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Aberdeen
Aberdeen (; , (pronounced ) is Scotland's third most populous city, one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas and the United Kingdom's 29th most populous city. It has an official population estimate of .
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Achaemenid Empire
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Acropolis of Athens
The Acropolis of Athens or Citadel of Athens is the best known acropolis (Gr. akros, akron, edge, extremity + polis, city, pl. acropoleis) in the world. Although there are many other acropoleis in Greece, the significance of the Acropolis of Athens is such that it is commonly known as The Acropolis without qualification. The Acropolis was formally proclaimed as the pre-eminent monument on the European Cultural Heritage list of monuments on 26 March 2007. The Acropolis is a flat-topped rock that rises above sea level in the city of Athens, with a surface area of about 3 hectares. It was also known as Cecropia, after the legendary serpent-man, Cecrops, the first Athenian king.
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Angkor Wat
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Carrara
Carrara is a city and comune in the province of Massa-Carrara (Tuscany, Italy), famous for the white or blue-grey marble quarried there. It is on the Carrione River, some 100 kilometres (62 miles) west-northwest of Florence.
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Chartres Cathedral
The Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres, (), a Latin Rite Catholic cathedral located in Chartres, about southwest of Paris, is considered one of the finest examples in all France of the Gothic style of architecture. The current cathedral is one of at least four that have occupied the site.
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Cornwall
Cornwall (; ) is a ceremonial county and unitary authority of England, United Kingdom, forming the tip of the south-western peninsula of Great Britain. It is bordered to the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the English Channel, and to the east by the county of Devon, over the River Tamar. Taken with the Isles of Scilly, Cornwall has a population of , and covers an area of . The administrative centre and only city is Truro.
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Cusco
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Durham Cathedral
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Easter Island
Easter Island (, ) is a Polynesian island in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, at the southeastern most point of the Polynesian triangle. A special territory of Chile annexed in 1888, Easter Island is widely famous for its 887 extant monumental statues, called moai (), created by the early Rapanui people. It is a World Heritage Site (as determined by UNESCO) with much of the island protected within the Rapa Nui National Park. In recent times the island has served as a cautionary tale about the cultural and environmental dangers of overexploitation. Ethnographers and archaeologists now argue that the introduction of diseases carried by European colonizers and the slave raiding that devastated the population in the 1860s had a much greater social than environmental impact.
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Egyptian pyramids
The Egyptian pyramids are ancient pyramid-shaped masonry structures located in Egypt.
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Florence
Florence ( , ; alternative obsolete spelling: Fiorenza, Latin: Florentia) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the province of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany, with 367,569 inhabitants (1,500,000 in the metropolitan area).
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Fountain of Neptune
The Fountain of Neptune is a fountain in Florence, Italy, situated on the Piazza della Signoria (Signoria square), in front of the Palazzo Vecchio.
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Fountains Abbey
Fountains Abbey is near to Aldfield, approximately two miles southwest of Ripon in North Yorkshire, England. It is a ruined Cistercian monastery, founded in 1132. Fountains Abbey is one of the largest and best preserved Cistercian houses in England. It is a Grade I listed building and owned by the National Trust. Along with the adjacent Studley Royal Water Garden, it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
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Italy
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Parthenon
The Parthenon (Ancient Greek: ) is a temple in the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their protector. Its construction began in 447 BCE and was completed in 438 BCE, although decorations of the Parthenon continued until 431 BCE. It is the most important surviving building of Classical Greece, generally considered to be the culmination of the development of the Doric order. Its decorative sculptures are considered some of the high points of Greek art. The Parthenon is regarded as an enduring symbol of Ancient Greece and of Athenian democracy and one of the world's greatest cultural monuments. The Greek Ministry of Culture is currently carrying out a programme of selective restoration and reconstruction to ensure the stability of the partially ruined structure.
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Pentelikon
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Persepolis
Persepolis (Old Persian
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Rome
Rome (; , ; ) is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . In 2006 the population of the metropolitan area was estimated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development to have a population of 3.7 million.
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Stonehenge
Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in the English county of Wiltshire, about west of Amesbury and north of Salisbury. One of the most famous sites in the world, Stonehenge is composed of earthworks surrounding a circular setting of large standing stones. It is at the centre of the most dense complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in England, including several hundred burial mounds.
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Taj Mahal
The Taj Mahal (; , "crown of buildings", ; also "the Taj") is a mausoleum located in Agra, India. It is one of the most recognizable structures in the world. It was built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal. It is widely considered as one of the most beautiful buildings in the world and stands as a symbol of eternal love.
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Tenochtitlan
Tenochtitlan () (sometimes paired with Mexico as Mexico Tenochtitlan or Tenochtitlan Mexico) was a Nahua altepetl (city-state) located on an island in Lake Texcoco, in the Valley of Mexico. Founded in 1325, it became the seat of the growing Aztec empire in the 15th century, until captured by the Spanish in 1521. It subsequently became a cabecera of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, and today the ruins of Tenochtitlan are located in the central part of Mexico City.
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Thassos
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Amazing Stonemasonry
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:01
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
This is an ancient technique used by stonemasons all over the world, in this particular case a sawyer, who is warily cutting these rough blocks, to a required size, using nothing but a precise series of different-sized chisels and meticulous blows, notice how the thumping sounds play an important role in finding that perfect spot for the next hit, landing all the blows in the exact place, right on the vein of the rock, there is only one way to split such solid stone, and that is by finding and consistently hitting the vein, it is a tricky task that an experience sawyer will pull off in a matter of seconds. Notice how the stonemason carefully carves a clear-cut and well defined gap and after he shoves a shorter, yet broader chisel, to finally finish the job with some sledgehammer action. Sure enough all the accurate hits split open the solid rock, notice the precision of every single hit, and after each hit, the stonemason quickly twists the chisels before placing them in the next spot, finding this next spot is another difficult part of the job. This film was recorded in the Southeastern part of Brazil, in the state of Sao Paulo, this was an area first colonized by the Portuguese, and later by Italians, mostly likely this was a technique inherited from the first European settlers.
http://wn.com/Amazing_Stonemasonry
Alex Boyd- English stonemason.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:59
- Updated: 09 Oct 2012
WATCH IN HD OR HQ FOR DETAIL. i am a 20 year old english stonemason from england. i am in my 5th year of stonemasonry, i thought it would be insightful & funny to make a video of how we work things on a day to day basis. in the first few clips i am working a piece of string course in doulting limestone, then a piece of cornice in doulting and caen. hope this gives you a little look into how we do things in our crazy little world. thanks.
http://wn.com/Alex_Boyd_English_stonemason
Stone Work (part 1 of 3) Mike Haduck films stone masons at work
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:05
- Updated: 02 Oct 2012
Mike Haduck shows the tricks of the trade in stone masonry. This video was made in early 90's and it is only designed to show drifferent ways and ideas, I always suggest that when someone is building to ask outside professional help. This video is for entertaniment only.
http://wn.com/Stone_Work_part_1_of_3_Mike_Haduck_films_stone_masons_at_work
Shaping Stone - Stone Masonry
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:44
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
Shaping a piece of granite that will be used as window trim for a stone building. Walls are 16" thick stone for a true solid masonry load bearing wall. The piece being cut is 8" thick, approximately 19" deep, and 12" long. It is being trimmed to have a bubble or rock face. The stone is being trimmed from 19" back to 16" to create the rock face. So the protrusions will stick out around two to three inches. Using a 3" carbide tipped pitching tool, also called a hand set, available from trowandholden.com . The hammer is called a Bellota and available from http I'm just a beginner, comments welcome.
http://wn.com/Shaping_Stone_Stone_Masonry
Stone Carving Courses, Stone Masonry Courses and Lettering Courses
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:10
- Updated: 31 Jan 2012
Stone carving courses, stone masonry courses and letter cutting courses taught by professionally qualified Stone Mason, Eilidh Fridlington. Eilidh is a former Lincoln Cathedral Stonemason with 20 years of experience in architectural stonework and carving. She served her apprenticeship at the cathedral and is a holder of a distinction in Advanced City & Guilds Stone Masonry, the highest designation obtainable. Visit my website, StoneCarvingCourses.com
http://wn.com/Stone_Carving_Courses,_Stone_Masonry_Courses_and_Lettering_Courses
WorldSkills London 2011 - Stonemasonry
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:05
- Updated: 10 Oct 2011
http://wn.com/WorldSkills_London_2011_Stonemasonry
Slipform Stone Masonry: Building a Slipform Stone House from the Bottom Up
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:52
- Updated: 03 Nov 2012
Building a Slipform Stone House from the Bottom Up (Revised and expanded). www.hopspress.com www.hopspress.com In April of 2005 we broke ground on construction of a new energy-efficient slipform stone house originally intended as intern housing for our Green University® internship program. This slideshow provides a quick overview of the entire building process, from the bottom up. More extensive photos and text of the building process are available on our website at www.hollowtop.com.
http://wn.com/Slipform_Stone_Masonry_Building_a_Slipform_Stone_House_from_the_Bottom_Up
Stone Masonry
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:25
- Updated: 06 Apr 2012
Final cuts using claw
http://wn.com/Stone_Masonry
Decorative Concrete Simulated Stone Masonry
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:57
- Updated: 04 Nov 2012
tajmawall.com Decorative Concrete used to create the look of natural stone at a fraction of the cost. Reface a fireplace or interior of exterior walls.
http://wn.com/Decorative_Concrete_Simulated_Stone_Masonry
The Stonemason's Apprentice
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:29
- Updated: 26 Oct 2012
John Crawford - an apprentice stonemason at Culzean Castle & Country Park - talks about a dying art and the historic property.
http://wn.com/The_Stonemason's_Apprentice
Stone masonry arch construction
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:05
- Updated: 08 May 2012
A time-lapsed video blip of modern castle construction for building a large stone arch from CastleMagic filmed on October 21, 2009
http://wn.com/Stone_masonry_arch_construction
shetland stonemasons
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:41
- Updated: 23 Aug 2012
making copestones on the Shetland Isles Scotland
http://wn.com/shetland_stonemasons
Slipform Stone Masonry: Building a Slipform Stone House from the Bottom Up
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:11
- Updated: 03 Nov 2012
www.hopspress.com www.hopspress.com In April of 2005 we broke ground on construction of a new energy-efficient slipform stone house originally intended as intern housing for our Green University® internship program. This slideshow provides a quick overview of the entire building process, from the bottom up. More extensive photos and text of the building process are available on our website at www.hollowtop.com.
http://wn.com/Slipform_Stone_Masonry_Building_a_Slipform_Stone_House_from_the_Bottom_Up
Creating Plum Stone Masonry
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:00
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Watch as a New World Stoneworks natural stone building system is installed using techniques to keep each stone plum.
http://wn.com/Creating_Plum_Stone_Masonry
Stonemasonry - Stone Cutting
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:31
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
Hands-on skill of cutting stone using a chisel and angle grinder with diamond-tipped saw blade.
http://wn.com/Stonemasonry_Stone_Cutting
Stonemasons
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:30
- Updated: 22 Nov 2011
Stonemasons on the greek island of Kea (red tractor farm guesthouse building)
http://wn.com/Stonemasons
Slipform Stone Masonry (sample clips from the DVD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:53
- Updated: 03 Nov 2012
Want to build a stone house? It's easier than you might think! www.hopspress.com www.hopspress.com Slipform Stone Masonry brings to life the nuts-and-bolts of the slipforming process featured in Tom's book Living Homes: Stone Masonry, Log, and Strawbale Construction. Slipforming is the process of using forms on both sides of the wall as a guide for the stonework. The forms are filled with stone and concrete, then "slipped" up the walls to form the subsequent levels. Slipforming makes stone work easy even for the novice. In this unique video, Thomas J. Elpel and Robert Taylor build an insulated workshop out of stone, demonstrating the building process from site excavation right through to putting the roof on and finishing the inside. Working through the month of June in Montana, they brave the rain and snow, gusting winds, searing heat and stunning rainbows to bring this project to fruition. The video is designed as a companion to Living Homes. The principles of design and construction are out-lined in the book, enabling the reader to create dwellings customized to their own unique situations. In this video you will see just one application of those principles, but in vivid detail from start to finish. With both the book and the video you too will be able to design and build in a way that is completely unique to your own Vision. DVD. November 2001. 1 hr. 50 min. www.hopspress.com
http://wn.com/Slipform_Stone_Masonry_sample_clips_from_the_DVD
Stone Masonry Services - Stone Splitting
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:00
- Updated: 23 Sep 2012
Method used to split blocks og granite or random field stones into workable masonry for buidings. stone can be further dressed and trimed with hammer and or with chisel. tools used are rock drill, plug and feather. This specialised craft is carried out by Iwan Dafydd of Stone Masonry Services based at Unit 7B, Llandwrog Business Park, Llanwnda. Caernarfon, Gwynedd. (North Wales UK) www.stonemasonryservices.co.uk
http://wn.com/Stone_Masonry_Services_Stone_Splitting
WorldSkills London 2011 - Stonemasonry
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:20
- Updated: 08 Oct 2011
http://wn.com/WorldSkills_London_2011_Stonemasonry
STONEMASON
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:20
- Updated: 21 Sep 2012
STONEMASON PRESENTED BY LEILA BROUGHT TO YOU BY Race Cafe The Espresso Bar Genre Indie Rock and Roll Baby - Florida sings and plays a keyboard, John plays a guitar, and Steve plays bass and the fool. From their hometown Gold Coast/Brisbane.... meet StoneMason and their rock and roll choir. myspace.com twitter.com stonemason.bandcamp.com Tune in again to BalconyTV Brisbane!!!
http://wn.com/STONEMASON
Stone Masonry in Vancouver
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:10
- Updated: 30 Sep 2012
stone work
http://wn.com/Stone_Masonry_in_Vancouver
Brendan Healy - The Yorkshire Stonemason
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:15
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
Brendan Healy does his Yorkshire Stonemason gag, live at The Customs House, South Shields
http://wn.com/Brendan_Healy_The_Yorkshire_Stonemason
"Hard To Tell You" by THE STONEMASONS
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:39
- Updated: 15 Jun 2012
From the telecast West Australian charity event, TELETHON in 1993 on TVW7. The Stonemasons - Joe Algeri (vocals, guitar), Kevin Borruso (guitar, vocals), Darryl Hudston (bass, vocals) & Jason Barfoot (drums). "Hard To Tell You" was originally recorded at Pet Rock studios by Toni Italiano and was produced by Dom Mariani. The song was also featured on the "Bedtime Beats You Brainless" compilation by Idaho Music. www.myspace.com
http://wn.com/Hard_To_Tell_You_by_THE_STONEMASONS
Photo: AP / Syrian Observatory for Human Rights via AP video
02 Nov 2012
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At 100, MLA hostel to get facelift
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Lizzie Enfield and son climb on their bikes and turn the challenging Camino de Santiago into a family-friendly affair. 'Five years ti-i-ime." My nine-year-old son is showing Noah and the Whale chords on an air ukulele to sixtysomething Liverpudlian Jack. Both play real ones back home. "Santia-a-go!"...(size: 5.9Kb)
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The craft of stonemasonry (or stonecraft) has existed since the dawn of civilization - creating buildings, structures, and sculpture using stone from the earth. These materials have been used to construct many of the long-lasting, ancient monuments, artifacts, cathedrals, and cities in a wide variety of cultures. Famous works of stonemasonry include the Taj Mahal, Cusco's Incan Wall, Easter Island's statues, the Egyptian Pyramids, Angkor Wat, Borobudur, Tihuanaco, Tenochtitlan, Persepolis, the Parthenon, Stonehenge, and Chartres Cathedral.
Contents |
Definition[link]
Stonemasonry is the craft of shaping rough pieces of rock into accurate geometrical shapes, mostly simple, but some of considerable complexity, and then arranging the resulting stones, often together with mortar, to form structures.
- Quarrymen split veins, or sheets of rock, and extract the resulting blocks of stone from the ground.
- Sawyers cut these rough blocks into cubes, to required size with diamond-tipped saws.
- Banker masons are workshop based, and specialize in carving stones into intricate geometrical shapes required by a building's design. They can produce anything from stones with simple chamfers to tracery windows, detailed mouldings and the more classical architectural building masonry. When working a stone from a sawn block, the mason ensures that the stone is bedded in the right way, so the finished work sits in the building in the same orientation as it was formed on the ground. The basic tools, methods and skills of the banker mason have existed as a trade for thousands of years.
- Carvers cross the line from craft to art, and use their artistic ability to carve stone into foliage, figures, animals or abstract designs.
- Fixer masons specialize in the fixing of stones onto buildings, using lifting tackle, and traditional lime mortars and grouts. Sometimes modern cements, mastics and epoxy resins are used, usually on specialist applications such as stone cladding. Metal fixings, from simple dowels and cramps to specialised single application fixings, are also used. The precise tolerances necessary make this a highly skilled job.
- Memorial masons or monumental masons carve gravestones and inscriptions.
The modern stonemason undergoes comprehensive training, both in the classroom and in the working environment. Hands-on skill is complemented by intimate knowledge of each stone type, its application and best uses, and how to work and fix each stone in place. The mason may be skilled and competent to carry out one or all of the various branches of stonemasonry. In some areas the trend is towards specialization, in other areas towards adaptability.
Types of stone[link]
Stonemasons use all types of natural stone: igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary; while some also use artificial stone as well.
- Igneous stones: Granite is one of the hardest stones, and requires such different techniques to sedimentary stones that it is virtually a separate trade. With great persistence, simple mouldings can and have been carved into granite, for example in many Cornish churches and the city of Aberdeen. Generally, however, it is used for purposes that require its strength and durability, such as kerbstones, countertops, flooring, and breakwaters.
Igneous stone ranges from very soft rocks such as pumice and scoria to somewhat harder rocks such as tuff and hard rocks such as granite and basalt.
- Metamorphic: Marble is a fine stone easily workable, that comes in various colours, mainly white. It has traditionally been used for carving statues, and for facing many Byzantine and Renaissance Italian buildings. The first and most admirable marble carvers and sculptors were the Greeks, namely Antenor (6th c. BC), Phidias and Critias (5th c. BC), Praxiteles (4th c. BC) and others who used mainly the marble of Paros and Thassos islands, the whitest and brightest of all, although not the finest, and also the Pentelikon marble. Their work was preceded by older sculptors from Mesopotamia and Egypt, but the Greeks were unmatched in plasticity and realistic (re)presentation, either of Gods (Apollo, Aphrodite, Hermes, Zeus, etc.), or humans (Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato, Phryne, etc.). The famous Acropolis of Athens is said to be constructed using the Pentelicon marble. The traditional home of the marble industry is the area around Carrara in Italy, from where a bright and fine, whitish marble is extracted in vast quantities.
Slate is a popular choice of stone for memorials and inscriptions, as its fine grain and hardness means it leaves details very sharp. Meanwhile, its tendency to split into thin plates has made it a popular roofing material.
- Sedimentary: Many of the world's most famous buildings have been built of sedimentary stone, from Durham Cathedral to St Peter's in Rome. There are two main types of sedimentary stone used in masonry work, limestones and sandstones. Examples of limestones include Bath and Portland stone. Yorkstone and Sydney sandstone are well-known sandstones.
Types of stonemasonry[link]
Types of stonemasonry are:
- Rubble Masonry: When roughly dressed stones are laid in a mortar the result is a stone rubble masonry.
- Ashlar Masonry: Stone masonry using dressed (cut) stones is known as ashlar masonry, whereas masonry using irregularly shaped stones is known as rubble masonry.
- Stone Veneer: Stone veneer is used as a protective and decorative covering for interior or exterior walls and surfaces. The veneer is typically 1 inch (2.54 cm) thick and must weigh less than 15 lb per square foot (73 kg m−2) so that no additional structural supports are required. The structural wall is put up first, and thin, flat stones are mortared onto the face of the wall. Metal tabs in the structural wall are mortared between the stones to tie everything together, to prevent the stonework from separating from the wall.
- Slipform Stonemasonry: Slipform stonemasonry is a method for making stone walls with the aid of formwork to contain the rocks and mortar while keeping the walls straight. Short forms, up to two feet tall, are placed on both sides of the wall to serve as a guide for the stone work. Stones are placed inside the forms with the good faces against the form work. Concrete is poured behind the rocks. Rebar is added for strength, to make a wall that is approximately half reinforced concrete and half stonework. The wall can be faced with stone on one side or both sides. [1]
Training[link]
Traditionally medieval stonemasons served a seven-year apprenticeship. A similar system still operates today.
A modern apprenticeship lasts four years. This combines on-site learning through personal experience, the experience of the tradesmen and college work where apprentices are given an overall experience of the building, hewing and theory work involved in masonry. In some areas colleges offer courses which teach not only the manual skills but also related fields such as drafting and blueprint reading or construction conservationism. Electronic Stonemasonry training resources enhance traditional delivery techniques.[2] Hands-on workshops are a good way to learn about stonemasonry also.[3] Those wishing to become stonemasons should have little problem working at heights, possess reasonable hand-eye co-ordination, be moderately physically fit, and have basic mathematical ability. Most of these things can be developed while learning.
Tools[link]
File:Cockscomb-detail.jpg
The foreground tool with serrated blades is a cockscomb, cock's comb or stonemason's drag, used on soft limestone
Stonemasons use a wide variety of tools to handle and shape stone blocks (ashlar) and slabs into finished articles. The basic tools for shaping the stone are a mallet, chisels, and a metal straight edge. With these one can make a flat surface - the basis of all stonemasonry.
Chisels come in a variety of sizes and shapes, dependent upon the function for which they are being used. There are different chisels for different materials and sizes of material being worked, for removing large amounts of material and for putting a fine finish on the stone.
Mixing mortar is normally done today with mortar mixers which usually use a rotating drum or rotating paddles to mix the mortar.
The masonry trowel is used for the application of the mortar between and around the stones as they are set into place. Filling in the gaps (joints) with mortar is referred to as pointing. Pointing in smaller joints can be accomplished using tuck pointers, pointing trowels, and margin trowels, among other tools.
A masons hammer has a long thin head and is called a Punch Hammer. It would be used with a chisel or splitter for a variety of purposes
A walling hammer (catchy hammer) can be used in place of a hammer and chisel or pincher to produce rubble or pinnings or snecks.
Stonemasons use a Lewis together with a crane or Block and tackle to hoist building stones into place.
Today power tools such as compressed-air chisels, abrasive spinners and angle grinders are much used: these save time and money, but are hazardous and require just as much skill as the hand tools that they augment. But many of the basic tools of stonemasonry have remained virtually the same throughout vast amounts of time, even thousands of years.
History[link]
Stonemasonry is one of the earliest trades in civilisation's history. During the time of the Neolithic Revolution and domestication of animals, people learned how to use fire to create quicklime, plasters, and mortars. They used these to fashion homes for themselves with mud, straw, or stone, and masonry was born.
The Ancients heavily relied on the stonemason to build the most impressive and long lasting monuments to their civilizations. The Egyptians built their pyramids, the civilizations of Central America had their step pyramids, the Persians their palaces, the Greeks their temples, and the Romans their public works and wonders (See Roman Architecture). Among the famous ancient stonemasons is Sophroniscus, the father of Socrates, who was a stone-cutter.
Castle building was an entire industry for the medieval stonemasons. When the Western Roman Empire fell, building in dressed stone decreased in much of Western Europe, and there was a resulting increase in timber-based construction. Stone work experienced a resurgence in the 9th and 10th centuries in Europe, and by the 12th century religious fervour resulted in the construction of thousands of impressive churches and cathedrals in stone across Western Europe.
Medieval stonemasons' skills were in high demand, and members of the guild, gave rise to three classes of stonemasons: apprentices, journeymen, and master masons. Apprentices were indentured to their masters as the price for their training, journeymen had a higher level of skill and could go on journeys to assist their masters, and master masons were considered freemen who could travel as they wished to work on the projects of the patrons. During the Renaissance, the stonemason's guild admitted members who were not stonemasons, and eventually evolved into the Society of Freemasonry; fraternal groups which observe the traditional culture of stonemasons, but are not typically involved in modern construction projects.
A medieval stonemason would often carve a personal symbol onto their block to differentiate their work from that of other stonemasons. This also provided a simple ‘quality assurance’ system.
The Renaissance saw stonemasonry return to the prominence and sophistication of the Classical age. The rise of the Humanist philosophy gave people the ambition to create marvelous works of art. The centre stage for the Renaissance would prove to be Italy, where city-states such as Florence erected great structures, including the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, the Fountain of Neptune, and the Laurentian Library which was planned and built by Michelangelo Buonarroti, a famous stonemason of the Renaissance.
When Europeans settled the Americas, they brought the stonemasonry techniques of their respective homelands with them. Settlers used what materials were available, and in some areas stone was the material of choice. In the first waves, building mimicked that of Europe, to eventually be replaced by unique architecture later on.
In the 20th century, stonemasonry saw its most radical changes in the way the work is accomplished. Prior to the first half of the century, most heavy work was executed by draft animals or human muscle power. With the arrival of the internal combustion engine, many of these hard aspects of the trade have been made simpler and easier. Cranes and forklifts have made moving and laying heavy stones relatively easy for the stonemasons. Motor powered mortar mixers have saved much in time and energy as well. Compressed-air powered tools have made working of stone less time-intensive. Petrol and electric powered abrasive saws can cut through stone much faster and with more precision than chiseling alone. Carbide-tipped chisels can stand up to much more abuse than the steel and iron chisels made by blacksmiths of old.
Gallery[link]
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An apprentice carving a block
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Three different stonemason's marks, which can be seen in the Chapter House of Fountains Abbey
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A modern stonemason's workbench with a block of limestone
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Typical French chisels with wooden hilt, used for soft limestone
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A French stonemason using a straightedge and chisels
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A left-handed stonemason with mallet and chisel
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Splitting a block of marble with plug and feathers
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A stonemason and his tools.
See also[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Stonemasonry |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Stonemasons in art |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Stone industries |
- Stone carving
- Stone sculpture
- Stone wall
- Slipform Stonemasonry
- Bricklayer
- Masonry
- Architecture
- Stonemasonry tools
References[link]
- ^ Elpel, Thomas J. "Stone Masonry Construction: A Brief Overview", Accessed August 19, 2011.
- ^ "home". Trades.flexiblelearning.net.au. http://trades.flexiblelearning.net.au. Retrieved 2010-08-19.
- ^ dkf@dkfriedman.com. "Stone Gate Manor Arts and Construction School, learn old world building trades geared toward the do-it-yourselfer". Stonegatemanor.org. http://stonegatemanor.org. Retrieved 2010-08-19.
External links[link]
- Stonemasonry project on medieval bridge at Barton farm
- The Stone Foundation Org
- Sustainable Building and Living: Stone Masonry Construction Articles
- About Stone Org
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonemasonry
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Brendan Healy | |
|---|---|
| Born | (1983-08-04) August 4, 1983 (age 28) |
| Position | Midfield |
| Height | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) |
| NCAA Team | University of Maryland, College Park |
| MLL Team | Washington Bayhawks |
| Nationality |  United States |
| Pro Career | 2006–present |
Brendan Healy (born August 4, 1983) is a professional lacrosse player for the Washington Bayhawks[1] of Major League Lacrosse.[2]
Contents |
Professional career[link]
2007 Season (Washington): Played in 10 games out of the 12 regular season games scoring nine goals with three two-point goals totaling twelve points in total. Also recorded 23 ground balls.
2006 Season (Baltimore): In his first season with the Bayhawks Brendan played in ten games scoring ten goals as a rookie. He was selected 13th overall in the 2006 MLL Collegiate Draft.
College career[link]
Played college lacrosse at the University of Maryland, College Park[3] under coach Dave Cottle, where he was a three-time Honorable Mention All-American. He scored 32 points as a captain his senior year, and ended his career with 60 goals and 28 assists.
Personal[link]
Healy grew up in Great Falls, VA, and is a 2009 graduate of The Ohio State University Moritz College of Law. Brendan is also a member of the State Bar of Ohio. Brother Ian Healy also plays for the Washington Bayhawks, and was a teammate at the University of Maryland. Brendan currently resides in Upper Arlington, OH where he is an associate at Lancaster Pollard an investment banking firm. He lives with his wife Georgina Flower-Healy and their two dogs Wilbur and Farley.
External links[link]
- http://umterps.cstv.com/sports/m-lacros/mtt/healy_brendan00.html
- http://washingtonbayhawks.com/team/roster/index.html?player_id=4
- http://www.legendlax.com/reference.html
- http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/admissions/student_profiles.php?ID=65
References[link]
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Healy, Brendan |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Lacrosse player |
| Date of birth | August 4, 1983 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Brendan_Healy
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Healy
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
