Lublin

Thursday, 22 November 2012

VLOG. Lublin miasto inspiracji. City of Lublin.

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Alcalá de Henares
Alcalá de Henares (Spanish pronunciation: [alkaˈla ðe eˈnaɾes]), meaning Citadel on the river Henares, is a Spanish city whose historical centre is one of UNESCO's World Heritage Sites, and one of the first bishoprics founded in Spain. Located in the Autonomous Community of Madrid, 35 km northeast of the city of Madrid, at an altitude of 588 metres (1929 ft) above sea level, it has a population of around 200,000, the second largest of the region after the Spanish capital itself. The city is generally known simply as "Alcalá", but "de Henares" is often appended to differentiate it from a dozen cities sharing the name Alcalá (from the Arabic word al-qal'a القلعة for fortification or citadel). The Latin name, Complutum, is sometimes used also and the city is capital of its namesake region, Comarca de Alcalá.
The centre of the city remains essentially medieval, with many winding cobbled streets, and many historic buildings. The city centre surrounds Cervantes Square (the famous Plaza de Cervantes) and is traversed by a long pedestrian main street, the Calle Mayor. The city includes the Moorish quarter, the Jewish quarter, and the Christian quarter. These distinct neighborhoods have given Alcalá the reputation of "the city of three cultures."

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Anápolis
Anápolis is the third largest city in the State of Goiás in Brazil. It lies in the center of a rich agricultural region and has become a leader in food processing and pharmaceutical plants.
The area of the municipality is 918.3 km². and the limiting municipalities are Abadiânia, Campo Limpo de Goiás, Gameleira de Goiás, Goianápolis, Leopoldo de Bulhões, Nerópolis, Pirenópolis, Silvânia and Terezópolis de Goiás.
Anápolis is also the center of the Anápolis Microregion, englobing 19 cities with a total population of 511,952 and an area of 8,386.80 km².
The resident population in 2003 was 298,155, of which 294,443 lived in the urban area and 3,712 in the rural area. Estimated population for 2008 was 331,329. The city has experienced rapid growth since 1980 when the population was 180,000.
The city is built on a plateau at an elevation of 1,017 meters, one of the highest in Brazil. Because of this, the climate is mild without extremes and is generally cooler than nearby Goiânia.
Anápolis is located on the main Brasília-Goiânia highway (BR 060), which has now become a four-lane motorway. It is also the starting point for the famous Belém-Brasília highway (BR 153). Distances to Goiânia - 54 km, Brasília - 140 km, and São Paulo - 872 km.

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Belarus
Belarus (ⁱ/bɛləˈruːs/ bel-ə-ROOSS; Belarusian: Беларусь, Russian pronunciation: [bʲɛlaˈrusʲ] Russian: Беларусь, Белоруссия, Belarus', Belorussiya), officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered clockwise by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Grodno (Hrodna), Gomel (Homiel), Mogilev (Mahilyow) and Vitebsk (Vitsebsk). Over forty percent of its 207,600 square kilometres (80,200 sq mi) is forested, and its strongest economic sectors are agriculture and manufacturing.
Until the 20th century, the lands of modern-day Belarus belonged to several countries, including the Principality of Polotsk, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Russian Empire. In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution, Belarus became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR). The borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were incorporated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland. The nation and its territory were devastated in World War II, during which Belarus lost about a third of its population and more than half of its economic resources. The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years. In 1945 the Belorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations, along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR.

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Belorus
Belarus (ⁱ/bɛləˈruːs/ bel-ə-ROOSS; Belarusian: Беларусь, Russian pronunciation: [bʲɛlaˈrusʲ] Russian: Беларусь, Белоруссия, Belarus', Belorussiya), officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered clockwise by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Grodno (Hrodna), Gomel (Homiel), Mogilev (Mahilyow) and Vitebsk (Vitsebsk). Over forty percent of its 207,600 square kilometres (80,200 sq mi) is forested, and its strongest economic sectors are agriculture and manufacturing.
Until the 20th century, the lands of modern-day Belarus belonged to several countries, including the Principality of Polotsk, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Russian Empire. In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution, Belarus became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR). The borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were incorporated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland. The nation and its territory were devastated in World War II, during which Belarus lost about a third of its population and more than half of its economic resources. The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years. In 1945 the Belorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations, along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR.

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Biała Podlaska
Biała Podlaska [ˈbʲawa pɔdˈlaska] ( listen) (Ukrainian: Біла Bila) is a town in eastern Poland with 58,047 inhabitants (2005). It is situated in the Lublin Voivodeship (since 1999), having previously been the capital of Biała Podlaska Voivodeship (1975–1998). It is the capital of Biała Podlaska County.
The first historical document mentioning Biała Podlaska dates to 1481. In the beginning Biała belonged to the Illnicz family. The founder of the city may have been Piotr Janowicz, nicknamed "Biały" (Polish for "white"), who was the hetman of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Biała was then a part of Brześć voivodeship in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (then in union with Poland).
In 1569 Biała changed hands; the new owners were the Radziwiłł family. Under their rule, Biała had been growing for two and half centuries. In 1622 Aleksander Ludwik Radziwiłł has built the fortress and the castle. In 1628 Krzysztof Ciborowicz Wilski established Bialska Academy as a regional center of education (since 1633 it was a branch of the Jagiellonian University, then called Kraków Academy). During this time many churches were erected, as was one hospital. The prosperity period had finished with Swedish invasion in 1655. Then Biała was attacked by Cossacks and Rakoczy armies. The town was significantly destroyed; however, thanks to Michał Radziwiłł and his wife Katarzyna Sobieska, it was rebuilt. In 1670 Michał Kazimierz Radziwiłł gives Biała town rights and the coat of arms, which depicts archangel Michael standing on a dragon.

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Białystok
Białystok ([bʲaˈwɨstɔk] ( listen)) (Belarusian: Беласток, Biełastok) is the largest city in northeastern Poland and the capital of the Podlaskie Voivodeship. Located in the North Podlasie Lowland (pl:Nizina Północnopodlaska) on the banks of the Biała River, Białystok ranks second in terms of population density, eleventh in population, and thirteenth in area, of the cities of Poland. It has historically attracted migrants from elsewhere in Poland and beyond, particularly from Central and Eastern Europe. This is facilitated by the fact that the nearby border with Belarus is also the eastern border of the European Union, as well as the Schengen Area. The city and its adjacent municipalities constitute Metropolitan Białystok. The city has a Warm Summer Continental climate, characterized by warm summers and long frosty winters. Forests are an important part of Białystok's character, and occupy around 1,756 ha (4,340 acres) (17.2% of the administrative area of the city) which places it as the fifth most "wooded" city in Poland.

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Biłgoraj County
Biłgoraj County (Polish: powiat biłgorajski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Biłgoraj, which lies 79 kilometres (49 mi) south of the regional capital Lublin. The county contains three other towns: Tarnogród, lying 21 km (13 mi) south of Biłgoraj, Józefów, lying 24 km (15 mi) east of Biłgoraj, and Frampol, 16 km (10 mi) north of Biłgoraj.
The county covers an area of 1,677.79 square kilometres (647.8 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 104,267, out of which the population of Biłgoraj is 27,225, that of Tarnogród is 3,372, that of Józefów is 2,450, that of Frampol is 1,415, and the rural population is 69,805.
Biłgoraj County is bordered by Lublin County and Krasnystaw County to the north, Zamość County and Tomaszów Lubelski County to the east, Lubaczów County and Przeworsk County to the south, Leżajsk County to the south-west, Nisko County to the west, and Janów Lubelski County to the north-west.

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Brazil
Brazil ⁱ/brəˈzɪl/ (Portuguese: Brasil, IPA: [bɾaˈziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, listen (help·info)), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km (4,655 mi). It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile.
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until 1815, when it was elevated to the rank of kingdom and the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed. The colonial bond was in fact broken in 1808, when the capital of the Portuguese colonial empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, after Napoleon invaded Portugal.Independence was achieved in 1822 with the formation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The country became a presidential republic in 1889, when a military coup d'état proclaimed the Republic, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to the ratification of the first constitution in 1824. Its current Constitution, formulated in 1988, defines Brazil as a Federal Republic. The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.

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Bulgaria
Coordinates: 42°45′N 25°30′E / 42.75°N 25.5°E / 42.75; 25.5
Bulgaria ⁱ/bʌlˈɡɛəriə/ (Bulgarian: България, IPA: [bɤ̞ɫˈɡarijɐ]), is a country located in Southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and the Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south and the Black Sea to the east. With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres (42,855 sq mi), Bulgaria is Europe's 14th-largest country. Its location has made it a historical crossroad for various civilisations and as such it is the home of some of the earliest metalworking, religious and other cultural artifacts in the world.
Prehistoric cultures began developing on Bulgarian lands during the Neolithic period. Its ancient history was marked by the presence of the Thracians, and later by the Greeks and Romans. The emergence of a unified Bulgarian ethnicity and state dates back to the First Bulgarian Empire, which dominated most of the Balkans and functioned as a cultural hub for Slavic peoples during the Middle Ages. With the downfall of the Second Bulgarian Empire in 1396, its territories came under Ottoman rule for nearly five hundred years. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 resulted in the Third Bulgarian State, recognised in 1908. The following years saw several conflicts with its neighbours, which prompted Bulgaria to align with Germany in both World Wars. In 1946 it became a Communist republic with a single-party system until 1989, when the Communist Party allowed multi-party elections. After 1990 Bulgaria transitioned to democracy and a market-based economy.

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Bydgoszcz
Bydgoszcz [ˈbɨdɡɔʂt͡ʂ] ( listen) (German: Bromberg ( listen), Latin: Bydgostia) is a city located in northern Poland, on the Brda and Vistula rivers. With a city population of 358,029 (June 2009), and an urban agglomeration with more than 460,000 inhabitants, Bydgoszcz is the 8th-largest city in Poland. It has been the seat of Bydgoszcz County and the co-capital, with Toruń, of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship since 1999. Prior to this, between 1947 and 1998, it was the capital of the Bydgoszcz Voivodeship, and before that, of the Pomeranian Voivodeship between 1945 and 1947.
Bydgoszcz is part of the metroplex Bydgoszcz-Toruń, which totals over 850,000 inhabitants. Bydgoszcz is the seat of Casimir the Great University, University of Technology and Life Sciences and a conservatory, as well as a Collegium Medicum of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń. Bydgoszcz hosts the Filharmonia Pomorska concert hall, the Opera Nova opera house, and the Bydgoszcz Ignacy Jan Paderewski Airport. Due to its location between the Vistula and Odra rivers, and the water course of the Bydgoszcz Canal, the city forms part of a water system connected via the Noteć, Warta, Odra, and Elbe with the Rhine and Rotterdam. Bydgoszcz was a candidate for the title of European Capital of Culture in 2016.

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Canada
Canada ( /ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km² (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.

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Cannes Festival
The Cannes International Film Festival (French: Le Festival International du Film de Cannes or just Festival de Cannes), is an annual film festival held in Cannes, France, which previews new films of all genres including documentaries from around the world. Founded in 1946, it is the world's most prestigious and publicized film festival. The invitation-only festival is held annually (usually in May) at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès.
The 2012 Cannes Film Festival took place from May 16 to May 27, 2012. The President of the Jury was the Italian film director Nanni Moretti.
The Cannes Film Festival has its origins in the late 1930s when Jean Zay, the French Minister of National Education, on the proposal of Philippe Erlanger and with the support of the British and Americans,^{[clarification needed]} set up an international cinematographic festival. In 1947, the festival was held as the "Festival du film de Cannes", where films from sixteen countries were presented. Moreover, the principle of equality was introduced, so that the jury was to be made up only of one representative per country. Also, this year the festival was held at the made-for-the-occasion Palais des Festivals, although the roof was unfinished and blew off during a storm. The festival was not held in 1948 and 1950 on account of budgetary problems. In 1951, owing to better relations between France and Italy, the Cannes Festival was moved to Spring, while the Mostra remained in Autumn.

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Chełm
Chełm [xɛu̯m] ( listen) (Ukrainian: Холм, Russian: Холм, Kholm, both meaning a hill) is a city in eastern Poland with 67,702 inhabitants (2007). It is located to the south-east of Lublin, north of Zamość and south of Biała Podlaska, some 25 kilometres from the border with Ukraine. Since 1999 located in the Lublin Voivodeship, previously the town was the capital of a separate voivodeship.
The city is of mostly industrial character, though it also houses numerous notable historical monuments and tourist attractions.
Chełm gives its name to the protected area known as Chełm Landscape Park, which lies to the north and east of the city.
The first traces of settlement in the area of modern Chełm date back to at least 9th century. The following century a Slavic fortified town was created there and initially served as a centre of pagan worship. The etymology of the name is unclear, though most scholars derive it from the Slavic root helm or holm denoting a flat hill. In fact the town's centre is located atop of such hill called góra chełmska in modern times. However, there are also theories deriving the name from some Celtic root. In 981 the town, then inhabited by the Eastern Slavic tribe of Buzhans, was made a part of Kievan Rus', along with the surrounding Cherven Towns. According to a local legend, it was Vladimir the Great to build the first stone castle there in 1001 following the Polish capture of Kiev in 1018 the region for a short time was made part of Poland, but returned under Kievan rule in 1031.

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Chełm County
Chełm County (Polish: powiat chełmski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland, on the border with Ukraine. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Chełm, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The only town in Chełm County is Rejowiec Fabryczny, which lies 17 km (11 mi) west of Chełm.
The county covers an area of 1,779.64 square kilometres (687.1 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 79,991, out of which the population of Rejowiec Fabryczny is 4,533 and the rural population is 75,458.
The county includes part of the protected area called Chełm Landscape Park.
Apart from the city of Chełm, Chełm County is also bordered by Hrubieszów County to the south-east, Zamość County to the south, Krasnystaw County to the south-west, Świdnik County and Łęczna County to the west, and Włodawa County to the north. It also borders Ukraine to the east.

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Congress Poland
The Kingdom of Poland (Polish: Królestwo Polskie [kruˈlɛstfɔ ˈpɔlskʲɛ]; Russian: Королевство Польское, Царство Польское, Korolevstvo Polskoye, Tsarstvo Polskoye, Russian pronunciation: [ˈtsarstʋə ˈpolʲskəje], translation: Tsardom of Poland), informally known as Congress Poland (Polish: Królestwo Kongresowe [kruˈlɛstfɔ kɔnɡrɛˈsɔvɛ] or Russian Poland), created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna, was a personal union of the Russian parcel of Poland with the Russian Empire. It was gradually politically integrated into Russia over the course of the 19th century, made an official part of the Russian Empire in 1867, and finally replaced during the Great War by the Central Powers in 1915 with the theoretically existing Regency Kingdom of Poland.
Though officially the Kingdom of Poland was a state with considerable political autonomy guaranteed by a liberal constitution, its rulers, the Russian Emperors, generally disregarded any restrictions on their power. Thus effectively it was little more than a puppet state of the Russian Empire. The autonomy was severely curtailed following uprisings in 1830–31 and 1863, as the country became governed by namestniks, and later divided into guberniya (provinces). Thus from the start, Polish autonomy remained little more than fiction.

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Council of Europe
The Council of Europe (French: Conseil de l'Europe) is an international organization promoting co-operation between all countries of Europe in the areas of legal standards, human rights, democratic development, the rule of law and cultural co-operation. It was founded in 1949, has 47 member states with some 800 million citizens, and is an entirely separate body from the European Union (EU), which has only 27 member states. Unlike the EU, the Council of Europe cannot make binding laws. The two do however share certain symbols such as the flag of Europe. The Council of Europe has nothing to do with either the Council of the European Union or the European Council, which are both EU bodies.
The best known bodies of the Council of Europe are the European Court of Human Rights, which enforces the European Convention on Human Rights, and the European Pharmacopoeia Commission, which sets the quality standards for pharmaceutical products in Europe. The Council of Europe's work has resulted in standards, charters and conventions to facilitate cooperation between European countries.

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Częstochowa
Częstochowa [t͡ʂɛ̃stɔˈxɔva] ( listen) is a city in south Poland on the Warta River with 240,027 inhabitants (June 2009). It has been situated in the Silesian Voivodeship (administrative division) since 1999, and was previously the capital of Częstochowa Voivodeship (1975–1998). However, Częstochowa is historically part of Lesser Poland, not of Silesia, and before 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), it belonged to the Kraków Voivodeship.
The town is known for the famous Pauline monastery of Jasna Góra, which is the home of the Black Madonna painting (Polish: Jasnogórski Cudowny obraz Najświętszej Maryi Panny Niepokalanie Poczętej), a shrine to the Virgin Mary. Every year, millions of pilgrims from all over the world come to Częstochowa to see it. The city was became home to the Frankism religion in the late 18th and 19th Century. There is also a Lusatian culture excavation site and museum in the city and ruins of a medieval castle in Olsztyn, approximately 25 kilometres (ca. 16 mi) from the city centre.

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Debrecen
Debrecen (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈdɛbrɛtsɛn] ( listen), known by alternative names), is the second largest city in Hungary after Budapest. Debrecen is the regional centre of the Northern Great Plain region and the seat of Hajdú-Bihar county.
The city was first mentioned by the name "Debrezun" in 1235. Theories say the name is of Cuman origin. In other languages the name of the city is the following : German Debrezin, Serbian Debr(e)cin Slovak Debrecín, Romanian Debreţin.
Debrecen is located on the Great Hungarian Plain, 220 km (137 mi) east of Budapest. Situated nearby is the Hortobágy, a national park within Hungary .
The city used to be somewhat isolated from Budapest, Hungary's main transport hub. However, the completion of the motorway M35 means Budapest can now be reached in under two hours. Debrecen Airport (the second largest in Hungary) has recently undergone modernisation in order to be able to handle more international flights, although almost all flights to and from Hungary still use Budapest's Ferihegy Airport. There's some cities that you can reach from the Debrecen Airport: Milan, Eindhoven and London. The closest airport with scheduled flights in terms of distance is Oradea Airport in Romania 1 hour and 20 minutes away from Debrecen. There have also been improvements to some parts of the railway between the capital and Debrecen as part of Hungary's mainly EU-funded National Development Plan for 2004 to 2006.^{[citation needed]}

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Denmark
The Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: Kongeriget Danmark, pronounced [ˈkɔŋəʁiːəð ˈdanmɑɡ̊] ( listen)) is a constitutional monarchy and sovereign state consisting the country of Denmark in northern Europe and two autonomous constituent countries, the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic and Greenland in North America. The kingdom is a unitary state with some power being devolved from Denmark proper to Greenland and the Faroe Islands; this polity is referred to as the Danish Realm. Denmark proper is the hegemonial area, where judicial, executive, and legislative power resides. The Faroe Islands are defined to be a community of people within the kingdom, and the Greenlandic people are defined as a separate people with the right to self-determination.
Denmark is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, located southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. The country consists of a large peninsula, Jutland and many islands, most notably Zealand, Funen, Lolland, Falster and Bornholm, as well as hundreds of minor islands often referred to as the Danish Archipelago.

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Duchy of Warsaw
The Duchy of Warsaw (Polish: Księstwo Warszawskie; French: Duché de Varsovie; German: Herzogtum Warschau; Russian: Варшавское герцогство, Varshavskoye gertsogstvo) was a Polish state established by Napoleon I in 1807 from the Polish lands ceded by the Kingdom of Prussia under the terms of the Treaties of Tilsit. The duchy was held in personal union by one of Napoleon's allies, King Frederick Augustus I of Saxony. Following Napoleon's failed invasion of Russia, the duchy was occupied by Prussian and Russian troops until 1815, when it was formally partitioned between the two countries at the Congress of Vienna.
The duchy is sometimes incorrectly referred to as the Grand Duchy of Warsaw.
The area of the duchy had already been liberated by a popular uprising that had escalated from anti-conscription rioting in 1806. One of the first tasks for the new government included providing food to the French army fighting the Russians in East Prussia.
The Duchy of Warsaw was officially created by French Emperor Napoleon I, as part of the Treaty of Tilsit with Prussia. Its creation met the support of both local republicans in partitioned Poland, and the large Polish diaspora in France, who openly supported Napoleon as the only man capable of restoring Polish sovereignty after the Partitions of Poland of late 18th century. Although it was created as a satellite state (and was only a duchy, rather than a kingdom), it was commonly hoped and believed that with time the nation would be able to regain its former status, not to mention its former borders.

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European Commission
The European Commission is the executive body of the European Union. The body is responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the Union's treaties and the general day-to-day running of the Union.
The Commission operates as a cabinet government, with 27 members of the Commission (informally known as "commissioners" ). There is one member per member state, though members are bound to represent the interests of the EU as a whole rather than their home state. One of the 27 is the Commission President (currently José Manuel Durão Barroso) proposed by the European Council and elected by the European Parliament. The Council then appoints the other 26 members of the Commission in agreement with the nominated President, and then the 27 members as a single body are subject to a vote of approval by the European Parliament. The first Barroso Commission took office in late 2004 and its successor, under the same President, took office in 2010.
The term "Commission" is used either in the narrow sense of the 27-member College of Commissioners (or College) or to also include the administrative body of about 23,000 European civil servants who are split into departments called Directorates-General and Services. The internal working languages of the Commission are English, French and German. The Members of the Commission and their "cabinets" (immediate teams) are based in the Berlaymont building of Brussels.

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France
France (English ⁱ/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km² (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km² / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.

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Gdańsk
Gdańsk ( /ɡəˈdænsk/ or /ɡəˈdɑːnsk/; Polish: [ˈɡdaɲsk]; German: Danzig, pronounced [ˈdantsɪç]) is a Polish city on the Baltic coast, at the center of the country's fourth-largest metropolitan area.
The city lies on the southern edge of Gdańsk Bay (of the Baltic Sea), in a conurbation with the city of Gdynia, spa town of Sopot, and suburban communities, which together form a metropolitan area called the Tricity (Trójmiasto), with a population of over 800,000. Gdańsk itself has a population of 455,830 (June 2010), making it the largest city in the Pomerania region of Northern Poland.
Gdańsk is Poland's principal seaport as well as the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship. It is also historically the largest city of the Kashubian region. The city is close to the former late medieval/modern boundary between West Slavic and Germanic lands and it has a complex political history with periods of Polish rule, periods of German rule, and extensive self-rule, with two spells as a free city. It has been part of modern Poland since 1945.

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General Government
The General Government (German: Generalgouvernement, Polish: Generalne Gubernatorstwo, Ukrainian: Генеральна губернія) was an area of Second Republic of Poland under Nazi German rule during World War II; designated as a separate region of the Third Reich (Großdeutsches Reich) between 1939–1945. Following Operation Barbarossa in June 1941, the former Polish eastern voivodeships (districts) of Kresy (earlier invaded by the Red Army in Nazi–Soviet pact) were added to the General Government by a decree issued by Adolf Hitler.
In terms of international and civil law, all of these acts were illegal from their inception, according to section III of the Fourth Hague Convention (1907) accepted by Germany. The area was not a puppet state; its rulers had no goal of collaborating with Poles throughout the war, regardless of their political orientation. The Nazi authorities made a determined effort to avoid even mentioning the name "Poland" in government correspondence. The only exception to this were the German-backed banknotes and coins (called 'zloty' and 'grosz') printed in 1940 in which the word was used for propaganda purposes. The government and administration of the General Government was composed entirely of Germans, with the intent that the area was eventually to become an ethnic German province. According to Heim ins Reich initiative the only locals remaining were to be those of German descent.

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Germany
Germany (ⁱ/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km² and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.

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Gmina Bełżyce
Gmina Bełżyce is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Lublin County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. Its seat is the town of Bełżyce, which lies approximately 23 kilometres (14 mi) west of the regional capital Lublin.
The gmina covers an area of 133.85 square kilometres (51.7 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 13,876 (out of which the population of Bełżyce amounts to 7,054, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 6,822).
Apart from the town of Bełżyce, Gmina Bełżyce contains the villages and settlements of Babin, Chmielnik, Chmielnik-Kolonia, Cuple, Jaroszewice, Kierz, Krężnica Okrągła, Malinowszczyzna, Matczyn, Płowizny, Podole, Skrzyniec, Skrzyniec-Kolonia, Stare Wierzchowiska, Wierzchowiska Dolne, Wierzchowiska Górne, Wojcieszyn, Wronów, Wymysłówka, Zagórze, Zalesie and Zosin.
Gmina Bełżyce is bordered by the gminas of Borzechów, Chodel, Konopnica, Niedrzwica Duża, Poniatowa and Wojciechów.

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Gmina Borzechów
Gmina Borzechów is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Lublin County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Borzechów, which lies approximately 26 kilometres (16 mi) south-west of the regional capital Lublin.
The gmina covers an area of 67.37 square kilometres (26.0 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 3,807.
Gmina Borzechów contains the villages and settlements of Białawoda, Borzechów, Borzechów-Kolonia, Dąbrowa, Dobrowola, Grabówka, Kaźmierów, Kępa, Kępa Borzechowska, Kępa-Kolonia, Kłodnica Dolna, Kłodnica Górna, Kolonia Łopiennik, Łączki-Pawłówek, Łopiennik, Ludwinów, Majdan Borzechowski, Majdan Radliński, Majdan Skrzyniecki, Osina, Ryczydół and Zakącie.
Gmina Borzechów is bordered by the gminas of Bełżyce, Chodel, Niedrzwica Duża, Urzędów and Wilkołaz.

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Gmina Bychawa
Gmina Bychawa is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Lublin County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. Its seat is the town of Bychawa, which lies approximately 26 kilometres (16 mi) south of the regional capital Lublin.
The gmina covers an area of 146.19 square kilometres (56.4 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 12,311, of which the population of Bychawa is 5,285, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 7,026.
Apart from the town of Bychawa, Gmina Bychawa contains the villages and settlements of Bychawka Druga, Bychawka Druga-Kolonia, Bychawka Pierwsza, Bychawka Trzecia, Bychawka Trzecia-Kolonia, Gałęzów, Gałęzów-Kolonia Druga, Gałęzów-Kolonia Pierwsza, Grodzany, Józwów, Kosarzew Dolny-Kolonia, Kowersk, Łęczyca, Leśniczówka, Marysin, Olszowiec, Olszowiec-Kolonia, Osowa, Osowa-Kolonia, Podzamcze, Romanów, Skawinek, Stara Wieś Druga, Stara Wieś Pierwsza, Stara Wieś Trzecia, Urszulin, Wandzin, Wincentówek, Wola Duża, Wola Duża-Kolonia, Wola Gałęzowska, Wola Gałęzowska-Kolonia, Zadębie, Zaraszów, Zaraszów-Kolonia and Zdrapy.

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Gmina Garbów
Gmina Garbów is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Lublin County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Garbów, which lies approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) north-west of the regional capital Lublin.
The gmina covers an area of 102.42 square kilometres (39.5 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 8,969.
Gmina Garbów is bordered by the gminas of Abramów, Jastków, Kamionka, Markuszów, Nałęczów and Niemce.
The gmina contains the following villages with the status of sołectwo: Bogucin, Borków, Garbów (divided into two sołectwos: Garbów I and Garbów II), Gutanów, Janów, Karolin, Leśce, Meszno, Piotrowice-Kolonia, Piotrowice Wielkie, Przybysławice, Wola Przybysławska (divided into two sołectwos: Wola Przybysławska I and Wola Przybysławska II), and Zagrody.

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Gmina Głusk
Gmina Głusk is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Lublin County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It takes its name from Głusk – this was formerly a village, but in 1988 was incorporated into the city of Lublin, and is therefore no longer a part of the territory of Gmina Głusk, although it still serves as its administrative seat. The gmina lies to the south-east of the regional capital Lublin. It covers an area of 64 square kilometres (24.7 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 7,372.
Gmina Głusk contains the villages and settlements of Abramowice Prywatne, Ćmiłów, Dominów, Głuszczyzna, Kalinówka, Kazimierzówka, Kliny, Majdan Mętowski, Mętów, Nowiny, Prawiedniki, Prawiedniki-Kolonia, Wilczopole, Wilczopole-Kolonia, Wólka Abramowicka and Żabia Wola.
Gmina Głusk is bordered by the towns of Lublin and Świdnik, and by the gminas of Jabłonna, Mełgiew, Niedrzwica Duża, Piaski and Strzyżewice.
Coordinates: 51°10′N 22°39′E / 51.167°N 22.65°E / 51.167; 22.65

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Gmina Jastków
Gmina Jastków is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Lublin County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Jastków, which lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) north-west of the regional capital Lublin.
The gmina covers an area of 113.76 square kilometres (43.9 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 12,248.
Gmina Jastków contains the villages and settlements of Barak, Dąbrowica, Dębówka, Jastków, Józefów, Ługów, Marysin, Moszenki, Moszna, Moszna-Kolonia, Natalin, Ożarów, Panieńszczyzna, Piotrawin, Płouszowice, Płouszowice-Kolonia, Sieprawice, Sieprawki, Sługocin, Smugi, Snopków, Tomaszowice, Tomaszowice-Kolonia and Wysokie.
Gmina Jastków is bordered by the city of Lublin and by the gminas of Garbów, Konopnica, Nałęczów, Niemce and Wojciechów.

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Gmina Krzczonów
Gmina Krzczonów is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Lublin County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Krzczonów, which lies approximately 29 kilometres (18 mi) south of the regional capital Lublin.
The gmina covers an area of 128.15 square kilometres (49.5 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 4,942.
Gmina Krzczonów contains the villages and settlements of Antoniówka, Boży Dar, Gierniak, Kosarzew Dolny, Kosarzew Górny, Kosarzew-Stróża, Krzczonów, Krzczonów Drugi, Krzczonów Pierwszy, Krzczonów Trzeci, Krzczonów-Folwark, Krzczonów-Skałka, Lewandowszczyzna, Majdan Policki, Nowiny Żukowskie, Olszanka, Piotrkówek, Policzyzna, Pustelnik, Sobieska Wola Pierwsza, Sobieska Wola Druga, Teklin, Walentynów, Zielona, Żuków Drugi, Żuków Pierwszy and Żuków-Kolonia.
Gmina Krzczonów is bordered by the gminas of Bychawa, Jabłonna, Piaski, Rybczewice, Wysokie and Żółkiewka.

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Gmina Niemce
Gmina Niemce is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Lublin County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Niemce, which lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) north of the regional capital Lublin.
The gmina covers an area of 141.16 square kilometres (54.5 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 16,360.
Gmina Niemce contains the villages and settlements of Baszki, Boduszyn, Bystrzyca-Kolonia, Ciecierzyn, Dys, Dziuchów, Elizówka, Jakubowice Konińskie, Jakubowice Konińskie-Kolonia, Kawka, Krasienin, Krasienin-Kolonia, Łagiewniki, Leonów, Ludwinów, Majdan Krasieniński, Nasutów, Niemce, Nowy Staw, Osówka, Pólko, Pryszczowa Góra, Rudka Kozłowiecka, Stoczek, Stoczek-Kolonia, Swoboda, Wola Krasienińska, Wola Niemiecka and Zalesie.
Gmina Niemce is bordered by the city of Lublin and by the gminas of Garbów, Jastków, Kamionka, Lubartów, Spiczyn and Wólka.

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Gmina Strzyżewice
Gmina Strzyżewice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Lublin County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Strzyżewice, which lies approximately 24 kilometres (15 mi) south-west of the regional capital Lublin.
The gmina covers an area of 108.84 square kilometres (42.0 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 7,572.
Gmina Strzyżewice contains the villages and settlements of Borkowizna, Bystrzyca Nowa, Bystrzyca Stara, Dębina, Dębszczyzna, Franciszków, Iżyce, Kajetanówka, Kiełczewice Dolne, Kiełczewice Górne, Kiełczewice Maryjskie, Kiełczewice Pierwsze, Kolonia Kiełczewice Dolne, Osmolice, Pawłów, Pawłówek, Piotrowice, Polanówka, Pszczela Wola, Strzyżewice and Żabia Wola.
Gmina Strzyżewice is bordered by the gminas of Bychawa, Głusk, Jabłonna, Niedrzwica Duża, Wilkołaz and Zakrzówek.

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Gmina Wojciechów
Gmina Wojciechów is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Lublin County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Wojciechów, which lies approximately 23 kilometres (14 mi) west of the regional capital Lublin.
The gmina covers an area of 80.92 square kilometres (31.2 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 5,962.
Gmina Wojciechów contains the villages and settlements of Góra, Halinówka, Ignaców, Łubki, Łubki-Kolonia, Łubki-Szlachta, Maszki, Miłocin, Nowy Gaj, Palikije, Palikije Drugie, Sporniak, Stary Gaj, Stasin, Szczuczki, Wojciechów, Wojciechów-Kolonia Piąta and Wojciechów-Kolonia Pierwsza.
Gmina Wojciechów is bordered by the gminas of Bełżyce, Jastków, Konopnica, Nałęczów, Poniatowa and Wąwolnica.

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Gmina Wysokie
Gmina Wysokie is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Lublin County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Wysokie, which lies approximately 39 kilometres (24 mi) south of the regional capital Lublin.
The gmina covers an area of 114.18 square kilometres (44.1 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 5,158.
Gmina Wysokie contains the villages and settlements of Antoniówka, Biskupie, Biskupie-Kolonia, Cegielnia, Dragany, Giełczew, Giełczew-Doły, Guzówka, Jabłonowo, Kajetanów, Łosień, Nowy Dwór, Nowy Maciejów, Radomirka, Rezerwa, Słupeczno, Spławy, Stary Maciejów, Stolnikowizna, Wysokie and Zabłocie.
Gmina Wysokie is bordered by the gminas of Bychawa, Krzczonów, Turobin, Zakrzew and Żółkiewka.

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Gmina Wólka
Gmina Wólka is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Lublin County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It takes its name from the village of Wólka, which was the gmina seat until 30 December 1999. Since then the seat has been the village of Jakubowice Murowane (the gmina offices are in fact situated in part of that village which is administratively part of the city of Lublin).
The gmina covers an area of 72.75 square kilometres (28.1 sq mi), and as of 2009 its total population is 9,874.
Gmina Wólka contains the villages and settlements of Biskupie-Kolonia, Bystrzyca, Długie, Jakubowice Murowane, Kolonia Pliszczyn, Kolonia Świdnik Mały, Łuszczów Drugi, Łuszczów Pierwszy, Łysaków, Pliszczyn, Rudnik, Sobianowice, Świdniczek, Świdnik Duży, Świdnik Mały, Turka and Wólka.
Gmina Wólka is bordered by the towns of Lublin and Świdnik, and by the gminas of Łęczna, Mełgiew, Niemce and Spiczyn.

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Hrubieszów County
Hrubieszów County (Polish: powiat hrubieszowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland, on the border with Ukraine. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Hrubieszów, which lies 104 kilometres (65 mi) south-east of the regional capital Lublin.
The county covers an area of 1,269.45 square kilometres (490.1 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 68,822, out of which the population of Hrubieszów is 18,617 and the rural population is 50,205.
Hrubieszów County is bordered by Tomaszów Lubelski County to the south-west, Zamość County to the west and Chełm County to the north-west. It also borders Ukraine to the east.
The county is subdivided into eight gminas (one urban and seven rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.

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Hungary
Hungary ⁱ/ˈhʌŋɡəri/ (Hungarian: Magyarország [ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ] ( listen)) is a country, which is located in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The country's capital, and largest city, is Budapest. Hungary is a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the Visegrád Group, and is a Schengen state. The official language is Hungarian, also known as Magyar, which is part of the Finno-Ugric group and is the most widely spoken non-Indo-European language in Europe.
Following a Celt (after c. 450 BC) and a Roman (AD 9 - c. 430) period, the foundation of Hungary was laid in the late 9th century by the Hungarian prince Árpád, whose great-grandson Saint Stephen I was crowned with a crown sent by the pope from Rome in 1000 AD. The Kingdom of Hungary lasted for 946 years, and at various points was regarded as one of the cultural centres of the Western world. After about 150 years of partial Ottoman occupation (1541–1699), Hungary was integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy, and later constituted half of the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy (1867–1918).

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Israel
Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
Israel, officially the State of Israel ( /ˈɪzriːəl/ or /ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל‎, Medīnat Yisrā'el, IPA: [me̞diˈnät jisʁäˈʔe̞l] ( listen); Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل‎, Dawlat Isrāʼīl, IPA: [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state.
Following the adoption of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption and implementation of the United Nations plan to partition Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, a state independent from the British Mandate for Palestine. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Portions of these territories, including east Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel, but the border with the neighboring West Bank has not yet been permanently defined.^{[neutrality is disputed]} Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.

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Ivano-Frankivsk
Ivano-Frankivsk (Ukrainian: Івано-Франківськ; formerly Stanyslaviv,Stanislau, or Stanisławów see below) is a historic city located in the western Ukraine. It is the administrative centre of the Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (province), and is designated as its own separate raion (district)^{[clarification needed]} within the oblast, municipality.
Built in the mid 17th century as a private fortress of the Potocki family, with the partition of Poland in 1772 it was passed to the Habsburg Empire, after which it became a property of the State authorities of the Austrian Empire. It was during that time that the fortress was transformed into one of the most prominent cities at the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains. After World War I for a short stint it served a temporary capital of the West Ukrainian People's Republic, after the fall of which Stanisławów became part of the Second Polish Republic. At the dawn of World War II the city was "liberated" by the Soviet forces which were soon overran by Nazi Germany. With the liberation of Ukraine in 1944, Soviet regime was established in the city for the next 45 years. A few years before the fall of the Soviet Union the blue-yellow flag was raised in the city as the symbol of independent Ukraine.

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Katowice
Katowice (Polish: [katɔˈvʲit͡sɛ] ( listen); German: Kattowitz) is a city in Silesia in southern Poland, on the Kłodnica and Rawa rivers (tributaries of the Oder and the Vistula respectively). Katowice is located in the Silesian Highlands, about 50 km (31 mi) north of the Silesian Beskids (part of the Carpathian Mountains) and about 100 km (62 mi) southeast of the Sudetes Mountains.
It is the central district of the Upper Silesian Metropolis, with a population of 2.2 million to 3.5 million. Katowice is the center of science, culture, industry, business and transportation in southern Poland. It is the main city in the Upper Silesian Industrial Region and of the 2.7 millionconurbation, the Katowice urban area, within a Silesian metropolitan area populated by 4,676,983 people.
Katowice has been the capital of the Silesian Voivodeship since its formation in 1999. Previously, it was the capital of the Katowice Voivodeship, before then, of the Silesian Voivodeship and before then Province of Upper Silesia in Germany.

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Kielce
Kielce [ˈkʲɛlt͡sɛ] ( listen) is a city in central Poland with 204,891 inhabitants (June 2009). It is also the capital city of the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (Holy Cross Voivodeship) since 1999, previously in Kielce Voivodeship (1919–1939, 1945–1998). The city is located in the middle of the Świętokrzyskie Mountains (Holy Cross Mountains), at the banks of Silnica river, in northern part of the historical Polish province of Lesser Poland. Once an important centre of limestone mining, Kielce is now a centre of trade and commerce, with Kielce Trade Fairs (Targi Kieleckie) ranking third among Central and Eastern Europe trade fairs centres.
The area of Kielce has been inhabited since at least the 5th century BC. Until the 6th or 7th century the banks of the Silnica were inhabited by Kelts. They were driven out by a Slavic tribe of Vistulans who started hunting in the nearby huge forests and had settled most of the area now known as Małopolska and present-day Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship. The lands of Wiślanie were at first subdued by Bohemia, however they soon came under the control of the Piast dynasty and became a part of Poland. According to a local legend, Mieszko, son of Boleslaus II of Poland dreamt he was attacked by a band of brigands in a forest. In the dream he saw a vision of Saint Adalbert who drew a winding line which turned into a stream. When Mieszko woke up, he found the Silnica River whose waters helped him regain strength. He also discovered huge white tusks of an unknown animal. Mieszko announced he would build a town and a church to St. Adalbert at that site. According to this legend, the town's name Kielce commemorates the mysterious tusks (kieł in Polish).

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Kovel
Kovel (Ukrainian and Russian: Ковель, translit. Kovel’, Polish: Kowel, Hebrew: כהואל) is a city located in the Volyn Oblast (province), in northwestern Ukraine. Serving as the administrative center of the Kovelskyi Raion (district), the city itself is also designated as a separate raion within the oblast. The current estimated population (as of 2009) is around 65,777.Kovel gives its name to one of the oldest Runic inscriptions which were lost during World War II. The Kovel spearhead, unearthed near the town in 1858, contained text in Gothic language (illustration).
Kovel (Kowel) was first mentioned in 1310. It received city rights from the Polish king Zygmunt Stary in 1518. In 1547 the owner of Kowel became Bona Sforza, Polish queen. In 1564 starost of Kowel became Kurbski (d. 1584).
After the Partitions of Poland the town fell into the Russian Empire for over a hundred years. During the First World War, the city was a site of the Battle of Kovel between the Central Powers and the Russian Empire. In the interwar period, Kovel served as the capital of Kovel County in Volhynian Voivodeship of the Polish Republic. In World War II, following the Nazi German invasion of Poland and subsequently, their Operation Barbarossa the Germans murdered 18,000 Jews in Kovel, mostly during August and September 1942. Later on, in March and April 1944, Kovel was a site of fierce fighting between the 5th SS Panzer Division Wiking and the Red Army. In 1945, at the insistence of Joseph Stalin (following the Tehran Conference of 1943) Poland's borders were redrawn, the Polish population was forcibly resettled and Kovel was incorporated into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. It has been a part of sovereign Ukraine since 1991.

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Kraków
Kraków (Polish pronunciation: [ˈkrakuf] ( listen)) also Cracow, or Krakow (English /ˈkrækaʊ/), is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River (Polish: Wisła) in the Lesser Poland region, the city dates back to the 7th century. Kraków has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life and is one of Poland's most important economic hubs. It was the capital of Poland from 1038 to 1569; the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569 to 1596; the Grand Duchy of Kraków from 1846 to 1918; and Kraków Voivodeship from the 14th century to 1999. It is now the capital of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship.
The city has grown from a Stone Age settlement to Poland's second most important city. It began as a hamlet on Wawel Hill and was already being reported as a busy trading centre of Slavonic Europe in 965. With the establishment of new universities and cultural venues at the emergence of the Second Polish Republic and throughout the 20th century, Kraków reaffirmed its role as a major national academic and artistic centre. The city has a population of approximately 760,000 whereas about 8 million people live within a 100 km radius of its main square.

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Krasnystaw County
Krasnystaw County (Polish: powiat krasnostawski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Krasnystaw, which lies 50 kilometres (31 mi) south-east of the regional capital Lublin.
The county covers an area of 1,067.18 square kilometres (412.0 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 69,274, out of which the population of Krasnystaw is 19,434 and the rural population is 49,840.
Krasnystaw County is bordered by Chełm County to the north-east, Zamość County and Biłgoraj County to the south, Lublin County to the west, and Świdnik County to the north-west.
The county is subdivided into 10 gminas (one urban and nine rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population. (Until 2006 the county also included Gmina Rejowiec, which is now in Chełm County.)

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Kraśnik County
Kraśnik County (Polish: powiat kraśnicki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Kraśnik, which lies 45 kilometres (28 mi) south-west of the regional capital Lublin. The only other town in the county is Annopol, lying 25 km (16 mi) west of Kraśnik.
The county covers an area of 1,005.34 square kilometres (388.2 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 99,770, out of which the population of Kraśnik is 36,072, that of Annopol is 2,690, and the rural population is 61,008.
Kraśnik County is bordered by Lublin County to the north-east, Janów Lubelski County and Stalowa Wola County to the south, Sandomierz County to the south-west, Opatów County to the west, and Opole Lubelskie County to the north-west.
The county is subdivided into 10 gminas (one urban, one urban-rural and eight rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.

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Lithuania
Lithuania (ⁱ/ˌlɪθuːˈeɪniə/ or /ˌlɪθjuːˈeɪniə/; Lithuanian: Lietuva), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Respublika) is a country in Northern Europe, the largest of the three Baltic states. It is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, whereby to the west lie Sweden and Denmark. It borders Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and a Russian exclave (Kaliningrad Oblast) to the southwest. Lithuania has an estimated population of 3.2 million as of 2011, and its capital and largest city is Vilnius. The Lithuanians are a Baltic people, and the official language, Lithuanian, is one of only two living languages (together with Latvian) in the Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family.
For centuries, the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea was inhabited by various Baltic tribes. In the 1230s the Lithuanian lands were united by Mindaugas, who was crowned as King of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the first Lithuanian state, on 6 July 1253. During the 14th century, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was the largest country in Europe: present-day Belarus, Ukraine, and parts of Poland and Russia were territories of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. With the Lublin Union of 1569, Lithuania and Poland formed a voluntary two-state union, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Commonwealth lasted more than two centuries, until neighboring countries systematically dismantled it from 1772 to 1795, with the Russian Empire annexing most of Lithuania's territory.

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Lubartów County
Lubartów County (Polish: powiat lubartowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Lubartów, which lies 25 kilometres (16 mi) north of the regional capital Lublin. The county also contains the towns of Kock, lying 23 km (14 mi) north-west of Lubartów, and Ostrów Lubelski, 18 km (11 mi) east of Lubartów.
The county covers an area of 1,290.35 square kilometres (498.2 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 90,484, out of which the population of Lubartów is 22,950, that of Kock is 3,478, that of Ostrów Lubelski is 2,245, and the rural population is 61,811.
Lubartów County is bordered by Łuków County and Radzyń Podlaski County to the north, Parczew County to the north-east, Łęczna County to the south-east, Lublin County to the south, and Puławy County and Ryki County to the west.

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Lublin
Coordinates: 51°14′N 22°34′E / 51.233°N 22.567°E / 51.233; 22.567
Lublin [ˈlublʲin] ( listen) (Ukrainian: Люблін, Liublin, Yiddish: לובלין Lublin) is the ninth largest city in Poland, and the second largest city of Lesser Poland. It is the capital of Lublin Voivodeship (province) with a population of 350,392 (June 2009). Lublin is also the largest Polish city east of the Vistula River. Lublin was a candidate for the title of European Capital of Culture in 2016. Lublin is situated around 170 km (105 miles) away from the capital, Warsaw.
The first permanent settlements on the Lublin site were established in the early Middle Ages, though archeological finds indicate a long, earlier presence of various cultures in the general area. The earliest, most significant settlement began in the 6th century, on a hill located in the suburb of Czwartek (in Polish Thursday, most likely in reference to the market day of the settlement). It is likely that the surrounding hills, notably the site of the present day Old Town, were also settled at around this time. In the 10th and 11th centuries the Czwartek settlement developed into an important trade centre. The location of Lublin at the eastern borders of the Polish lands gave it a military significance. The first fortification on the site may have been built as early as the 8th century, possibly on the Castle Hill. Certainly at the end of the 10th century a significant fortification existed there. As the castle grew, the Old Town hill adjacent to it became the main focus of settlement, and the Czwartek settlement declined in relative importance. The castle became the seat of a Castellan, first mentioned in historical sources from 1224, but quite possibly present from the start of the 12th, or even 10th century. The oldest historical document mentioning Lublin dates from 1198, so the name must have come into general use some time earlier.

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Lublin County
Lublin County (Polish: powiat lubelski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Lublin, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The only towns in Lublin County are Bełżyce, which lies 23 km (14 mi) west of Lublin, and Bychawa, 26 km (16 mi) south of Lublin.
The county covers an area of 1,679.42 square kilometres (648.4 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 140,562, out of which the population of Bełżyce is 7,054, that of Bychawa is 5,285, and the rural population is 128,223.
Apart from the city of Lublin, Lublin County is also bordered by Lubartów County to the north, Łęczna County, Świdnik County and Krasnystaw County to the east, Biłgoraj County and Janów Lubelski County to the south, Kraśnik County to the south-west, and Opole Lubelskie County and Puławy County to the west.

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Lublin Ghetto
The Lublin Ghetto was a World War II ghetto created by Nazi Germany in the city of Lublin in occupied Poland, on the Nazi-administered territory of the General Government. Its inhabitants were mostly Polish Jews, although a number of Roma were also present. The Lublin Ghetto, set up in March 1941, was one of the first Nazi-era ghettos in occupied Poland to be "liquidated". In November 1942 around 30,000 inmates were delivered to their deaths in cattle trucks at the Bełżec extermination camp and additional 4,000 at Majdanek.
Already in 1940, before the actual ghetto was opened, the SS and Police Leader Odilo Globocnik (the SS district-commander who also set up the nearby Jewish reservation), began to move the Lublin Jews away from his staff headquarters and into a new area set up for this purpose. Ten thousand Jews had been expelled from Lublin to the rural surroundings of the town in early March.
The Ghetto, referred to as the Jewish quarter or Wohngebiet der Juden, was opened on March 24, 1941. The expulsion and ghettoization of Jews was decided in early March when the Wehrmacht troops, preparing for the invasion of the Soviet Union, needed housing close to the Nazi-Soviet demarcation line. The Ghetto, the only one in the Lublin district in 1941, was located around the area of Podzamcze, from the Grodzka Gate (at the time called the "Jewish Gate", as it demarcated the boundary between the Jewish and non-Jewish quarters of the city), along the Lubartowska and Unicka streets, until the boundary of the Franciszkańska Street. Various members of Jewish political parties, such as the Bund, were imprisoned in the Lublin Castle and continued to carry out their activities underground.

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Lublin Old Town

Lublin Old Town - constitutes one of the most precious Polish complexes of historic buildings. The Crown Tribunal alongside with the 14th-century Kraków Gate leading from the Old Town to the city center are commonly considered symbols of the city.
The Krakowska Gate - entry gate to the old town with remain of defensive fortifications from the 14'th century. The gate is built in a gothic style and has some baroque elements added in the 18'th century.
Coordinates: 51°14′24″N 22°34′12″E / 51.24°N 22.57°E / 51.24; 22.57

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Lublin Station
Coordinates: 51°13′53″N 22°34′06″E / 51.23139°N 22.56833°E / 51.23139; 22.56833
Lublin Station (Polish Stacja Lublin) is the most important railway station in Lublin, Poland. It is sometimes referred to as Lublin Główny (Lublin Main), to distinguish it from two other (much smaller) stations located in Lublin. The main station building was opened in 1877, together with the Vistula River Railroad, which connected Warsaw with Kovel. At the time Lublin was in the Russian Empire as part of Congress Poland.
The station serves trains running on the three significant passenger carrying lines radiating from Lublin: the line to Warsaw, the line to Chełm and the border with Ukraine, and the line to Przeworsk. It is one of the busiest stations in eastern Poland, with over 50 train departures on a typical day.
Following the recreation of Poland in 1918, the station building was reconstructed in the 1920s to give it a more Polish style, as the original building looked like a typical station of the Russian Empire. In recent years the station was completely refurbished. Because of this, it is now considered one of the best railway stations in Poland, according to Gazeta Wyborcza which gave it second place in the ranking of 23 most significant Polish railway stations.

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Lublin Voivodeship
Lublin Voivodeship, or Lublin Province (in Polish, województwo lubelskie [vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ luˈbɛlskʲɛ]), is a voivodeship, or province, located in southeastern Poland. It was created on January 1, 1999, out of the former Lublin, Chełm, Zamość, Biała Podlaska and (partially) Tarnobrzeg and Siedlce Voivodeships, pursuant to Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998. The province is named after its largest city and regional capital, Lublin, and its territory is made of three historical lands: the western part of the voivodeship, with Lublin itself, belongs to Lesser Poland, the eastern part belongs to Red Ruthenia, and the northeast belongs to Polesie.
Lublin Voivodeship is bordered by Subcarpathian Voivodeship to the south, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship to the south-west, Masovian Voivodeship to the west and north, Podlaskie Voivodeship along a short boundary to the north, and Belarus and Ukraine to the east. The province's population as of 2006 was 2,175,251. It covers an area of 25,155 square kilometres (9,712 sq mi).

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Luhansk
Coordinates: 48°34′N 39°18′E / 48.567°N 39.3°E / 48.567; 39.3
Luhansk (Ukrainian: Луга́нськ, pronounced [luˈɦɑɲsʲk]) (formerly Voroshilovgrad) also known as Lugansk (Russian: Луга́нск; pronounced [luˈɡansk]) is a city in southeastern Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Luhansk Oblast (province). The city itself is also designated as its own separate municipality within the oblast. The current estimated population is around 445,900 (as of 2004).
The city traces its history to 1795, when the British industrialist Charles Gascoigne founded a metal factory there. It was the beginning of an industry that still thrives there today. Lugansk achieved the status of city in 1882. Located in the Donets Basin, Lugansk was developed into an important industrial center of Eastern Europe, particularly a home to the major locomotive-building company. On November 5, 1935, the city was renamed Voroshilovgrad (Russian and Ukrainian: Ворошиловград) in honour of Soviet military commander and politician Kliment Voroshilov. On March 5, 1958, with the call of Khrushchev not to give names of living people to cities, the old name was reinstated. On January 5, 1970, after Voroshilov died, the name was changed again to Voroshilovgrad. Finally, on May 4, 1990, a decree of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR gave the city back its original name.

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Lutsk
Lutsk (Ukrainian: Луцьк, translit. Luts'k, Polish: Łuck, Belarusian: Луцак or Луцк, transliterated Lutchak or Lutsk) is a city located by the Styr River in northwestern Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Volyn Oblast (province) and the administrative center of the surrounding Lutskyi Raion (district) within the oblast. The city is also designated as a separate raion of its own within the oblast.
The estimated population was around 206,000 (as of 2007^[update]).
Lutsk is an ancient Slavic town, mentioned in the Hypatian Chronicle as Luchesk in the records of 1085. The etymology of the name is unclear. There are three hypotheses:
Its historical name in Ukrainian is Луцьк; in Bielarusian, Луцак or Луцк; in Russian, Луцк; and in Polish, Łuck.
According to legends Luchesk was founded in the 7th century. The first known documental reference is from the year 1085. The town was the capital of Halych-Volynia until the foundation of Volodymyr-Volynsky.
The town was founded around a wooden castle built by a local branch of the Rurik Dynasty. At certain times the stronghold was the capital of the duchy, but since there was no need for a fixed capital in medieval Europe, the town did not become an important centre of commerce or culture. In 1240 the nearby town was seized and looted by the Tatars, but the castle was not harmed. In 1321 George son of Lev, the last of the line, died in a battle with the forces of Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania and the castle was seized by the Lithuanian forces. In 1349 the town was captured by the forces of Casimir III, but it was soon retaken by Lithuania.

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Lviv
Lviv (Ukrainian: Львів L’viv, IPA: [lʲwiu̯] ( listen); Polish: Lwów, pronounced [lvuf]; Russian: Львов, L'vov; German: Lemberg and Yiddish Lemberg, לעמבערג; Latin: Leopolis; see also other names) is a city in western Ukraine. The city is regarded as one of the main cultural centres of today's Ukraine and historically had also been a major Polish and Jewish cultural center; as Poles and Jews comprised a demographic majority of the city for a period leading up to the outbreak of World War II, the Holocaust, and Polish population transfers (1944–1946) that followed. The historical heart of Lviv with its old buildings and cobblestone roads has survived World War II and ensuing Soviet presence largely unscathed. The city has many industries and institutions of higher education such as the Lviv University and the Lviv Polytechnic. Lviv is also a home to many world-class cultural institutions, including a philharmonic orchestra and the famous Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet. The historic city centre is on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Lviv celebrated its 750th anniversary with a son et lumière in the city centre in September 2006.

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Majdanek
Majdanek was a German Nazi concentration camp on the outskirts of Lublin, Poland, established during the German Nazi occupation of Poland. The camp operated from October 1, 1941 until July 22, 1944, when it was captured nearly intact by the advancing Soviet Red Army. Although conceived as a forced labor camp and not as an extermination camp, over 79,000 people died there (59,000 of them Polish Jews) during the 34 months of its operation.
The name 'Majdanek' ("little Majdan") derives from the nearby Majdan Tatarski ("Tatar Maidan") district of Lublin, and was given to the camp in 1941 by the locals, who were aware of its existence. In Nazi documents, and for reasons related to its funding, Majdanek was initially "Prisoner of War Camp of the Waffen-SS in Lublin". It was renamed "Konzentrationslager Lublin" (Concentration Camp Lublin) in February 1943.
Among German Nazi concentration camps, Majdanek was unusual in that it was located near a major city, not hidden away at a remote rural location. It is also notable as the best-preserved concentration camp of the Holocaust - there had been too little time for the Nazis to destroy the evidence before the Red Army arrived.

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Netherlands
The Netherlands (ⁱ/ˈnɛðərləndz/; Dutch: Nederland [ˈneːdə(r)lɑnt] or [ˈneɪ̯də(r)lɑnt] ( listen); West Frisian: Nederlân; Papiamento: Hulanda) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with some islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders with Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom. It is a parliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state. The country capital is Amsterdam and the seat of government is The Hague. The Netherlands in its entirety is often referred to as Holland, although North and South Holland are actually only two of its twelve provinces (a case of pars pro toto; see terminology of "the Netherlands").

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Nykøbing Falster
Nykøbing Falster (originally named Nykøbing) is a southern Danish city, seat of the Guldborgsund kommune. It belongs to Region Sjælland. The city lies on Falster, connected by the 295-meter-long Frederick IX Bridge over the Guldborgsund (Guldborg Strait) waterway to the island of Lolland. The town has a population of 16,394 (1 January 2012). Including the satellite town Sundby on the Lolland side, with a population of 2,842, the total population is 19,236.
Nykøbing Falster is the largest city on the islands of Lolland and Falster, and is often called "Nykøbing F." to distinguish it from at least two other cities in Denmark with the name of Nykøbing. Nykøbing Falster is the seat of state and regional authorities.
There is a 0.5 kilometer long commercial district, walking street (gågade) on the Falster side of the city with a wide selection of shops. At the end of the street is a large plaza where special events are arranged. These include popular late-night events, which are held several times a year.

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Olsztyn
Olsztyn [ˈɔlʂtɨn] ( listen) (German: Allenstein ( listen); Old Polish: Holstin; Old Prussian: Alnāsteini; Lithuanian: Olštynas) is a city on the Łyna River in northeastern Poland. Olsztyn has been the capital of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship since 1999. It was previously in the Olsztyn Voivodeship (and in other units in 1945–75 and 1975–98). The city has county status.
In 1346 the old Prussian Warmian forest in the vicinity was cleared and a place was selected on the Alle, now Łyna River, for a new settlement. The Teutonic Knights began the construction of Ordensburg castle in 1347 as a stronghold against the Old Prussians, and the settlement of Allenstein was first mentioned the following year. The German name Allenstein meant a castle on the Alle River. It became known in Polish transliteration as Olsztyn. The settlement received municipal rights from Johannes von Leysen on 31 October 1353, and the castle was completed in 1397. Allenstein was incorporated into the Kingdom of Poland during the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War in 1410 and in 1414 during the Hunger War, but was returned to the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights after hostilities ended.

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Oxford University
Coordinates: 51°45′40″N 1°15′12″W / 51.7611°N 1.2534°W / 51.7611; -1.2534
The University of Oxford (informally Oxford University or Oxford) is a university located in Oxford, United Kingdom. It is the second-oldest surviving university in the world and the oldest in the English-speaking world. Although its exact date of foundation is unclear, there is evidence of teaching as far back as 1096. The University grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris. In post-nominals, the University of Oxford was historically abbreviated as Oxon. (from the Latin Oxoniensis), although Oxf is now used in official university publications.
After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled north-east to Cambridge, where they established what became the University of Cambridge. The two ancient English universities have many common features and are often jointly referred to as Oxbridge. In addition to their cultural and practical associations, as a historic part of British society, they have a long history of rivalry with each other.

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Parczew County
Parczew County (Polish: powiat parczewski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Parczew, which lies 48 kilometres (30 mi) north-east of the regional capital Lublin.
The county covers an area of 952.62 square kilometres (367.8 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 36,512, out of which the population of Parczew is 10,281 and the rural population is 26,231.
Parczew County is bordered by Biała Podlaska County to the north, Włodawa County to the east, Łęczna County to the south, Lubartów County to the south-west and Radzyń Podlaski County to the north-west.
The county is subdivided into seven gminas (one urban-rural and six rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.

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Pernik
Pernik (Bulgarian: Перник) is a city in western Bulgaria (about 30 km south-west of Sofia) with a population of 81,052 as of 2011^[update]. It is the main city of Pernik Province and lies on both banks of the Struma River in the Pernik Valley between the Viskyar, Vitosha and Golo Bardo mountains.
Originally the site of a Thracian fortress founded in the 4th century BC, and later a Roman settlement, Pernik became part of the Bulgarian Empire in the early 9th century as an important fortress. The name Pernik is thought to have originated from that of Slavic god Perun with the Slavic placename suffix –nik (or –ik) added, and was first mentioned in the 9th century. The medieval town was a key Bulgarian stronghold during Bulgarian tsar Samuil's wars against the Byzantine Empire in the 11th century, when it was governed by the local noble Krakra of Pernik, withstanding Byzantine sieges a number of times.
From 1396 until 1878 the city was under Ottoman rule. In the 20th century Pernik developed rapidly as a centre for coal mining and heavy industry. During the Communist rule of Bulgaria it was called Dimitrovo between 1949 and 1962 after Bulgarian Communist leader Georgi Dimitrov. The Surva International Festival of the Masquerade Games is held in the city every January. Pernik has two football teams, PFC Minyor Pernik and FC Metalurg.

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Poland
Poland ⁱ/ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska; Kashubian: Pòlskô Repùblika; Silesian: Polsko Republika), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous post-communist member. Poland is a unitary state made up of 16 voivodeships. Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, G6, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Visegrád Group, Weimar Triangle and Schengen Agreement.

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Portugal
Portugal ⁱ/ˈpɔrtʃʉɡəl/ (Portuguese: Portugal, IPA: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa) is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula . Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are part of Portugal. The country is named after its second largest city, Porto, whose Latin name was Portus Cale.
The land within the borders of the current Portuguese Republic has been continuously settled since prehistoric times: occupied by Celts like the Gallaeci and the Lusitanians, integrated into the Roman Republic and later settled by Germanic peoples such as the Suebi, Swabians, Vandals and the Visigoths. In the 8th century most of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Moorish invaders professing Islam, which were later expelled by the Knights Templar under the Order of Christ. During the Christian Reconquista, Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom from León in 1139, claiming to be the oldest European nation state.

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Poznań
Poznań [ˈpɔznaɲ] ( listen) (Latin: Posnania; German: Posen; Yiddish: פוזנא or פּױזן Poyzn) is a city on the Warta river in west-central Poland, with a population of 556,022 in June 2009. It is among the oldest cities in Poland, and was one of the most important centres in the early Polish state, whose first rulers were buried at Poznań's cathedral. It is sometimes claimed to be the first capital of the kingdom of Poland.
Poznań is now Poland's fifth largest city. It is the historical capital of the Wielkopolska ("Greater Poland") region, and is currently the administrative capital of the province called Greater Poland Voivodeship.
Poznań is an important centre of trade, industry, and education, and hosts regular international trade fairs. It was the host city for the United Nations Climate Change Conference in December 2008, a key stage in the creation of a successor to the Kyoto Protocol. Poznań was a candidate city for European Capital of Culture in 2016. Poznań is currently bidding to host the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics. The local football team has been responsible for the spread of the eponymous goal celebration to Manchester City and to a lesser extent throughout the United Kingdom. Poznań is one of the host cities for UEFA Euro 2012.

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Puławy County
Puławy County (Polish: powiat puławski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Puławy, which lies 46 kilometres (29 mi) north-west of the regional capital Lublin. The county also contains the towns of Nałęczów, lying 23 km (14 mi) south-east of Puławy, and Kazimierz Dolny, 11 km (7 mi) south of Puławy.
The county covers an area of 933 square kilometres (360.2 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 116,829, out of which the population of Puławy is 49,839, that of Nałęczów is 4,243, that of Kazimierz Dolny is 3,572, and the rural population is 59,175.
Puławy County is bordered by Ryki County to the north, Lubartów County and Lublin County to the east, Opole Lubelskie County to the south, Zwoleń County to the west, and Kozienice County to the north-west.
The county is subdivided into 11 gminas (one urban, two urban-rural and eight rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.

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Radio Lublin
Radio Lublin (Polskie Radio Lublin S.A.) - Polish public, regional broadcaster based in Lublin in east Poland. Radio Lublin is a part of a national public radio (Polish Radio). It is formatted as talk and music (contemporary hits) radio.
Radio Lublin has started on 20 September 1952 as a cable station. Since 1 May 1957 it broadcasted on the AM and since 28 December 1963 on the FM band. Today Radio Lublin broadcasts on the internet too.
Official web of Radio Lublin
Coordinates: 51°14′41″N 22°32′45″E / 51.24472°N 22.54583°E / 51.24472; 22.54583

wn.com/Radio_Lublin
Radom
Radom [ˈradɔm] ( listen) is a city in central Poland with 223,397 inhabitants (December 31, 2009). It is located on the Mleczna River in the Masovian Voivodeship (since 1999), having previously been the capital of Radom Voivodeship (1975–1998); 100 km south of Poland's capital, Warsaw. In spite of being part of the Masovian Voivodeship, the city historically belongs to Lesser Poland.
It is home to the biennial Radom Air Show, the largest and best-attended air show in Poland, held during the last weekend of August. "Radom" is also the popular unofficial name for a semiautomatic 9 mm Para pistol of Polish design (the Model 35/ViS-35) designed by Piotr Wilniewczyc and Jan Skrzypinski (hence the designation "ViS"), under Director Kazimierz Ołdakowski, which had been in production from 1935 to 1945 at the national arsenal located in the city. The Łucznik Arms Factory (still located in Radom) continues to produces modern military firearms such as assault rifles.
The original settlement dates back to 8th–9th century. It was an early mediaeval town in the valley of the Mleczna River (approximately on the location of present-day Old Town). Around the 2nd half of 10th century, it turned into a fortified town called Piotrówka.

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Rishon LeZion
Rishon LeZion (Hebrew: רִאשׁוֹן לְצִיּוֹן‎‎ (audio) (help·info), lit. First to Zion), is the fourth-largest city in Israel, located along the central Israeli coastal plain 12 kilometers south of Tel Aviv. It is part of the Gush Dan metropolitan area.
The city had a population of 228,200 at the end of 2009. Founded in 1882 by European Jewish immigrants, it was the second Jewish farm colony established in Land of Israel in the 19th century, after Petah Tikva.
The name Rishon LeZion is derived from a biblical verse: "First to Zion are they, and I shall give herald to Jerusalem" (Hebrew: ראשון לציון הנה הינם, ולירושלים מבשר אתן‎) (Isaiah 41:27) and literally translates as "First to Zion".
Rishon LeZion was founded on July 31, 1882 by ten Hovevei Zion pioneers from Kharkov, Ukraine (then the Russian Empire) headed by Zalman David Levontin. Reuven Yudalevich was also a member of the group. The pioneers purchased 835 acres (337.91 ha) of land southeast of present-day Tel Aviv, part of the townland of the Arab village of Ayun Kara (literally ' fountain of the crier'). Ayun Kara was the scene of a bloody battle between Turkish and New Zealand troops on November 14, 1917. A stone cenotaph was erected by the people of Rishon LeZion to the memory of the New Zealanders who fell that day, but it has since been destroyed.

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Romania
Romania (ⁱ/roʊˈmeɪniə/ roh-MAY-nee-ə; dated: Roumania; or Rumania;Romanian: România [romɨˈni.a] ( listen)) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and Moldova to the northeast and east, and Bulgaria to the south.
At 238,400 square kilometers (92,000 sq mi), Romania is the ninth largest country of the European Union by area, and has the seventh largest population of the European Union with over 19 million people. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest, the tenth largest city in the EU with about two million people.
The Kingdom of Romania emerged when the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were united under Prince Alexander Ioan Cuza in 1859. Independence from the Ottoman Empire was declared on 9 May 1877, and was internationally recognized the following year. At the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia united with the Kingdom of Romania. Greater Romania emerged into an era of progression and prosperity that would continue until World War II. By the end of the War, many north-eastern areas of Romania's territories were occupied by the Soviet Union, and Romania forcibly became a socialist republic and a member of the Warsaw Pact.

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Russia
Russia ⁱ/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.

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Ryki County
Ryki County (Polish: powiat rycki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the town of Ryki, which lies 62 kilometres (39 mi) north-west of the regional capital Lublin. The only other town in the county is Dęblin, lying 9 km (6 mi) south-west of Ryki.
The county covers an area of 615.54 square kilometres (237.7 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 59,129, out of which the population of Dęblin is 17,933, that of Ryki is 9,716, and the rural population is 31,480.
Ryki County is bordered by Łuków County to the north-east, Lubartów County to the east, Puławy County to the south, Kozienice County to the west and Garwolin County to the north-west.
The county is subdivided into six gminas (one urban, one urban-rural and four rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.

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Rzeszów
Rzeszów [ˈʐɛʂuf] ( listen) (Ukrainian: Ряшiв, Riashiv; Russian: Ряшев; German: Reichshof; Latin: Resovia; Yiddish: ריישע-rayshe) is a city in southeastern Poland with a population of 179,455 in 2010. It is located on both sides of the Wisłok River, in the heartland of the Sandomierska Valley. The city, which was granted a town charter in 1354, has been the capital of the Subcarpathian Voivodeship since 1999, and is also the seat of Rzeszów County.
Rzeszów is served by an international airport, is a member of Eurocities, and is home to a number of higher education schools, company headquarters, and foreign consulates.
First humans appeared in the area of Rzeszów in late Paleolithic Age, as archeologists found a tool made in that period, discovered on site Rzeszów 25. In the mid-6th century BC, ancient farmers came to the area of the city, most likely through the Moravian Gate. Later on, Rzeszów was a settlement of the Lusatian culture, which then was replaced with the Przeworsk culture.
In the 5th century, first Slavs appeared in the area, which is confirmed by numerous archeological findings. Most probably, Rzeszów was then inhabited by the Vistulans. Some time between 11th and 13th century, the town was annexed by the Ruthenians, and Polish princes of the Piast dynasty confirmed it in 1264, when in Tarnów, there was a meeting of Prince Bolesław V the Chaste, and Prince Daniel of Galicia, during which both sides agreed that the border would go between Rzeszów and Czudec (Rzeszów belonged to Red Ruthenia, while Czudec and Strzyżów to Lesser Poland).

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South Korea
South Korea ( listen), officially the Republic of Korea (Hangul: 대한민국; Hanja: 大韓民國; Daehan Minguk listen), is a sovereign state in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The name "Korea" is derived from Goryeo, a dynasty which ruled in the Middle Ages (an initial "G" in Korean is pronounced like an English "K").
Its neighbors are China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the Korea Strait to the south. South Korea lies in the north temperate zone with a predominantly mountainous terrain. It covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of almost 50 million. The capital and largest city is Seoul, with a population of 9,794,304.
Archaeological findings show that the Korean Peninsula was occupied by the Lower Paleolithic period.Korean history begins with the founding of Gojoseon in 2333 BC by the legendary Dan-gun. Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea under Silla 668 AD, Korea went through the Goryeo Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty as one nation until the end of the Korean Empire in 1910, when it was annexed by Japan. After liberation and occupation by Soviet and U.S. forces at the end of World War II, the nation was divided into North and South Korea. The latter was established in 1948 as a democracy, though political turmoil and times of military rule and martial law characterized much of the period until the foundation of the Sixth Republic in 1987.

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Soviet
The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] ( listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.

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Spain
Spain (ⁱ/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.

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Starobilsk
Starobilsk (Ukrainian: Старобільськ, Russian: Старобельск) is a city near Luhansk in Ukraine. The settlement has been known since 1686. The city status was given in 1938. Population is 22,040 (2006).
During World War II, it was the site of a Soviet prison camp for Polish prisoners of war (POWs), especially officers. 48 of them died in the camp and were buried in Chmirov cemetery. A very large proportion of the prisoners from the camp were massacred during the Katyn massacre in the Kharkiv NKVD building, later buried in Pyatykhatky forest.
Coordinates: 49°17′00″N 38°55′00″E / 49.2833°N 38.9167°E / 49.2833; 38.9167

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Szczecin
Szczecin ([ˈʂt͡ʂɛt͡ɕin] ( listen); German: Stettin [ʃtɛˈtiːn] ( listen)}), is the capital city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland. In the vicinity of the Baltic Sea, it is the country's seventh-largest city and the largest seaport in Poland. As of June 2011 the population was 407,811.
Szczecin is located on the Oder River, south of the Szczecin Lagoon and the Bay of Pomerania. The city is situated along the southwestern shore of Dąbie Lake, on both sides of the Oder and on several large islands between the western and eastern branches of the river. Szczecin borders with the town of Police.
The city's beginnings were as an 8th century Slavic Pomeranian stronghold, built at the site of today's castle. In the 12th century, when Szczecin had become one of Pomerania's main urban centres, it lost its independence to Piast Poland, Saxony, the Holy Roman Empire and Denmark. At the same time, the Griffin dynasty established themselves as local rulers, the population was converted to Christianity, and German settlers arrived. The native Slavic population was assimilated and sometimes discriminated against in the following centuries. In 1237/43, the town was built anew and granted vast autonomy rights, and it joined the Hanseatic League.

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Tilburg
Tilburg [ˈtɪɫ.bʏrx] ( listen) is a landlocked municipality and a city in the Netherlands, located in the southern province of Noord-Brabant. Tilburg municipality also includes the villages of Berkel-Enschot and Udenhout. With more than 206,000 inhabitants, it is the second largest city of Noord-Brabant, and the sixth city of the Netherlands. With Goirle, it forms an agglomeration of 229,000 inhabitants.
Tilburg University is located in Tilburg, as are Avans University of Applied Sciences and Fontys University of Applied Sciences.
Tilburg is known for its 10-day-long funfair,^{[dead link]} the largest in the Benelux, held in July each year. The Monday during the funfair is called "Roze Maandag" (Pink Monday), and is primarily gay-oriented, though also enjoyed by many heterosexuals.
There are three railway stations within the municipality: Tilburg, Tilburg Universiteit and Tilburg Reeshof.
Little is known about the earliest history of Tilburg. Documents from the year 709 show the name Tilburg for the first time. After that, sources remain silent for some centuries. In the later Middle Ages, Tilburg was more of a local 'region' than a village or city, although a couple of small hamlets provided its population centers, one of which was known as 'Eastern Tilburg' (Oost-Tilburg), which was later reflected in the name of Oisterwijk ('Eastern Quarter'). This village centered around a small (probably wooden) castle or 'Motteburcht' on an equally small hill, which became derelict and was torn down after a few centuries at most. Of this first 'Tilburg Castle', nothing remained c. 2000, save a few remnants of its moat in the suburbs of Oisterwijk. In the 14th century, Tilburg was proclaimed a manor. Together with Goirle, it acquired the title of "The Manor of Tilburg and Goirle".

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Toruń
Toruń [ˈtɔruɲ] ( listen) (German: Thorn ( listen), Kashubian: Torń, Latin: Thorunium, see also: other names) is an ancient city in northern Poland, on the Vistula River. Its population is 205,934 as of June 2009. Toruń is one of the oldest cities in Poland. The medieval old town of Toruń is the birthplace of the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus.
In 1997 the medieval part of the city was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 2007 the Old Town in Toruń was added to the list of Seven Wonders of Poland. National Geographic Polska rated the old town market and the Gothic town hall as one of the "30 Most Beautiful Places in the World." In 2010 Forbes magazine ranked Toruń as number one of the "Polish Cities Attractive for Business".^{[citation needed]} In 2009 it was listed as one of the "Best Cities to Live in Poland", in a ranking published by Przekrój.^{[citation needed]}
Previously it was the capital of the Toruń Voivodeship (1975–98) and the Pomeranian Voivodeship (1921–45). Since 1999, Toruń has been a seat of the self-government of the Kujawy-Pomerania Province and, as such, is one of its two capitals (together with Bydgoszcz). The cities and neighboring counties form the Bydgoszcz-Toruń bi-polar metropolitan area. In September 2004, Bydgoszcz Medical School joined Toruń's Nicolaus Copernicus University as its Collegium Medicum.

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Trabzon
Trabzon (Turkish: Trabzon, see other names, Turkish pronunciation: [ˈtrabzon]) is a city on the Black Sea coast of north-eastern Turkey and the capital of Trabzon Province. Trabzon, located on the historical Silk Road, became a melting pot of religions, languages and culture for centuries and a trade gateway to Iran in the southeast and the Caucasus to the northeast. The Venetian and Genoese merchants paid visits to Trebizond during the medieval period and sold silk, linen and woolen fabric; with the Republic of Genoa having an important merchant colony within the city that was similar to Galata near Constantinople (across the Golden Horn) in present-day Istanbul. Trabzon formed the basis of several states in its long history and was the capital city of the Empire of Trebizond between 1204 and 1461. During the Ottoman period, Trabzon, because of the importance of its port, became a focal point of trade to Iran and the Caucasus. The population of the center urban is 230,399 (2009 census).

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Tsardom of Russia
The Tsardom of Russia (also known as Tsardom of Muscovy; officially Русское царство (Tsardom of Rus') or, in hellenized form, Российское царство) was the name of the centralized Russian state from Ivan IV's assumption of the title of Tsar in 1547 until Peter the Great's foundation of the Russian Empire in 1721.
From 1550 to 1700, Russia grew 35,000 km² (Holland's size) a year. The period includes the upheavals of the transition from the Rurik to the Romanov dynasties, drawn-out military conflict with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as well as the Russian conquest of Siberia, leading up to the 42-year reign of Peter the Great, who ascended in 1682 and transformed the Tsardom into a major European power, after a military victory over Sweden and Poland implemented substantial reforms and proclaimed the Russian Empire (Российская Империя) in 1721 making it a recognized European power.
While Ivan assumed the title of "Tsar and Grand Duke of the entire Rus'" (Царь и Великий князь всея Руси), officially renaming the Grand Duchy of Moscow to Tsardom of Russia, the state remained partly referred to as Muscovy (Moscovia) throughout Europe, predominantly in its Catholic part. The two names "Russia" and "Muscovy" appear to have co-existed as interchangeable during the later 16th and throughout the 17th century with different maps and sources using different names.

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Turkey
Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info)), is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia (mostly in the Anatolian peninsula) and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population are Muslims. The country's official language is Turkish, whereas Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who constitute 18% of the population.

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Ukraine
Ukraine (ⁱ/juːˈkreɪn/ yew-KRAYN; Ukrainian: Україна, transliterated: Ukrayina, [ukrɑˈjinɑ]; Russian: Украина; Crimean Tatar: Ukraina) is a country in Central and Eastern Europe. Ukraine borders the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after the Russian Federation.
According to a popular and well established theory, the medieval state of Kievan Rus was established by the Varangians in the 9th century as the first historically recorded East Slavic state which emerged as a powerful nation in the Middle Ages until it disintegrated in the 12th century. By the middle of the 14th century, Ukrainian territories were under the rule of three external powers—the Golden Horde, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Kingdom of Poland. After the Great Northern War (1700–1721) Ukraine was divided between a number of regional powers and, by the 19th century, the largest part of Ukraine was integrated into the Russian Empire with the rest under Austro-Hungarian control. A chaotic period of incessant warfare ensued, with several internationally recognized attempts at independence from 1917 to 1921, following World War I and the Russian Civil War. Ukraine emerged from its own civil war, and on December 30, 1922 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic became one of the founding republics of the Soviet Union. The Ukrainian SSR's territory was enlarged westward during the civil war shortly before, and after World War II, and further south in 1954 with the Crimea transfer. In 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one of the founding members of the United Nations.

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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.

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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km²) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.

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Viseu
Viseu (Portuguese pronunciation: [viˈzew]) is both a city (capital of Viseu District) and a municipality in the Dão-Lafões Subregion of Centro Region, Portugal. The municipality, with an area of 507.1 km², has a population of 99,593 (2011), and the city proper has around 53,000. The Greater Metropolitan Area of Viseu is also one of the Grandes Áreas Metropolitanas - Greater Metropolitan Areas of Portugal with 354,162 inhabitants.
Viseu has undergone a considerable economic growth, especially in the areas of telecommunications, industry, trade and education. Located in Portugal's northern-center the city is a crossroads linking the seaport of Aveiro in the Atlantic coast to Guarda near the Portuguese-Spanish border and then on to Salamanca, Spain. Coimbra, the regional seat of Centro Region, is about 80 km southwest. The city is noted on the arts scene due to the Grão Vasco Museum and the Teatro Viriato. Wine making (Dao wines) is an important activity in the region. In ancient Portuguese history, Viseu is noted as one of the major urban centers in the area where Viriathus, a legendary warrior and national hero, lived. With three higher education institutions within its limits, the city has played a role as a regional educational center. Its business community is among the largest of Portugal's interior countryside.

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Vistula
The Vistula ( /ˈvɪstʃələ/; Polish: Wisła [ˈvʲiswa], German: Weichsel) is the longest and the most important^{[citation needed]} river in Poland, at 1,047 km (651 miles) in length. The watershed area of the Vistula is 194,424 km² (75,068 sq mi), of which 168,699 km² (65,135 sq mi) lies within Poland (splitting the country in half).
The Vistula rises at Barania Góra in the south of Poland, 1220 meters above sea level in the Silesian Beskids (western part of Carpathian Mountains) where it begins with the White Little Vistula (Biała Wisełka) and the Black Little Vistula (Czarna Wisełka). It then continues to flow over the vast Polish plains, passing several large Polish cities along its way, including Kraków, Sandomierz, Warsaw, Płock, Włocławek, Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Świecie, Grudziądz, Tczew and Gdańsk. It empties into the Vistula Lagoon or directly into the Gdańsk Bay of the Baltic Sea with a delta and several branches (Leniwka, Przekop, Śmiała Wisła, Martwa Wisła, Nogat and Szkarpawa).
The name was first recorded by Pliny in AD 77 in his Natural History. He uses Vistula (4.52, 4.89) with an alternative spelling, Vistillus (3.06). The Vistula River ran into the Mare Suebicum, which is today known as the Baltic Sea. The root of the name Vistula is Indo-European ultimately from proto-Indo-European. The diminutive endings -ila, -ula, were used in many Indo-European language groups, including Latin (see Ursula).

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Warsaw
Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa [varˈʂava] ( listen); see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River, roughly 260 kilometres (160 mi) from the Baltic Sea and 300 kilometres (190 mi) from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population in 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855 residents with a greater metropolitan area of 2,631,902 residents, making Warsaw the 10th most populous city proper in the European Union. The area of the city covers 516.9 square kilometres (199.6 sq mi), while the city's agglomeration covers 6,100.43 square kilometres (2,355.39 sq mi).
Warsaw is an Alpha- global city, a major international tourist destination and an important economic hub in Central Europe. It is also known as the "phoenix city" because it has survived many wars throughout its history. Most notably, the city had to be painstakingly rebuilt after the extensive damage it suffered from World War II, during which 80% of its buildings were destroyed. On 9 November 1940 the city was awarded Poland's highest military decoration for heroism, the Virtuti Militari, for the Siege of Warsaw (1939).

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Windsor, Ontario
Windsor is the southernmost city in Canada and is located in Southwestern Ontario at the western end of the heavily populated Quebec City–Windsor Corridor. It is within the Essex, Ontario Census division, although administratively separated from the county government. Separated by the Detroit River, Windsor is located south of Detroit, Michigan in the United States. Windsor is known as The City of Roses and residents are known as Windsorites.
Prior to European exploration and settlement, the Windsor area was inhabited by the First Nations and Native American people. Windsor was settled by the French in 1749 as an agricultural settlement. It is the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in Canada west of Montreal. The area was first named Petite Côte ("Little Coast" - as opposed to the longer coastline on the Detroit side of the river). Later it was called La Côte de Misère ("Poverty Coast") because of the sandy soils near LaSalle.
Windsor's French Canadian heritage is reflected in many French street names, such as Ouellette, Pelissier, François, Pierre, Langlois, Marentette, and Lauzon. The current street system of Windsor (a grid with elongated blocks) reflects the Canadien method of agricultural land division, where the farms were long and narrow, fronting along the river. Today, the north-south street name often indicates the name of the family that at one time farmed the land. The street system of outlying areas is consistent with the British system for granting land concessions. There is a significant French-speaking minority in Windsor and the surrounding area, particularly in the Lakeshore, Tecumseh and LaSalle areas.

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Wrocław
Wrocław ( /ˈvrɒtswəf/; Polish pronunciation: [ˈvrɔt͡swaf] ( listen); German: Breslau [ˈbʁɛslaʊ̯] ( listen); Czech: Vratislav), situated on the River Oder (Polish: Odra), in Lower Silesia. It is the largest city in western Poland.
Wrocław was the historical capital of Silesia, and today is the capital of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. Over the centuries, the city has been part of either Poland, Bohemia, Austria, Prussia, or Germany, and has been part of Poland since 1945 as a result of border changes after World War II. According to official figures for 2010, its population is 632,996, making it the fourth largest city in Poland.
Wrocław is one of the hosts of UEFA Euro 2012, and has been selected as a European Capital of Culture for 2016. In 2017, Wrocław will host the World Games, a competition in 37 non-olympic sport disciplines.
The city's name was first recorded, in Latin, in the form "Wrotizlava", in the chronicle of Thietmar of Merseburg, which mentions it as a seat of a newly installed bishopric in the context of the Congress of Gniezno. The first municipal seal stated Sigillum civitatis Wratislavie. A simplified name is given, in 1175, as Wrezlaw, Prezla or Breslaw. The Czech spelling was used in Latin documents as Wratislavia or Vratislavia. At that time, Prezla was used in Middle High German, which became Preßlau. In the middle of the 14th century the Early New High German (and later New High German) form of the name Breslau began to replace its earlier versions.

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Włodawa County
Włodawa County (Polish: powiat włodawski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland, on the border with Ukraine and Belarus. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Włodawa, which lies 76 kilometres (47 mi) north-east of the regional capital Lublin.
The county covers an area of 1,256.27 square kilometres (485.0 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 40,052, out of which the population of Włodawa is 13,630 and the rural population is 26,422.
Włodawa County is bordered by Chełm County to the south, Łęczna County and Parczew County to the west, and Biała Podlaska County to the north. It also borders Ukraine and Belarus to the east.
The county is subdivided into eight gminas (one urban and seven rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.

wn.com/Włodawa_County
Zamość
Zamość ([ˈzamɔɕt͡ɕ]; Ukrainian: Замостя Zamostia) is a town in southeastern Poland with 66,633 inhabitants (2004), situated in the south-western part of Lublin Voivodeship (since 1999), about 90 km (55.92 mi) from Lublin, 247 km (153.48 mi) from Warsaw and 60 km (37.28 mi) from the border with Ukraine. About 20 kilometres from the town is the Roztocze National Park.
Before the outbreak of World War II, more than 12,500 Jews lived in Zamosc, accounting for 43 percent of its population. The current Jewish population is 3.
The historical city centre was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List (in 1992) as a result of the decision taken during the sixteenth ordinary session of the World Heritage Committee, held in Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA, from 7 to 14 December 1992.

wn.com/Zamość
Zamość County
Zamość County (Polish: powiat zamojski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Zamość, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The county contains three towns: Szczebrzeszyn, which lies 21 km (13 mi) west of Zamość, Zwierzyniec, which lies 24 km (15 mi) south-west of Zamość, and Krasnobród, 22 km (14 mi) south of Zamość.
The county covers an area of 1,872.27 square kilometres (722.9 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 110,225, out of which the population of Szczebrzeszyn is 5,299, that of Zwierzyniec is 3,344, that of Krasnobród is 3,047, and the rural population is 98,535.
Apart from the city of Zamość, Zamość County is also bordered by Krasnystaw County and Chełm County to the north, Hrubieszów County to the east, Tomaszów Lubelski County to the south, and Biłgoraj County to the west.

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Łuków County
Łuków County (Polish: powiat łukowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Łuków, which lies 76 kilometres (47 mi) north of the regional capital Lublin. The only other town in the county is Stoczek Łukowski, lying 30 km (19 mi) west of Łuków.
The county covers an area of 1,394.09 square kilometres (538.3 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 108,393, out of which the population of Łuków is 30,564, that of Stoczek Łukowski is 2,719, and the rural population is 75,110.
Łuków County is bordered by Siedlce County to the north, Biała Podlaska County to the east, Radzyń Podlaski County to the south-east, Lubartów County to the south, Ryki County to the south-west and Garwolin County to the west.
The county is subdivided into 11 gminas (two urban and nine rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.

wn.com/Łuków_County
Łódź
Łódź ([wut͡ɕ] ( listen); Yiddish: לאדז', Lodzh) is the third-largest city in Poland. Located in the central part of the country, it had a population of 742,387 in December 2009. It is the capital of Łódź Voivodeship, and is approximately 135 kilometres (84 mi) south-west of Warsaw. The city's coat of arms is an example of canting: depicting a boat, it alludes to the city's name which translates literally as "boat".
Łódź first appears in the written record in a 1332 document giving the village of Łodzia to the bishops of Włocławek. In 1423 King Władysław Jagiełło granted city rights to the village of Łódź. From then until the 18th century the town remained a small settlement on a trade route between Masovia and Silesia. In the 16th century the town had fewer than 800 inhabitants, mostly working on the nearby grain farms.
With the second partition of Poland in 1793, Łódź became part of the Kingdom of Prussia's province of South Prussia, and was known in German as Lodsch. In 1798 the Prussians nationalised the town, and it lost its status as a town of the bishops of Kuyavia. In 1806 Łódź joined the Napoleonic Duchy of Warsaw and in 1810 it had 190 inhabitants. In the 1815 Congress of Vienna treaty it became part of Congress Poland, a client state of the Russian Empire.

wn.com/Łódź
Łęczna County
Łęczna County (Polish: powiat łęczyński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Łęczna, which lies 23 kilometres (14 mi) east of the regional capital Lublin.
The county covers an area of 633.75 square kilometres (244.7 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 57,314, out of which the population of Łęczna is 21,689 and the rural population is 35,625.
Łęczna County is bordered by Parczew County to the north, Włodawa County and Chełm County to the east, Świdnik County to the south-west, Lublin County to the west, and Lubartów County to the north-west.
The county is subdivided into six gminas (one urban-rural and five rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.

wn.com/Łęczna_County
Świdnik
Świdnik [ˈɕfʲidɲik] is a town in eastern Poland with 42,797 inhabitants (2004), situated in the Lublin Voivodeship, 10 km (6.2 miles) southeast of the city of Lublin. It is the capital of Świdnik County. Świdnik belongs to the historic province of Lesser Poland.
The village of Świdnik is first mentioned in historical records from 1392. It remained a village until the end of the 19th century when it began to develop as a spa, due to its good location and climate.
Before World War II an airfield was built, which probably influenced the postwar decision of Poland's Communist government to locate a factory there. This factory, created in 1951 under the name Wytwórnia Sprzętu Komunikacyjnego (WSK for short, Transportation Equipment Factory in English), became one of the main centres of helicopter production both in the Eastern bloc and Europe. The workers arriving to work in the factory created the modern town, which formally received its charter in 1954. In 1957 the factory was formally renamed WSK "PZL-Świdnik".

wn.com/Świdnik
Świdnik County
Świdnik County (Polish: powiat świdnicki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Świdnik, which lies 10 kilometres (6 mi) east of the regional capital Lublin. The only other town in the county is Piaski, lying 14 km (9 mi) south-east of Świdnik.
The county covers an area of 468.97 square kilometres (181.1 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 72,290, out of which the population of Świdnik is 40,037, that of Piaski is 2,626, and the rural population is 29,627.
Świdnik County is bordered by Łęczna County to the north-east, Chełm County to the east, Krasnystaw County to the south-east, and Lublin County and the city of Lublin to the west.
The county is subdivided into five gminas (one urban, one urban-rural and three rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.

wn.com/Świdnik_County

Andrzej Mańka
Andrzej Mańka (Polish pronunciation: [ˈand.ʐɛj ˈmaɲka]; born April 18, 1967 in Lublin) is a Polish politician. He was elected to Sejm on September 25, 2005 getting 10646 votes in 6 Lublin district, candidating from Liga Polskich Rodzin list.
He was also a member of Sejm 2001-2005. Recently he has joined the political party Right of the Republic.

wn.com/Andrzej_Mańka
Congress Poland
The Kingdom of Poland (Polish: Królestwo Polskie [kruˈlɛstfɔ ˈpɔlskʲɛ]; Russian: Королевство Польское, Царство Польское, Korolevstvo Polskoye, Tsarstvo Polskoye, Russian pronunciation: [ˈtsarstʋə ˈpolʲskəje], translation: Tsardom of Poland), informally known as Congress Poland (Polish: Królestwo Kongresowe [kruˈlɛstfɔ kɔnɡrɛˈsɔvɛ] or Russian Poland), created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna, was a personal union of the Russian parcel of Poland with the Russian Empire. It was gradually politically integrated into Russia over the course of the 19th century, made an official part of the Russian Empire in 1867, and finally replaced during the Great War by the Central Powers in 1915 with the theoretically existing Regency Kingdom of Poland.
Though officially the Kingdom of Poland was a state with considerable political autonomy guaranteed by a liberal constitution, its rulers, the Russian Emperors, generally disregarded any restrictions on their power. Thus effectively it was little more than a puppet state of the Russian Empire. The autonomy was severely curtailed following uprisings in 1830–31 and 1863, as the country became governed by namestniks, and later divided into guberniya (provinces). Thus from the start, Polish autonomy remained little more than fiction.

wn.com/Congress_Poland
Elżbieta Kruk
Elżbieta Kruk (born November 19, 1959 in Lublin) is a Polish politician, a member of Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (national conservative political party in Poland). She was elected to Sejm on September 25, 2005.

wn.com/Elżbieta_Kruk
Gabriela Masłowska
Gabriela Masłowska (born June 27, 1950 in Batorz) is a Polish politician. She was elected to Sejm on September 25, 2005 getting 11977 votes in 6 Lublin district, candidating from Liga Polskich Rodzin list.
She was also a member of Sejm 2001-2005.

wn.com/Gabriela_Masłowska
Grzegorz Kurczuk
Grzegorz Kurczuk (pronounced [ˈɡʐɛɡɔʂ ˈkurt͡ʂuk]; born September 20, 1949 in Warsaw) is a Polish politician. He was elected to Sejm on September 25, 2005 getting 9683 votes in 6 Lublin district, candidating from Democratic Left Alliance list.
He was also a member of Senate 1993-1997, Sejm 1997-2001, and Sejm 2001-2005.

wn.com/Grzegorz_Kurczuk
Izabella Sierakowska
Izabella Antonina Sierakowska (Polish pronunciation: [izaˈbɛlla ɕɛraˈkɔfska]; born September 22, 1946; maiden name Kruszyńska) is a Polish politician and one of the leading and the most popular persons of the Polish left.
She was born in Góra Śląska. Her parents, Krystyna and Zbigniew Kruszyńskis were a refugees from Vilnius. Zbigniew was a soldier, who fought in the Polish resistance during occupation and later continued his career. Sierakowska lived with her family in various places such as Siedlce, Łódź.
She graduated from college in Rzeszów in Russian philology. She worked as a teacher since 1972 in prestige high school (liceum) named after Stanisław Staszic.
In 1970 she joined then-ruling Polish United Workers' Party and was a delegate to the 10th PUWP convention in 1987.
In 1989 she was elected to the Contract Sejm as PUWP member. After dissolution of the party she joined, as most former members did, newly formed Social Democratic SdRP and later SLD.
Sierakowska remained a Sejm Member until 2007 elections, when she lost her seat.

wn.com/Izabella_Sierakowska
Jacek Bąk
Jacek Bąk (Polish pronunciation: [ˈjat͡sɛk ˈbɔŋk]; born 24 March 1973 in Lublin) is a retired Polish footballer. He had made 96 appearances for the Poland national football team.
He made his footballing debut with Motor Lublin aged just 16, before moving to Lech Poznań two years later.
In Bąk's first season with Lech Poznań, he won the Polish championship title, before catching the eye of the Polish coach, who gave him his first international cap against Cyprus. Bąk was transferred to Olympique Lyon in 1995.
He also played in France for RC Lens (January 2002–2005), where he bounced back, before moving to the Qatari league for Al-Rayyan club . In 2007, he switched back to Europe and signed with Austria Wien.
Bąk represented his nation in the 2002 FIFA World Cup held in South Korea and Japan, and the 2006 edition in Germany.
In late 2006, Bąk claimed he was offered money to affect the outcome of the Euro 2008 qualifying fixture between Belgium and Poland in Belgium's favour.^{[citation needed]} On 14 July 2008, following the end of Euro 2008, he announced that he was retiring from International football.

wn.com/Jacek_Bąk
Janusz Lewandowski
Janusz Antoni Lewandowski (Polish pronunciation: [ˈjanuʂ lɛvanˈdɔfskʲi], born 13 June 1951 in Lublin) is a Polish politician and economist belonging to the Gdansk liberals group, and a member of the Europea n Parliament (elected on 13 June 2004), Chairman of the Committee on Budgets. On 27 November 2009 he obtained the post of Budget and Financial Programming Commissioner of the European Commission (pending approval by the European Parliament in January 2010) and is affiliated to the European People's Party (EPP).
Janusz Lewandowski graduated in economics from University of Gdańsk, received a doctorate and was a lecturer there until 1984. Later he worked for Polish Oceanic Lines (Polskie Linie Oceaniczne). He was also a lecturer at Harvard University and the founder of the Research Institute for Market Economy in Gdansk (Instytut Badań nad Gospodarką Rynkową w Gdańsku).
He is an author of a book on famous liberals and he also writes short articles for several newspapers and magazines, including Rzeczpospolita, Gazeta Wyborcza, Parkiet, Polityka, Wprost and Newsweek.

wn.com/Janusz_Lewandowski
Janusz Palikot
Janusz Marian Palikot ([ˈjanuʂ paˈlikɔt], born 26 October 1964 in Biłgoraj) is a Polish politician, activist and businessman. Palikot studied philosophy and became wealthy as a businessman who dealt with crates and distilled beverages. He was elected to Sejm on 25 September 2005 in the 6 Lublin district, running on the Civic Platform list, and was reelected in 2007.
Palikot left Civic Platform in 2010 and founded Movement of Support, later renamed Palikot's Movement, an anti-clerical and socially libertarian party, which won 10 percent of the vote in the 2011 parliamentary election.
Palikot studied Philosophy at Warsaw University and earned a Masters degree. He is an entrepreneur and former co-owner of Polmos Lublin S.A. (a vodka business) and Ambra S.A. He is divorced from his first wife, Maria Nowińska, with whom he has two sons, Emil and Aleksander; he has since married Monika Kubat, with whom he has a son, Franciszek, and a daughter, Zofia.
Palikot is known in Poland for being one of the more colourful and controversial politicians, famous for his publicity stunts. In April 2007 during a PO press conference, Palikot wore a t-shirt with "I am with the SLD" ("Jestem z SLD") on the front and "I am gay" ("Jestem gejem") on the back. He later stated that he wanted to highlight the role PO should play in contemporary politics - as defenders of minorities.

wn.com/Janusz_Palikot
Joanna Mucha
Joanna Mucha (born April 12, 1976) is a Polish liberal politician, economist, former member of the Polish Sejm, academic teacher, doctor of economics and since 17 November 2011 sports and tourism minister in the government of Donald Tusk. In 2001 she graduated from University of Warsaw. She promised to run around the National Stadium if it is not opened by January 29, 2012.

wn.com/Joanna_Mucha
Jogaila
Jogaila, later Władysław II Jagiełło (help·info) (ca. 1362 – 1 June 1434) was Grand Duke of Lithuania (1377–1434), king consort of Kingdom of Poland (1386–1399), and sole King of Poland (1399–1434). He ruled in Lithuania from 1377, at first with his uncle Kęstutis. In 1386 in Kraków he was baptized as Władysław, married the young queen regnant Jadwiga of Poland, and was crowned King of Poland as Władysław II Jagiełło. In 1387 he converted Lithuania to Christianity. His own reign in Poland started in 1399, upon death of Queen Jadwiga, and lasted a further thirty-five years and laid the foundation for the centuries-long Polish–Lithuanian union. Władysław II was the founder of the Jagiellon dynasty that bears his name, while pagan Jogaila was an heir to the already established house of Gediminids in Grand Duchy of Lithuania; the royal dynasty ruled both states until 1572, and became one of the most influential dynasties in the late medieval and early modern Central and Eastern Europe.
Jogaila was the last pagan ruler of medieval Lithuania. After he became King of Poland, as a result of Union of Krewo, the newly formed Polish-Lithuanian union confronted the growing power of the Teutonic Knights. The allied victory at the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, followed by the Peace of Thorn (1411), secured the Polish and Lithuanian borders and marked the emergence of the Polish–Lithuanian alliance as a significant force in Europe. The reign of Władysław II Jagiełło extended Polish frontiers and is often considered the beginning of Poland's Golden Age.

wn.com/Jogaila
Lithuanians
Lithuanians (Lithuanian: lietuviai, singular lietuvis/lietuvė) are the Baltic ethnic group native to Lithuania, where they number around 2,765,600 people. Another million or more make up the Lithuanian diaspora, largely found in countries such as the United States, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Russia, United Kingdom and Ireland. Their native language is Lithuanian, one of only two surviving members of the Baltic language family. According to the census conducted in 2001, 83.45% of the population of Lithuania proper identified themselves as Lithuanians, 6.74% as Poles, 6.31% as Russians, 1.23% as Belarusians, and 2.27% as members of other ethnic groups. Most Lithuanians belong to the Roman Catholic Church, while the Lietuvininkai who lived in the northern part of East Prussia prior to World War II, were mostly Evangelical Lutherans.
The territory of the Balts, including modern Lithuania, was once inhabited by several Baltic tribal entities (Aukštaitians, Sudovians, Old Lithuanians, Curonians, Semigallians, Selonians, Samogitians, Skalvians, Old Prussians (Nadruvians)), as attested by ancient sources and dating from prehistoric times. Over the centuries, and especially under the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, some of these tribes consolidated into the Lithuanian nation, mainly as a defence against the marauding Teutonic Order and Eastern Slavs. One of the last Pagan peoples in Europe, they were eventually converted to Christianity in 1387.

wn.com/Lithuanians
Ruthenes
The name Ruthenian (Ukrainian: Русини, Руські, Rusyns, Rus') is a culturally loaded term and has different meanings according to the context in which it is used. Initially, it was the ethnonym used for the East Slavic peoples who lived in Rus'. Later it was used predominantly for Ukrainians. With the emergence of Ukrainian nationalism in the mid nineteenth-century, the term went out of use, first in eastern and central Ukraine, and later in western Ukraine.^{[citation needed]} In western Ukraine (namely Carpathian Ruthenia), and among some émigré populations outside of Ukraine, its use has been retained on a small scale (see Pannonian Rusyns).
Originally, the term Rusyn was an ethnonym applied to the eastern Slavic-speaking ethnic group who inhabited the cultural and ethnic region of Rus' (Русь); often written through its Latin variant Ruthenia.
The names "Ruthenians" or "Ruthenes" were the Latin terms referring to Slavic Orthodox people (those who spoke the Ruthenian language) living in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. They inhabited the area that is now Belarus, Ukraine and Western Russia (area around Bryansk, Smolensk, Velizh and Vyazma). It was also the ethnonym used by the Ukrainian kozaks to describe themselves.

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Sebastian Klonowic
Sebastian Fabian Klonowic (1545 Sulmierzyce – August 29, 1602 Lublin) was a Polish poet writer and composer.
He studied at the University of Krakow. He was also known by his Latin name, Acernus, and wrote in both Polish and Latin. He first lived in Lviv, in Ukraine, then he settled in Lublin. While in Lublin, he became mayor.
He wrote attacks in Latin on the Jesuits. His Latin poems were filled with Latinized Polish words, and on the other hand his Polish poems were often made unintelligible by the use of Latinisms and Hellenisms literally translated. He lived his last years on the charity of the Jesuits.

wn.com/Sebastian_Klonowic
St. Nicholas
Saint Nicholas (Greek: Ἅγιος Νικόλαος, Hagios ["Saint", literally "Holy", Latin: Sanctus] Nicolaos ["victory of the people"]) (270 – 6 December 343), also called Nikolaos of Myra, was a historic 4th-century saint and Greek Bishop of Myra (Demre, part of modern-day Turkey) in Lycia. Because of the many miracles attributed to his intercession, he is also known as Nikolaos the Wonderworker (Νικόλαος ὁ Θαυματουργός, Nikolaos ho Thaumaturgos). He had a reputation for secret gift-giving, such as putting coins in the shoes of those who left them out for him, and thus became the model for Santa Claus, whose modern name comes from the Dutch Sinterklaas, itself from a series of elisions and corruptions of the transliteration of "Saint Nikolaos". His reputation evolved among the faithful, as was common for early Christian saints. In 1087, part of the relics (about half of the bones) were furtively translated to Bari, in southeastern Italy; for this reason, he is also known as Nikolaos of Bari. The remaining bones were taken to Venice in 1100. His feastday is 6 December [O.S. 19 December].

wn.com/St._Nicholas
Tatars
Tatars (Tatar: Tatarlar / Татарлар, sometimes spelled Tartars) are a Turkic people, numbering around 7 million. The majority of Tatars live in the Russian Federation, with a population of 5.5 million, 2 million of which in the republic of Tatarstan, 1 million in the republic of Bashkortostan and other 2.5 million in different regions of Russia. Significant minority populations are found in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Ukraine.
The Tatars originated with the Tatar confederation in the north-eastern Gobi desert in the 5th century. After subjugation in the 9th century by the Khitans, they migrated southward. In the 13th century Mongol Empire, they were subjugated under Genghis Khan and reassigned once again particularly by his son Jochi. Under the leadership of his grandson Batu Khan, they moved westwards, forming part of the Golden Horde which dominated the Eurasian steppe during the 14th and 15th centuries. In Europe, they were assimilated by the local populations or their name spread to the conquered peoples: Kipchaks, Kimaks and others; and elsewhere with Uralic-speaking peoples, as well as with remnants of the ancient Greek colonies in the Crimea and Caucasians in the Caucasus.

wn.com/Tatars
Wincenty Pol
Wincenty Pol (20 April 1807 - 2 December 1872) was a Polish poet and geographer.
Pol was born in Lublin (then in Galicia), to Franz Pohl (or Poll), a German in the Austrian service, and his wife Eleonora Longchamps de Berier, from a French family living in Poland. Pol fought in the Polish army in the November 1830 Uprising and participated in the 1848 revolution. In spite of his mixed family background, he considered himself a Pole, so much so that he changed his surname to Pol.
Although he had no formal education in geography, during his travels in Polish lands he wrote several books on this subject, and in 1849 was appointed professor at the Jagiellonian University in Cracow.
He wrote a fine descriptive work, Obrazy z życia i podróży (Pictures of Life and Travel), and also a poem Pieśn o ziemi naszej (Song of our Land). In 1855 he published Mohort, a poem relating to the times of Stanisław August Poniatowski. His earlier Songs of Janusz (1836) inspired Frédéric Chopin to write a number of Polish songs, but only one survives.

wn.com/Wincenty_Pol
Wladyslaw Zmuda
Władysław Antoni Żmuda (born 6 June 1954 in Lublin) is a former Polish footballer, who played as a defender for Śląsk Wrocław, Widzew Łódź, Hellas Verona, New York Cosmos and US Cremonese. He earned 91 caps for the Poland national team and is a four-time FIFA World Cup participant.
He spent six years patiently learning his trade with his first club Motor Lublin before finally spreading his wings in 1973 and switching to Gwardia Warsaw, the Polish capital's second club. The 19-year-old Zmuda was instrumental in Gwardia's UEFA Cup campaign of 1973–74 where they narrowly lost out to eventual winners Feyenoord. Zmuda pursued his career in Poland with Śląsk Wrocław and later Widzew Łódź before Italian club Hellas Verona secured permission to sign him from Poland in 1982. After two injury-plagued seasons at Verona, Zmuda spent a brief spell with New York Cosmos before returning to Italy with US Cremonese, playing two of his three seasons with the club in Serie B. Zmuda ended his playing career in 1988.

wn.com/Wladyslaw_Zmuda
Yitzhak Sadeh
Yitzhak Sadeh (Hebrew: יצחק שדה‎, born Isaac Landsberg; Lublin, Russian Empire, 1890 – Tel Aviv, Israel, 1952), was the commander of the Palmach, one of the founders of the Israel Defense Forces at the time of the establishment of the State of Israel and a cousin of British philosopher Isaiah Berlin.
Sadeh was awarded a medal from the Russian army for his bravery during World War I. Between 1917–19, he assisted Joseph Trumpeldor in the founding of HeHalutz (The Pioneer) movement. In 1920, Sadeh made aliyah to Eretz Israel, where he became one of founders and leaders of Gdud HaAvoda (The Work Battalion).
In 1921, Sadeh was a Haganah (Defense) commander in Jerusalem. During the 1929 riots he took part in the battle defending Haifa. When the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine began, Sadeh established the Nodedet (Wandering Troop or Patrol Unit) in Jerusalem, that confronted the Palestinians in their villages and bases. He demanded that his troops "leave the defences" and initiate military operations.

wn.com/Yitzhak_Sadeh
Zyta Gilowska
Zyta Gilowska [ˈzɨta gʲiˈlɔfska] ( listen) (born 7 July 1949 in Nowe Miasto Lubawskie) is a Polish economist and politician. From 7 January until 23 June 2006 she was Deputy Prime Minister of Poland and Finance Minister in the Law and Justice government under Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz and then Jaroslaw Kaczynski.
Gilowska is a former vice-chairman of the Citizens Platform (Polish: Platforma Obywatelska) party; however, she left the party on 21 May 2005 in protest over accusations by party colleagues of wrongdoing. A former deputy to Sejm (the lower chamber of the Polish Parliament) from 2001 to 2005, she was previously in the liberal party Freedom Union (Unia Wolności).
Gilowska graduated with a degree in economics from Warsaw University and was later an economics professor at the Catholic University of Lublin.

wn.com/Zyta_Gilowska

Walk in Lublin Poland HD

Canon vixia hfs100...

published: 01 Jan 2012

author: Niegodziwy82

Driving in Lublin, Poland

This is what it looks like....

published: 25 Feb 2012

author: PS2Gameplays

Powitanie Tuska w Lublinie

Donald Tusk postanowił wesprzeć posłankę Joannę Muchę, która urządziła spotkanie dla stude...

published: 01 Oct 2011

author: idzpodprad

Lublin - wjazd od wschodu

Entrance to Lublin,Poland from the east.Video is accelerated 2,5x. Wjazd od wschodniej str...

published: 05 Oct 2011

author: Lublin Kraków

Lublin, Poland

A quick view of Lublin featuring Old Town. This is just the beginning of a more detailed v...

published: 10 Mar 2012

author: Anthony Pierre

VLOG. Lublin miasto inspiracji. City of Lublin.

Lublin [ˈlublʲin] ( listen) (Ukrainian: Люблін, Liublin, Yiddish: לובלין Lublin) is the ni...

published: 30 Jul 2012

author: ladykingadejavu

My Lublin

This is movie produced by WW video film about magic city in eastern Poland - Lublin. Let's...

published: 24 Jan 2007

author: WWvideofilm

Unia Tarnów - Motor Lublin 1-4 (skrót, wypowiedzi)

UNIA TARNÓW - MOTOR LUBLIN 1 - 4 (1 - 0) Bramki: 1-0 Popiela 33, 1-1 Witek 63-samob., 1-2 ...

published: 28 Oct 2012

author: DetoTV

Lublin: Ratusz ws. kontrowersyjnych biletów

Więcej: www.dziennikwschodni.pl...

published: 20 Nov 2012

author: dziennikwschodni24

World Wide FLASHMOB DANCE FOR KINDNESS Lublin

World Wide FLASHMOB DANCE FOR KINDNESS Lublin Poland has taken part in the worldwide life ...

published: 20 Nov 2012

author: Monika Chmielewska

Nowy sklep H&M; w Lublinie otwarty

Tłumy na otwarciu H&M; w Lublinie. Zdjęcia na www.dziennikwschodni.pl oraz www.mmlublin.pl....

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Ryanair ogłasza połączenia z lotniska Lublin

www.dziennikwschodni.pl...

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Lublin,jak żyli lublinianie w dekadzie Gierka,cz.III ,film amatorski 8mm

W filmikach wykorzystałem materiały nakręcane w latach 1971-1980....

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Wizz Air ogłasza trasy lotów z Lublina.mpg

www.dziennikwschodni.pl...

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photo: AP / Pablo Martinez Monsivais

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For other uses, see Lublin (disambiguation).

Lublin

Flag

Coat of arms

Lublin

Coordinates: 51°14′53″N 22°34′13″E / 51.24806°N 22.57028°E

Country

Poland

Voivodeship

Lublin

County

city county

Established

before 12th century

Town rights

1317

Government

• Mayor

Krzysztof Zuk

Area

• City

147 km² (57 sq mi)

Population (2009)

• City

350,392

• Density

2,400/km² (6,200/sq mi)

• Metro

664,000

Time zone

CET (UTC+1)

• Summer (DST)

CEST (UTC+2)

Postal code

20-001 to 20-999

Area code(s)

+48 81

Car plates

Website

http://www.um.lublin.pl/ http://www.lublin.eu/en

Coordinates: 51°14′N 22°34′E / 51.233°N 22.567°E / 51.233; 22.567

Lublin [ˈlublʲin] ( listen) (Ukrainian: Люблін, Liublin, Yiddish: לובלין Lublin) is the ninth largest city in Poland, and the second largest city of Lesser Poland. It is the capital of Lublin Voivodeship (province) with a population of 350,392 (June 2009). Lublin is also the largest Polish city east of the Vistula River. Lublin was a candidate for the title of European Capital of Culture in 2016. Lublin is situated around 170 km (105 miles) away from the capital, Warsaw.

Cracow Gate in the Old Town is among the most recognizable landmarks of the city.

Another characteristic building in Lublin is the Royal Castle.

History [link]

The first permanent settlements on the Lublin site were established in the early Middle Ages, though archeological finds indicate a long, earlier presence of various cultures in the general area. The earliest, most significant settlement began in the 6th century, on a hill located in the suburb of Czwartek (in Polish Thursday, most likely in reference to the market day of the settlement). It is likely that the surrounding hills, notably the site of the present day Old Town, were also settled at around this time. In the 10th and 11th centuries the Czwartek settlement developed into an important trade centre. The location of Lublin at the eastern borders of the Polish lands gave it a military significance. The first fortification on the site may have been built as early as the 8th century, possibly on the Castle Hill. Certainly at the end of the 10th century a significant fortification existed there. As the castle grew, the Old Town hill adjacent to it became the main focus of settlement, and the Czwartek settlement declined in relative importance. The castle became the seat of a Castellan, first mentioned in historical sources from 1224, but quite possibly present from the start of the 12th, or even 10th century. The oldest historical document mentioning Lublin dates from 1198, so the name must have come into general use some time earlier.

The city was a target of attacks by Tatars, Ruthenes, Yotvingians and Lithuanians and was destroyed a number of times. It received a city charter in 1317. Casimir the Great, appreciating the strategic importance of the site, built a masonry castle in 1341 and encircled the city with defensive walls.

In 1392, the city received an important trade privilege from king Władysław Jagiełło, and with the coming of the peace between Poland and Lithuania developed into a great trade centre carrying a large portion of commerce between the two countries. In 1474 the area around Lublin was carved out of Sandomierz Voivodeship, and combined to form the Lublin Voivodeship, the third voivodeship of Lesser Poland. In the 15th century and 16th century the town grew rapidly. The largest trade fairs of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth were held in Lublin. During the 16th century the noble parliaments (sejm) were held in Lublin a number of times. On June 26, 1569, one of the most important ones proclaimed the Union of Lublin, which united Poland and Lithuania. The Lithuanian name for the city is Liublinas.

Some of the artists and writers of the Polish renaissance lived and worked in Lublin, including Sebastian Klonowic and Jan Kochanowski, who died in the city in 1584. In 1578 the Crown Tribunal was established in the city, this being the highest court of the Lesser Poland region.

Since the second half of the 16th century, Reformation movements developed in Lublin, and a large congregation of Polish Brethren was present in the city. One of Poland's most important Jewish communities was also established in Lublin around this time. It continued to be a vital part of the city's life until the community ceased to exist during the Nazi Holocaust. Between 1580 and 1764 the Jewish Council of Four Lands Arba Aracot (Sejm of 4 countries) was held in Lublin. 70 delegates of Jewish local kahals met to discuss issue of taxations and other important for Jewish communities issues.

Students came to Lublin from all over Europe to study at the yeshiva there. The yeshiva became a centre of learning of both Talmud and Kabbalah. The great scholarship of those who studied there led to the city being named the "Jewish Oxford"; the Rosh yeshiva received the title of rector and equal rights to those in Polish universities with the permission of the King in 1567.

In the 17th century, the town suffered a decline due to a Russo-Ukrainian invasion in 1655 and a Swedish invasion during the Northern Wars. After the Third of the Partitions of Poland in 1795 Lublin was located in the Austrian empire, then since 1809 in the Duchy of Warsaw, and then since 1815 in the Congress Poland under Russian rule. At the beginning of the 19th century a number of modern urban developments took place, with new squares, streets, and public buildings coming into existence. In 1877 a railway connection to Warsaw and Kovel was built, together with Lublin Station, which spurred industrial development in the city. Lublin's population grew from 28,900 in 1873 to 50,150 in 1897 (including 24,000 Jews).^[1]

The Russian rule ended in 1915, when the city was occupied by German and Austro-Hungarian armies. After the defeat of the Central Powers in 1918, the first government of independent Poland operated in Lublin for a short time. In the inter war years, the city continued to develop, its population grew, and important industrial enterprises were established, including the first aviation factory in Poland, the Plage i Laśkiewicz works, later nationalized as the LWS factory. The Catholic University of Lublin was founded in 1918. The city contained a vibrant Jewish community which formed around 40% of Lublin's population.

After the 1939 German invasion of Poland the city found itself in the General Government. During the German occupation the city's population was a target of severe oppression by the occupiers, with a particularly grim fate reserved for the Jewish inhabitants. German plans were aimed towards turning Lublin into Germanised city with its population of Ethnic Germans growing towards 20-25 %, compared with 10-15% in 1939.^[2] Near Lublin, a reservation was set up for Jews according to the Nisko Plan, also known as "Lublin Plan".

The city served as a German headquarters for Operation Reinhardt, the main German effort to exterminate the Jews in occupied Poland. Lublin's Jewish population was forced into the Lublin Ghetto established around the area of Podzamcze. The majority of the ghetto's inhabitants, about 26,000 people, was deported to the Bełżec extermination camp between 17 March and 11 April 1942. The remainder were moved to facilities around Majdanek, a large concentration camp established at the outskirts of the city. Most of them were killed by the war's end.

Further information: The Holocaust in Poland

After the war the few Jews who survived in hiding or by escaping to Soviet territory reestablished a small Jewish community in the city, but it quickly shrank to insignificance as most Jews left Poland for Israel and the West in the immediate postwar years. The Majdanek camp, together with the prison established in the Lublin castle, also served as a major centre of terror measures aimed at the non-Jewish population of Lublin and the surrounding district.

Maria Curie-Sklodowska University

On 24 July 1944, the city was taken by the Soviet Army and became the temporary capital of a Soviet-controlled communist Polish Committee of National Liberation established in the city, which was to serve as basis for a puppet government. The capital was moved to Warsaw in January 1945. In the postwar years Lublin continued to grow, tripling its population and greatly expanding in area. A considerable scientific and research base was established around the newly founded Maria Curie-Sklodowska University. A large automobile factory (FSC) was established in the city.

In July 1980, the workers of Lublin and nearby Świdnik began the first in the wave of mass strikes aimed against the Communist regime, which eventually led to the emergence of the Solidarity movement. The first strike began on July 8 in the WSK factory in Świdnik. It then quickly spread to other factories in Lublin and the surrounding region. The railroad network and city transit came to a standstill. Ultimately, 150 factories employing 50,000 workers joined the strike. The strikers used a novel tactic of staying inside their factories and occupying them, instead of marching in the streets where the authorities would have found it easy to use force against them. The workers made demands for their economic situation to be improved. They also made political demands, such as: new elections for the leadership of the trade unions, liquidation of privileges for the Communist party governing class, and the reduction of the bureaucracy in the factories.

The July strikes lasted two weeks. The Communist authorities eventually managed to bring them to an end peacefully, mainly by granting economic concessions to the workers. However, the momentum generated by the Lublin strikes quickly gave rise to a new wave of strikes in the Gdańsk region in August 1980. The workers there used similar tactics as the Lublin workers used a month before, and this time the Communist authorities had to agree to the strikers' demand to set up an independent trade union, which soon became the Solidarity.

Population [link]

The diagram shows population growth in the last 400 years. As of 1999 the population of Lublin was estimated to 359 154, which was the largest number in the history of the city.

<timeline> ImageSize = width:630 height:300 PlotArea = left:50 right:20 top:25 bottom:30 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = late Colors =

 id:linegrey2 value:gray(0.9)
 id:linegrey value:gray(0.7)
 id:cobar value:rgb(0.2,0.7,0.8)
 id:cobar2 value:rgb(0.6,0.9,0.6)

DateFormat = yyyy Period = from:0 till:360000 ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:40000 start:0 gridcolor:linegrey ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:10000 start:0 gridcolor:linegrey2 PlotData =

 color:cobar width:19 align:left
 bar:XVII from:0 till:5000
 bar:1873 from:0 till:28900
 bar:1897 from:0 till:50150
 bar:1939 from:0 till:122000
 bar:1946 from:0 till:99400
 bar:1950 from:0 till:116629
 bar:1955 from:0 till:132234
 bar:1960 from:0 till:181304
 bar:1965 from:0 till:204296
 bar:1970 from:0 till:238500
 bar:1975 from:0 till:271955
 bar:1980 from:0 till:304424
 bar:1985 from:0 till:326991
 bar:1990 from:0 till:351353
 bar:1995 from:0 till:354552
 bar:1999 color:cobar2 from:0 till:359154
 bar:2000 from:0 till:358933
 bar:2005 from:0 till:354967
 bar:2010 from:0 till:348450

PlotData=

 textcolor:black fontsize:S
 bar:XVII at: 5000 text: 5,0 shift:(-8,5)
 bar:1873 at: 28900 text: 28,9 shift:(-10,5)
 bar:1897 at: 50150 text: 50,1 shift:(-8,5)
 bar:1939 at: 122000 text: 122,0 shift:(-12,5)
 bar:1946 at: 99400 text: 99,4 shift:(-8,5)
 bar:1950 at: 116629 text: 116,6 shift:(-12,5)
 bar:1955 at: 132234 text: 132,2 shift:(-12,5)
 bar:1960 at: 181304 text: 181,3 shift:(-12,5)
 bar:1965 at: 204296 text: 204,3 shift:(-12,5)
 bar:1970 at: 238500 text: 238,5 shift:(-12,5)
 bar:1975 at: 271955 text: 272,0 shift:(-12,5)
 bar:1980 at: 304424 text: 304,4 shift:(-12,5)
 bar:1985 at: 326991 text: 327,0 shift:(-12,5)
 bar:1990 at: 351353 text: 351,4 shift:(-14,5)
 bar:1995 at: 354552 text: 354,6 shift:(-12,5)
 bar:1999 at: 359154 text: 359,2 shift:(-12,5)
 bar:2000 at: 358933 text: 358,9 shift:(-12,5)
 bar:2005 at: 354967 text: 355,0 shift:(-12,5)
 bar:2010 at: 348450 text: 348,5 shift:(-12,5)

</timeline>

Economy [link]

DZT Honker produced in Lublin by the DZT Tymińscy factory.

Polish MPs in the PZL Świdnik helicopter factory.

Office building complex "Gray Ofice" near Zana street in Lublin.

The Lublin region had the lowest per capita GDP in the European Union until Bulgaria and Romania joined in 2007 (it was 32% of EU average in 2002). It is a part of eastern Poland, which has benefited less from the economic transformation after 1989 than other regions of Poland located closer to Western Europe. While the standard of living in the city of Lublin is considerably higher than in the surrounding countryside, the city's relatively poor economic performance is tied to the poverty of its surrounding region.

Lublin is regional center of IT companies. Thanks to near 100 000 university students each year, and 5 universities in Lublin which teach computer science Masters of Arts, Lublin has big supply of specialized work force. Average salary for specialists in Lublin is 2/3 of that in Warsaw (+- 3000 PLN brutto for programmers for example). That makes it a great place for IT companies, and there are many such companies already. Asseco Business Solutions S.A., Eleader Sp z o.o., CompuGroup Medical Polska Sp. z o.o., Abak-Soft Sp. z o.o. and others have their headquarters there. Other companies (for example Comarch S.A., Britenet Sp. z o.o., Simple S.A., Asseco Poland S.A.) outsourced to Lublin, to take adventage of cheap, educated specialists.

Factories built under the Communist regime in the city have performed poorly in the new market economy. The large car factory FSC (Fabryka Samochodów Ciężarowych) seemed to have a brighter future when acquired by the South Korean Daewoo conglomerate in the early 1990s. With Daewoo's financial troubles in 1998 related to the Asian financial crisis, the production at FSC practically collapsed and the factory entered bankruptcy. Efforts to restart its van production succeeded when the engine supplier bought the company in order not to lose its prime market. With the decline of Lublin as a regional industrial centre, the city's economy is being reoriented towards the service industries. Currently, the largest employer is the Maria Curie-Sklodowska University (UMCS).

The prices of land and investing costs are lower than in western Poland. However, the Lublin area is one of main beneficiaries of the EU development funds-^[3] Mr. Jerzy Kwiecinski, the Deputy Secretary of State in the Ministry for Regional Development at the Conference of the Ministry for Regional Development (Poland in the European Union – new possibilities for foreign investors) said: -

“In the immediate financial outlook, between 2007 and 2013, we will be the largest beneficiaries of the EU - every fifth Euro will be spent in Poland. In total, we will have at our disposal 120 billion EUR, assigned exclusively for post development activities. This sum will be an enormous boost for our country”.^[4]

In September 2007, the Prime Minister signed a bill creating a special economic investment zone in Lublin that offers tax incentives. It is part of “Park Mielec” – the European Economic Development area.^[5] At least 13 large companies had declared their wish to invest here e.g. Carrefour, Comarch, Safo, Asseco, Aliplast, Herbapol and Perła Browary Lubelskie -.^[6] At the same time the energy giant Polska Grupa Energetyczna, which will build Poland's first nuclear power station, is to have its main offices in Lublin.

New shopping centres built in Lublin are Lublin Plaza and Galeria Gala, the largest shopping centre in the city, covering 33500 square metres. Similar investments are planned for the near future such as Park Felin (Felicity) and a new gallery ("Alchemy") between Świętoduska and Lubartowska streets.^[7]

Lublin will take an active part in the upcoming EURO 2012 championships, with several preliminary matches being held in the city. This will bring associated investment in infrastructure.

Television [link]

TVP3 Lublin studio

Radio-TV tower in Lublin.

"TVP Lublin" is a TV Station in Lublin which owns a 104-metre-tall concrete TV Tower.^[8] It put its first program on the air in 1985. In recent years it contributed programming to TVP3 channel, and later TVP Info.

Radio [link]

Radio stations airing from Lublin:

- Radio eR - 87.9 FM,
- Radio Eska Lublin - 103.6 FM,
- Radio Lublin (regional station of the Polish Radio) - 89.9 FM / 102.2 FM,
- Radio Centrum (University radio) - 98.2 FM,
- Radio Złote Przeboje Lublin - 95.6 FM,

Airing not from Lublin:

- Radio RMF FM - 89.3 FM,
- Polskie Radio 1 (national station of the Polish Radio) - 90.8 FM,
- Polskie Radio 2 (national station of the Polish Radio) - 91.8 FM,
- Radio Maryja - 97 FM,
- Radio Euro (national station of the Polish Radio) - 99 FM,
- Polskie Radio 3 (national station of the Polish Radio) - 104.2 FM,
- Radio Eska Rock - 106.1 FM,
- Radio Zet - 107 FM,
- Radio RMF Classic - 107.6 MHz

Newspapers [link]

Kurier Lubelski (daily, regional partner of the national newspaper "Polska. The Times") [6]
Dziennik Wschodni (daily)
Gazeta Wyborcza Lublin Edition (daily, regional supplement to the national newspaper Gazeta Wyborcza)
Metro (daily, free)
Nasze Miasto Lublin (weekly, free)

Transport [link]

A trolleybus in the center of the city.

Lublin Station

From Lublin Station, trains run ten times a day to Warsaw and three times to Kraków as well as all other major cities in Poland. Buses also run from below the castle in the Old Town and serve most of the same destinations as the rail network. The fast train to Warsaw takes around two and half hours and public transport is available from there to Frédéric Chopin Airport, which is only 10 km outside the centre and has flights worldwide. The Polski Express bus service runs seven daily buses from the airport direct to Lublin and the journey takes around three and a half hours (;^[9]^[10] ).

Airport [link]

Construction of a new airport at Świdnik, about 10 km (6.2 miles) SE of Lublin, has been approved and has received EU funding. Construction started in the Fall of 2010 and according to current plans should finish in 2012.^[11] The runway will be 2500 m long, able to handle large airliners.^[12] The airport will be able to handle 2 mln passengers per year.^[13]

Roads [link]

The first part of bypass road around Lublin.

As of 2009 no motorways or expressways connect the city with the rest of Poland. In the coming decade the construction of expressways S12, S17 and S19 will improve road access to the city. On December 17, 2009 the bidding process for the construction of S17 expressway around Lublin was started. The construction began in 2010 and will finish in 2012. The project will include building a high capacity bypass road around Lublin, removing most the transit traffic from the city streets and decreasing congestion.

Culture and tourism [link]

Lublin is not only the biggest city in eastern Poland, but an important culture core city also. Since accession of Poland into the EU, Lublin has been called "Gate to the East." Since then, many important international events have taken place here, involving Ukrainian, Lithuanian, Russian and Belorussian artists, researchers and politicians. Lublin connects the West with the East. Even frescos at the Holy Trinity Chapel in Lublin are a mixture of Catholic motifs with eastern Russian-Byzantine styles.

Museum [link]

The premier museum in the city is the Lublin Museum, one of the oldest and largest museums of Eastern Poland.

Cinema [link]

Lublin is a city with film-making past. A few important films were recorded here. e.g. Oscar-winning, "The Reader", was partially filmed at the German Majdanek concentration camp, located in Lublin.^[14]

In 2008, Lublin in cooperation with Ukrainian Lviv, filmed promotional materials, to promote them as cinematic cities. Films were handed out between film-makers present at Cannes Festival.^[15] Action, was sponsored by European Union.

In Lublin, there are currently a few cinemas:

Cinema City (multiplex)
Cinema Bajka
Cinema Chatka Żaka
Cinema Medyk

Theatres [link]

Juliusz Osterwa Theatre

Hans Christian Andersen Theatre and the Dominican Church as seen from Castle Greens

There are many cultural organisations, both municipal, governmental and non-governmental, in Lublin.

Municipal Theatres, with casual playhouses:
- Musical Theatre in Lublin - Teatr Muzyczny w Lublinie, opera, operetta, musical, ballet
- Henryk Wieniawski Lublin Philharmonic - Filharmonia Lubelska
- Juliusz Osterwa Theatre in Lublin - Teatr im. Juliusza Osterwy w Lublinie
- Hans Christian Andersen Theatre - with puppet programme for Children

Fringe Theatres:
- Centrum Projekt Pracovnia Maat
- Centrum Kultury w Lublinie
- Ośrodek Praktyk Teatralnych – Gardzienice
- Ośrodek „Brama Grodzka - Theatre NN”
- Theatre "Provisorium"

Scenes:
- InVitro Pre-première Scene - Scena Prapremier "InVitro"
- Scena Plastyczna KUL – created by Leszek Mądzik
- Theatre Panopticum
- Teatr ITP
- Teatr Pierwszego Kontaktu

Cabaret
- Pantomimic group MIMIKA
- Ani Mru-Mru
- PoMimochodem

Barnstormers"
- Lublin Dance Theatre - Lubelski Teatr Tańca
- Company "Theatre" - Kompania "Teatr"
- Teatr Widzenie
- Teatr Jasny
- Theatrical Group "Collective" - Grupa Teatralna "Kolektyw"
- Enigmatic Theatre of KUL

Galleries [link]

A street fair in the Old Town.

There are lots of Art-Galleries in Lublin, some of them are run by Private owners, some of them are Municipal, Governmental, NGO's, Associations property. Here are only few most popular:

"BWA" - Artistic Exhibitions Office - Biuro Wystaw Artystycznych
"Atu" Gallery
"Postal Gallery" - Galeria na poczcie
"Fot-Press" Gallery
"Galeria Biała"
Art-Gallery Sceny Plastycznej KUL
"Pod podłogą" (Under the Floor Gallery)
Galeria Sztuki "Wirydarz"
"KONT" Academic Culture Centre Gallery "Chatka Żaka" UMCS
"Labirynt 2"

Galeria Grodzka
Galeria "Po schodach"
Galeria "Gardzienice"
Galeria Autorska Michałowski
Galeria Fotografii "Prospero"
Galeria "Gala Dom i Wnętrze"
Galeria Michałowscy
Galeria Sztuki Współczesnej "Andzelm Gallery"
Galeria ART
"31'st Gallery"
Galeria "Pomost"
Galeria Sztuki Nieprofesjonalnej "U Lekarzy" (Amateur art-gallery "At doctor's")
Galeria Przy Bramie (Bramma Cafe)
Lubelskie Towarzystwo Zachęty Sztuk Pięknych

Old Town [link]

The Old Town Hall and Tribunal in the Market Square

Lublin, by some tourists called "little Krakow", has historic architecture and a unique ambiance, especially in the Old Town. Catering to students, who account for 35% of the population, the city offers a vibrant music and nightclub scene ^[16] Lublin has many theatres and museums and a professional orchestra, the Lublin Philharmonic.^[17] Old buildings, even ruins, creates magic and unique atmosphere of the city. Lublin’s Old Town has cobbled streets and traditional architecture.

Pubs and Restaurants [link]

The Old Town Hall and Tribunal in the Market Square is surrounded by burgher houses and winding lanes.^[18]

City of Festivals [link]

A folk music concert during the Jagiellonian Fair

Lublin Graffiti Festival

Holy Trinity Chapel and Castle Tower during the Night of Culture

Kozienalia, Lublin Days of Student Culture, beginning with a street parade.

Lublin could be called "The Capital of Festivals", as every year another new one appears. These are just a few of the most significant:

Karnawał Sztuk-Mistrzów - Carnival Arts-Masters.
Noc Kultury - Culture Night - usually the first Saturday night of June, hundreds of events whole the city, cultural manifestation of city's potential, admission is totally free - [7].
OpenCity Festival - outdoor performances festival, international artists and performers, make art installations in public places in Lublin. - [8]
Museum Night - like in whole world, Lublin's museums, are opened for visitors.
Jarmark Jagielloński - Jagiellonian Trades - every year, about 100k of tourists, arriving in Lublin, only to feel middle-age atmosphere.
Lubelskie Dni Kultury Studenckiej - an annual students' holiday, usually celebrated for about three weeks between May and June, students holiday in Lublin, are the longest in whole Poland. There's usually bunch of student parties, concerts, cultural events, and every year, Main Concert, usually, British artists are invited.
Słowo daję - Festiwal Opowiadaczy - I give you my word. Storytellers Festival
Rozstaje Europy - International Festival of Document Film
Mikołajki Folkowe - International Folk Music Festival ("St. Nicholas Folk Day") - organised by Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin.
Strefa Inne Brzmienia ("Different Sounds Area" International Music Festival, which connects Lublin and Lviv citizens together.
Lublin. Miasto Poezji - Poetry Festival organised by Ośrodek "Brama Grodzka - Teatr NN" and Polish Literature Institute of Catholic University in Lublin.
Noc z Czechowiczem - A Night with Czechowicz - walking the trace, from "Poem about The City of Lublin" written by Józef Czechowicz at first full moon at July, organised by Ośrodek "Brama Grodzka - Teatr NN"
Najstarsze Pieśni Europy - The oldest songs of Europe - Festival of Muzyka Kresów Foundation.
Future Shorts - World Short Film Label
Międzynarodowe Spotkania Teatrów Tańca - International Lublin Dance Festival
Międzynarodowy Festiwal Teatralny "Konfrontacje" - International Theatre Festival "Confrontations"
Festiwal Kultury Alternatywnej "ZdaErzenia" - Festival of Alternative Culture in Lublin
Sąsiedzi - Festiwal Teatrów Europy Środkowej - Neighbours - Central European Theatres Festival
Festiwal "Prowokacje" - Young Polish Fashion Creators Festival
Studencki Ogólnopolski Festiwal Teatralny Kontestacje - Polish Students Theatre Festival
Międzynarodowe Spotkania Folklorystyczne im. Ignacego Wachowiaka - International Folk Dance Festival

Lubelska Scena Rockowa - Lublin Rock Scene
Taniec Znaku - first in Poland Internet Theatre, project of Lublin Maat Theatre,^[19]
Scena Młodych - Youth Scene, music festival
Zwierciadła - Mirrors - High School Theatres Revision
Zaduszki Jazzowe - Jazz All Souls' Day - it takes place in Dominican Order Monastery
"Invitro" Scena Prapremier - "Invitro" Pre-première Scene ^[20]
Solo życia - Classical Music Festival - creator of this festival is composer Mieczysław Jurecki
Letnia Strefa Muzyki - Summer Music Area - Young polish musicians, promotion, on the small scene, organisators: Akwarela Cafe and Lublins' President Council

European capital of culture [link]

In 2007, Lublin joined the group of Polish cities which were candidates for the title of European Capital of Culture, as the one and only city from the eastern half of Poland. Lublin won through to the second round of cities aiming to participate in this title with Spain in 2016, but ultimately Wrocław was chosen.

"Lublin is the city that symbolises European idea of integration, universal heritage of democracy and tolerance and the idea of dialogue between the cultures of the West and East. Lublin is a unique place where the cultures and religions meet. Here the East meets West, and the European Union meets Belarus and Ukraine. It is the perfect place of cooperation for European artists living within and outside the European Union. Lublin is a city open to artists, a place where unique initiatives and activities take place. Lublin means the experience of hundreds of years of rich history and cultural heritage which constitutes endless source of inspiration for new generations. European Culture is not only modern museums and enormous festivals, but first of all people and their activities, aims, aspirations, possibilities, potential and the desire for development.The development of culture and being granted the title of European Capital of Culture is a chance for development of one the poorest regions of the European Union.^[21]

Mr. Adam Wasilewski, President of Lublin

Since 2007, there are special meetings, enter2016, which anyone could take part in. The City's Marketing Office have created a web page: Lublin2016.eu, available in Polish, English, Ukrainian, Spanish and Portuguese.

Lublin is also a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission Intercultural cities programme.

Education [link]

John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin

WSPA lecture hall

There are six schools of higher education, including Maria Curie-Sklodowska University (UMCS) and John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin (JPII CUL).

Medical University of Lublin– [9] (Medical University of Lublin)
University of Life Sciences in Lublin– [10]
John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin (KUL) – Catholic University of Lublin
Politechnika Lubelska–Lublin University of Technology
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej– (English version)

Lublin also hosts a number of private higher education establishments. The Polish Government has plans to establish a new University in Lublin in cooperation with the Ukraine Government, which promises to be one of the most innovative international ventures of recent years.^{[citation needed]} The Polish-Ukrainian Academy will support multicultural exchange, and will highlight Polish and Ukrainian heritage and history. It promises to be a milestone in the rapprochement between Poland and Ukraine, and between Ukraine and the European Union.

Sports [link]

"Globus" sports hall

Zemborzyce Lake

Start Lublin - men's basketball team, 12th in Era Basket Liga in 2003–2004 season.
SPR Safo iCom Lublin (formerly Bystrzyca Lublin) - women's handball team playing in Polish Ekstraklasa Women's Handball League: 2nd place in 2003–2004 season: also a winner of Women's EHF Cup in season 2000/2001.
Motor Lublin - professional football team competing in the Polish second division.
Lublinianka - men's football team competing in the Polish league (fourth division as of 2006–07).
Budowlani Lublin - a local Rugby Union team competing in the Polish, and surrounding district league.
KMŻ Lublin speedway club competing in the Polish league (first division).
LSKT - Lublin's taekwon-do sport club.

Notable residents [link]

Jacek Bąk (Polish footballer, captain of Poland during World Cup 2006)
Katarzyna Dolinska (of America's Next Top Model, Cycle 10, came in 5th place, but successful post-show)
Albert Kitmacher (1920–2000) (Holocaust survivor)
Janusz Lewandowski (1951—), MEP, former minister of privatization; born in Lublin
Wincenty Pol (1807–72) poet and geographer
Stanisław Kostka Potocki (1755–1821)
Yitzhak Sadeh (born Isaac Landsberg; 1890-1952), a founder of the Israel Defense Forces
Henryk Wieniawski (1835–80), violin virtuoso; born in Lublin
Rabbi Yaakov Yitzchak of Lublin (1745–1815) - "The Seer of Lublin"
Wladyslaw Zmuda (Polish footballer and four-time World Cup participant)

Politics [link]

Lublin constituency [link]

Joanna Mucha, currently sports and tourism minister in the government of Donald Tusk.

Lena Kolarska-Bobińska, a Member of the European Parliament representing the Lublin region.

Current and former Members of Parliament (Sejm) elected from Lublin constituency:

Members of the European Parliament elected from the Lublin constituency:

Lena Kolarska-Bobinska, PO

International relations [link]

Lublin is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the EU Intercultural cities programme.^[22]

Twin towns — Sister cities [link]

Lublin is twinned with:

Alcalá de Henares, Spain Brest, Belarus^[23] Debrecen, Hungary Delmenhorst, Germany Erie, United States Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine^[24] Lancaster, United Kingdom	Luhansk, Ukraine Lutsk, Ukraine L'viv, Ukraine Sumy, Ukraine Münster, Germany Nancy, France Nykøbing Falster, Denmark Panevėžys, Lithuania	Pernik, Bulgaria Rishon LeZion, Israel Trabzon, Turkey^[25] Starobilsk, Ukraine Tilburg, Netherlands Viseu, Portugal Windsor, Canada Anápolis, Brazil

References [link]

^ Joshua D. Zimmerman, Poles, Jews, and the politics of nationality, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2004, ISBN 0-299-19464-7, Google Print, p.16
^ Diemut Majer; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (2003). "Non-Germans" under the Third Reich: the Nazi judicial and administrative system in Germany and occupied Eastern Europe with special regard to occupied Poland, 1939-1945. JHU Press. p. 759. ISBN 978-0-8018-6493-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=w-IQu7nWQwQC&pg=PA759. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
^ "Samorząd Miasta Lublin". Um.lublin.pl. http://www.um.lublin.pl/um/index.php?t=200&id=45863. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
^ internet ART; www.internetart.pl (2007-05-31). "PAIiIZ | News | Inwestycje w Polsce". Paiz.gov.pl. http://www.paiz.gov.pl/nowosci/?id_news=1392&lang_id=1. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
^ Marcin Bielesz (2007-09-27). "Lublin fetuje specjalną strefę ekonomiczną". Miasta.gazeta.pl. http://miasta.gazeta.pl/lublin/1,35640,4527639.html. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
^ http://miasta.gazeta.pl/lublin/1,35640,4527639.html, http://ww2.tvp.pl/3903,20051107265122.strona
^ opracowali: tn, dil, msa, ms, jb, pr, wa (2007-01-01). "Taki był 2006 rok". Miasta.gazeta.pl. http://miasta.gazeta.pl/lublin/1,36651,3823552.html. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
^ "Przegląd obiektów z emisjami". Emi.emitel.pl. http://emi.emitel.pl/EMITEL/obiekty.aspx?obiekt=DODR_E1L. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
^ "Lublin - plan miasta, opis miasta, rozkłady jazdy, zdjęcia, noclegi, odległości, hotele i RSS. Turystyka, wczasy, wakacje, wycieczki i noclegi - Lublin, woj. lubelskie". Odleglosci.pl. 2006-12-12. http://www.odleglosci.pl/mapa,polski,Lublin.html. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
^ "Lublin - Rozkład jazdy pociągów PKP, autobusów PKS oraz komunikacji miejskiej dla miasta Lublin". Rozklad.mortin.pl. http://www.rozklad.mortin.pl/lublin.html. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
^ Official airport project page (with maps)
^ Airport localization added to a satellite photo, from official project page
^ "Budowa lotniska w Świdniku ma ruszyć w tym roku". Polska Agencja Prasowa. 2010-08-28. http://www.pb.pl/a/2010/08/28/Budowa_lotniska_w_Swidniku_ma_ruszyc_w_tym_roku. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
^ The Reader was filmed in Lublin
^ "Lublin, Lwów | miasto filmowe - Aktualności". Film.lublin.eu. 2008-04-08. http://www.film.lublin.eu. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
^ "Lublin-Lubelski Serwis Informacyjny-lublin". Lsi.lublin.pl. http://www.lsi.lublin.pl/de/deptak1.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
^ [www.teatr-osterwy.lublin.pl]; [www.galeria.pl/nominacja.htm]; [1]; [2]
^ [3]; [4]; [5]
^ "Theatre Maat". Di.com.pl. 2008-02-29. http://di.com.pl/news/19616,1,0,Taniec_znaku_w_teatrze_internetowym_takze_mobilnie.html. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
^ "TVP o Scenie InVitro". Ww6.tvp.pl. 2010-09-29. http://ww6.tvp.pl/3173,20080105632771.strona. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
^ "Why Lublin?". Kultura.lublin.eu. http://kultura.lublin.eu/wiadomosci,1,2391,Dlaczego_Lublin.html?locale=pl_PL. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
^ Council of Europe (2011 [last update]). "Intercultural city: Lublin, Poland". coe.int. http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/culture/Cities/lublin_en.asp. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
^ "Побратимские связи г. Бреста" (in (Russian)). City.brest.by. http://city.brest.by/article_in.php?id=1464&tc=26&tc2=31. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
^ "Офіційний сайт міста Івано-Франківська" (in Ukrainian). mvk.if.ua. http://www.mvk.if.ua/news/4114/. Retrieved 7 March 2010.
^ "The Municipality of Lublin City". Um.lublin.eu. 1992-10-01. http://www.um.lublin.eu/en/index.php?t=200&id=40896. Retrieved 2009-05-05.

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lublin

Lublin official website (in Polish) (in English)
Lublin 2016 - Official site of candidate for European Capital of Culture (English version)
Lublin Municipality official website (in Polish) (in English)
Virtual tour of Lublin
Lublin Online - Travel Guide
Lublin Cinematic City - Portal for film-makers
Lublin Museum (English)
Lublin archive documents (Polish)
The „Grodzka Gate – NN Theatre” Centre
The Virtual Jewish History Tour: Lublin
Website of the Jewish Community of Warsaw – Lublin Branch
http://www.lublinstrefa.pl/ (Polish)
TNN

External files [link]

City Council has produced information materials:

THE CITY OF CULTURE - The most important cultural events of 2009
TOURIST GUIDE - PDF
SIMPLE LEAFLET - Short, and most important information.

InfoScreens:
- Clip 1
- Clip 2
- Clip 3
Lublin Cinematic City

v t e Principal cities of Poland

Warsaw Kraków Łódź Wrocław Poznań Gdańsk Szczecin Bydgoszcz Lublin Katowice Białystok Częstochowa Radom Kielce Toruń Olsztyn Rzeszów

v t e Counties of Lublin Voivodeship

City counties	Lublin (capital) Biała Podlaska Chełm Zamość

Land counties	Biała Podlaska Biłgoraj Chełm Hrubieszów Janów Lubelski Kraśnik Krasnystaw Łęczna Lubartów Lublin Łuków Opole Lubelskie Parczew Puławy Radzyń Podlaski Ryki Świdnik Tomaszów Lubelski Włodawa Zamość

v t e Lublin County

Urban-rural gminas	Gmina Bełżyce Gmina Bychawa

Rural gminas	Gmina Borzechów Gmina Garbów Gmina Głusk Gmina Jabłonna Gmina Jastków Gmina Konopnica Gmina Krzczonów Gmina Niedrzwica Duża Gmina Niemce Gmina Strzyżewice Gmina Wojciechów Gmina Wólka Gmina Wysokie Gmina Zakrzew

Seat (not part of the county)	Lublin

vep:Lüblin

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