European Capital of Culture. It is the birthplace of Christopher Columbus.
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Gerre de' Caprioli
Gerre de' Caprioli is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 80 km southeast of Milan and about 6 km south of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 994 and an area of 8.1 km².
Gerre de' Caprioli borders the following municipalities: Castelvetro Piacentino, Cremona, Stagno Lombardo.
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Gombito
Gombito is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 50 km southeast of Milan and about 30 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 624 and an area of 9.1 km².
Gombito borders the following municipalities: Bertonico, Castelleone, Castiglione d'Adda, Formigara, Ripalta Arpina, San Bassano.
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Grontardo
Grontardo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 80 km southeast of Milan and about 12 km northeast of Cremona.
Grontardo borders the following municipalities: Corte de' Frati, Gabbioneta-Binanuova, Gadesco-Pieve Delmona, Persico Dosimo, Pescarolo ed Uniti, Scandolara Ripa d'Oglio, Vescovato.
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Gussola
Gussola is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 110 km southeast of Milan and about 30 km southeast of Cremona.
Gussola borders the following municipalities: Colorno, Martignana di Po, San Giovanni in Croce, Scandolara Ravara, Sissa, Solarolo Rainerio, Torricella del Pizzo.
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Isola Dovarese
Isola Dovarese is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 90 km southeast of Milan and about 20 km east of Cremona.
Isola Dovarese borders the following municipalities: Canneto sull'Oglio, Casalromano, Drizzona, Pessina Cremonese, Torre de' Picenardi, Volongo.
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Italy
Italy
i/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
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Izano
Izano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about 45 km southeast of Milan and about 35 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,862 and an area of 6.3 km².
Izano borders the following municipalities: Castelleone, Crema, Fiesco, Madignano, Offanengo, Romanengo, Salvirola.
The history of Izano has been always connected to that of the nearby, and more powerful, Crema. The first documents mentioning Izano (as Giosano) date from the late 10th century. Later it was probably under the suzerainty of the bishopric of Cremona. Later Izano was a possession of Crema until, in the late 15th century, it was conquered by the Republic of Venice.
The countryside of Izano also has several patrician villas built by Venetian noblemen, mainly in the 17th century. The most noteworthy is Villa Severgnini.
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Lodi, Lombardy
Lodi (Italian: [ˈlɔːdi] ( listen), Lombard: Lòd) is a city and comune in Lombardy, northern Italy, on the right bank of the River Adda. It is the capital of the province of Lodi.
Lodi was a Celtic village; in Roman times it was called in Latin Laus Pompeia (probably in honor of the consul Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo) and was known also because its position allowed many Gauls of Gallia Cisalpina to obtain Roman citizenship. It was in an important position where a vital Roman road crossed the River Adda.
Lodi became the see of a diocese in the 3rd century and its first bishop, Saint Bassianus (San Bassiano) is the patron saint of the town.
A free commune around 1000, it fiercely resisted the Milanese, who destroyed it in 1111. The old town corresponds to the modern Lodi Vecchio. Frederick Barbarossa rebuilt it on its current location in 1158.
Starting from 1220, the Lodigiani (inhabitants of Lodi) spent some decades in realizing an important work of hydraulic engineering: a system of miles and miles of artificial rivers and channels (called Consorzio di Muzza) was created in order to give water to the countryside, turning some arid areas into one of the (still now) most important agricultural areas of the region.
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Madignano
Madignano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 45 km southeast of Milan and about 35 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2006, it had a population of 2,977 and an area of 10.8 km².
The municipality of Madignano contains the frazione (subdivision) Ripalta Vecchia.
Madignano borders the following municipalities: Castelleone, Crema, Izano, Ripalta Arpina, Ripalta Cremasca.
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Malagnino
Malagnino is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 80 km southeast of Milan and about 7 km east of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,260 and an area of 10.8 km².
Malagnino borders the following municipalities: Bonemerse, Cremona, Gadesco-Pieve Delmona, Pieve d'Olmi, Sospiro, Vescovato.
Lately, many new buildings have been built, because it is near Cremona and it is an interesting place for young couples seeking a house in the countryside but not too far from the town.
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Mantua
Mantua (Italian: Mantova [ˈmantova] ( listen); Emilian and Latin: Mantua) is a city and comune in Lombardy, Italy, and capital of the province of the same name. Mantua's historic power and influence under the Gonzaga family made it one of the main artistic, cultural, and especially musical hubs of Northern Italy and the country as a whole. Mantua is noted for its significant role in the history of opera, and the city is known for its architectural treasures and artifacts, elegant palaces, and medieval and Renaissance cityscape. It is the nearest town to the birthplace of the Roman writer Virgil. It is also the town to which Romeo was banished in William Shakespeare's Play Romeo and Juliet.
Mantua is surrounded on three sides by artificial lakes created during the 12th century. These receive the waters of the river Mincio, a tributary of the Po which descends from Lake Garda. The three lakes are called Lago Superiore, Lago di Mezzo, and Lago Inferiore ("Upper", "Middle", and "Lower Lake"). A fourth lake, Lake Pajolo, which once completed a defensive water ring of the city, dried up at the end of the 18th century.
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Martignana di Po
Martignana di Po is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 110 km southeast of Milan and about 30 km southeast of Cremona.
Martignana di Po borders the following municipalities: Casalmaggiore, Casteldidone, Colorno, Gussola, San Giovanni in Croce, Sissa.
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Milan
Milan (Italian: Milano [miˈlaːno] ( listen); Lombard: [miˈlan]; Latin: Mediolanum) is the second-largest city in Italy and the capital of Lombardy as well as of the province of Milan. The city proper has a population of about 1.3 million, while its urban area is the 5th largest in EU and the largest in Italy with an estimated population of approximately 5 million. The growth of many suburbs and satellite settlements around the city proper, following the Italian economic miracle of 1950s–60s and massive commuting flows, suggest that socioeconomic linkages have expanded well beyond the boundaries of its administrative limits and its agglomeration, creating a region of approximately 9,3 million people. It has been suggested that the Milan metropolitan area is part of the so-called Blue Banana, the area of Europe with the highest population and industrial density. Its health care and education system is considered one of the best of Europe.
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Monte Cremasco
Monte Cremasco is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 35 km southeast of Milan and about 45 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,019 and an area of 2.3 km².
Monte Cremasco borders the following municipalities: Crespiatica, Dovera, Palazzo Pignano, Pandino, Vaiano Cremasco.
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Montodine
Montodine is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 50 km southeast of Milan and about 30 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,279 and an area of 11.8 km².
Montodine borders the following municipalities: Bertonico, Moscazzano, Ripalta Arpina, Ripalta Guerina.
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Moscazzano
Moscazzano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 45 km southeast of Milan and about 30 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 833 and an area of 7.9 km².
Moscazzano borders the following municipalities: Bertonico, Credera Rubbiano, Montodine, Ripalta Cremasca, Ripalta Guerina, Turano Lodigiano.
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Motta Baluffi
Motta Baluffi is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 100 km southeast of Milan and about 20 km southeast of Cremona.
Motta Baluffi borders the following municipalities: Cella Dati, Cingia de' Botti, Roccabianca, San Daniele Po, Scandolara Ravara, Torricella del Pizzo.
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Novara
Novara listen (help·info) (Nuàra in the local dialect) is the capital city of the province of Novara in the Piedmont region in northwest Italy, to the west of Milan. With c. 105,000 inhabitants, it is the second most populous city in Piedmont after Turin. It is an important crossroads for commercial traffic along the routes from Milan to Turin and from Genoa to Switzerland. Novara lies between the rivers Agogna and Terdoppio in northeastern Piedmont, 50 km from Milan and 95 km from Turin.
Novara was founded in ancient times by the Romans. Its name is formed from Nov, meaning "new", and Aria, the name the Cisalpine Gauls used for the surrounding region.
Ancient Novaria, which dates to the time of the Ligures, was a municipium and was situated on the road from Vercellae (Vercelli) to (Mediolanum) Milan. Its position on perpendicular roads (still intact today) dates to the time of the Romans. After the city was destroyed in 386 by Magnus Maximus for having supported his rival Valentinian II, it was rebuilt by Theodosius I. Subsequently, it was sacked by Radagaisus (in 405) and Attila (in 452).
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Offanengo
Offanengo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 45 km east of Milan and about 35 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 6,009 and an area of 12.5 km².
Offanengo borders the following municipalities: Casaletto di Sopra, Crema, Izano, Ricengo, Romanengo.
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Olmeneta
Olmeneta is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 70 km southeast of Milan and about 11 km north of Cremona. As of 31 December 1977, it had a population of 936 and an area of 9.2 km².
Olmeneta borders the following municipalities: Casalbuttano ed Uniti, Castelverde, Corte de' Cortesi con Cignone, Pozzaglio ed Uniti, Robecco d'Oglio.
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Ostiano
Ostiano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 90 km southeast of Milan and about 20 km northeast of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 3,054 and an area of 19.4 km².
Ostiano borders the following municipalities: Gabbioneta-Binanuova, Gambara, Pessina Cremonese, Pralboino, Seniga, Volongo.
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Paderno Ponchielli
Paderno Ponchielli is a comune in the province of Cremona, in Lombardy, Italy.
Before 1862 and the unification of Italy, the town was known just as Paderno. After unification, the new government called on various municipalities with the same name to adjust and differentiate them. “Fasolaro” got added to the name Paderno. But this did not meet with universal public approval as the word alluded to the production of common cowpeas (black-eyed peas) widespread in the area, which might be a source of mockery in neighboring communities.
In 1878, Umberto I, King of Italy, changed the name from Paderno Fasolaro to Paderno Cremonese. In 1928, when Paderno merged with the neighboring Ossolaro, the area took the name Paderno Ossolaro. Then, in 1934, with the celebration of 100th birthday of their native son, the composer Amilcare Ponchielli, the citizens petitioned to change the name to Paderno Ponchielli to honor him. On November 25, 1950, by a decree of the President of the Republic, Luigi Einaudi, the municipality came to be officially called Paderno Ponchielli.
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Palazzo Pignano
Palazzo Pignano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 35 km southeast of Milan and about 45 km northwest of Cremona.
Palazzo Pignano borders the following municipalities: Agnadello, Bagnolo Cremasco, Monte Cremasco, Pandino, Torlino Vimercati, Trescore Cremasco, Vaiano Cremasco.
The main sights is the medieval pieve (rural church), dating from the 4th century AD but later rebuilt in Romanesque style. It houses a terracotta cycle by Agostino Fondulis.
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Pandino
Pandino is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 30 km east of Milan and about 50 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 8,310 and an area of 22.2 km².
The municipality of Pandino contains the frazione (subdivision) Gradella e Nosadello.
Pandino borders the following municipalities: Agnadello, Dovera, Monte Cremasco, Palazzo Pignano, Rivolta d'Adda, Spino d'Adda.
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Persico Dosimo
Persico Dosimo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 80 km southeast of Milan and about 8 km northeast of Cremona.
Persico Dosimo borders the following municipalities: Castelverde, Corte de' Frati, Cremona, Gadesco-Pieve Delmona, Grontardo, Pozzaglio ed Uniti.
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Pescarolo ed Uniti
Pescarolo ed Uniti is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 90 km southeast of Milan and about 14 km northeast of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,520 and an area of 16.6 km².
Pescarolo ed Uniti borders the following municipalities: Cappella de' Picenardi, Cicognolo, Gabbioneta-Binanuova, Grontardo, Pessina Cremonese, Vescovato.
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Pessina Cremonese
Pessina Cremonese is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 90 km southeast of Milan and about 20 km northeast of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 748 and an area of 22.1 km².
Pessina Cremonese borders the following municipalities: Cappella de' Picenardi, Gabbioneta-Binanuova, Isola Dovarese, Ostiano, Pescarolo ed Uniti, Torre de' Picenardi, Volongo.
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On 21st August 2011 a temple for the local Sikh community was inaugurated. The construction of the building with a space of 2.352 square meters for 500 worshippers cost 1,3 million Euro. Further funds will be needed to ersct the five golden cupolas of the temple. The Gurdwara follows Shri Guru Kalgidhar Singh Sabha.
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Piacenza
Piacenza listen (help·info) (Placentia in Latin, Piasëinsa in the local dialect of Emiliano-Romagnolo) is a city and comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy. It is the capital of the province of Piacenza. Modern forms of the name descend from Latin Placentia. The etymology is long-standing, tracing an origin from the Latin verb, placēre, "to please." It is thus a "pleasant abode" or as James Boswell reported some of the etymologists of his time to have translated, "comely." This was a name "of good omen."
Strategically the city is at a major crossroads at the intersection of Route E35/A1 between Bologna, gateway to eastern Italy, and Milan, gateway to the Alps, and Route E70/A21 between Brescia at the foot of the Alps and Tortona, where branches lead to Turin in the north, a major industrial city, and Genoa, a major coastal port. Piacenza is also at the confluence of the Trebbia, draining the northern Apennines, and the Po, the major waterway of northern Italy, draining to the east. Piacenza right from its foundation has been of vital interest to political powers who would control northern Italy, more than any other city there. In peace it is a cultural center; in war, a focus of conflict. Piacenza also host one campus of the Politecnico di Milano.
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Piadena
Piadena is a comune in the Province of Cremona, Italy.
It is home to one or more prehistoric pile-dwelling (or stilt house) settlements that are part of the Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps UNESCO World Heritage Site.
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Pianengo
Pianengo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 40 km east of Milan and about 40 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,474 and an area of 5.9 km².
Pianengo borders the following municipalities: Campagnola Cremasca, Casale Cremasco-Vidolasco, Crema, Ricengo, Sergnano.
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Pieranica
Pieranica is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 35 km east of Milan and about 45 km northwest of Cremona.
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Pieve d'Olmi
Pieve d'Olmi is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 90 km southeast of Milan and about 9 km southeast of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,238 and an area of 19.4 km².
Pieve d'Olmi borders the following municipalities: Bonemerse, Malagnino, San Daniele Po, Sospiro, Stagno Lombardo, Zibello.
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Pieve San Giacomo
Pieve San Giacomo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 90 km southeast of Milan and about 12 km east of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,501 and an area of 14.9 km².
Pieve San Giacomo borders the following municipalities: Cappella de' Picenardi, Cella Dati, Cicognolo, Derovere, Sospiro, Vescovato.
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Pizzighettone
Pizzighettone is a comune of the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy. The main population centre is located on the river Adda and is divided into two parts: Pizzighettone on the east bank and Gera on the west.
It was the site of the Insubrian town of Acerrae, and is home to the football team A.S. Pizzighettone, which plays in Italy’s Serie D.
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Pozzaglio ed Uniti
Pozzaglio ed Uniti is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 80 km southeast of Milan and about 8 km north of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,367 and an area of 20.4 km².
Pozzaglio ed Uniti borders the following municipalities: Casalbuttano ed Uniti, Castelverde, Corte de' Frati, Olmeneta, Persico Dosimo, Robecco d'Oglio.
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Quintano
Quintano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 35 km east of Milan and about 45 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 783 and an area of 2.8 km².
Quintano borders the following municipalities: Capralba, Casaletto Vaprio, Pieranica, Torlino Vimercati, Trescore Cremasco.
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Ricengo
Ricengo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 45 km east of Milan and about 40 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,436 and an area of 12.6 km².
Ricengo borders the following municipalities: Camisano, Casale Cremasco-Vidolasco, Casaletto di Sopra, Crema, Offanengo, Pianengo, Sergnano.
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Ripalta Arpina
Ripalta Arpina is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 50 km southeast of Milan and about 30 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 998 and an area of 6.9 km².
Ripalta Arpina borders the following municipalities: Bertonico, Castelleone, Gombito, Madignano, Montodine, Ripalta Cremasca, Ripalta Guerina.
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Ripalta Cremasca
Ripalta Cremasca is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 45 km southeast of Milan and about 35 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 3,252 and an area of 11.8 km².
Ripalta Cremasca borders the following municipalities: Capergnanica, Credera Rubbiano, Crema, Madignano, Moscazzano, Ripalta Arpina, Ripalta Guerina.
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Ripalta Guerina
Ripalta Guerina is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 45 km southeast of Milan and about 30 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 455 and an area of 3.0 km².
Ripalta Guerina borders the following municipalities: Montodine, Moscazzano, Ripalta Arpina, Ripalta Cremasca.
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Rivolta d'Adda
Rivolta d'Adda is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 26 km east of Milan and about 58 km northwest of Cremona.
Rivolta d'Adda borders the following municipalities: Agnadello, Arzago d'Adda, Casirate d'Adda, Cassano d'Adda, Comazzo, Merlino, Pandino, Spino d'Adda, Truccazzano. Sights include the church of San Sigismondo (11th century), the church of Santa Maria Immacolata (15th century), a Prehistoric Park with a museum and reconstruction of extinct prehistoric creatures.
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Robecco d'Oglio
Robecco d'Oglio is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 80 km southeast of Milan and about 15 km north of Cremona.
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Romanengo
Romanengo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 50 km east of Milan and about 35 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December, 2004, it had a population of 2,716 and an area of 14.9 km².
Romanengo borders the following municipalities: Casaletto di Sopra, Izano, Offanengo, Salvirola, Ticengo.
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Salvirola
Salvirola is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 50 km east of Milan and about 30 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,048 and an area of 7.4 km².
Salvirola borders the following municipalities: Cumignano sul Naviglio, Fiesco, Izano, Romanengo, Ticengo, Trigolo.
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San Bassano
San Bassano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 60 km southeast of Milan and about 20 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,088 and an area of 13.9 km².
San Bassano borders the following municipalities: Cappella Cantone, Castelleone, Formigara, Gombito, Pizzighettone.
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San Daniele Po
San Daniele Po is a comune in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 90 km southeast of Milan and about 14 km southeast of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,481 and an area of 22.7 km².
The municipality of San Daniele Po contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Isola Pescaroli, Sommo con Porto and Margherita.
San Daniele Po borders the following municipalities: Cella Dati, Motta Baluffi, Pieve d'Olmi, Roccabianca, Sospiro, Zibello.
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San Martino del Lago
San Martino del Lago is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 100 km southeast of Milan and about 25 km southeast of Cremona.
San Martino del Lago borders the following municipalities: Ca' d'Andrea, Cingia de' Botti, Scandolara Ravara, Solarolo Rainerio, Voltido. The municipal seat is in the frazione of Cà de' Soresini.
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Saxony
The Free State of Saxony (German: Freistaat Sachsen [ˈfʁaɪʃtaːt ˈzaksən]; Upper Sorbian: Swobodny stat Sakska) is a landlocked state of Germany, bordering Brandenburg, Saxony Anhalt, Thuringia, Bavaria, the Czech Republic and Poland. It is the tenth-largest German state in area, with (18,413 square kilometres (7,109 sq mi), and the sixth most-populous (4.3 million) of Germany's sixteen states.
Located in the middle of an erstwhile German-speaking part of Europe, the history of the state of Saxony spans more than a millennium. It has been a medieval duchy, an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire, a kingdom, a republic from 1918 to 1952 and then again from 1990.
The area of the modern state of Saxony should not be confused with Old Saxony, the area inhabited by Saxons. Old Saxony corresponds approximately to the modern German states of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and the Westphalian part of North Rhine-Westphalia.
Sachsen is divided into three Direktionsbezirke — Chemnitz, Dresden, Leipzig — which are subdivided into 10 districts:
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Scandolara Ravara
Scandolara Ravara is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 100 km southeast of Milan and about 20 km southeast of Cremona.
Scandolara Ravara borders the following municipalities: Cingia de' Botti, Gussola, Motta Baluffi, San Martino del Lago, Solarolo Rainerio, Torricella del Pizzo.
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Sergnano
Sergnano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about 40 km east of Milan and about 40 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 3,219 and an area of 12.5 km².
Sergnano borders the following municipalities: Campagnola Cremasca, Capralba, Caravaggio, Casale Cremasco-Vidolasco, Castel Gabbiano, Mozzanica, Pianengo, Ricengo.
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Sesto ed Uniti
Sesto ed Uniti is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 70 km southeast of Milan and about 11 km northwest of Cremona.
Sesto ed Uniti borders the following municipalities: Acquanegra Cremonese, Annicco, Castelverde, Cremona, Grumello Cremonese ed Uniti, Paderno Ponchielli, Spinadesco.
Sesto ed Uniti is the home village of the major of Bologna and former trade union leader Sergio Cofferati. It is also the home town of chef Massimo Capra, famous for television appearances on the Food Network in North America, particularly on the series Restaurant Makeover.
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Solarolo Rainerio
Solarolo Rainerio is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 100 km southeast of Milan and about 25 km east of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,016 and an area of 11.4 km².
Solarolo Rainerio borders the following municipalities: Gussola, Piadena, San Giovanni in Croce, San Martino del Lago, Scandolara Ravara, Voltido.
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Soncino, Lombardy
Soncino is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 60 km east of Milan and about 30 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 7,440 and an area of 45.3 km².
Soncino borders the following municipalities: Casaletto di Sopra, Cumignano sul Naviglio, Fontanella, Genivolta, Orzinuovi, Roccafranca, Ticengo, Torre Pallavicina, Villachiara.
Soncino received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree on November 18, 2004.
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Soresina
Soresina is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 60 km southeast of Milan and about 25 km northwest of Cremona.
It received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree on October 27, 1962.
Soresina borders the following municipalities: Annicco, Cappella Cantone, Casalmorano, Castelleone, Cumignano sul Naviglio, Genivolta, Trigolo.
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Sospiro
Sospiro is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 90 km southeast of Milan and about 10 km southeast of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 3,177 and an area of 19.1 km².
The municipality of Sospiro contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Longardone, S.Salvatore, and Tidolo.
Sospiro borders the following municipalities: Cella Dati, Malagnino, Pieve d'Olmi, Pieve San Giacomo, San Daniele Po, Vescovato.
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Spain
Spain (i/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.
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Spinadesco
Spinadesco is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 70 km southeast of Milan and about 8 km west of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,531 and an area of 17.2 km².
Spinadesco borders the following municipalities: Acquanegra Cremonese, Castelvetro Piacentino, Cremona, Crotta d'Adda, Monticelli d'Ongina, Sesto ed Uniti.
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Spineda
Spineda is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 110 km southeast of Milan and about 40 km east of Cremona.
Spineda borders the following municipalities: Commessaggio, Gazzuolo, Rivarolo del Re ed Uniti, Rivarolo Mantovano, Sabbioneta, San Martino dall'Argine.
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Spino d'Adda
Spino d'Adda is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 25 km southeast of Milan and about 50 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 6,368 and an area of 19.9 km².
Spino d'Adda borders the following municipalities: Boffalora d'Adda, Dovera, Merlino, Pandino, Rivolta d'Adda, Zelo Buon Persico.
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Stagno Lombardo
Stagno Lombardo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 80 km southeast of Milan and about 8 km southeast of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,456 and an area of 39.9 km².
The municipality of Stagno Lombardo contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Brancere, Forcello, and Straconcolo.
Stagno Lombardo borders the following municipalities: Bonemerse, Castelvetro Piacentino, Cremona, Gerre de' Caprioli, Pieve d'Olmi, Polesine Parmense, Villanova sull'Arda, Zibello.
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Ticengo
Ticengo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 50 km east of Milan and about 30 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 451 and an area of 8.1 km².
Ticengo borders the following municipalities: Casaletto di Sopra, Cumignano sul Naviglio, Romanengo, Salvirola, Soncino.
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Torlino Vimercati
Torlino Vimercati is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 35 km east of Milan and about 45 km northwest of Cremona.
Torlino Vimercati borders the following municipalities: Agnadello, Capralba, Palazzo Pignano, Pieranica, Quintano, Trescore Cremasco, Vailate.
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Tornata
Tornata is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 110 km southeast of Milan and about 30 km east of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 522 and an area of 10.3 km².
Tornata borders the following municipalities: Bozzolo, Calvatone, Piadena, Rivarolo Mantovano.
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Torrazzo of Cremona
The Torrazzo of Cremona (Lombardy, Italy) is the bell tower of the Cathedral of Cremona. At 112.7 metres (343 ft 6 in), it is the third tallest brickwork bell tower in the world, the first being the tower of St. Martin's Church in Landshut, Bavaria, the second being that of the Church of Our Lady in Bruges, Belgium. However the Torrazzo (completed in 1309) is older than the Landshut tower (completed in 1500) and the Bruges tower (completed in 1465), and it is the oldest brick structure taller than 100 m that is still standing.
According to popular tradition, construction on the tower began in 754. In reality, it was built in four phases: a first dating back to the 1230s, up to the third dripstone, a second, between 1250 and 1267, up to the dripstone under the quadriphore, a third around 1284, and the completion of the marble spire in 1309.
Its height is announced by a plaque embedded in the wall at the base of the Torrazzo itself, stating 250 arms and 2 ounces, which in the ancient measuring system of the Lombard towns translates to approximately 111 metres.
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Torre de' Picenardi
Torre de' Picenardi is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 90 km southeast of Milan and about 20 km east of Cremona.
Torre de' Picenardi borders the following municipalities: Ca' d'Andrea, Cappella de' Picenardi, Drizzona, Isola Dovarese, Pessina Cremonese, and Voltido.
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Torricella del Pizzo
Torricella del Pizzo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 100 km southeast of Milan and about 25 km southeast of Cremona. Torricella del Pizzo borders the following municipalities: Gussola, Motta Baluffi, Roccabianca, Scandolara Ravara, Sissa.
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Tortona
Tortona is a comune of Piemonte, in the Province of Alessandria, Italy. Tortona is sited on the right bank of the Scrivia between the plain of Marengo and the foothills of the Ligurian Apennines.
Known in ancient times as Derthona, the city was probably the oldest colony under Roman rule in the westernmost section of the Valley of the Po, on the road leading from Genua (Genoa) to Placentia (Piacenza). The city was founded c. 123 BC - 118 BC at the junction of the great roads; the Via Postumia and the Via Aemilia Scauri which merged to become the Via Julia Augusta. The site made Dertona an important military station under the Romans.
A bishopric was founded at Tortona early, but its first bishops are purely legendary, like Saint Marcianus of Tortona, called the first bishop of Piedmont and a disciple of Barnabas, the companion of Paul. Until the 9th century, the city was under the rule of its bishop; in 1090 it became a free commune with the name of Terdona. In 1133 the diocese was separated from the archbishopric of Milan to the new archdiocese of Genoa (CE "Lombardy").
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Trescore Cremasco
Trescore Cremasco is a comune (municipality) in the province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 35 km east of Milan and about 45 km northwest of Cremona.
Trescore Cremasco borders the following municipalities: Bagnolo Cremasco, Casaletto Vaprio, Crema, Cremosano, Palazzo Pignano, Quintano, Torlino Vimercati, Vaiano Cremasco.
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Trigolo
Trigolo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 50 km southeast of Milan and about 30 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004 (2004 -12-31)[update], it had a population of 1,711 and an area of 16.2 km².
Trigolo borders the following municipalities: Castelleone, Cumignano sul Naviglio, Fiesco, Salvirola, Soresina.
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Vaiano Cremasco
Vaiano Cremasco is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 35 km southeast of Milan and about 45 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 3,811 and an area of 6.3 km².
Vaiano Cremasco borders the following municipalities: Bagnolo Cremasco, Crespiatica, Monte Cremasco, Palazzo Pignano, Trescore Cremasco.
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Vailate
Vailate is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 35 km east of Milan and about 50 km northwest of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 4,299 and an area of 9.8 km².
Vailate borders the following municipalities: Agnadello, Arzago d'Adda, Calvenzano, Capralba, Misano di Gera d'Adda, Torlino Vimercati.
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Venice
Venice (Italian: Venezia [veˈnɛttsja] ( listen), Venetian: Venexia [veˈnɛsja]; (Latin: Venetia) is a city in northeast Italy sited on a group of 118 small islands separated by canals and linked by bridges. It is located in the marshy Venetian Lagoon which stretches along the shoreline between the mouths of the Po and the Piave Rivers. Venice is renowned for the beauty of its setting, its architecture and its artworks. The city in its entirety is listed as World Heritage Site, along with its lagoon.
Venice is the capital of the Veneto region. In 2009, there were 270,098 people residing in Venice's comune (the population estimate of 272,000 inhabitants includes the population of the whole Comune of Venezia; around 60,000 in the historic city of Venice (Centro storico); 176,000 in Terraferma (the Mainland), mostly in the large frazioni of Mestre and Marghera; 31,000 live on other islands in the lagoon). Together with Padua and Treviso, the city is included in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area (PATREVE) (population 1,600,000).
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Vescovato, Lombardy
Vescovato is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 90 km southeast of Milan and about 11 km northeast of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 3,783 and an area of 17.4 km².
Vescovato borders the following municipalities: Cicognolo, Gadesco-Pieve Delmona, Grontardo, Malagnino, Pescarolo ed Uniti, Pieve San Giacomo, Sospiro.
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Volongo
Volongo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 90 km southeast of Milan and about 25 km northeast of Cremona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 595 and an area of 7.9 km².
Volongo borders the following municipalities: Casalromano, Fiesse, Gambara, Isola Dovarese, Ostiano, Pessina Cremonese.
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Voltido
Voltido is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 90 km southeast of Milan and about 20 km east of Cremona.
Voltido borders the following municipalities: Ca' d'Andrea, Drizzona, Piadena, San Martino del Lago, Solarolo Rainerio, Torre de' Picenardi.
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Agilulf
Agilulf (died 616) called the Thuringian, was a duke of Turin and king of the Lombards from 591 until his death.
A relative of his predecessor Authari, he was selected king on the advice of the Christian queen and widow of Authari, Theodelinda, whom he then married. Although he assumed the royal dignity at the beginning of November 590, he was raised on the shield -- the ceremonial investment of his title -- by Lombard warriors in Milan in May 591.
He was baptised to appease his wife and his nation followed suit, though they adopted the Arian denomination, not the Roman faith. In 603, under the influence of his wife, he abandoned Arianism for Catholicism, and had his son Adaloald baptised. He and his wife built and endowed the cathedral of Monza, where the Iron Crown of Lombardy is still preserved and where Agilulf's crown, dedicated to St John, exists, bearing the inscription rex totius Italiae, meaning "king of all Italy", as Agilulf evidently saw himself.
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Aldo Protti
Aldo Protti (July 19, 1920 – August 10, 1995) was an Italian baritone opera singer, particularly associated with the Italian repertory.
Protti was born in Cremona. He studied in Parma, and made his debut in Pesaro, as Figaro, in 1948. He made his La Scala debut in 1950, as Amonasro, and sang there for many years. He sang widely in Italy and Europe in the standard Italian repertory, earning a reputation for being "one of the most reliable baritone in the business".[citation needed] He made a belated debut at the Metropolitan Opera, as Rigoletto, at age 65.
He was particularly appreciated in Verdi roles, especially Rigoletto, his greatest role, but also as Alfio, Tonio, Gérard, Scarpia, etc.
Protti can also be heard in many recordings, including Rigoletto, La traviata, Aida, and Otello, the last two opposite Renata Tebaldi and Mario del Monaco.[citation needed]
Aldo Protti died in Cremona, aged 75.
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Altobello Melone
Altobello Melone (c. 1490-1491 – before May 3, 1543) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance.
He was born in Cremona. His style merges Lombard with Mannerist styles. In Cremona, he encountered the elder Girolamo Romanino. He was commissioned in December of 1516 to fresco the Cathedral of Cremona, work which continued till 1518. His contract required that his frescoes be more beautiful than his predecessor, Boccaccio Boccaccino. He worked alongside Giovanni Francesco Bembo.
He contributed frescoes to the Cathedral of Cremona in 1516. The Lamentation in the Brera comes in all probability from the church of Saint Lorenzo in Brescia and dated 1512. The stylistic convergence with Romanino is particularly obvious, such that the contemporary Venetian Marcantonio Michiel describes the Cremonese painter as a disciple of Armanin.
In his masterpiece frescoes, Altobello aims to be an interpreter of the anticlassicismo and “expressionist” language emerging Romanino. The seven scenes realized by Altobello evince a new forcefulness - Massacre of the Innocents is emblematic and manifest in the gestures and in the grotesque transformation of the faces.
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Amati
Amati is the name of a family of Italian violin makers, who flourished at Cremona from about 1549 to 1740.
Andrea Amati (ca. 1505 – ca. 1578) was the earliest maker of violins whose instruments still survive today. Indeed he seems more or less responsible together with Gasparo da Salò and some Micheli's like Zanetto or Pellegrino for giving the instruments of the modern violin family their definitive profile. A very small number of his instruments survive, dated between the years of 1560 and 1574 and most bearing the coat of arms of Charles IX of France. His work is marked by great elegance and an awareness of geometrical principles in design.
Andrea Amati was succeeded by his sons Antonio Amati (born ca. 1550) and Girolamo Amati (1551–1635). "The Brothers Amati", as they were known, implemented far-reaching innovations in design, including the perfection of the shape of the f-holes. They are also thought to have pioneered the modern alto format of viola, in contrast to older tenor violas, but this stating is not correct since Gasparo made violas from altos of 39 to tenors of 44,7 cm.
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Amilcare Ponchielli
Amilcare Ponchielli (Italian pronunciation: [aˈmilkare ponˈkjɛlli], August 31, 1834 – January 16, 1886) was an Italian composer, mainly of operas.
Born in Paderno Fasolaro, now Paderno Ponchielli, near Cremona, Ponchielli won a scholarship at the age of nine to study music at the Milan Conservatory, writing his first symphony by the time he was ten years old.
Two years after leaving the conservatory he wrote his first opera -- it was based on Alessandro Manzoni's great novel The Betrothed (I promessi sposi) -- and it was as an opera composer that he eventually found fame.
His early career was disappointing. Maneuvered out of a professorship is very good at the Milan Conservatory that he had won in a competition, he took small-time jobs in small cities, and composed several operas, none successful at first. In spite of his disappointment, he gained much experience as the bandmaster (capobanda) in Piacenza and Cremona, arranging and composing over 200 works for wind band. Notable among his "original" compositions for band are the first-ever concerto for euphonium (Concerto per Flicornobasso, 1872), fifteen variations on the Neapolitan song "Carnevale di Venezia", and a series of festive and funeral marches that resound with the pride of the newly unified Italy and the private grief of his fellow Cremonese. The turning point was the big success of the revised version of I promessi sposi in 1872, which brought him a contract with the music publisher G. Ricordi & Co. and the musical establishment at the Conservatory and at La Scala. The ballet Le due gemelle (1873) confirmed his success.
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Andrea Amati
Andrea Amati was a luthier, from Cremona, Italy. Amati is credited with making the first instruments of the violin family that are in the form we use today. According to the National Music Museum in Vermillion, South Dakota:
It was in the workshop of Andrea Amati (ca. 1505-1577) in Cremona, Italy, in the middle of the 16th century that the form of the instruments of the violin family as we know them today first crystallized.
Several of his instruments survive to the present day, and some of them can still be played. Many of the surviving instruments were among a consignment of 38 instruments delivered to Charles IX of France in 1534.
According to a biography by Robert Hargrave Amati was one of the top candidates scholars have advanced for the "inventor of the violin." The two other candidates he named were Fussen born in a region now part of present day Germany. The other candidate he named was Gasparo' da Salo from Brescia.
The violin-like instruments that existed when Amati began his career only had three strings. Amati is credited with creating the first four stringed violin-like instrument.
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Antonio Cabrini
Antonio Cabrini (born 8 October 1957) is an Italian professional football coach currently of Italy women's national and a former player. He has played left-back, mainly with Juventus. He won the 1982 FIFA World Cup with the Italian national team.
In 2007, he was very close to become the manager of the Syrian national football team. After long-running negotiations between the Syrian Football Federation and the Syrian national team sponsors, no agreement was achieved between the sides. Currently, he is part of Al Jazeera Sports channel analysts team that covers the Serie A football matches.
Cabrini was born in Cremona, Lombardy. He made his professional football debut with the local team U.S. Cremonese in the Serie C during the 1973–74 season, making 3 appearances and gaining a starting place the following 1974–1975 season. In the 1975–76 season he played in the Serie B for Atalanta, and in the summer of 1976 he was acquired by Juventus, the team for which he was to spend most of his career.
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Antonio Stradivari
Antonio Stradivari (1644 – 18 December 1737) was an Italian luthier and a crafter of string instruments such as violins, cellos, guitars, violas, and harps. Stradivari is generally considered the most significant and greatest artisan in this field. The Latinized form of his surname, Stradivarius, as well as the colloquial, "Strad", is often used to refer to his instruments. It is estimated that he made 1,000 to 1,100 instruments and that around 650 of these instruments have survived including 450 to 512 violins.
Stradivari's ancestry consisted of notable citizens of Cremona, dating back to at least the 12th or 13th century. The earliest mention of the family name, or a variation upon it, is in a land grant dating from 1188. The origin of the name itself has several possible explanations; some sources say it is the plural of Stradivare, essentially meaning "toll-man" in a Lombard variety of Italian, while others say that the form "de Strataverta" derives from "Strada averta", which, in a Cremonese dialect of Italian, means "open road".
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Arcangelo Ghisleri
Arcangelo Ghisleri (5 September 1855 – 19 August 1938)
Ghisleri was born in the comune of Persico Dosimo (in today's province of Cremona).
A well known geographer by profession, he created numerous maps of Africa. As a journalist, he was part of a wave of philosophically positivist and politically progressive writers who carried the mantle of Mazzini's republican nationalism in the late 19th century. From 1887 to 1890 he founded and edited the review 'Cuore e Critica' which, together with the journals La rivista repubblicana and L'educazione politica, was important in defining the republican ideology of the times. Politically, Ghisleri was close to the revolutionary movements of his time: in 1895 he was one of the founders of the Italian Republican Party.
His friend and fellow radical Filippo Turati took over the journal in 1891 and renamed it Critica Sociale, moving it quickly into a socialist direction.
Ghisleri was not a systematic ideologist: a systematic version of his republican ideology is best exemplified in the work of Giovanni Conti.
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Augustus
Augustus ( /ɔːˈɡʌstəs/;Classical Latin: [awˈɡʊstʊs]; Latin: Imperator Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14) is considered the first emperor of the Roman Empire, which he ruled alone from 27 BC until his death in 14 AD. Born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, he was adopted posthumously by his great-uncle Gaius Julius Caesar in 44 BC via his last will and testament, and between then and 27 BC was officially named Gaius Julius Caesar. In 27 BC the Senate awarded him the honorific Augustus ("the revered one"), and thus consequently he was Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus.
The young Octavius came into his inheritance after Caesar's assassination in 44 BC. In 43 BC, Octavian joined forces with Mark Antony and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus in a military dictatorship known as the Second Triumvirate. As a triumvir, Octavian ruled Rome and many of its provinces. The triumvirate was eventually torn apart under the competing ambitions of its rulers: Lepidus was driven into exile, and Antony committed suicide following his defeat at the Battle of Actium by Octavian's fleet under the command of Agrippa in 31 BC.
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Bernardino Campi
Bernardino Campi (1522–1591) was an Italian Renaissance painter from Reggio Emilia, who worked in Cremona. He is known as one of the teachers of Sofonisba Anguissola and of Giovanni Battista Trotti (il Malosso). In Cremona, his extended family were the main artistic studios. Giulio Campi and Antonio Campi, half-brothers, were distant relatives of Bernardino; the latter is generally considered the most talented of the family. All were active and prominent painters locally. Influences on Bernardino's are likely diverse, including those from local Cremonese such as Camillo Boccaccino, to artists from artists from neighboring regions such as Correggio, Parmigianino and Giulio Romano.
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Charlemagne
Charlemagne ( /ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn/ or /ˈʃɑrləmeɪn/; French pronunciation: [ʃaʁ.lə.maɲ]; c. 742 – 28 January 814), also known as Charles the Great (Latin: Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus), was King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum) from 800 to his death in 814. He expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe. During his reign, he conquered Italy and was crowned Imperator Augustus by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800 in Rome.
His rule is also associated with the Carolingian Renaissance, a revival of art, religion, and culture through the medium of the Catholic Church. Through his foreign conquests and internal reforms, Charlemagne helped define both Western Europe and the European Middle Ages. He is numbered as Charles I in the regnal lists of Germany, the Holy Roman Empire, and France.
The son of King Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon, a Frankish queen, he succeeded his father in 768 and was initially co-ruler with his brother Carloman I. It has often been suggested that the relationship between Charlemagne and Carloman was not good, but it has also been argued that tensions were exaggerated by Carolingian chroniclers.
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Claudio Monteverdi
Claudio Giovanni Antonio Monteverdi (Italian pronunciation: [ˈklaudjo monteˈverdi]; 15 May 1567 (baptized) – 29 November 1643) was an Italian composer, gambist, and singer.
Monteverdi's work, often regarded as revolutionary, marked the transition from the Renaissance style of music to that of the Baroque period. He developed two individual styles of composition – the heritage of Renaissance polyphony and the new basso continuo technique of the Baroque. Monteverdi wrote one of the earliest operas, L'Orfeo, an innovative work that is still regularly performed. He was recognized as an innovative composer and enjoyed considerable fame in his lifetime.
Claudio Monteverdi was born in 1567 in Cremona, a town in Northern Italy. His father was Baldassare Monteverdi, a doctor, apothecary and surgeon. He was the oldest of five children. During his childhood, he was taught by Marc'Antonio Ingegneri, the maestro di cappella at the Cathedral of Cremona. The Maestro di capella’s job was to conduct important worship services in accordance with the liturgy books of the Catholic Church. Monteverdi learned about music by being part of the cathedral choir. He also studied at the University of Cremona. His first music was written for publication, including some motets and sacred madrigals, in 1582 and 1583. His first five publications were: Sacrae cantiunculae, 1582 (collection of miniature motets); Madrigali Spirituali, 1583 (a volume of which only the bass partbook is extant); Canzonette a tre voci, 1584 (a collection of three-voice canzonettes); and the five-part madrigals Book I, 1587, and Book II, 1590. Monteverdi worked for the court of Mantua first as a singer and violist, then as music director. He worked at the court of Vincenzo I of Gonzaga in Mantua as a vocalist and viol player. In 1602, he was working as the court conductor.
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Costanzo Porta
Costanzo Porta (1528 or 1529 – May 19, 1601) was an Italian composer of the Renaissance, and a representative of what is known today as the Venetian School. He was highly praised throughout his life both as a composer and a teacher, and had a reputation especially as an expert contrapuntist.
Porta was born in Cremona. Details of his early life are slim, but he probably was educated at the Convent Porta San Luca in Cremona. Around 1550 he is thought to have studied with Adrian Willaert, who was maestro di cappella at St. Mark's in Venice; while he was there he met Claudio Merulo, who was also a student; they remained close friends throughout their lives. In 1552 Porta became maestro di cappella at Osimo Cathedral; in 1565 he took a position in Padua briefly, but took a more important position in Ravenna the next year, where he was hired to build an entirely new music practice at the cathedral. By 1580 his services were much in demand, and there was competition for him; he declined an offer from Milan, moving instead between positions in several cities. In addition he had become a renowned teacher by this time, and numerous composers of the next generation learned their contrapuntal skills from Porta. His last years were spent in Padua, and they were clearly difficult. Musical standards there began to decline, and he faced in addition the burden of ill health and the jealousy of the man who was eventually to replace him. He died in Padua. He is buried in the Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua.
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Dattaro
Francesco Dattaro (c. 1495 – 1576) and his son Giuseppe Dattaro (c. 1540 – 1616), are the two principal builders of the most important family of Cremonese architects of the fifteenth century. The Dattaros began their activity at the construction site of the Cathedral of Cremona, joining the painters, members of the cabinet making Sacca family, and the engineer Antonio Melone.
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Emiliano Mondonico
Emiliano Mondonico (born on March 9, 1947 in Rivolta d'Adda) is an Italian football manager.
A former player with only two Serie A seasons (both with Torino) in his career, Mondonico had a much more successful career as a manager. After two years as youth coach with Cremonese, he became the team's head coach in 1981, guiding the club into promotion to the top flight in 1984. Another promotion followed in 1988 with Atalanta, another former team of him as a player, which then he successfully guided to the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1988–89.
In 1990 he joined Torino, guiding them to fifth place and to a historic UEFA Cup final in 1991–92, then lost to AFC Ajax in a controversial game that became famous for Mondonico clearly lifting up a chair into the air in a sign of protest against the referee. In 1993, he led Torino to victory in Coppa Italia, in which they defeated Roma on the away goals rule after the two teams tied at 5–5 in the two-legged final.
In the first leg, Torino won 3-0 at home, thanks to an own goal by Silvano Benedetti, and a goal apiece by defenders Sandro Cois and Daniele Fortunato. In the second leg, Roma won 5-2 thanks to a hat-trick from Giuseppe Giannini, and goals from Ruggiero Rizzitelli and Siniša Mihajlović. However, two goals by Andrea Silenzi were enough to give Torino their fifth Coppa Italia title.
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Eugenio Beltrami
Eugenio Beltrami (November 16, 1835, Cremona – June 4, 1899, Rome) was an Italian mathematician notable for his work concerning differential geometry and mathematical physics. His work was noted especially for clarity of exposition. He was the first to prove consistency of non-Euclidean geometry by modeling it on a surface of constant curvature, the pseudosphere, and in the interior of an n-dimensional unit sphere, the so-called Beltrami–Klein model. He also developed singular value decomposition for matrices, which has been subsequently rediscovered several times. Beltrami's use of differential calculus for problems of mathematical physics indirectly influenced development of tensor calculus by Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro and Tullio Levi-Civita.
Beltrami was born in Cremona in Lombardy, then a part of the Austrian Empire, and now part of Italy. He began studying mathematics at University of Pavia during 1853, but was expelled from Ghislieri College during 1856 due to his political opinions. During this time he was taught and influenced by Francesco Brioschi. He had to discontinue his studies because of financial hardship and spent the next several years as a secretary working for the Lombardy–Venice railroad company. He was appointed to the University of Bologna as a professor during 1862, the year he published his first research paper. Throughout his life, Beltrami had various professorial jobs at universities in Pisa, Rome and Pavia. From 1891 until the end of his life Beltrami lived in Rome. He became the president of the Accademia dei Lincei during 1898 and a senator of the Kingdom of Italy during 1899.
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Filippo de Lurano
Filippo de Lurano (also Luprano, or Lorano) (c. 1475 – after 1520) was an Italian composer of the Renaissance. He was one of the most prolific composers of frottola after Marchetto Cara and Bartolomeo Tromboncino.
Of his early life, almost nothing is known. Probably he was born in Cremona, and he appears in the records of Cividale del Friuli's Cathedral, near Udine, as a cleric. de Lurano spent time in Rome in the first decade of the 16th century, but the exact years are not known; he wrote music for a wedding of the niece of Pope Julius II in 1508. From 1512 to 1515 he was employed as maestro de cappella of Cividale Cathedral, and shortly afterwards moved to Aquileia, where he may have died.
Most of his music is in the light secular form of the frottola, an ancestor of the madrigal. 35 of his frottole survive, along with two motets and a lauda. Stylistically they are typical of the time: homophonic texture predominates, with brief imitative passages at phrase beginnings; the melodies are memorable and easily singable.
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Francesco I Sforza
Francesco I Sforza (July 23, 1401 – March 8, 1466) was an Italian condottiero, the founder of the Sforza dynasty in Milan, Italy. He was the brother of Alessandro, with whom he often fought.
Francesco Sforza was born in San Miniato, Tuscany, one of the seven illegitimate sons of the condottiero Muzio Sforza and Lucia da Torsano. He spent his childhood in Tricarico (in the modern Basilicata), the marquisate of which he was granted in 1412 by King Ladislaus of Naples. In 1418, he married Polissena Ruffo, a Calabrese noblewoman.
From 1419, he fought alongside his father, soon gaining fame for being able to bend metal bars with his bare hands. He later proved himself to be an expert tactician and very skilled field commander. After the death of his father, he fought initially for the Neapolitan army and then for Pope Martin V and the Duke of Milan, Filippo Maria Visconti. After some successes, he fell in disgrace and was sent to the castle of Mortara as a prisoner de facto. He regained his status after a successful expedition against Lucca.
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Francesco Piccinino
Francesco Piccinino (c. 1407 – 16 October 1449) was an Italian condottiero.
He was the adoptive son of the condottiero Niccolò Piccinino and the brother of Jacopo Piccinino. At Niccolò's death (1444), he had been already established as a gallant warrior under the Duchy of Milan and the Papal States (1431). In 1436 he was serving the Aragonese Kings of Naples, taking part in the 1437 siege of Cerreto Umbra against Francesco Sforza but, after some successes, he left to besiege Assisi and then Pergola.
In 1440 he was in the Battle of Anghiari, where Niccolò was badly defeated, and on 19 August 1444 he was again defeated by the Sforza's forces at Montolmo and taken prisoner, while Jacopo was able to escape.
In 1446 Piccinino fought against Micheletto Attendolo near Cremona; Scaramuccia da Forlì, sent by the Venetian government, freeing Cremona by the troops of Piccinino and Luigi dal Verme, paid by Filippo Maria Visconti. On 28 September the same year Piccinino suffered first a defeat at Casalmaggiore and, in 1447, a more serious one at Monte Brianza.
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Frederick Barbarossa
Frederick I Barbarossa (1122 – 10 June 1190) was a German Holy Roman Emperor. He was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned in Aachen on 9 March as King of Italy in Pavia in 1155, and finally crowned Roman Emperor by Pope Adrian IV, on 18 June 1155. Two years later in 1157 the term "sacrum" (i.e. "holy") first appeared in a document in connection with his Empire. He was then also formally crowned King of Burgundy at Arles on 30 June 1178. The name Barbarossa came from the northern Italian cities he attempted to rule, and means "red beard" in Italian – a mark of both their fear and respect. In German he was known as Kaiser Rotbart, which has the same meaning.
Before his royal election, he was by inheritance Duke of Swabia (1147–1152, as Frederick III). He was the son of Duke Frederick II of the Hohenstaufen dynasty. His mother was Judith, daughter of Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria, from the rival House of Welf, and Frederick therefore descended from Germany's two leading families, making him an acceptable choice for the Empire's prince-electors.
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Galeazzo I Visconti
Galeazzo I Visconti (January 21, 1277 – August 6, 1328[]) was lord of Milan from 1322 to 1327.
He was the son of Matteo I Visconti and Bonacosa Borri. On June 24, 1300 he married Beatrice d'Este, daughter of Obizzo II d'Este. The following year the Visconti were however forced to leave Milan and he lived at the Este and Bonacolsi courts for several years.
In 1322 he was named capitano del popolo in Milan, but was soon forced to leave again the city due to a revolt set up by his cousin Lodrisio Visconti. With the support of Emperor Louis IV, at Vaprio he defeated an army sent against him by the Pope. In 1328, after accuses of betrayal from his brother Marco, as well as that of the assassination of his brother Stefano Visconti, the emperor had him imprisoned in Monza. Galeazzo was freed in March 1328 and took shelter under the other Ghibelline leader of Italy at the time, Castruccio Castracani. However, he died at Pescia a few months later.
His son Azzone succeeded him in Milan. His daughter Ricciarda was married to Tommaso II di Saluzzo.
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Gerard of Cremona
Gerard of Cremona (Italian: Gerardo da Cremona; Latin: Gerardus Cremonensis) (c. 1114–1187) was an Italian translator of Arabic scientific works found in the abandoned Arab libraries of Toledo, Spain.
He was one of the most important scholars among the Toledo School of Translators who invigorated medieval Europe in the twelfth century by transmitting ancient Arabic, Greek and Jewish knowledge in astronomy, medicine and other sciences, and making them available to every literate person in Europe. One of his most famous translations is of Ptolemy's Almagest from Arabic texts found in Toledo. Gerard has been mistakenly credited as the translator of Avicenna's Canon of Medicine (see below).
Gerard was born in Cremona. Dissatisfied with the meager philosophies of his Italian teachers, Gerard followed his true passions and went to Toledo. There he learned Arabic, initially, so that he could read Ptolemy's Almagest, which had a traditionally high reputation among scholars, but which, before his departure to Castile, was not yet known in Latin translation. (The first Latin translation was made, from the Greek around 1160 in Sicily). Although we do not have detailed information of the date when Gerard went to Castile, it was no later than 1144.
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Gianluca Vialli
Gianluca Vialli (born 9 July 1964 in Cremona) is an Italian football manager and former player. Since retiring, he has gone into management and punditry and is a commentator for Sky Sport Italia.
Vialli started his career at Cremonese in 1980 in his native Italy where he made 105 league appearances scoring 23 goals. His performances impressed Sampdoria who signed him in 1984. During which time he scored 85 league goals, won 3 Italian cups, the Serie A and the European Cup Winners Cup. Vialli transferred to Juventus for a World record £12.5 million in 1992. During this time he won the Italian Cup, the Serie A, Italian Supercup, UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Cup. In 1996 Vialli joined Chelsea and became Chelsea player manager the following season. In England he won the FA Cup, League Cup, UEFA Cup Winners Cup and UEFA Super Cup. He is one of nine footballers to have won the three main European club competitions and is the only player in European footballing history to have winner's and runner's up medals in all three main European club competitions. During his twenty years long career as a professional footballer he has scored 259 goals at club level, 16 goals with the national team, 11 goals with the under 21 national team for a total of 286 goals in more than 500 appearances.
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Giulio Campi
Giulio Campi (1500 – 5 March 1572) was an Italian painter and architect. His brothers Vincenzo Campi and Antonio Campi were also renowned painters.
The eldest of a family prominent painters, Campi was born at Cremona. His father Galeazzo (1475–1536) taught him the first lessons in art.
In 1522, in Mantua, he studied painting, architecture, and modelling under Giulio Romano. He visited Rome, became an ardent student of the antique, and like Bernardino — distantly related to him — he combined a Lombard and Roman traditions. He collaborated on some works with Camillo Boccaccino, the son of Boccaccio Boccaccino, with whom Campi may also have received training.
Campi is called the "Ludovico Carracci of Cremona" although he preceded the founder of the Eclectics. When but twenty-seven Giulio executed for the church of Sant' Abbondio his masterpiece, a Virgin and Child with Sts. Celsus and Nazarus, a decoration masterly in the freedom of its drawing and in the splendour of its colour. His numerous paintings are grandly and reverently conceived, freely drawn, vigorously coloured, lofty in style, and broadly handled. He was animated in all his work by a deep piety. Numerous of his fresco works are housed in churches of Cremona, Mantua, Milan and in the church of Saint Margaret's, in his native town. Among his chief works are the Descent from the Cross (S. Sigismondo) at Cremona, and the frescoes in the dome of S. Girolamo at Mantua. An altar-piece in S. Sigismondo and his Labours of Hercules were engraved by the celebrated Ghiso, il Mantovano.
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Guido Grandi
Dom Guido Grandi, O.S.B. Cam., (October 1, 1671 – July 4, 1742) was an Italian monk, priest, philosopher, mathematician, and engineer.
Grandi was born in 1671 in Cremona, Italy and christened Luigi. When he was of age, he was educated at the Jesuit college there. After he completed his studies there in 1687, he entered the novitiate of the Camaldolese monks at Ferrara and took the name of Guido. In 1693 he was sent to the Monastery of St. Gregory the Great, the Camaldolese house in Rome, to complete his studies in philosophy and theology in preparation for Holy Orders. A year later, Grandi was assigned as professor of both fields at the Camaldolese Monastery of St. Mary of the Angels in Florence. It appears that it was during this period of his life that he took an interest in mathematics. He did his research privately, however, as he was appointed professor of philosophy at St. Gregory Monastery in 1700, subsequently holding a post in the same field in Pisa.
By 1707, however, Dom Grandi had developed such a reputation in the field of mathematics that he was named court mathematician to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Cosimo III de Medici. In that post, he also worked as an engineer, being appointed Superintendent of Water for the Duchy, and in that capacity he was involved in the drainage of the Chiana Valley.In 1709 he visited England where he clearly impressed his colleagues there, as he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. The University of Pisa named him Professor of Mathematics in 1714. It was there that he died on 4 July 1742.
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Homobonus
Saint Homobonus (Italian: Sant'Omobono, German: Sankt Gutman) is the patron saint of business people, tailors, shoemakers, and clothworkers, as well as of Cremona, Italy.
He was canonized in 1199 at the urgent request of the citizens of Cremona. He died on November 13, 1197 and his feast day is celebrated on November 13.
He was a merchant from Cremona, northern Italy. Born Omobono Tucenghi, he was a married layman who believed that God had allowed him to work in order that he would be able to support people that were living in a state of poverty. His name is derived from the Latin homo bonus ("good man").
Homobonus was able to pursue this calling in life easily as a result of the inheritance he received from his father, a prosperous tailor and merchant. He practiced his business at Cremona with scrupulous honesty. He also donated a large proportion of his profits to the relief of the poor.
Homobonus was a frequent church attendee that would partake in the Eucharist everyday. While attending mass, prostrated in the form of a cross, on November 13, 1197, Homobonus died. Fourteen months later Homobonus was canonized by Pope Innocent III. In the bull of Homobonus's canonization Pope Innocent III called him "father of the poor", "consoler of the afflicted", "assiduous in constant prayer", "man of peace and peacemaker", "a man good in name and deed", "this saint, is still like a tree planted by streams of water that yields its fruit in our time."
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John of Bohemia
John the Blind (Luxembourgish: Jang de Blannen; German: Johann der Blinde von Luxemburg; Czech: Jan Lucemburský) (10 August 1296 – 26 August 1346) was the Count of Luxembourg from 1309 and King of Bohemia from 1310 and titular King of Poland. He was the eldest son of the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII and his wife Margaret of Brabant. He is well known for having died while fighting in the Battle of Crécy at age 50, after having been blind for a decade.
Before he died in battle, he was reported to have said: "Let it never be the case that a Bohemian king runs [from a fight]!"
Raised in Paris, John was French by education, but deeply involved in the politics of Germany. In 1310 his father arranged the marriage of the 14-year-old with Elisabeth from the Přemyslid dynasty, sister of the deceased King Wenceslaus III of Bohemia. John campaigned in Bohemia and was elected king by deposition of Henry of Carinthia, he thereby became one of the seven prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire and – in succession of Wenceslaus III – claimant to the Polish and Hungarian throne. His attempts to follow his father as King of the Romans failed with the election of Louis IV of Wittelsbach in 1314. He later would support Louis in his rivalry with Frederick the Fair of Habsburg, culminating in the 1322 Battle of Mühldorf and in return he received the Egerland as a reward.
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Julius Caesar
Gaius Julius Caesar (Classical Latin: [ˈɡaː.i.ʊs ˈjuː.lɪ.ʊs ˈkaj.sar], July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman and a distinguished writer of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the gradual transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.
In 60 BC, Caesar, Crassus and Pompey formed a political alliance that was to dominate Roman politics for several years. Their attempts to amass power through populist tactics were opposed by the conservative elite within the Roman Senate[citation needed], among them Cato the Younger with the frequent support of Cicero. Caesar's conquest of Gaul, completed by 51 BC, extended Rome's territory to the English Channel and the Rhine. Caesar became the first Roman general to cross both when he built a bridge across the Rhine and conducted the first invasion of Britain.
These achievements granted him unmatched military power and threatened to eclipse Pompey's standing. The balance of power was further upset by the death of Crassus in 53 BC. Political realignments in Rome finally led to a standoff between Caesar and Pompey, the latter having taken up the cause of the Senate. Ordered by the Senate to stand trial in Rome for various charges, Caesar marched on Rome with one legion—legio XIII—from Gaul to Italy, crossing the Rubicon in 49 BC. This sparked a civil war from which he emerged as the unrivaled leader of the Roman world.
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Lambert of Cremona
Lambert of Cremona was a medieval Bishop of the Italian City of Cremona. He was a prince-bishop, but unpopular with his people, and his ineffective reign was a cause behind the loss of secular power on the part of the bishops of Cremona.
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Leonida Bissolati
Leonida Bissolati (Cremona, February 20, 1857 -- Rome, March 6, 1920) was a leading exponent of the Italian socialist movement at the turn of the nineteenth century.
He was born from the liaison of Paolina Bergamaschi, a nurse, with Stefano Bissolati, a priest who left the Church in 1859, at age 37, and later became director of Cremona's city library and a noted scholar. At birth the child was named Leonida Bergamaschi; his name was changed at age 18, when Stefano Bissolati legally adopted him (after marrying Paolina in 1868, five years after she had become a widow). With this family background, Leonida Bissolati naturally was a leftist already as a student at the University of Bologna, where he earned his law degree at age 20. Returning to Cremona, he practiced law as an attorney and published many articles in journals and newspapers. In 1876 he was elected to the City Council of Cremona, at first in the ranks of the Radicals, then gradually moving closer to the Socialists. He served for 18 years, notably by being in charge of Public Education. He married Ginevra Coggi, who soon fell chronically illand died in 1894; later, his soulmate and companion was Carolina Cassola, whom he eventually married in 1913.
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Liutprand of Cremona
Liutprand, also Liudprand, Liuprand, Lioutio, Liucius, Liuzo, and Lioutsios (c. 922 – 972) was a Lombard historian and author, and Bishop of Cremona.
He was born into a prominent family of Pavia towards the beginning of the 10th century. In 931 he entered service as page to Hugh of Arles, who kept court at Pavia as King of Italy and who married the notorious and powerful Marozia of Rome. He was educated at the court and became a cleric at the Cathedral of Pavia. After Hugh died in 947, leaving his son and co-king Lothair on the throne as King of Italy, Liutprand became confidential secretary to the actual ruler of Italy, Berengar II, marchese d'Ivrea, for whom he became chancellor and by whom he was sent on an embassy (949) to the Byzantine court of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus. Since both Liutprand's father and his stepfather had been sent as ambassadors to Constantinople, and as Liutprand prepared himself by learning Greek (not widely known in the 10th-century West) he seemed well suited for a mission of that kind. However it proved a fruitless and humiliating four months' experience, for which Liutprand revenged himself in his account, Antapodosis ("retribution").
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Lombards
The Lombards or Langobards (Latin: Langobardī), were a Germanic tribe who from 568 to 774 ruled a Kingdom in Italy.
The Lombard historian Paul the Deacon wrote in the Historia Langobardorum that the Lombards descended from a small tribe called the Winnili, dwelling in southern Scandinavia (Scadanan), who had migrated southward to seek new lands. In the 1st century AD they formed part of the Suebi, in northwestern Germany. By the end of the 5th century they had moved into the area roughly coinciding with modern Austria north of the Danube river, where they subdued the Heruls and later fought frequent wars with the Gepids. The Lombard king Audoin defeated the Gepid leader Thurisind in 551 or 552; his successor Alboin eventually destroyed the Gepids at the Battle of Asfeld in 567.
Following this victory, Alboin decided to lead his people to Italy, which had become severely depopulated after the long Gothic War (535–554) between the Byzantine Empire and the Ostrogothic Kingdom there. The Lombards were joined by numerous Saxons, Heruls, Gepids, Bulgars, Thuringians, and Ostrogoths, and their invasion of Italy was almost unopposed. By late 569 they had conquered all the principal cities north of the Po River except Pavia, which fell in 572. At the same time, they occupied areas in central Italy and southern Italy. They established a Lombard Kingdom in Italy, later named Regnum Italicum ("Kingdom of Italy"), which reached its zenith under the eighth-century ruler Liutprand. In 774, the Kingdom was conquered by the Frankish King Charlemagne, and integrated into his Empire. However, Lombard nobles continued to rule parts of the Italian peninsula well into the 11th century, when they were conquered by the Normans, and added to their Kingdom of Sicily. Their legacy is apparent in the regional appellation, Lombardy.
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Luchetto Gattilusio
Luchetto Gattilusio (fl. 1248–1307) was a Genoese statesman, diplomat, and man of letters. As a Guelph he played an important role in wider Lombard politics and as a troubadour in the Occitan language he composed three poems descriptive of his times.
The earliest written references to Luchetto are in a series of notarial instruments dating to 1248, 1251, 1252, 1267, and 1287. His earliest activity, however, was probably his literary work. The only complete work which can be surely assigned to his authorship is D'un sirventes m'es granz volontatz preza, a sirventes dated to between 1262 and 1264. It is preserved in a famous chansonnier compiled by Bernart Amoros. It was written while Charles of Anjou was in Italy preparing to make good on his Papally-sanctioned claim to the Kingdom of Sicily. Luchetto was a staunch supporter of Charles of Anjou and his sirventes encourages the would-be king to follow the example of his namesake:
Asides from his above work there is another sirventes, Cora q'eu fos marritz ni conziros, directed at fellow Italian troubadour Sordello, which only survives in fragments and which is sometimes assigned to Luchetto, sometimes to fellow Genoese Lanfranc Cigala. Another work by Luchetto, Luchetz, se.us platz mais amar finamen, a tenso with another Genoese troubadour, Bonifaci Calvo, which must have been written after Calvo's return to Genoa in 1266, exists incompletely. In the various manuscripts in which are preserved these works, Luchetto's name appears Occitanised as Luchetz, Luqetz, or Luquet and Gateluz or Gatelus.
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Luigi Simoni
Luigi "Gigi" Simoni (born January 22, 1939) is an Italian football technical director, currently in office with Gubbio of Serie B, a former player and coach.
Luigi Simoni was born at Crevalcore (Emilia-Romagna).
A good footballer, who played for Mantova, SSC Napoli, Torino, Juventus, Brescia and Genoa, Simoni started his successful managing career with Genoa itself, in season 1974/1975. The next year, he was able to bring the rossoblu back to Serie A.
After a long series of promotions, with Pisa, Brescia and Cremonese among them, and good results with outsider teams (Cremonese again, and Napoli), Simoni was called by Massimo Moratti to coach Internazionale of Milan in 1997. With a good-shape Ronaldo on his side, Simoni won a UEFA Cup and gained a controversial second place in the Serie A division when Internazionale lost against Juventus.
Simoni was fired by Internazionale on November 30, 1998, even though being still appreciated and well-remember by the team fans.
After a few other experiences, included a brief disappointing one in Bulgaria with CSKA Sofia, Gigi Simoni has led Ancona Calcio to Serie A in 2003, but has surprisingly been fired before the start of the new season. His Serie A comeback, in 2004, with Siena, was not particularly good, as he was again fired during the season. In late 2005, Simoni took the head coaching role of Serie C1 team Lucchese with little success.
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Marco Girolamo Vida
Marco Girolamo Vida or Marcus Hieronymus Vida (1485? – September 27, 1566) was an Italian humanist, bishop and poet. Born at Cremona, Vida joined the court of Pope Leo X and was given a prior at Frascati. He became bishop of Alba in 1532.
Vida wrote a considerable amount of Latin poetry, both secular and sacred, in classical style, particular the style of Virgil. Among his best-known works are the didactic poem in three books, De arte poetica (On the Art of Poetry), partly inspired by Horace, and Scacchia Ludus ("The Game of Chess"), translated into many languages over the centuries. Both poems were first published in 1527. His major work was the Latin epic poem Christiados libri sex ("The Christiad in Six Books"), in the style and much of the language of Vergil. He began work on it under Pope Leo X in the 1510s but did not complete it until the early 1530s. It was published in 1535, well after the pope's death.
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Massimo Capra
Massimo Capra (born May 24, 1960) is a restaurant consultant and celebrity chef based in Toronto, Canada. He is known for his appearances on City Line, and the Food Network show, Restaurant Makeover, which is seen in over sixteen countries worldwide.
Capra was born in Soresina, Italy, but grew up mostly in Sesto, Cremona. During his youth, he developed an interest in food through helping out in his mother’s kitchen and his father’s garden. After attending culinary school and enlisting in the army, Capra moved to Canada, following a job offering from a distant cousin. This led him to the now defunct Archer's Restaurant in Toronto.
After seven years at Archer’s, he moved to Prego Della Piazza, owned by Michael Carlevale. Situated in the fashionable Yorkville area of Toronto, Prego became popular with A-list actors attending the Toronto International Film Festival.
After nearly a decade at Prego Della Piazza, Capra moved to Mistura where he became co-owner and executive chef alongside proprietor Paolo Paolini and opened a supper club directly above it, named Sopra.
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Michael Praetorius
Michael Praetorius (probably February 15, 1571 – February 15, 1621) was a German composer, organist, and music theorist. He was one of the most versatile composers of his age, being particularly significant in the development of musical forms based on Protestant hymns, many of which reflect an effort to make better the relationship between Protestants and Catholics.
He was born Michael Schultze, the youngest son of a Lutheran pastor, in Creuzburg, in present-day Thuringia. After attending school in Torgau and Zerbst, he studied divinity and philosophy at the University of Frankfurt (Oder). After receiving his musical education, from 1587 he served as organist at the Marienkirche in Frankfurt. From 1592/3 he served at the court in Wolfenbüttel, under the employ of Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. He served in the duke's State Orchestra Brunswick first as organist and later (from 1604) as Kapellmeister.
His first compositions appeared around 1602/3. Praetorius had begun writing some of them when Regensburg was the parliamentary seat of the Holy Roman Empire. Their publication primarily reflects the care for music at the court of Gröningen. The motets of this collection were the first in Germany to make use of the new Italian performance practices; as a result, they established him as a proficient composer.
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Mina (singer)
Anna Maria Quaini,OMRI (née Mazzini; 25 March 1940), known as Mina, is an Italian pop singer. She was a staple of Italian television variety shows and a dominant figure in Italian pop music from the mid-1960s to mid-1970s, known for her three-octave vocal range, the agility of her soprano voice, and her image as an emancipated woman.
In performance, Mina combined several modern styles with traditional Italian melodies and swing music, which made her the most versatile pop singer in Italian music. Mina dominated the Italian charts for fifteen years and reached an unsurpassed level of popularity in Italy. She has scored 77 albums and 71 singles on the Italian charts.
Mina's TV appearances in 1959 were the first for a female rock and roll singer in Italy. Her loud syncopated singing earned her the nickname Queen of Screamers. The public also labeled her the Tiger of Cremona for her wild gestures and body shakes. When she turned to light pop tunes, Mina's chart-toppers in West Germany in 1962 and Japan in 1964 earned her the title of the best international artist in these countries. Mina's more refined sensual manner was introduced in 1960 with Gino Paoli's ballad "This World We Love In", which charted on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1961.
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Nicolò Amati
Niccolò Amati (3 December 1596 – 12 April 1684) was an Italian luthier from Cremona.
Nicolò Amati was the fifth son of Girolamo Amati and the grandson of Andrea Amati, the founder of the Amati Family of violin makers. Of all the Amati Family violins, those of Nicolò are often considered most suitable for modern playing. As a young man his instruments closely followed the concepts of his father's, with a relatively small model and high arching rising nearly to a ridge in the centre of both the front and back. Starting in 1630 he gradually began to show signs of originality, which by 1640 were expressed in what is now known as the 'Grand Amati' pattern. Well curved, long-cornered, and strongly and cleanly purfled, these instruments represent perhaps the height of elegance in violinmaking, and were characterized by mathematically derived outlines and transparent amber-colored varnish.
Nicolò Amati also made important contributions to the world of violin making not just by what he made, but by whom he taught. Initially having no sons to carry on the family business as was traditional at the time, Nicolò Amati was one of the first to take apprentices from outside his family into his workshop. Andrea Guarneri, who eventually founded the Guarneri Family of violin makers, was a pupil of Nicolò. Also at least one Antonio Stradivari label, dated 1666, reads, “Alumnus Nicolais Amati” - student of Nicolò Amati. but it has always been controversial whether he was an actual apprentice of Nicolò Amati or merely considered himself a student and admirer of his work. Other documented pupils of Nicolò include Matthias Klotz, Jacob Railich, Bartolomeo Pasta, Bartolomeo Cristofori, Giacomo Gennaro, and Giovanni Battista Rogeri. Nicolò’s son, Hieronymus II (often referred to in English as Girolamo) (1649–1740), was the last of his line to achieve distinction.
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Pope Benedict IX
Pope Benedict IX (c. 1012 – c. 1056), born in Rome as Theophylactus of Tusculum, was Pope on three occasions between 1032 and 1048. One of the youngest popes, he was the only man to have been Pope on more than one occasion and the only man ever to have sold the papacy.
Benedict was born the son of Alberic III, Count of Tusculum, and was a nephew of Pope Benedict VIII and Pope John XIX. His father obtained the Papal chair for him, granting it to his son in October 1032.
According to the Catholic Encyclopedia and other sources, Benedict IX was around 18 to 20 years old when made pontiff, although some sources claim 11 or 12. He reportedly led an extremely dissolute life and allegedly had few qualifications for the papacy other than connections with a socially powerful family, although in terms of theology and the ordinary activities of the Church he was entirely orthodox. St. Peter Damian is alleged to have described him as "feasting on immorality"; the anti-papal historian Ferdinand Gregorovius wrote that in Benedict, "a demon from hell in the disguise of a priest... occupied the chair of Peter and profaned the sacred mysteries of religion by his insolent courses."[1] The Catholic Encyclopedia calls him "a disgrace to the Chair of Peter." The first pope said to have been primarily homosexual, he was said to have held orgies in the Lateran palace.
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Pope Gregory XIV
Pope Gregory XIV (11 February 1535 – 16 October 1591), born Niccolò Sfondrati, was Pope from 5 December 1590 until his death in 1591.
Niccolò Sfondrati was born at Somma Lombardo, then part of the Duchy of Milan, in the highest stratum of Milanese society. His mother, of the house of Visconti, died in childbirth. His father Francesco, a senator of the ancient comune of Milan, was created Cardinal-Priest by Pope Paul III in 1544.
In his youth he was known for his modest lifestyle and stringent piety. He studied at Perugia and Padua, was ordained a priest and swiftly appointed Bishop of Cremona, in 1560, in time to participate in the sessions of the Council of Trent from 1561 to 1563. Pope Gregory XIII made him a Cardinal-Priest of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere on 12 December 1583. Sfondrati was a close follower of Carlo Cardinal Borromeo, and when cardinal he celebrated the Requiem Mass for Borromeo on 7 November 1584. Sfondrati was an intimate friend and a great admirer of Philip Neri, an Italian priest who died in 1595 and was canonised in 1622.
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Pope Urban II
Blessed Pope Urban II (ca. 1035 – 29 July 1099), born Otho de Lagery (alternatively: Otto, Odo or Eudes), was Pope from 12 March 1088 until his death on 29 July 1099. He is best known for starting the First Crusade (1096–1099) and setting up the modern-day Roman Curia in the manner of a royal court to help run the Church.
Pope Gregory VII named him cardinal-bishop of Ostia ca. 1080. He was one of the most prominent and active supporters of the Gregorian reforms, especially as legate in Germany in 1084 and was among the few whom Gregory VII nominated as possible successors to be Pope. Desiderius, abbot of Monte Cassino was first chosen Pope as Victor III when Gregory VII died in 1085, but after Victor's short reign, Otho was elected Pope Urban II by acclamation (March 1088) at a small meeting of cardinals and other prelates held in Terracina in March 1088. He took up the policies of Pope Gregory VII, and while pursuing them with determination, showed greater flexibility and diplomatic finesse. At the outset, he had to reckon with the presence of the powerful antipope Clement III in Rome, but a series of well-attended synods held in Rome, Amalfi, Benevento, and Troia supported him in renewed declarations against simony, Investiture Controversy, clerical marriages, and continued opposition to Emperor Henry IV.
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Roberto Farinacci
Roberto Farinacci (October 16, 1892 — April 28, 1945) was a leading Italian Fascist politician, and important member of the National Fascist Party (PNF) before and during World War II, and one of its ardent anti-Semitic proponents.
Born in Isernia, Molise, he was raised in poverty and dropped out of school at a young age, moving to Cremona and beginning working on a railroad there in 1909. Around this time period, he became an irredentist socialist and, when World War I began, a major advocate of Italy’s participation in the war. After the war, Farinacci was an ardent supporter of Benito Mussolini and his Fascist movement. He subsequently established himself as the Ras (local leader, a title borrowed from the Ethiopian aristocracy) of the Fascists in Cremona, publishing the newspaper Cremona Nuova - later on Il Regime Fascista - and organizing Blackshirts combat squads in 1919. The Cremona squads were amongst the most brutal in Italy, and Farinacci effectively used them to terrorize the population into submission to Fascist rule. In 1922, Farinacci appointed himself mayor of Cremona.
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Saint Homobonus
Saint Homobonus (Italian: Sant'Omobono, German: Sankt Gutman) is the patron saint of business people, tailors, shoemakers, and clothworkers, as well as of Cremona, Italy.
He was canonized in 1199 at the urgent request of the citizens of Cremona. He died on November 13, 1197 and his feast day is celebrated on November 13.
He was a merchant from Cremona, northern Italy. Born Omobono Tucenghi, he was a married layman who believed that God had allowed him to work in order that he would be able to support people that were living in a state of poverty. His name is derived from the Latin homo bonus ("good man").
Homobonus was able to pursue this calling in life easily as a result of the inheritance he received from his father, a prosperous tailor and merchant. He practiced his business at Cremona with scrupulous honesty. He also donated a large proportion of his profits to the relief of the poor.
Homobonus was a frequent church attendee that would partake in the Eucharist everyday. While attending mass, prostrated in the form of a cross, on November 13, 1197, Homobonus died. Fourteen months later Homobonus was canonized by Pope Innocent III. In the bull of Homobonus's canonization Pope Innocent III called him "father of the poor", "consoler of the afflicted", "assiduous in constant prayer", "man of peace and peacemaker", "a man good in name and deed", "this saint, is still like a tree planted by streams of water that yields its fruit in our time."
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Scaramuccia da Forlì
Scaramuccia da Forlì (died 1450) was an Italian condottiero active in the first half of the 15th century. In Italian his name means "skirmish". He was a native of Forlì, Romagna.
First reference to Scaramuccia was in 1433 as connestabile (commanding officer) of one of the gates of the city of Forlì in Emilia Romagna. He was a member of the party which was fighting against the Ordelaffi, and when they regained control of the city he was banished.
In 1438, during the war between the Republic of Venice and the Duchy of Milan, he intervened successfully to raise the siege of Brescia by Niccolò Piccinino, general to Filippo Maria Visconti, the Duke of Milan. Subsequently he defended Brescia with 29 Bergamaschi soldiers.
In the following years Scaramuccia remained loyal to the Serenissima, and in the summer of 1446 he fought against the Visconti's army at the head of 400 infantry. His commander was the famous Micheletto Attendolo. He successfully relieved the city of Cremona, which was being besieged by Francesco Piccinino and Luigi dal Verme.
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Sergio Cofferati
Sergio Cofferati (born 30 January 1948) is an Italian politician who, after serving as mayor of Bologna for the Democrats of the Left from 2004 to 2009, and thus has been elected as Member of the European Parliament in 2009 for the Italian Democratic Party.
Cofferati was born at Sesto ed Uniti, in the province of Cremona.
Initially an employee for the Milan's Pirelli and a member of CGIL, Cofferati rose up in the major Italian trade union, becoming leader of Filcea (the chemical labour wing of CGIL) in 1988, and leader of the CGIL itself in 1990, succeeding Bruno Trentin. He led the CGIL until 2002, after having obtained some relevant triumphs such as negotiating the reform of pensions in 1995, and opposing the change of article 18 of the "workers' statute", a 1970 bill, which allows Italian judges to condemn enterprise to assume workers from theirself fired. After having left his position in the CGIL, he went back to his position at Pirelli but his old factory didn't exist anymore.
In 2004, he was elected as Mayor of Bologna, replacing Giorgio Guazzaloca. In 2008, he decided not to run for his second term as mayor; in 2009 he has been candidated and elected to the European Parliament.
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Sicardo
Sicardus of Cremona (Latin: Sicardus Cremonensis; Italian: Sicardo) (1155–1215) was an Italian prelate, historian and writer.
Sicardo was born into a Cremonese family, probably the Casalaschi. He studied law in Bologna and Mainz, then returned to Cremona where he became a subdeacon in 1183 and bishop of Cremona in 1185. (Sichardi episcopi Cremonensis).
On April 18, 1188, Bishop Sicardo laid the first stone of a new castle to defend Cremona. This was an outpost toward Crema, the Castrum Leonis, today Castelleone (Province of Cremona).
In 1203 he followed the Pontifical legate Cardinal Peter of Capua to the East and during the Fourth Crusade he was found in Constantinople. In 1205 Sicardo returned to Cremona where he supported Frederick II against the Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV of Braunschweig.
Sicardo died in Cremona in 1215.
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Sofonisba Anguissola
Sofonisba Anguissola (also spelled Anguisciola) (c. 1532 – 16 November 1625) was an Italian Renaissance painter born in Cremona. She received a well-rounded education that included the fine arts and her apprenticeship with local painters set a precedent for women to be accepted as students of art. Anguissola traveled to Rome, where she was introducted to Michelangelo who immediately recognized her talent, Milan, where she painted the Duke of Alba, Madrid, which was a turning point in her career serving as a court painter and painting many official portraits for the Spanish court, and Palermo, Pisa, and Genoa, where she was the leading portrait painter.
Self-portraits and family members were her most frequent subjects, but, in her later life, she also painted religious themes. Unfortunately, many of her religious paintings have been lost. Anguissola became a wealthy patron of the arts after the weakening of her sight. In 1625, she died at age ninety-three in Palermo. Anguissola's oeuvre had a lasting influence on subsequent generations of artists, and her great success opened the way for larger numbers of women to pursue serious careers as artists. Her paintings can be seen at galleries in Bergamo, Budapest, Madrid (Museo del Prado), Naples, Siena, and at the Uffizi Gallery in Florence.
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Stradivari
Antonio Stradivari (1644 – 18 December 1737) was an Italian luthier and a crafter of string instruments such as violins, cellos, guitars, violas, and harps. Stradivari is generally considered the most significant and greatest artisan in this field. The Latinized form of his surname, Stradivarius, as well as the colloquial, "Strad", is often used to refer to his instruments. It is estimated that he made 1,000 to 1,100 instruments and that around 650 of these instruments have survived including 450 to 512 violins.
Stradivari's ancestry consisted of notable citizens of Cremona, dating back to at least the 12th or 13th century. The earliest mention of the family name, or a variation upon it, is in a land grant dating from 1188. The origin of the name itself has several possible explanations; some sources say it is the plural of Stradivare, essentially meaning "toll-man" in a Lombard variety of Italian, while others say that the form "de Strataverta" derives from "Strada averta", which, in a Cremonese dialect of Italian, means "open road".
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Tarquinio Merula
Tarquinio Merula (1594 or 1595 – 10 December 1665) was an Italian composer, organist, and violinist of the early Baroque era. Although mainly active in Cremona, stylistically he was a member of the Venetian school. He was one of the most progressive Italian composers of the early 17th century, especially in applying newly developed techniques to sacred music.
He was born in Busseto. He probably received early musical training in Cremona, where he was first employed as an organist. In 1616 he took a position as organist at S Maria Incoronata in Lodi, where he remained until 1621, at which time he went to Warsaw, Poland to work as an organist at the court of Sigismund III Vasa.
In 1626 he returned to Cremona, and in 1627 became maestro di cappella at the cathedral there, but he only remained for four years, moving to Bergamo to accept a similar position in 1631. Alessandro Grandi, his predecessor, had died in the terrible plague of 1630 (which affected many cities in northern Italy, including Venice), and he faced the formidable task of rebuilding the musical institution there after many of its members had died.
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Theodelinda
Theodelinda, queen of the Lombards, (c. 570-628) was the daughter of duke Garibald I of Bavaria.
She was married first in 588 to Authari, king of the Lombards, son of king Cleph. Authari died in 590. Theodelinda was allowed to pick Agilulf as her next husband and Authari's successor in 591. She thereafter exerted much influence in restoring Nicene Christianity (the mainstream, later split in 1054 by the East-West Schism in Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy) to a position of primacy in Italy against its rival, Arian Christianity.
After the conversion of Agilulf to the Catholic faith, she started building churches in Lombardy and Tuscany, among them the cathedral of Monza and the first Baptistery of Florence. They were all dedicated to Saint John the Baptist.
The famous treasure of Monza contains the Iron Crown of Lombardy and the theca persica, enclosing a text from the Gospel of John, sent by Pope Gregory I (590-604) to her for her son Adaloald. Another of the gifts of this pope to the Lombard queen was a cruciform encolpion (reliquary) containing a portion of the True Cross.
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Ugo Tognazzi
Ugo Tognazzi (Italian pronunciation: [ˈuɡo toɲˈɲattsi]; 23 March 1922 - 27 October 1990) was an Italian film, TV, and theatre actor, director, and screenwriter.
Tognazzi was born in Cremona, in northern Italy but spent his youth in various localities as his father was a traveller clerk for an insurance company.
After his return in the native city in 1936, he worked in a salami production plant. In World War II, he was called to the Army, returning home after the Armistice of September 1943. His passion for spectacles and acting dates from his early years, and also during the conflict he had organized spectacles for his fellow soldiers. In 1945 he moved to Milan, where he was enrolled in the theatrical company led by Wanda Osiris. A few years later he formed his own successful musical revue company.
In 1950 Tognazzi made his debut for cinema, in I cadetti di Guascogna directed by Mario Mattoli. In the following year he met Raimondo Vianello, with whom he formed a successful comical duo for the new-born RAI TV (1954–1960). Their shows, sometimes containing satirical aspects, were also among the first ones to be censored in Italian television.
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Vespasian
Vespasian (Latin: Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus; 17 November 9 – 23 June 79) was Roman Emperor from AD 69 to AD 79. Vespasian was the founder of the Flavian dynasty, which ruled the Empire for a quarter century. Vespasian was descended from a family of equestrians, who rose into the senatorial rank under the Emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Although he attained the standard succession of public offices, holding the consulship in AD 51, Vespasian became more reputed as a successful military commander, participating in the Roman invasion of Britain in 43, and subjugating Judaea during the Jewish rebellion of AD 66.
While Vespasian was preparing to besiege the city of Jerusalem during the latter campaign, emperor Nero committed suicide, plunging the empire into a year of civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors. After the emperors Galba and Otho perished in quick succession, Vitellius became Emperor in April AD 69. In response, the armies in Egypt and Judaea declared Vespasian emperor on 1 July. In his bid for imperial power, Vespasian joined forces with Mucianus, the governor of Syria, and Primus, a general in Pannonia. Primus and Mucianus led the Flavian forces against Vitellius, while Vespasian gained control of Egypt. On 20 December, Vitellius was defeated, and the following day Vespasian was declared Emperor by the Roman Senate.
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Virgil
Publius Vergilius Maro (October 15, 70 BC – September 21, 19 BC), usually called Virgil or Vergil /ˈvɜrdʒəl/ in English, was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period. He is known for three major works of Latin literature, the Eclogues (or Bucolics), the Georgics, and the epic Aeneid. A number of minor poems, collected in the Appendix Vergiliana, are sometimes attributed to him.
Virgil is traditionally ranked as one of Rome's greatest poets. His Aeneid has been considered the national epic of ancient Rome from the time of its composition to the present day. Modeled after Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, the Aeneid follows the Trojan refugee Aeneas as he struggles to fulfill his destiny and arrive on the shores of Italy—in Roman mythology the founding act of Rome. Virgil's work has had wide and deep influence on Western literature, most notably the Divine Comedy of Dante, in which Virgil appears as Dante's guide through hell and purgatory.
Virgil's biographical tradition is thought to depend on a lost biography by Varius, Virgil's editor, which was incorporated into the biography by Suetonius and the commentaries of Servius and Donatus, the two great commentators on Virgil's poetry. Although the commentaries no doubt record much factual information about Virgil, some of their evidence can be shown to rely on inferences made from his poetry and allegorizing; thus, Virgil's biographical tradition remains problematic.
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Vitellius
Vitellius (Latin: Aulus Vitellius Germanicus Augustus; 24 September 15 – 22 December 69), was Roman Emperor for eight months, from 16 April to 22 December 69. Vitellius was acclaimed Emperor following the quick succession of the previous emperors Galba and Otho, in a year of civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors.
Vitellius was the first to add the honorific cognomen Germanicus to his name instead of Caesar upon his accession; the latter name had fallen into disrepute in many quarters because of the actions of Nero.
His claim to the throne was soon challenged by legions stationed in the eastern provinces, who proclaimed their commander Vespasian emperor instead. War ensued, leading to a crushing defeat for Vitellius at the Second Battle of Bedriacum in northern Italy. Once he realised his support was wavering, Vitellius prepared to abdicate in favour of Vespasian, but was executed in Rome by Vespasian's soldiers on 22 December 69.
He was the son of Lucius Vitellius Veteris and his wife Sextilia, and had one brother, Lucius Vitellius the Younger. Suetonius recorded two different accounts of the origins of the Vitellius (gens), one making them descendants of past rulers of Latium, the other describing them as of lowly origins.
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Cremona e dintorni
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:30
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
Un giro in centro a Cremona. Palazzo del Comune e torrazzo della città del torrone (stabilimento Sperlari) vicino al fiume Po, nella pianura Padana. Da non dimenticare anche il duomo ed il battistero. Mercato settimanale affollato come anche a Tarcento. Cremona, città dei violini, dei liutai, di Stradivari.
http://wn.com/Cremona_e_dintorni
Cremona en 5 pasos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:12
- Updated: 02 Oct 2012
http://wn.com/Cremona_en_5_pasos
Violin Masters "Two Gentlemen of Cremona"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:43
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
This is our new documentary about Stradivari and Guarneri del Gesu, the two greatest violin makers ever. We interviewed: Charles Beare, John Becker, Joshua Bell, Bruce Carlson, Regina Carter, Carlo Chiesa, James Ehnes, David Fulton, Cho-Liang Lin, Lorin Maazel, Midori, Andrea Mosconi, Elmar Oliveira Peter Oundjian, Itzhak Perlman, Julian Rachlin, Vadim Repin, Duane Rosengard, Pinchas Zukerman, This is a teaser of the 1 hour show, that we are currently working on getting distribution. Shot in HD and a 5.1 sound mix. Now available on BluRay and Standard DVD at www.violin-masters.com
http://wn.com/Violin_Masters_Two_Gentlemen_of_Cremona
Cremona
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:31
- Updated: 03 Oct 2012
In giro per Cremona
http://wn.com/Cremona
La trionfale giornata del Duce a Cremona. Il cordiale incontro con Gabriele D'Annunzio a Gardone.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:39
- Updated: 12 Oct 2012
Giornale Luce B0555 del 09/1934 Descrizione sequenze:Torre medievale a Cremona ; portici e piazza di Cremona gremiti di folla ; arrivo del corteo di macchine fasciste con Mussolini in piedi sulla prima per le vie di Cremona ; Mussolini scende dall'automobile accolto da fascisti in camicia nera e da autorità ; facciata ed entrata di un palazzo con scritta:'Galleria 23 marzo' ; Mussolini in piedi sull'automobile per le vie di Cremona saluta la gente ai lati delle strade ; Mussolini a piedi seguito dal corteo delle autorità fasciste passa tra la folla e le squadre di camicie nere ; gente accalcato sui balconi dei palazzi ; Mussolini affacciato ad un balcone con Starace e altre autorità fasciste ; Mussolini saluta e segue il corteo di donne in costume contadino con spighe di grano nelle mani ; sfilata di contadine con rastrelli in mano ; sfilata di contadini con vanghe ; Mussolini saluta dal balcone ; sfilata di carri trainati da cavalli con sopra uomini e donne in vestiti contadini ; folla accalcata che agita i fazzoletti ; Mussolini di fronte ai microfoni saluta ; folla in piazza e accalcata sui balconi dei palazzi antichi ; Mussolini saluta e scende dal podio ; di notte all'entrata del Vittoriale abbraccio tra D'Annunzio e Mussolini ; D'Annunzio tiene un braccio sulla spalla di Mussolini e parla ; D'Annunzio e Mussolini, seguiti da autorità fasciste si incamminano ; Archivio Storico Luce www.archivioluce.com
http://wn.com/La_trionfale_giornata_del_Duce_a_Cremona_Il_cordiale_incontro_con_Gabriele_D'Annunzio_a_Gardone
Basket - Cremona vs Milano - lunedì 19 novembre alle 20:30 su LA7d e in streaming su LA7.it
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:34
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
www.basket.la7d.it Nuovo appuntamento con il Campionato Italiano di Basket 2012/2013 - Vanoli Cremona vs EA7 Milano lunedì 19 novembre alle 20:30 in diretta e in chiaro su LA7d e in streaming su www.basket.la7d.it
http://wn.com/Basket_Cremona_vs_Milano_lunedì_19_novembre_alle_2030_su_LA7d_e_in_streaming_su_LA7it
Cremona, Italy violin makers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:42
- Updated: 12 Nov 2012
WTHR-TV in Indianapolis introduces you to makers of rare violins in Cremona, Italy.
http://wn.com/Cremona,_Italy_violin_makers
Crujiente cremona de panadería (Parte 1).
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:10
- Updated: 27 Sep 2012
Imperdible la panaderia de Xime, hoy con una propuesta muy interesante para compartir con todos !!!
http://wn.com/Crujiente_cremona_de_panadería_Parte_1
Moto.it Circuito San Martino del Lago (Cremona)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:30
- Updated: 04 Oct 2012
Moto.it Circuito San Martino del Lago (Cremona). Andrea Perfetti prova le nuove Continental SportAttack 2 in sella alla Suzuki GSX-R 600.
http://wn.com/Motoit_Circuito_San_Martino_del_Lago_Cremona
GCV - Cremona Kreisler Replica Review
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
fiddlershop.com Cremona Kreisler Violin These violins are so good that we have a hard time believing that they are replicas and not fine old Italian violins. Recently we tested more than a dozen new violins and ran across the GCV replicas and knew right away that we needed to offer these instruments to our customers. We are very proud to be offering such wonderful sounding, beautifully crafted, and easy to play, instruments.
http://wn.com/GCV_Cremona_Kreisler_Replica_Review
Cremona casera ideal para el mate en 5 pasos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:35
- Updated: 13 Oct 2012
Xime nos enseña cómo hacer esta increible cremona casera. Es súper fácil de hacer, aprovechá para disfrutarla en la merienda con quien más quieras!
http://wn.com/Cremona_casera_ideal_para_el_mate_en_5_pasos
circuito san martino del lago (Cremona) on_board.mp4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:26
- Updated: 20 Sep 2012
In attesa del video promo ufficiale by asd guidainpista, anteprima del tracciato del circuito san martino del lago (Cremona) . Vi aspettiamo per le prove libere a turni con divisione in turni peer capacità: 28 maggio, 23 luglio, 24 agosto 2012
http://wn.com/circuito_san_martino_del_lago_Cremona_on_boardmp4
Caccia alla nutria nel centro storico di Cremona. Strada chiusa per un'ora
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:01
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
La nutria si piazza davanti all'ingresso del Consultorio famigliare dell'Asl di Cremona. Sfugge ad un primo tentativo di cattura e viene fermata con una badilata
http://wn.com/Caccia_alla_nutria_nel_centro_storico_di_Cremona_Strada_chiusa_per_un'ora
Cremona.Le idee del Movimento 5 Stelle | Ale Tegagni
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:39
- Updated: 05 Nov 2012
Cremona.Le proposte del Movimento 5 Stelle | Ale Tegnagni Dopo il fenomeno " grillo" di Parma abbiamo voluto sentire un rappresentante del Movimento 5 Stelle di Cremona. Abbiamo incontrato Ale Tegnagni. Lui ci tiene a dire che non è il Coordinatore del Movimento di Cremona ( che non ha capi) ma semplicemente uno che lavora per il gruppo cremonese. E' Laureato in informativa, giovanissimo ( del 1984) e lavora in proprio. In questa conversazione che abbiamo fatto in piazza del Comune espone le sue idee di come amministrare la città. E' conscio delle prossime scadenze amministrative e quindi individua le priorità del suo movimento. Un documento interessante per chi come me si occupa di politica e vede franare un sistema politico che fa fatica a riprendere quota. Buon ascolto. A cura di Gian Carlo Storti www.welfarecremona.it Cremona 6 luglio 2012
http://wn.com/CremonaLe_idee_del_Movimento_5_Stelle_|_Ale_Tegagni
Basket - Serie A - Cremona vs Bologna del 29/09/2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 106:56
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
www.basket.la7d.it Primo appuntamento con il Campionato di Basket di Serie A 2012/2013 Il grande Basket italiano in chiaro, su La7d. Vanoli Basket Cremona e la Virtus Saie3 Bologna si affrontano nella prima sfida stagionale del Campionato italiano 2012/2013. Il grande Basket italiano è anche sul web: tutte le partite sono trasmesse infatti in streaming live all'indirizzo www.basket.la7d.it (che contiene anche una videogallery dedicata agli highlights, alle interviste ai protagonisti, alle rubriche di "Sottocanestro", ea alle repliche integrali delle sfide). Su Facebook la fanpage dedicata: www.facebook.com Sul canale youtube.com/la7d sono inoltre disponibili, a poche ore dalla messa in onda, le repliche integrali di tutte le partite
http://wn.com/Basket_Serie_A_Cremona_vs_Bologna_del_29_09_2012
Cremona
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:05
- Updated: 02 Nov 2012
www.yoextranjero.com
http://wn.com/Cremona
Motocross Cremona Italy by Kubny-Racing (On-Board)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:55
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
Kubny-Racing on Motocross Track Cremona Italy Drivers: Willi Kubny #3 (In front) / Beni Kubny #61 ( Camera on Helmet) Regie: Kubny-Racing Ort: Motocross Track Cremona Italy Datum: 17.05.2012 If you have any questions about the Video or about Kubny-Racing, please go to our Website and contact us via our contact-form. Tanks for watching and see you soon... www.kubny-racing.com
http://wn.com/Motocross_Cremona_Italy_by_Kubny-Racing_On-Board
Keep Shelly In Athens -Cremona Memories
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:11
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
Keep Shelly In Athens,is a Greek band,formed by RPR and Sara P.Cremona Memories,is a song from their work,In Love With Dusk.
http://wn.com/Keep_Shelly_In_Athens_-Cremona_Memories
Most Epic OSTs Ever: Cremona
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:26
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
From: Trailers Acts II By: Audiomachine x - - - Note: Our Opinion May Differ - - - x AnimeFlow: animeflow.net Facebook Fun Page: www.facebook.com BackUp Channel: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Most_Epic_OSTs_Ever_Cremona
Cremona - Suini alimentati con rifiuti, il Nas sequestra 2300 prosciutti (19.07.12)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:05
- Updated: 14 Sep 2012
www.pupia.tv - Cremona - Suini alimentati con rifiuti, il Nas sequestra 2300 prosciutti. Il Nas di Cremona ha posto sotto sequestro 2300 prosciutti Dop ottenuti da animali alimentati con rifiuti, 750 suini e 30 tonnellate di scarti alimentari. L'indagine, coordinata dal Procuratore della Repubblica di Mantova Antonino Condorelli, nasce nella scorsa primavera, quando nel corso di un'ispezione igienico sanitaria presso una struttura agricola del mantovano, che si occupa di allevamento di suini destinati alla produzione di prosciutti tutelati DOP (Parma, San Daniele, Modena, etc.), i militari hanno scoperto che presso l'azienda venivano stoccati ingenti quantitativi di rifiuti speciali di origine animale e vegetale, costituiti da scarti di lavorazione dell'industria alimentare venduti da 2 ditte del settore alimentare, una del mantovano e l'altra della provincia di Parma, entrambi facenti capo ad un unico titolare. Gli "scarti", invece di essere trasportati ad un impianto di biogas per la produzione di energia come previsto dalla normativa, venivano stoccati presso l'allevamento dove venivano somministrati come mangime ai maiali. Sono stati posti sotto sequestro circa 750 suini e 30 tonnellate di scarti di lavorazione, pronti per essere somministrati agli animali. L'allevamento mantovano era inserito nelle filiere di produzione di diversi prosciutti a Denominazione di Origine Protetta e negli ultimi 24 mesi, le 2 aziende agroalimentari avevano inviato alla struttura agricola ...
http://wn.com/Cremona_Suini_alimentati_con_rifiuti,_il_Nas_sequestra_2300_prosciutti_190712
Schiuma party YEP! Cremona 12 Maggio prod. Tony Mola
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:16
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
Schiuma party YEP! Cremona 12 Maggio riprese: Tony Mola, Raba Graphics, Claudio Bee montaggio: Tony Mola (www.behance.net/tonymola)
http://wn.com/Schiuma_party_YEP!_Cremona_12_Maggio_prod_Tony_Mola
Manifestazione Acqua Pubblica 22/10/2012 Cremona
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:52
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
Mentre nel salone dei quadri il sindaco Oreste Perri tentava una goffa difesa delle ragioni del voltafaccia del Comune di Cremona sul tema dei privati nella gestione dell'acqua, dalle finestre arrivava l'eco della manifestazione in cortile Federico II con le proteste contro il colpo di mano dell'Ato. Seicento persone circa, tra i quali alcuni sindaci in fascia tricolore, a protestare contro lo scippo dell'esito referendario.
http://wn.com/Manifestazione_Acqua_Pubblica_22_10_2012_Cremona
Incontro MMT con Imprenditori a Cremona 21-7-12 1/4.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 60:46
- Updated: 15 Nov 2012
Prof. Alain Parguez - Emerito dell'Università di Besançon Prof. Massimo Amato e Prof. Luca Fantacci - Docenti della Bocconi Relazioneranno su: Soluzioni strutturali alla crisi dell'Euro per Famiglie, Aziende e Stato. Moderatore : Paolo Barnard L'evento è stato organizzato con la rete degli imprenditori coordinati da Rossella Giavarini.
http://wn.com/Incontro_MMT_con_Imprenditori_a_Cremona_21-7-12_1_4
Photo: AP / Hatem Moussa
18 Nov 2012
Israeli air strikes killed 16 Palestinians in Gaza on Saturday, prompting the Arab League to announce a visit to the battered enclave and a review of its Middle East peace policy. Egypt’s President...
Photo: AP / Hatem Moussa
19 Nov 2012
Gaza/Jerusalem - Israel bombed dozens of targets in the Gaza Strip on Monday and said that while it was prepared to step up its offensive by sending in troops, it preferred a diplomatic solution that...
Photo: EC / EC
19 Nov 2012
BRUSSELS/WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The shadow banking system - blamed for aggravating the financial crisis - grew to a new high of $67 trillion globally last year, a top regulatory group said, calling...
Photo: UN / UN
17 Nov 2012
GAZA CITY, Gaza Strip (AP) — Israel's new offensive against the Gaza Strip has turned into a political bonanza for the territory's Hamas rulers, while sidelining Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas,...
Photo: AP / Pablo Martinez Monsivais
19 Nov 2012
Yangon, November 19: Newly re-elected US President Barack Obama arrived here Monday to kick off his visit to Myanmar, becoming the first sitting US president to visit the Southeast Asian nation. As...
The best gelato in Australia
14 Nov 2012
Canberra Times
Click to play video Return to video Video settings Please Log in to update your video settings Video will begin in 5 seconds. Don't play Play now More video Recommended Replay video Return to video Video settings Please Log in to update your video settings Pompei's Jill Dupleix speaks to George...(size: 13.1Kb)
Lazio players to be questioned over match-fixing
13 Nov 2012
CNN
Stefano Mauri has been with Lazio since 2006. Riccardo De Luca/AP MILAN (AP) -- Lazio captain Stefano Mauri and teammate Giuseppe Sculli will be questioned next Tuesday about their alleged role in the Italian match-fixing scandal....(size: 2.5Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
VIENNA (Reuters) - A dealer in rare Stradivarius violins coveted by the world's top violinists was sentenced on Friday to six years in prison for embezzlement after his glittering global empire crumbled. Dietmar Machold, 63, built his Bremen-based family business into a juggernaut with branches in...(size: 8.4Kb)
NetOil, Libya show interest for French refinery
05 Nov 2012
MSNBC
PARIS (Reuters) - Dubai-based NetOil, led by Middle Eastern businessman Roger Tamraz, has submitted a new offer to take over France's oldest refinery, unveiling a last minute deal with British oil major BP <BP.L> and Hyundai <011760.KS>. Last month, the commercial court in Rouen rejected...(size: 17.4Kb)
A fiddle of fate gives the master his voice
04 Nov 2012
Canberra Times
Lucky steps ... Anthony Marwood. Photo: Keith Saunders THE way Anthony Marwood tells it, his life has been a series of serendipitous events. "Life is full of chance meetings," says the British-based violin virtuoso, who plays on one of the world's rarest violins. The exquisite Carlo Bergonzi violin,...(size: 2.9Kb)
Celebrating Muslim scientific heritage
01 Nov 2012
Gulf News
For those who think the Greeks and Romans invented everything, a visit to two exhibitions at Doha’s Museum of Islamic Art (MIA) will prove to be an eye-opener. “1001 Inventions” and “Arabick Roots” offer visitors a wonderful opportunity to acquaint themselves with the contributions of Muslim...(size: 20.9Kb)
For other uses, see Cremona (disambiguation).
- Cremonese redirects here. For the football team, see U.S. Cremonese.
 |
This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2011) |
| Cremona | |
|---|---|
| — Comune — | |
| Comune di Cremona Municipality of Cremona |
|
 View of Cremona |
|
 Cremona
|
|
| Coordinates: 45°08′N 10°02′E / 45.133°N 10.033°E / 45.133; 10.033Coordinates: 45°08′N 10°02′E / 45.133°N 10.033°E / 45.133; 10.033 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Lombardy |
| Province | Cremona (CR) |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Oreste Perri (PdL) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 69.7 km2 (26.9 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 47 m (154 ft) |
| Population (December 1, 2008) | |
| • Total | 72,266 |
| • Density | 1,000/km2 (2,700/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Cremonesi |
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) |
| • Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) |
| Postal code | 26100 |
| Dialing code | 0372 |
| Patron saint | St. Omobono |
| Saint day | November 13 |
| Website | Official website |
Cremona listen (help·info) is a city and comune in northern Italy, situated in Lombardy, on the left bank of the Po River in the middle of the Pianura Padana (Po valley). It is the capital of the province of Cremona and the seat of the local City and Province governments. The city of Cremona is especially noted for its musical history and traditions, including some of the earliest and most renowned luthiers, such as Guarneri and Stradivari and several members of the Amati family.
Contents |
History[link]
Ancient[link]
Cremona is first mentioned in history as a settlement of the Cenomani, a Gallic (Celtic) tribe that arrived in the Po valley around 400 BC. However, the name Cremona dates back (most probably) to earlier settlers and puzzled the ancients, who gave many fanciful interpretations. In 218 BC the Romans established on that spot their first military outpost (a colonia) north of the Po river, and kept the old name. Cremona and nearby Placentia (modern Piacenza, on the south bank of the Po), were founded in the same year, as bases for penetration into what became the Roman Province of Gallia Cisalpina (Cisalpine Gaul). Cremona quickly grew into one of the largest towns in northern Italy, as it was on the main road connecting Genoa to Aquileia, the Via Postumia. It supplied troops to Julius Caesar and benefited from his rule, but later supported Marcus Iunius Brutus and the Senate in their conflict with Augustus, who, having won, in 40 BC confiscated Cremona's land and redistributed it to his men. The famous poet Virgil, who went to school in Cremona, had to forfeit his ancestral farm ("too close to wretched Cremona"), but later regained it. The city's prosperity continued to increase until 69, when it was destroyed in the Second Battle of Bedriacum by the troops of Vespasian, fighting to install him as Emperor against his rival Vitellius. Cremona was rebuilt with the help of Vespasian himself, but it seems to have failed to regain its former prosperity as it disappeared from history until the 6th century, when it resurfaces as a military outpost of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire during the Gothic War.
Early Middle Ages[link]
When the Lombards invaded much of Italy in the second half of 6th century, Cremona remained a Byzantine stronghold as part of the Exarchate of Ravenna. The city expanded towards the north-west, with the creation of a great trenched camp outside the walls. In 603, it was conquered by the Lombard king Agilulf and again destroyed. Its territory was divided between the two duchies of Brescia and Bergamo. However, in 615 queen Theodelinda, a devout Roman Catholic intent on converting her people, had Cremona rebuilt and re-installed a bishop there. Control of the city fell increasingly to its bishop, who became a Holy Roman Empire vassal after Charlemagne's conquest of Italy. In this way, Cremona increased its power and its prosperity steadily and some of its bishops had important roles between the 10th and 11th centuries. Bishop Liutprand of Cremona was a member of the Imperial court under the Saxony dynasty and Olderic gained strong privileges for his city from emperor Otto III. Its economy was boosted by the creation of a river port out of the former Byzantine fortress.
However, the two bishops Lambert and Ubaldo created discord with the city's people. Emperor Conrad II settled the quarrel by entering in Cremona in 1037 together with the young Pope Benedict IX.
File:Cremona stemma.jpg
City logo of Cremona on the town hall.
Commune[link]
Under Henry IV, Cremona refused to pay the oppressive taxes requested by the Empire and the bishop. According to a legend, the great gonfaloniere (mayor) Giovanni Baldesio of Cremona faced the emperor himself in a duel. As Henry was knocked from his horse, the city was saved the annual payment of the 3 kg. golden ball, which, for that year, was instead given to Berta, Giovanni's girlfriend, as her dowry. The first historical news about a free Cremona is from 1093, as it entered into an anti-Empire alliance led by Mathilde of Canossa, together with Lodi, Milan and Piacenza. The conflict ended with the defeat of Henry IV and his famous humiliation of Canossa to Pope Urban II in 1098. Cremona gained the Insula Fulcheria, the area around the nearby city of Crema, as its territory.
From this time, the new commune warred against nearby cities to enlarge its territory. In 1107, Cremona conquered Tortona, but four years later its army was heavily defeated near Bressanoro. As in many northern Italian cities, the people were divided into two opposing parties, the Guelphs, who were stronger in the new city, and the Ghibellines, who had their base in the old city. The parties were so irreconcilable that the former built a second Communal Palace, the still existing Palazzo Cittanova ("new city's palace").
When Frederick Barbarossa descended into Italy to assert his authority, Cremona sided with him in order to gain his support against Crema, which had rebelled with the help of Milan. The subsequent victory and its loyal imperial stance earned Cremona the right to create a mint for its own coinage in 1154.
In 1162, Imperial and the Cremonese forces assaulted Milan and destroyed it. However, in 1167 the city changed side and joined the Lombard League. Its troops were part of the army that, on May 29, 1176, defeated Barbarossa in the Battle of Legnano. However, the Lombard League did not survive this victory for long. In 1213, at Castelleone, the Cremonese defeated the League of Milan, Lodi, Crema, Novara, Como and Brescia. In 1232, Cremona allied itself with Emperor Frederick II, who was again trying to reassert the Empire's authority over Northern Italy. In the Battle of Cortenuova, the Cremonese were on the winning side. Thereafter Frederick often held his court in the city. In the Battle of Parma, however, the Ghibellines suffered a heavy defeat and up to two thousand Cremonese were made prisoners. Some year later Cremona took its vengeance by defeating Parma's army. Its army, under the command of Umberto Pallavicino, captured Parma's carroccio and for centuries kept the enemy's trousers hanging from the Cathedral's ceiling as a sign of the rival's humiliation.
In 1301 the troubadour Luchetto Gattilusio was podestà of Cremona. During this period Cremona flourished and reached a population of up to 80,000, larger than the 69,000 of 2001.
Seignory[link]
In 1266, Pallavicino was expelled from Cremona, and the Ghibelline rule ended after his successor Buoso da Dovara relinquished control to a consortium of citizens. In 1271 the position of Capitano del Popolo ("People's Chieftain") was created. In 1276 the signore passed to marquis Cavalcabò Cavalcabò, who in 1305 was succeeded by his son Guglielmo Cavalcabò, who held power until 1310. During this period many edifices were created or restored including the belfry of the Torrazzo, the Romanesque church of San Francis, the Cathedral's transepts and the Loggia dei Militi. Moreover, agriculture was boosted with a new network of canals. After some foreign invasions (notably that of Emperor Henry VII in 1311), the Cavalcabò lasted until November 29, 1322, when a more powerful family, the Visconti of Galeazzo I, came to prominence that in Cremona was to last for a century and a half. The Visconti's signore was interrupted in 1327 by Ludwig the Bavarian, in 1331 by John of Bohemia, and in 1403 by a short-lived return of the Cavalcabò. On July 25, 1406, the captain Cabrino Fondulo killed his employer Ubaldo Cavalcabò along with all the male members of his family, and assumed control over Cremona. Later, as he was revealed as unable to face the task, he ceded back the city to the Visconti for a payment of 40,000 golden florins.
Thus Filippo Maria Visconti made his signore hereditary. Cremona became part of the Duchy of Milan, following its fate until the unification of Italy. Under the Visconti and later the Sforza Cremona underwent high cultural and religious development. In 1411 Palazzo Cittanova become the seat of the University of fustian merchants. In 1441 the city hosted the marriage of Francesco I Sforza and Bianca Maria Visconti in the temple built by the Benedictines, which today is the church of Saint Sigismund. In that occasion a new sweet was devised, which was later turned into the famous torrone. Ludovico il Moro supported the building of several operas for the Cathedral, the church of St. Agatha and the Communal Palace.
In 1446 Cremona was encircled by the condottieri troops of Francesco Piccinino and Luigi dal Verme. The siege was raised after the arrival of Scaramuccia da Forlì from Venice.
Foreign occupations[link]
From 1499 to 1509 Cremona was under Venetian control. The victory of the Italian League at Agnadello gave it back to the Duchy of Milan. However, the latter was assigned to Spain under the Treaty of Noyon (1513). Cremona fell to the new rulers only in 1524 when the Castle of Santa Croce surrendered. The French were finally expelled from the duchy two years later, with the Treaty of Madrid, and subsequently Cremona remained for long a foreign dominion. This did not prevent from further embellishments like the Loggia of the Cathedral's Porch by Lorenzo Trotti (1550) or the new church of San Siro and Sepolcro by Antonio Gialdini (1614).
The Spanish rule was mediocre. Unable to face the famine of 1628 and the plague of 1630, the duchy, after a short-lived French conquest in 1701 during the War of Spanish Succession, passed to Austria on April 10, 1707.
For later history, see Lombardy
Main sights[link]
Churches[link]
The Cathedral of Cremona and the annexed Baptistery constitutes one of the most notable sites for Romanesque-Gothic art in northern Italy.
Other churches include:
- San Michele
- San Luca
- San Sigismondo
- Sant'Agostino
- Sant'Agata
- San Marcellino
- Santa Lucia
- Santa Rita
- San Pietro al Po
Buildings[link]
- The Torrazzo, the third highest brickwork bell tower in Europe.
- Loggia dei Militi
- Palazzo Cittanova
- Palazzo Fodri
- Palazzo Comunale
- Teatro Ponchielli
- Museo Civico Ala Ponzone
- Museo Stradivariano
- Museo della Civiltà Contadina
- Museo Berenziano
See also:
Economy[link]
The economy of Cremona is deeply linked to the agricultural production of the countryside. Food industries include salted meat, sweets (torrone), vegetable oils, grana padano, provolone and "mostarda" (pickled fruit). Heavy industries include steel, oil and one electric plant. The river-port is a base for the barges transporting goods along the Po river.
Music[link]
File:Stradivari statue cremona.jpg
Statue of Stradivari in Stradivari Square
Cremona has a distinguished musical history. The 12th century cathedral was probably the focus of organized musical activity in the region in the late Middle Ages. By the 16th century the town had become a famous musical centre. Nowadays there are important ensembles for Renaissance and Baroque music, i.e. Choir & Consort Costanzo Porta, and festivals which maintain Cremona as one of the most important towns in Italy for music. Composer Marc'Antonio Ingegneri taught there; Claudio Monteverdi was his most famous student, before leaving for Mantua in 1591. It was also the birthplace of Pierre-Francisque Caroubel, a collaborator with noted German composer Michael Praetorius. The bishop of Cremona, Nicolò Sfondrati, a fervent supporter of the Counter-Reformation, became Pope Gregory XIV in 1590. Since he was an equally fervent patron of music, the renown of the town as a musical destination grew accordingly.
From the 16th century onwards, Cremona was renowned as a centre of musical instrument manufacture, beginning with the violins of the Amati family, and later included the products of the Guarneri and Stradivari shops. To the present day, their work is widely considered to be the summit of achievement in string instrument making. Today Cremona is still renowned for producing high-quality instruments.
Cremona had a band tradition linked to the Guardia nazionale founded under Napoleonic influence. In 1864, native son, Amilcare Ponchielli, became its leader and created what might be considered one of the greatest bands of all time. In his role as capobanda, Ponchielli founded a band school and a tradition that waned only at the onset of World War I.
Transport[link]
Cremona railway station, opened in 1863, is the terminus of six railway lines, all of a regional nature, linking Cremona with Pavia, Mantua, Treviglio, Brescia, Piacenza and Fidenza, respectively.
Sport[link]
Like in many other Italian cities, Cremona's favourite sport is football. The U.S. Cremonese played for several years in Serie A, its most renowned players being Aristide Guarneri, Emiliano Mondonico, Antonio Cabrini and Gianluca Vialli - all born in or near Cremona. The brightest page in the more than one century old history of Cremonese was written in the early 1990s, when President of the team was Domenico Luzzara and the coach was Gigi Simoni; the team managed to stay in Serie A for 3 consecutive years, ending one of the championship at the tenth place. On March 27, 1993, by defeating English team Derby County in the Final to win the Anglo-Italian Cup, Cremonese became the second Italian team in football history to win at Wembley.
Cremona has also a first-division waterpolo club and, by the 1980s, had built a strong basketball tradition, now brought on by Gruppo Triboldi, a team from Soresina which however plays usually in Cremona. There is also a century-old tradition in rowing and canoe racing, with three different clubs, located along the Po river, that trained many world and Olympic champions. One of its most famous sprint canoers was Oreste Perri, mayor of Cremona since 22 June 2009.
Notable people[link]
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Notable painters and architects[link]
- Sofonisba Anguissola
- Bernardino and Giulio Campi
- Francesco and Giuseppe Dattaro
- Altobello Melone
Gallery[link]
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City hall (Palazzo del Comune)
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La Loggia dei Militi
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A street near the duomo
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Violin shop
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Astronomical clock on the Torrazzo belltower
External links[link]
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremona
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
