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![Dire Straits - Telegraph Road [COMPLETE STUDIO VERSION]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121015105947im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/dd3btVhwr48/0.jpg "DIRE STRAITS ►Song: Telegraph Road ►Album: Love Over Gold (1982) ************************************************************************ Supporta la pagina su Facebook dedicata al Progressive Rock: www.facebook.com Become fan of the page \"Progressive Rock\" on Facebook: www.facebook.com ************************************************************************ \"Telegraph Road\" è il brano che apre il quarto album dei Dire Straits, Love Over Gold, pubblicato nel 1982. Il disco è l'unico all'interno della discografia della band ad avere influenze musicali di stampo progressive.")
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Akron, Ohio
Akron () is the fifth largest city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Summit County. The municipality is situated on the Ohio and Erie Canal and Little Cuyahoga River, approximately 39 miles south of Cleveland midway between New York City and Chicago. As of 2000, the city proper had a total population of 217,074, being the fifth largest city in Ohio and 81st in the United States. The Akron Metropolitan Statistical Area, covers both, Summit and Portage counties. In 2000, the area had a population of 694,960 and in 2009, estimates placed the population at 699,935. Akron is also part of the larger Cleveland-Akron-Elyria Combined Statistical Area, which in 2000 had a population of 2,945,831, and ranked as the country's 14th largest. Like many former urban manufacturing centers of the U.S. Rust Belt, Akron's population has declined, falling from a peak of 290,351 in 1960, to just over two-thirds of that today.
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Australia
{{Infobox country
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Bahrain
Bahrain, officially Kingdom of Bahrain (, , literally: "Kingdom of the Two Seas"), is a small island country in the Persian Gulf ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family. While Bahrain is an archipelago of thirty-three islands, the largest (Bahrain Island) is long by wide. Saudi Arabia lies to the west and is connected to Bahrain via the King Fahd Causeway, which was officially opened on 25 November 1986. Qatar is to the southeast across the Gulf of Bahrain.
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Baltimore
Baltimore () is the largest independent city in the United States and the largest city and cultural center of the U.S. state of Maryland. The city is located in central Maryland along the tidal portion of the Patapsco River, an arm of the Chesapeake Bay. Baltimore is sometimes referred to as Baltimore City in order to distinguish it from surrounding Baltimore County. Founded in 1729, Baltimore is a major U.S. seaport and is situated closer to major Midwestern markets than any other major seaport on the East Coast. Baltimore's Inner Harbor was once the second leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States and a major manufacturing center. The harbor is now home to Harborplace, a shopping, entertainment, and tourist center, and the National Aquarium in Baltimore. After a decline in manufacturing, Baltimore shifted to a service-oriented economy. Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins Hospital are now the city's largest employers.
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Battle of Waterloo
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Belgium
Belgium (, ), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, as well as those of several other major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of , and it has a population of about 10.8 million people.
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Bell Labs
Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T; Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) is the research and development organization of Alcatel-Lucent and previously of the American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T;).
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Camden Town
{{infobox UK place|
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Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
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Cardiff
Cardiff (, {{lang-cy|) is the capital, largest city and most populous county of Wales. The city is Wales' chief commercial centre, the base for most national cultural and sporting institutions, the Welsh national media, and the seat of the National Assembly for Wales. According to recent estimates, the population of the unitary authority area is 324,800, while the wider metropolitan area has a population of nearly 1.1 million, more than a third of the total Welsh population. Cardiff is a significant tourism centre and the most popular visitor destination in Wales with 14.6 million visitors in 2009.
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France
{{Infobox Country
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Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
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Ireland
Ireland (,; , ; Ulster Scots: Airlann) is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the northwest of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islets. To the east of Ireland is Great Britain, separated from it by the Irish Sea. The island is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers just under five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.2 million people. Just under 4.5 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
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Italy
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Kotka
Kotka (literally eagle) is a town and municipality of Finland.
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Lavernock
Lavernock () is a hamlet in the Vale of Glamorgan in Wales, lying on the coast south of Cardiff between Penarth and Sully, and overlooking the Bristol Channel.
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Liberia
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Lithuania
Lithuania (, U.S. usually ; ), officially the Republic of Lithuania () is a country in Northern Europe, the southernmost of the three Baltic states. Situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, it shares borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the southeast, Poland, and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad to the southwest.
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Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
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Montreal
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Naval base
A naval base (military port) is a military base, where warships and naval ships are deployed when they have no mission at sea or want to restock. Usually ships may also perform some minor repairs.
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Netherlands
{{Infobox country
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New Jersey
New Jersey (, ) is a state in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the northeast by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania and on the southwest by Delaware. New Jersey lies largely within the sprawling metropolitan areas of New York City and Philadelphia. It is the most densely populated state in the United States.
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New Zealand
{{Infobox Country
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PNC Bank Arts Center
The PNC Bank Arts Center is a modern amphitheatre located in Holmdel Township, New Jersey, USA. About 17,500 people can occupy the amphitheater; there are 7,000 seats and the grass area can hold about 10,500 people. Concerts are from May through September featuring 35–45 different events of many types of musical styles. It is ranked among the top five most successful amphitheatres in the country. It is one of two major outdoor arenas in the New York City Metropolitan Area, along with Nikon at Jones Beach Theater. Like the Nikon theater, the PNC Bank Arts Center is managed by Live Nation.
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Poldhu
Poldhu is a small area in south Cornwall, England, UK, situated on the Lizard Peninsula; it comprises Poldhu Point and Poldhu Cove. It lies on the coast west of Goonhilly Downs, with Mullion to the south and Porthleven to the north. Poldhu means "black pool" in Cornish.
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Roswell, New Mexico
Roswell is a city in and the county seat of Chaves County in the southeastern quarter of the state of New Mexico, United States. The population was 45,293 at the 2000 census. It is a center for irrigation farming, dairying, ranching, manufacturing, distribution, and petroleum production. It is also the home of New Mexico Military Institute (NMMI), founded in 1891. Bitter Lake National Wildlife Refuge is located a few miles northeast of the city on the Pecos River. Bottomless Lakes State Park is located twelve miles east of Roswell on US 380.
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Suursaari
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Sweden
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Switzerland
Switzerland (, , , ), officially the Swiss Confederation (Confoederatio Helvetica in Latin, hence its ISO country codes CH and CHE), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
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Toronto
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Wales
Wales ( ; pronounced ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom, bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It has an estimated population of three million and is officially bilingual with the Welsh and English languages having equal status. The Welsh language is an important element of Welsh culture. Its decline has reversed over recent years, with Welsh speakers estimated to be around 20% of the population of Wales.
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West Drayton
West Drayton is a district in the London Borough of Hillingdon in the far west of London, England. Formerly part of the Yiewsley and West Drayton Urban District of Middlesex, the district became part of Greater London in 1965.
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Winnipeg
Winnipeg () is the capital and largest city of Manitoba, Canada, and is the primary municipality of the Winnipeg Capital Region, with more than sixty percent of Manitoba's population. It is located near the longitudinal centre of North America, at the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers (a point now commonly known as The Forks).
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Alfred Vail
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AOL
AOL Inc. (), formerly known as America Online and logo typeset as "Aol.", is an American global Internet services and media company. AOL is headquartered at 770 Broadway in New York. Founded in 1983 as Control Video Corporation, it has franchised its services to companies in several nations around the world or set up international versions of its services.
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Bill Clinton
William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19, 1946) is the former 42nd President of the United States and served from 1993 to 2001. At 46 he was the third-youngest president. He became president at the end of the Cold War, and was the first baby boomer president. His wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton, is currently the United States Secretary of State. Each received a Juris Doctor (J.D.) from Yale Law School.
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Carl Friedrich Gauss
Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (; , ) (30 April 1777 23 February 1855) was a German mathematician and scientist who contributed significantly to many fields, including number theory, statistics, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, geophysics, electrostatics, astronomy and optics.
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Catalan people
The Catalans are the people from, or with origins in Catalonia, a historical Nation and today an Autonomous Community in Spain. The inhabitants of the adjacent portion of southern France (known in Catalonia proper as Catalunya Nord, and in France as the Pays Catalan) are sometimes included in this definition.
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Charles Wheatstone
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David Alter
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David E. Hughes
David Edward Hughes (16 May 1831 – 22 January 1900), was a British scientist and musician. Hughes was co-inventor of the microphone, a harpist and a professor of music.
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Elisha Gray
Elisha Gray (August 2, 1835 – January 21, 1901) was an American electrical engineer who co-founded the Western Electric Manufacturing Company. Gray is best known for his development of a telephone prototype in 1876 in Highland Park, Illinois and is considered by some writers to be the true inventor of the variable resistance telephone, despite losing out to Alexander Graham Bell for the telephone patent.
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George May Phelps
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Germans
|ref15 =
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Giovanni Caselli
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Guglielmo Marconi
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Johann Philipp Reis
Johann Philipp Reis (January 7, 1834 – January 14, 1874) was a self-taught German scientist and inventor. In 1861, he constructed the first telephone, today called the Reis telephone.
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John Logie Baird
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Kevin Warwick
Kevin Warwick (born 9 February 1954 Coventry, UK) is a British scientist and professor of cybernetics at the University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom. He is best known for his studies on direct interfaces between computer systems and the human nervous system, although he has also done much research in the field of robotics.
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Lee De Forest
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Mark Gasson
Mark Gasson is a British scientist and senior research fellow at the Cybernetic Intelligence Research Group, University of Reading, UK. He pioneered developments in direct interfaces between computer systems and the human nervous system, is active in the research fields of robotics and identity and pursues many public engagement in science activities. In 2010 he claimed to be the first human to be infected with a computer virus following experiments showing the potential vulnerabilities of implantable technology including an RFID device he had implanted a year previously. Some computer scientists commented that the only distinction between Gasson's "infection" and someone carrying a smartphone compromised by malicious software is that Gasson put the electronics in question under his skin. However the focus of Gasson's research is to highlight that with implanted devices you cannot simply separate the human and the technology that easily - many people with implanted medical devices consider them to be a part of their body and so Gasson raises the issues of whether implanted technology should receive the same protection against abuse and interference as the biological body.
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Napoleon
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Nikola Tesla
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Peter Kyberd
Peter Kyberd is a professor at the University of New Brunswick's Institute of Biomedical Engineering, and a leading authority on control of prosthetic limbs, a subject he has been working on since the late 1980s, including a highly publicised collaboration with Kevin Warwick and Mark Gasson at the University of Reading, using implanted electrodes to control a robotic arm. In addition to his peer-reviewed scientific publications his work has been featured in popular science journals such as Electronics Times.
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Philo Farnsworth
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Pony Express
The Pony Express was a fast mail service crossing the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, from April 1860 to October 1861. It became the west's most direct means of east-west communication before the telegraph and was vital for tying California closely with the Union just before the American Civil War.
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Reginald Fessenden
http://wn.com/Reginald_Fessenden -
Samuel F. B. Morse
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Samuel Morse
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Sir James Anderson
Sir James Anderson captained the SS Great Eastern on the laying of the Transatlantic telegraph cable.
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Thomas Edison
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Tim Berners-Lee
Sir Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee, OM, KBE, FRS, FREng, FRSA (born 8 June 1955, also known as "TimBL"), is a British engineer and computer scientist and MIT professor credited with inventing the World Wide Web, making the first proposal for it in March 1989. On 25 December 1990, with the help of Robert Cailliau and a young student at CERN, he implemented the first successful communication between an HTTP client and server via the Internet.
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Vint Cerf
Vinton Gray "Vint" Cerf (; born June 23, 1943) is an American computer scientist who is recognized as one of
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Vladimir K. Zworykin
http://wn.com/Vladimir_K_Zworykin -
Wilhelm Eduard Weber
http://wn.com/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber -
William Preece
http://wn.com/William_Preece
karaoke
CHORUS:
I¡¯ve got a telegraph in my hand.
Words on paper, written in sand.
We¡¯ve got telegraph, right across this land.
It doesn¡¯t mean a damn thing.
We don¡¯t understand.
But who needs telegraph anyway?
REPEAT CHORUS
We¡¯ve got telegraph, right across this land.
It doesn¡¯t mean a damn thing.
We don¡¯t understand, we never understand!
God¡¯s got a telegraph nn his side.
It makes Him powerful, gives Him pride.
Even in America, God bless America!
They understand the value of the telegraph.
Hand in hand, hand in hand...
I've got a telegraph in my hand
Words on paper, written in sand
We've got telegraph
(We've got telegraph)
Right 'cross this land
(Across this land)
It doesn't mean a damn thing
We don't understand
But who needs telegraph anyway?
I've got a telegraph
(I've got a telegraph)
In my hand
(In my hand)
Words on paper
(Words on paper)
Written in sand
(Written in sand)
We've got telegraph
(We've got telegraph)
Right across this land
(Across this land)
It doesn't mean a damn thing
(It doesn't mean a damn thing)
We don't understand
(We never understand)
God's got a telegraph on His side, on His side
It makes Him powerful, gives Him pride, [Incomprehensible]
Even in America, God bless America
They'll understand
(They'll understand)
The value of the telegraph
(The value of the telegraph)
Hand in hand
Telegraph
Telephone
Tell a friend I'm leavin'
Heard you left
Me alone
But I'm here still breathin'
'Cause she's in me
Tell me where you've gone
Could I meet you later on
Should I Let you be
I guess I'm letting you go
It's hard but it's just like they say
You had to be so
Hard on my heart and my head
But I left our past
On the telegraph
Telephone
Tell a friend I'm grievin'
Lift it up
And tear it down
See what you believe in
'Cause she's in me
Tell me where you've gone
Could I meet you later on
Should I
Let you be (I'm gonna let you)
I guess I'm letting you go
It's hard but it's just like they say
You had to be so
Hard on my heart and my head
But I left our past
On the telegraph
Am I just waistin' time
Trying to lose your mind
How do these things get done
So do you think it's true
When it comes out of you
Aren't we the lucky ones
Telegraph
Telephone
Tell a friend I'm leavin'
Cause she's in me
Tell me where you've gone
Could I meet you later on
Should I
ALBUMS
- Should've Stayed Home Tonight
- Head First, Feet First
- She Cries
- Everyone
- Carry On
- Belong
- In My Opinion
- Fighting Time
- Had Enough
- After The Show
- Hidden Track #1
- Sleep
- Hidden Track #2
- Something Else
- Hidden Track #3
- Rude Girl
- Hidden Track #4
- Unity
- Hidden Track #5
- Go Boy
- My Friends Back Home Would Understand
- (Baby, Let's Stay) Broken Up
- Rachel
- Would You Jump Too?
- Coffee Drinking Song
- Dear _______, Where Have You Gone?
- [untitled]
- The Routine
- Bella + Blake
- American Way
- [untitled]
- Stupid Sex
- Six Days 'til Tuesday
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
telegraph
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:49
- Published: 12 Jan 2011
- Updated: 06 Oct 2012
Follow my tweets at #joester5. Check out other project on my homepage homepage.mac.com
http://wn.com/telegraph
Telephone and Telegraph
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:34
- Published: 27 Sep 2007
- Updated: 10 Oct 2012
THIS FILM IS PUBLIC DOMAIN Shows the similarity of jobs in the telephone industry with that of telegraph work. Describes the many opportunities in these vocations and tells of the skills required to qualify. This entry in the Your Life's Work series of films shows us that men have a fine future in the telephone and telegraph industries -- working anywhere from research to maintenance, and as anything from technicians to engineers to installers to testers to managers to executives. "Girls," on the other hand, can only find positions as sorters or operators, or as members of the "clerical force." "More than a million prominent businessmen began their careers as Western Union messengers!" the narrator exclaims. "Here young men learn the business skills and meet the people who will help advance their careers!" Messenger jobs, as you may have guessed, were not open to the fair sex. TELEPHONES TELEGRAPHY COMMUNICATIONS VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE TRAINING JOBS EMPLOYMENT CAREERS INDUSTRIES LABOR SERVICE OCCUPATIONS
http://wn.com/Telephone_and_Telegraph
The new see-through plane of the future
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:02
- Published: 13 Jun 2011
- Updated: 12 Oct 2012
Charlie Champion reveals the Airbus plane of the future read more...www.telegraph.co.uk
http://wn.com/The_new_see-through_plane_of_the_future
Boris Johnson's full speech to Conservative Party Conference 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 26:25
- Published: 10 Oct 2012
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
London Mayor Boris Johnson has used his speech to Conservative Party conference to praise David Cameron, describing him as a 'broom' clearing up the mess left by labour. Get the latest headlines www.telegraph.co.uk Subscribe to The Telegraph www.youtube.com Like us on Facebook www.facebook.com Follow us on Twitter twitter.com Follow us on Google+ plus.google.com Telegraph.co.uk and YouTube.com/TelegraphTV are websites of The Daily Telegraph, the UK's best-selling quality daily newspaper providing news and analysis on UK and world events, business, sport, lifestyle and culture.
http://wn.com/Boris_Johnson's_full_speech_to_Conservative_Party_Conference_2012
David Cameron's full speech to Conservative Party Conference 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 50:29
- Published: 10 Oct 2012
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
In his speech to Conservative Party Conference, Prime Minister David Cameron admitted that he had gone to a "posh school," but he told delegates that his upbringing was "not a hard luck story, but a hard work story," as he stressed his party supported those who aspired to improve their situations. Full transcript of the Prime Minister's speech: www.telegraph.co.uk Read more: www.telegraph.co.uk Watch more: Senior political correspondent Christopher Hope analyses the PM's speech: www.youtube.com Get the latest headlines www.telegraph.co.uk Subscribe to The Telegraph www.youtube.com Like us on Facebook www.facebook.com Follow us on Twitter twitter.com Follow us on Google+ plus.google.com Telegraph.co.uk and YouTube.com/TelegraphTV are websites of The Daily Telegraph, the UK's best-selling quality daily newspaper providing news and analysis on UK and world events, business, sport, lifestyle and culture.
http://wn.com/David_Cameron's_full_speech_to_Conservative_Party_Conference_2012
Dire Straits - Telegraph Road [COMPLETE STUDIO VERSION]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:18
- Published: 30 Aug 2010
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
DIRE STRAITS ►Song: Telegraph Road ►Album: Love Over Gold (1982) ************************************************************************ Supporta la pagina su Facebook dedicata al Progressive Rock: www.facebook.com Become fan of the page "Progressive Rock" on Facebook: www.facebook.com ************************************************************************ "Telegraph Road" è il brano che apre il quarto album dei Dire Straits, Love Over Gold, pubblicato nel 1982. Il disco è l'unico all'interno della discografia della band ad avere influenze musicali di stampo progressive.
http://wn.com/Dire_Straits_Telegraph_Road_COMPLETE_STUDIO_VERSION_
Stuntman's tightrope walk to the top of a mountain
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:47
- Published: 21 Aug 2011
- Updated: 01 Oct 2012
Swiss tightrope artist Freddy Nock used neither a balancing pole or a security harness as he scaled a two inch thick cable to the top of the near 10000 foot high Zugspitze mountain in southern Bavaria.
http://wn.com/Stuntman's_tightrope_walk_to_the_top_of_a_mountain
Telegraph Sounder
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:01
- Published: 27 Feb 2007
- Updated: 06 Oct 2012
Hearing Morse code on my old telegraph sounder Some interesting links: steampunkworkshop.com artifaxbooks.com mysite.du.edu uv201.com chestofbooks.com
http://wn.com/Telegraph_Sounder
Tworse Key - Twitter Telegraph
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:07
- Published: 27 Jan 2012
- Updated: 17 Sep 2012
An open design exercise in interface archaeology, that decodes the input from a classic Morse telegraph to send twitter messages. The source code and hardware schematics are available online modin.yuri.at The Tworse Key is a standalone device that connects through a standard LAN cable, the Morse signals are decoded by the built-in Arduino Ethernet board, which delivers the final message though the Twitter API. Please follow @tworsekey on Twitter to read some example tweets sent from the actual device. (cc-by-sa) Martin Kaltenbrunner, Interface Culture Lab, Kunstuniversität Linz
http://wn.com/Tworse_Key_Twitter_Telegraph
The Telegraph A History
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:32
- Published: 22 Nov 2010
- Updated: 28 Sep 2012
Early Telegraph Unites Domestic Market But Not World Market
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:49
- Published: 03 Sep 2007
- Updated: 02 Apr 2012
The invention by Morse of the early telegraph in the 1840s provided a means of instant communication between locations in the US The telegraph thereby united the domestic market. It also allowed coordination of long-distance railroads. However, the telegraph did not reach Europe until a transatlantic cable was laid. Prices information between the US and Europe flowed only by sailing ships with great delay as a result. (The first completely successful cable across the Atlantic did not come until 1866. An earlier cable failed after a short time.)
http://wn.com/Early_Telegraph_Unites_Domestic_Market_But_Not_World_Market
Building a Telegraph : Building a Telegraph: How it Works
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:47
- Published: 28 Sep 2008
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
When building a telegraph, the pressing down of the circuit switch closes the switch that allows electrons to run all the way through the wires. Discover how a telegraph works with tips from a science teacher in this free video on building a telegraph. Expert: Fiona Finke Bio: Fiona Finke is a science teacher who likes to explain how a better understanding of the universe will help us in our daily lives. Filmmaker: Nili Nathan
http://wn.com/Building_a_Telegraph_Building_a_Telegraph_How_it_Works
![Dire Straits - Telegraph Road [Alchemy, 1984, Part 1 of 2]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121015105947im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/GgYzzJWW4nY/0.jpg "Dire Straits - Telegraph Road [Alchemy, 1984, Part 1 of 2]")
Dire Straits - Telegraph Road [Alchemy, 1984, Part 1 of 2]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:08
- Published: 24 May 2007
- Updated: 01 Oct 2012
I've just added the Alchemy Tour Video for this song. You can check here [good quality]: www.youtube.com Band: Dire Straits Album: Alchemy [CD2] Track: 03. Telegraph Road [Part 1 of 2] Part 2: br.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Dire_Straits_Telegraph_Road_Alchemy,_1984,_Part_1_of_2_
Orchestral Manoeuvres In The Dark - Telegraph
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:57
- Published: 26 Sep 2010
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
Music video by Orchestral Manoeuvres In The Dark performing Telegraph. (P) 1983 The copyright in this audiovisual recording is owned by Virgin Records Ltd
http://wn.com/Orchestral_Manoeuvres_In_The_Dark_Telegraph
Telegraph Road - AMAZING AUDIO!! - Mark Knopfler - Live 2005
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:12
- Published: 20 Sep 2007
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
More Knopfler? youtu.be youtu.be youtu.be Telegraph Road, live at the Royal Albert Hall, 30th May 2005. Great video, amazing audio!
http://wn.com/Telegraph_Road_AMAZING_AUDIO!!_Mark_Knopfler_Live_2005
Needle Telegraph
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:35
- Published: 28 Feb 2008
- Updated: 25 Aug 2012
The growth of the railways from 1825 onwards brought with it a need for a new form of communications that could work over large distances and in any weather. Charles Wheatstone and William Cooke were two Englishmen who on 25th July 1837 demonstrated a system for sending messages using electricity. A set of magnetic needles could be deflected by an electric current such that the needles would point to a particular letter on a grid. This demonstration shows how a 4 needle telegraph - a slightly later model of the July 1837 original - operates and how letters could be communicated. The needle telegraph started a telecommunications revolution based on electrical communication.
http://wn.com/Needle_Telegraph
Reprise Telegraph Road
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:01
- Published: 25 Mar 2006
- Updated: 31 Aug 2012
Dire Straits
http://wn.com/Reprise_Telegraph_Road
Independent Lens | THE WILD PARROTS OF TELEGRAPH HILL | PBS
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:13
- Published: 18 Apr 2007
- Updated: 28 Sep 2012
THE WILD PARROTS OF TELEGRAPH HILL tells the true story of a bohemian St. Francis and his remarkable relationship with a flock of wild red and green parrots. Former street musician and San Francisco dharma bum Mark Bittner falls in with the flock as he searches for meaning in his life, unaware that the parrots will bring him everything he seeks. THE WILD PARROTS OF TELEGRAPH HILLpremieres Tuesday, May 29 on Independent Lens, a weekly series airing on PBS. Hosted by Terrence Howard, the acclaimed series showcases powerful and innovative independent films. Presented by ITVS, Independent Lens is broadcast on PBS stations nationwide. Visit the Web site for more: www.pbs.org
http://wn.com/Independent_Lens_|_THE_WILD_PARROTS_OF_TELEGRAPH_HILL_|_PBS
Telegraph Road - Live 1984 Dire Straits
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 22 Oct 2009
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
dire straits alchemy live tour 1984
http://wn.com/Telegraph_Road_Live_1984_Dire_Straits
Dire Straits - Telegraph Road (part 1) + lyrics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:26
- Published: 11 May 2010
- Updated: 10 Oct 2012
Dire Straits - Telegraph Road Lyrics: A long time ago came a man on a track walking thirty miles with a pack on his back and he put down his load where he thought it was the best made a home in the wilderness he built a cabin and a winter store and he ploughed up the ground by the cold lake shore and the other travellers came riding down the track and they never went further, no, they never went back then came the churches then came the schools then came the lawyers then came the rules then came the trains and the trucks with their loads and the dirty old track was the telegraph road Then came the mines - then came the ore then there was the hard times then there was a war telegraph sang a song about the world outside telegraph road got so deep and so wide like a rolling river. . . And my radio says tonight it's gonna freeze people driving home from the factories there's six lanes of traffic three lanes moving slow. . . I used to like to go to work but they shut it down I got a right to go to work but there's no work here to be found yes and they say we're gonna have to pay what's owed we're gonna have to reap from some seed that's been sowed and the birds up on the wires and the telegraph poles they can always fly away from this rain and this cold you can hear them singing out their telegraph code all the way down the telegraph road You know I'd sooner forget but I remember those nights when life was just a bet on a race between the lights you had your head on my <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Dire_Straits_Telegraph_Road_part_1_+_lyrics
Drake Bell - Telegraph
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:40
- Published: 23 Dec 2007
- Updated: 11 Oct 2012
Drake Bell - Telegraph From Telegraph
http://wn.com/Drake_Bell_Telegraph
dIRE sTRAITS Telegraph road (Live 1 of 2)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:06
- Published: 23 Jul 2007
- Updated: 11 Sep 2012
Dire straits from alchemy
http://wn.com/dIRE_sTRAITS_Telegraph_road_Live_1_of_2
Dire Straits - Telegraph Road (Part 1) (Alchemy Live @ Hammersmith Odeon, 1983) HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:24
- Published: 12 Sep 2009
- Updated: 10 Oct 2012
The Dire Straits perform "Telegraph Road (Part 1)" on their "Alchemy: Dire Straits Live" DVD & Album. Band members include: Mark Knopfler (lead vocals, lead guitar), Alan Clark (keyboards), John Illsley (bass, backing vocals), Hal Lindes (guitar), Terry Williams (drums), Mel Collins (saxophone), Joop de Korte (percussion), and Tommy Mandel (drums).
http://wn.com/Dire_Straits_Telegraph_Road_Part_1_Alchemy_Live_@_Hammersmith_Odeon,_1983_HD
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Creative Commons / File Upload Bot (Magnus Manske)![Speedwell Ironworks was an ironworks in Speedwell, New Jersey, USA, just north of Morristown, New Jersey. It is on Speedwell Avenue, part of U.S. Route 202. The site is where Alfred Vail and Samuel Morse[3] first demonstrated the electric telegraph, and the site provided most of the machinery for the SS Savannah, the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean.](http://web.archive.org./web/20121015105947im_/http://cdn0.wn.com/pd/0d/98/d1d540e4d23fe063307259cf50b7_small.jpg "Speedwell Ironworks was an ironworks in Speedwell, New Jersey, USA, just north of Morristown, New Jersey. It is on Speedwell Avenue, part of U.S. Route 202. The site is where Alfred Vail and Samuel Morse[3] first demonstrated the electric telegraph, and the site provided most of the machinery for the SS Savannah, the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean.")
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![Speedwell Ironworks was an ironworks in Speedwell, New Jersey, USA, just north of Morristown, New Jersey. It is on Speedwell Avenue, part of U.S. Route 202. The site is where Alfred Vail and Samuel Morse[3] first demonstrated the electric telegraph, and the site provided most of the machinery for the SS Savannah, the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean.](http://web.archive.org./web/20121015105947/http://cdn4.wn.com/pd/0d/98/d1d540e4d23fe063307259cf50b7_medium.jpg "Speedwell Ironworks was an ironworks in Speedwell, New Jersey, USA, just north of Morristown, New Jersey. It is on Speedwell Avenue, part of U.S. Route 202. The site is where Alfred Vail and Samuel Morse[3] first demonstrated the electric telegraph, and the site provided most of the machinery for the SS Savannah, the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean.")
Photo: AP / Predrag Vuckovic
14 Oct 2012
Update: Extreme athlete Felix Baumgartner has landed on Earth after a jump from the stratosphere in what could be the world's first supersonic skydive. Baumgartner landed in eastern New Mexico desert...
Photo: Creative Commons / Mertborak
14 Oct 2012
Syria's government has imposed a ban on all Turkish civilian planes flying through its airspace. The move...
Photo: US DoD / Tyler Meister
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FORT POLK, la. — Shortly after dark, the paratroopers jumped out of C-130s into a Caspian Sea country teeming with mayhem, political unrest and insurgents. Their first mission was to...
Photo: Creative Commons / TheJRB
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Transport Secretary Patrick McLoughlin has set aside legal threats and asked Virgin Rail Group to continue to run West Coast train services on a temporary basis from December. Virgin has been pushing...
Photo: APphoto
![Actress Mena Suvari arrives at the New York premiere of the movie "Factory Girl", Monday, Jan. 29, 2007. (AP Photo) nf2](http://web.archive.org./web/20121015105947im_/http://cdn8.wn.com/ph/img/ca/c3/6e5fb59e58083e11c90a4f03382b-grande.jpg "Actress Mena Suvari arrives at the New York premiere of the movie "Factory Girl", Monday, Jan. 29, 2007. (AP Photo) nf2")
15 Oct 2012
The American Beauty actress Mena Suvari on fame, fortune, charity and business. American Beauty, staring Kevin Spacey and Mena Suvari ...
Photo: AP / Matt Dunham
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The fact that some of Britain’s leading ex-servicemen were prepared to lobby the Ministry of Defence on behalf of foreign arms companies is just the latest example of the cosy but compromising...
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My Telegraph
15 Oct 2012
The Daily Telegraph
Home Blogs Members Groups About sfsdfsfdsa blog feedMy Telegraph » Blogs » nikeshoessal » sfsdfsfdsa sfsdfsfdsa nikeshoessal October 15th, 2012 1:26 Don’t Let Your FICO Credit Score Stop You From Getting That Loan! – Kobe 6...(size: 6.8Kb)
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âSinisterâ goes about as far as a horror movie can with just shocking images, a good cast and outstanding sound design. But this modestly creepy blend of âThe Ringâ and âThe Shiningâ whiffs on a horror film fundamental: Nobody seems that scared. What fear there is is faced by one person,...(size: 3.0Kb)
Michael Chabon’s path to ‘Telegraph Avenue’
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The Washington Post
The term gets attached to Michael Chabon like a perpetual baggage tag. No matter where the author ventures literarily, his passport is stamped “prose stylist.” It’s true that Chabon is often fond of taking his sentences out for a lively swerving spin, letting the words purr as he...(size: 4.4Kb)
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"Telegraph" and "Telegram" redirect here. For other uses, see Telegraph (disambiguation) and Telegram (disambiguation).
Telegraph (from Greek: tele τηλε "far", and graphein γραφειν "writing") is the long-distance transmission of messages without the physical exchange of an object bearing the message. Thus semaphore is a method of telegraphy whereas pigeon post is not.
Telegraphy requires that the method used for encoding the message be known to both sender and receiver. Such methods are designed according to the limits of a the signalling medium used. The use of smoke signals, beacons, reflected light signals, and flag semaphore signals are early examples. In the 1800s, the harnessing of electricity brought about the means to transmit signals via electrical telegraph. The advent of radio in the early 1900s brought about radiotelegraphy and other forms of wireless telegraphy. In the Internet age, telegraphic means developed greatly in sophistication and ease of use, with natural language interfaces that hide the underlying code, allowing such technologies as electronic mail and instant messaging.
History[link]
Telegraphs as such have existed in Europe from as early as prior to the Battle of Waterloo, then consisting as semaphores, or optical telegraphs that sent messages to a distant observer through line-of-sight signals. In 1837, American artist-turned inventor Samuel F. B. Morse conducted the first successful experiment with an electrical recording telegraph.
Terminology[link]
A telegraph is a device for transmitting and receiving messages over long distances, i.e., for telegraphy. The word "telegraph" alone now generally refers to an electrical telegraph. Wireless telegraphy is also known as "CW", for continuous wave (a carrier modulated by on-off keying), as opposed to the earlier radio technique of using a spark gap.[citation needed]
A telegraph message sent by an electrical telegraph operator or telegrapher using Morse code (or a printing telegraph operator using plain text) was known as a telegram. A cablegram (see cablegram) was a message sent by a submarine telegraph cable,[1] often shortened to a cable or a wire. Later, a Telex was a message sent by a Telex network, a switched network of teleprinters similar to a telephone network.
Before long distance telephone services were readily available or affordable, telegram services were very popular and the only way to convey information speedily over very long distances. Telegrams were often used to confirm business dealings and were commonly used to create binding legal documents for business dealings.[2]
A wire picture or wire photo was a newspaper picture that was sent from a remote location by a facsimile telegraph. The teleostereograph machine, a forerunner to the modern electronic fax, was developed by AT&T's Bell Labs in the 1920s; however, the first commercial use of image facsimile telegraph devices date back to the time of Samuel F. B. Morse's invention in the 1800s. Morse and his partner Alfred Vail also invented morse code).
A diplomatic telegram, also known as a diplomatic cable, is the term given to a confidential communication between a diplomatic mission and the foreign ministry of its parent country.[3][4] These continue to be called telegrams or cables regardless of the method used for transmission.
Optical telegraph[link]
- Main articles: Semaphore line (visual telegraphy using signal arms or shutters), flag semaphore (using hand-held flags), signal lamp (visual naval communications) and heliograph (visual communications using reflected sunlight)
The first telegraphs came in the form of optical telegraph including the use of smoke signals, beacons or reflected light, which have existed since ancient times. A semaphore network invented by Claude Chappe operated in France from 1792 through 1846.[5] It helped Napoleon enough to be widely imitated in Europe and the U.S. In the Peninsular War (1807–1814), several similar telegraphs had been used in the Lines of Torres Vedras, by the Anglo-Portuguese army. The Prussian system was put into effect in the 1830s. The last commercial semaphore link ceased operation in Sweden in 1880.
Semaphores were able to convey information more precisely than smoke signals and beacons, and consumed no fuel. Messages could be sent at much greater speed than post riders and could serve entire regions. However, like beacons, smoke and reflected light signals they were highly dependent on good weather and daylight to work (practical electrical lighting was not available until about 1880). They required operators and towers every 30 km (20 mi), and could only accommodate about two words per minute. This was useful to governments, but too expensive for most commercial uses other than commodity price information. Electric telegraphs were to reduce the cost of sending a message thirtyfold compared to semaphores, and could be utilized non-stop, 24 hours per day, independent of the weather or daylight.
Elevated locations where optical telegraphs were placed for maximum visibility were renamed to Telegraph Hill, such as Telegraph Hill, San Francisco, and Telegraph Hill in the PNC Bank Arts Center in New Jersey.
Electrical telegraphs[link]
Main article: Electrical telegraph
One very early experiment in electrical telegraphy was an electrochemical telegraph created by the German physician, anatomist and inventor Samuel Thomas von Sömmering in 1809, based on an earlier, less robust design of 1804 by Spanish-Catalan polymath and scientist Francisco Salvá i Campillo(es).[6] Both their designs employed multiple wires (up to 35) in order to visually represent most Latin letters and numerals. Thus, messages could be conveyed electrically up to a few kilometers (in von Sömmering's design), with each of the telegraph receiver's wires immersed in a separate glass tube of acid. As an electric current was applied by the sender representing each digit of a message, it would at the recipient's end electrolyse the acid in its corresponding tube, releasing a stream of hydrogen bubbles next to its associated letter or numeral. The telegraph receiver's operator would visually observe the bubbles and could then record the transmitted message, albeit at a very low baud rate.[6]
One of the earliest electromagnetic telegraph designs was created by Pavel Schilling in 1832.[citation needed]
Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber built and first used for regular communication the electromagnetic telegraph in 1833 in Göttingen, connecting Göttingen Observatory and the Institute of Physics, covering a distance of about 1 km.[7] The setup consisted of a coil which could be moved up and down over the end of two magnetic steel bars. The resulting induction current was transmitted through two wires to the receiver, consisting of a galvanometer. The direction of the current could be reversed by commuting the two wires in a special switch. Therefore, Gauss and Weber chose to encode the alphabet in a binary code, using positive current and negative as the two states.
A replica commissioned by Weber for the 1873 World Fair based on his original designs is on display in the collection of historical instruments in the Department of Physics at University of Göttingen.
There are two versions of the first message sent by Gauss and Weber: the more official one is based on a note in Gauss's own handwriting stating that "Wissen vor meinen – Sein vor scheinen" ("knowing before opining, being before seeming") was the first message sent over the electromagnetic telegraph.
The more anecdotal version told in Göttingen observatory is that the first message was sent to notify Weber that the observatory's servant was on the way to the institute of physics, and just read "Michelmann kommt" ("Michelmann is on his way"), possibly as a test who would arrive first.
In 1836 an American scientist, Dr. David Alter, invented the first known American electric telegraph, in Elderton, Pennsylvania, one year before the Cooke and Wheatstone and the Morse telegraphs. Alter demonstrated it to witnesses but never developed the idea into a practical system.[8]
The first commercial electrical telegraph was co-developed by Sir William Fothergill Cooke and Charles Wheatstone, and entered use on the Great Western Railway in Britain. It ran for 13 miles (21 km) from Paddington station to West Drayton and came into operation on 9 July 1839.[9] It was patented in the United Kingdom in 1837, and was first successfully demonstrated by Cooke and Wheatstone on 25 July 1837 between Euston and Camden Town in London.[10] In 1843 Scottish inventor Alexander Bain invented a device that could be considered the first facsimile machine. He called his invention a "recording telegraph". Bain's telegraph was able to transmit images by electrical wires. In 1855 an Italian abbot, Giovanni Caselli, also created an electric telegraph that could transmit images. Caselli called his invention "Pantelegraph". Pantelegraph was successfully tested and approved for a telegraph line between Paris and Lyon.
Morse telegraph[link]
An electrical telegraph was independently developed and patented in the United States in 1837 by Samuel Morse. His assistant, Alfred Vail, developed the Morse code signalling alphabet with Morse. The first telegram in the United States was sent by Morse on 11 January 1838, across two miles (3 km) of wire at Speedwell Ironworks near Morristown, New Jersey. On 24 May 1844, he sent the message "WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT" from the Old Supreme Court Chamber in the Capitol in Washington to the old Mt. Clare Depot in Baltimore. This message (quoting Numbers 23:23) was chosen by Annie Ellsworth of Lafayette, Indiana,[11] the daughter of Patent Commissioner Henry Leavitt Ellsworth. The message was all capital letters because the original Morse code alphabet had no question mark or lower case.
The Morse/Vail telegraph was quickly deployed in the following two decades; the overland telegraph connected the west coast of the continent to the east coast by 24 October 1861, bringing an end to the Pony Express.
Oceanic telegraph cables[link]
The first commercially successful transatlantic telegraph cable was successfully completed on 18 July 1866. The lasting connections were achieved by the ship SS Great Eastern, captained by Sir James Anderson.[12] Earlier transatlantic submarine cables installations were attempted in 1857, 1858 and 1865. The 1857 cable only operated intermittently for a few days or weeks before it failed. The study of underwater telegraph cables accelerated interest in mathematical analysis of very long transmission lines. The telegraph lines from Britain to India were connected in 1870 (those several companies combined to form the Eastern Telegraph Company in 1872).
Australia was first linked to the rest of the world in October 1872 by a submarine telegraph cable at Darwin.[13] This brought news reportage from the rest of the world.[14]
Further advancements in telegraph technology occurred in the early 1870s, when Thomas Edison devised a full duplex two-way telegraph and then doubled its capacity with the invention of quadruplex telegraphy in 1874.[15] Edison filed for a U.S. patent on the duplex telegraph on 1 September 1874 and received U.S. Patent 480,567 on 9 August 1892.
The telegraph across the Pacific was completed in 1902, finally encircling the world.
Wireless telegraphy[link]
Main article: Wireless telegraphy
Nikola Tesla and other scientists and inventors showed the usefulness of wireless telegraphy, radiotelegraphy, or radio, beginning in the 1890s. Alexander Stepanovich Popov demonstrated to the public his wireless radio receiver, which was also used as a lightning detector,[16] on May 7, 1895. He proudly demonstrated his wireless receiver before a group of reporters on a stormy August evening in 1895. It was attached to a long 30 foot pole that he held aloft to maximize the signal. When asked by one of the reporters if it was a good idea to hold this metal rod in the middle of a storm he replied that all was well. After being struck (and nearly killed) by a bolt of lightning he proudly announced to the world that his invention also served as a "lightning detector".
Albert Turpain sent and received his first radio signal, using Morse code, in France, up to 25 meters in 1895.[17]
Guglielmo Marconi sent and received his first radio signal in Italy up to 6 kilometres in 1896. On 13 May 1897, Marconi, assisted by George Kemp, a Cardiff Post Office engineer, transmitted the first wireless signals over water to Lavernock (near Penarth in Wales) from Flat Holm.[18] Having failed to interest the Italian government, the 22-year-old inventor brought his telegraphy system to Britain and met William Preece, a Welshman, who was a major figure in the field and Chief Engineer of the General Post Office. A pair of masts about 34 metres (112 ft) high were erected, at Lavernock Point and on Flat Holm. The receiving mast at Lavernock Point was a 30-metre (98 ft) high pole topped with a cylindrical cap of zinc connected to a detector with insulated copper wire. At Flat Holm the sending equipment included a Ruhmkorff coil with an eight-cell battery. The first trial on 11 and 12 May failed but on the 13th the mast at Lavernock was extended to 50 metres (164 ft) and the signals, in Morse code, were received clearly. The message sent was "ARE YOU READY"; the Morse slip signed by Marconi and Kemp is now in the National Museum of Wales.
In 1898 Popov accomplished successful experiments of wireless communication between a naval base and a battleship.
In 1900 the crew of the Russian coast defense ship General-Admiral Graf Apraksin as well as stranded Finnish fishermen were saved in the Gulf of Finland because of exchange of distress telegrams between two radiostations, located at Hogland island and inside a Russian naval base in Kotka. Both stations of wireless telegraphy were built under Popov's instructions.
In 1901, Marconi radiotelegraphed the letter "S" across the Atlantic Ocean from his station in Poldhu, Cornwall to St. John's, Newfoundland.
Radiotelegraphy proved effective for rescue work in sea disasters by enabling effective communication between ships and from ship to shore.
Telegraphic improvements[link]
A continuing goal in telegraphy has been to reduce the cost per message by reducing hand-work, or increasing the sending rate.[citation needed] There were many experiments with moving pointers, and various electrical encodings. However, most systems were too complicated and unreliable. A successful expedient to increase the sending rate was the development of telegraphese.
Other research[specify] focused on the multiplexing of telegraph connections. By passing several simultaneous connections through an existing copper wire, capacity could be upgraded without the laying of new cable, a process which remained very costly. Several technologies were developed like Frequency-division multiplexing. Long submarine communications cables became possible in segments with vacuum tube amplifiers between them.
With the invention of the teletypewriter, telegraphic encoding became fully automated. Early teletypewriters used the ITA-1 Baudot code, a five-bit code. This yielded only thirty-two codes, so it was over-defined into two "shifts", "letters" and "figures". An explicit, unshared shift code prefaced each set of letters and figures.
The airline industry remains one of the last users of teletypewriters and in a few situations still sends messages over the SITA or AFTN networks. For example, The British Airways operations computer system (FICO) as of 2004[update] still used teletypewriters to communicate with other airline computer systems.[citation needed] The same goes for Programmed Airline Reservation System (PARS) and IPARS that used a similar shifted six-bit Teletype code, because it requires only eight bits per character, saving bandwidth and money. A teletypewriter message is often much smaller than the equivalent EDIFACT or XML message. In recent years as airlines have had access to improved bandwidth in remote locations, IATA standard XML is replacing Teletypewriter data as well as EDI.
The first electrical telegraph developed a standard signalling system for telecommunications. The "mark" state was defined as the powered state of the wire. In this way, it was immediately apparent when the line itself failed. The moving pointer telegraphs started the pointer's motion with a "start bit" that pulled the line to the unpowered "space" state. In early Telex machines, the start bit triggered a wheeled commutator run by a motor with a precise speed (later, digital electronics). The commutator distributed the bits from the line to a series of relays that would "capture" the bits. A "stop bit" was then sent at the powered "mark state" to assure that the commutator would have time to stop, and be ready for the next character. The stop bit triggered the printing mechanism. Stop bits initially lasted 1.42 baud times (later extended to two as signalling rates increased), in order to give the mechanism time to finish and stop vibrating. Hence an ITA-2 Murray code symbol took 1 start, 5 data, and 1.42 stop (total 7.42) baud times to transmit.[19]
Telex[link]
Main article: Telex
By 1935, message routing was the last great barrier to full automation. Large telegraphy providers began to develop systems that used telephone-like rotary dialling to connect teletypewriters. These machines were called "Telex" (TELegraph EXchange). Telex machines first performed rotary-telephone-style pulse dialling for circuit switching, and then sent data by Baudot code. This "type A" Telex routing functionally automated message routing.
The first wide-coverage Telex network was implemented in Germany during the 1930s[citation needed] as a network used to communicate within the government.
At the rate of 45.45 (±0.5%) baud — considered speedy at the time — up to 25 telex channels could share a single long-distance telephone channel by using voice frequency telegraphy multiplexing, making telex the least expensive method of reliable long-distance communication.
Canada-wide automatic teleprinter exchange service was introduced by the CPR Telegraph Company and CN Telegraph in July 1957 (the two companies, operated by rivals Canadian National Railway and Canadian Pacific Railway, would join to form CNCP Telecommunications in 1967). This service supplemented the existing international Telex service that was put in place in November 1956. Canadian Telex customers could connect with nineteen European countries in addition to eighteen Latin American, African, and trans-Pacific countries.[20] The major exchanges were located in Montreal (01), Toronto (02), and Winnipeg (03).[21]
In 1958, Western Union started to build a Telex network in the United States.[22] This Telex network started as a satellite exchange located in New York City and expanded to a nationwide network. Western Union chose Siemens & Halske AG,[23] now Siemens AG, and ITT [24] to supply the exchange equipment, provisioned the exchange trunks via the Western Union national microwave system and leased the exchange to customer site facilities from the local telephone company. Teleprinter equipment was originally provided by Siemens & Halske AG [25] and later by Teletype Corporation.[26] Initial direct International Telex service was offered by Western Union, via W.U. International, in the summer of 1960 with limited service to London and Paris.[27]
In 1962, the major exchanges were located in New York City (1), Chicago (2), San Francisco (3), Kansas City (4) and Atlanta (5).[28] The Telex network expanded by adding the final parent exchanges cities of Los Angeles (6), Dallas (7), Philadelphia (8) and Boston (9) starting in 1966.
The Telex numbering plan, usually a six-digit number in the United States, was based on the major exchange where the customer's Telex machine terminated.[29] For example, all Telex customers that terminated in the New York City exchange were assigned a Telex number that started with a first digit "1". Further, all Chicago based customers had Telex numbers that started with a first digit of "2". This numbering plan was maintained by Western Union as the Telex exchanges proliferated to smaller cities in the United States. The Western Union Telex network was built on three levels of exchanges.[30] The highest level was made up of the nine exchange cities previously mentioned. Each of these cities had the dual capability of terminating both Telex customer lines and setting up trunk connections to multiple distant Telex exchanges. The second level of exchanges, located in large cities such as Buffalo, Cleveland, Miami, Newark, Pittsburgh and Seattle, were similar to the highest level of exchanges in capability of terminating Telex customer lines and setting up trunk connections. However, these second level exchanges had a smaller customer line capacity and only had trunk circuits to regional cities. The third level of exchanges, located in small to medium sized cities, could terminate Telex customer lines and had a single trunk group running to its parent exchange.
Loop signaling was offered in two different configurations for Western Union Telex in the United States. The first option, sometimes called local or loop service, provided a 60 milliampere loop circuit from the exchange to the customer teleprinter. The second option, sometimes called long distance or polar was used when a 60 milliampere connection could not be achieved, provided a ground return polar circuit using 35 milliamperes on separate send and receive wires. By the 1970s, and under pressure from the Bell operating companies wanting to modernize their cable plant and lower the adjacent circuit noise that these Telex circuits sometimes caused, Western Union migrated customers to a third option called F1F2. This F1F2 option replaced the DC voltage of the local and long distance options with modems at the exchange and subscriber ends of the Telex circuit.
Western Union offered connections from Telex to the AT&T TeletypeWriter eXchange (TWX) system in May 1966 via its New York Information Services Computer Center.[31] These connections were limited to those TWX machines that were equipped with automatic answerback capability per CCITT standard.
Telex grew around the world very rapidly. Long before automatic telephony was available, most countries, even in central Africa and Asia, had at least a few high-frequency (shortwave) Telex links. Often these radio links were first established by government postal and telegraph services (PTTs). The most common radio standard, CCITT R.44 had error-corrected retransmitting time-division multiplexing of radio channels. Most impoverished PTTs operated their Telex-on-radio (TOR) channels non-stop, to get the maximum value from them.
The cost of TOR equipment has continued to fall. Although initially specialised equipment was required, many amateur radio operators now operate TOR (also known as RTTY) with special software and inexpensive hardware to adapt computer sound cards to short-wave radios.[32]
Modern "cablegrams" or "telegrams" actually operate over dedicated Telex networks, using TOR whenever required.[citation needed]
Operation and applications[link]
Telex messages are routed by addressing them to a Telex address, e.g., "14910 ERIC S", where 14910 is the subscriber number, ERIC is an abbreviation for the subscriber's name (in this case Telefonaktiebolaget L.M. Ericsson in Sweden) and S is the country code. Solutions also exist for the automatic routing of messages to different Telex terminals within a subscriber organization, by using different terminal identities, e.g., "+T148".
A major advantage of Telex is that the receipt of the message by the recipient could be confirmed with a high degree of certainty by the "answerback". At the beginning of the message, the sender would transmit a WRU (Who aRe yoU) code, and the recipient machine would automatically initiate a response which was usually encoded in a rotating drum with pegs, much like a music box. The position of the pegs sent an unambiguous identifying code to the sender, so the sender could verify connection to the correct recipient. The WRU code would also be sent at the end of the message, so a correct response would confirm that the connection had remained unbroken during the message transmission. This gave Telex a major advantage over less verifiable forms of communications such as telephone and fax.
The usual method of operation was that the message would be prepared off-line, using paper tape. All common Telex machines incorporated a 5-hole paper-tape punch and reader. Once the paper tape had been prepared, the message could be transmitted in minimum time. Telex billing was always by connected duration, so minimizing the connected time saved money. However, it was also possible to connect in "real time", where the sender and the recipient could both type on the keyboard and these characters would be immediately printed on the distant machine.
Telex could also be used as a rudimentary but functional carrier of information from one IT system to another, in effect a primitive forerunner of Electronic Data Interchange. The sending IT system would create an output (e.g., an inventory list) on paper tape using a mutually agreed format. The tape would be sent by Telex and collected on a corresponding paper tape by the receiver and this tape could then be read into the receiving IT system.
One use of Telex circuits, in use until the wide-scale adoption of x.400 and Internet email, was to facilitate a message handling system, allowing local email systems to exchange messages with other email and Telex systems via a central routing operation, or switch. One of the largest such switches was operated by Royal Dutch Shell as recently as 1994, permitting the exchange of messages between a number of IBM Officevision, Digital Equipment Corporation All-In-One and Microsoft Mail systems. In addition to permitting email to be sent to Telex addresses, formal coding conventions adopted in the composition of Telex messages enabled automatic routing of Telexes to email recipients.
TeletypeWriter eXchange[link]
The TeletypeWriter eXchange (TWX) was developed by the Bell System in the United States and originally ran at 45.45 baud or 60 words per minute, using five level Baudot code. Bell later developed a second generation of TWX called "four row" that ran at 110 baud, using eight level ASCII code. The Bell System offered both "3-row" Baudot and "4-row" ASCII TWX service up to the late 1970s.
TWX used the public switched telephone network. In addition to having separate Area Codes (510, 610, 710, 810, and 910) for the TWX service, the TWX lines were also set up with a special Class of Service to prevent connections to and from POTS to TWX and vice versa.
The code/speed conversion between "3-row" Baudot and "4-row" ASCII TWX service was accomplished using a special Bell "10A/B board" via a live operator. A TWX customer would place a call to the 10A/B board operator for Baudot – ASCII calls, ASCII – Baudot calls and also TWX Conference calls. The code / speed conversion was done by a Western Electric unit that provided this capability. There were multiple code / speed conversion units at each operator position.
Western Union purchased the TWX system from AT&T in January 1969.[33] The TWX system and the special area codes (510, 610, 710, 810, and 910) continued right up to 1981 when Western Union completed the conversion to the Western Union Telex II system. Any remaining "3-row" Baudot customers were converted to Western Union Telex service during the period 1979 to 1981.
The modem for this service was the Bell 101 dataset, which is the direct ancestor of the Bell 103 modem that launched computer time-sharing. The 101 was revolutionary, because it ran on ordinary unconditioned telephone subscriber lines, allowing the Bell System to run TWX along with POTS on a single public switched telephone network.
International Record Carriers[link]
Bell's original consent agreement limited it to international dial telephony. The Western Union Telegraph Company had given up its international telegraphic operation in a 1939 bid to monopolize U.S. telegraphy by taking over ITT's PTT business. The result was a de-emphasis on Telex in the U.S. and a "cat's cradle" of international Telex and telegraphy companies. The Federal Communications Commission referred to these companies as "International Record Carriers" (IRCs).
- Western Union Telegraph Company developed a subsidiary named Western Union Cable System. This company later was renamed as Western Union International (WUI) when it was spun off by Western Union as an independent company. WUI was purchased by MCI Communications (MCI) in 1983 and operated as a subsidiary of MCI International.
- ITT's "World Communications" division (later known as ITT World Communications) was amalgamated from many smaller companies, several of which were organized under the American Cable and Radio Corporation: Federal Telegraph, "All American Cables and Radio", "Globe Wireless", and the common carrier division of Mackay Marine. ITT World Communications was purchased by Western Union in 1987.
- RCA Communications (later known as RCA Global Communications) had specialized in global radiotelegraphic connections. In 1986 it was purchased by MCI International.
- Before World War I, the Tropical Radiotelegraph Company (later known as Tropical Radio Telecommunications, or TRT) put radio telegraphs on ships for its owner, the United Fruit Company (UFC), to enable them to deliver bananas to the best-paying markets. Communications expanded to UFC's plantations, and were eventually provided to local governments. TRT eventually became the national carrier for many small Central American nations.
- The French Telegraph Cable Company (later known as FTC Communications, or just FTCC), which was owned by French investors, had always been in the U.S. It laid undersea cable from the U.S. to France. It was formed by Monsieur Puyer-Quartier. International telegrams routed via FTCC were routed using the telegraphic routing ID "PQ", which are the initials of the founder of the company.
- Firestone Rubber developed its own IRC, the "Trans-Liberia Radiotelegraph Company".[citation needed] It operated shortwave from Akron, Ohio, to the rubber plantations in Liberia. TL is still based in Akron.
Bell Telex users had to select which IRC to use, and then append the necessary routing digits. The IRCs converted between TWX and Western Union Telegraph Co. standards.
Arrival of the Internet[link]
- Main article: History of the Internet. See also: E-mail and ARPANET
Around 1965, DARPA commissioned a study of decentralized switching systems. Some of the ideas developed in this study provided inspiration for the development of the ARPANET packet switching research network, which later grew to become the public Internet.
As the PSTN became a digital network, T-carrier "synchronous" networks became commonplace in the U.S. A T1 line has a "frame" of 193 bits that repeats 8000 times per second. The first bit, called the "sync" bit, alternates between 1 and 0 to identify the start of the frames. The rest of the frame provides 8 bits for each of 24 separate voice or data channels. Customarily, a T-1 link is sent over a balanced twisted pair, isolated with transformers to prevent current flow. Europeans adopted a similar system (E-1) of 32 channels (with one channel for frame synchronisation).
Later, SONET and SDH were adapted to combine carrier channels into groups that could be sent over optic fiber. The capacity of an optic fiber is often extended with wavelength division multiplexing, rather than rerigging new fibre. Rigging several fibres in the same structures as the first fibre is usually easy and inexpensive, and many fibre installations include unused spare "dark fibre", "dark wavelengths", and unused parts of the SONET frame, so-called "virtual channels".
In 2002, the Internet was used by Kevin Warwick at the University of Reading to communicate neural signals, in purely electronic form, telegraphically between the nervous systems of two humans,[34] potentially opening up a new form of communication combining the Internet and telegraphy.
In 2006, a well-defined communication channel used for telegraphy was established by the SONET standard OC-768, which sent about 40 gigabits per second.
The theoretical maximum capacity of an optic fiber is more than 1012 bits (one terabit or one trillion bits) per second[citation needed]. In 2006, no existing encoding system approached this theoretical limit, even with wavelength division multiplexing.
Since the Internet operates over any digital transmission medium, further evolution of telegraphic technology will be effectively concealed from users.
E-mail displaces telegraphy[link]
Main article: E-mail
E-mail was first invented for CTSS and similar time sharing systems of the era in the mid-1960s.[35] At first, e-mail was possible only between different accounts on the same computer (typically a mainframe). ARPANET allowed different computers to be connected to allow e-mails to be relayed from computer to computer, with the first ARPANET e-mail being sent in 1971.[36] Multics also pioneered instant messaging between computer users in the mid-1970s. With the growth of the Internet, e-mail began to be possible between any two computers with access to the Internet. This led to the development of a form of communication that is a hybrid between a telegram and an email, namely the Edigram.[citation needed] Such communications could be sent on a round-the-clock basis, and were characterized as being short, concise and lacking any superfluous terms.
Various private networks like UUNET (founded 1987), the Well (1985), and GEnie (1985) had e-mail from the 1970s, but subscriptions were quite expensive for an individual, US$25 to US$50 per month, just for e-mail. Internet use was then largely limited to government, academia and other government contractors until the net was opened to commercial use in the 1980s.
By the early 1990s, modems made e-mail a viable alternative to Telex systems in a business environment. But individual e-mail accounts were not widely available until local Internet service providers were in place, although demand grew rapidly, as e-mail was seen as the Internet's killer app. It allowed anyone to email anyone, whereas previously, different system had been walled off from each other, such that America Online subscribers could only email other America Online subscribers, Compuserve subscribers could only email other Compuserve subscribers, etc. The broad user base created by the demand for e-mail smoothed the way for the rapid acceptance of the World Wide Web in the mid-1990s.[citation needed] Fax machines were another technology that helped displace the telegram.
On Monday, 12 July 1999, a final telegram was sent from the National Liberty Ship Memorial, the SS Jeremiah O'Brien, in San Francisco Bay to President Bill Clinton in the White House. Officials of Globe Wireless reported that "The message was 95 words, and it took six or eight minutes to copy it." They then transmitted the message to the White House via e-mail. That event was also used to mark the final commercial U.S. ship-to-shore telegraph message transmitted from North America by Globe Wireless, a company founded in 1911. Sent from its wireless station at Half Moon Bay, California, the sign-off message was a repeat of Samuel F. B. Morse's message 155 years earlier, "What hath God wrought?"[37]
Worldwide status of telegram services[link]
In Australia, Australia Post closed its telegram service on 7 March 2011. In the Victorian town of Beechworth, visitors can send telegrams to family members or friends from the Beechworth Telegraph Station.[38]
In Bahrain, Batelco still offers telegram services. They are thought to be more formal than an email or a fax, but less so than a letter. So should a death or anything of importance occur, telegrams would be sent.
In Belgium, Belgacom still offers telegram services within the country and internationally.[39]
In Canada, Telegrams Canada still offers telegram services. AT&T Canada had discontinued its telegram service in 2001 and later became MTS Allstream.
In Germany, Deutsche Post delivers telegrams the next day as ordinary mail. Deutsche Post discontinued service to foreign countries on 31 December 2000.[40][41] A private firm, TelegrammDirekt.de, offers delivery in Germany and service to a number of foreign countries.[42]
In Ireland, Eircom – the country's largest telecommunication company and former PTT – formally discontinued telegram service on 30 July 2002.[43]
In Japan, NTT provides a telegram (denpou) service used mainly for special occasions such as weddings, funerals, graduations, etc.[44] Local offices offer telegrams printed on special decorated paper and envelopes.
In Lithuania, telegram service was closed by the only provider Teo LT on 15 October 2007.[45]
In Mexico, telegrams are still used as a low-cost service for people who cannot afford or do not have access to e-mail.[46]
In Nepal, Nepal Telecom closed its telegram service on 1 January 2009.[47]
In the Netherlands, the telegram service was sold by KPN to the Swiss-based company Unitel Telegram Services in 2001.
In New Zealand, New Zealand Post closed its telegram service in 1999. It later reinstated the service in 2003 for use only by business customers, primarily for debt collection or other important business notices.
In Sweden, TeliaSonera, still delivers telegrams as nostalgic novelty items, rather than a primary means of communication.
In Switzerland, Unitel Telegram Services took over telegram services from the national PTTs. Telegrams can still be sent to and from most countries.
In the United Kingdom, the international telegram service formerly provided by British Telecom was sold in 2003 to an independent company, Telegrams Online,[48] which promotes the use of telegrams as a retro greeting card or invitation.
In the United States, Western Union closed its telegram service on 27 January 2006.[49] Western Union's telegram service was acquired by iTelegram, an independent company. Telegrams, Flowergrams, and Candygrams are also offered by independent companies such as American Telegram.[50]
Social implications[link]
 |
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (January 2012) |
Prior to the electrical telegraph, nearly all information was limited to traveling at the speed of a human or animal. The telegraph freed communication from the constraints of space and time and truly affected how Americans lived their lives.[51] In 1870, 9,158,000 messages were handled by the telegraph network in the United States but by 1900 the number had risen to 63,168,000.[52] These numbers indicate the increased frequency of use and the degree of which Americans were quickly accepting the telegraph. The telegraph isolated the message (information) from the physical movement of objects or the process.[53]
Telegraphy facilitated the growth of organizations "in the railroads, consolidated financial and commodity markets, and reduced information costs within and between firms." [52] This immense growth in the business sectors influenced society to embrace the use of telegrams.
Worldwide telegraphy changed the gathering of information for news reporting. Messages and information would now travel far and wide, and the telegraph demanded a language "stripped of the local, the regional; and colloquial," to better facilitate a worldwide media language.[53] Media language had to be standardized, which led to the gradual disappearance of different forms of speech and styles of journalism and storytelling.
Names of periodicals[link]
The word telegraph still appears in the names of numerous periodicals in various countries, a legacy of the long period when Telegraphy was a major means for newspapers to obtain news information (see Telegraph (disambiguation)).
See also[link]
- Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation is a landmark English Court of Appeal decision in contract law on the moment of acceptance of a contract over telex.
- Familygram
- David E. Hughes, designer of a telegraph that used an alphabetic keyboard and printer wheel
- Globotype
- Information-action ratio
- Telecommunications
- Telegram messenger
- Telegram style
- Victorian Internet
- Women in telegraphy
References[link]
- ^ Merriam-Webster.com
- ^ Sample contract cancellation, itelegram.com website
- ^ "1,796 memos from US embassy in Manila in WikiLeaks 'Cablegate'". ABS–CBN Corporation. 29 November 2010. http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/11/29/10/1796-memos-us-embassy-manila-wikileaks-cablegate. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
- ^ Definition of "cable", The Macquarie Dictionary (3rd ed.). Australia: Macquarie Library. 1997. ISBN 0-949757-89-6. "(n.) 4. a telegram sent abroad, especially by submarine cable. (v.) 9. to send a message by submarine cable."
- ^ "Semaphore,Encyclopædia Britannica". http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066703/semaphore.
- ^ a b Jones, R. Victor Samuel Thomas von Sömmering's "Space Multiplexed" Electrochemical Telegraph (1808-10), Harvard University website. Attributed to "Semaphore to Satellite" , International Telecommunication Union, Geneva 1965. Retrieved 2009-05-01
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- ^ Hubbard, Geoffrey (1965) Cooke and Wheatstone and the Invention of the Electric Telegraph, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London p. 78
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- ^ Roswell, New Mexico was named after Annie Ellsworth's future husband, Roswell Smith.
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- ^ Watson Jr., Raymond C. (2009). Radar Origins Worldwide: History of Its Evolution in 13 Nations Through World War II. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 1-4269-2110-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=Zup4V2wSZtMC. , Extract of page 278
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- ^ Phillip R. Easterlin, “Telex in New York”, Western Union Technical Review, April 1959: 47 figure 4
- ^ Phillip R. Easterlin, "Telex in New York", Western Union Technical Review, April 1959: 45
- ^ Phillip R. Easterlin, "Telex in Private Wire Systems", Western Union Technical Review, October 1960: 131
- ^ James S. Chin and Jan J. Gomerman, "CSR4 Exchange", Western Union Technical Review, July 1966: 142–149
- ^ Fred W. Smith, "European Teleprinters", Western Union Technical Review, October 1960: 172–174
- ^ Fred W. Smith, "A New Line of Light-duty Teleprinters and ASR Sets", Western Union Technical Review, January 1964: 18–31
- ^ T.J. O’Sullivan, "TW 56 Concentrator", Western Union Technical Review, July 1963: 111–112
- ^ Phillip R. Easterlin, "Telex in the U.S.A.", Western Union Technical Review, January 1962: 2–15
- ^ Kenneth M. Jockers, "Planning Western Union Telex", Western Union Technical Review, July 1966: 92–95
- ^ Kenneth M. Jockers, "Planning Western Union Telex", Western Union Technical Review, July 1966: 94 figure 2
- ^ Sergio Wernikoff, "Information Services Computer Center", Western Union Technical Review, July 1966: 130
- ^ DXzone.com
- ^ "WU to Buy AT&T TWX". Western Union News Volume II (4). January 15, 1969.
- ^ Warwick, K, Gasson, M, Hutt, B, Goodhew, I, Kyberd, P, Schulzrinne, H and Wu, X: "Thought Communication and Control: A First Step using Radiotelegraphy", IEE Proceedings on Communications, 151(3), pp. 185–189, 2004
- ^ Tom Van Vleck. "The History of Electronic Mail". http://www.multicians.org/thvv/mail-history.html.
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- ^ Beechworthonline.com.au
- ^ Belgacom.be
- ^ Tariftip.de (2000-09-02). "Deutsche Telekom stellt Auslands-Telegramme ein" (in German). http://www.tariftip.de/News/3687/Deutsche-Telekom-stellt-Auslands-Telegramme-ein-.html. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
- ^ Heise online (2000-09-01). "Internet und Handys bereiten Auslandstelegrammen den Garaus" (in German). http://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/11641. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
- ^ "Das "echte" Telegramm ist zurück in Deutschland" (in German). 2008-08-12. http://www.pressetext.de/news/080812015/das-echte-telegramm-ist-zurueck-in-deutschland/. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
- ^ Details of Eircom Services
- ^ R25編集部 (2008-04-21). "【コラム】 メール全盛の現代なのに…"電報"が生き残るワケとは?" (in Japanese). R25.jp – gooニュース. Archived from the original on 2008-04-25. http://web.archive.org/web/20080425204546/http://news.goo.ne.jp/article/r25/life/r25-1112008041713.html. Retrieved 2008-05-15.
- ^ http://klaipeda.diena.lt/dienrastis/ekonomika/nebeliks-telegramu-paslaugos-149777
- ^ Telecomm.net.mx
- ^ NTC.net.np
- ^ http://www.telegramsonline.co.uk/index1.asp
- ^ "NPR: Western Union sends its last telegram" by Robert Siegel, February 2, 2006
- ^ "Beverly Hills Telegram Firm Probed by State"
- ^ Downey, Gregory J. (2002) Telegraph Messenger Boys: Labor, Technology, and Geography, 1850-1950, Routledge, New York and London, p. 7
- ^ a b Economic History Encyclopedia (2010) "History of the U.S. Telegraph Industry", http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/nonnenmacher.industry.telegraphic.us
- ^ a b Carey, James (1989). Communication as Culture, Routledge, New York and London, p. 210
Further reading[link]
- Armagnay, Henri (1908). "Phototelegraphy". Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution: 197–207. http://books.google.com/?id=gtQWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA197. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- Dargan, J., The Railway Telegraph, Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin, March, 1985 pp. 49–71
- Gray, Thomas (1892). "The Inventors Of The Telegraph And Telephone". Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution: 639–659. http://books.google.com/?id=tnjfe4vEBGwC&pg=PA639. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- John, Richard R. Network Nation: Inventing American Telecommunications (Harvard University Press; 2010) 520 pages; traces the evolution of the country's telegraph and telephone networks.
- Kieve, Jeffrey L. — The Electric Telegraph: a Social and Economic History David and Charles (1973) ISBN 0-7153-5883-9
- Standage, Tom — The Victorian Internet Berkley Trade, (1998) ISBN 0-425-17169-8
- Wheen, Andrew;— DOT-DASH TO DOT.COM: How Modern Telecommunications Evolved from the Telegraph to the Internet (Springer, 2011) ISBN 978-1-4419-6759-6
- Wilson, Geoffrey, The Old Telegraphs, Phillimore & Co Ltd 1976 ISBN 0-900592-79-6
External links[link]
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Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Telegraphy |
- The Porthcurno Telegraph Museum The biggest Telegraph station in the world, now a museum
- History of the U.S. Telegraphic Industry from Economic History.net
- Distant Writing — The History of the Telegraph Companies in Britain between 1838 and 1868
- Royal Engineers Museum — Telegraph Services
- Anglo-American Telegraph Company, Ltd. Records, 1866–1947 Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.
- Western Union Telegraph Company Records, 1820–1995 Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.
- Early telegraphy and fax engineering, still operable in a German computer museum
- "Telegram Falls Silent Stop Era Ends Stop", The New York Times, February 6, 2006
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| Boris Johnson | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Prior to ringing the opening bell at NASDAQ on 14 September 2009 |
|
| Mayor of London | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 4 May 2008 |
|
| Deputy | Richard Barnes Victoria Borwick |
| Preceded by | Ken Livingstone |
| Shadow Minister for Higher Education | |
| In office 6 December 2005 – 16 July 2007 |
|
| Leader | David Cameron |
| Preceded by | David Cameron |
| Succeeded by | Adam Afriyie |
| Shadow Minister for the Arts | |
| In office 14 April 2004 – 17 November 2004 |
|
| Leader | Michael Howard |
| Preceded by | Gerald Howarth |
| Succeeded by | Tony Baldry |
| Member of Parliament for Henley |
|
| In office 9 June 2001 – 4 June 2008 |
|
| Preceded by | Michael Heseltine |
| Succeeded by | John Howell |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson (1964-06-19) 19 June 1964 (age 48) New York City, United States |
| Nationality | British |
| Political party | Conservative |
| Spouse(s) | Allegra Mostyn-Owen (1987–1993, divorced) Marina Wheeler (1993–present) |
| Relations | Stanley Johnson (father) Rachel Johnson (sister) Jo Johnson (brother) Leo Johnson (brother) |
| Children | Lara Lettice Johnson Milo Arthur Johnson Cassia Peaches Johnson Theodore Apollo Johnson |
| Residence | Highbury, London |
| Alma mater | Balliol College, Oxford |
| Occupation | Conservative politician |
| Profession | Politician, journalist |
| Religion | Christian (Church of England) [1] |
| Website | Official mayoral website |
| Boris Johnson | |
|---|---|
| Candidate for Mayor of London |
|
| Election date 3 May 2012 |
|
| Opponent(s) | Ken Livingstone (Lab) Brian Paddick (LD) Jenny Jones (Green) |
| Incumbent | Boris Johnson |
| Personal details | |
| Website | Back Boris 2012 |
Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson (born 19 June 1964) is an American-born British Conservative Party politician and journalist, who has been the elected Mayor of London since 2008. He was previously the Member of Parliament for Henley and editor of The Spectator magazine.
Johnson was educated at Primrose Hill Primary School, the European School of Brussels, Ashdown House School, Eton College, and Balliol College, Oxford, where he read Literae Humaniores.[2] He began his career in journalism with The Times, and later moved on to The Daily Telegraph where he became assistant editor. He was appointed editor of The Spectator in 1999. In the 2001 general election he was elected to the House of Commons and became one of the most conspicuous politicians in the country. He has also written several books.
Under Michael Howard, Johnson briefly served on the Conservative front bench as the Shadow Minister for the Arts from April 2004 until November 2004. When David Cameron was elected leader of the Conservative Party in 2005, Johnson was re-appointed to the front bench as Shadow Minister for Higher Education and resigned as editor of The Spectator.
In September 2007 he was selected as the Conservative candidate for the 2008 London mayoral election. Johnson defeated Labour incumbent Ken Livingstone and was elected Mayor, after which he resigned his seat in parliament. With over a million votes, he received the largest personal mandate of any politician in British history.[3][4] On 4 May 2012, Johnson was re-elected as Mayor, again defeating Ken Livingstone.[5]
Contents
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Parental origins, education and marriages[link]
Johnson is the eldest of the four children of Stanley Johnson, a former Conservative Member of the European Parliament and employee of the European Commission and World Bank, and of his first wife, the painter Charlotte Fawcett (later Wahl),[6] the daughter of Sir James Fawcett, a barrister[7] and president of the European Commission of Human Rights.[8] He is the elder brother of Rachel Johnson, a writer and journalist, Jo Johnson, a columnist and Associate Editor of the Financial Times and Conservative MP for Orpington since the General Election of 2010, and Leo Johnson, a partner in PricewaterhouseCoopers specialising in Sustainability.[9]
Johnson's maternal great-grandparents were palaeographer Elias Avery Lowe and translator H. T. Lowe-Porter.[10] On his father's side, Johnson is a great-grandson of Ali Kemal Bey, a liberal Turkish journalist and the interior minister in the government of Damat Ferid Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, who was killed during the Turkish War of Independence.[11] During the First World War, Johnson's paternal grandfather and great aunt were recognised as British subjects and took their grandmother's maiden name of Johnson. In reference to his cosmopolitan ancestry, Johnson has described himself as a "one-man melting pot" — with a combination of Muslims, Jews and Christians comprising his great-grandparentage.[12] His father's maternal grandmother, Marie Louise de Pfeffel, was a descendant of Prince Paul of Württemberg through his relationship with a German actress. Through Prince Paul, Johnson is a descendant of King George II, and through George's great-great-great grandfather James I/VI, a descendant of all of the previous British royal houses. Johnson is an 8th cousin of David Cameron.[13]
Johnson was born in New York City,[14] but his family returned to Britain soon afterward, as his mother had yet to take her Oxford University final exams. Johnson's sister Rachel was born a year later. As a child, Boris Johnson suffered from severe deafness and had to undergo several operations to have grommets inserted in his ears and was reported to have been rather quiet as a child.[1] He was educated at the European School in Brussels,[15] at Ashdown House School and at Eton College, where he was a King's Scholar. He read Classics at Oxford, as a Brackenbury scholar and was elected President of the Oxford Union at his second attempt. Frank Luntz[16] and Radosław Sikorski[1] have claimed Johnson touted himself as a supporter of the Social Democratic Party, then a dominant faction in the university, as a strategy to win the Union presidency, although Johnson denies that he was more than the SDP's preferred candidate. Along with David Cameron and George Osborne he was a member of Oxford's Bullingdon Club, a student dining society known for destroying restaurant dining rooms, and paying for the repairs afterwards.[17]
In 1987, he married Allegra Mostyn-Owen; the marriage was dissolved in 1993.[18] Later that year, he married Marina Wheeler, a barrister, the daughter of journalist and broadcaster Sir Charles Wheeler and his Sikh wife, Dip Singh.[19] The Wheeler and Johnson families have known each other for decades,[1] and Marina Wheeler was at the European School in Brussels at the same time as her future husband. They have two sons—Milo Arthur (born 1995) and Theodore Apollo (born 1999)—and two daughters—Lara Lettice (born 1993) and Cassia Peaches (born 1997).[20] Boris Johnson and his family currently live in Holloway, North London. Johnson's stepmother, Jenny, the second wife of his father Stanley, is the stepdaughter of Teddy Sieff, the former chairman of Marks & Spencer.[21]
Journalism and history[link]
Upon graduating from Oxford, he spent only a week as a management consultant at L.E.K. Consulting:
| “ | Try as I might, I could not look at an overhead projection of a growth profit matrix, and stay conscious. | ” |
He then became a trainee reporter for The Times. Within a year he was sacked for falsifying a quotation from his godfather, Colin Lucas, later vice-chancellor of Oxford University.[22] After a short time as a writer for the Wolverhampton Express & Star, he joined The Daily Telegraph in 1987 as leader and feature writer, and from 1989 to 1994 was the paper's European Community correspondent. He served as assistant editor from 1994 to 1999. In 1995 a recording of a telephone conversation was made public revealing a plot by a friend physically to assault a News of the World journalist. Johnson retained his position at the Telegraph as there was no evidence that he intended to provide information that would facilitate the assault of the journalist, even though he promised under pressure to provide this information. His association with The Spectator began as political columnist from 1994 to 1995. In 1999 he became editor of The Spectator, where he stayed until December 2005 upon being appointed Shadow Minister for Higher Education.
He wrote an autobiographical account of his experience of the 2001 election campaign Friends, Voters, Countrymen: Jottings on the Stump. He is also author of three collections of journalism, Johnson's Column, Lend Me Your Ears and Have I Got Views For You. His comic first novel Seventy-Two Virgins was published in 2004,[23] and his next book will be The New British Revolution, though he has put publication on hold until after the London Mayoral election.[24] He was nominated in 2004 for a British Academy Television Award, and has attracted several unofficial fan clubs and sites. His official website and blog started in September, 2004.
Johnson is a popular historian and his first documentary series, The Dream of Rome, comparing the Roman Empire and the modern-day European Union, was broadcast in 2006.
After being elected mayor, he announced that he would be resuming his weekly column for The Daily Telegraph. The Guardian reported that he had agreed a £250,000 annual salary for doing so. The report added that he will donate £25,000 each towards two scholarships: one for students of journalism, and the other for the teaching of classics.[25]
Political career[link]
After having been defeated in Clwyd South in the 1997 general election, Johnson was elected MP for Henley, succeeding Michael Heseltine, in the 2001 General Election. He described this election in his 2002 book, Friends, Voters, Countrymen. In 2004 he was appointed to the front bench as Shadow Minister for the Arts in a small reshuffle resulting from the resignation of the Shadow Home Affairs Spokesman, Nick Hawkins. He was also from November 2003 vice-chairman of the Conservative Party, with an emphasis on campaigning.[26]
Johnson was dismissed from these high-profile posts in November 2004 over accusations that he lied to Michael Howard about a four-year extramarital affair with Petronella Wyatt, The Spectator's New York correspondent and former deputy editor. Johnson derided these allegations as "an inverted pyramid of piffle", but Howard sacked Johnson because he believed press reports showed Johnson had lied, rather than for the affair itself.[27]
Higher education[link]
He was appointed Shadow Minister for Higher Education on 9 December 2005 by new Conservative Leader David Cameron, and resigned as editor of The Spectator soon afterward. On 2 April 2006 it was alleged in the News of the World that Johnson had had another extramarital affair, this time with Times Higher Education Supplement journalist Anna Fazackerley. The video[28] shows him emerging from her flat and waving to her in a taxi. Subsequently, in a speech at the University of Exeter concerning student finance, he allegedly made comical remarks about his gratitude to the audience for not "raising other issues" during the talk, which may have been a reference to the allegations. A report in The Times[29] stated that Cameron regarded the possible affair as a private matter, and that Johnson would not lose his job over it.
Johnson stood for the February 2006 election of Rector of the University of Edinburgh, after receiving seven times more nominations than needed to stand.[30] His presence as candidate caused an unprecedented turn-out and sparked an "Anyone but Boris" campaign.[31] Protests included having drinks thrown over him at his first of two visits to the student body.[30][32] Johnson eventually polled third of four, with 2,123 votes, behind 3,052 votes for journalist Magnus Linklater and 3,597 for Green Party MSP Mark Ballard.[31] Johnson was quoted as having been pleased to mobilise the student body, but disappointed at the personal campaign against him as an "English top-up fee merchant".[31]
In September 2006, his image was used in 'Boris needs you' and 'I Love Boris' material to promote the Conservative Party's image during Freshers' Week in universities.[33]
2008 London Mayoral election[link]
After several days of speculation, Johnson announced he was a potential Conservative candidate for the London mayoral election in 2008 on 16 July 2007.[34] Reported as saying[34]
| “ | The opportunity is too great, and the prize too wonderful to miss ... the chance to represent London and speak for Londoners | ” |
He resigned as Shadow Minister for Higher Education. He was confirmed as the Conservative candidate on 27 September 2007 after gaining 75% of the vote in a public London-wide primary.[35]
The Conservative Party hired Australian election strategist Lynton Crosby to run Johnson's campaign. Aware of Johnson's propensity for committing gaffes, Crosby prevented him from holding interviews with the print and broadcast media in favour of radio talk shows and daytime television which asked "easier" questions.[36][37] Crosby also made Johnson tell fewer jokes and have a simpler haircut to help make him appear more serious.[36] The campaign targeted Conservative-leaning suburbs in outer London to capitalise on a sense of detachment with the Livingstone administration which had focused on inner London areas.[37]
His campaign was launched in Edmonton in March 2008 when David Cameron, introducing Johnson, commented "I don't always agree with him, but I respect the fact that he's absolutely his own man."[38]
His manifesto was published in sections; they were, together with quotes or general content:
- Accountability
2008 manifesto: "Making London’s Mayor Accountable"...[39]
| “ | I believe Londoners should have a greater say on how their city is run, more information on how decisions are made and details on how City Hall money is spent.
Ken Livingstone presides over a budget of more than £10billion and demands £311 per year from the average taxpaying household in London. Yet Londoners have little confidence in the Mayor spending their money with care and prudence. |
” |
- Business
| “ | ...it is essential that the Mayor takes a positive lead and ensures the best possible conditions for London businesses – large and small. | ” |
2008 manifesto: "Backing London Business"...[40]
- Environment
2008 manifesto: "Protecting Our Local Environment"...[41]
| “ | ...I will work to make London a pleasant and safe place to live, by nurturing and protecting the public spaces that bind us all together. | ” |
- Crime
2008 manifesto: "Making London Safer"'...[42]
| “ | I will: Provide strong leadership,... Make buses, trains and stations safer,... Tackle knife and gun crimes,... Help the ignored victims of sexual violence,... Demand a police service accountable to you. | ” |
He also included a pledge to remove red tape in the Metropolitan Police Service.
- Housing
2008 manifesto: "Building A Better London"...[43]
| “ | I will: Help More Londoners Afford Their Own Home,... Design Developments To Combat Crime,... Protect Green Spaces and Historic Views. | ” |
- Pensioners
2008 manifesto: "Appreciating Our Seniors"...[44]
| “ | Under my Mayoralty I am certain that London will be judged as a civilised place; a city that cares for and acknowledges its older citizens. | ” |
- Transport
2008 manifesto: "Getting Londoners Moving"...[45]
| “ | The Mayor’s biggest area of responsibility is transport, and I intend to put the commuter first by introducing policies that will first and foremost make journeys faster and more reliable.
... Our challenge... is to make our transport system better to improve our quality of life. |
” |
He promised:
- better orbital public transport: "One of the limitations of the public transport network in outer London is the lack of direct and convenient orbital routes."
- cutting crime by increasing police presence on public transport
- to scrap controversial articulated "bendy" buses and replace them with modern designs of the iconic Routemaster bus.[46]
Johnson's candidature received opposition from across the political spectrum. Right-wing journalists Simon Heffer and Peregrine Worsthorne described Johnson as not being serious enough to hold the role of Mayor of London,[47] Worsthorne noting that the "harder he tried [to be serious], the more insincere, incoherent, evasive and even puerile he looked and sounded".[48] Ken Livingstone described Johnson as "a joke".[49] Left of centre commentators claimed that Johnson was not suited to be Mayor of such an ethnically diverse city because he had previously made comments which they interpreted as racist,[50] a situation exacerbated when the British National Party urged its supporters to give their second preference votes to Johnson.[51] Johnson denied allegations of racism and stated that he did not want any BNP supporters to vote for him.
Johnson's candidacy was the subject of international interest. Germany's Der Spiegel and America's National Public Radio reported the race, both quoting Johnson as saying "if you vote for the Conservatives, your wife will get bigger breasts, and your chances of driving a BMW M3 will increase",[52][53] without however giving a source for this; the BBC has quoted the same statement by him from his 2004 campaign trail.[54]
Though most pollsters—with the exception of YouGov which accurately forecast the final result—predicted either a close result or narrow win for Livingstone,[55] it was announced on 2 May 2008 Johnson had garnered a total of 1,168,738 first and second preference votes to Livingstone's 1,028,966.[56] Johnson benefited from a large voter turnout in Conservative strongholds, in particular Bexley and Bromley where he amassed a majority of over 80,000 over Livingstone.[57] Following his victory, he praised Livingstone as a "very considerable public servant" and added that he hoped to "discover a way in which the mayoralty can continue to benefit from your transparent love of London".[56] He also announced that, as a result of his victory, he would resign as Member of Parliament for Henley.[58]
Mayor of London[link]
See also: Mayor of London
Staff appointments[link]
Johnson assumed control at City Hall on 4 May 2008. He appointed Richard Barnes as his Deputy Mayor on 6 May 2008, as well as appointing the following to newly devolved offices; Ian Clement as Deputy Mayor for Government Relations, Kit Malthouse as Deputy Mayor for Policing and Ray Lewis as Deputy Mayor for Young People.[59]
The Mayor also appointed Munira Mirza as his cultural adviser and Nick Boles, the founder of Policy Exchange, as Chief of Staff.[60] Sir Simon Milton has become Deputy Mayor for Policy and Planning, as well as Chief of Staff.[59] He appointed Anthony Browne as Policy Director. Kulveer Ranger was appointed to Advisor for Transport and Isabel Dedring to Advisor for the Environment.
Political opponents questioned Johnson's judgment when Ray Lewis resigned on 4 July 2008, shortly after taking up his post, following allegations of financial misconduct during his prior career as a Church of England priest and inappropriate behaviour in respect of a false claim to have been appointed as a magistrate.[61] Hazel Blears, the UK Communities Secretary, said that "People across the country will note that after just two months, the new Tory administration in London is in complete disarray. Londoners need to know what Boris knew and why the situation has changed."[62] Kit Malthouse however, London's Deputy Mayor for Policing, defended Lewis and said that he had "dedicated himself to saving young lives in London", regarding his policies on tackling knife crime, and called the Labour Party "ungracious" and accused them of "dancing on his political grave".[63] Johnson himself said that he was "misled" by Lewis.[64] On 22 June 2009, Ian Clement resigned after breaking rules by paying for personal items using a corporate credit card.
Alcohol use ban on public transport[link]
On 7 May 2008, Johnson announced plans to ban the consumption of alcohol on the London transport network, effective from 1 June,[65] a policy described by Jeroen Weimar, Transport for London's director of transport policing and enforcement, as reasonable, saying people should be more considerate on the trains.[66] The ban initially applied on the London Underground, Buses, DLR and Croydon Trams. The London Overground was added later in June 2008. Press releases said that the ban would apply to "stations across the capital", but did not specify whether this included National Rail stations – especially those stations not served by the TfL lines on which alcohol is banned.
On the final evening on which alcohol was to be permitted on London transport, thousands of drinkers descended on the Underground system to mark the event. Six London Underground stations were closed as trouble began, and a number of staff and police were assaulted. Police made 17 arrests as several trains were damaged and withdrawn from service.[66]
Forensic Audit Panel[link]
The formation of the Forensic Audit Panel was announced on 8 May 2008. The Panel is tasked with monitoring and investigating financial management at the London Development Agency and the Greater London Authority.[67] It is headed by Patience Wheatcroft, former editor of The Sunday Telegraph. Previously the GLA investigated allegations of financial mismanagement itself.
Johnson's announcement was criticised by Labour for the perceived politicisation of this nominally independent panel, who asked if the appointment of these key Johnson allies to the panel – "to dig dirt on Ken Livingstone" – was "an appropriate use of public funds".[68] Wheatcroft is married to a Conservative councillor[69] and three of the four remaining panel members also have close links to the Conservatives: Stephen Greenhalgh (Conservative Leader of Hammersmith and Fulham Council), Patrick Frederick (Chairman of Conservative Business Relations for South East England and Southern London) and Edward Lister (Conservative Leader of Wandsworth Council).
The panel reported in July 2008.[70] Its findings included that it had "identified failings in the LDA’s leadership, governance and basic controls which have led to our overall conclusion that the former LDA board was ineffective" and also raised a number of concerns about the value for money achieved on projects that the LDA had funded. However, on the central allegations that the previous administration had misused their powers, the Panel found "their attempts to influence LDA project decisions did not breach any rules or protocols".
2008 Olympics[link]
Johnson was present at the closing ceremony of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing as London's representative to receive the Olympic flag from Guo Jinlong, the Mayor of Beijing in order to announce formally London as Olympic host city. At the subsequent handover party held at London House in Beijing, he gave a speech in which he declared 'ping pong is coming home'.[71]
U.S. presidential election[link]
In August 2008, Johnson broke from the traditional procedure of those in public office not publicly commenting on other nations' elections when he openly endorsed then-Senator Barack Obama for the presidency of the United States.[72][73] He later wrote an editorial in The Telegraph explaining his decision.[74]
Resignation of Sir Ian Blair[link]
In October 2008, Boris Johnson forced the resignation of the Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis Ian Blair, hours after taking control of London’s police authority. Those in support of this measure claimed that Blair's handling of certain events, such as the death of Jean Charles de Menezes, bonus payments and bias in favour of a piece of Government legislation left his position untenable, but critics have argued that the forced resignation makes the role of the commissioner more political.[75][76]
Expenses controversy[link]
In June 2009, it was revealed that Mayoral expenditure on taxi fares had risen by 540% under Boris Johnson's administration, from £729 in 2007/08 to £4,698 in 2008/09.[77]
Several expense claims for very short taxi journeys were submitted by the Mayor, many which included charges for taxis to wait several hours for the Mayor to use them with the meter running (for example, a return journey from City Hall to Elephant and Castle – a journey of 3 miles – which cost £99.50).[78]
There are questions about whether some of this expenditure was allowed under GLA rules, which state taxis should be used only when there is no feasible public transport alternative and which ban paying taxis to wait more than 20 minutes.[79]
Mugging intervention[link]
On 2 November 2009, Johnson intervened in the attempted mugging of a London resident as she was walking home. The victim, documentary film maker and Ken Livingstone supporter, Franny Armstrong, was pushed against a car by a "group of young girls", one wielding an iron bar. Johnson, who rides a bicycle to work, was cycling past when he responded to Armstrong's call for help. Johnson "picked up the iron bar, called after the girls and cycled after them." He also reportedly called the girls "oiks". Johnson then returned to Armstrong and walked her home. Armstrong described Boris as her 'knight on a shining bicycle'. The Mayor's office has, however, declined to comment on the incident.[80][81]
Young offenders disputed[link]
In 2011, Johnson gave evidence to the Home Affairs Select Committee, comparing a 19% re-offending rate among those released from the Feltham Young Offenders' Institution to the then national average of around 78%. The chair of the UK Statistics Authority Sir Michael Scholar, who served as private secretary to former Conservative Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in the early 1980s, wrote to the committee's chair Keith Vaz MP to tell him the figures Johnson had quoted to a panel of MPs "do not appear to stand up to scrutiny". When Joanne McCartney, a Labour member of the London Assembly, questioned Johnson's use of the statistic, Johnson replied: "There's this guy Scholar writing me letters who sounds... like some sort of Labour stooge."[82] Johnson later admitted that his officials told him of "caveats" around the data, but pointed out that the revised re-offending rate for the institution of 39% was still substantially lower than the national average.[83]
Television appearances[link]
[edit] Have I Got News for You
Johnson has appeared on the British television programme Have I Got News for You four times as a guest presenter and three times as a panellist.[84] The tabloid press, before he became an MP, tagged him as the show's star, even though he had then appeared only twice on a programme that had run for ten years.[85] He has also taken part in the similar Radio 4 programme, The News Quiz.
On his first HIGNFY appearance,[86] in 1998, Johnson was chided by Ian Hislop over his previous association with fraudster Darius Guppy (see below). Johnson later claimed the show was "fixed", though he retracted the comment when invited back a year later. When asked why he had come back, Johnson replied to the delight of the audience that it was "basically for the money."
In 2004, Johnson was nominated for a BAFTA Television Award in the entertainment category for his performance on the show in 2003.[87] Johnson returned to front Have I Got News for You in November 2005. He admitted on the show that he once tried to snort cocaine, but sneezed and failed.[88] He also hosted Have I Got News for You's Christmas special on 15 December 2006, his fourth appearance as host.
On the DVD commentary (recorded before Johnson's appearances as guest host) of The Very Best of Have I Got News for You, Merton and Hislop affectionately refer to Johnson as "a Wodehousian character", and stated that "he gets better every time".
[edit] Top Gear
Johnson has appeared on television motoring show Top Gear as a "star in a reasonably priced car" (one of the show's features). He set a time of 1m 56s in the Suzuki Liana, finishing nine places from the bottom before they changed car. While nearing the end of his timed lap, he failed to realise that he had accidentally pressed the horn with his arm. After hearing the noise he looked around puzzled and said, "Who hooted at me?"[89] He returned to the show on 7 December 2008, spinning out on every corner during test runs, before setting a lap time of 1m 57.4s in the Chevrolet Lacetti. His potentially "disastrous" time was caused by the "very wet" conditions.
[edit] Room 101
Appearing in 2003, Johnson nominated boiled eggs, Lynda Lee Potter, smoking bans, Richard Clayderman and people who shout things like "you Tory tosser" at him whilst he's cycling as his selections to put into Room 101, with only the last of the five being rejected. He claimed that his refusal to eat eggs from the age of 6 months was his "first major policy decision".
[edit] The Dream of Rome
Johnson presented a BBC TV series titled The Dream of Rome, which described how ancient Rome united Europe in a way which the modern European Union has failed to do. A book published by HarperCollins followed the series.[90]
[edit] The Dame Edna Treatment
Originally broadcast on ITV1 on 28 April 2007, Johnson was a guest on The Dame Edna Treatment. He rode a bicycle onto the stage and sat alongside Shane Warne, Alan Alda and Sophie Ellis-Bextor.
[edit] Who Do You Think You Are?
On 20 August 2008, Johnson was the subject of the BBC family history programme Who Do You Think You Are?. He was revealed to be a direct, if illegitimate, descendant of George II of Great Britain through his eight times grandmother Augusta of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, granddaughter of George II and wife of Friedrich I of Württemberg, and thence through their son Prince Paul of Württemberg and Paul's illegitimate daughter, Adelheid von Rothenburg. Adelheid (known as Caroline) married Baron de Pfeffel, from whom Boris takes one of his middle names.[91] By his descent from George II of Great Britain he is also descendant of all the other major European royal houses. His Turkish great grandfather, Ali Kemal Bey, who like Johnson was a politician and journalist, was assassinated in the 1920s, following political conflict in Turkey.[92]
[edit] After Rome
In December 2008 BBC2 aired a two-part documentary written and presented by Johnson, called After Rome, in which he looked at the influence Muslims have had on the world, especially in Europe during the peak of the Islamic Empire (specifically drawn from the Islamic Golden Age).[93] In this he investigated the current crisis of the "clash of civilisations" between Christianity and Islam, searching for reasons why Islam is hated in the West, and vice versa.[93][94]
[edit] EastEnders
On 17 July 2009, Johnson filmed a short scene in the British soap opera EastEnders, appearing as himself in a scene with Peggy Mitchell (played by Barbara Windsor).[95] The episode was broadcast on 1 October. Ken Livingstone accused the BBC of political bias for allowing Johnson to appear in the programme.[96]
Documentaries[link]
Johnson's period in the Bullingdon Club alongside David Cameron, and his campaign to become President of the Oxford Union, were examined in the Channel 4 docu-drama, When Boris Met Dave, which was broadcast on 7 October 2009.[97]
Personal[link]
Johnson is one of the most recognisable figures in British politics[citation needed] — partly attributable to his trademark unruly hairstyle (one exception to this trademark was during the 2008 Olympics). He is one of few British politicians identifiable by his first name alone. Reportedly, fearing that this familiarity made him more likeable and was helping his chances during the London Mayoral Campaign, Labour MP Tessa Jowell set up a 'swearbox' where any campaign member referring to him as 'Boris' would pay a fine.[98] Jowell herself denied these claims. Johnson has since attracted a variety of irreverent names, including "BoJo" (a portmanteau of his forename and surname).[99]
Johnson has been a frequent target for satirists. The magazine Private Eye pictured him on the front cover of issues 1120 (26 November 2004), 1156 (14 April 2006), and 1214 (11 July 2008). He has featured regularly in its cartoon strip (currently called Dave Snooty and his Pals) as "Boris the Menace" (cf. Dennis the Menace).[100]
He has shown himself to be outspoken on issues which are treated by some as belonging to the realms of political correctness. In Friends, Voters, Countrymen (2001), Johnson wrote that "if gay marriage was OK – and I was uncertain on the issue – then I saw no reason in principle why a union should not be consecrated between three men, as well as two men, or indeed three men and a dog."[101] In recent years Johnson has played down his previous support for the anti-gay law known as Section 28.[102] and has expressed more moderate views on the issue. Once, Johnson has actually shown apparent acceptance of homosexual rights; three weeks before the London mayoral election, 2012, he prevented the London buses from advertising a Christian campaign which aimed to preach that homosexuality could be "cured." The campaign was to advertise the phrase, "Not gay! Ex-gay, post-gay and proud. Get over it!" Johnson told the Guardian newspaper that he regarded London as "one of the most tolerant cities in the world and intolerant of intolerance." He said, "It is clearly offensive to suggest that being gay is an illness that someone recovers from and I am not prepared to have that suggestion driven around London on our buses."[103]
Shortly after the 7 July bombings in 2005, Johnson made the following comments:
To any non-Muslim reader of the Koran, Islamophobia — fear of Islam — seems a natural reaction, and, indeed, exactly what that text is intended to provoke. Judged purely on its scripture – to say nothing of what is preached in the mosques – it is the most viciously sectarian of all religions in its heartlessness towards unbelievers. [...]
The trouble with this disgusting arrogance and condescension [of Theo Van Gogh's killer] is that it is widely supported in Koranic texts, and we look in vain for the enlightened Islamic teachers and preachers who will begin the process of reform. What is going on in these mosques and madrasas? When is someone going to get 18th century on Islam’s mediaeval ass?
....We – non-Muslims – cannot solve the problem; we cannot brainwash them (the suicide bombers) out of their fundamentalist beliefs. The Islamicists last week horribly and irrefutably asserted the supreme importance of that faith, overriding all worldly considerations. It will take a huge effort of courage and skill to win round the many thousands of British Muslims who are in a similar state of alienation, and to make them see that their faith must be compatible with British values and with loyalty to Britain. That means disposing of the first taboo, and accepting that the problem is Islam. Islam is the problem.[104]
Three years after the bombing, Johnson told the Guardian newspaper the following:
I urge people, particularly during Ramadan, to find out more about Islam, increase your understanding and learning, even fast for a day with your Muslim neighbour and break your fast at the local mosque. I would be very surprised if you didn't find that you share more in common than you thought.[105]
He has made a number of appearances on television explaining his article on the 7/7 attacks, saying he now believes, after having researched the Qu'ran more in depth, that it is a "religion of peace".[106]
Johnson is known for his love of cycling and regularly cycles to work. He has been the victim of several bike thefts and has expressed his desire to plant "decoy bicycles throughout Islington and send Navy SEALs in through the windows of thieves".[107] He introduced a bicycle sharing system modelled on Velib in London in July 2010.[108] Since becoming Mayor of London he has cut £10m off the budget for new cycle lanes in the capital,[109] however a spokesman said that the overall investment in cycling in London was increased to a record £55m in 2008; up from £36m in the previous year.[109]
Controversies[link]
Stuart Collier[link]
Johnson was criticised in 1995, when a recording of a telephone conversation made in 1990 was made public, in which he is heard agreeing under pressure to supply to a former schoolmate, Darius Guppy, the private address and telephone number of the News of the World journalist Stuart Collier. There is no evidence that Boris actually supplied the requested information, even though he promised under duress that he would. Guppy wished to have Collier beaten up for attempting to smear members of his family.[110][111] Collier was not attacked, but Johnson did not alert the police and the incident only became public knowledge when a transcript of the conversation was published in the Mail on Sunday.[112] Johnson retained his job at the Telegraph but was reprimanded by its editor Max Hastings.[1]
'Theft' of cigar case[link]
Boris Johnson has been investigated by the police for the 'theft', in 2003, of a cigar case belonging to Tariq Aziz, an associate of Saddam Hussein, which Johnson had found in the rubble of Aziz's house in Baghdad. Aziz is currently in prison in Iraq, having been convicted of ordering the summary execution of 42 merchants. He faces other charges in relation to the brutal suppression of the Shia Muslim uprising after the first 1991 Gulf War. At the time, Johnson wrote an article in the Daily Telegraph, stating he had taken the cigar case and would return it to its owner upon request.[113] Despite this admission in 2003, Johnson received no indication from the police that he was being investigated for theft until 2008, leading supporters of Johnson to express suspicion that the investigation coincided with his candidacy for the position of London Mayor. "This is a monumental waste of time," said Johnson.[114] On 24 June 2008, Johnson was forced to hand the cigar case over to police while they carried out enquiries into whether the Iraq (UN Sanctions) Order 2003 had been breached.[115]
People of Liverpool[link]
On 16 October 2004, The Spectator carried an unsigned editorial[116] comment criticising a perceived trend to mawkish sentimentality by the public. Using British hostage Kenneth Bigley as an example, the editorial claimed the inhabitants of Bigley's home city of Liverpool were wallowing in a "vicarious victimhood"; that many Liverpudlians had a "deeply unattractive psyche"; and that they refused to accept responsibility for "drunken fans at the back of the crowd who mindlessly tried to fight their way into the ground" during the Hillsborough disaster, a contention at odds with the findings of the Taylor Report. The editorial closed with: "In our maturity as a civilisation, we should accept that we can cut out the cancer of ignorant sentimentality without diminishing, as in this case, our utter disgust at a foul and barbaric act of murder."
Although Johnson had not written the piece (journalist Simon Heffer later said he "had a hand" in it), he accepted responsibility for its publication.[117] The Conservative leader at the time, Michael Howard (a supporter of Liverpool FC), condemned the editorial, saying "I think what was said in The Spectator was nonsense from beginning to end", and sent Johnson on a tour of contrition to the city.[118] There, in numerous interviews and public appearances, Johnson defended the editorial's thesis (that the deaths of figures such as Bigley and Diana, Princess of Wales, were over-sentimentalised); but he apologised for the article's wording and for using Liverpool and Bigley's death as examples, saying "I think the article was too trenchantly expressed but we were trying to make a point about sentimentality". Michael Howard resisted calls to dismiss Johnson over the Bigley affair, but dismissed him the next month over the Wyatt revelations.
Petronella Wyatt affair[link]
In 2004, British newspapers reported that Boris Johnson had had a four-year affair with Petronella Wyatt.[119] The affair, which had been well hinted at in UK newspaper gossip columns, included passionate London taxi cab rides around St John's Wood during which they would ask the cab driver to insert cassette tapes of Wyatt singing Puccini.[120] Although Johnson had promised to leave his wife,[121] after a break-up, they had rekindled their relationship during which Wyatt had become pregnant and then had an abortion; resulting in her mother discovering the affair and reporting it to the press.[119] Johnson was sacked from his shadow cabinet post by Michael Howard, not because of the affair but because he had lied about it.[119]
Papua New Guinea[link]
In a 2006 column, Johnson likened Conservative leadership disputes to "Papua New Guinea-style orgies of cannibalism and chief-killing" and was criticised in Papua New Guinea. The nation's High Commissioner invited him to visit the country and see for himself, while remarking that his comments might mean he was refused a visa.[122] Johnson suggested he would add Papua New Guinea to his global apology itinerary, and said he was sure the people there "lived lives of blameless bourgeois domesticity in common with the rest of us". In his defence, he stated "My remarks were inspired by a Time Life book I have which does indeed show relatively recent photos of Papua New Guinean tribes engaged in warfare, and I'm fairly certain that cannibalism was involved."[123]
Portsmouth[link]
In April 2007 Johnson was called upon to resign by the MPs for the city of Portsmouth after claiming in a column for GQ that the city was "one of the most depressed towns in Southern England, a place that is arguably too full of drugs, obesity, underachievement and Labour MPs".[124]
Allegations of racism[link]
 |
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Two days after Boris Johnson's candidacy for Mayor of London took a six point poll lead over Ken Livingstone in a YouGov survey published by the Daily Telegraph,[125] Doreen Lawrence, mother of murdered teenager Stephen Lawrence, said that he would 'destroy London's unity', adding that 'once people read his views, there is no way he is going to get the support of any people in the black community'. She was referring especially to the occasion on which Johnson, as a journalist in 1999, accused the Macpherson Inquiry, which reported on police racism following the Lawrence murder, of 'hysteria', adding that the "recommendation that the law might be changed so as to allow prosecution for racist language or behaviour 'other than in a public place'" was akin to "Ceausescu's Romania".[126]
The Conservative London Assembly candidate for Bexley and Bromley and former Conservative candidate for mayor of Lewisham, James Cleverly, another black Londoner, rejected Lawrence's criticisms.
In a piece in the Evening Standard on 6 August 2007, the journalist Andrew Gilligan responded to the allegations saying how 'outrageous – indeed Orwellian – it is to attack a man as a destroyer of racial harmony, one of the most serious charges you can lay, simply on the basis that he refuses to sign up for every dot and comma of a report of which she approves. While condemning the "grotesque failures" in the Lawrence case which "may well have originated in racism," Boris was far from the only person to oppose that particular Macpherson recommendation. Labour MPs opposed it, too. So did the Government, clearly, because they didn’t implement it.'
These remarks were followed by criticism from two black Labour London MPs, Diane Abbott and Dawn Butler, who criticised a column written by Johnson in 2002, saying he had used "most offensive language of the colonial past", showing "that the Tory party is riddled with racial prejudice".[127] In the article in question, written to satirise the Prime Minister's visit to Congo,[128] Johnson mocked "Supertone" (Tony Blair) for his brief visits to world trouble spots, bringing peace to the world while the UK deteriorated; Blair would arrive as "the tribal warriors will all break out in watermelon smiles to see the big white chief", just as "it is said the Queen has come to love the Commonwealth, partly because it supplies her with regular cheering crowds of flag-waving piccaninnies". Although these remarks were intended as a satirical dig at the patronising attitude of Blair and the Queen towards foreigners, the choice of language left Johnson exposed to allegations of racism.[citation needed]
Johnson's campaign team rejected suggestions that their candidate might be prejudiced, insisting that he "loathes racism in all its forms". However, journalist Rod Liddle said that Johnson has used the word "piccaninnies" on another occasion to refer to black Africans.[129] Greater London analyst and director of the Greater London Group at the London School of Economics, Dr. Tony Travers, has written that "There is no way to dress up expressions such as "piccaninnies'" and "watermelon smiles" to take them within a million miles of acceptable."[130]
At an Evening Standard debate on 21 January 2008, Johnson apologised for these remarks, while insisting that, as parodies of the attitudes of others, they were taken out of context:
I do feel very sad that people have been so offended by these words and I'm sorry that I've caused this offence. But if you look at the article as written they really do not bear the construction that you're putting on them. I feel very strongly that this is something which is simply not in my heart. I'm absolutely 100 per cent anti-racist, I despise and loathe racism"[131]
In an interview with Jemima Khan, Johnson claimed the London Irish Awards Dinner was
"£20,000 on a dinner at the Dorchester for Sinn Féin" [132]
Damian Green arrest[link]
Boris Johnson was informed in advance of the arrest of Conservative MP Damian Green and told acting Metropolitan Police Commissioner Paul Stephenson that he did not regard the arrest as 'common sense policing'.[133] A spokesman for Johnson says he told Stephenson he would need to see "convincing evidence that this action was necessary and proportionate," and that it would be better for police to spend their time preventing gun and knife crimes.[134] As chair of the Metropolitan Police Authority Johnson's position means he is not permitted to be involved in operational matters. Additionally Johnson is prohibited by Section 3, Paragraph 2(d) of the London Assembly Code of Conduct from doing anything that compromises the impartiality of a police officer. Andy Hayman, former Metropolitan Police assistant commissioner, commented that Johnson "was informed of the Green arrest in his position as chairman of the police authority but chose to react in the role of prominent Tory politician" and called Johnson's actions "political interference in operational policing."[135]
A formal complaint against Johnson was filed on 6 December by Len Duvall, alleging that Johnson "is guilty of four 'clear and serious' code of conduct breaches by speaking to Green, an arrested suspect in an ongoing criminal investigation, and publicly prejudging the outcome of the police inquiry following a private briefing by senior officers" and that Johnson has brought the office of Mayor "into disrepute".[136] Johnson admitted to telephoning Green after he had been bailed, an action which Duvall, a former Metropolitan Police Authority chairman, described as "absolutely astonishing and inappropriate," while Stephenson said it would be "entirely inappropriate" to prejudge an inquiry. Johnson had stated that he "had a 'hunch'" that Green would not be charged.[137] The formal complaint gave investigators ten days to decide whether to submit Johnson to formal inquiry by the Standards Board for England, where a guilty verdict could have seen him suspended or removed as Mayor of London, or banned from public office for up to five years.[136]
On 7 January 2009, several sources reported that the Greater London Authority and the Metropolitan Police Authority had decided to pursue a formal investigation of Johnson in-house.[138][139][140] The GLA can impose a maximum penalty of three months suspension from office if it finds Johnson guilty.[138]
The GLA announced that Johnson had been found not guilty on all counts on 24 February 2009.[141] However, despite clearing Johnson of any charges, investigator Jonathan Goolden said Johnson had been "extraordinary and unwise" in his actions and should be more careful in the future.[142]
On 16 April 2009, the Crown Prosecution Service announced that it was not going to bring a case against either Damian Green or Galley, the Home Office civil servant who passed data to Mr Green, as there was "insufficient evidence" for either to face charges. This followed the Commons Home Affairs Select Committee criticising Home Office civil servants for prompting the investigation by using "exaggerated" claims about the implications for national security that the leaks held.
Walkout over snow inquiry[link]
On 2 April 2009, Boris Johnson walked out of a House of Commons inquiry midway through giving an answer. He was asked by the Transport Select Committee if he had enquired as to whether there might be problems in the capital due to heavy snowfall. He refused to answer, stood up and left the room. The Greater London Authority transport committee chair Val Shawcross has said that he was not proactive and "entirely out of things".[143] When he moved to leave, the Chair accepted that Johnson had already used the 40 minutes of time he agreed to give the inquiry. Johnson resumed his seat to answer further questions, revealing that he had spoken to Peter (Hendy, head of Transport for London) before 7 am on the morning of the heavy snowfall. He also told the inquiry there had been a "staggering quantity of snow" and that his further intervention "would not have made the slightest difference to the difficulties we encountered".[144]
"Chicken feed" remark[link]
In a July 2009 interview with Stephen Sackur on the BBC programme HARDtalk, Johnson referred to the £250,000 per annum income he receives from his side job as a columnist for The Daily Telegraph as "chicken feed," suggesting that he wrote the columns "as a way of relaxation ... on a Sunday morning," and that he wrote "very fast" so the columns did not take time away from his duties as Mayor.[145] These comments were widely criticised due to the fact that the UK was at the time in economic recession and £250,000 is roughly 10 times the current average yearly wage for a worker in the UK.[146]
Responding to these comments, and in reaction to an upcoming restructuring exercise in which more than 100 jobs are expected to be eliminated at City Hall, the trade union UNISON, which represents 350 GLA staff, staged a protest featuring a "penned-up chicken man" being pelted with chicken feed by a Johnson lookalike in a pig mask.[147]
Veronica Wadley[link]
In October 2009, it was alleged that Johnson had selected former Evening Standard editor Veronica Wadley as head of the Arts Council For London because of her support for him during his 2008 mayoral campaign.[148] Wadley was described by Liz Forgan, head of the Arts Council, as being "manifestly less qualified than three of her competitors," adding that she had "almost no arts credibility" and that she had been rejected in the first round of interviews by both Forgan and David Durie, being favoured only by Johnson's Cultural Advisor Munira Mirza. Johnson wrote to Culture Secretary Ben Bradshaw that he felt Wadley's "fundraising skills and views on music education made her the obvious candidate."[149]
Helen Macintyre[link]
Boris Johnson committed a "minor technical breach of the code of conduct" in failing "to formally disclose his relationship with unpaid City Hall adviser Helen Macintyre",[150] The Guardian reported the standards panel of the Greater London Authority as having found on 15 December 2010. This followed tabloid speculation over the nature of Macyntire's relationship with Johnson,[151] after which London Assembly member John Biggs asked, “While I welcome your decision not to comment on your private life, I would ask you, in the public interest, to outline the process by which Ms Macintyre came to work for the office of the mayor.”[152] The mayor's office insisted that Macyntire's appointment was part of a "thorough, transparent process",[153] and the standards panel deemed it an "oversight" not so serious as to require censure.[150]
St Patrick's day celebrations[link]
In an interview to the New Statesman in February 2012 he criticised London's St Patrick's Day gala dinner celebrations. Linking them to Sinn Féin, he branded the event as 'Lefty crap'[154] He subsequently apologised for the remarks.[155]
Charitable activity[link]
Johnson is a supporter of many causes, particularly the teaching of Classics in inner city schools, and is a patron of The Iris Project. He has promised to donate £25,000 of his income from his Daily Telegraph column to such activities.[156]
He has also listed his activities in the Register of Interest at City Hall as:
- King’s Head Theatre in Education, Islington, (Patron);
- Downside Up, British-Russian Charity in support of children with Downs Syndrome, (Patron);
- Henley & District Agricultural Assn., (Member);
- Henley 100 Club, (Member).
Johnson has also supported Book Aid International amongst other charities.
In 2006, he took part in a charity football match between England and Germany, consisting of celebrities and former players. He came on as a substitute for England in the 85th minute and infamously rugby tackled former German international Maurizio Gaudino, in a vain attempt to win the ball with his head.[157]
[edit] Ancestry[158][159]
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References[link]
- ^ a b c d e Gimson, Andrew (2006 [2007]). Boris: The Rise of Boris Johnson. Pocket Books [Simon & Schuster]. pp. 11–12, 26–27, 71, 118, 119, 254. ISBN 0-7432-7584-5.
- ^ "Ed Miliband : same school ; different road". http://www.boris-johnson.com/2010/09/27/ed-miliband-same-school-different-road/. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
- ^ "Boris Johnson to get 'superpowers' if Tories win election". London Evening Standard. 30 April 2010. http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23829630-more-power-to-boris-if-tories-win-election.do. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
- ^ Gimson, Andrew (19 June 2008). "Vote Boris Johnson for Prime Minister?". London: The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/conservative/2154182/Vote-Boris-Johnson-for-Prime-Minister.html. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
- ^ "London mayor: Boris Johnson wins second term by tight margin5 May 2012 Last updated at 01:35". BBC News. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-17946742. Retrieved 2012-05-05.
- ^ Boris Johnson, by his mother Charlotte Johnson Wahl Telegraph, 18 May 2008
- ^ Sholto Byrnes (27 March 2008). "Who is Boris Johnson?". New Statesman. http://www.newstatesman.com/200803270025. Retrieved 28 April 2008.
- ^ "Human Rights in the Private Sphere", Andrew Clapham, OUP, 1993, p. 186.
- ^ PricewaterhouseCoopers Media Centre
- ^ "So you think you know who you are Boris Johnson". Daily Mail. 12 June 2010. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/So+you+think+you+know+who+you+are+Boris+Johnson-a0228704016. Retrieved 27 September 2010. [dead link]
- ^ Norman Stone "My dream for Turkey, by Boris’s great-grandfather", The Spectator, 23 April 2008.
- ^ Will Woodward, chief political correspondent (17 July 2007). "Phooey! One-man melting pot ready to take on King Newt". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2007/jul/17/localgovernment.london. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
- ^ Warner, Gerald (23 April 2010). "Revealed: how David Cameron and Boris Johnson are related (and Nick Clegg's Mata Hari connection)". The Telegraph (London). http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/geraldwarner/100036235/revealed-how-david-cameron-and-boris-johnson-are-related-and-nick-cleggs-mata-hari-connection/.
- ^ "About Boris". Boris Johnson. http://www.boris-johnson.com/about/. Retrieved 8 May 2008.
- ^ April 2004.53.0&s=space+speaker%3A10281 "Westminster Hall debates". Theyworkforyou.com. 20 April 2004. http://www.theyworkforyou.com/whall/?id=20 April 2004.53.0&s=space+speaker%3A10281. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
- ^ Henry Deedes "Pandora column: A youthful flirtation comes back to haunt Boris", The Independent, 9 August 2006. Retrieved on 29 April 2008.
- ^ "Cameron's cronies in the Bullingdon class of '87". Daily Mail (London). 13 February 2007. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=435875&in_page_id=1766&ito=1490. Retrieved 13 May 2008.
- ^ Jamie Doward (29 August 2004). "No dumb blond". The Observer (London). http://observer.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,6903,1293085,00.html. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
- ^ "Boris celebrates Vaisakhi in Southall". BackBoris.com. 6 April 2008. http://www.backboris.com/news/april/Boris_celebrates_Vaisakhi_in_Southall.php. Retrieved 3 May 2008. [dead link]
- ^ Wheeler, Brian (4 May 2008). "The Boris Johnson story". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7376621.stm. Retrieved 13 May 2008.
- ^ Bates, Stephen (14 May 2008). "People". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/2008/may/14/5.
- ^ BBC Article: Boris Johnson's media scrapes from 17 July 2007
- ^ "Seventy-two virgins". OLIS web OPAC. http://library.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/record_display_link.pl?id=15738196. Retrieved 29 February 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Boris stops British book". theBookseller.com. http://www.thebookseller.com/news/51608-boris-stops-british-book.html. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
- ^ Stephen Brook, press correspondent (15 May 2008). "Boris to return to Telegraph column". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/may/15/dailytelegraph.pressandpublishing. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
- ^ "The Conservative Party has decided to sell the lease on its London HQ.", BBC News, 11 November 2003. Retrieved on 15 April 2008.
- ^ Independent article from 14 November 2004 on Johnson's sacking.[dead link]
- ^ "News of the World video clip of Boris Johnson". News of the World. http://astream.com/links/notw/kingsrd/kingsrd_300.asx. [dead link]
- ^ Webster, Philip (3 April 2006). "Johnson 'will keep his job'". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,17129-2116019,00.html. Retrieved 17 September 2006.
- ^ a b guardian.co.uk Damp greeting from students for Boris Johnson, 27 January 2006
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- ^ Boris Johnson under fire over appointment of alleged lover | News
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- ^ "Boris Johnson calls London St Patrick's day event lefty Sinn Fein crap." Belfast Telegraph
- ^ "Johnson apologises to London Irish for St.Patrick's Day slur" Irish Times
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- ^ Fenton, Ben (5 April 2006). "Great tackle, Boris – but it's football, not rugby". Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1517340/Great-tackle-Boris-but-its-football-not-rugby.html.
- ^ Apart from 6, 12 and 13, taken from the articles on persons in the Ancestral Chart and from the article on Prince Paul of Württemberg
- ^ Ancestry: 10 amended; 19, 20, 21 (initials), 24, 25 and 28–31 taken from The Heirs of Europe
- ^ a b c "Treachery, a lynch mob murder, a beautiful slave girl and the fascinating history of Boris's hair". Daily Mail (London). 19 May 2008. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-566976/Treachery-lynch-mob-murder-beautiful-slave-girl-fascinating-history-Boriss-hair.html.
- ^ Sir James Fawcett: www.geni.com
- ^ Fawcett, J. E. S. (James Edmund Sandford) 1913–1991: WorldCat" identities
Bibliography[link]
- Johnson's Column (Continuum International – Academi) ISBN 0-8264-6855-1
- Friends, Voters, Countrymen (HarperCollins, 2001) ISBN 0-00-711913-5
- Lend Me Your Ears (HarperCollins, 2003) ISBN 0-00-717224-9
- Seventy-Two Virgins (HarperCollins, 2004) ISBN 0-00-719590-7
- Aspire Ever Higher / University Policy for the 21st century (Politeia, 2006)
- The Dream of Rome (HarperCollins, 2006) ISBN 0-00-722441-9
- Have I Got Views For You (HarperPerennial, 2006) ISBN 0-00-724220-4
- Life in the Fast Lane: The Johnson Guide to Cars (HarperPerennial, 2007) ISBN 0-00-726020-2
- The Perils of the Pushy Parents: A Cautionary Tale (HarperPress 2007) ISBN 0-00-726339-2
- Johnson's Life of London (HarperPress 2011) ISBN 0-00-741893-0
Further reading[link]
- Andrew Gimson Boris: The Rise of Boris Johnson (Simon & Schuster, 2006) ISBN 0-7432-7584-5
- Iain Dale The Little Book of Boris (Harriman House Ltd., 2007) ISBN 978-1-905641-64-2
- Giles Edwards Boris v. Ken: How Boris Johnson won London (Politico's Publishing Ltd., 2008) ISBN 978-1-84275-225-8
- Sonia Purnell Just Boris: Boris Johnson: The Irresistible Rise of a Political Celebrity (Aurum Press Ltd, 2011) ISBN 1-84513-665-9 ISBN 978-1845136659
- A. Vasudevan The thinking man's idiot. The Wit and Wisdom of Boris Johnson (New Holland Publishers (UK) Ltd., 2008) ISBN 978-1-84773-359-7
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Boris Johnson |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Boris Johnson |
- Mayor of London official London government website, includes biography
- Contributions in Parliament at Hansard 1803–2005
- Electoral history and profile at The Guardian
- Voting record at PublicWhip.org
- Record in Parliament at TheyWorkForYou.com
- Articles authored at Journalisted
- Boris Johnson column archives at The Telegraph
- Who do you think you are? Boris Johnson, BBC
- Portraits of Boris Johnson at the National Portrait Gallery, London
- News articles
- The Boris Johnson story, Brian Wheeler, BBC News, 4 May 2008
- Boris Johnson address about the economic downturn at the Movers & Shakers Property Breakfast, Gleeds TV, March 2009 (video)
- Students interview Boris Johnson at the Beyond Sport conference, Radiowaves, 9 July 2009
- The NS Interview: Boris Johnson, Jon Bernstein, The New Statesman, 26 February 2010
- 200 Achievements of Boris Johnson as Mayor of London, ConservativeHome, 2nd October 2010
- The Boris dilemma, James Macintyre, Prospect magazine, 21 September 2011
| Media offices | ||
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| Preceded by Frank Johnson |
Editor of The Spectator 1999–2005 |
Succeeded by Matthew d'Ancona |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | ||
| Preceded by Michael Heseltine |
Member of Parliament for Henley 2001 – 2008 |
Succeeded by John Howell |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Ken Livingstone |
Mayor of London 2008 – present |
Incumbent |
| Preceded by Len Duvall |
Chair of the Metropolitan Police Authority 2008–2012 |
Succeeded by Office disbanded 16 January 2012 |
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| Persondata | |
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| Name | Johnson, Boris |
| Alternative names | Johnson, Alexander Boris de Pfeffel (Birth) |
| Short description | British Politician and Mayor of London |
| Date of birth | 19 June 1964 |
| Place of birth | New York City, New York, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is about the British Prime Minister. For other uses, see David Cameron (disambiguation).
| The Right Honourable David Cameron MP |
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| Prime Minister of the United Kingdom | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 11 May 2010 |
|
| Monarch | Elizabeth II |
| Deputy | Nick Clegg |
| Preceded by | Gordon Brown |
| Leader of the Opposition | |
| In office 6 December 2005 – 11 May 2010 |
|
| Monarch | Elizabeth II |
| Prime Minister | Tony Blair Gordon Brown |
| Preceded by | Michael Howard |
| Succeeded by | Harriet Harman |
| Leader of the Conservative Party | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 6 December 2005 |
|
| Preceded by | Michael Howard |
| Shadow Secretary of State for Education and Skills | |
| In office 6 May 2005 – 6 December 2005 |
|
| Leader | Michael Howard |
| Preceded by | Tim Yeo |
| Succeeded by | David Willetts |
| Member of Parliament for Witney |
|
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 7 June 2001 |
|
| Preceded by | Shaun Woodward |
| Majority | 22,740 (39.4%) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | David William Donald Cameron (1966-10-09) 9 October 1966 (age 45) London, England |
| Political party | Conservative |
| Spouse(s) | Samantha Sheffield (1996–present) |
| Children | Ivan Reginald Ian (Deceased) Nancy Gwen Arthur Elwen Florence Rose Endellion |
| Residence | 10 Downing Street |
| Alma mater | Brasenose College, Oxford |
| Religion | Church of England (Anglican) |
| Website | Party website |
David William Donald Cameron (pronunciation: /ˈkæmərən/; born 9 October 1966) is the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, First Lord of the Treasury, Minister for the Civil Service and Leader of the Conservative Party. He represents Witney as its Member of Parliament (MP).[1]
Cameron studied Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE) at Oxford, gaining a first class honours degree. He then joined the Conservative Research Department and became Special Adviser to Norman Lamont, and then to Michael Howard. He was Director of Corporate Affairs at Carlton Communications for seven years.
He was defeated in his first candidacy for Parliament at Stafford in 1997, but was elected in 2001 as the Member of Parliament for the Oxfordshire constituency of Witney. He was promoted to the Opposition front bench two years later, and rose rapidly to become head of policy co-ordination during the 2005 general election campaign. With a public image of a youthful, moderate candidate who would appeal to young voters, he won the Conservative leadership election in 2005.[2]
In the 2010 general election held on 6 May, the Conservatives won 307 seats in a hung parliament. After five days of intense negotiations, Cameron formed a coalition with the Liberal Democrats. The 43-year-old Cameron became the youngest British Prime Minister since the Earl of Liverpool 198 years earlier.[3] Cameron leads the first coalition government of the United Kingdom since the Second World War.
Contents |
Family[link]
See also: Family of David Cameron and Samantha Cameron
David Cameron is the younger son of stockbroker Ian Donald Cameron (12 October 1932 – 8 September 2010)[4] and his wife Mary Fleur (née Mount, born 1934,[5] a retired Justice of the Peace, daughter of Sir William Mount, 2nd Baronet).[6] His father, Ian, was born with both legs deformed and underwent repeated operations to correct them. Cameron's parents were married on 20 October 1962.[5] He was born in London, and brought up in Peasemore, Berkshire.[7] Cameron has a brother, Allan Alexander (born 1963, a barrister and QC)[8] and two sisters, Tania Rachel (born 1965) and Clare Louise (born 1971).[5][9] His father was born at Blairmore House, a country house near Huntly, Aberdeenshire, and died near Toulon in France on 8 September 2010.[10] Blairmore was built by his great-great-grandfather, Alexander Geddes,[11] who had made a fortune in the grain trade in Chicago, and returned to Scotland in the 1880s.[12]
Through his paternal grandmother, Enid Agnes Maud Levita, Cameron is a direct descendant of King William IV by his mistress Dorothea Jordan. This illegitimate line consists of five generations of women starting with Elizabeth Hay, Countess of Erroll, née FitzClarence, William and Jordan's sixth child,[13] through to Cameron's grandmother (thereby making Cameron a 5th cousin of Queen Elizabeth II).[14] Cameron's paternal forebears also have a long history in finance. His father Ian was senior partner of the stockbrokers Panmure Gordon, in which firm partnerships had long been held by Cameron's ancestors, including David's grandfather and great-grandfather,[9] and was a Director of estate agent John D. Wood. David Cameron's great-great grandfather Emile Levita, a German-Jewish financier (and descendant of Renaissance scholar Elia Levita) who obtained British citizenship in 1871, was the director of the Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China which became Standard Chartered Bank in 1969.[14] His wife, Cameron's great-great grandmother, was a descendant of the wealthy Danish Jewish Rée family on her father's side.[15][16] One of Emile's sons, Arthur Francis Levita (died 1910, brother of Sir Cecil Levita),[17] of Panmure Gordon stockbrokers, together with great-great-grandfather Sir Ewen Cameron,[18] London head of the Hongkong and Shanghai Bank, played key roles in arranging loans supplied by the Rothschilds to the Japanese Central Banker (later Prime Minister) Takahashi Korekiyo for the financing of the Japanese Government in the Russo-Japanese war.[19]
Cameron's maternal grandfather was Sir William Mount, 2nd Baronet, an Army officer and the High Sheriff of Berkshire, and Cameron's maternal great-grandfather was Sir William Mount, 1st Baronet, CBE, Conservative MP for Newbury 1918–1922. Cameron's great-great grandmother was Lady Ida Matilda Alice Feilding. His great-great-great grandfather was William Feilding, 7th Earl of Denbigh, GCH, PC, a courtier and Gentleman of the Bedchamber.[20] His mother's cousin, Sir Ferdinand Mount, was head of 10 Downing Street's Policy Unit in the early 1980s. Cameron is the nephew of Sir William Dugdale, brother-in-law of Katherine, Lady Dugdale (died 2004) Lady-in-Waiting to HM The Queen since 1955,[21][22] and former Chairman of Aston Villa Football Club. Birmingham born documentary film-maker Joshua Dugdale is his cousin.[23]
Education[link]
From the age of seven, Cameron was educated at two independent schools: at Heatherdown Preparatory School at Winkfield, in Berkshire, which counts Prince Andrew and Prince Edward among its alumni. Due to good academic grades, Cameron entered its top academic class almost two years early.[24] At the age of thirteen, he went to Eton College in Berkshire, following his father and elder brother.[25] Eton is often described as the most famous independent school in the world,[26] and "the chief nurse of England's statesmen".[27] His early interest was in art. Cameron was in trouble as a teenager, six weeks before taking his O-Levels, when he was named as having smoked cannabis.[2] He admitted the offence and had not been involved in selling drugs, so he was not expelled, but was fined, prevented from leaving school grounds, and given a "Georgic" (a punishment which involved copying 500 lines of Latin text).[28]
Cameron passed 12 O-levels, and then studied three A-Levels in History of Art, History and Economics with Politics. He obtained three 'A' grades and a '1' grade in the Scholarship Level exam in Economics and Politics.[29] The following autumn he passed the entrance exam for Oxford University, where he was offered an exhibition.[30]
After leaving Eton in 1984,[31] Cameron started a nine month gap year. He worked as a researcher for Tim Rathbone, Conservative MP for Lewes and his godfather. In his three months he attended debates in the House of Commons.[32] Through his father, he was then employed for a further three months in Hong Kong by Jardine Matheson as a 'ship jumper', an administrative post.[33]
Returning from Hong Kong he visited the then Soviet Union, where he was approached by two Russian men speaking fluent English. Cameron was later told by one of his professors that it was 'definitely an attempt' by the KGB to recruit him.[34]
Cameron then began his Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics (PPE) at Brasenose College, Oxford.[35] His tutor, Professor Vernon Bogdanor, described him as "one of the ablest"[36] students he has taught, with "moderate and sensible Conservative" political views.[9] Guy Spier, who shared tutorials with him, remembers him as an outstanding student; "We were doing our best to grasp basic economic concepts. David - there was nobody else who came even close. He would be integrating them with the way the British political system is put together. He could have lectured me on it, and I would have sat there and taken notes.."[37] When commenting in 2006 on his former pupil's ideas about a "Bill of Rights" to replace the Human Rights Act, however, Professor Bogdanor, himself a Liberal Democrat, said, "I think he is very confused. I've read his speech and it's filled with contradictions. There are one or two good things in it but one glimpses them, as it were, through a mist of misunderstanding".[38]
While at Oxford, Cameron was a member of the elite student dining society the Bullingdon Club, which has a reputation for an outlandish drinking culture associated with boisterous behaviour and damaging property.[39] A photograph showing Cameron in a tailcoat with other members of the club, including Boris Johnson, surfaced in 2007, but was later withdrawn by the copyright holder.[40] Cameron's period in the Bullingdon Club is examined in the Channel 4 docu-drama When Boris Met Dave broadcast on 7 October 2009.[41] Cameron graduated in 1988 with a first class honours degree.[42]
Early political career[link]
Conservative Research Department[link]
After graduation, Cameron worked for the Conservative Research Department between September 1988[43] and 1993. A feature on Cameron in The Mail on Sunday on 18 March 2007 reported that on the day he was due to attend a job interview at Conservative Central Office, a phone call was received from Buckingham Palace. The male caller stated, "I understand you are to see David Cameron. I've tried everything I can to dissuade him from wasting his time on politics but I have failed. I am ringing to tell you that you are about to meet a truly remarkable young man."[44]
In 1991, Cameron was seconded to Downing Street to work on briefing John Major for his then bi-weekly session of Prime Minister's Questions. One newspaper gave Cameron the credit for "sharper [...] despatch box performances" by Major,[45] which included highlighting for Major "a dreadful piece of doublespeak" by Tony Blair (then the Labour Employment spokesman) over the effect of a national minimum wage.[46] He became head of the political section of the Conservative Research Department, and in August 1991 was tipped to follow Judith Chaplin as Political Secretary to the Prime Minister.[47]
However, Cameron lost to Jonathan Hill, who was appointed in March 1992. He was given the responsibility for briefing Major for his press conferences during the 1992 general election.[48] During the campaign, Cameron was one of the young "brat pack" of party strategists who worked between 12 and 20 hours a day, sleeping in the house of Alan Duncan in Gayfere Street, Westminster, which had been Major's campaign headquarters during his bid for the Conservative leadership.[49] Cameron headed the economic section; it was while working on this campaign that Cameron first worked closely with Steve Hilton, who was later to become Director of Strategy during his party leadership.[50] The strain of getting up at 4:45 am every day was reported to have led Cameron to decide to leave politics in favour of journalism.[51]
Special Adviser[link]
The Conservatives' unexpected success in the 1992 election led Cameron to hit back at older party members who had criticised him and his colleagues, saying "whatever people say about us, we got the campaign right," and that they had listened to their campaign workers on the ground rather than the newspapers. He revealed he had led other members of the team across Smith Square to jeer at Transport House, the former Labour headquarters.[52] Cameron was rewarded with a promotion to Special Adviser to the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Norman Lamont.[53]
Cameron was working for Lamont at the time of Black Wednesday, when pressure from currency speculators forced the Pound sterling out of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism. At the 1992 Conservative Party conference, Cameron had difficulty trying to arrange to brief the speakers in the economic debate, having to resort to putting messages on the internal television system imploring the mover of the motion, Patricia Morris, to contact him.[54] Later that month Cameron joined a delegation of Special Advisers who visited Germany to build better relations with the Christian Democratic Union; he was reported to be "still smarting" over the Bundesbank's contribution to the economic crisis.[55]
Lamont fell out with John Major after Black Wednesday and became highly unpopular with the public. Taxes needed to be raised in the 1993 Budget, and Cameron fed the options Lamont was considering through to Conservative Central Office for their political acceptability to be assessed.[56] However, Lamont's unpopularity did not necessarily affect Cameron: he was considered as a potential "kamikaze" candidate for the Newbury By-election, which includes the area where he grew up.[57] However, Cameron decided not to stand.
During the by-election, Lamont gave the response "Je ne regrette rien" to a question about whether he most regretted claiming to see "the green shoots of recovery" or admitted "singing in his bath" with happiness at leaving the ERM. Cameron was identified by one journalist as having inspired this gaffe; it was speculated that the heavy Conservative defeat in Newbury may have cost Cameron his chance of becoming Chancellor himself, even though as he was not a Member of Parliament he could not have been.[58] Lamont was sacked at the end of May 1993, and decided not to write the usual letter of resignation; Cameron was given the responsibility to issue to the press a statement of self-justification.[59]
Home Office[link]
After Lamont was sacked, Cameron remained at the Treasury for less than a month before being specifically recruited by Home Secretary Michael Howard; it was commented that he was still "very much in favour".[60] It was later reported that many at the Treasury would have preferred Cameron to carry on.[61] At the beginning of September 1993, Cameron applied to go on Conservative Central Office's list of Prospective Parliamentary Candidates.[62]
According to Derek Lewis, then Director-General of Her Majesty's Prison Service, Cameron showed him a "his and hers list" of proposals made by Howard and his wife, Sandra. Lewis said that Sandra Howard's list included reducing the quality of prison food, although Sandra Howard denied this claim. Lewis reported that Cameron was "uncomfortable" about the list.[63] In defending Sandra Howard and insisting that she made no such proposal, the journalist Bruce Anderson wrote that Cameron had proposed a much shorter definition on prison catering which revolved around the phrase "balanced diet", and that Lewis had written thanking Cameron for a valuable contribution.[64]
During his work for Howard, Cameron often briefed the media. In March 1994, someone leaked to the Press that the Labour Party had called for a meeting with John Major to discuss a consensus on the Prevention of Terrorism Act. After an enquiry failed to find the source of the leak, Labour MP Peter Mandelson demanded assurance from Howard that Cameron had not been responsible, which Howard gave.[65][66] A senior Home Office Civil Servant noted the influence of Howard's Special Advisers saying previous incumbents "would listen to the evidence before making a decision. Howard just talks to young public school gentlemen from the party headquarters."[67]
Carlton[link]
In July 1994, Cameron left his role as Special Adviser to work as the Director of Corporate Affairs at Carlton Communications.[68] Carlton, which had won the ITV franchise for London weekdays in 1991, was a growing media company which also had film distribution and video producing arms. In 1997 Cameron played up the Company's prospects for digital terrestrial television, for which it joined with Granada television and BSkyB to form British Digital Broadcasting.[69] In a roundtable discussion on the future of broadcasting in 1998 he criticised the effect of overlapping different regulators on the industry.[70]
Carlton's consortium did win the digital terrestrial franchise but the resulting company suffered difficulties in attracting subscribers. In 1999 the Express on Sunday newspaper claimed Cameron had rubbished one of its stories which had given an accurate number of subscribers, because he wanted the number to appear higher than expected.[71] Cameron resigned as Director of Corporate Affairs in February 2001 in order to fight for election to Parliament, although he remained on the payroll as a consultant.[72]
Parliamentary candidacy[link]
Having been approved for the Candidates' list, Cameron began looking for a seat. He was reported to have missed out on selection for Ashford in December 1994 after failing to get to the selection meeting as a result of train delays.[73] Early in 1996, he was selected for Stafford, a new constituency created by boundary changes, which was projected to have a Conservative majority.[74] At the 1996 Conservative Party Conference he called for tax cuts in the forthcoming Budget to be targeted at the low paid and to "small businesses where people took money out of their own pockets to put into companies to keep them going".[75] He also said the Party, "Should be proud of the Tory tax record but that people needed reminding of its achievements ... It's time to return to our tax cutting agenda. The socialist Prime Ministers of Europe have endorsed Tony Blair because they want a federal pussy cat and not a British lion."[76]
When writing his election address, Cameron made his own opposition to British membership of the single European currency clear, pledging not to support it. This was a break with official Conservative policy but about 200 other candidates were making similar declarations.[77] Otherwise, Cameron kept very closely to the national party line. He also campaigned using the claim that a Labour Government would increase the cost of a pint of beer by 24p; however the Labour candidate David Kidney portrayed Cameron as "a right-wing Tory". Stafford had a swing almost the same as the national swing, which made it one of the many seats to fall to Labour: David Kidney had a majority of 4,314.[78][79]
In the round of selection contests taking place in the run-up to the 2001 general election, Cameron again attempted to be selected for a winnable seat. He tried out for the Kensington and Chelsea seat after the death of Alan Clark,[80] but did not make the shortlist.
He was in the final two but narrowly lost at Wealden in March 2000,[81] a loss ascribed by Samantha Cameron to his lack of spontaneity when speaking.[82]
On 4 April 2000 Cameron was selected as prospective candidate (PPC) for Witney in Oxfordshire. This had been a safe Conservative seat but its sitting MP Shaun Woodward (who had worked with Cameron on the 1992 election campaign) had "crossed the floor" to join the Labour Party; newspapers claimed Cameron and Woodward had "loathed each other",[83] although Cameron's biographers Francis Elliott and James Hanning describe them as being "on fairly friendly terms".[84] Cameron put a great deal of effort into "nursing" his potential constituency, turning up at social functions, and attacking Woodward for changing his mind on fox hunting to support a ban.[85]
During the election campaign, Cameron accepted the offer of writing a regular column for The Guardian's online section.[86] He won the seat with a 1.9% swing to the Conservatives and a majority of 7,973.[87][88]
Member of Parliament[link]
Upon his election to Parliament, he served as a member of the Commons Home Affairs Select Committee, a prominent appointment for a newly elected MP. Cameron's proposed that the Committee launch an inquiry into the law on drugs,[89] and urged the consideration of "radical options".[90] The report recommended a downgrading of Ecstasy from Class A to Class B, as well as moves towards a policy of 'harm reduction', which Cameron defended.[91]
Cameron determinedly attempted to increase his public profile, offering quotations on matters of public controversy. He opposed the payment of compensation to Gurbux Singh, who had resigned as head of the Commission for Racial Equality after a confrontation with the police;[92] and commented that the Home Affairs Select Committee had taken a long time to discuss whether the phrase "black market" should be used.[93] However, he was passed over for a front bench promotion in July 2002; Conservative leader Iain Duncan Smith did invite Cameron and his ally George Osborne to coach him on Prime Minister's Questions in November 2002. The next week, Cameron deliberately abstained in a vote on allowing same-sex and unmarried couples to adopt children jointly, against a whip to oppose; his abstention was noted.[94] The wide scale of abstentions and rebellious votes destabilised the Iain Duncan Smith leadership.
In June 2003, Cameron was appointed as a shadow minister in the Privy Council Office as a deputy to Eric Forth, who was then Shadow Leader of the House. He also became a vice-chairman of the Conservative Party when Michael Howard took over the leadership in November of that year. He was appointed as the Opposition frontbench local government spokesman in 2004, before being promoted into the shadow cabinet that June as head of policy co-ordination. Later, he became Shadow Education Secretary in the post-election reshuffle.[95]
From February 2002[96] until August 2005 he was a non-executive director of Urbium PLC, operator of the Tiger Tiger bar chain.[97]
Leadership of the Conservative Party[link]
Leadership election[link]
Main article: Conservative Party (UK) leadership election, 2005
Following the Labour victory in the May 2005 general election, Michael Howard announced his resignation as leader of the Conservative Party and set a lengthy timetable for the leadership election. Cameron announced formally that he would be a candidate for the position on 29 September 2005. Parliamentary colleagues supporting him initially included Boris Johnson, Shadow Chancellor George Osborne, then Shadow Defence Secretary and deputy leader of the party Michael Ancram, Oliver Letwin[98] and former party leader William Hague.[99] Despite this, his campaign did not gain significant support prior to the 2005 Conservative Party Conference. However his speech, delivered without notes, proved a significant turning point. In the speech he vowed to make people, "feel good about being Conservatives again" and said he wanted, "to switch on a whole new generation."[100]
In the first ballot of Conservative MPs on 18 October 2005, Cameron came second, with 56 votes, slightly more than expected; David Davis had fewer than predicted at 62 votes; Liam Fox came third with 42 votes and Kenneth Clarke was eliminated with 38 votes. In the second ballot on 20 October 2005, Cameron came first with 90 votes; David Davis was second, with 57, and Liam Fox was eliminated with 51 votes.[101] All 198 Conservative MPs voted in both ballots.
The next stage of the election process, between Davis and Cameron, was a vote open to the entire Conservative party membership. Cameron was elected with more than twice as many votes as Davis and more than half of all ballots issued; Cameron won 134,446 votes on a 78% turnout, beating Davis's 64,398 votes.[102] Although Davis had initially been the favourite, it was widely acknowledged that Davis's candidacy was marred by a disappointing conference speech, whilst Cameron's was well received. Cameron's election as the Leader of the Conservative Party and Leader of the Opposition was announced on 6 December 2005. As is customary for an Opposition leader not already a member, upon election Cameron became a member of the Privy Council, being formally approved to join on 14 December 2005, and sworn of the Council on 8 March 2006.[103]
Cameron's appearance on the cover of Time in September 2008 was said by the Daily Mail to present him to the world as 'Prime Minister in waiting'.[104]
Reaction to Cameron as leader[link]
Cameron's relative youth and inexperience before becoming leader have invited satirical comparison with Tony Blair. Private Eye soon published a picture of both leaders on their front cover, with the caption "World's first face transplant a success".[105] On the left, New Statesman has unfavourably likened his "new style of politics" to Tony Blair's early leadership years.[106] Cameron is accused of paying excessive attention to image, with ITV News broadcasting footage from the 2006 Conservative Party Conference in Bournemouth which showed him wearing four different sets of clothes within the space of a few hours.[107] Cameron was characterised in a Labour Party political broadcast as "Dave the Chameleon", who would change what he said to match the expectations of his audience. Cameron later claimed that the broadcast had become his daughter's "favourite video".[108] He has also been described by comedy writer and broadcaster Charlie Brooker as being "like a hollow Easter egg with no bag of sweets inside" in his Guardian column.[109]
On the right, Norman Tebbit, former Chairman of the Conservative Party, has likened Cameron to Pol Pot, "intent on purging even the memory of Thatcherism before building a New Modern Compassionate Green Globally Aware Party".[110] Quentin Davies MP, who defected from the Conservatives to Labour on 26 June 2007, branded him "superficial, unreliable and [with] an apparent lack of any clear convictions" and stated that David Cameron had turned the Conservative Party's mission into a "PR agenda".[111] Traditionalist conservative columnist and author Peter Hitchens has written that, "Mr Cameron has abandoned the last significant difference between his party and the established left", by embracing social liberalism[112] and has dubbed the party under his leadership "Blue Labour", a pun on New Labour.[113] Cameron responded by calling Hitchens a "maniac".[114] Daily Telegraph correspondent and blogger Gerald Warner has been particularly scathing about Cameron's leadership, arguing that it is alienating traditionalist conservative elements from the Conservative Party.[115]
Cameron is reported to be known to friends and family as "Dave", though he invariably uses "David'" in public.[116] Critics often refer to him as "Call me Dave", implying populism in the same way as "Call me Tony" was used in 1997.[117] The Times columnist Daniel Finkelstein has condemned those who attempt to belittle Cameron by calling him 'Dave'.[118]
Shadow Cabinet appointments[link]
His Shadow Cabinet appointments have included MPs associated with the various wings of the party. Former leader William Hague was appointed to the Foreign Affairs brief, while both George Osborne and David Davis were retained, as Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer and Shadow Home Secretary respectively. Hague, assisted by Davis, stood in for Cameron during his paternity leave in February 2006.[119] In June 2008 Davis announced his intention to resign as an MP, and was immediately replaced as Shadow Home Secretary by Dominic Grieve, the surprise move seen as a challenge to the changes introduced under Cameron's leadership.[120]
In January 2009 a reshuffle of the Shadow Cabinet was undertaken. The chief change was the appointment of former Chancellor of the Exchequer Kenneth Clarke as Shadow Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Secretary, David Cameron stating that "With Ken Clarke's arrival, we now have the best economic team." The reshuffle saw eight other changes made.[121]
European Conservatives and Reformists[link]
During his successful campaign to be elected Leader of the Conservative Party, Cameron pledged that the Conservative Party's Members of the European Parliament would leave the European People's Party group, which had a "federalist" approach to the European Union.[122] Once elected Cameron began discussions with right-wing and eurosceptic parties in other European countries, mainly in eastern Europe, and in July 2006 he concluded an agreement to form the Movement for European Reform with the Czech Civic Democratic Party, leading to the formation of a new European Parliament group, the European Conservatives and Reformists, in 2009 after the European Parliament elections.[123] Cameron attended a gathering at Warsaw's Palladium cinema celebrating the foundation of the alliance.[124]
In forming the caucus, which had 54 MEPs drawn from eight of the 27 EU member states, Cameron reportedly broke with two decades of Conservative cooperation with the centre-right Christian Democrats, the European People's Party (EPP),[125] on the grounds that they are dominated by European federalists and supporters of the Lisbon treaty.[125] EPP leader Wilfried Martens, former prime minister of Belgium, has stated "Cameron's campaign has been to take his party back to the centre in every policy area with one major exception: Europe. ... I can't understand his tactics. Merkel and Sarkozy will never accept his Euroscepticism."[125] The left-wing New Statesman magazine reported that the US administration had "concerns about Cameron among top members of the team" and quoted David Rothkopf in saying that the issue "makes Cameron an even more dubious choice to be Britain's next prime minister than he was before and, should he attain that post, someone about whom the Obama administration ought to be very cautious."[126]
Shortlists for Parliamentary Candidates[link]
Similarly, Cameron's initial "A-List" of prospective parliamentary candidates has been attacked by members of his party,[127] with the policy now having been discontinued in favour of gender balanced final shortlists. These have been criticised by senior Conservative MP and Prisons Spokeswoman Ann Widdecombe as an "insult to women", Widdecombe accusing Cameron of "storing up huge problems for the future."[128][129] The plans have since led to conflict in a number of constituencies, including the widely reported resignation of Joanne Cash, a close friend of Cameron, as candidate in the constituency of Westminster North following a dispute described as "a battle for the soul of the Tory Party".[129]
2010 general election[link]
Main article: United Kingdom general election, 2010
The Conservatives had last won a general election in 1992. The general election of 2010 resulted in the Conservatives, led by Cameron, winning the largest number of seats (306). This was, however, 20 seats short of an overall majority and resulted in the nation's first hung parliament since February 1974.[130] Talks between Cameron and Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg led to an agreed Conservative/Liberal Democrat coalition.
Prime Minister[link]
Main article: Premiership of David Cameron
On 11 May 2010, following the resignation of Gordon Brown as Prime Minister and on his recommendation, Queen Elizabeth II invited Cameron to form a government.[131] At age 43, Cameron became the youngest British Prime Minister since Lord Liverpool, who was appointed in 1812.[3] In his first address outside 10 Downing Street, he announced his intention to form a coalition government, the first since the Second World War, with the Liberal Democrats.
Cameron outlined how he intended to "put aside party differences and work hard for the common good and for the national interest."[3] As one of his first moves Cameron appointed Nick Clegg, the leader of the Liberal Democrats, as Deputy Prime Minister on 11 May 2010.[131] Between them, the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats control 363 seats in the House of Commons, with a majority of 76 seats.[132] On 2 June 2010, when Cameron took his first session of Prime Minister's Questions (PMQs) as Prime Minister, he began by offering his support and condolences to those affected by the shootings in Cumbria.[133]
On 5 February 2011, Cameron criticised the failure of 'state multiculturalism', in his first speech as PM on radicalisation and the causes of terrorism.[134]
Policies and views[link]
Main article: Political positions of David Cameron
Self-description of views[link]
Cameron describes himself as a "modern compassionate conservative" and has spoken of a need for a new style of politics, saying that he was "fed up with the Punch and Judy politics of Westminster".[135] He has stated that he is "certainly a big Thatcher fan, but I don't know whether that makes me a Thatcherite."[136] He has also claimed to be a "liberal Conservative", and "not a deeply ideological person."[137] As Leader of the Opposition, Cameron stated that he did not intend to oppose the government as a matter of course, and would offer his support in areas of agreement. He has urged politicians to concentrate more on improving people's happiness and "general well-being", instead of focusing solely on "financial wealth".[138] There have been claims that he described himself to journalists at a dinner during the leadership contest as the "heir to Blair".[139] He believes that British Muslims have a duty to integrate into British culture, but notes that they find aspects such as high divorce rates and drug use uninspiring, and that "Not for the first time, I found myself thinking that it is mainstream Britain which needs to integrate more with the British Asian way of life, not the other way around."[140]
Daniel Finkelstein has said of the period leading up to Cameron's election as leader of the Conservative party that "a small group of us (myself, David Cameron, George Osborne, Michael Gove, Nick Boles, Nick Herbert I think, once or twice) used to meet up in the offices of Policy Exchange, eat pizza, and consider the future of the Conservative Party".[141]
Cameron co-operated with Dylan Jones, giving him interviews and access, to enable him to produce the book Cameron on Cameron.[142]
Cameron favours legalising same-sex marriage.[143]
Parliamentary votes[link]
During November 2001, Cameron voted to modify legislation allowing people detained at a police station to be fingerprinted and searched for an identifying birthmark to be applicable only in connection with a terrorism investigation.[144] In March 2002, he voted against banning the hunting of wild mammals with dogs,[145] being an occasional hunter himself.[146] In April 2003, he voted against the introduction of a bill to ban smoking in restaurants.[147] In June 2003, he voted against NHS Foundation Trusts.[148] Also in 2003, he voted to keep the controversial Section 28 clause.[149]
In March 2003, he voted against a motion that the case had not yet been made for the Iraq War,[150] and then supported using "all means necessary to ensure the disarmament of Iraq's weapons of mass destruction".[151] In October 2003, however, he voted in favour of setting up a judicial inquiry into the Iraq War.[152] In October 2004, he voted in favour of the Civil Partnership Bill.[153] In February 2005, he voted in favour of changing the text in the Prevention of Terrorism Bill from "The Secretary of State may make a control order against an individual" to "The Secretary of State may apply to the court for a control order ..."[154] In October 2005, he voted against the Identity Cards Bill.[155]
Criticism of other parties and politicians[link]
Cameron criticised Gordon Brown (when Brown was Chancellor of the Exchequer) for being "an analogue politician in a digital age" and referred to him as "the roadblock to reform".[156] He has also said that John Prescott "clearly looks a fool" in light of allegations of ministerial misconduct.[157] During a speech to the Ethnic Media Conference on 29 November 2006, Cameron also described Ken Livingstone, the Mayor of London, as an "ageing far left politician" in reference to Livingstone's views on multiculturalism.[158]
Since becoming prime minister, he has reacted to press reports that Brown could be the next head of the International Monetary Fund by hinting that he may block Brown from being appointed to the role, citing the huge national debt that Brown left the country with as a reason for Brown not being suitable for the role.[159]
Cameron has accused the United Kingdom Independence Party of being "fruitcakes, loonies and closet racists, mostly,"[160] leading UKIP leader Nigel Farage to demand an apology for the remarks. Right-wing Conservative MP Bob Spink, who later defected to UKIP, also criticised the remarks,[161] as did the Daily Telegraph.[162]
Cameron was seen encouraging Conservative MPs to join the standing ovation given to Tony Blair at the end of his last Prime Minister's Question Time; he had paid tribute to the "huge efforts" Blair had made and said Blair had "considerable achievements to his credit, whether it is peace in Northern Ireland or his work in the developing world, which will endure".[163]
In 2006, Cameron made a speech in which he described extremist Islamic organisations and the British National Party as "mirror images" to each other, both preaching "creeds of pure hatred".[164] Cameron is listed as being a supporter of Unite Against Fascism.[165]
Cameron, in late 2009, urged the Lib Dems to join the Conservatives in a new "national movement" arguing there was "barely a cigarette paper" between them on a large number of issues. The invitation was rejected by the Liberal Democrat leader, Nick Clegg, who attacked Cameron at the start of his party's annual conference in Bournemouth, saying that the Conservatives were totally different from his party and that the Lib Dems were the true "progressives" in UK politics.[166]
Political commentary[link]
Allegations of social elitism[link]
While Leader of the Conservative Party, Cameron has been accused of reliance on "old-boy networks"[167] and attacked by his party for the imposition of selective shortlists of prospective parliamentary candidates.[127]
The Guardian has accused Cameron of relying on "the most prestigious of old-boy networks in his attempt to return the Tories to power", pointing out that three members of his shadow cabinet and 15 members of his front bench team were "Old Etonians".[167] Similarly, The Sunday Times has commented that "David Cameron has more Etonians around him than any leader since Macmillan" and asked whether he can "represent Britain from such a narrow base."[168] Former Labour cabinet minister Hazel Blears has said of Cameron, "You have to wonder about a man who surrounds himself with so many people who went to the same school. I'm pretty sure I don't want 21st-century Britain run by people who went to just one school."[169]
Some supporters of the party have accused Cameron's government for cronyism on the front benches, with Sir Tom Cowie, working-class founder of Arriva and former Conservative donor, ceasing his donations in August 2007 due to disillusionment with Cameron's leadership, saying, "the Tory party seems to be run now by Old Etonians and they don't seem to understand how other people live." In reply, Shadow Foreign Secretary William Hague said when a party was changing, "there will always be people who are uncomfortable with that process".[170]
In a response to Cameron at Prime Minister's Questions in December 2009, Gordon Brown addressed the Conservative Party's inheritance tax policy, saying it "seems to have been dreamed up on the playing fields of Eton". This led to open discussion of "class war" by the mainstream media and leading politicians of both major parties, with speculation that the 2010 general election campaign would see the Labour Party highlight the backgrounds of senior Conservative politicians.[171][172]
Raising teaching standards[link]
At the launch of the Conservative Party's education manifesto in January 2010, Cameron declared an admiration for the "brazenly elitist" approach to education of countries such as Singapore and South Korea and expressed a desire to "elevate the status of teaching in our country". He suggested the adoption of more stringent criteria for entry to teaching and offered repayment of the loans of maths and science graduates obtaining first or 2.1 degrees from "good" universities. Wes Streeting, president of the National Union of Students, said "The message that the Conservatives are sending to the majority of students is that if you didn't go to a university attended by members of the Shadow Cabinet, they don't believe you're worth as much." In response to the manifesto as a whole, Chris Keates, head of teaching union NASUWT, said teachers would be left "shocked, dismayed and demoralised" and warned of the potential for strikes as a result.[173][174][175]
South Africa[link]
In April 2009, The Independent reported that in 1989, while Nelson Mandela remained imprisoned under the apartheid regime, David Cameron had accepted a trip to South Africa paid for by an anti-sanctions lobby firm. A spokesperson for Cameron responded by saying that the Conservative Party was at that time opposed to sanctions against South Africa and that his trip was a fact-finding mission. However, the newspaper reported that Cameron's then superior at Conservative Research Department called the trip "jolly", saying that "it was all terribly relaxed, just a little treat, a perk of the job. The Botha regime was attempting to make itself look less horrible, but I don't regard it as having been of the faintest political consequence." Cameron distanced himself from his party's history of opposing sanctions against the regime. He was criticised by Labour MP Peter Hain, himself an anti-apartheid campaigner.[176]
Turkey and Israel[link]
In a speech in Ankara in July 2010, Cameron stated unequivocally his support for Turkey's accession to the EU, citing economic, security and political considerations, and claimed that those who opposed Turkish membership were driven by "protectionism, narrow nationalism or prejudice".[177][178] In that speech, he was also critical of Israeli action during the Gaza flotilla raid and its Gaza policy, and repeated his opinion that Israel had turned Gaza into a "prison camp",[177] having previously referred to Gaza as "a giant open prison".[179] These views were met with mixed reactions.[180][181][182]
At the end of May 2011, Cameron stepped down as patron of the Jewish National Fund[183][184] the first British prime minister not to be patron of the charity in the 110 years of its existence.[185]
Allegations of recreational drug use[link]
During the leadership election, allegations were made that Cameron had used cannabis and cocaine recreationally before becoming an MP.[186] Pressed on this point during the BBC programme Question Time, Cameron expressed the view that everybody was allowed to "err and stray" in their past.[187] During his 2005 Conservative leadership campaign he addressed the question of drug consumption by remarking that "I did lots of things before I came into politics which I shouldn't have done. We all did."[187]
Cameron and Andy Coulson[link]
In 2007 Cameron appointed Andy Coulson, former editor of the News of the World as his director of communications. Coulson had resigned as the paper's editor following the conviction of a reporter in relation to illegal phone hacking, although stating that he knew nothing about it.[188][189] In June 2010 Downing Street confirmed Coulson's annual salary as £140,000, the highest pay of any special adviser to UK Government.[190] In January 2011 Coulson left his post, saying coverage of the phone hacking scandal was making it difficult to give his best to the job.[188] In July 2011 he was arrested and questioned by police in connection with further allegations of illegal activities at the News of the World, and released on bail. Despite a call to apologise for hiring Coulson by the leader of the opposition Ed Miliband, Cameron defended the appointment, saying that he had taken a conscious choice to give someone who had screwed up a second chance.[191][192] On 20 July, in a special parliamentary session at the House of Commons, arranged to discuss the News of the World phone hacking scandal, Cameron said that he "regretted the furore" that had resulted from his appointment of Coulson, and that "with hindsight" he would not have hired him.[193][194] Coulson was detained and charged with perjury by Strathclyde Police on 30 May 2012.[195][196]
Standing in opinion polls[link]
In the first month of Cameron's leadership, the Conservative Party's standing in opinion polls rose, with several pollsters placing it ahead of the ruling Labour Party. While the Conservative and Labour Parties drew even in early spring 2006, following the May 2006 local elections various polls once again generally showed Conservative leads.[197][198]
When Gordon Brown became Prime Minister on 27 June 2007, Labour moved ahead and its ratings grew steadily at Cameron's expense, an ICM poll[199] in July showing Labour with a seven point lead in the wake of controversies over his policies. An ICM poll[200][201] in September saw Cameron rated the least popular of the three main party leaders. A YouGov poll for Channel 4[202] one week later, after the Labour Party Conference, extended the Labour lead to 11 points, prompting further speculation of an early election.
Following the Conservative Party Conference in the first week of October 2007, the Conservatives drew level with Labour[203] When Brown declared he would not call an election for the autumn,[204] a decline in his and Labour's standings followed. At the end of the year a series of polls showed improved support for the Conservatives[205] giving them an 11 point lead over Labour. This decreased slightly in early 2008,[206] and in March the Conservatives had their largest lead in opinion polls since October 1987, at 16 points.[207] In May 2008, following the worst local election performance from the Labour Party in 40 years, the Conservative lead was up to 26 points, the largest since 1968.[208]
In December 2008, a ComRes poll showed the Conservative lead had decreased dramatically [209] though by February 2009 it had recovered to reach 12 points.[210] A period of relative stability in the polls was broken in mid-December 2009 and by January 2010 some polls were predicting a hung parliament[211][212]
A YouGov poll on party leaders conducted on 9–10 June 2011 found 44% of the electorate thought he was doing well and 50% thought he was doing badly, whilst 38% thought he would be the best PM, 23% preferred Ed Miliband and 35% didn't know.[213]
Until his veto on treaty changes to the European Union in December 2011 amid the Eurozone crisis, most opinion polls that year had shown a slim Labour lead. However, many opinion polls showed that the majority of voters felt that Cameron made the right decision,[214] Subsequent opinion polls have shown a narrow lead for the Conservatives ahead of Labour.[215]
Personal life[link]
Cameron married Samantha Gwendoline Sheffield, the daughter of Sir Reginald Adrian Berkeley Sheffield, 8th Baronet and Annabel Lucy Veronica Jones (now The Viscountess Astor), on 1 June 1996 at the Church of St Augustine of Canterbury, East Hendred, Oxfordshire.[5] The Camerons have had four children. Their first child, Ivan Reginald Ian, was born on 8 April 2002 in Hammersmith and Fulham, London,[216] with a rare combination of cerebral palsy and a form of severe epilepsy called Ohtahara syndrome, requiring round-the-clock care. Recalling the receipt of this news, Cameron is quoted as saying: "The news hits you like a freight train... You are depressed for a while because you are grieving for the difference between your hopes and the reality. But then you get over that, because he's wonderful."[217] Ivan died at St Mary's Hospital, Paddington, London, on 25 February 2009, aged six.[218]
David and Samantha Cameron have two daughters, Nancy Gwen[219] (born 2004), and Florence Rose Endellion (born 24 August 2010),[220] and a son, Arthur Elwen (born 2006).[221][222] Cameron took paternity leave when his second son was born, and this decision received broad coverage.[223] It was also stated that Cameron would be taking paternity leave after his second daughter was born.[220] His second daughter, Florence Rose Endellion, was born on 24 August 2010, three weeks prematurely, while the family was on holiday in Cornwall. Her third given name, Endellion, is taken from the village of St Endellion near where the Camerons were holidaying.[224][225]
A Daily Mail article from June 2007 quoted Sunday Times Rich List compiler Philip Beresford, who had valued the Conservative Leader for the first time, as saying: "I put the combined family wealth of David and Samantha Cameron at £30 million plus. Both sides of the family are extremely wealthy."[226] Another estimate is £3.2 million, though this figure excludes the million-pound legacies Cameron is expected to inherit from both sides of his family.[227][228]
In early May 2008, David Cameron decided to enroll his daughter Nancy at a State school. The Camerons had been attending its associated church,[229] which is near the Cameron family home in North Kensington, for three years.[230] Cameron's constituency home is in Dean, Oxfordshire, and the Camerons are key members of the Chipping Norton set. [231]
On 8 September 2010 it was announced that Cameron would miss Prime Minister's Questions in order to fly to southern France to see his father, Ian Cameron, who had suffered a stroke with coronary complications. Later that day, with David and other family members at his bedside, Ian died.[232][233] On 17 September 2010, Cameron attended a private ceremony for the funeral of his father in Berkshire, which prevented him from hearing the address of The Pope to Westminster Hall, an occasion he would otherwise have attended.[234]
Cameron supports Aston Villa Football Club.[235] He also owns a cat, Larry, who lives at 10 Downing Street.[236]
Cycling[link]
He regularly uses his bicycle to commute to work. In early 2006 he was photographed cycling to work followed by his driver in a car carrying his belongings. His Conservative Party spokesperson subsequently said that this was a regular arrangement for Cameron at the time.[237] Cameron's bicycle was stolen in May 2009 while he was shopping. It was recovered with the aid of The Sunday Mirror.[238] His bicycle has since been stolen again from near his house.[239] He is an occasional jogger and has raised funds for charities by taking part in the Oxford 5K and the Great Brook Run.[240][241]
Faith[link]
Speaking of his religious beliefs, Cameron has said: "I've a sort of fairly classic Church of England faith".[242] He states that his politics "is not faith-driven", adding: "I am a Christian, I go to church, I believe in God, but I do not have a direct line."[243] On religious faith in general he has said: "I do think that organised religion can get things wrong but the Church of England and the other churches do play a very important role in society."[242]
Questioned as to whether his faith had ever been tested, Cameron spoke of the birth of his severely disabled eldest son, saying: "You ask yourself, 'If there is a God, why can anything like this happen?'" He went on to state that in some ways the experience had "strengthened" his beliefs.[243]
Styles[link]
- David Cameron Esq (1966–2001)
- David Cameron Esq MP (2001–2005)
- The Rt Hon David Cameron MP (2005–)
Ancestry[link]
Among Cameron's ancestors is King William IV, who is his 5-times great-grandfather through an illegitimate daughter who was the mother of Agnes Duff, Countess Fife, who is shown in the ancestry chart below.[citation needed]
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See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "David Cameron - Witney Conservatives". Witney Conservatives. Witney Conservatives. 6 May 2010. http://www.witneyconservatives.com/person/david-cameron-mp-witney-constituency. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
- ^ a b "Hall of Fame, David Cameron". BBC Wales. http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/ps/sites/roughguide/hall_of_fame/pages/david_cameron.shtml. Retrieved 7 August 2009.
- ^ a b c Hough, Andrew (11 May 2010). "David Cameron becomes youngest Prime Minister in almost 200 years". Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/david-cameron/7712545/David-Cameron-becomes-youngest-Prime-Minister-in-almost-200-years.html. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
- ^ Boden, Nicola (2010-09-09). "David Cameron's father dies in France after suffering a stroke while on holiday". London: Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1310200/David-Camerons-father-dies-France-suffering-stroke-holiday.html.
- ^ a b c d "David William Donald Cameron". The Peerage.com. http://www.thepeerage.com/p17890.htm. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
- ^ Debrett's Peerage 2011, p. B 714
- ^ Elliott, Francis; Hanning, James (2007), Cameron: the Rise of the New Conservative, HarperPress, ISBN 0-00-724366-9
- ^ "A. A. Cameron", Who's Who
- ^ a b c Wheeler, Brian (6 December 2005), The David Cameron Story, BBC News, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4502656.stm, retrieved 27 March 2007
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- ^ "Highlands for the high life", Telegraph, 26 March 2002. Retrieved 4 September 2007.
- ^ William IV Hanover, King of the United Kingdom ThePeerage.com
- ^ a b David Cameron ‘could be a direct descendant of Moses’ Times Online, 10 July 2009
- ^ Fischer, Joseph Hartvig Philip Rée og hans slægt; udg. paa Foranledning af Eduard Rée. Copenhagen, 1912, pp. 47, 56, 59, 61, 62 & 64
- ^ The Legal Observer, or, Journal of Jurisprudence, Volume 12 (1837?), p. 534
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- ^ Obituary, Daily Telegraph, 26 April 2004
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- ^ Eden, Richard (1 August 2009), "Ed Vaizey the Tatler Tory works for better Society", Daily Telegraph (London), http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/conservative/5956829/Ed-Vaizey-the-Tatler-Tory-works-for-better-Society.html, retrieved 3 April 2010
- ^ Blake, Heidi (27 February 2010). "Cameron at Heatherdown School". London: Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/david-cameron/7325369/Heatherdown-Prep-the-exclusive-school-that-taught-David-Cameron-his-ambition.html. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
- ^ Francis Elliott and James Hanning, Cameron: The Rise of the New Conservative (4th Estate, 2007), p. 26.
- ^ Doward, Jamie (26 June 2005), "Eton waits for verdict in Harry 'cheating' case", The Observer (London), http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/jun/26/monarchy.publicschools, retrieved 26 July 2005
- ^ Eton – the establishment's choice BBC News, 2 September 1998.
- ^ Francis Elliott and James Hanning, Cameron: The Rise of the New Conservative (4th Estate, 2007), p. 32.
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- ^ Francis Elliott and James Hanning, Cameron: The Rise of the New Conservative (4th Estate, 2007), p. 46.
- ^ Paton, Graeme (9 September 2009). "David Cameron: Eton College should run a state school". London: The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/8753662/David-Cameron-Eton-College-should-run-a-state-school.html. Retrieved 19 March, 2012.
- ^ Francis Elliott and James Hanning, Cameron: The Rise of the New Conservative (4th Estate, 2007), pp. 46–7.
- ^ Francis Elliott and James Hanning, Cameron: The Rise of the New Conservative (4th Estate, 2007), pp. 47–8
- ^ "Cameron: KGB tried to recruit me", BBC News Online, 28 May 2006, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/5021166.stm, retrieved 6 November 2006
- ^ "Brasenose alumnus becomes Prime Minister" Brasenose College website. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ "Too good to be true?", The Times, 25 March 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2007.
- ^ Mayer, Catherine (11 September 2008). "David Cameron: UK's Next Leader?". Time Magazine (London). http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1840461,00.html. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
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- ^ JOHN DOWER and JAGO LEE Our Boys from the Bullingdon: The early years of David Cameron and Boris Johnson Daily Mail, 26 September 2009
- ^ John Rentoul (30 March 2011). "Origins of the Cameron-Balls Feud". London: The Independent. http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2011/03/30/origins-of-the-cameron-balls-feud/. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
- ^ Cameron Minor's schooldays: How his extraordinary life at his exclusive prep school helped shape our PM
- ^ Francis Elliott and James Hanning (18 March 2007), "The many faces of Mr. Cameron", The Mail on Sunday (London), http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=442913&in_page_id=1770, retrieved 4 September 2007
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- ^ Andrew Pierce, "We got it right, say Patten's brat pack", Sunday Times, 11 March 1992.
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- ^ "Diary", The Times, 8 October 1992.
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- ^ Cameron's bicycle is stolen again, BBC News, 6 May 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8035603.stm, retrieved 4 August 2009
- ^ David Cameron nearly runs out of puff in five-mile charity run for children's hospital Daily Mail (20 April 2009) Retrieved on 28 December 2009
- ^ David Cameron runs in charity mud race BBC News (28 December 2009) Retrieved on 28 December 2009
- ^ a b Geordie Greig David Cameron: Would I sack George Osborne? Yes absolutely if I have to ..., London Evening Standard, 6 November 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2009.
- ^ a b "The birth of disabled son tested my faith: Cameron", Daily Mail (London), 26 July 2007, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-471083/The-birth-disabled-son-tested-faith-Cameron.html, retrieved 28 December 2009
Further reading[link]
- Matt Beech and Simon Lee. The Cameron-Clegg Government: Coalition Politics in an Age of Austerity (2011)
- Timothy Heppell and David Seawright, eds. Cameron and the Conservatives: The Transition to Coalition Government (Palgrave Macmillan; 2012) 268 pages
External links[link]
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- David Cameron official website
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- Contributions in Parliament at Hansard 1803–2005
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- David Cameron collected news and commentary at Al Jazeera English
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- David Cameron's columns (2001–2004) as Conservative Party diarist at The Guardian
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- David Cameron at TED Conferences
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- David Cameron at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about David Cameron in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- The David Cameron story, Brian Wheeler, BBC News, 6 December 2005
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Shaun Woodward |
Member of Parliament for Witney 2001–present |
Incumbent |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Tim Collins |
Shadow Secretary of State for Education and Skills 2005 |
Succeeded by David Willetts |
| Preceded by Michael Howard |
Leader of the Opposition 2005–2010 |
Succeeded by Harriet Harman |
| Preceded by Gordon Brown |
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 2010–present |
Incumbent |
| Minister for the Civil Service 2010–present |
||
| First Lord of the Treasury 2010–present |
||
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by Michael Howard |
Leader of the Conservative Party 2005–present |
Incumbent |
| Order of precedence in England and Wales | ||
| Preceded by John Sentamu as Archbishop of York |
Gentlemen as Prime Minister |
Succeeded by Nick Clegg as Lord President of the Council |
| Order of precedence in Scotland | ||
| Preceded by William Hewitt as Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland |
Gentlemen as Prime Minister |
Succeeded by John Bercow as Speaker of the House of Commons |
| Order of precedence in Northern Ireland | ||
| Preceded by Kenneth Clarke as Lord Chancellor |
Gentlemen as Prime Minister |
Succeeded by Nick Clegg as Lord President of the Council |
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.svg)
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Cameron, David |
| Alternative names | The Right Honourable David Cameron MP |
| Short description | Prime Minister of the United Kingdom |
| Date of birth | 9 October 1966 |
| Place of birth | Oxfordshire, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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| Mark Knopfler | |
|---|---|
 Mark Knopfler, July 2006 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Mark Freuder Knopfler |
| Born | (1949-08-12) 12 August 1949 (age 62) Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom |
| Origin | Newcastle upon Tyne, England |
| Genres | Rock Roots rock Celtic rock Country rock Blues-rock |
| Occupations | Musician, Songwriter, Record producer, Film score composer |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, resonator guitar |
| Years active | 1965–present |
| Labels | Vertigo, Mercury, Warner |
| Associated acts | Dire Straits The Notting Hillbillies Chet Atkins Emmylou Harris Bob Dylan Eric Clapton Sonny Landreth |
| Website | MarkKnopfler.com |
| Notable instruments | |
| Mark Knopfler Stratocaster Fender Telecaster Gibson Les Paul Pensa Custom MKII Steinberger GL-2 |
|
Mark Freuder Knopfler, OBE (born 12 August 1949) is a Scottish-born British guitarist, singer, songwriter, record producer and film score composer. He is best known as the lead guitarist, vocalist, and songwriter for the British rock band Dire Straits, which he co-founded in 1977. After Dire Straits disbanded in 1995, Knopfler went on to record and produce six solo albums, including Golden Heart (1996), Sailing to Philadelphia (2000), and Get Lucky (2009). He has composed and produced film scores for eight films, including Local Hero (1983), Cal (1984), and The Princess Bride (1987).[1] In addition to his work with Dire Straits and as a solo artist and composer, Knopfler has recorded and performed with many prominent musical artists, including Phil Lynott, Chet Atkins, The Chieftains, Eric Clapton, Bob Dylan, Emmylou Harris, Jools Holland, Sonny Landreth, and Van Morrison. He has produced albums for Tina Turner, Bob Dylan, and Randy Newman.
Knopfler is one of the most respected fingerstyle guitarists of the modern rock era, and was ranked 27th on Rolling Stone magazine's list of 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time.[2] Knopfler and Dire Straits have sold in excess of 120 million albums to date.[3][4] A four-time Grammy Award winner, Knopfler is the recipient of the Edison Award and the Steiger Award, and holds three honorary doctorate degrees in music from universities in the United Kingdom.[5][6]
Contents |
Early life (1949–1976)[link]
Mark Freuder Knopfler was born on 12 August 1949 in Glasgow, Scotland, to an English mother and Hungarian Jewish father—an architect whose anti-fascist sympathies forced him to flee from his native Hungary.[7] The family settled in Knopfler's mother's home town of Blyth, Northumberland in North East England when he was 7 years old. He and his younger brother David attended Gosforth Grammar School. Inspired by his uncle Kingsley's harmonica and boogie-woogie piano playing, he wanted to buy an expensive Fiesta Red Fender Stratocaster just like Hank Marvin's, but had to settle for a £50 twin-pick-up Höfner Super Solid.[8] During the 1960s, he formed and joined schoolboy bands and listened to singers like Elvis Presley and guitarists Chet Atkins, Scotty Moore, B.B King, Django Reinhardt, Hank Marvin, and James Burton. At 16, he made a local TV appearance as part of a harmony duo, with his classmate Sue Hercombe.[8]
In 1968, after studying journalism for a year at Harlow Technical College,[8][9] Knopfler was hired as a junior reporter in Leeds for the Yorkshire Evening Post.[10] Two years later, he decided to further his studies, and went on to graduate with a degree in English at the University of Leeds.[11] In April 1970, while living in Leeds, Knopfler recorded a demo disk of an original song he'd written, "Summer's Coming My Way". The recording included Mark Knopfler (guitar and vocals), Steve Phillips (second guitar), Dave Johnson (bass), and Paul Granger (percussion). Johnson, Granger, and vocalist Mick Dewhirst played with Mark in the band Silverheels.
Upon graduation in 1973, Knopfler moved to London and joined a High Wycombe-based band called Brewers Droop, appearing on the album The Booze Brothers. One night while spending some time with friends, the only guitar available was an old acoustic with a badly warped neck that had been strung with extra-light strings to make it playable. Even so, he found it impossible to play unless he finger-picked it. He said in a later interview, "That was where I found my 'voice' on guitar." After a brief stint with Brewers Droop, Knopfler took a job as a lecturer at Loughton College in Essex—a position he held for three years. Throughout this time, he continued performing with local pub bands, including the Café Racers.[12] He also formed a duo with long-time associate bluesman Steve Phillips called The Duolian String Pickers.
By the mid-1970s, Knopfler devoted much of his musical energies to his group, the Café Racers. His brother David moved to London, where he shared a flat with John Illsley—a guitarist who changed over to bass guitar. In April 1977, Mark gave up his flat in Buckhurst Hill and moved in with David and John. The three began playing music together, and soon Mark invited John to join the Café Racers.[13]
Dire Straits (1977–1995)[link]
Main article: Dire Straits
Dire Straits' first demos were done in three sessions during 1977, with Pick Withers as drummer, David Knopfler as rhythm guitarist and John Illsley on bass guitar. On 27 July 1977 they recorded the now famous demo tapes of five songs: "Wild West End", "Sultans of Swing", "Down To The Waterline", "Sacred Loving" (a David Knopfler song) and "Water of Love". In what was probably October they recorded "Southbound Again", "In The Gallery" and "Six Blade Knife" for BBC Radio London and, finally, on 9 November demo tapes were made of "Setting Me Up", "Eastbound Train" and "Real Girl". Many of these songs reflected Mark's experiences in Newcastle, Leeds and London, and were to be featured on their first album, the self-titled Dire Straits which was released in the following year: "Down To The Waterline" recalled images of life in Newcastle; "In The Gallery" is a tribute to a Leeds sculptor/artist named Harry Phillips, (father of Steve Phillips); and "Lions", "Wild West End" and "Eastbound Train" were all drawn from Mark's early days in the capital.
Initially on its release, Dire Straits received little fanfare in the UK, but when "Sultans of Swing" was released as a single it became a chart hit in The Netherlands and album sales took off across Europe and then in the United States and Canada, and finally the UK. The group's second album, Communiqué, produced by Jerry Wexler and Barry Beckett, followed in 1979, reaching number one in France while the first album was still at number three.
There were frequent personnel changes within Dire Straits after the release of their third album Making Movies, with Mark Knopfler increasingly becoming the driving force behind the group. Released in 1980, Making Movies marked a move towards more complex arrangements and production which continued for the remainder of the group's career. The album included many of Mark Knopfler's most personal compositions, most notably "Romeo and Juliet" and "Tunnel of Love". Love over Gold followed in 1982 and included the UK #2 hit "Private Investigations", "Telegraph Road", "Industrial Disease" and "It Never Rains" as well as the title track to that album.
With Love Over Gold still in the albums charts, the band released a four-song EP titled ExtendedancEPlay in early 1983. Featuring the hit single "Twisting By the Pool", this was the first output by the band that featured new drummer Terry Williams, (formerly of Rockpile), who had replaced Pick Withers in November 1982. A world tour followed later in 1983, and in March 1984 the double album Alchemy Live was released. Alchemy Live documented the recordings of two live shows in Hammersmith Odeon in London in July 1983, and reached number three in the UK Albums Chart.
During 1983 and 1984 Knopfler was involved with other projects as well, including writing and producing the music score to the film Local Hero which was a large success,[14] and it was followed in 1984 by his scores for the films Cal and Comfort and Joy. Also during this time Knopfler produced Bob Dylan's Infidels album, as well as Aztec Camera and Willy DeVille; he also wrote Private Dancer for Tina Turner's comeback album of the same name.
Dire Straits' biggest studio album by far was their fifth, Brothers in Arms, recorded at Air Studios Montserrat and released in May 1985. It became an international blockbuster which has now sold more than 30 million copies worldwide, and is the fourth best selling album in UK chart history.[15][16] Brothers In Arms spawned several chart singles including the US # 1 hit "Money for Nothing", which was the first video ever to be played on MTV in Britain. It was also the first compact disc to sell a million copies and is largely credited for launching the CD format as it was also one of the first DDD[17] CDs ever released. Other successful singles were "So Far Away", "Walk of Life", and the album's title track. The band's 1985–86 world tour of over 230[8] shows was immensely successful.
After the Brothers in Arms tour Dire Straits ceased to work together for some time, Knopfler concentrating mainly on film soundtracks. Knopfler joined the charity ensemble Ferry Aid on "Let It Be" in the wake of the Zeebrugge ferry disaster. The song reached #1 on the UK singles chart in March 1987. Knopfler wrote the music score for the film The Princess Bride which was released at the end of 1987.
Mark Knopfler also took part in a comedy skit (featured on the French and Saunders Show) titled "The Easy Guitar Book Sketch" with comedian Rowland Rivron and fellow British musicians David Gilmour, Lemmy from Motorhead, Mark King from Level 42, and Gary Moore. Phil Taylor explained in an interview that Knopfler used Gilmour's guitar rig and managed to sound like himself when performing in the skit.[18]
Dire Straits regrouped for the 11 June 1988 Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute concert at Wembley Stadium, in which they were the headline act, and were accompanied by Elton John and Eric Clapton,[19] who by this time had developed a strong friendship with Knopfler. Shortly after this, drummer Terry Williams left the band. In September 1988 Mark Knopfler announced the official dissolution of Dire Straits, saying that he "needed a rest",[20] and in October 1988, a "best of" album, Money for Nothing, was released and reached number one in the United Kingdom.[21]
In 1989 Knopfler formed The Notting Hillbillies,[8] a band at the other end of the commercial spectrum. It leaned heavily towards American roots music - folk, blues and country music. The band members included keyboardist Guy Fletcher, with Brendan Croker and Steve Phillips. For both the album and the tour Paul Franklin was added to the line-up on pedal steel. The Notting Hillbillies sole studio album, Missing...Presumed Having a Good Time was released in 1990, and Knopfler then toured with the Notting Hillbillies for the remainder of that year. He further emphasized his country music influences with his 1990s collaboration with Chet Atkins, Neck and Neck, which resulted in three Grammy awards. The Hillbillies toured the UK in early 1990 with a limited number of shows, it was strictly low key, packing out smaller venues, such as Newcastle University.
In 1990 Knopfler, John Illsley, and Alan Clark performed as Dire Straits at the Knebworth gig, joined by Eric Clapton, Ray Cooper, and guitarist Phil Palmer (who was at that time part of Eric Clapton's touring band), and in January the following year, Knopfler, John Illsley and manager Ed Bicknell decided to reform Dire Straits. Knopfler, Illsley, Alan Clark, and Guy Fletcher set about recording what turned out to be their final studio album accompanied by several part-time sidemen, including Phil Palmer, Paul Franklin, percussionist Danny Cummings and Toto drummer Jeff Porcaro.
The follow-up to Brothers In Arms was finally released in September 1991. On Every Street was nowhere near as popular as its predecessor, and met with a mixed critical reaction, with some reviewers regarding the album as an underwhelming comeback after a six year break. Nonetheless, the album sold well and reached #1 in the UK. A gruelling world tour to accompany the album followed, which lasted until the end of 1992. This was to be Dire Straits' final world tour; it was not as well received as the previous Brothers In Arms tour, and by this time Mark Knopfler had had enough of such massive operations. This drove the band into the ground, and ultimately led to the group's final dissolution in 1995.[22]
Following the tour, Knopfler took some time off from the music business. In 1993, he received an honorary music doctorate from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne.[23] Two more Dire Straits albums were released, both live albums. On the Night, released in May 1993, documented Dire Straits' final world tour. In 1995, following the release of Live at the BBC, Mark Knopfler quietly dissolved Dire Straits and launched his career as a solo artist.
Since the break-up of Dire Straits, Knopfler has shown no interest in reforming the group. However, keyboardist Guy Fletcher has been associated with almost every piece of Knopfler's solo material to date, while Danny Cummings has also contributed frequently, including Knopfler's last three solo album releases All the Roadrunning (with Emmylou Harris), Kill to Get Crimson and Get Lucky. In October 2008 Knopfler declined a suggestion by John Illsley that the band should reform. Illsley said that a reunion would be "entirely up to Mark", however he also suggested that Knopfler was enjoying his continued success as a solo artist, saying that "He's doing incredibly well as a solo artist, so hats off to him. He's having a perfectly good time doing what he's doing".[24] Knopfler meanwhile is quoted as saying "Oh, I don't know whether to start getting all that stuff back together again", and that the global fame that came his way in the 1980s "just got too big".[24]
Solo career (1996–present)[link]
Mark Knopfler's first solo album, Golden Heart, featuring the UK single "Darling Pretty", was released in March 1996. During the recording sessions for the album the main line-up of Knopfler's backing band, also known as "The 96ers," was formed, featuring Knopfler's old bandmate Guy Fletcher on keyboards, and has lasted much longer than any Dire Straits line-up.
Also in 1996, Mark Knopfler recorded guitar for Ted Christopher's Dunblane massacre tribute cover of Knocking on Heaven's Door
In 1997 Knopfler recorded the soundtrack for the movie Wag the Dog. During that same year Rolling Stone magazine listed "Rock 'n' Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll", which included "Sultans of Swing", Dire Straits' first hit. 2000 saw the release of Knopfler's next solo album, Sailing to Philadelphia. This has been his most successful to date, possibly helped by the number of collaborators to the album like Van Morrison.
In 2002 Mark Knopfler gave four charity concerts with former Dire Straits members John Illsley, Chris White, Danny Cummings and Guy Fletcher, playing old material from the Dire Straits years. The concerts also featured The Notting Hillbillies with Brendan Croker and Steve Phillips. At these four concerts (three of the four were at the Shepherd's Bush, the fourth at Beaulieu on the south coast) they were joined by Jimmy Nail, who provided backing vocals for Knopfler's 2002 composition "Why Aye Man".
Also in 2002 Knopfler released his third solo album, The Ragpicker's Dream. However, in March 2003 he was involved in a motorbike crash in Grosvenor Road, Belgravia and suffered a broken collarbone, broken shoulder blade and seven broken ribs.[25] The planned Ragpicker's Dream tour was subsequently cancelled, but Knopfler recovered and was able to return to the stage in 2004 for his fourth album, Shangri-La.
Shangri-La was recorded at the Shangri-La Studio in Malibu, California in 2004, where The Band made recordings years before for their documentary/movie, The Last Waltz. In the promo for "Shangri-La" on his official website he said that his current line-up of Glenn Worf (bass), Guy Fletcher (keyboards), Chad Cromwell (drums), Richard Bennett (guitar) and Matt Rollings (piano) "play Dire Straits songs better than Dire Straits did." The "Shangri-La" tour took Knopfler to countries such as India and the United Arab Emirates for the first time. In India, his concerts at Mumbai and Bangalore were very well received, with over 20,000 fans gathering at each concert to listen to a legend many thought would never visit their country.
In November 2005 a compilation, The Best of Dire Straits & Mark Knopfler: Private Investigations was released, consisting of material from most of Dire Straits' studio albums and Knopfler's solo and soundtrack material. The album was made available in two editions, as a single CD (with a grey cover) and as a double CD (with the cover in blue), and was well-received. The only previously unreleased track on the album is "All the Roadrunning", a duet with country music singer Emmylou Harris, which was followed in 2006 by an album of duets of the same name.
Released in April 2006, All the Roadrunning reached #1 in Denmark and Switzerland, #2 in Norway and Sweden, #3 in Germany, Holland and Italy, #8 in Austria and UK, #9 in Spain, #17 in the United States (Billboard Top 200 Chart), #25 in Ireland and #41 in Australia. All the Roadrunning was nominated for "Best Folk Rock/Americana Album" at the 49th Grammy Awards (11 February 2007) but lost out to Bob Dylan's nomination for Modern Times.
Joined by Emmylou Harris, Knopfler supported All the Roadrunning with a limited – 15 gigs in Europe, 1 in Canada and 8 in the USA – but highly successful tour of Europe and N America. Selections from the duo's 28 June performance at the Gibson Amphitheatre, Universal City, California, were released as a DVD entitled Real Live Roadrunning on 14 November 2006. In addition to several of the compositions that Harris and Knopfler recorded together in the studio, Real Live Roadrunning features solo hits from both members of the duo, as well as three tracks from Knopfler's days with Dire Straits.
A charity event in 2007 went wrong. A Fender Stratocaster guitar signed by Knopfler, Clapton, Brian May, and Jimmy Page was to be auctioned for £20,000 to raise the money for a children's hospice, was lost when being shipped. It "vanished after being posted from London to Leicestershire, England". Parcelforce, the company responsible, agreed to pay US$30,000 for its loss.[26]
Knopfler released his fifth solo studio-album Kill to Get Crimson on 14 September 2007 in Germany, 17 September in the UK and 18 September in the United States. During the autumn of 2007 he played a series of intimate 'showcases' in various European cities to promote the album. A tour of Europe and North America followed in 2008. Many older songs from the early solo days, such as Cannibals (from Golden Heart), were brought back to life. Cannibals opened up shows throughout Europe. Cannibals was received extremely well particularly in Ireland as it was released by an Irish Country Artist David Maguire in 2007. The new version of Cannibals that David Maguire and his Band released was the 7th most requested song on Irish radio that year.
Continuing a pattern of high productivity through his solo career, Knopfler began work on his next studio album, entitled Get Lucky, in September 2008 with long-time band mate Guy Fletcher, who again compiled a pictorial diary of the making of the album on his website.[27] The album was released on September 14 the following year and Knopfler subsequently undertook an extensive tour across Europe and America. The album met with moderate success on the charts (much of it in Europe) reaching #1 only in Norway but peaking in the Top 5 in most major European countries (Germany, Italy, Holland). The album peaked at #2 on the Billboard European Album chart and at #5 on the Billboard Rock Album chart.[28]
Knopfler's solo live performances can be characterized as relaxed—almost workmanlike. He uses very little stage production, other than some lighting effects to enhance the music's dynamics. He has been known to sip tea on stage during live performances. Richard Bennett, who has been playing with him on tour since 1996, has also joined in drinking tea with him on stage. On 31 July 2005, at the Queen Elizabeth Theatre in Vancouver, BC, the tea was replaced with whisky as a "last show of tour" sort of joke.[29]
In February 2009, Knopfler gave an intimate solo concert at the Garrick Club in London. Knopfler had recently become a member of the exclusive gentlemen's club for men of letters.[30]
In 2010, Knopfler appeared on the newest Thomas Dolby release, the EP Amerikana. Knopfler performed on the track "17 Hills".[31]
In February 2011, Knopfler began work on his next solo album, once again working with Guy Fletcher. A release date is scheduled to be announced on Monday 28 May 2012.[32] In July 2011, it was announced that Knopfler would take time out from recording this album in order to take part in a European tour with Bob Dylan during October and November.[33]
In 2012, Knopfler covered a Bob Dylan song, "Restless Farewell", for an Amnesty International 50th Anniversary celebration record.[34]
A new Mark Knopfler album, Privateering, is scheduled to be released on 3 September 2012. This will be Knopfler's first double album solo release and will contain 20 new songs.
Country music[link]
In addition to his work in Dire Straits and solo, Mark Knopfler has made several contributions to country music. In 1988 he formed country-focused band The Notting Hillbillies,[8] with Guy Fletcher, Brendan Croker and Steve Phillips. The Notting Hillbillies sole studio album, Missing...Presumed Having a Good Time was released in 1990 and featured the minor hit single "Your Own Sweet Way". Knopfler further emphasised his country music influences with his collaboration with Chet Atkins, Neck and Neck, which was also released in 1990. "Poor Boy Blues", taken from that collaboration, peaked at #92.
Knopfler's other contributions include writing and playing guitar on John Anderson's 1992 single "When It Comes to You" (from his album Seminole Wind). In 1993 Mary Chapin Carpenter also released a cover of the Dire Straits song "The Bug". Randy Travis released another of Knopfler's songs, "Are We In Trouble Now", in 1996. In that same year, Knopfler's solo single "Darling Pretty" reached a peak of #87.
Knopfler collaborated with George Jones on the 1994 "The Bradley Barn Sessions" album performing guitar duties on the classic J.P. Richardson composition White Lightnin'.
Knopfler is featured on Kris Kristofferson's album "The Austin Sessions", (on the track "Please Don't Tell Me How The Story Ends") released in 1999 by Atlantic Records.
In 2006 Knopfler and Emmylou Harris made a country album together titled All the Roadrunning. Knopfler also charted two singles on the Canadian country music singles chart.
Again in 2006, Knopfler contributed the song "Whoop De Doo" to Jimmy Buffett's "Gulf and Western" style album "Take the Weather with You".
Personal life[link]
Mark Knopfler has been married three times. His first marriage was to Kathy White, his long-time girlfriend from school days. They separated before Knopfler moved to London to join Brewers Droop in 1973.[8] In November 1983, Knopfler married his second wife, Lourdes Salomone. Their marriage produced twin sons, Benji and Joseph (born 1987), both of whom are musically talented and aspiring musicians, according to Knopfler.[19] His marriage to Salomone ended in 1993.[22] On Valentine's Day 1997, Knopfler married his third and current wife, British actress and writer Kitty Aldridge on the Caribbean island of Barbados. They had been dating for three years.[35] Their marriage so far has produced two daughters, Isabella (born 1998) and Katya Ruby Rose (born 2003). The family currently lives in Chelsea.[8]
Musical style and equipment[link]
Musical style[link]
Mark Knopfler is left-handed, but plays right-handed, and fingerpicks (using a personal variant of the clawhammer style) instead of using a plectrum (i.e., "pick"). Fingerpicking is usually associated with the acoustic guitar, but Knopfler usually (though not always) plays an electric guitar. He revealed during a French interview that he uses a pick for his rhythm work during recording sessions. He surprised the interviewer by pulling a pick out of his pocket and saying that he usually carries one. He has long favoured Fender Telecaster and Stratocaster style guitars. Fender carries a Mark Knopfler Artist Series Stratocaster.[36] During the 1980s he came to appreciate the tone of the Gibson Les Paul and his original 1958 has been used regularly in the studio and on stage.
Guitars[link]
Knopfler has estimated that he now owns "around 70 guitars".[37] They include:
- Pensa Custom MKII, a custom Pensa guitar given to Knopfler by his friend Rudy Pensa in 2005[38]
- Pensa custom-built solid body guitars, models MK-1, MK-2, and MK-80 are named in Knopfler's honour[39]
- Red-painted (Stratocaster style) Melancon Pro Artist[40]
- Hofner V-2 (Mark's first guitar)
- Fender Stratocasters, including a 1962 Fiesta Red rosewood neck hard tail, and a 1954 Sunburst hard tail (one of the first ever produced), which Knopfler named "Jurassic Strat"[41]
- Gibson Les Paul Special (used in the 1970s)
- National Tricone 1928 model
- National Style O Resonator guitar 1937 model ("Romeo and Juliet"), a replica of which is available from National Resophonic Guitars
- Fender Telecaster 1952
- Schecter Telecaster and Stratocaster models (from 1980 on)
- Burns Baldwin 12-string ("Angel of Mercy" and the Get Lucky album)
- Ovation Adamas: One black and two blue burst (Mainly used in the 80's)
- Ovation Custom Legend
- Ovation Classic (Private Investigations video)
- Rickenbacker 425 (Used on Portobello Belle, later on The Ragpicker's Dream session)
- Fernandes Stratocaster (Used in studio 82-85)
- Gibson Chet Atkins (Love Over Gold album)
- Erlewine Automatic ("Industrial Disease")
- Martin Acoustics, HD-40MK, 000-40S Mark Knopfler, and 00028 ("Brothers in Arms")
- Gibson SG (Two Young Lovers, Alchemy tour)
- Gibson Les Paul 1958, 1959, and 1984 humbucker pickup models (First one used on Money for Nothing 85)
- Purple Suhr R Custom (Not really a brand) (Brothers in Arms album, "Ride Across the River" and "So far Away")
- Blonde Suhr "strat" (Live on the 85/86-tour and on the bug 92)
- Gretsch Super Chet, 7690 (Golden Heart album)
- Gretsch 6121
- Steinberger GL2 (Brothers in Arms tour)
- Beltona Electro Resonator
- Flamed Pensa, 3 models (late 1980s)
- Gibson J-45 (On Every Street album)
- Gibson Super 400 CES (On Every Street album and tour)
- Gibson L-5 CES
- Gibson ES-175
- Gibson J200 (Used by Jack Sonni in 85/86-tour)
- Gibson ES-5
- Godin L.R. Baggs (Used by Knopfler and Phil Palmer on the On Every Street tour)
- Red Pensa Suhr Prototype (On Every Street tour)
- Pensa-Suhr, black (Golden Heart album and tour)
- Ramírez Spanish Guitar (Replacement for Gibson Chet Atkins in the early 90's)
- Taylor acoustic guitars (not much information) Used live in the early 90's
- Gibson ES-335
- Danelectro Silvertone
- Gibson Southerner
- Gibson Advanced Jumbo
- Fender Jazzmaster
- Eko 700
- Teisco Spectrum, 2 models
- Danelectro 59 DC
- Fender Duo Sonic 11 (Kill to Get Crimson album)
- Gibson ES-330
- N.S. Phillips Nobby 12 (Get Lucky album)
- N.S. Phillips 14 Fret
- Monteleone Isabella
- Don Grosh Electrajet
- Gibson Dove
Effects[link]
Throughout his career Knopfler has used a wide selection of effect pedals in the studio and during live performances.[42] Here is a list of some of them:
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Amplifiers[link]
Knopfler has often used many different combinations of amplifiers and cabinets to create his desired sounds.[43]
|
On the "Get Lucky" tour in 2010, Knopfler used a pair of custom built Reinhardt guitar amp heads with matching cabinets,[44][45] and a Tone King combo in between that is used on some songs.[46]
Honours and awards[link]
- 1983 BRIT Award for Best British Group (with Dire Straits)
- 1986 Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal with Dire Straits (for "Money for Nothing")
- 1986 Grammy Award nomination for Song of the Year (for "Money for Nothing")
- 1986 Grammy Award for Best Country Instrumental Performance with Chet Atkins (for "Cosmic Square Dance")
- 1986 Juno Award for International Album of the Year (for Brothers in Arms with Dire Straits)
- 1986 BRIT Award for Best British Group (with Dire Straits)
- 1987 BRIT Award for Best British Album (for Brothers in Arms with Dire Straits)
- 1991 Grammy Award for Best Country Vocal Collaboration with Chet Atkins (for "Poor Boy Blues")
- 1991 Grammy Award for Best Country Instrumental Performance with Chet Atkins (for "So Soft, Your Goodbye")
- 1992 Grammy Award nomination for Best Country Instrumental Performance with Chet Atkins (for "Neck and Neck")
- 1993 Honorary Doctor of Music from Newcastle University[47]
- 1995 Honorary Doctor of Music from the University of Leeds
- 1999 OBE[48]
- 2001 Masiakasaurus knopfleri (a species of dinosaur) was named after him by scientists who had listened to his music while digging the fossils.[49]
- 2003 Edison Award for Outstanding Achievements in the Music Industry, the highest award for musicians in the Netherlands[50][51]
- 2006 Grammy Award for Best Surround Sound Album (for Brothers in Arms 20th Anniversary Edition with Dire Straits)
- 2007 Honorary Doctor of Music from the University of Sunderland[52]
- 2007 Grammy Award nomination for Best Contemporary Folk/Americana Album with Emmylou Harris (for "All the Roadrunning").
- 2009 Music Producers Guild Award for Best Studio (for Knopfler's British Grove Studios[53]
- 2009 PRS for Music Heritage Award (with Dire Straits)
- 2011 Steiger Award
Knopfler's influence[link]
- Played together with Dire Straits' drummer Pick Withers on Bob Dylan's studio album Slow Train Coming, which was recorded in May 1979 and released 20 August; providing Dylan with what Dylan considered his best guitar backing since the days of Mike Bloomfield and Robbie Robertson. Knopfler also played in and co-produced Dylan's 1983 album Infidels.
- British author and humorist Douglas Adams said about Knopfler, in his book So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish: "Mark Knopfler has an extraordinary ability to make a Schecter Custom Stratocaster hoot and sing like angels on a Saturday night, exhausted from being good all week and needing a stiff drink."[54]
- The dinosaur species Masiakasaurus knopfleri was named after Knopfler. The palaeontologists were listening to Dire Straits recordings when they discovered the species.[55]
- On "Weird Al" Yankovic's parody of "Money for Nothing", "Money for Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies*", which merges the instrumentals of "Money For Nothing" with the lyrics to the theme song for the American television series The Beverly Hillbillies ("The Ballad of Jed Clampett"), Knopfler played guitar in the song, recreating the guitar riff from the original song. He would only allow Yankovic to parody the song if he was allowed to play on the recording.
- Knopfler's song "Going Home" from the soundtrack to Local Hero is played before kick-off at Newcastle United's home matches at St James' Park.[56]
- "Going Home" is also the theme music for John Stanley on Sydney radio station 2UE.
- According to director Rob Reiner, Knopfler agreed to write the music for Reiner's The Princess Bride on one condition: Reiner had to put the hat that he wore in This Is Spinal Tap in Princess Bride, "somewhere in evidence", as homage to the rock mockumentary. The hat makes its appearance in Princess Bride in the Grandson's (Fred Savage) bedroom.[57]
- Indian cricket superstar Sachin Tendulkar is a fan of Mark Knopfler. They once had a joint interview on cricket commentator Harsha Bhogle's show Harsha Online.[58]
- The 2008 stage production Celtic Thunder has covers of multiple Mark Knopfler songs. "Brothers in Arms", written by Mark Knopfler and performed originally by Dire Straits, is performed by Ryan Kelly. As well, the song "Irish Boy" (from Cal) and "Going Home" (from Local Hero) are performed together as an instrumental, entitled "Cal/Local Hero".
Discography[link]
Dire Straits albums[link]
Main article: Dire Straits discography
- Dire Straits (1978)
- Communiqué (1979)
- Making Movies (1980)
- Love over Gold (1982)
- Alchemy (1984, live)
- Brothers in Arms (1985)
- Money for Nothing (1988, compilation)
- On Every Street (1991)
- On the Night (1993, live)
- Live at the BBC (1995, live)
- Sultans of Swing: The Very Best of Dire Straits (1998, compilation)
- The Best of Dire Straits & Mark Knopfler: Private Investigations (2005, compilation)
Solo albums[link]
| Year | Album details | Peak chart positions | Certifications (sales thresholds) |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UK [59] |
AUS [60] |
AUT [61] |
CAN | FIN [62] |
FRA [63] |
NLD [64] |
NOR [65] |
NZ [66] |
SWE [67] |
SWI [68] |
US [69] |
|||
| 1996 | Golden Heart | 9 | 28 | 8 | 11 | 7 | 38 | 3 | 2 | 16 | 4 | 3 | 105 | |
| 2000 | Sailing to Philadelphia | 4 | 16 | 2 | 19 | 3 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 11 | 2 | 1 | 60 | |
| 2002 | The Ragpicker's Dream | 7 | 47 | 9 | 18 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 38 | |
| 2004 | Shangri-La | 11 | - | 14 | - | 10 | 5 | 4 | 1 | - | 3 | 7 | 66 | |
| 2007 | Kill to Get Crimson | 9 | 41 | 10 | - | 15 | 9 | 4 | 2 | - | 4 | 3 | 26 | |
| 2009 | Get Lucky | 9 | 43 | 10 | 16 | 17 | 10 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 17 | |
- The Best of Dire Straits & Mark Knopfler: Private Investigations (2005, compilation)
- The Trawlerman's Song EP (2005, EP)
- One Take Radio Sessions (2005, EP live)
Soundtrack albums[link]
- Local Hero (1983)
- Cal (1984)
- Comfort and Joy (1984)
- The Princess Bride (1987)
- Last Exit to Brooklyn (1989)
- Screenplaying (1993 compilation)
- Wag the Dog (1998)
- Metroland (1999)
- A Shot at Glory (2002)
Collaborative albums[link]
- Missing...Presumed Having a Good Time (with The Notting Hillbillies, 1990)
- Neck and Neck (with Chet Atkins, 1990)
- All the Roadrunning (with Emmylou Harris, 2006)
- Real Live Roadrunning (with Emmylou Harris, 2006)
Produced albums[link]
- Infidels (1983) by Bob Dylan. Although Mark disowned the reworked version of the album as released,[77] his production is still noticeable. Left off the album, but later released on The Bootleg Series, is the critically acclaimed "Blind Willie McTell", featuring only Dylan, singing and playing piano, accompanied by Mark Knopfler on acoustic guitar.
- Knife (1984) by Aztec Camera. This Scottish indie/new wave band was mostly a vehicle for the work of Roddy Frame, much as Dire Straits only ever recorded Mark Knopfler compositions.
- Miracle (1987) by Willy DeVille. The album was dedicated to Mark and his wife "for their support which was nothing short of a Miracle in a time of Dire Straits." The album ends with the ballad "Storybook Love", the theme from The Princess Bride movie.
- Land of Dreams (1988) by Randy Newman. The album includes the single "It's Money that Matters", which unabashedly revisits the Dire Straits song "Money for Nothing".
- The Sailor's Revenge (2012) by Bap Kennedy. The album includes Mark on guitar on the songs "Shimnavale", "Lonely No More", "The Right Stuff", "Please Return to Jesus", "The Sailor's Revenge", "Working Man", and "Celtic Sea". Mark also sings backing vocals on "Celtic Sea".
Additional albums[link]
The following additional albums contain guitar performances or guest appearances by Mark Knopfler.[78]
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|
Guest singles[link]
- 1991 "Voices That Care" Various US #11 US AC #6
Music videos[link]
| Year | Video | Director |
|---|---|---|
| 1991 | "Voices That Care"(Various) | David S. Jackson |
References[link]
- ^ The Biography Channel "Mark Knopfler Biography". http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biography_story/211:563/1/Mark_Knopfler.htm The Biography Channel. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
- ^ Rolling Stone Magazine "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time". http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/5945/32609/32777 Rolling Stone Magazine. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
- ^ John Illsley Website "About John Illsley". http://www.johnillsley.com John Illsley Website. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
- ^ BBC "Dire Straits given plaque honour". http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/8394556.stm BBC. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
- ^ University of Sunderland "Sunderland honours Sultan of Swing". http://www.sunderland.ac.uk/newsevents/news/news/index.php?nid=445 University of Sunderland. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ^ Mark Knopfler Official Website "Third Honorary Degree". http://www.markknopfler.com/blogs/news/archive/2007/07/09/121.aspx Mark Knopfler Official Website. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ^ Irwin, Colin. Dire Straits. Orion, 1994. ISBN 1-85797-584-7.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Kilburn, Terry. Mark Knopfler News "Mark Knopfler Authorized Biography". http://www.mark-knopfler-news.co.uk/biogs/mark.html Mark Knopfler News. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ^ The Journalism Centre Retrieved on 2 April 2007
- ^ Chaos on the Sheepscar Interchange Retrieved on 2 April 2007.
- ^ Who's been here Retrieved on 2 April 2007
- ^ "Dire Straits Biography". Musician Guide. Net Industries. 2009. http://www.musicianguide.com/biographies/1608000435/Dire-Straits.html. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
- ^ Kilburn, Terry. Sing365.com "Mark Knopfler Biography". http://www.sing365.com/music/lyric.nsf/mark-knopfler-biography/a890958919ee74784825688c00135994 Sing365.com. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
- ^ Local Hero (Original Soundtrack) - Mark Knopfler AllMusic Retrieved 30 December 2010
- ^ Mark Knopfler hurt in crash BBC News (18 March 2003) Retrieved 30 December 2010
- ^ Queen head all-time sales chart BBC News Retrieved 17 January 2011
- ^ Digitally Recorded, Digitally re/mixed and Digitally Mastered (psg)
- ^ "David Gilmour – DVD Draw" – The Phil Taylor Interview
- ^ a b http://www.mark-knopfler-news.co.uk/biogs/mark.html
- ^ Dire Straits Biography on Enotes.com
- ^ International who's who in popular music p.282. Routledge, 2002
- ^ a b "Dire Straits lyrics, music, biography, records, band, album, videos, CD, and the discography including Dire Straits famous works". Musicianguide.com. http://www.musicianguide.com/biographies/1608000435/Dire-Straits.html. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
- ^ "Dire Straits Biography". Musicianguide.com. http://www.musicianguide.com/biographies/1608000435/Dire-Straits.html. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ a b Youngs, Ian (7 October 2008). "Entertainment | Knopfler declines Straits reunion". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7656310.stm. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
- ^ Davies, H. "Rock star hurt in motorcycle crash", The Telegraph, 19 March 2003
- ^ PR Inside.com (accessed 6 March 2008), Legend's guitar lost in post
- ^ "2007gfrdhome". Guyfletcher.co.uk. 30 March 2009. http://www.guyfletcher.co.uk/index.php/diary/Get_Lucky_Studio_Diary_2009. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
- ^ "The Official Community of Mark Knopfler". Markknopfler.com. 27 May 2009. http://www.markknopfler.com/news/news_items.aspx?PostID=14611. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
- ^ Guy Fletcher Website "2005 Shangri-La Tour Diary". http://www.guyfletcher.co.uk/index.php/diary/2005_Shangri-La_Tour_Diary Guy Fletcher Website. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ^ Deedes, Henry. The Independent "Knopfler serenades Garrick chums". http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/pandora/pandora-cable-is-plugged-in-for-stage-show-1624888.html The Independent. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ^ Thomas Dolby Website "Thomas Dolby Prepares to Release First New Studio Album in 20 Years". http://www.thomasdolby.com/press/motfcpress.html Thomas Dolby Website. Retrieved 10 July 2010.
- ^ Guy Fletcher Website "MK Studio Diary 2011". http://www.guyfletcher.co.uk/index.php/diary/MK_Studio_diary_2011 Guy Fletcher Website. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
- ^ Mark Knopfler Official Website "Mark to tour with Bob Dylan". http://www.markknopfler.com/news/news_items.aspx?PostID=35490 Mark Knopfler Official Website. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
- ^ Terry Kilburn (20 January 2012). "Amnesty International's Chimes of Freedom - Update". http://www.markknopfler.com/news/news_items.aspx?PostID=37355. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
- ^ Wright, M. (1997) The Mirror, London, England. Available from: MARK TIES THE KNOT-FLER AGAIN; TV Kitty is wife No 3 in paradise wedding.(Features) Retrieved on 15 May 2007.
- ^ Mark Knopfler Stratocaster, Fender Corp., http://www.fender.com/products/search.php?partno=0117800815, retrieved 20 February 2011
- ^ Goodman, D. (2000) With Dire Straits no more, he sails solo, Reuters. Available from: MK INTERVIEW 2000 Retrieved on 14 May 2007.
- ^ "Knopfler: "Old News"". Mark-knopfler-news.co.uk. http://www.mark-knopfler-news.co.uk/moreold.html. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
- ^ PENSA CUSTOM GUITARS: History Retrieved 14 May 2007.
- ^ "Welcome to Melancon Guitars!". Melanconguitars.com. http://www.melanconguitars.com/index.shtml. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ Mark Knopfler's Interview – Track by Track Guide Golden Heart – Mark Knopfler Retrieved 12 May 2007.
- ^ Dire Straits / Mark Knopfler Guitar Page – Effects. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
- ^ Dire Straits / Mark Knopfler Guitar Page – Amplifiers. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
- ^ Reinhardt Amplifiers - Sultan. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
- ^ Reinhardt Amplifiers - Talyn. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
- ^ Tone King quote. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
- ^ Knopfler opens students' studios Retrieved on 3 April 2007.
- ^ (1999) BBC News | NEW YEARS HONOURS | OBE civil (K – Z) Retrieved on 14 May 2007.
- ^ Perlman, David (3 April 2003). "Scientists find cannibal dinosaur / Meat-eater's bones show telltale bite marks". The San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/04/03/MN306871.DTL&type=science.
- ^ "2003 Edison Awards". Vantiel.net. http://www.vantiel.net/. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
- ^ "Mark Knopfler – What it is [Edison Music Awards −03]". YouTube. 28 May 2008. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b3D_dPPU3b4. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
- ^ Sunderland honours leaders in their fields, Sunderland University
- ^ News, markknopfler.com. Retrieved 6 March 2009.
- ^ Adams, D. (1984) So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish, London. ISBN 0-330-28700-1
- ^ (2001) Palaeontologists in dire straits name dinosaur for the Sultan of Swing
- ^ Whetstone, D. (2006) City welcomes local hero. Available from: guyfletcher.co.uk – projects – news
- ^ Commentary Excerpt: Rob Reiner on MGM's new Princess Bride: SE Retrieved 12 May 2007.
- ^ Commentary Excerpt: Sultan's Speak, Sachin Tendulkar interview on Star Sports. Retrieved 12 May 2007.
- ^ "Chart Stats - Mark Knopfler". theofficialcharts.com. http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/mark%20knopfler/. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
- ^ "Discography Mark Knpfler". Australian-Charts.com. http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Mark+Knopfler. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
- ^ "Discographie Mark Knopfler". AustrianCharts.at. http://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Mark+Knopfler. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
- ^ "Discographie Mark Knopfler". finnishcharts.com. http://finnishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Mark+Knopfler. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
- ^ "Discographie Mark Knofler". lescharts.com. http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Mark+Knopfler. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
- ^ "Discografie Mark Knofler". DutchCharts.nl. http://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Mark+Knopfler. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
- ^ "Discography Mark Knofler". norwegiancharts.com. http://norwegiancharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Mark+Knopfler. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
- ^ "Discography Mark Knofler". Charts.ord.nz. http://charts.org.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Mark+Knopfler. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
- ^ "Discography Mark Knopfler". SwedishCharts.com. http://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Mark+Knopfler. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
- ^ "Discography Mark Knopfler". SwissCharts.com. http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Mark+Knopfler&titel=Get+Lucky&cat=a. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
- ^ "Chart Stats - Mark Knopfler". allmusic.com. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/mark-knopfler-p94636/charts-awards/billboard-albums/chart_name-asc. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
- ^ a b c d "Certified Awards Search". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved on 2012-01-26. Note: User needs to enter "Mark Knopfler" in the "Search" field, "Artist" in the "Search by" field and click the "Go" button. Select "More info" next to the relevant entry to see full certification history.
- ^ a b "Certified Awards Search". Music Canada. Retrieved on 2012-01-26. Note: User needs to enter "Mark Knopfler" in the "Search" field, "Artist" in the "Search by" field and click the "Go" button. Select "More info" next to the relevant entry to see full certification history.
- ^ a b c d "Certified Awards Search". Retrieved on 2012-01-26. Note: User needs to enter "Mark Knopfler" in the "Search" field, "Artist" in the "Search by" field and click the "Go" button. Select "More info" next to the relevant entry to see full certification history.
- ^ "[1]". Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved on 2012-01-26
- ^ a b "Certified Awards Search".FRA . Retrieved on 2012-01-27.
- ^ a b c "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank ('Sailing to Philadelphia')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=Sailing+to+Philadelphia&strInterpret=&strTtArt=alle&strAwards=checked.
- ^ "Searchable Database". Recording Industry Association of America. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH. Retrieved 26 January 2012. Note: User must define 'Artist' search parameter as "Mark Knopfler".
- ^ Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Clinton Heylin, Summit Books (1991) ISBN 0-671-73894
- ^ Allmusic "Mark Knopfler Credits". http://www.allmusic.com/artist/mark-knopfler-p94636/credits Allmusic. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
External links[link]
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Mark Knopfler |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mark Knopfler |
- Official website
- Webradio PrivateInvestigations dedicated to Dire Straits&Mark Knopfler
- Mark Knopfler Boom Like That
- the long road – Mark Knopfler Sessions
- Mark Knopfler News
- Mark Knopfler "Old News"
- Mark Knopfler at the Internet Movie Database
- BBC Documentary About Knopfler: "A Life in Songs"
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Knopfler, Mark |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | English guitarist |
| Date of birth | 12 August 1949 |
| Place of birth | Glasgow, Scotland |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Drake Bell | |
|---|---|
 Drake Bell performing in 2007 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Jared Drake Bell |
| Born | (1986-06-27) June 27, 1986 (age 25) |
| Origin | Santa Ana, California, U.S. |
| Genres | Pop rock, alternative rock |
| Occupations | Actor, comedian, producer, musician, singer-songwriter, director, voice artist |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, piano, bass, drums, ukulele |
| Years active | 1994–present |
| Labels | Nine Yards, Universal Motown[1] |
| Associated acts | Hawk Nelson |
| Website | www.drakebell.com |
Jared Drake Bell[2] (born June 27, 1986), better known as Drake Bell, is an American actor, comedian, musician, singer-songwriter, record producer, and occasional television director. After beginning his career as a child star in the late 1990s and early 2000s, he appeared on The Amanda Show and became well-known among young audiences for his role on the series Drake & Josh while playing Drake Parker. As of 2010, Drake Bell remains one of Nickelodeon's most popular stars ever and has won nine Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards. His latest film role is the live-action Timmy Turner in the TV film A Fairly Odd Movie: Grow Up, Timmy Turner! shown on July 9, 2011, on Nickelodeon; he is also the voice of Peter Parker / Spider-Man in the animated series Ultimate Spider-Man on Disney XD. Bell is commonly associated with his real-life friend Josh Peck, who co-starred with him in The Amanda Show and Drake & Josh.
In addition to acting, Bell has a growing career as a musician, and co-wrote and performed the theme song to Drake & Josh, entitled "I Found a Way". In 2005 he independently released his debut album, Telegraph. His second album, It's Only Time, was released in 2006 after signing with Universal Motown Records.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Bell was born and raised in Santa Ana, California, the son of Robin Dodson, a professional billiards player, and Joe Bell. He has three older brothers, Joey, Robert and Travis, and one older sister, Kellie.[2][3] His cousin is Miami Marlins closer Heath Bell.[4]
Career[link]
Acting[link]
Bell first appeared on television in a 1994 episode of Home Improvement. He appeared in the film Jerry Maguire (1996), and had a small role in the Seinfeld episode "The Frogger" in 1998. In 1999, he acted in a commercial for Pokémon Red and Blue and in the movie Dragon World: The Legend Continues. In 2000, he was nominated for the Young role as Cage Redding in the made-for-television film The Jack Bull. During the early 2000s, Bell was a featured performer on The Amanda Show and made a guest appearance on the series The Nightmare Room, before being cast as teenage heartthrob Drake Parker alongside real life best friend and former Amanda Show costar Josh Peck on the Nickelodeon series Drake & Josh, which began airing in 2004. During this time period, he made a guest appearance as himself on Nickelodeon's Zoey 101 and won the first of three consecutive "Blimp Awards" at the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards in the "Favorite TV Actor" category. In 2005, Bell co-starred alongside fellow Drake & Josh actress Miranda Cosgrove with Dennis Quaid in Yours, Mine and Ours. In the spring of 2008, Bell had a starring role in the comedy spoof film Superhero Movie. In August 2008, he co-starred in the comedy College, which was shot on location in New Orleans. Bell recently starred in Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh alongside Josh Peck, which began production in July 2008, and premiered on December 5, 2008. In 2010, he made a cameo appearance as Drake Parker in an iCarly episode entitled "iBloop". He starred as Timmy Turner in the live-action TV-movie adaptation of its hit animated series The Fairly Odd Parents, A Fairly Odd Movie: Grow Up, Timmy Turner!, released in 2011.[5] Bell also guest starred as himself on Victorious in 2012.
Music[link]
See also: List of songs by Drake Bell
Beginnings[link]
In the film Chasing Destiny, he co-starred with The Who lead singer Roger Daltrey, who gave him his first guitar lessons. Bell performed on television for the first time in 2002 when he performed his first original song, "Lost A Lover", on The Amanda Show. He also performed part of this song on an episode of "The Nightmare Room", and "So Little Time".
Bell has described his music as being heavily influenced by The Beatles and The Beach Boys, with the Beatles being his main influence.[6] He says that two of his other influences are Elvis Presley and Buddy Holly.[7]
[edit] Telegraph (2004–2005)
His song, "I Found a Way", is featured as the theme song for Drake & Josh. The song is included on Drake & Josh soundtrack, along with two other songs he wrote and performed, and were also included on his debut album, Telegraph, which was released independently on September 27, 2005.
In 2005, Bell performed with Hawk Nelson in a video for the Hawk Nelson song called "Bring 'Em Out," which was featured in the movie Yours, Mine and Ours. Bell and then-band-mates Michael Corcoran (Backhouse Mike) and C.J. Abraham (The Super Chris), worked on music for Drake & Josh, Zoey 101, and iCarly.
[edit] It's Only Time and concert DVD (2006–2008)
In 2006, Bell signed with Universal Motown. He released his first single, "I Know", on October 17, 2006. The video for "I Know" was filmed in October 2006. Bell's second album, entitled It's Only Time, was released on December 5, 2006, reaching Number 81 on Billboard's Top 200.[8] Bell performed live on MTV's TRL the day after it was released. In the summer of 2007, he went on a Nextfest tour in support of It's Only Time, opening up alongside Corbin Bleu for Aly & AJ.
On October 16, 2007, the Radio Disney single edit version of his song "Makes Me Happy", was released on iTunes. This was the second single for Bell's album It's Only Time. He also wrote with band-mates Michael Corcoran (Backhouse Mike), and C.J. Abraham (The Super Chris), and sang the theme song for the show iCarly, "Leave It All to Me," with Miranda Cosgrove. The music video for the song premiered on May 24, 2008. Bell has recorded a theme song featuring Sara Paxton for his movie Superhero Movie called "Superhero! Song". He performed some Christmas songs in the Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh movie.
A DVD entitled "Drake Bell In Concert" was released on December 16, 2008. The video was unable to crack the 2008 or 2009 Top 100.[9] The DVD contains footage of him and his band live on stage while they toured in Mexico, in October 2008. It also features 2 new songs and 5 covers, all of which are exclusive to the DVD.[10]
The Live In Concert DVD featured new music for the first time since 2006's It's Only Time; "Sea Song" and "All Alone at the Disco". He released a preview of a Spanglish edit of "All Alone at the Disco".
[edit] A Reminder and third album (2009–present)
In 2009, he released the songs "Unbelievable", "Modern Times" and "Shades of Grey" on his official MySpace.[7]
In 2009, Bell uploaded a new track "Yesterday's Fool" to his SoundCloud page that he wrote/produced.
In 2010, Bell released a video showing him and Toby Gad working on a new song "Nevermind". A behind-the-scenes video of the making of the music video for a new song "Our Love" was uploaded on Bell's Official YouTube Channel in 2010. The official music video for "Our Love" appeared on YouTube soon after.
In March 2011, Bell released a 1:00 clip of the music video for a new song "Terrific", with a sneak preview of the studio version of the song.
On May 18, 2011, an official music video for the new song "You're Not Thinking" was released on YouTube, the video already airing heavily in Latin and South America (MTV Mexico Top 10).[11]
A new single, "Terrific", was released on June 14, 2011, and was also included on an EP titled A Reminder, released on June 28, 2011, also featuring the songs "You’re Not Thinking", "Big Shot" and "Speak My Mind".[12] The EP was produced by John Fields, who previously worked with Rooney, Jimmy Eat World, Selena Gomez, the Jonas Brothers, and Bleu. Bell said he decided to release A Reminder because he hasn't put out new music in a few years and "a full album will probably not happen until next year."[12]
Personal life[link]
On December 29, 2005, Bell was involved in a car accident on Los Angeles's Pacific Coast Highway. He was driving with a friend when a truck ran a red light and caused a head-on collision. This resulted in a fractured neck, a jaw broken in three places, six missing teeth and several facial lacerations.[13]
He has supported the non-profit organization, The Thirst Project, since 2009. The Thirst Project is an organization that addresses the issue of the clean water crisis by raising awareness through education. Bell's contributions include public appeals and concerts to raise funds. In 2010, the organization gave him the Pioneering Spirit Award, the highest honour that The Thirst Project has.[14]
Filmography[link]
| Film | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
| 1995 | Drifting School | Kenny Smith | |
| 1996 | Jerry Maguire | Jesse Remo | |
| 1999 | Dragonworld: The Legend Continues | Johnny McGowan | Originally filmed in 1996 and was released Direct-to-video, 3 years later. |
| 1999 | The Jack Bull | Cage Redding | |
| 2000 | High Fidelity | Young Rob Gordon | |
| Perfect Game | Bobby Jr. | ||
| 2005 | Yours, Mine and Ours | Dylan North | |
| 2006 | Drake & Josh Go Hollywood | Drake Parker | TV movie |
| 2007 | Drake & Josh: Really Big Shrimp | ||
| 2008 | Superhero Movie | Rick Riker | |
| College | Kevin | ||
| Unstable Fables: Tortoise vs. Hare | Butch Hare | Voice | |
| The Nutty Professor | Harold Kelp | Direct-to-DVD | |
| Voice | |||
| Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh | Drake Parker | TV movie | |
| 2011 | A Fairly Odd Movie: Grow Up, Timmy Turner! | Timmy Turner (Adult) | |
| 2012 | Rags | Shawn | |
| TV shows | |||
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1994 | Home Improvement | Little Pete | Episode: "Swing Time" |
| 1995 | Minor Adjustments | Jordan | Episode: "The Ex Files" |
| 1996 | ABC Afterschool Special | Scott | Episode: "Me and My Hormones" |
| 1997 | Gun | Brendan | Episode: "The Hole" |
| 1998 | Seinfeld | Kenny | Episode: "The Frogger" |
| 1999–2002 | The Amanda Show | Regular performer | |
| 2002 | The Nightmare Room | Alex Sanders | Episode: "Dear Diary, I'm Dead" |
| 2004–2007 | Drake & Josh | Drake Parker | Lead role |
| 2005 | All That | Musical guest | Season 10 |
| 2005 | Zoey 101 | Himself | Episode: "Spring Fling" |
| 2010 | iCarly | Drake Parker | Episode: "iBloop" |
| 2012 | Ultimate Spider-Man | Spider-Man/Peter Parker[15][16][17] | Leading voice role |
| Victorious | Himself | Episode: "April Fools Blank" | |
Discography[link]
Studio albums[link]
| Title | Details | Peak chart positions |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US [18] |
US Rock [19] |
MEX [20] |
||
| Telegraph |
|
— | — | — |
| It's Only Time |
|
81 | 21 | 4 |
Extended plays[link]
| Title | Details |
|---|---|
| A Reminder |
|
Singles[link]
| Year | Single | Peak positions | Album | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| US Pop [21] |
Hot Digital Songs [21] |
||||||||
| 2005 | "I Found a Way" | — | — | Telegraph | |||||
| 2006 | "I Know" | — | — | It's Only Time | |||||
| 2007 | "Makes Me Happy" | 67 | 73 | ||||||
| 2011 | "Terrific"[12] | — | — | A Reminder | |||||
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart | |||||||||
Featured singles[link]
| Year | Single | Artist | Peak chart positions |
Album | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| US | US Pop | ||||
| 2007 | "Leave It All to Me" | Miranda Cosgrove | 100 | 83 | iCarly (soundtrack) |
Music videos[link]
| Year | Single | Artist | Peak chart positions |
Album | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| US | US Pop | ||||
| 2005 | "I Found a Way" | Drake Bell | — | — | Telegraph |
| 2006 | "I Know" | Drake Bell | — | — | It's Only Time |
| 2007 | "Leave It All to Me" | Miranda Cosgrove ft. Drake Bell | 100 | 83 | iCarly (soundtrack) |
| 2010 | "Our Love" | Drake Bell | — | — | Non-album song |
| 2011 | "You're Not Thinking" | Drake Bell | — | — | A Reminder |
| 2011 | "Terrific" | Drake Bell | — | — | |
Video albums[link]
| Year | Video details | Certifications (sales thresholds) |
|---|---|---|
| 2008 | Drake Bell in Concert
|
Awards[link]
| Year | Award | Category |
|---|---|---|
| 2006 | Blimp Award (Kids' Choice Awards) | Favorite TV Actor (Drake & Josh) |
| 2007 | Blimp Award (Kids' Choice Awards) | Favorite TV Actor (Drake & Josh) |
| Blimp Award (UK Kids' Choice Awards) | Best TV Actor | |
| Blimp Award (UK Kids' Choice Awards) | Best Male Singer | |
| Blimp Award (UK Kids' Choice Awards) | Best TV Show (Drake & Josh) | |
| 2008 | Blimp Award (Kids' Choice Awards) | Favorite TV Actor (Drake & Josh) |
| UK Kids' Choice Awards) | Best TV Show | |
| Blimp Award (KCA Brazil 2008 – Meus Prêmios Nick) | Favourite International Artist | |
| Surfboard Award (Teen Choice Awards) | Choice Movie Breakout Actor (Superhero Movie) | |
| 2009 | Blimp Award (Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards) | Fave International TV Star |
| 2010 | Blimp Award (Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards Mexico) | Favorite TV Actor (Drake & Josh) |
| 2010 | Blimp Award (Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards) | Big Kid Award |
References[link]
- ^ "Drake Bell". Facebook. http://www.facebook.com/bell.drake. Retrieved 2011-10-31.
- ^ a b DeRogatis, Jim (August 31, 2007). "These kids today". http://www.jimdero.com/News2007/Kidstoday.htm.
- ^ Ingrassia, Lisa (April 10, 2006). "Crash & Learn". People. http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20061862,00.html.
- ^ Kurkjian, Tim (April 17, 2009). "Fun-loving Bell finally has his dream job". ESPN The Magazine. http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/columns/story?columnist=kurkjian_tim&id=4073444.
- ^ "Exclusive: Nickelodeon Orders Live-Action Movie Adaptation of The Fairly Oddparents". TVGuide.com. http://www.tvguide.com/News/Fairly-Oddparents-Movie-1020888.aspx.
- ^ Posted 10/25/11. "Drake Bell | Music Videos, Songs, News, Photos, and Lyrics". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/music/artist/bell__drake/artist.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-10-31.
- ^ a b "Drake Bell Official MySpace". Drake Bell MySpace. 2009-01-31. http://www.myspace.com/drakebellonline. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
- ^ "It's Only Time – Drake Bell". Billboard. 2010-01-28. http://www.billboard.com/album/drake-bell/it-s-only-time/814602#/album/drake-bell/it-s-only-time/814602. Retrieved 2010-01-28.
- ^ "The Numbers". The Numbers. 2010-01-27. http://www.the-numbers.com/dvd/charts/annual/2008.php. Retrieved 2010-01-27.
- ^ "Drake Bell In Concert DVD.". tommy2.net. 2008-10. http://tommy2.net/content/index.php. Retrieved 2008-10-14.
- ^ "Drake Bell "You're Not Thinking" Official Music Video in HD". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rFhlpwUw2ks. Retrieved 2011-10-31.
- ^ a b c "Drake Bell to Release "A Reminder" EP on June 28th – ARTISTdirect News". Artistdirect.com. http://www.artistdirect.com/entertainment-news/article/drake-bell-to-release-a-reminder-ep-on-june-28th/8974031. Retrieved 2011-10-31.
- ^ "Drake Bell seriously injured in car crash". Tvsquad.com. 2005-12-31. http://www.tvsquad.com/2005/12/31/drake-bell-seriously-injured-in-car-crash/. Retrieved 2011-10-31.
- ^ "Drake Bell: Charity". http://www.drakebell.com/charity. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
- ^ Harris, Jeffrey. "SDCC2011: New Details and Voice Cast of "Ultimate Spider-Man" Revealed". Toon Zone. http://www.toonzone.net/news/articles/38211/sdcc2011--new-details-and-voice-cast-of-ultimate-spider-man-revealed. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
- ^ Collura, Scott. "Comic-Con: Ultimate Spider-Man Toon and Avengers Season 2". IGN. http://tv.ign.com/articles/118/1183858p1.html. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
- ^ Disnology Staff. "Drake Bell Will Voice Peter Parker In "Ultimate Spider-Man" On Disney XD". Disnology. http://www.disnology.com/2011/07/28/drake-belle-will-voice-peter-parker-in-ultimate-spider-man-on-disney-xd/.
- ^ "Drake Bell Album & Song Chart History – Billboard 200". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/drake-bell/chart-history/690101. Retrieved March 4, 2011.
- ^ "Drake Bell Album & Song Chart History – Rock Albums". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/drake-bell/chart-history/690101?f=408&g=Albums. Retrieved March 4, 2011.
- ^ "mexicancharts.com – Mexican charts portal". Hung Medien. http://www.mexicancharts.com/search.asp?search=Drake+Bell&cat=a. Retrieved March 4, 2011.
- ^ a b "Drake Bell : Allmusic : Billboard Singles". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/drake-bell-p735805/charts-awards/billboard-singles. Retrieved March 4, 2011.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Drake Bell |
- Official website
- Drake Bell at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Drake Bell in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Drake Bell on Twitter
| Preceded by Josh Keaton |
Voice or portrayal of Spider-Man 2012–present |
Succeeded by Current voice |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Bell, Drake |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | June 27, 1986 |
| Place of birth | Santa Ana, California |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
